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Organism - wikipedia Organism Jump to : navigation , search `` Biological form '' redirects here . For the informal taxonomic term in botany , see Race ( biology ) § Physiological race . `` Form of life '' redirects here . For the philosophical concept , see Form of life ( philosophy ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Escherichia coli is a microscopic single - celled organism , a prokaryote . Polypore fungi and angiosperm trees are large many - celled organisms , eukaryotes . In biology , an organism ( from Greek : οργανισμός , organismos ) is any individual entity that exhibits the properties of life . It is a synonym for `` life form '' . Organisms are classified by taxonomy into specified groups such as the multicellular animals , plants , and fungi ; or unicellular microorganisms such as a protists , bacteria , and archaea . All types of organisms are capable of reproduction , growth and development , maintenance , and some degree of response to stimuli . Humans are multicellular animals composed of many trillions of cells which differentiate during development into specialized tissues and organs . An organism may be either a prokaryote or a eukaryote . Prokaryotes are represented by two separate domains -- bacteria and archaea . Eukaryotic organisms are characterized by the presence of a membrane - bound cell nucleus and contain additional membrane - bound compartments called organelles ( such as mitochondria in animals and plants and plastids in plants and algae , all generally considered to be derived from endosymbiotic bacteria ) . Fungi , animals and plants are examples of kingdoms of organisms within the eukaryotes . Estimates on the number of Earth 's current species range from 10 million to 14 million , of which only about 1.2 million have been documented . More than 99 % of all species , amounting to over five billion species , that ever lived are estimated to be extinct . In 2016 , a set of 355 genes from the last universal common ancestor ( LUCA ) of all living organisms living was identified . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Definitions 2.1 Non-cellular life 3 Chemistry 3.1 Macromolecules 4 Structure 4.1 Cell 5 Evolution 5.1 Last universal common ancestor 6 Location of the root 6.1 Reproduction 6.2 Horizontal gene transfer 6.3 Future of life ( cloning and synthetic organisms ) 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Etymology ( edit ) The term `` organism '' ( from Greek ὀργανισμός , organismos , from ὄργανον , organon , i.e. `` instrument , implement , tool , organ of sense or apprehension '' ) first appeared in the English language in 1703 and took on its current definition by 1834 ( Oxford English Dictionary ) . It is directly related to the term `` organization '' . There is a long tradition of defining organisms as self - organizing beings , going back at least to Immanuel Kant 's 1790 Critique of Judgment . Definitions ( edit ) An organism may be defined as an assembly of molecules functioning as a more or less stable whole that exhibits the properties of life . Dictionary definitions can be broad , using phrases such as `` any living structure , such as a plant , animal , fungus or bacterium , capable of growth and reproduction '' . Many definitions exclude viruses and possible man - made non-organic life forms , as viruses are dependent on the biochemical machinery of a host cell for reproduction . A superorganism is an organism consisting of many individuals working together as a single functional or social unit . There has been controversy about the best way to define the organism and indeed about whether or not such a definition is necessary . Several contributions are responses to the suggestion that the category of `` organism '' may well not be adequate in biology . Non-cellular life ( edit ) Main article : Non-cellular life Viruses are not typically considered to be organisms because they are incapable of autonomous reproduction , growth or metabolism . This controversy is problematic because some cellular organisms are also incapable of independent survival ( but are capable of independent metabolism and procreation ) and live as obligatory intracellular parasites . Although viruses have a few enzymes and molecules characteristic of living organisms , they have no metabolism of their own ; they can not synthesize and organize the organic compounds from which they are formed . Naturally , this rules out autonomous reproduction : they can only be passively replicated by the machinery of the host cell . In this sense , they are similar to inanimate matter . While viruses sustain no independent metabolism , and thus are usually not classified as organisms , they do have their own genes , and they do evolve by mechanisms similar to the evolutionary mechanisms of organisms . The most common argument in support of viruses as living organisms is their ability to undergo evolution and replicate through self - assembly . Some scientists argue that viruses neither evolve , nor self - reproduce . In fact , viruses are evolved by their host cells , meaning that there was co-evolution of viruses and host cells . If host cells did not exist , viral evolution would be impossible . This is not true for cells . If viruses did not exist , the direction of cellular evolution could be different , but cells would nevertheless be able to evolve . As for the reproduction , viruses totally rely on hosts ' machinery to replicate . The discovery of viral megagenomes with genes coding for energy metabolism and protein synthesis fueled the debate about whether viruses belong in the tree of life . The presence of these genes suggested that viruses were once able to metabolize . However , it was found later that the genes coding for energy and protein metabolism have a cellular origin . Most likely , these genes were acquired through horizontal gene transfer from viral hosts . Chemistry ( edit ) Organisms are complex chemical systems , organized in ways that promote reproduction and some measure of sustainability or survival . The same laws that govern non-living chemistry govern the chemical processes of life . It is generally the phenomena of entire organisms that determine their fitness to an environment and therefore the survivability of their DNA - based genes . Organisms clearly owe their origin , metabolism , and many other internal functions to chemical phenomena , especially the chemistry of large organic molecules . Organisms are complex systems of chemical compounds that , through interaction and environment , play a wide variety of roles . Organisms are semi-closed chemical systems . Although they are individual units of life ( as the definition requires ) , they are not closed to the environment around them . To operate they constantly take in and release energy . Autotrophs produce usable energy ( in the form of organic compounds ) using light from the sun or inorganic compounds while heterotrophs take in organic compounds from the environment . The primary chemical element in these compounds is carbon . The chemical properties of this element such as its great affinity for bonding with other small atoms , including other carbon atoms , and its small size making it capable of forming multiple bonds , make it ideal as the basis of organic life . It is able to form small three - atom compounds ( such as carbon dioxide ) , as well as large chains of many thousands of atoms that can store data ( nucleic acids ) , hold cells together , and transmit information ( protein ) . Macromolecules ( edit ) Compounds that make up organisms may be divided into macromolecules and other , smaller molecules . The four groups of macromolecule are nucleic acids , proteins , carbohydrates and lipids . Nucleic acids ( specifically deoxyribonucleic acid , or DNA ) store genetic data as a sequence of nucleotides . The particular sequence of the four different types of nucleotides ( adenine , cytosine , guanine , and thymine ) dictate many characteristics that constitute the organism . The sequence is divided up into codons , each of which is a particular sequence of three nucleotides and corresponds to a particular amino acid . Thus a sequence of DNA codes for a particular protein that , due to the chemical properties of the amino acids it is made from , folds in a particular manner and so performs a particular function . These protein functions have been recognized : Enzymes , which catalyze all of the reactions of metabolism Structural proteins , such as tubulin , or collagen Regulatory proteins , such as transcription factors or cyclins that regulate the cell cycle Signaling molecules or their receptors such as some hormones and their receptors Defensive proteins , which can include everything from antibodies of the immune system , to toxins ( e.g. , dendrotoxins of snakes ) , to proteins that include unusual amino acids like canavanine A bilayer of phospholipids makes up the membrane of cells that constitutes a barrier , containing everything within the cell and preventing compounds from freely passing into , and out of , the cell . Due to the selective permeability of the phospholipid membrane only specific compounds can pass through it . In some multicellular organisms they serve as a storage of energy and mediate communication between cells . Carbohydrates are more easily broken down than lipids and yield more energy to compare to lipids and proteins . In fact , carbohydrates are the number one source of energy for all living organisms . Structure ( edit ) All organisms consist of structural units called cells ; some contain a single cell ( unicellular ) and others contain many units ( multicellular ) . Multicellular organisms are able to specialize cells to perform specific functions . A group of such cells is a tissue , and in animals these occur as four basic types , namely epithelium , nervous tissue , muscle tissue , and connective tissue . Several types of tissue work together in the form of an organ to produce a particular function ( such as the pumping of the blood by the heart , or as a barrier to the environment as the skin ) . This pattern continues to a higher level with several organs functioning as an organ system such as the reproductive system , and digestive system . Many multicellular organisms consist of several organ systems , which coordinate to allow for life . Cell ( edit ) The cell theory , first developed in 1839 by Schleiden and Schwann , states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells ; all cells come from preexisting cells ; and cells contain the hereditary information necessary for regulating cell functions and for transmitting information to the next generation of cells . There are two types of cells , eukaryotic and prokaryotic . Prokaryotic cells are usually singletons , while eukaryotic cells are usually found in multicellular organisms . Prokaryotic cells lack a nuclear membrane so DNA is unbound within the cell ; eukaryotic cells have nuclear membranes . All cells , whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic , have a membrane , which envelops the cell , separates its interior from its environment , regulates what moves in and out , and maintains the electric potential of the cell . Inside the membrane , a salty cytoplasm takes up most of the cell volume . All cells possess DNA , the hereditary material of genes , and RNA , containing the information necessary to build various proteins such as enzymes , the cell 's primary machinery . There are also other kinds of biomolecules in cells . All cells share several similar characteristics of : Reproduction by cell division ( binary fission , mitosis or meiosis ) . Use of enzymes and other proteins coded by DNA genes and made via messenger RNA intermediates and ribosomes . Metabolism , including taking in raw materials , building cell components , converting energy , molecules and releasing by - products . The functioning of a cell depends upon its ability to extract and use chemical energy stored in organic molecules . This energy is derived from metabolic pathways . Response to external and internal stimuli such as changes in temperature , pH or nutrient levels . Cell contents are contained within a cell surface membrane that contains proteins and a lipid bilayer . Evolution ( edit ) See also : Origin of life , Earliest known life forms , and Common descent Last universal common ancestor ( edit ) Precambrian stromatolites in the Siyeh Formation , Glacier National Park . In 2002 , a paper in the scientific journal Nature suggested that these 3.5 Gya ( billion years old ) geological formations contain fossilized cyanobacteria microbes . This suggests they are evidence of one of the earliest known life forms on Earth . Main article : Last universal common ancestor Further information : Timeline of the evolutionary history of life The last universal common ancestor ( LUCA ) is the most recent organism from which all organisms now living on Earth descend . Thus it is the most recent common ancestor of all current life on Earth . The LUCA is estimated to have lived some 3.5 to 3.8 billion years ago ( sometime in the Paleoarchean era ) . The earliest evidence for life on Earth is graphite found to be biogenic in 3.7 billion - year - old metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland and microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion - year - old sandstone discovered in Western Australia . Although more than 99 percent of all species that ever lived on the planet are estimated to be extinct , there are currently 10 -- 14 million species of life on Earth . Information about the early development of life includes input from many different fields , including geology and planetary science . These sciences provide information about the history of the Earth and the changes produced by life . However , a great deal of information about the early Earth has been destroyed by geological processes over the course of time . All organisms are descended from a common ancestor or ancestral gene pool . Evidence for common descent may be found in traits shared between all living organisms . In Darwin 's day , the evidence of shared traits was based solely on visible observation of morphologic similarities , such as the fact that all birds have wings , even those that do not fly . There is strong evidence from genetics that all organisms have a common ancestor . For example , every living cell makes use of nucleic acids as its genetic material , and uses the same twenty amino acids as the building blocks for proteins . All organisms use the same genetic code ( with some extremely rare and minor deviations ) to translate nucleic acid sequences into proteins . The universality of these traits strongly suggests common ancestry , because the selection of many of these traits seems arbitrary . Horizontal gene transfer makes it more difficult to study the last universal ancestor . However , the universal use of the same genetic code , same nucleotides , and same amino acids makes the existence of such an ancestor overwhelmingly likely . Location of the root ( edit ) The LUCA used the Wood -- Ljungdahl or reductive acetyl -- CoA pathway to fix carbon . For branching of Bacteria phyla , see Bacterial phyla . The most commonly accepted location of the root of the tree of life is between a monophyletic domain Bacteria and a clade formed by Archaea and Eukaryota of what is referred to as the `` traditional tree of life '' based on several molecular studies . A very small minority of studies have concluded differently , namely that the root is in the domain Bacteria , either in the phylum Firmicutes or that the phylum Chloroflexi is basal to a clade with Archaea and Eukaryotes and the rest of Bacteria as proposed by Thomas Cavalier - Smith . Research published in 2016 , by William F. Martin , by genetically analyzing 6.1 million protein coding genes from sequenced prokaryotic genomes of various phylogenetic trees , identified 355 protein clusters from amongst 286,514 protein clusters that were probably common to the LUCA . The results `` depict LUCA as anaerobic , CO-fixing , H - dependent with a Wood -- Ljungdahl pathway ( the reductive acetyl - coenzyme A pathway ) , N - fixing and thermophilic . LUCA 's biochemistry was replete with FeS clusters and radical reaction mechanisms . Its cofactors reveal dependence upon transition metals , flavins , S - adenosyl methionine , coenzyme A , ferredoxin , molybdopterin , corrins and selenium . Its genetic code required nucleoside modifications and S - adenosylmethionine - dependent methylations . '' The results depict methanogenic clostria as a basal clade in the 355 lineages examined , and suggest that the LUCA inhabited an anaerobic hydrothermal vent setting in a geochemically active environment rich in H , CO , and iron . However , the identification of these genes as being present in LUCA was criticized , suggesting that many of the proteins assumed to be present in LUCA represent later horizontal gene transfers between archaea and bacteria . Reproduction ( edit ) Main article : Reproduction Sexual reproduction is widespread among current eukaryotes , and was likely present in the last common ancestor . This is suggested by the finding of a core set of genes for meiosis in the descendants of lineages that diverged early form the eukaryotic evolutionary tree. and Malik et al. It is further supported by evidence that eukaryotes previously regarded as `` ancient asexuals '' , such as Amoeba , were likely sexual in the past , and that most present day asexual amoeboid lineages likely arose recently and independently . In prokaryotes , natural bacterial transformation involves the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another and integration of the donor DNA into the recipient chromosome by recombination . Natural bacterial transformation is considered to be a primitive sexual process and occurs in both bacteria and archaea , although it has been studied mainly in bacteria . Transformation is clearly a bacterial adaptation and not an accidental occurrence , because it depends on numerous gene products that specifically interact with each other to enter a state of natural competence to perform this complex process . Transformation is a common mode of DNA transfer among prokaryotes . Horizontal gene transfer ( edit ) Main article : Horizontal gene transfer The ancestry of living organisms has traditionally been reconstructed from morphology , but is increasingly supplemented with phylogenetics -- the reconstruction of phylogenies by the comparison of genetic ( DNA ) sequence . Sequence comparisons suggest recent horizontal transfer of many genes among diverse species including across the boundaries of phylogenetic `` domains '' . Thus determining the phylogenetic history of a species can not be done conclusively by determining evolutionary trees for single genes . Biologist Gogarten suggests `` the original metaphor of a tree no longer fits the data from recent genome research '' , therefore `` biologists ( should ) use the metaphor of a mosaic to describe the different histories combined in individual genomes and use ( the ) metaphor of a net to visualize the rich exchange and cooperative effects of HGT among microbes . '' Future of life ( cloning and synthetic organisms ) ( edit ) Modern biotechnology is challenging traditional concepts of organism and species . Cloning is the process of creating a new multicellular organism , genetically identical to another , with the potential of creating entirely new species of organisms . Cloning is the subject of much ethical debate . In 2008 , the J. Craig Venter Institute assembled a synthetic bacterial genome , Mycoplasma genitalium , by using recombination in yeast of 25 overlapping DNA fragments in a single step . The use of yeast recombination greatly simplifies the assembly of large DNA molecules from both synthetic and natural fragments . Other companies , such as Synthetic Genomics , have already been formed to take advantage of the many commercial uses of custom designed genomes . See also ( edit ) Earliest known life forms References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hine , RS. ( 2008 ) . A dictionary of biology ( 6th ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 461 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 920462 - 5 . Jump up ^ Cavalier - Smith T. ( 1987 ) . `` The origin of eukaryotic and archaebacterial cells '' . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 503 : 17 -- 54 . Bibcode : 1987NYASA. 503 ... 17C . PMID 3113314 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1987. tb40596. x . ^ Jump up to : G. Miller ; Scott Spoolman ( 2012 ) . Environmental Science - Biodiversity Is a Crucial Part of the Earth 's Natural Capital . Cengage Learning . p. 62 . ISBN 1 - 133 - 70787 - 4 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 27 . 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Nat Microbiol. 2016 Nov 25 ; 1 : 16229 . doi : 10.1038 / nmicrobiol. 2016.229 Jump up ^ Dacks J ; Roger AJ ( June 1999 ) . `` The first sexual lineage and the relevance of facultative sex '' . J. Mol . Evol. 48 ( 6 ) : 779 -- 83 . PMID 10229582 . doi : 10.1007 / PL00013156 . Jump up ^ Ramesh MA ; Malik SB ; Logsdon JM ( January 2005 ) . `` A phylogenomic inventory of meiotic genes ; evidence for sex in Giardia and an early eukaryotic origin of meiosis '' . Curr. Biol. 15 ( 2 ) : 185 -- 91 . PMID 15668177 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2005.01. 003 . Jump up ^ Malik SB ; Pightling AW ; Stefaniak LM ; Schurko AM ; Logsdon JM ( 2008 ) . `` An expanded inventory of conserved meiotic genes provides evidence for sex in Trichomonas vaginalis '' . PLoS ONE . 3 ( 8 ) : e2879 . Bibcode : 2008PLoSO ... 3.2879 M. PMC 2488364 . PMID 18663385 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0002879 . 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( 2008 ) . `` One - step assembly in yeast of 25 overlapping DNA fragments to form a complete synthetic Mycoplasma genitalium genome '' ( PDF ) . PNAS. 105 ( 51 ) : 20404 -- 20409 . Bibcode : 2008PNAS ... 10520404G . PMC 2600582 . PMID 19073939 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0811011106 . External links ( edit ) BBCNews : 27 September 2000 , When slime is not so thick Citat : `` It means that some of the lowliest creatures in the plant and animal kingdoms , such as slime and amoeba , may not be as primitive as once thought '' SpaceRef.com , July 29 , 1997 : Scientists Discover Methane Ice Worms On Gulf Of Mexico Sea Floor The Eberly College of Science : Methane Ice Worms discovered on Gulf of Mexico Sea Floor download Publication quality photos Artikel , 2000 : Methane Ice Worms : Hesiocaeca methanicola . Colonizing Fossil Fuel Reserves SpaceRef.com , May 04 , 2001 : Redefining `` Life as We Know it '' Hesiocaeca methanicola In 1997 , Charles Fisher , professor of biology at Penn State , discovered this remarkable creature living on mounds of methane ice under half a mile of ocean on the floor of the Gulf of Mexico . BBCNews , 18 December 2002 , ' Space bugs ' grown in lab Citat : `` Bacillus simplex and Staphylococcus pasteuri ... Engyodontium album The strains cultured by Dr Wainwright seemed to be resistant to the effects of UV - one quality required for survival in space '' BBCNews , 19 June 2003 , Ancient organism challenges cell evolution Citat : `` It appears that this organelle has been conserved in evolution from prokaryotes to eukaryotes , since it is present in both '' Interactive Syllabus for General Biology - BI 04 , Saint Anselm College , Summer 2003 Jacob Feldman : Stramenopila NCBI Taxonomy entry : root ( rich ) Saint Anselm College : Survey of representatives of the major Kingdoms Citat : `` Number of kingdoms has not been resolved ... Bacteria present a problem with their diversity ... Protista present a problem with their diversity ... '' , Species 2000 Indexing the world 's known species . Species 2000 has the objective of enumerating all known species of plants , animals , fungi and microbes on Earth as the baseline dataset for studies of global biodiversity . It will also provide a simple access point enabling users to link from here to other data systems for all groups of organisms , using direct species - links . The largest organism in the world may be a fungus carpeting nearly 10 square kilometers of an Oregon forest , and may be as old as 10500 years . The Tree of Life . Frequent questions from kids about life and their answers <Th_colspan="2"> Elements of nature Universe Space Time Energy Matter Change Nature timeline Earth Earth science History ( geological ) Structure Geology Plate tectonics Oceans Gaia hypothesis Future Weather Meteorology Atmosphere ( Earth ) Climate Clouds Sunlight Tides Wind Natural environment Ecology Ecosystem Field Radiation Wilderness Wildfires Life <Td_colspan="2"> Origin ( abiogenesis ) Evolutionary history Biosphere Hierarchy Biology ( astrobiology ) Life timeline Human timeline <Td_colspan="2"> Organism Eukaryota flora plants fauna animals fungi protista Prokaryotes archaea bacteria Viruses <Td_colspan="2"> Category : Nature Portal : Science <Th_colspan="2"> Hierarchy of life <Td_colspan="2"> Biosphere > Ecosystem > Biocoenosis > Population > Organism > Organ system > Organ > Tissue > Cell > Organelle > Biomolecular complex > Macromolecule > Biomolecule Biology portal GND : 4043831 - 4 NDL : 00570259 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Organism&oldid=800650213 '' Categories : Organisms Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2014 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaelg Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių La . lojban . Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Patois Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 21 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Organism classification and taxonomy
2. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes
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7,215,097,050,648,799,000 |
a color that starts with the letter m
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List of colors : g -- m - wikipedia List of colors : g -- m Jump to : navigation , search Color is an important part of the visual arts , fashion , interior design , and many other fields and disciplines . The following is a list of colors . A number of the color swatches below are taken from domain - specific naming schemes such as X11 or HTML4 . RGB values are given for each swatch because such standards are defined in terms of the sRGB color space . It is not possible to accurately convert many of these swatches to CMYK values because of the differing gamuts of the two spaces , but the color management systems built into operating systems and image editing software attempt such conversions as accurately as possible . The HSV ( hue , saturation , value ) color space values , also known as HSB ( hue , saturation , brightness ) , and the hex triplets ( for HTML web colors ) are also given in the following table . Colors that appear on the web - safe color palette -- which includes the sixteen named colors -- are noted . ( Those four named colors corresponding to the neutral grays have no hue value , which is effectively ignored -- i.e. , left blank . ) Contents A -- F N -- Z References Colors in alphabetical order g -- m ( edit ) Color names Name Hex ( RGB ) Red ( RGB ) Green ( RGB ) Blue ( RGB ) Hue ( HSL / HSV ) Satur . ( HSL ) Light ( HSL ) Satur . ( HSV ) Value ( HSV ) Gainsboro # DCDCDC 86 % 86 % 86 % 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 ° 0 % 86 % 0 % 86 % Gamboge # E49B0F 89 % 61 % 6 % 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 ° 88 % 48 % 93 % 89 % Gamboge orange ( brown ) # 996600 60 % 40 % 0 % 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 ° 100 % 30 % 100 % 60 % Garnet # 733635 45 % 21 % 21 % 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ° 37 % 33 % 54 % 45 % Gargoyle Gas # FFDF46 100 % 87 % 27 % 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 ° 100 % 64 % 73 % 100 % Generic viridian # 007F66 0 % 50 % 40 % 7002168000000000000 ♠ 168 ° 100 % 25 % 100 % 50 % Ghost white # F8F8FF 97 % 97 % 100 % 7002240000000000000 ♠ 240 ° 100 % 99 % 3 % 100 % Giant 's Club # B05C52 69 % 36 % 32 % 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 ° 37 % 51 % 53 % 69 % Giants orange # FE5A1D 100 % 35 % 11 % 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 ° 99 % 55 % 89 % 100 % Gin # D8E4BC 85 % 89 % 74 % 7001780000000000000 ♠ 78 ° 43 % 82 % 18 % 89 % Glaucous # 6082B6 38 % 51 % 71 % 7002216000000000000 ♠ 216 ° 37 % 55 % 47 % 71 % Glossy Grape # AB92B3 67 % 57 % 70 % 7002285000000000000 ♠ 285 ° 18 % 64 % 18 % 70 % GO green # 00AB66 0 % 67 % 40 % 7002156000000000000 ♠ 156 ° 100 % 34 % 100 % 67 % Gold # A57C00 65 % 49 % 0 % 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 ° 100 % 32 % 100 % 65 % Gold ( metallic ) # D4AF37 83 % 69 % 22 % 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 ° 65 % 52 % 74 % 83 % Gold ( web ) ( Golden ) # FFD700 100 % 84 % 0 % 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 ° 100 % 50 % 100 % 100 % Gold ( Crayola ) # E6BE8A 90 % 75 % 54 % 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 ° 65 % 72 % 40 % 90 % Gold Fusion # 85754E 52 % 46 % 31 % 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 ° 26 % 41 % 41 % 52 % Gold foil # BD9B16 74 % 61 % 9 % 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 ° 79 % 41 % 88 % 74 % Golden brown # 996515 60 % 40 % 8 % 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 ° 76 % 34 % 86 % 60 % Golden poppy # FCC200 99 % 76 % 0 % 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 ° 100 % 49 % 100 % 99 % Golden yellow # FFDF00 100 % 87 % 0 % 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 ° 100 % 50 % 100 % 100 % Goldenrod # DAA520 85 % 65 % 13 % 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 ° 74 % 49 % 85 % 85 % Granite Gray # 676767 40 % 40 % 40 % 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 ° 0 % 40 % 0 % 40 % Granny Smith Apple # A8E4A0 66 % 89 % 63 % 7002113000000000000 ♠ 113 ° 56 % 76 % 30 % 89 % Grape # 6F2DA8 44 % 18 % 66 % 7002272000000000000 ♠ 272 ° 58 % 42 % 73 % 66 % Gray ( HTML / CSS gray ) # 808080 50 % 50 % 50 % 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 ° 0 % 50 % 0 % 50 % Gray ( X11 gray ) # BEBEBE 75 % 75 % 75 % 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 ° 0 % 75 % 0 % 75 % Gray - asparagus # 465945 27 % 35 % 27 % 7002117000000000000 ♠ 117 ° 13 % 31 % 22 % 35 % Gray - blue # 8C92AC 55 % 57 % 67 % 7002229000000000000 ♠ 229 ° 16 % 61 % 19 % 67 % Green # 008001 0 % 50 % 0 % 7002120000000000000 ♠ 120 ° 100 % 25 % 100 % 50 % Green ( Color Wheel ) ( X11 green ) # 00FF00 0 % 100 % 0 % 7002120000000000000 ♠ 120 ° 100 % 50 % 100 % 100 % Green ( Crayola ) # 1CAC78 11 % 67 % 47 % 7002158000000000000 ♠ 158 ° 72 % 39 % 84 % 67 % Green ( HTML / CSS color ) # 008000 0 % 50 % 0 % 7002120000000000000 ♠ 120 ° 100 % 25 % 100 % 50 % Green ( Munsell ) # 00A877 0 % 66 % 47 % 7002163000000000000 ♠ 163 ° 100 % 33 % 100 % 66 % Green ( NCS ) # 009F6B 0 % 62 % 42 % 7002160000000000000 ♠ 160 ° 100 % 31 % 100 % 62 % Green ( Pantone ) # 00AD43 0 % 68 % 26 % 7002143000000000000 ♠ 143 ° 100 % 34 % 100 % 68 % Green ( pigment ) # 00A550 0 % 65 % 31 % 7002149000000000000 ♠ 149 ° 100 % 32 % 100 % 65 % Green ( RYB ) # 66B032 40 % 69 % 20 % 7001950000000000000 ♠ 95 ° 56 % 44 % 72 % 69 % Green - blue # 1164B4 7 % 39 % 71 % 7002209000000000000 ♠ 209 ° 83 % 39 % 91 % 71 % Green - blue ( Crayola ) # 2887C8 16 % 53 % 78 % 7002204000000000000 ♠ 204 ° 67 % 47 % 80 % 78 % Green Cola # 4C721D 30 % 45 % 11 % 7001880000000000000 ♠ 88 ° 59 % 28 % 75 % 45 % Green - cyan # 009966 0 % 60 % 40 % 7002160000000000000 ♠ 160 ° 100 % 30 % 100 % 60 % Green Lizard # A7F432 65 % 96 % 20 % 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 ° 90 % 58 % 80 % 96 % Green Sheen # 6EAEA1 43 % 68 % 63 % 7002168000000000000 ♠ 168 ° 28 % 56 % 37 % 68 % Green - yellow # ADFF2F 68 % 100 % 18 % 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 ° 100 % 59 % 82 % 100 % Green - yellow ( Crayola ) # F0E891 94 % 91 % 57 % 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 ° 76 % 76 % 40 % 94 % Grullo # A99A86 66 % 60 % 53 % 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 ° 17 % 59 % 21 % 66 % Guppie green # 00FF7F 0 % 100 % 50 % 7002150000000000000 ♠ 150 ° 100 % 50 % 100 % 100 % Gunmetal # 2a3439 16 % 20 % 22 % 7002200000000000000 ♠ 200 ° 15 % 19 % 15 % 19 % Guyabano # F8F8F8 97 % 97 % 97 % 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 ° 0 % 97 % 0 % 97 % Halayà úbe # 663854 40 % 22 % 33 % 7002323000000000000 ♠ 323 ° 29 % 31 % 45 % 40 % Halloween orange # EB6123 92 % 38 % 14 % 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 ° 83 % 53 % 85 % 92 % Han blue # 446CCF 27 % 42 % 81 % 7002223000000000000 ♠ 223 ° 59 % 54 % 67 % 81 % Han purple # 5218FA 32 % 9 % 98 % 7002255000000000000 ♠ 255 ° 96 % 54 % 90 % 98 % Hansa yellow # E9D66B 91 % 84 % 42 % 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 ° 74 % 67 % 54 % 91 % Harlequin # 3FFF00 25 % 100 % 0 % 7002105000000000000 ♠ 105 ° 100 % 50 % 100 % 100 % Harlequin green # 46CB18 27 % 80 % 9 % 7002105000000000000 ♠ 105 ° 79 % 45 % 88 % 80 % Harvard crimson # C90016 79 % 0 % 9 % 7002353000000000000 ♠ 353 ° 100 % 39 % 100 % 79 % Harvest gold # DA9100 85 % 57 % 0 % 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 ° 100 % 43 % 100 % 85 % Heart Gold # 808000 50 % 50 % 0 % 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 ° 100 % 25 % 100 % 50 % Heat Wave # FF7A00 100 % 48 % 0 % 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 ° 100 % 50 % 100 % 100 % Heidelberg Red # 960018 59 % 0 % 9 % 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ° 100 % 29 % 100 % 60 % Heliotrope # DF73FF 87 % 45 % 100 % 7002286000000000000 ♠ 286 ° 100 % 73 % 55 % 100 % Heliotrope gray # AA98A9 67 % 60 % 66 % 7002303000000000000 ♠ 303 ° 10 % 63 % 11 % 67 % Heliotrope magenta # AA00BB 67 % 0 % 73 % 7002295000000000000 ♠ 295 ° 100 % 37 % 100 % 73 % Hollywood cerise # F400A1 96 % 0 % 63 % 7002320000000000000 ♠ 320 ° 100 % 48 % 100 % 96 % Honeydew # F0FFF0 94 % 100 % 94 % 7002120000000000000 ♠ 120 ° 100 % 97 % 6 % 100 % Honolulu blue # 006DB0 0 % 43 % 69 % 7002203000000000000 ♠ 203 ° 100 % 35 % 100 % 69 % Hooker 's green # 49796B 29 % 47 % 42 % 7002163000000000000 ♠ 163 ° 25 % 38 % 40 % 47 % Hot magenta # FF1DCE 100 % 11 % 81 % 7002313000000000000 ♠ 313 ° 100 % 56 % 89 % 100 % Hot pink # FF69B4 100 % 41 % 71 % 7002330000000000000 ♠ 330 ° 100 % 71 % 59 % 100 % Hunter green # 355E3B 21 % 37 % 23 % 7002129000000000000 ♠ 129 ° 28 % 29 % 44 % 37 % Iceberg # 71A6D2 44 % 65 % 82 % 7002207000000000000 ♠ 207 ° 52 % 63 % 46 % 82 % Iced tea # 923C01 57 % 24 % 0 % 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 ° 99 % 29 % 99 % 57 % Icterine # FCF75E 99 % 97 % 37 % 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 ° 96 % 68 % 63 % 99 % Iguana Green # 71BC78 44 % 74 % 47 % 7002126000000000000 ♠ 126 ° 36 % 59 % 40 % 74 % Illuminating Emerald # 319177 19 % 57 % 47 % 7002164000000000000 ♠ 164 ° 49 % 38 % 66 % 57 % Imperial # 602F6B 38 % 18 % 42 % 7002289000000000000 ♠ 289 ° 39 % 30 % 56 % 42 % Imperial blue # 002395 0 % 14 % 58 % 7002226000000000000 ♠ 226 ° 100 % 29 % 100 % 58 % Imperial purple # 66023C 40 % 1 % 24 % 7002325000000000000 ♠ 325 ° 96 % 20 % 98 % 40 % Imperial red # ED2939 93 % 16 % 22 % 7002355000000000000 ♠ 355 ° 84 % 55 % 83 % 93 % Inchworm # B2EC5D 70 % 93 % 36 % 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 ° 79 % 65 % 61 % 93 % Independence # 4C516D 30 % 32 % 43 % 7002231000000000000 ♠ 231 ° 18 % 36 % 30 % 43 % India green # 138808 7 % 53 % 3 % 7002115000000000000 ♠ 115 ° 89 % 28 % 94 % 53 % Indian red # CD5C5C 80 % 36 % 36 % 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 ° 53 % 58 % 55 % 80 % Indian yellow # E3A857 89 % 66 % 34 % 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 ° 71 % 62 % 62 % 89 % Indigo # 4B0082 29 % 0 % 51 % 7002266000000000000 ♠ 266 ° 100 % 26 % 100 % 100 % Indigo dye # 091F92 4 % 12 % 57 % 7002230000000000000 ♠ 230 ° 88 % 30 % 94 % 57 % Indigo ( Crayola ) # 4F69C6 31 % 41 % 78 % 7002227000000000000 ♠ 227 ° 51 % 54 % 60 % 78 % Indigo ( Rainbow ) # 233067 14 % 19 % 40 % 7002230000000000000 ♠ 230 ° 49 % 27 % 60 % 40 % Indigo ( web ) # 4B0082 29 % 0 % 51 % 7002275000000000000 ♠ 275 ° 100 % 25 % 100 % 51 % Infra Red # FF496C 100 % 29 % 42 % 7002348000000000000 ♠ 348 ° 100 % 64 % 71 % 100 % Interdimensional Blue # 360CCC 21 % 5 % 80 % 7002253000000000000 ♠ 253 ° 89 % 42 % 94 % 80 % International Klein Blue # 002FA7 0 % 18 % 65 % 7002223000000000000 ♠ 223 ° 100 % 33 % 100 % 65 % International orange ( aerospace ) # FF4F00 100 % 31 % 0 % 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 ° 100 % 50 % 100 % 100 % International orange ( engineering ) # BA160C 73 % 9 % 5 % 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 ° 88 % 39 % 94 % 73 % International orange ( Golden Gate Bridge ) # C0362C 75 % 21 % 17 % 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 ° 63 % 46 % 77 % 75 % Iris # 5A4FCF 35 % 31 % 81 % 7002245000000000000 ♠ 245 ° 57 % 56 % 62 % 81 % Irresistible # B3446C 70 % 27 % 42 % 7002338000000000000 ♠ 338 ° 45 % 48 % 62 % 70 % Isabelline # F4F0EC 96 % 94 % 93 % 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 ° 27 % 94 % 3 % 96 % Islamic green # 009000 0 % 56 % 0 % 7002120000000000000 ♠ 120 ° 100 % 28 % 100 % 56 % Italian sky blue # B2FFFF 70 % 100 % 100 % 7002180000000000000 ♠ 180 ° 100 % 85 % 30 % 100 % Ivory # FFFFF0 100 % 100 % 94 % 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 ° 100 % 97 % 6 % 100 % Jacarta # 3D325D 24 % 20 % 36 % 7002255000000000000 ♠ 255 ° 30 % 28 % 46 % 36 % Jacko bean # 413628 25 % 21 % 16 % 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 ° 24 % 21 % 38 % 25 % Jade # 00A86B 0 % 66 % 42 % 7002158000000000000 ♠ 158 ° 100 % 33 % 100 % 66 % Japanese carmine # 9D2933 62 % 16 % 20 % 7002355000000000000 ♠ 355 ° 59 % 39 % 74 % 62 % Japanese indigo # 264348 15 % 26 % 28 % 7002189000000000000 ♠ 189 ° 31 % 22 % 47 % 28 % Japanese Laurel # 2F7532 18 % 46 % 20 % 7002123000000000000 ♠ 123 ° 43 % 32 % 60 % 46 % Japanese violet # 5B3256 36 % 20 % 34 % 7002307000000000000 ♠ 307 ° 29 % 28 % 45 % 36 % Jasmine # F8DE7E 97 % 87 % 49 % 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 ° 90 % 73 % 49 % 97 % Jasper # D73B3E 84 % 23 % 24 % 7002359000000000000 ♠ 359 ° 66 % 54 % 73 % 84 % Jasper Orange # DE8F4E 87 % 57 % 31 % 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 ° 69 % 59 % 65 % 87 % Jazzberry jam # A50B5E 65 % 4 % 37 % 7002328000000000000 ♠ 328 ° 88 % 35 % 93 % 65 % Jelly Bean # DA614E 85 % 38 % 31 % 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 ° 65 % 58 % 64 % 85 % Jelly Bean Blue # 44798E 27 % 47 % 56 % 7002197000000000000 ♠ 197 ° 35 % 41 % 52 % 56 % Jet # 343434 20 % 20 % 20 % 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 ° 0 % 20 % 0 % 20 % Jet Stream # BBD0C9 73 % 82 % 79 % 7002160000000000000 ♠ 160 ° 18 % 78 % 10 % 82 % Jonquil # F4CA16 96 % 79 % 9 % 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 ° 91 % 52 % 91 % 96 % Jordy blue # 8AB9F1 54 % 73 % 95 % 7002213000000000000 ♠ 213 ° 79 % 74 % 43 % 95 % June bud # BDDA57 74 % 85 % 34 % 7001730000000000000 ♠ 73 ° 64 % 60 % 60 % 85 % Jungle green # 29AB87 16 % 67 % 53 % 7002163000000000000 ♠ 163 ° 61 % 42 % 76 % 67 % Kelly green # 4CBB17 30 % 73 % 9 % 7002101000000000000 ♠ 101 ° 78 % 41 % 88 % 73 % Kenyan copper # 7C1C05 49 % 11 % 2 % 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 ° 92 % 25 % 96 % 49 % Keppel # 3AB09E 23 % 69 % 62 % 7002171000000000000 ♠ 171 ° 50 % 46 % 67 % 69 % Key Lime # E8F48C 91 % 96 % 55 % 7001670000000000000 ♠ 67 ° 83 % 75 % 43 % 96 % Khaki ( HTML / CSS ) ( Khaki ) # C3B091 76 % 69 % 57 % 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 ° 29 % 67 % 26 % 76 % Khaki ( X11 ) ( Light khaki ) # F0E68C 94 % 90 % 55 % 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 ° 77 % 75 % 42 % 94 % Kiwi # 8EE53F 56 % 90 % 25 % 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 ° 76 % 57 % 72 % 90 % Kobe # 882D17 53 % 18 % 9 % 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 ° 71 % 31 % 83 % 53 % Kobi # E79FC4 91 % 62 % 77 % 7002329000000000000 ♠ 329 ° 60 % 76 % 31 % 91 % Kobicha # 6B4423 42 % 27 % 14 % 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 ° 51 % 28 % 67 % 42 % Kombu green # 354230 21 % 26 % 19 % 7002103000000000000 ♠ 103 ° 16 % 22 % 27 % 26 % KSU Purple # 512888 31 % 15 % 51 % 7002266000000000000 ♠ 266 ° 55 % 33 % 71 % 53 % KU Crimson # E8000D 91 % 0 % 5 % 7002357000000000000 ♠ 357 ° 100 % 45 % 100 % 91 % La Salle Green # 087830 3 % 47 % 19 % 7002141000000000000 ♠ 141 ° 88 % 25 % 93 % 47 % Languid lavender # D6CADD 84 % 79 % 87 % 7002278000000000000 ♠ 278 ° 22 % 83 % 9 % 87 % Lanzones # E0BC5B 88 % 74 % 36 % 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 ° 68 % 62 % 59 % 88 % Lapis lazuli # 26619C 15 % 38 % 61 % 7002210000000000000 ♠ 210 ° 61 % 38 % 76 % 61 % Laser Lemon # FFFF66 100 % 100 % 40 % 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 ° 100 % 70 % 60 % 100 % Laurel green # A9BA9D 66 % 73 % 62 % 7001950000000000000 ♠ 95 ° 17 % 67 % 16 % 73 % Lava # CF1020 81 % 6 % 13 % 7002355000000000000 ♠ 355 ° 86 % 44 % 92 % 81 % Lavender ( floral ) # B57EDC 71 % 49 % 86 % 7002275000000000000 ♠ 275 ° 57 % 68 % 43 % 86 % Lavender ( web ) # E6E6FA 90 % 90 % 98 % 7002240000000000000 ♠ 240 ° 67 % 94 % 8 % 98 % Lavender blue # CCCCFF 80 % 80 % 100 % 7002240000000000000 ♠ 240 ° 100 % 90 % 20 % 100 % Lavender blush # FFF0F5 100 % 94 % 96 % 7002340000000000000 ♠ 340 ° 100 % 97 % 6 % 100 % Lavender gray # C4C3D0 77 % 76 % 82 % 7002245000000000000 ♠ 245 ° 12 % 79 % 6 % 82 % Lavender indigo # 9457EB 58 % 34 % 92 % 7002265000000000000 ♠ 265 ° 79 % 63 % 63 % 92 % Lavender magenta # EE82EE 93 % 51 % 93 % 7002300000000000000 ♠ 300 ° 76 % 72 % 45 % 93 % Lavender mist # E6E6FA 90 % 90 % 98 % 7002240000000000000 ♠ 240 ° 67 % 94 % 8 % 98 % Lavender pink # FBAED2 98 % 68 % 82 % 7002332000000000000 ♠ 332 ° 91 % 83 % 31 % 98 % Lavender purple # 967BB6 59 % 48 % 71 % 7002267000000000000 ♠ 267 ° 29 % 60 % 32 % 71 % Lavender rose # FBA0E3 98 % 63 % 89 % 7002316000000000000 ♠ 316 ° 92 % 81 % 36 % 98 % Lawn green # 7CFC00 49 % 99 % 0 % 7001900000000000000 ♠ 90 ° 100 % 49 % 100 % 99 % Lemon # FFF700 100 % 97 % 0 % 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 ° 100 % 50 % 100 % 100 % Lemon chiffon # FFFACD 100 % 98 % 80 % 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 ° 100 % 90 % 20 % 100 % Lemon curry # CCA01D 80 % 63 % 11 % 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 ° 75 % 46 % 86 % 80 % Lemon glacier # FDFF00 99 % 100 % 0 % 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 ° 100 % 50 % 100 % 100 % Lemon iced tea # BD3000 74 % 19 % 0 % 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 ° 100 % 37 % 100 % 74 % Lemon lime # E3FF00 89 % 100 % 0 % 7001670000000000000 ♠ 67 ° 100 % 50 % 100 % 100 % Lemon lime # 5CFF67 36 % 100 % 40 % 7002124000000000000 ♠ 124 ° 100 % 68 % 64 % 100 % Lemon meringue # F6EABE 96 % 92 % 75 % 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 ° 76 % 85 % 23 % 96 % Lemon yellow # FFF44F 100 % 96 % 31 % 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 ° 100 % 65 % 69 % 100 % Lemon yellow ( Crayola ) # FFFF9F 100 % 100 % 62 % 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 ° 100 % 81 % 38 % 100 % Lenurple # BA93D8 73 % 58 % 85 % 7002274000000000000 ♠ 274 ° 47 % 71 % 32 % 85 % Liberty # 545AA7 33 % 35 % 65 % 7002236000000000000 ♠ 236 ° 33 % 49 % 50 % 65 % Licorice # 1A1110 10 % 7 % 6 % 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 ° 24 % 8 % 38 % 10 % Light apricot # FDD5B1 99 % 84 % 69 % 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 ° 95 % 84 % 30 % 99 % Light blue # ADD8E6 68 % 85 % 90 % 7002195000000000000 ♠ 195 ° 53 % 79 % 25 % 90 % Light brown # B5651D 71 % 40 % 11 % 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 ° 72 % 41 % 84 % 71 % Light carmine pink # E66771 90 % 40 % 44 % 7002355000000000000 ♠ 355 ° 72 % 65 % 55 % 90 % Light Chocolate Cosmos # 551F2F 33 % 12 % 18 % 7002342000000000000 ♠ 342 ° 47 % 23 % 64 % 33 % Light cobalt blue # 88ACE0 53 % 67 % 88 % 7002215000000000000 ♠ 215 ° 59 % 71 % 39 % 88 % Light coral # F08080 94 % 50 % 50 % 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 ° 79 % 72 % 47 % 94 % Light cornflower blue # 93CCEA 58 % 80 % 92 % 7002201000000000000 ♠ 201 ° 67 % 75 % 37 % 92 % Light crimson # F56991 96 % 41 % 57 % 7002343000000000000 ♠ 343 ° 88 % 69 % 57 % 96 % Light cyan # E0FFFF 88 % 100 % 100 % 7002180000000000000 ♠ 180 ° 100 % 94 % 12 % 100 % Light deep pink # FF5CCD 100 % 36 % 80 % 7002318000000000000 ♠ 318 ° 100 % 68 % 64 % 100 % Light French beige # C8AD7F 78 % 68 % 50 % 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 ° 40 % 64 % 37 % 78 % Light fuchsia pink # F984EF 98 % 52 % 94 % 7002305000000000000 ♠ 305 ° 91 % 75 % 47 % 98 % Light gold # B29700 70 % 59 % 0 % 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 ° 100 % 35 % 100 % 70 % Light goldenrod yellow # FAFAD2 98 % 98 % 82 % 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 ° 80 % 90 % 16 % 98 % Light gray # D3D3D3 83 % 83 % 83 % 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 ° 0 % 83 % 0 % 83 % Light grayish magenta # CC99CC 80 % 60 % 80 % 7002300000000000000 ♠ 300 ° 33 % 70 % 25 % 80 % Light green # 90EE90 56 % 93 % 56 % 7002120000000000000 ♠ 120 ° 73 % 75 % 39 % 93 % Light hot pink # FFB3DE 100 % 70 % 87 % 7002326000000000000 ♠ 326 ° 100 % 85 % 30 % 100 % Light khaki # F0E68C 94 % 90 % 55 % 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 ° 77 % 75 % 42 % 94 % Light medium orchid # D39BCB 83 % 61 % 80 % 7002309000000000000 ♠ 309 ° 39 % 72 % 27 % 83 % Light moss green # ADDFAD 68 % 87 % 68 % 7002120000000000000 ♠ 120 ° 44 % 78 % 22 % 87 % Light orange # FED8B1 100 % 85 % 69 % 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 ° 98 % 85 % 30 % 100 % Light orchid # E6A8D7 90 % 66 % 84 % 7002315000000000000 ♠ 315 ° 55 % 78 % 27 % 90 % Light pastel purple # B19CD9 69 % 61 % 85 % 7002261000000000000 ♠ 261 ° 45 % 73 % 28 % 85 % Light periwinkle # C5CBE1 77 % 80 % 88 % 7002228000000000000 ♠ 228 ° 32 % 83 % 12 % 88 % Light pink # FFB6C1 100 % 71 % 76 % 7002351000000000000 ♠ 351 ° 100 % 86 % 29 % 100 % Light red # FFCCCB 100 % 80 % 80 % 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 ° 100 % 90 % 20 % 100 % Light red ochre # E97451 91 % 45 % 32 % 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 ° 78 % 62 % 65 % 91 % Light salmon # FFA07A 100 % 63 % 48 % 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 ° 100 % 74 % 52 % 100 % Light salmon pink # FF9999 100 % 60 % 60 % 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 ° 100 % 80 % 40 % 100 % Light sea green # 20B2AA 13 % 70 % 67 % 7002177000000000000 ♠ 177 ° 70 % 41 % 82 % 70 % Light silver # D8D8D8 85 % 85 % 85 % 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 ° 0 % 85 % 0 % 85 % Light sky blue # 87CEFA 53 % 81 % 98 % 7002203000000000000 ♠ 203 ° 92 % 75 % 46 % 98 % Light slate gray # 778899 47 % 53 % 60 % 7002210000000000000 ♠ 210 ° 14 % 53 % 22 % 60 % Light steel blue # B0C4DE 69 % 77 % 87 % 7002214000000000000 ♠ 214 ° 41 % 78 % 21 % 87 % Light taupe # B38B6D 70 % 55 % 43 % 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 ° 32 % 56 % 39 % 70 % Light Thulian pink # E68FAC 90 % 56 % 67 % 7002340000000000000 ♠ 340 ° 64 % 73 % 38 % 90 % Light yellow # FFFFE0 100 % 100 % 88 % 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 ° 100 % 94 % 12 % 100 % Lilac # C8A2C8 78 % 64 % 78 % 7002300000000000000 ♠ 300 ° 26 % 71 % 19 % 78 % Lilac Luster # AE98AA 68 % 60 % 67 % 7002311000000000000 ♠ 311 ° 12 % 64 % 13 % 68 % Lime ( color wheel ) # BFFF00 75 % 100 % 0 % 7001750000000000000 ♠ 75 ° 100 % 50 % 100 % 100 % Lime ( web ) ( X11 green ) # 00FF00 0 % 100 % 0 % 7002120000000000000 ♠ 120 ° 100 % 50 % 100 % 100 % Lime green # 32CD32 20 % 80 % 20 % 7002120000000000000 ♠ 120 ° 61 % 50 % 76 % 80 % Limerick # 9DC209 62 % 76 % 4 % 7001720000000000000 ♠ 72 ° 91 % 40 % 95 % 76 % Lincoln green # 195905 10 % 35 % 2 % 7002106000000000000 ♠ 106 ° 89 % 18 % 94 % 35 % Linen # FAF0E6 98 % 94 % 90 % 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 ° 67 % 94 % 8 % 98 % Lion # C19A6B 76 % 60 % 42 % 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 ° 41 % 59 % 45 % 76 % Liseran Purple # DE6FA1 87 % 44 % 63 % 7002333000000000000 ♠ 333 ° 63 % 65 % 50 % 87 % Little boy blue # 6CA0DC 42 % 63 % 86 % 7002212000000000000 ♠ 212 ° 62 % 64 % 51 % 86 % Little girl pink # F8B9D4 97 % 73 % 83 % 7002334000000000000 ♠ 334 ° 82 % 85 % 25 % 97 % Liver # 674C47 40 % 30 % 28 % 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 ° 18 % 34 % 31 % 40 % Liver ( dogs ) # B86D29 72 % 43 % 16 % 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 ° 64 % 44 % 78 % 72 % Liver ( organ ) # 6C2E1F 42 % 18 % 12 % 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 ° 55 % 27 % 71 % 42 % Liver chestnut # 987456 60 % 45 % 34 % 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 ° 28 % 47 % 43 % 60 % Livid # 6699CC 40 % 60 % 80 % 7002210000000000000 ♠ 210 ° 50 % 60 % 50 % 80 % Lotion # FEFDFA 100 % 100 % 98 % 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 ° 100 % 99 % 2 % 100 % Lotion blue # 15F2FD 48 % 60 % 78 % 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 ° 41 % 63 % 45 % 76 % Lotion pink # ECCFCF 93 % 81 % 81 % 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 ° 43 % 87 % 12 % 93 % Lumber # FFE4CD 100 % 89 % 80 % 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 ° 100 % 90 % 20 % 100 % Lust # E62020 90 % 13 % 13 % 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 ° 80 % 51 % 86 % 90 % Maastricht Blue # 001C3D 0 % 11 % 24 % 7002212000000000000 ♠ 212 ° 100 % 12 % 100 % 24 % Macaroni and Cheese # FFBD88 100 % 74 % 53 % 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 ° 100 % 77 % 47 % 100 % Madder Lake # CC3336 80 % 20 % 21 % 7002359000000000000 ♠ 359 ° 60 % 50 % 75 % 80 % Magenta # FF00FF 100 % 0 % 100 % 7002300000000000000 ♠ 300 ° 100 % 50 % 100 % 100 % Magenta ( Crayola ) # FF55A3 100 % 33 % 64 % 7002332000000000000 ♠ 332 ° 100 % 67 % 67 % 100 % Magenta ( dye ) # CA1F7B 79 % 12 % 48 % 7002328000000000000 ♠ 328 ° 73 % 46 % 85 % 79 % Magenta ( Pantone ) # D0417E 82 % 25 % 49 % 7002334000000000000 ♠ 334 ° 60 % 54 % 69 % 82 % Magenta ( process ) # FF0090 100 % 0 % 56 % 7002326000000000000 ♠ 326 ° 100 % 50 % 100 % 100 % Magenta haze # 9F4576 62 % 27 % 46 % 7002327000000000000 ♠ 327 ° 39 % 45 % 57 % 62 % Magenta - pink # CC338B 80 % 20 % 55 % 7002325000000000000 ♠ 325 ° 60 % 50 % 75 % 80 % Magic mint # AAF0D1 67 % 94 % 82 % 7002153000000000000 ♠ 153 ° 70 % 80 % 29 % 94 % Magic Potion # FF4466 100 % 27 % 40 % 7002349000000000000 ♠ 349 ° 100 % 63 % 73 % 100 % Magnolia # F8F4FF 97 % 96 % 100 % 7002262000000000000 ♠ 262 ° 100 % 98 % 4 % 100 % Mahogany # C04000 75 % 25 % 0 % 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 ° 100 % 38 % 100 % 75 % Mahogany ( Crayola ) # CA3435 79 % 20 % 21 % 7002360000000000000 ♠ 360 ° 59 % 50 % 74 % 79 % Maize # FBEC5D 98 % 93 % 36 % 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 ° 95 % 67 % 63 % 98 % Maize ( Crayola ) # F2C649 95 % 78 % 29 % 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 ° 87 % 62 % 70 % 95 % Majorelle Blue # 6050DC 38 % 31 % 86 % 7002247000000000000 ♠ 247 ° 67 % 59 % 64 % 86 % Malachite # 0BDA51 4 % 85 % 32 % 7002140000000000000 ♠ 140 ° 90 % 45 % 95 % 85 % Manatee # 979AAA 59 % 60 % 67 % 7002231000000000000 ♠ 231 ° 10 % 63 % 11 % 67 % Mandarin # F37A48 95 % 48 % 28 % 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 ° 88 % 62 % 70 % 95 % Mango # FDBE02 99 % 75 % 1 % 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 ° 98 % 50 % 99 % 99 % Mango green # 96FF00 59 % 100 % 0 % 7001850000000000000 ♠ 85 ° 100 % 50 % 100 % 100 % Mango Tango # FF8243 100 % 51 % 26 % 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 ° 100 % 63 % 74 % 100 % Mantis # 74C365 45 % 76 % 40 % 7002110000000000000 ♠ 110 ° 44 % 58 % 48 % 76 % Mardi Gras # 880085 53 % 0 % 52 % 7002301000000000000 ♠ 301 ° 100 % 27 % 100 % 53 % Marigold # EAA221 92 % 64 % 13 % 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 ° 83 % 52 % 85 % 91 % Maroon ( Crayola ) # C32148 76 % 13 % 28 % 7002346000000000000 ♠ 346 ° 71 % 45 % 83 % 76 % Maroon ( HTML / CSS ) # 800000 50 % 0 % 0 % 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 ° 100 % 25 % 100 % 50 % Maroon ( X11 ) # B03060 69 % 19 % 38 % 7002338000000000000 ♠ 338 ° 57 % 44 % 73 % 69 % Mauve # E0B0FF 88 % 69 % 100 % 7002276000000000000 ♠ 276 ° 100 % 85 % 31 % 100 % Mauve taupe # 915F6D 57 % 37 % 43 % 7002343000000000000 ♠ 343 ° 21 % 47 % 34 % 57 % Mauvelous # EF98AA 94 % 60 % 67 % 7002348000000000000 ♠ 348 ° 73 % 77 % 36 % 94 % Maximum Blue # 47ABCC 28 % 67 % 80 % 7002195000000000000 ♠ 195 ° 57 % 54 % 65 % 80 % Maximum Blue Green # 30BFBF 19 % 75 % 75 % 7002180000000000000 ♠ 180 ° 60 % 47 % 75 % 75 % Maximum Blue Purple # ACACE6 67 % 67 % 90 % 7002240000000000000 ♠ 240 ° 54 % 79 % 25 % 90 % Maximum Green # 5E8C31 37 % 55 % 19 % 7001900000000000000 ♠ 90 ° 48 % 37 % 65 % 55 % Maximum Green Yellow # D9E650 85 % 90 % 31 % 7001650000000000000 ♠ 65 ° 75 % 61 % 65 % 90 % Maximum orange # FF5B00 100 % 36 % 0 % 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 ° 100 % 50 % 100 % 100 % Maximum Purple # 733380 45 % 20 % 50 % 7002290000000000000 ♠ 290 ° 43 % 35 % 60 % 50 % Maximum pink # F6A5F2 96 % 65 % 95 % 7002304000000000000 ♠ 304 ° 82 % 81 % 33 % 96 % Maximum red # D92121 85 % 13 % 13 % 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 ° 74 % 49 % 85 % 85 % Maximum Red Purple # A63A79 65 % 23 % 47 % 7002325000000000000 ♠ 325 ° 48 % 44 % 65 % 65 % Maximum violet # 892F77 54 % 18 % 47 % 7002312000000000000 ♠ 312 ° 49 % 36 % 66 % 54 % Maximum Yellow # FAFA37 98 % 98 % 22 % 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 ° 95 % 60 % 78 % 98 % Maximum Yellow Red # F2BA49 95 % 73 % 29 % 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 ° 87 % 62 % 70 % 95 % May green # 4C9141 30 % 57 % 25 % 7002112000000000000 ♠ 112 ° 38 % 41 % 55 % 57 % Maya blue # 73C2FB 45 % 76 % 98 % 7002205000000000000 ♠ 205 ° 94 % 72 % 54 % 98 % Meat brown # E5B73B 90 % 72 % 23 % 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 ° 77 % 56 % 74 % 90 % Medium aquamarine # 66DDAA 40 % 87 % 67 % 7002154000000000000 ♠ 154 ° 64 % 63 % 54 % 87 % Medium blue # 0000CD 0 % 0 % 80 % 7002240000000000000 ♠ 240 ° 100 % 40 % 100 % 80 % Medium candy apple red # E2062C 89 % 2 % 17 % 7002350000000000000 ♠ 350 ° 95 % 45 % 97 % 89 % Medium carmine # AF4035 69 % 25 % 21 % 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 ° 54 % 45 % 70 % 69 % Medium champagne # F3E5AB 95 % 90 % 67 % 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 ° 75 % 81 % 30 % 95 % Medium electric blue # 035096 1 % 31 % 59 % 7002209000000000000 ♠ 209 ° 96 % 30 % 98 % 59 % Medium green # 037949 1 % 47 % 29 % 7002156000000000000 ♠ 156 ° 95 % 24 % 98 % 47 % Medium jungle green # 1C352D 11 % 21 % 18 % 7002161000000000000 ♠ 161 ° 31 % 16 % 47 % 21 % Medium lavender magenta # DDA0DD 87 % 63 % 87 % 7002300000000000000 ♠ 300 ° 47 % 75 % 28 % 87 % Medium orange # FF7802 100 % 47 % 1 % 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 ° 100 % 50 % 99 % 100 % Medium orchid # BA55D3 73 % 33 % 83 % 7002288000000000000 ♠ 288 ° 59 % 58 % 60 % 83 % Medium Persian blue # 0067A5 0 % 40 % 65 % 7002203000000000000 ♠ 203 ° 100 % 32 % 100 % 65 % Medium pink # FE6E9F 100 % 43 % 62 % 7002340000000000000 ♠ 340 ° 99 % 71 % 57 % 100 % Medium purple # 9370DB 58 % 44 % 86 % 7002260000000000000 ♠ 260 ° 60 % 65 % 49 % 86 % Medium red # B10304 69 % 1 % 2 % 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 ° 97 % 35 % 98 % 69 % Medium red - violet # BB3385 73 % 20 % 52 % 7002324000000000000 ♠ 324 ° 57 % 47 % 73 % 73 % Medium ruby # AA4069 67 % 25 % 41 % 7002337000000000000 ♠ 337 ° 45 % 46 % 62 % 67 % Medium sea green # 3CB371 24 % 70 % 44 % 7002147000000000000 ♠ 147 ° 50 % 47 % 66 % 70 % Medium sky blue # 80DAEB 50 % 85 % 92 % 7002190000000000000 ♠ 190 ° 73 % 71 % 46 % 92 % Medium slate blue # 7B68EE 48 % 41 % 93 % 7002249000000000000 ♠ 249 ° 80 % 67 % 56 % 93 % Medium spring bud # C9DC87 79 % 86 % 53 % 7001730000000000000 ♠ 73 ° 55 % 70 % 39 % 86 % Medium spring green # 00FA9A 0 % 98 % 60 % 7002157000000000000 ♠ 157 ° 100 % 49 % 100 % 98 % Medium taupe # 674C47 40 % 30 % 28 % 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 ° 18 % 34 % 31 % 40 % Medium turquoise # 48D1CC 28 % 82 % 80 % 7002178000000000000 ♠ 178 ° 60 % 55 % 66 % 82 % Medium Tuscan red # 79443B 47 % 27 % 23 % 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 ° 34 % 35 % 51 % 47 % Medium vermilion # D9603B 85 % 38 % 23 % 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 ° 68 % 54 % 73 % 85 % Medium violet # 65315F 40 % 19 % 37 % 7002308000000000000 ♠ 308 ° 35 % 29 % 51 % 40 % Medium violet - red # C71585 78 % 8 % 52 % 7002322000000000000 ♠ 322 ° 81 % 43 % 89 % 78 % Medium yellow # FFE302 100 % 89 % 1 % 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 ° 100 % 50 % 99 % 100 % Mellow apricot # F8B878 97 % 72 % 47 % 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 ° 90 % 72 % 52 % 97 % Mellow yellow # F8DE7E 97 % 87 % 49 % 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 ° 90 % 73 % 49 % 97 % Melon # FDBCB4 99 % 74 % 71 % 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 ° 95 % 85 % 29 % 99 % Melon ( Crayola ) # FEBAAD 100 % 73 % 68 % 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ° 98 % 84 % 32 % 100 % Menthol # C1F9A2 76 % 98 % 64 % 7001990000000000000 ♠ 99 ° 88 % 81 % 35 % 98 % Metallic blue # 32527B 20 % 32 % 48 % 7002214000000000000 ♠ 214 ° 42 % 34 % 59 % 48 % Metallic bronze # A97142 66 % 44 % 26 % 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 ° 44 % 46 % 61 % 66 % Metallic brown # AC4313 67 % 26 % 7 % 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 ° 80 % 38 % 89 % 67 % Metallic gold # A97142 83 % 69 % 22 % 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 ° 64 % 52 % 74 % 83 % Metallic green # 296E01 16 % 43 % 0 % 7001980000000000000 ♠ 98 ° 98 % 22 % 99 % 43 % Metallic orange # DA680F 85 % 41 % 6 % 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 ° 87 % 46 % 93 % 85 % Metallic pink # EDA6C4 93 % 65 % 77 % 7002335000000000000 ♠ 335 ° 66 % 79 % 30 % 93 % Metallic red # A62C2B 65 % 17 % 17 % 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 ° 59 % 41 % 74 % 65 % Metallic Seaweed # 0A7E8C 4 % 49 % 55 % 7002186000000000000 ♠ 186 ° 87 % 29 % 93 % 55 % Metallic silver # A8A9AD 66 % 66 % 68 % 7002228000000000000 ♠ 228 ° 3 % 67 % 3 % 68 % Metallic Sunburst # 9C7C38 61 % 49 % 22 % 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 ° 47 % 42 % 64 % 61 % Metallic violet # 5B0A91 35 % 4 % 57 % 7002276000000000000 ♠ 276 ° 87 % 30 % 93 % 57 % Metallic yellow # FDCC0D 99 % 80 % 5 % 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 ° 98 % 52 % 95 % 99 % Mexican pink # E4007C 89 % 0 % 49 % 7002327000000000000 ♠ 327 ° 100 % 45 % 100 % 89 % Middle Blue # 7ED4E6 49 % 83 % 90 % 7002190000000000000 ♠ 190 ° 68 % 70 % 212 % 230 % Middle Blue Green # 8DD9CC 55 % 85 % 80 % 7002170000000000000 ♠ 170 ° 50 % 70 % 35 % 85 % Middle Blue Purple # 8B72BE 55 % 45 % 75 % 7002260000000000000 ♠ 260 ° 37 % 60 % 40 % 75 % Middle Grey # 8B8680 55 % 53 % 50 % 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 ° 5 % 52 % 8 % 55 % Middle Green # 4D8C57 30 % 55 % 34 % 7002130000000000000 ♠ 130 ° 29 % 43 % 45 % 55 % Middle Green Yellow # ACBF60 67 % 75 % 38 % 7001720000000000000 ♠ 72 ° 43 % 56 % 50 % 75 % Middle Purple # D982B5 85 % 51 % 71 % 7002325000000000000 ♠ 325 ° 53 % 68 % 40 % 85 % Middle Red # E58E73 90 % 56 % 45 % 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 ° 69 % 68 % 50 % 90 % Middle Red Purple # A55353 65 % 33 % 33 % 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 ° 33 % 49 % 83 % 83 % Middle Yellow # FFEB00 100 % 92 % 0 % 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 ° 100 % 50 % 100 % 100 % Middle Yellow Red # ECB176 93 % 69 % 46 % 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 ° 76 % 69 % 128 % 236 % Midnight # 702670 44 % 15 % 44 % 7002300000000000000 ♠ 300 ° 49 % 29 % 66 % 44 % Midnight blue # 191970 10 % 10 % 44 % 7002240000000000000 ♠ 240 ° 64 % 27 % 78 % 44 % Midnight blue # 00468C 0 % 27 % 55 % 7002210000000000000 ♠ 210 ° 100 % 28 % 100 % 55 % Midnight green ( eagle green ) # 004953 0 % 29 % 33 % 7002187000000000000 ♠ 187 ° 100 % 16 % 100 % 33 % Mikado yellow # FFC40C 100 % 77 % 5 % 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 ° 100 % 52 % 95 % 100 % Milk # FDFFF5 99 % 100 % 96 % 7001720000000000000 ♠ 72 ° 100 % 98 % 4 % 100 % Milk chocolate # 84563C 52 % 34 % 24 % 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 ° 38 % 38 % 55 % 52 % Mimi Pink # FFDAE9 100 % 85 % 91 % 7002336000000000000 ♠ 336 ° 100 % 93 % 15 % 100 % Mindaro # E3F988 89 % 98 % 53 % 7001720000000000000 ♠ 72 ° 90 % 75 % 45 % 98 % Ming # 36747D 21 % 45 % 49 % 7002188000000000000 ♠ 188 ° 40 % 35 % 56 % 49 % Minion Yellow # F5E050 96 % 86 % 31 % 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 ° 89 % 64 % 67 % 96 % Mint # 3EB489 24 % 71 % 54 % 7002158000000000000 ♠ 158 ° 49 % 47 % 66 % 71 % Mint cream # F5FFFA 96 % 100 % 98 % 7002150000000000000 ♠ 150 ° 100 % 98 % 4 % 100 % Mint green # 98FF98 60 % 100 % 60 % 7002120000000000000 ♠ 120 ° 100 % 80 % 40 % 100 % Misty Moss # BBB477 73 % 71 % 47 % 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 ° 33 % 60 % 36 % 73 % Misty rose # FFE4E1 100 % 89 % 88 % 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 ° 100 % 94 % 12 % 100 % Moccasin # FAEBD7 98 % 92 % 84 % 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 ° 78 % 91 % 14 % 98 % Mocha # BEA493 75 % 64 % 58 % 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 ° 25 % 66 % 23 % 75 % Mode beige # 967117 59 % 44 % 9 % 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 ° 73 % 34 % 85 % 59 % Moonstone # 3AA8C1 23 % 66 % 76 % 7002191000000000000 ♠ 191 ° 54 % 49 % 70 % 76 % Moonstone blue # 73A9C2 45 % 66 % 76 % 7002199000000000000 ♠ 199 ° 39 % 61 % 41 % 76 % Mordant red 19 # AE0C00 68 % 5 % 0 % 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 ° 100 % 34 % 100 % 68 % Morning blue # 8DA399 55 % 64 % 60 % 7002153000000000000 ♠ 153 ° 11 % 60 % 14 % 64 % Moss green # 8A9A5B 54 % 60 % 36 % 7001750000000000000 ♠ 75 ° 26 % 48 % 41 % 60 % Mountain Meadow # 30BA8F 19 % 73 % 56 % 7002161000000000000 ♠ 161 ° 59 % 46 % 74 % 73 % Mountbatten pink # 997A8D 60 % 48 % 55 % 7002323000000000000 ♠ 323 ° 13 % 54 % 20 % 60 % MSU Green # 18453B 9 % 27 % 23 % 7002167000000000000 ♠ 167 ° 48 % 18 % 65 % 27 % Mud # 70543E 44 % 33 % 24 % 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 ° 29 % 34 % 45 % 44 % Mughal green # 306030 19 % 38 % 19 % 7002120000000000000 ♠ 120 ° 33 % 28 % 50 % 38 % Mulberry # C54B8C 77 % 29 % 55 % 7002328000000000000 ♠ 328 ° 51 % 53 % 62 % 77 % Mulberry ( Crayola ) # C8509B 78 % 31 % 61 % 7002323000000000000 ♠ 323 ° 52 % 55 % 60 % 78 % Mummy 's Tomb # 828E84 51 % 56 % 52 % 7002130000000000000 ♠ 130 ° 5 % 53 % 9 % 56 % Mustard # FFDB58 100 % 86 % 35 % 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 ° 100 % 67 % 65 % 100 % Mustard brown # CD7A00 80 % 48 % 0 % 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 ° 100 % 40 % 100 % 80 % Mustard green # 6E6E30 43 % 43 % 19 % 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 ° 39 % 31 % 56 % 43 % Mustard yellow # E1AD01 100 % 68 % 0 % 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 ° 100 % 50 % 100 % 88 % Myrtle green # 317873 19 % 47 % 45 % 7002176000000000000 ♠ 176 ° 42 % 33 % 59 % 47 % Mystic # D65282 84 % 32 % 51 % 7002338000000000000 ♠ 338 ° 62 % 58 % 62 % 84 % Mystic Maroon # AD4379 68 % 26 % 47 % 7002329000000000000 ♠ 329 ° 44 % 47 % 62 % 68 % Mystic Red # FF5500 100 % 13 % 0 % 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 ° 100 % 50 % 100 % 50 % For the continuation of the list of colors , please go to List of colors : N -- Z # Colors . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Raggett , Dave ( 8 April 2002 ) . `` Dave Raggett 's Introduction to CSS '' . World Wide Web Consortium . Retrieved 9 December 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.uni-heidelberg.de/universitaet/corporatedesign/ Frery , A.C. ; Melo , C.A.S. ; Fernandes , R.C. ( 13 October 2000 ) . `` Web - based Interactive Dynamics for Color Models Learning '' . Color Research and Application. 25 ( 6 ) : 435 -- 441 . doi : 10.1002 / 1520 - 6378 ( 200012 ) 25 : 6 < 435 : : AID - COL8 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - J. Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 15 . <Th_colspan="2"> Color classifications <Td_colspan="2"> Color Index Color systems , standards and palettes ANPA Color charts Color palettes ( computer graphics ) Colour Index International ( CI list of dyes ) Crayola Crayons Pencils DIC Federal Standard 595 HKS ISCC -- NBS Munsell NCS Ostwald Pantone RAL list Web colors X11 Color names ( alphabetic ) List of colors : A -- F List of colors : G -- M List of colors : N -- Z List of colors ( compact ) Variations of base colors Shades of white Shades of gray Shades of black Shades of red Shades of green Shades of blue Shades of cyan Shades of magenta Shades of yellow Shades of pink Shades of violet Shades of purple Shades of orange Shades of brown <Td_colspan="2"> Category Portal <Th_colspan="3"> Color topics <Td_colspan="3"> Red Orange Yellow Green Cyan Blue Indigo Violet Purple Magenta Pink Brown White Gray Black Color science Color physics Electromagnetic spectrum Light Rainbow Visible Spectral colors Chromophore Structural coloration Animal coloration On Vision and Colors Metamerism Spectral power distribution Color perception Color vision Color blindness Achromatopsia test Tetrachromacy Color constancy Color term Color depth Color photography Spot color Color printing Web colors Color mapping Color code Color management Chrominance False color Chroma key Color balance Color cast Color temperature Eigengrau Color psychology Color symbolism Color preferences Lüscher color test Kruithof curve Political color National colors Chromophobia Chromotherapy Color philosophy Color space Color model additive subtractive Color mixing Primary color Secondary color Tertiary color ( intermediate ) Quaternary color Quinary color Aggressive color ( warm ) Receding color ( cool ) Pastel colors Color gradient Color scheme Color tool Monochromatic colors Complementary colors Analogous colors Achromatic colors ( Neutral ) Polychromatic colors Impossible colors Light - on - dark Tinctures in heraldry Color theory Chromaticity diagram Color solid Color wheel Color triangle Color analysis ( art ) Color realism ( art style ) Color terms Basic terms Blue Green Red Yellow Pink Purple Orange Black Gray White Brown Cultural differences Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate Blue -- green distinction in language Color history Color in Chinese culture Traditional colors of Japan Human skin color Color dimensions Hue Dichromatism Colorfulness ( chroma and saturation ) Tints and shades Lightness ( tone and value ) Grayscale Color organizations Pantone Color Marketing Group The Color Association of the United States International Colour Authority International Commission on Illumination ( CIE ) International Color Consortium International Colour Association Lists List of colors : A -- F List of colors : G -- M List of colors : N -- Z List of colors ( compact ) List of colors by shade List of color palettes List of color spaces List of Crayola crayon colors history pencil colors marker colors Color chart List of fictional colors List of RAL colors List of web colors Related Vision Image processing Multi-primary color display Quattron Qualia Lighting Local color ( visual art ) <Td_colspan="3"> Category Portal Index of color - related articles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_colors:_G -- M&oldid = 805526664 '' Categories : Lists of colors Shades of color Talk Contents About Wikipedia اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2017 , at 23 : 50 . 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grand slam tennis not held in which city
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Australian Open - Wikipedia Australian Open Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the tennis tournament . For other uses , see Australian Open ( disambiguation ) . `` Australasian Championships '' redirects here . For the track and field event , see Australasian Athletics Championships . `` AO Tennis '' redirects here . For the video game , see AO Tennis ( video game ) . Australian Open <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Official website Founded 1905 ; 113 years ago ( 1905 ) Editions 106 ( 2018 ) Location Melbourne ( since 1972 ) Australia Venue Melbourne Park ( since 1988 ) Surface Grass -- outdoors ( 1905 -- 87 ) Hard -- outdoors ( since 1988 ) Prize money A $ 55,000,000 ( 2018 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Men 's Draw 128 S / 128 Q / 64 D Current champions Roger Federer ( singles ) Oliver Marach Mate Pavić ( doubles ) Most singles titles 6 Roy Emerson Novak Djokovic Roger Federer Most doubles titles 10 Adrian Quist <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Women 's Draw 128 S / 96 Q / 64 D Current champions Caroline Wozniacki ( singles ) Tímea Babos Kristina Mladenovic ( doubles ) Most singles titles 11 Margaret Court Most doubles titles 12 Thelma Coyne Long <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Mixed Doubles Draw 32 Current champions Gabriela Dabrowski Mate Pavić Most titles ( male ) Harry Hopman Colin Long Most titles ( female ) Daphne Akhurst Cozens Nell Hall Hopman Nancye Wynne Bolton Thelma Coyne Long <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Grand Slam <Td_colspan="2"> Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Last Completed <Td_colspan="2"> 2018 Australian Open The Australian Open is a tennis tournament held annually over the last fortnight of January in Melbourne , Australia . First held in 1905 , the tournament is chronologically the first of the four Grand Slam tennis events of the year -- the other three being the French Open , Wimbledon and the US Open . It features men 's and women 's singles ; men 's , women 's and mixed doubles and junior 's championships ; as well as wheelchair , legends and exhibition events . Prior to 1988 the tournament had been played on grass courts , but since then two types of hardcourt surfaces have been used at Melbourne Park -- green coloured Rebound Ace up to 2007 and , afterwards , blue Plexicushion . The Australian Open typically has high attendances , rivalling and occasionally exceeding the US Open . The tournament holds the record for the highest attendance at a Grand Slam event . It was the first Grand Slam tournament to feature indoor play during wet weather or extreme heat with its three primary courts , the Rod Laver Arena , Hisense Arena and the refurbished Margaret Court Arena equipped with retractable roofs . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Television coverage 1.2 Attendance 2 Prize money and trophies 3 Ranking points 4 Champions 4.1 Past champions 4.2 Current champions 5 Courts 6 Records 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Inside Rod Laver Arena prior to an evening session in 2007 The Australian Open is managed by Tennis Australia , formerly the Lawn Tennis Association of Australia ( LTAA ) , and was first played at the Warehouseman 's Cricket Ground in Melbourne in November 1905 . This facility is now known as the Albert Reserve Tennis Centre . The tournament was first known as the Australasian Championships and then became the Australian Championships in 1927 and the Australian Open in 1969 . Since 1905 , the Australian Open has been staged in five Australian and two New Zealand cities : Melbourne ( 55 times ) , Sydney ( 17 times ) , Adelaide ( 14 times ) , Brisbane ( 7 times ) , Perth ( 3 times ) , Christchurch ( 1906 ) and Hastings ( 1912 ) . Though started in 1905 , the tournament was not designated as being a major championship until 1924 , by the International Lawn Tennis Federation ( ILTF ) at a 1923 meeting . The tournament committee changed the structure of the tournament to include seeding at that time . In 1972 , it was decided to stage the tournament in Melbourne each year because it attracted the biggest patronage of any Australian city . The tournament was played at the Kooyong Lawn Tennis Club from 1972 until the move to the new Melbourne Park complex in 1988 . The new facilities at Melbourne Park ( formerly Flinders Park ) were envisaged to meet the demands of a tournament that had outgrown Kooyong 's capacity . The move to Melbourne Park was an immediate success , with a 90 percent increase in attendance in 1988 ( 266,436 ) on the previous year at Kooyong ( 140,000 ) . Because of Australia 's geographic remoteness , very few foreign players entered this tournament in the early 20th century . In the 1920s , the trip by ship from Europe to Australia took about 45 days . The first tennis players who came by boats were the US Davis Cup players in November 1946 . Even inside the country , many players could not travel easily . When the tournament was held in Perth , no one from Victoria or New South Wales crossed by train , a distance of about 3,000 kilometres ( 1,900 mi ) between the east and west coasts . In Christchurch in 1906 , of a small field of 10 players , only two Australians attended and the tournament was won by a New Zealander . Margaret Court Arena at the Australian Open with the old Rebound Ace surface . Rod Laver Arena , the centre court , in the background The first tournaments of the Australasian Championships suffered from the competition of the other Australasian tournaments . Before 1905 , all Australian states and New Zealand had their own championships , the first organised in 1880 in Melbourne and called the Championship of the Colony of Victoria ( later the Championship of Victoria ) . In those years , the best two players -- Australian Norman Brookes ( whose name is now written on the men 's singles cup ) and New Zealander Anthony Wilding -- almost did not play this tournament . Brookes came once and won in 1911 , and Wilding entered and won the competition twice ( 1906 and 1909 ) . Their meetings in the Victorian Championships ( or at Wimbledon ) helped to determine the best Australasian players . Even when the Australasian Championships were held in Hastings , New Zealand , in 1912 , Wilding , though three times Wimbledon champion , did not come back to his home country . It was a recurring problem for all players of the era . Brookes went to Europe only three times , where he reached the Wimbledon Challenge Round once and then won Wimbledon twice . Thus , many players had never played the Austral ( as ) ian amateur or open championships : the Doherty brothers , William Larned , Maurice McLoughlin , Beals Wright , Bill Johnston , Bill Tilden , René Lacoste , Henri Cochet , Bobby Riggs , Jack Kramer , Ted Schroeder , Pancho Gonzales , Budge Patty , and others , while Brookes , Ellsworth Vines , Jaroslav Drobný , came just once . Even in the 1960s and 1970s , when travel was less difficult , leading players such as Manuel Santana , Jan Kodeš , Manuel Orantes , Ilie Năstase ( who only came once , when 35 years old ) and Björn Borg came rarely or not at all . Beginning in 1969 , when the first Australian Open was held on the Milton Courts at Brisbane , the tournament was open to all players , including professionals who were not allowed to play the traditional circuit . Nevertheless , except for the 1969 and 1971 tournaments , many of the best players missed this championship until 1982 , because of the remoteness , the inconvenient dates ( around Christmas and New Year 's Day ) and the low prize money . In 1970 , George MacCall 's National Tennis League , which employed Rod Laver , Ken Rosewall , Andrés Gimeno , Pancho Gonzales , Roy Emerson and Fred Stolle , prevented its players from entering the tournament because the guarantees were insufficient . The tournament was won by Arthur Ashe . In 1983 , Ivan Lendl , John McEnroe and Mats Wilander entered the tournament . Wilander won the singles title and both his Davis Cup singles rubbers in the Swedish loss to Australia at Kooyong shortly after . Following the 1983 Australian Open , the International Tennis Federation prompted the Lawn Tennis Association of Australia to change the site of the tournament , because the Kooyong stadium was then inappropriate to serve such a big event . In 1988 the tournament was first held at Flinders Park ( later renamed Melbourne Park ) . The change of the venue also led to a change of the court surface from grass to a hard court surface known as Rebound Ace . Mats Wilander was the only player to win the tournament on both grass and hard courts . In 2008 , after being used for 20 years , the Rebound Ace was replaced by a cushioned , medium - paced , acrylic surface known as Plexicushion Prestige . Roger Federer and Serena Williams are the only players to win the Australian Open on both Rebound Ace and Plexicushion Prestige . The main benefits of the new surface are better consistency and less retention of heat because of a thinner top layer . This change was accompanied by changes in the surfaces of all lead - up tournaments to the Australian Open . The change was controversial because of the new surface 's similarity to DecoTurf , the surface used by the US Open . Rafael Nadal vs Philipp Kohlschreiber at the 2010 Australian Open Before the Melbourne Park stadium era , tournament dates fluctuated as well , in particular in the early years because of the climate of each site or exceptional events . For example , the 1919 tournament was held in January 1920 ( the 1920 tournament was played in March ) and the 1923 tournament in Brisbane took place in August when the weather was not too hot and wet . After a first 1977 tournament was held in December 1976 -- January 1977 , the organisers chose to move the next tournament forward a few days , then a second 1977 tournament was played ( ended on 31 December ) , but this failed to attract the best players . From 1982 to 1985 , the tournament was played in mid-December . Then it was decided to move the next tournament to mid-January ( January 1987 ) , which meant there was no tournament in 1986 . Since 1987 , the Australian Open date has not changed . However , some top players , including Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal , have said that the tournament is held too soon after the Christmas and New Year holidays , thus preventing players from reaching their best form , and expressed a desire to shift it to February . Such a change , however , would move the tournament outside the summer school holiday period , potentially impacting attendance figures . Another change of venue was proposed in 2008 , with New South Wales authorities making clear their desire to bid for hosting rights to the tournament once Melbourne 's contract expires in 2016 . In response , Wayne Kayler - Thomson , the head of the Victorian Events Industry Council , was adamant that Melbourne should retain the event . In a scathing attack of the New South Wales authorities , he said , `` It is disappointing that NSW can not be original and seek their own events instead of trying to cannibalise other Australian cities . '' Since the proposal was made , a major redevelopment of Melbourne Park has been announced , which is expected to run into the hundreds of millions of dollars . Melbourne Park will include upgraded and increased seating in major venues , a roof over Margaret Court Arena , improved player facilities , a new headquarters for Tennis Australia and a partly covered `` town square '' area featuring large televisions showing current tennis play . A year later , these plans were largely approved , with former Premier of Victoria John Brumby confirming the state government 's willingness to commit A $ 363 million to complete the renovations , a move which guaranteed there will be no change of venue until at least beyond 2036 . Television coverage ( edit ) The Australian Open is broadcast globally on television and online through some of the most established broadcasters in world sports . In Australia , the Australian Open has been broadcast by the Seven Network since 1973 . Between 2003 and 2009 , it was co-broadcast by Fox Sports . The Australian Open men 's singles final is traditionally one of the most watched sports events in Australia . In the rest of Asia - Pacific , Fox Sports broadcasts it across South - East Asia , Wowow and NHK in Japan , CCTV , Shanghai TV and iQiyi in China , Sony Pictures Networks in India and the Sub-Continent , Sky in New Zealand and Fiji TV across Oceania - Pacific . In Europe the tournament is broadcast on Eurosport . Other broadcasters in the region have included the BBC in the United Kingdom , SRG in Switzerland , NOS in Netherlands and RTS in Serbia . In the United Kingdom , the BBC dropped its live coverage of the 2016 tournament just a month before the start due to budget cuts , leaving Eurosport as the exclusive live broadcaster . Elsewhere , beIN Sports broadcasts it into the Middle East and Northern Africa , and SuperSport in Sub-Sahara Africa . In the United States , the tournament is broadcast on ESPN2 , ESPN3 and the Tennis Channel . The championship matches are televised live on ESPN . While it is broadcast on ESPN International in Central and Latin America . It is broadcast on TSN in Canada . Panorama of Margaret Court Arena during the 2008 Australian Open Attendance ( edit ) The following record of attendance provides a consistent year - to - year comparison given that since 1987 all tournaments have been played in the January period of the year ( the immediate preceding tournament was Dec 1985 ) . 1987 was the last year that the Kooyong Tennis Club was host to the grand slam and since 1988 Melbourne Park has hosted all tournaments . The average growth rate over the period covered below is 7 % compared to 3 % for the same period for the US Open attendance . 2018 : 743,667 2017 : 728,763 2016 : 720,363 2015 : 703,899 2014 : 643,280 2013 : 684,457 2012 : 686,006 2011 : 651,127 2010 : 653,860 2009 : 603,160 2008 : 605,735 2007 : 554,858 2006 : 550,550 2005 : 543,873 2004 : 521,691 2003 : 512,225 2002 : 518,248 2001 : 543,834 2000 : 501,251 1999 : 473,296 1998 : 434,807 1997 : 391,504 1996 : 389,598 1995 : 311,678 1994 : 332,926 1993 : 322,074 1992 : 329,034 1991 : 305,048 1990 : 312,000 1989 : 289,023 1988 : 244,859 1987 : 140,089 Prize money and trophies ( edit ) The prize money awarded in the men 's and women 's singles tournaments is distributed equally . The total prize money for the 2018 tournament is AUD $55,000,000 . In 2018 the prize money is to be distributed as follows : Event SF QF Round of 16 Round of 32 Round of 64 Round of 128 Q3 Q2 Q1 Singles A $4,000,000 A $2,000,000 A $880,000 A $440,000 A $240,000 A $142,500 A $90,000 A $60,000 A $30,000 A $15,000 A $7,500 Doubles A $700,000 A $350,000 A $175,000 A $90,000 A $49,000 A $29,500 A $18,500 N / A N / A N / A N / A Mixed Doubles A $150,500 A $75,500 A $37,500 A $18,750 A $9,000 A $4,500 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A Note : All amounts in Australian dollars . ( The winner 's prize money approximates to GBP £ 2,271,000 ; EUR € 2,612,000 ; USD $2,797,000 . ) On 4 October 2011 , when they launched Australian Open 2012 , the tournament director announced that the prize money was increased to A $26,000,000 . It is the highest prize money for a tennis tournament . It was announced the prize money will be increased to AUD $40 million from 2015 onwards . The names of the tournament winners are inscribed on the perpetual trophy cups . The women 's singles winner is presented with the Daphne Akhurst Memorial Cup . The men 's singles winner is presented with the Norman Brookes Challenge Cup . Ranking points ( edit ) Ranking points for the men ( ATP ) and women ( WTA ) have varied at the Australian Open through the years but presently players receive the following points : <Td_colspan="2"> Event SF QF 4R 3R 2R 1R Q Q3 Q2 Q1 Singles Men 2000 1200 720 360 180 90 45 10 25 16 8 0 Women 2000 1300 780 430 240 130 70 10 40 30 20 Doubles Men 2000 1200 720 360 180 90 0 -- -- -- -- -- Women 2000 1300 780 430 240 130 10 -- -- -- -- -- Champions ( edit ) Past champions ( edit ) Australian Open champions listed by event : Men 's Singles Women 's Singles Men 's Doubles Women 's Doubles Mixed Doubles Current champions ( edit ) Roger Federer was the winner of the Men 's Singles in 2018 . It was his 20th Major Singles title and his sixth at the Australian Open . Caroline Wozniacki was the winner of the Women 's Singles in 2018 . It was her 1st Grand Slam singles title . Oliver Marach was part of the winning Men 's Doubles in 2018 . It was his 1st Grand Slam men 's doubles title . Mate Pavić was part of the winning Men 's Doubles team in 2018 . It was his 1st Grand Slam men 's doubles title . Tímea Babos was part of the winning Women 's Doubles team in 2018 . It was her 1st Grand Slam women 's doubles title . Kristina Mladenovic was part of the winning Women 's Doubles team in 2018 . It was her 2nd Grand Slam women 's doubles title and her 1st at the Australian Open . Gabriela Dabrowski was part of the winning Mixed Doubles team in 2018 . It was her 2nd Grand Slam mixed doubles title and her 1st at the Australian Open . Mate Pavić was part of the winning Mixed Doubles team in 2018 . It was his 2nd Grand Slam mixed doubles title and his 1st at the Australian Open . Event Champion Runner - up Score 2018 Men 's Singles Roger Federer Marin Cilic 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 2018 Women 's Singles Caroline Wozniacki Simona Halep 7 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 2018 Men 's Doubles Oliver Marach Mate Pavić Juan Sebastián Cabal Robert Farah 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 2018 Women 's Doubles Tímea Babos Kristina Mladenovic Ekaterina Makarova Elena Vesnina 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 2018 Mixed Doubles Gabriela Dabrowski Mate Pavić Tímea Babos Rohan Bopanna 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , ( 11 -- 9 ) Courts ( edit ) The Australian Open is played at Melbourne Park , which is located in the Melbourne Sports and Entertainment Precinct ; the event moved to this site in 1988 . Currently 3 of the courts used have retractable roofs , allowing play to continue during rain and extreme heat . As of 2017 spectators can also observe play at show courts 2 and 3 , which have capacities of 3,000 each , as well as at Courts 7 -- 15 , 19 and 20 from small accessible viewing positions . Construction of a new 5,000 seat capacity stadium will start in 2019 as part of a $271 million redevelopment of the precinct . Since 2008 , all of the courts used during the Australian Open are hard courts with Plexicushion acrylic surfaces ( though Melbourne Park does have 8 clay courts not used for the tournament ) . This replaced the Rebound Ace surface used from the opening of Melbourne Park . The ITF rates the surfaces speed as medium . Court Image Opened Capacity Arena Roof Ref . Rod Laver Arena Rod Laver Arena ! 1988 14 , 820 Retractable Hisense Arena ( Melbourne Park Multi-Purpose Venue ) Hisense Arena ! 2000 10 , 500 Retractable Margaret Court Arena ( Formerly Show Court 1 ) Margaret Court Arena ! 1988 7 , 500 Retractable Records ( edit ) Unlike the other three Grand Slam tournaments , which became open in 1968 , the Australian tournament opened to professionals in 1969 . Thus , the records here break at the 1969 tournament . Citations for these records . Record Open Era * Player ( s ) Count Years <Td_colspan="5"> Men since 1905 Winner of most Men 's Singles titles Before 1969 : Roy Emerson 6 1961 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 After 1968 : Novak Djokovic Roger Federer 6 2008 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2010 , 2017 , 2018 Winner of most consecutive Men 's Singles titles Before 1969 : Roy Emerson 5 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 After 1968 : Novak Djokovic 2011 , 2012 , 2013 Winner of most Men 's Doubles titles Before 1969 : Adrian Quist 10 1936 , 1937 , 1938 , 1939 , 1940 , 1946 , 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1950 After 1968 : Bob Bryan Mike Bryan 6 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 Winner of most consecutive Men 's Doubles titles Before 1969 : Adrian Quist 10 1936 , 1937 , 1938 , 1939 , 1940 , 1946 , 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1950 After 1968 : Bob Bryan Mike Bryan 2009 , 2010 , 2011 Winner of most Mixed Doubles titles - Men Before 1969 : Harry Hopman Colin Long 1930 , 1936 , 1937 , 1939 1940 , 1946 , 1947 , 1948 After 1968 : Jim Pugh Leander Paes Daniel Nestor 1988 , 1989 , 1990 2003 , 2010 , 2015 2007 , 2011 , 2014 Winner of most Championships ( total : singles , men 's doubles , mixed doubles ) -- Men Before 1969 : Adrian Quist 13 1936 -- 1950 ( 3 singles , 10 men 's doubles , 0 mixed doubles ) After 1968 : Bob Bryan Mike Bryan Novak Djokovic Roger Federer 2006 -- 2013 ( 6 men 's doubles ) 2006 -- 2013 ( 6 men 's doubles ) 2008 -- 2016 ( 6 men 's singles ) 2004 -- 2018 ( 6 men 's singles ) <Td_colspan="5"> Women since 1922 Winner of most Women 's Singles titles In Total : Margaret Court 11 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1973 Before 1969 : Margaret Court 7 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 After 1968 : Serena Williams 7 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2015 , 2017 Winner of most consecutive Women 's Singles titles Before 1969 : Margaret Court 7 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 After 1968 : Margaret Court Evonne Goolagong Cawley Steffi Graf / Monica Seles Martina Hingis 1969 , 1970 , 1971 1974 , 1975 , 1976 1988 , 1989 , 1990 1991 , 1992 , 1993 1997 , 1998 , 1999 Winner of most Women 's Doubles titles Before 1969 : Thelma Coyne Long 12 1936 , 1937 , 1938 , 1939 , 1940 , 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1952 , 1956 , 1958 After 1968 : Martina Navratilova 8 1980 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 Winner of most consecutive Women 's Doubles titles Before 1969 : Thelma Coyne Long Nancye Wynne Bolton 5 1936 , 1937 , 1938 , 1939 , 1940 After 1968 : Martina Navratilova Pam Shriver 7 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 Winner of most Mixed Doubles titles - Women Before 1969 : Daphne Akhurst Cozens Nell Hall Hopman Nancye Wynne Bolton Thelma Coyne Long 1924 , 1925 , 1928 , 1929 1930 , 1936 , 1937 , 1939 1940 , 1946 , 1947 , 1948 1951 , 1952 , 1954 , 1955 After 1968 : Jana Novotná Larisa Savchenko Neiland Martina Hingis 1988 , 1989 1994 , 1996 2006 , 2015 Winner of most Championships ( total : singles , women 's doubles , mixed doubles ) -- Women Before 1969 : Nancye Wynne Bolton 20 1936 -- 1952 ( 6 singles , 10 women 's doubles , 4 mixed doubles ) After 1968 : Martina Navratilova 12 1980 -- 2003 ( 3 singles , 8 women 's doubles , 1 mixed doubles ) <Td_colspan="5"> Miscellaneous Youngest winner Men 's singles : Ken Rosewall <Td_colspan="4"> 18 years and 2 months ( 1953 ) Men 's doubles : Lew Hoad <Td_colspan="4"> 18 years and 2 months ( 1953 ) Women 's singles : Martina Hingis <Td_colspan="4"> 16 years and 4 months ( 1997 ) Women 's doubles : Mirjana Lučić <Td_colspan="4"> 15 years and 10 months ( 1998 ) Oldest winner Men 's singles : Ken Rosewall <Td_colspan="4"> 37 years and 2 months ( 1972 ) Men 's doubles : Norman Brookes <Td_colspan="4"> 46 years and 2 months ( 1924 ) Women 's singles : Thelma Coyne Long <Td_colspan="4"> 35 years and 8 months ( 1954 ) Women 's doubles : Thelma Coyne Long <Td_colspan="4"> 37 years and 7 months ( 1956 ) Mixed doubles ( men ) : Horace Rice <Td_colspan="4"> 52 years ( 1923 ) Mixed doubles ( women ) : Martina Navratilova <Td_colspan="4"> 46 years and 3 months ( 2003 ) See also ( edit ) Tennis portal Australian Open extreme heat policy Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rebound Ace was used from 1988 -- 2007 and since 2008 Plexicushion is used . Jump up ^ Except for Rod Laver Arena , Margaret Court Arena and Hisense Arena during rain delay . Jump up ^ The 2018 Australian Open was attended by 743,667 people . The next highest attended Grand Slam ( not including the Australian Open ) was the 2009 US Open , which was attended by 721,059 people . Jump up ^ Last Australian Men 's Singles champion : Mark Edmondson ( 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Last Australian Women 's Singles champion : Chris O'Neil ( 1978 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Paxinos , Stathi ( 20 November 2007 ) . `` Australian Open court surface is speeding up '' . The Age . Melbourne . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian Tennis Open History '' . Jazzsports . Archived from the original on 30 January 2008 . Retrieved 22 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Tristan Foenander . `` History of the Australian Open -- the Grand Slam of Asia / Pacific '' . Australian Open . Archived from the original on 20 January 2008 . Retrieved 22 January 2008 . 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Jump up ^ Cameron Houston ; Jason Dowling ( 11 October 2008 ) . `` NSW in negotiations to transfer Open from Melbourne '' . www.smh.com.au . Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ `` Brumby Government announces Melbourne Park redevelopment '' . Herald Sun . Australia . 26 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 2 February 2009 . Retrieved 22 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Pallisco , Marc . `` $363 Million Upgrade for Melbourne Park Ensures Australian Open Until 2036 '' . Real Estate Source . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Gill , Kieran ( 11 December 2015 ) . `` BBC to axe live coverage of Australian Open as part of £ 35m cut to sports budget ... with Eurosport claiming exclusive rights '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Australian Open TV Schedule on ESPN '' . sportsmediawatch.com . Jump up ^ `` # AusOpen on Twitter : `` Overall tournament attendance : 743,667 . This is a record tournament attendance , breaking the previous AO 2017 record : 728,763 . '' `` . Twitter . 28 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Open Glance '' . 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Open 2016 -- By the numbers '' . Australian Open . 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Open 2015 -- The final word from Tennis Australia '' . 1 February 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AO 2014 -- The Final Word '' . 27 January 2014 . Retrieved 7 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Open 2013 -- The Final Word '' . 28 January 2013 . Retrieved 7 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 : Memorable AO2012 moments '' . 29 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 4 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Closing notes : Australian Open 2011 '' . 30 January 2011 . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Federer wins fourth Australian Open , 16th major singles title '' . 31 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2010 . Retrieved 7 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Open 2009 -- the final word '' . australianopen.com . Archived from the original on 4 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Australian Open -- History of Attendance '' ( PDF ) . Australian Open . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 September 2007 . Retrieved 30 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` AO 2007 : The Final Word '' . Tennis Australia . Archived from the original on 18 January 2008 . Retrieved 25 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Australian Open Tennis Attendance History -- Altius Directory Jump up ^ `` Safin credits Lundgren for resurgence '' . Sports Illustrated . CNN . 30 January 2005 . Archived from the original on 18 January 2008 . Retrieved 25 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tennis Australia Annual Report , 2002 -- 2003 '' ( PDF ) . Clearinghouse for Sport . Tennis Australia . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tennis Australia Annual Report , 2001 -- 2002 '' ( PDF ) . Clearinghouse for Sport . Tennis Australia . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tennis Australia Annual Report , 2000 -- 2001 '' ( PDF ) . 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Jump up ^ `` Prize Money '' . AustralianOpen.com . Archived from the original on 19 January 2015 . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Event Guide -- Australian Open Tennis Championships 2014 -- Official Site by IBM '' . Retrieved 25 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Accessibility Map '' ( PDF ) . Tennis.com . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Melbourne gets new 5000 - seat tennis arena '' . SBS News . 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About Court Pace Classification '' . ITF . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rod Laver Arena '' . Australian Stadiums . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hisense Arena '' . Australian Stadiums . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Margaret Court Arena '' . Australian Stadiums . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian History and Records '' . TennisTours.com . Archived from the original on 21 December 2008 . Retrieved 17 January 2009 . Jump up ^ From 1941 through 1945 , no Australian Championships were held because of World War II External links ( edit ) Official website ( 2018 ) Official website ( 2017 ) Tennis Australia website Satellite image of the venue ( Google Maps ) Australian Open -- Schedule & Streaming details Australian Open -- All winners and runners - up . 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The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim - wikipedia The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim <Td_colspan="2"> Developer ( s ) Bethesda Game Studios Publisher ( s ) Bethesda Softworks Director ( s ) Todd Howard Producer ( s ) Craig Lafferty Ashley Cheng Designer ( s ) Bruce Nesmith Kurt Kuhlmann Emil Pagliarulo Programmer ( s ) Guy Carver Artist ( s ) Matthew Carofano Writer ( s ) Emil Pagliarulo Composer ( s ) Jeremy Soule Series The Elder Scrolls Engine Creation Engine Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , Nintendo Switch Release Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 WW : November 11 , 2011 PlayStation 4 , Xbox One WW : October 28 , 2016 Nintendo Switch WW : November 17 , 2017 Genre ( s ) Action role - playing Mode ( s ) Single - player The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim is an open world action role - playing video game developed by Bethesda Game Studios and published by Bethesda Softworks . It is the fifth main installment in The Elder Scrolls series , following The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion , and was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on November 11 , 2011 . The game 's main story revolves around the player character and their quest to defeat Alduin the World - Eater , a dragon who is prophesied to destroy the world . The game is set two hundred years after the events of Oblivion , and takes place in the fictional province of Skyrim . Over the course of the game , the player completes quests and develops the character by improving skills . The game continues the open world tradition of its predecessors by allowing the player to travel anywhere in the game world at any time , and to ignore or postpone the main storyline indefinitely . Skyrim was developed using the Creation Engine , rebuilt specifically for the game . The team opted for a unique and more diverse game world than Oblivion 's Imperial Province of Cyrodiil , which game director and executive producer Todd Howard considered less interesting by comparison . The game was released to critical acclaim , with reviewers particularly mentioning the character development and setting , and is considered to be one of the greatest video games of all time . However , it was criticized for its numerous technical issues present at launch . The game shipped over seven million copies to retailers within the first week of its release , and sold over 30 million copies across all platforms . Three downloadable content ( DLC ) add - ons were released -- Dawnguard , Hearthfire and Dragonborn -- which were repackaged into The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim -- Legendary Edition , which was released in June 2013 . The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim -- Special Edition , a remastered version of the game , was released for Windows , Xbox One and PlayStation 4 in October 2016 , which includes all three DLC expansions and a graphical upgrade , along with additional features such as modding capabilities on consoles . A port for the Nintendo Switch will be released on November 17 , 2017 . A PlayStation VR compatible version is planned for release in 2017 as well . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Synopsis 2.1 Setting and characters 2.2 Plot 3 Development 3.1 Design 3.2 Engine 3.3 Audio 4 Marketing and release 4.1 Additional content 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Technical issues 5.3 Sales 5.4 Awards and legacy 6 References 7 External links Gameplay See also : Gameplay of The Elder Scrolls series The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim is an action role - playing game , playable from either a first or third - person perspective . The player may freely roam over the land of Skyrim , which is an open world environment consisting of wilderness expanses , dungeons , cities , towns , fortresses and villages . Players may navigate the game world more quickly by riding horses , or by utilizing a fast - travel system which allows them to warp to previously discovered locations . The game 's main quest can be completed or ignored at the player 's preference after the first stage of the quest is finished . However , some quests rely on the main storyline being at least partially completed . Non-player characters ( NPCs ) populate the world and can be interacted with in a number of ways ; the player may engage them in conversation , marry an eligible NPC , kill them , or engage in a nonlethal `` brawl '' . As in previous The Elder Scrolls games , killing certain NPCs can make some quests or items unobtainable . Some NPCs can not be killed due to their importance in later storylines . If witnessed , crimes like murder and theft accrue the player a bounty , which is tracked independently in each of Skyrim 's nine holds . Should the player be stopped by a guard , they may wipe their bounty with gold or jail time , or may resist arrest which will trigger an aggressive pursuit . NPCs may offer the player additional side - quests , and some side - quests have parameters adjusted based on nearby dungeons which the player has yet to explore . Some NPCs who are befriended or hired by the player may act as companions , who will accompany the player and aid them in combat . The player may choose to join factions , which are organized groups of NPCs -- for example , the Dark Brotherhood , a band of assassins . Each of the factions has an associated quest path to progress through . Each city and town in the game world has jobs that the player can engage in , such as farming . The player 's character engages in combat with monsters while exploring a dungeon . The player may dual - wield weapons and magic at once in order to be more effective against enemies . Players have the option to develop their character . At the beginning of the game , players create their character by selecting their sex and choosing between one of several races , including humans , orcs , elves and anthropomorphic cat or lizard - like creatures , and then customizing their character 's appearance . Over the course of the game , players improve their character 's skills , which are numerical representations of their ability in certain areas . There are eighteen skills divided evenly among the three schools of combat , magic , and stealth . When players have trained skills enough to meet the required experience , their character levels up . Each time their character levels , the players may choose to select a skill - specific ability called a perk , or store perk points for later use . Earlier entries in The Elder Scrolls series used a character class system to determine which skills would contribute to the character 's leveling , but Skyrim allows players to discover preferred skills as they play the game and rewards them with more experience when a frequently used skill is leveled . A head - up display ( HUD ) appears when any of the player 's three main attributes ( health , magicka , and stamina ) are being depleted . Attributes regenerate over time , although this process can be accelerated by using potions or regenerative spells . Health is depleted primarily when the player takes damage , and the loss of all health results in death . Magicka is depleted by the use of spells , certain poisons , and by being struck by lightning - based attacks . Stamina determines the player 's effectiveness in combat and is depleted by sprinting , performing heavy `` power attacks '' , and being struck by frost - based attacks . The player 's inventory can be accessed from the menu and items can be viewed in 3D , which may prove essential in solving puzzles found in dungeons . The player 's effectiveness in combat relies on the use of weapons and armor ( which may be bought , found , or forged ) , and on the use of magic spells , which may be bought or unlocked by finding spell tomes . Weapons and magic are assigned to each hand , allowing for dual - wielding , and can be swapped out through a quick - access menu of favorite items . Some weapons and master spells require both hands . Shields can be used to fend off enemy attacks and reduce incurred damage , or offensively through bashing attacks . Blunt , bladed and hacking weapons can be used in close combat and each have specific advantages and roles . For example , the player can perform power attacks with each weapon . Spells have several functions , such as regenerating the player 's health , attacking enemies , confusing people or creatures , temporarily raising the dead , casting light , or turning iron into silver . A bow and arrow may be utilized in long - range combat , but the bow can also be used as a defensive melee weapon in close combat , by `` bashing '' . The player can enter sneak mode and pickpocket , or deliver powerful sneak attacks to unsuspecting enemies . When exploring the game world , the player may encounter wildlife . Many creatures in the wilderness are immediately hostile towards the player . However , game animals such as elk and deer will simply run away . Skyrim is the first entry in The Elder Scrolls to include dragons in the game 's wilderness . Like other creatures , dragons are generated randomly in the world and will engage in combat with NPCs , creatures , and the player . Some dragons may attack cities and towns when in their proximity . The player character can absorb the souls of dragons in order to use powerful spells called `` dragon shouts '' , or `` Thu'um '' . Each shout contains three words in the language spoken by dragons , and the strength of the shout will vary depending on how many words have been spoken . The words to shouts can be learned by visiting `` word walls '' in dungeons or around the wilderness . The words to each shout are unlocked for use by spending the absorbed souls of slain dragons . A regeneration period limits the player 's use of shouts in gameplay . Synopsis Setting and characters Skyrim is set around 200 years after the events of The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion , although it is not a direct sequel . The game takes place in Skyrim , a province of the Empire on the continent of Tamriel , amid a civil war between two factions : the Stormcloaks and the Imperial Legion . The player character is a Dragonborn , a mortal born with the soul and power of a dragon . Alduin , a large black dragon who returns to the land after being lost in time , serves as the game 's primary antagonist . Alduin is the first dragon created by Akatosh , and is prophesied to destroy man and consume the world . Plot The player character is a prisoner being led to an Imperial execution in Helgen . Alduin unexpectedly interrupts the procession , destroying the town before the player can be executed . The player escapes in the chaos and journeys to the city of Whiterun to request aid against the dragon threat . After slaying a different dragon that attacks nearby , the player absorbs the dragon 's soul which grants them the ability to perform a shout . The city 's guards inform the player that they must be Dragonborn . The player is summoned to meet with the Greybeards , an order of monks who live in seclusion . The Greybeards train the player in using shouts and inform the player of their role in stopping Alduin . The player learns that Skyrim 's civil war is the last in a sequence of prophetic events foretold by the Elder Scrolls , which also predicted the return of Alduin . The player later meets with members of the Blades , an order of dragon hunters . The player and the Blades travel to Alduin 's Wall , a prophetic engravement , to learn that ancient Nords used a special shout against Alduin so they could engage him . To gain more information , the player meets the ancient dragon Paarthurnax , the leader of the Greybeards . Paarthurnax reveals that Alduin was cast into the currents of time by the use of an Elder Scroll in the hope that he would never reemerge . The player locates the Elder Scroll and uses it to peer through a window in time and learn the shout to combat Alduin . The player battles with Alduin , who then flees to Sovngarde , the Nordic afterlife , to gain strength by devouring the souls of deceased Nords . The player summons and traps a dragon named Odahviing , and learns from him that Alduin has fled to Sovngarde through a portal located at an ancient fort called Skuldafn . Odahviing agrees to fly the player to Skuldafn , claiming Alduin has shown himself as weak and undeserving of leadership over the dragon race by fleeing from the Dragonborn . The player enters Sovngarde and travels to the Hall of Valor . There , they meet up with the three heroes of Nordic legend who defeated Alduin originally . With their help , the player defeats Alduin once and for all . Development Having completed work on Oblivion in 2006 , Bethesda Game Studios began work on Fallout 3 . It was during this time that the team began planning their next The Elder Scrolls game . From the outset , they had decided to set the new entry in the land of Skyrim , incorporating dragons into the main theme of the game . Full development begun following the release of Fallout 3 in 2008 ; the developers considered Skyrim a spiritual successor to both Fallout 3 and previous The Elder Scrolls games . The game was developed by a team of roughly 100 people composed of new talent as well as of the series ' veterans . The production was supervised by Todd Howard , who was the director of several titles released by Bethesda Softworks . Design The team set the game in the province of Skyrim , designing it by hand . While similar in size to Oblivion 's game world of Cyrodiil , the mountainous topography of the world inflates the game space and makes it more difficult to traverse than Cyrodiil , which was relatively flat . In designing Skyrim 's world , the team opted for a different approach to what was taken with Oblivion ; art director Matt Carofano considered the `` epic - realism '' of Skyrim 's world design as a departure from Oblivion 's generic representation of classic European fantasy lore . Howard expressed the team 's desire to re-encapsulate the `` wonder of discovery '' of Morrowind 's game world in Skyrim , as the return to the classic fantasy of Arena and The Elder Scrolls II : Daggerfall in Oblivion meant sacrificing a world with a unique culture . As a way of creating diversity in the world , the team divided the world into nine sectors , known as holds , and attempted to make each hold feel topographically unique from another ; in addition , the team wanted to reflect the socioeconomic background of the NPCs by making some locations elaborate and wealthy while others are poorer and lower - tech . Within Skyrim 's universe is the use of `` dragon language '' . The alphabet was constructed to look aesthetically dragon - like , hence the use of claw - like markings . The team sought to make each of the game 's ten races feel unique ; Howard considered the player 's choice of race at the beginning of the game a more important decision than it had been in previous The Elder Scrolls games because the culture of Skyrim 's world contains more racism . However , he reiterated that the player 's choice of race does not have major game - affecting consequences as it simply adds `` flavor '' in different NPCs ' dispositions towards the player , and is not meant as a way of locking players out of particular quests . Efforts to make Skyrim 's world feel hand - crafted extended to the team abandoning the use of generated landscapes as they had done in Oblivion . While just one team member was charged with designing dungeons in Oblivion , Skyrim 's 150 dungeons were designed by a group of eight people . Skyrim features 244 quests , over 300 points of interest with a mapmarker and numerous unmarked locations . Engine Skyrim is powered by Bethesda 's Creation Engine , created specifically for Skyrim . After Fallout 3 's release , the team devised numerous design objectives to meet for Skyrim , and according to Howard , the team `` got all those done and kept going '' . Had the team not been able to meet their design goals with current hardware , they would have waited for the next generation and released Skyrim then , but Howard felt that the technology of the time did not hold the team back at all . The Creation Engine allows for numerous improvements in graphical fidelity over Bethesda 's previous efforts . For example , the draw distance renders farther than in previous Elder Scrolls games ; Howard provided an example where the player can stare at a small object such as a fork in detail , and then look up at a mountain and run to the top of it . Dynamic lighting allows shadows to be created by any structure or item in the game world , and the Creation Engine allowed for greater detail in flora production than SpeedTree had in previous Bethesda games . For example , with Bethesda 's own technology , developers were able to give weight to the branches of trees , which affects how trees blow in the wind . In addition , the technology allows wind to affect the flow of water in channels such as rivers and streams . Because of the large presence of snow in Skyrim 's game world , the technological upgrades were applied to weather effects and allow for dynamic snow fall upon the terrain , instead of snow that was rendered as a textural effect in previous games . The team made use of Havok 's Behavior toolset for character animation , which allows for a greater fluidity between the character 's movements of walking , running and sprinting , and also increases the efficiency of the third - person camera option , which had been criticized in Oblivion . The toolset allows interactions between the player and NPCs to take place in real - time ; in Oblivion , when the player went to interact with an NPC , time would freeze and the camera would zoom in on the NPC 's face . In Skyrim , NPCs can move around and make body gestures while conversing with the player . Children are present in the game , and their presence is handled similarly to Fallout 3 in that they can not be harmed by the player in any way , since depictions of violence involving children in video games is considered controversial . Skyrim makes use of the Radiant AI artificial intelligence system that was created for Oblivion , and it has been updated to allow NPCs to `` do what they want under extra parameters '' . The updated system allows for greater interaction between NPCs and their environments ; NPCs can perform tasks such as farming , milling , and mining in the game world , and will react to each other . Audio <Th_colspan="2"> The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim Original Game Soundtrack <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Jeremy Soule Released November 11 , 2011 Genre Video game soundtrack Length 218 : 19 ( Full soundtrack ) 63 : 00 ( Disc 1 ) 56 : 04 ( Disc 2 ) 56 : 41 ( Disc 3 ) 42 : 35 ( Disc 4 ) Label DirectSong Producer Jeremy Soule Todd Howard Mark Lampert Jeremy Soule 's `` Dragonborn '' 30 - second sample from the theme of Skyrim <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . The team employed Jeremy Soule , who previously worked on Morrowind and Oblivion , to compose the music for Skyrim . `` Dragonborn '' , the game 's main theme , was recorded with a choir of over thirty people , singing in the fictional dragon language . Creative director Todd Howard envisioned the theme for Skyrim as The Elder Scrolls theme sung by a choir of barbarians . This became a reality when the idea was passed by Soule , who recorded the 30 - man choir and layered three separate recordings to create the effect of 90 voices . The language , Draconic , was created by Bethesda 's concept artist Adam Adamowicz , who also developed a 34 - character runic alphabet for the game . The lexicon of Draconic was expanded as needed ; as lead designer Bruce Nesmith explained , words were introduced to the lexicon `` every time ( the studio wanted ) to say something '' . A physical - only release consisting of four audio CDs was released alongside the game on November 11 , 2011 . As with the previous two entries in the series , the soundtrack to Skyrim is sold via Jeremy Soule 's distributor , DirectSong . All physical copies ordered via DirectSong were personally autographed by Soule . `` Day One '' pre-orders from Amazon.de also included a five - track promotional Skyrim soundtrack sampler . A digital version of the soundtrack was released via iTunes on January 31 , 2013 . Marketing and release Skyrim was first announced at the Los Angeles Convention Center in Los Angeles , California , on December 11 , 2010 , on Spike 's annual Video Game Awards ; Howard appeared onstage during the awards and presented the announcement trailer , which introduced the game 's story and revealed its `` 11 -- 11 -- 11 '' release date . It was the cover story for the February 2011 issue of the Game Informer magazine , wherein journalist Matt Miller wrote a fifteen - page article that revealed the first details about the game 's story and gameplay . Asked about downloadable content ( DLC ) packages in a June 2011 interview , Howard expressed the team 's intention to release DLC packages , having done so for previous releases ; he revealed that it was the team 's goal to release a lower number of DLC packages that were larger in content than those released for Fallout 3 , as he felt that releasing a larger number of low - content packages was `` chaotic '' . Via a press release , the team announced that the first two planned DLC packages would release on the Xbox 360 via Xbox Live a month ahead of PCs and the PlayStation 3 . At the 2011 QuakeCon conference , the team unveiled Skyrim 's collector 's edition package . Bundled with a copy of the game is a map of the game world , a 12 - inch figurine of Alduin , as well as a 200 - page concept art book and a DVD feature about the making of Skyrim . In October 2011 , pictures of many pages of the manual of the game were leaked , later followed by footage from the introduction , revealing some more details . By November 1 , 2011 , a copy of the Xbox 360 version had been leaked and made available through the Internet , allowing those with a hacked Xbox 360 to play Skyrim 10 days before its official release . In the Netherlands , the game has been available for purchase since November 7 . On November 10 , stores in Australia began selling the game ahead of its November 11 release date . A compilation package called The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim -- Legendary Edition was released on June 4 , 2013 . It contains the version 1.9 patch and the three expansions , along with the main game . On June 4 , 2016 , Bethesda announced The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim -- Special Edition , a remaster for PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and Windows . It was released on October 28 , 2016 . Windows players who owned the original game and all of its downloadable content on Steam were offered the Special Edition for free . On October 2016 , the reveal trailer for Nintendo Switch featured gameplay of Skyrim on the console . At the time , it was reported that Bethesda only used the game for the reveal trailer and that it was not officially releasing on the Nintendo Switch . On January 13 , 2017 , Todd Howard officially confirmed that the game will come out on the Nintendo Switch , making it the first Elder Scrolls title to be released on a Nintendo platform , as well as the first game Bethesda has made or released for a Nintendo home console since Home Alone for the NES in 1991 . During Bethesda 's E3 2017 showcase , it was revealed that the Nintendo Switch version will support amiibo and the Joy - Con motion controls . On June 2017 at E3 Bethesda announced a PlayStation VR version of Skyrim for release in November 2017 . Also at E3 2017 , a Skyrim themed expansion for The Elder Scrolls : Legends , titled Heroes of Skyrim , was announced for June 29 , 2017 release . Additional content See also : Skyrim mods A wide variety of modifications , both official and fan - created , are available for Skyrim , generally made using the packaged Creation Kit . These `` mods '' might be distributed freely on file sharing sites like the Skyrim Nexus , or officially aggregated via the Steam Workshop 's controlled content distribution mechanism . The mods include features such as a more vibrant night sky , new lighting systems , new characters and locations , user interface updates , and more . The first official Skyrim modification was The Fall of the Space Core , Vol. 1 , created by Bethesda in collaboration with Valve Corporation . It causes the Space Core , a fictional device from Valve 's video game Portal 2 , to fall from the sky and land in a burnt - out house near Whiterun . The Space Core ( voiced by Nolan North ) acts as a non-player character , following the player around the world of Skyrim and dispensing space - related comments . Dawnguard , the first downloadable add - on for Skyrim , revolves around a battle between the Dawnguard and Clan Volkihar . The Dawnguard , a band of vampire hunters , rely on the use of their trademark crossbow weapons in their pursuit against Clan Volkihar , a family of vampires . Early in Dawnguard 's quest line , players must choose which of the two factions to join forces with . Dawnguard adds new content to the game , including certain weapons , spells , and armor , and expands the abilities afforded to players who choose to become either a vampire or a werewolf . It also adds two new areas outside of the main land of Skyrim to explore : the Soul Cairn , a plane of the realm Oblivion , and the Forgotten Vale , a secluded glacial valley . Dawnguard released on the Xbox 360 in English - speaking territories on June 26 , 2012 , and in European countries in mid-July 2012 . It was released for Windows on August 2 , 2012 , via the digital distribution platform Steam . Performance issues on the PlayStation 3 hampered Dawnguard 's , and subsequent content add - ons ' , release on that platform . Dawnguard eventually released on the PlayStation 3 on February 26 , 2013 in North America , and on February 27 , 2013 , in Europe . Hearthfire , Skyrim 's second add - on , allows players to build houses and adopt children . Three plots of land are added to the game world , which players can purchase . Once land is purchased , players select rooms to add on to the basic template of the house , built from raw materials like lumber and clay , which can be gathered or purchased . Players may also adopt up to two children , and have them live with the player 's spouse in their home . Hearthfire was released for the Xbox 360 on September 4 , 2012 , and for Windows on October 4 , 2012 . It was later released for PlayStation 3 on February 19 , 2013 in North America , and February 20 , 2013 in Europe . Dragonborn is the third and final add - on for Skyrim . It revolves around the player character 's efforts to defeat Miraak , the first Dragonborn , who has become corrupted and seeks to control the world . The add - on takes place on the island of Solstheim , an island northeast of Skyrim , which , like Skyrim , is presented as an open world . It adds new content to the game and allows players to ride on the backs of dragons , along with other shouts that can be learned exclusively from Solstheim . Dragonborn was released for the Xbox 360 on December 4 , 2012 , for Windows on February 5 , 2013 , and for PlayStation 3 on February 12 , 2013 . In April 2013 , Bethesda announced via their blog that they were `` moving on '' from Skyrim and preparing to work on other projects . They added that they would only be releasing `` minor updates '' for the game . Reception Critical reception Reception <Th_colspan="2"> Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic ( X360 ) 96 / 100 ( PC ) 94 / 100 ( PS3 ) 92 / 100 ( XONE ) 82 / 100 ( PS4 ) 81 / 100 ( PC : HD ) 74 / 100 <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores Publication Score AllGame Famitsu 40 / 40 Game Informer 9.5 / 10 GameSpot 9 / 10 GameTrailers 9.3 / 10 IGN 9.5 / 10 OPM ( UK ) 7 / 10 PC Gamer ( UK ) 94 % X-Play Wired 10 / 10 Skyrim received critical acclaim upon release . The removal of the character class system , present in previous The Elder Scrolls entries , was well received . Billy Shibley of Machinima 's Inside Gaming and Charles Onyett of IGN praised its removal because it allowed players to experiment with different skills without having to make decisions about a class early in the game . John Bedford of Eurogamer stated that by removing the character class system , the game tailored itself to players who wanted to build an all - around character , while still letting other players specialize in a preferred play - style . Steve Butts of The Escapist considered the addition of perks to the character development system `` a great method to make your character feel even more unique and personal '' . Kevin VanOrd of GameSpot praised the way perks allowed for the player 's preferred skills to become more powerful over time , stating that the perk system `` forms around the way you play , but allows for tweaking so that you retain a sense of control '' . The user interface was also praised by reviewers for its accessibility ; Bedford complimented its `` elegant design '' which succeeded Oblivion 's comparatively complex interface . The art style of the game world drew acclaim from many reviewers , who welcomed the departure from Oblivion 's Cyrodiil . Jason Schreier of Wired described the land of Skyrim as a `` Viking - inspired treasure trove of flavor and charm '' , noting its contrast to Cyrodiil , which he considered generic by comparison . The Staff at Edge magazine described Cyrodiil as a `` patchwork of varying terrains '' , praising the more consistent design of Skyrim . Shibley praised `` the lack of copy - and - paste level design that 's plagued Bethesda 's previous games , ... giving a lived - in and handcrafted look to the world '' . Bedford noted that the improved graphical fidelity over Oblivion allowed the game world to feel more lifelike , praising the `` misty mountain setting , complete with swirling fog and high - altitude snowstorms '' . An editor for PC PowerPlay praised the diversity of the dungeon design . Andrew Reiner of Game Informer cited criticisms that Oblivion faced for repetitive dungeons , noting that `` the composition of each dungeon is largely unique and individualized '' in Skyrim . He also favored the design choice to have a quick route out of a dungeon leading from its last room , eliminating a problem he identified Oblivion as having , where the player would clear a dungeon and then have to go all the way back to the beginning to exit it . Many reviewers praised the large amount of things to do in the world outside of the main story . Tom Francis of PC Gamer noted that it was difficult to explore the world without becoming distracted by things to do , stating that , `` it 's hard to walk for a minute in any direction without encountering an intriguing cave , a lonely shack , some strange stones , a wandering traveller , ( or ) a haunted fort '' . Reviewers welcomed the ability to dual - wield weapons and magic . An editor for PC PowerPlay felt that the dual - wielding ability `` transforms the tactical scope of each combat encounter '' . Shibley noted that the dual - wielding option gave the player more freedom to experiment with combat , writing that , `` the ability to apply a spell to each hand ... generates huge potential for getting creative with your spell combinations '' . However , many reviewers were critical of the melee combat , feeling that it had not been improved upon as much as other areas in the game . Justin McElroy of Joystiq felt that , `` what should be thrilling fights in Skyrim are often weighed down by the same clunky melee system Oblivion suffered from '' . Onyett described the melee combat as `` flat '' and `` floaty '' , and that `` many times it feels like you 're slicing air instead of a mythical creature 's flesh '' . Francis agreed with this sentiment , stating that , `` too much of the time , you wave your weapon around and enemies barely react to the hits '' . Many reviewers noted glitches while playing Skyrim , some game - breaking . Nick Cowen of The Guardian pointed out that the game 's glitches were a trade - off for its ambitious scope , and that he had experienced glitches that forced him to reload earlier saves . Edge began their review by criticizing the lack of polish , while still acknowledging many areas in the game which made up for it . In addition , the quality of the main quest divided some reviewers . While Reiner praised the main quest as `` superbly penned '' and `` Bethesda 's best effort to date '' , Butts and Francis criticized the fact that the story was delivered primarily through conversations and quest journals , rather than through the player 's own interactions . While the dragon battles were well - received , some reviewers observed flaws in the AI for dragons . Onyett pointed out their `` predictable attack patterns '' , which Francis agreed with , claiming that `` fighting them never changes much : you can just ignore them until they land , then shoot them from a distance when they do '' . Reiner felt that , due to the repetitiveness of their attack patterns , the dragons were not challenging enough for low - level players . Edge pointed out a curve in difficulty for players who favored archery and magic , as dragons were difficult to attack while airborne . Technical issues At the launch of Skyrim , many technical issues of varying severity were reported . Some examples include a texture down - scaling issue on the Xbox 360 version when the game was run from the hard drive ; crashes , slowdown and frame rate issues on the PlayStation 3 version when save files exceeded 6 MB , commonly occurring due to extended game play times ; and various crashes and slowdowns on the Windows version . According to Skyrim 's director Todd Howard , the notion that bugs were caused by `` restrictive RAM '' is incorrect . Howard said , `` It 's literally the things you 've done in what order and what 's running . '' Since release , several patches were published to address technical issues and improve overall gameplay . Patch 1.2 was released on November 29 , 2011 , to fix some of the game 's issues ; however , some players reported new bugs in the game following the patch , including more frequent game crashes . Patch 1.3 was released on December 7 , 2011 , to improve stability , further address known issues , and fix some problems that were introduced in version 1.2 . Patch 1.4 was released on February 1 , 2012 , for the PC . Another list of issues and bugs were addressed in this patch , and Skyrim launcher support for Skyrim Workshop ( PC ) was provided . Patch 1.5 was released on March 20 , 2012 , for the PC . Numerous bugs were fixed , and new archery / spellcasting killcams were included . On April 12 , 2012 , Bethesda announced that Kinect support would be coming for the Xbox 360 version of Skyrim , with over 200 voice commands . Patch 1.6 was released on May 24 , 2012 , for the PC . This includes a new feature : mounted combat . Patch 1.7 was released on July 30 , 2012 , for the PC , and 1.8 was released on November 1 , 2012 , for the PC . These two introduced only minor bugfixes . Patch 1.9 was released on March 18 , 2013 . In addition to providing various bug fixes , this patch also added new features , most prominently the new `` Legendary '' difficulty , and `` Legendary '' skills , which effectively remove the level cap . An unofficial community patch attempts to fix remaining issues unattended by the official patches . It lists hundreds of gameplay , quest , and other bugs that it fixes in the game and its add - ons . Sales During the first day of release , Steam showed over 230,000 people playing Skyrim concurrently . Within two days of the game 's launch , 3.4 million physical copies were sold . Of those sales , 59 % were for the Xbox 360 , 27 % for the PS3 , and 14 % for the PC . In the first week of release , Bethesda stated that 7 million copies of the game had been shipped to retailers worldwide , and that total sales through the following Wednesday were expected to generate an estimated US $450 million . By December 16 , 2011 , this had risen to 10 million copies shipped to retail and around US $620 million . Additionally , Valve stated that it was the fastest selling game to date on their Steam platform . Steam 's statistics page showed the client breaking a five million user record by having 5,012,468 users logged in January 2 , 2012 . The total number of sold copies on the PC platform is difficult to confirm because Valve does not publicly publish digital sales . Shortly after its release , Skyrim was the most - played game on Steam by a huge margin , with double the number of players as Team Fortress 2 , the second - placed game . In the United Kingdom , Skyrim was the 9th best selling title of 2012 . In June 2013 , Bethesda announced that over 20 million copies of the game had been sold . Regarding sales on the PC , Todd Howard stated in an interview with Rock , Paper , Shotgun that , `` Skyrim did better than we 've ever done on PC by a large , large number . And that 's where the mods are . That feeds the game for a long time . '' Electronic Entertainment Design and Research , a market research firm , estimates that the game has sold 22.7 million copies worldwide . In November 2016 , Howard confirmed that Skyrim had sold 30 million copies since its release in 2011 . Awards and legacy See also : List of video games considered the best Reception <Th_colspan="2"> Awards Publication Award IGN , GameSpot GameSpot Readers ' Choice PC Game of the Year Spike TV , IGN , IGN Readers ' Choice , X-Play , GameSpot , GameSpy RPG of the Year Spike TV , X-Play , Machinima.com , GameSpot , GameSpot Readers ' Choice , 1UP.com Favorite Game , Game Revolution , GameSpy Joystiq , Interactive Achievement Awards Overall Game of the Year Skyrim received awards from numerous gaming sites and publications . IGN and GameSpot named Skyrim `` PC Game of the Year '' . It also received GameSpot 's `` Readers ' Choice '' award . The game received the `` RPG of the Year '' award from Spike TV , IGN , X-Play , GameSpot and GameSpy . It received `` Overall Game of the Year '' wins from Spike TV , Giant Bomb , X-Play , Machinima.com , GameSpot , 1UP.com , Game Revolution , GameSpy Joystiq and the Interactive Achievement Awards . It was voted No. 1 in Good Game 's top 100 video games of all time and No. 1 in PC Gamer 's `` The 100 Greatest PC Games of All Time '' . References ^ Jump up to : Reilly , Jim ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` New Elder Scrolls V Skyrim Details '' . IGN . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Onyett , Charles ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` The Elder Scrolls Evolved : What 's New in Skyrim '' . IGN . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : The Game Informer Show ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` Todd Howard Skyrim Q&A '' . Game Informer ( Podcast ) . Game Informer . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bertz , Matt ( January 17 , 2011 ) . `` The Technology Behind The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim '' . 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Retrieved November 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ng , Alan ( October 31 , 2011 ) . `` 25 minute Skyrim gameplay leak and Elder Scrolls morals '' . product-reviews.net . Retrieved November 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pirvu , Dragos ( November 1 , 2011 ) . `` The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim For Xbox 360 Already Leaked For Download On Torrent Websites '' . GeekSailor . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2011 . Retrieved November 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim Xbox 360 version LEAKED on Torrent '' . Gamepure . November 1 , 2011 . Retrieved November 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( November 8 , 2011 ) . `` The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim on Sale Now ... In the Netherlands '' . Kotaku . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Serrels , Mark ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` Skyrim Being Sold In Select Stores Across Australia -- Street Break Could Be Imminent ( Update 2 ) '' . kotaku.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Legendary Release '' . Bethesda Softworks. April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Skrebels , Joe ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` E3 2016 : Skyrim Special Edition Official Headed to PS4 , Xbox One , PC This Year '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Workman , Robert ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Yep , The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim Is Officially Nintendo Switch - Bound '' . WWG . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitehead , Thomas ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` New Trailer for Skyrim on Switch Showcases Motion Controls and Link amiibo Support '' . Nintendo Life . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( 12 June 2017 ) . `` Skyrim coming to PlayStation VR '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( 11 June 2017 ) . `` E3 2017 : The Elder Scrolls Legends Heroes of Skyrim Expansion Announced '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Hatfield , Tom ( October 28 , 2012 ) . `` The 25 best Skyrim mods -- updated '' . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Conner , Alice ( February 7 , 2012 ) . `` Skyrim gets HD texture pack , Portal 2 Space Sphere '' . Shacknews . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kolan , Nick ( February 7 , 2012 ) . `` Portal 2 and Skyrim Collide '' . ign.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dawnguard comes to Skyrim in mid-July for some Euro countries '' . Joystiq . AOL Inc . June 22 , 2012 . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` QuakeCon 2012 : Dawnguard now available on PC '' . Bethesda blog . August 2 , 2012 . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ivan , Tom ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` Skyrim DLC Dawnguard hits PS3 in Europe today with 50 % discount '' . ComputerAndVideoGames.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Skyrim : Hearthfire DLC allows you to build a house , adopt a child News Xbox 360 Eurogamer.net '' . Jump up ^ `` Hearthfire available on Steam Bethesda Blog '' . Jump up ^ `` Skyrim Hearthfire Releasing On PS3 Today '' . February 19 , 2013 . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PS3 Skyrim DLC Release Date : Hearthfire Releases Tomorrow , Feb. 19 , Followed By Dawnguard One Week Later '' . February 18 , 2013 . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Skyrim Dragonborn DLC confirmed , out 4th December News Xbox 360 Eurogamer.net '' . Jump up ^ `` Skyrim Dragonborn Launches On PS3 Today '' . CinemaBlend.com . February 12 , 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Dragonborn Comes in February ( and Hearthfire & Dawnguard , too ) Bethesda Blog '' . Bethblog.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` No Further Skyrim DLC Planned , Team `` Moving On '' `` . IGN . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim for Xbox 360 Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More at Metacritic '' . Metacritic.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . 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Retrieved December 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Francis , Tom ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim review '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Adam . `` The Elder Scrolls 5 : Skyrim Review '' . G4 . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Schreier , Jason ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` Review : Boundless Skyrim Will Become Your Life '' . Wired . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Shibley , Billy ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim Review '' . Inside Gaming . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bedford , John ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` The Elder Scrolls 5 : Skyrim Review '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim Review '' . The Escapist . November 10 , 2011 . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Reiner , Andrew ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` Skyrim Review : An RPG Worth Shouting About '' . Game Informer . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim review '' . Edge . November 10 , 2011 . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( January 16 , 2012 ) . `` REVIEW : THE ELDER SCROLLS : SKYRIM '' . PC PowerPlay . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McElroy , Justin ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim review : Paths of desire '' . Joystiq . Retrieved November 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Cameron ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim review '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cowen , Nick ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim -- review '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Texture problems hit Xbox 360 Skyrim '' . Eurogamer . November 13 , 2011 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Skyrim players call for PS3 save file bug fix '' . Eurogamer . November 13 , 2011 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Onyett , Charles . `` This is What Skyrim PS3 Lag Looks Like '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` Fallout : New Vegas dev blames PS3 lag on rest '' . Shacknews.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( February 16 , 2012 ) . `` Bethesda knew Skyrim could run into `` a bad memory situation '' on PS3 `` . Eurogamer.net . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Skyrim 1.2 update '' . Bethesda blog . ZeniMax Media . November 28 , 2011 . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Denton , Jake ( November 30 , 2011 ) . `` Skyrim 1.2 patch breaks Resistances , makes dragons fly backwards '' . Computer and Video Games . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Skyrim patch 1.3 hits Steam , probably gives boot to backward - flying dragons '' . PC Gamer . December 7 , 2011 . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Haas , Pete . `` Skyrim Patch 1.4 Now Live On PC , Xbox 360 / PS3 Versions Still Pending '' . Gaming Blend . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Skyrim 1.5 Available on Steam '' . Bethesda blog . ZeniMax Media . March 20 , 2012 . Retrieved March 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kinect support coming to Skyrim , features more than 200 Voice Commands '' . Gamer4Eva. April 12 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mounted Combat arrives in 1.6 Skyrim Update '' . Bethesda blog . ZeniMax Media . May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Skyrim 1.7 available to all Steam users '' . Bethesda blog . ZeniMax Media . July 30 , 2012 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Now on Steam : Skyrim 1.8 update '' . Bethesda blog . ZeniMax Media . November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Now on Steam : Skyrim 1.9 update '' . Bethesda blog . ZeniMax Media . March 18 , 2013 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Unofficial Patch Project Team ( November 7 , 2015 ) . `` Unofficial Skyrim Legendary Edition Patch at Skyrim Nexus - mods and community '' . nexusmods.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . ( ... ) the goal of the Unofficial Skyrim Patch ( aka USKP ) is to eventually fix every bug with Skyrim not officially resolved by the developers ( ... ) Hundreds of gameplay , quest , NPC , object , item , text and placement bugs fixed already Jump up ^ Sharkey , Mike ( March 14 , 2012 ) . `` Unofficial Skyrim Patch Fixes Myriad Skyrim Bugs - Fan created uber patch designed to fix Skyrim 's many problems . '' . gamespy.com . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . A group of modders tired of waiting for Bethesda to patch a number of Skyrim 's most annoying bugs have taken it upon themselves to do the patching . Jump up ^ Hruska , Joel ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` The Must - Have Mods of Skyrim - Unofficial Skyrim Patch '' . HotHardware . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . The Unofficial Skyrim Patch ( USKP ) is a collection of hundreds of bug fixes to virtually every aspect of the game . It adjusts item textures and meshes , fixes quest bugs , and cleans up errors in the game 's skills , perks , and text . Jump up ^ Bayer , Thilo ( September 3 , 2012 ) . `` Skyrim Dawnguard : Inoffizieller Patch nimmt sich Quests und Bugs an '' ( in German ) . PC Games Hardware . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Auch wenn Bethesda sich bei Skyrim Dawnguard mit Patches Mühe gegeben hat , sind immer noch einige Stellen nicht versorgt . Diesen Stellen hat sich nun ein Team aus der Community angenommen , die sich mittels des Unofficial Dawnguard Patch noch offenen Fehlern angenommen haben . Jump up ^ Cheong , Ian Miles ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Skyrim Dragonborn DLC Gets Unofficial Patch - An unofficial patch is now available for Dragonborn which fixes numerous bugs . '' . Gameranx . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . 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Jump up ^ Ding , Christopher ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Revealed : The UK 's Top 20 bestselling games of 2012 '' . Market for Home Computing and Video Games . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2013 . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` E3 2013 : ESO Arriving on PlayStation 4 , Xbox One ! '' . Bethesda Softworks . June 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Apparently We Wo n't Hear About Fallout 4 For ' A While ' '' . Rock , Paper , Shotgun . February 18 , 2014 . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kollar , Philip ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Fallout 4 could be a bigger hit than Skyrim '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2015 . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Skyrim ' Creator Todd Howard Talks Switch , VR and Elder Scrolls Wait '' . ^ Jump up to : `` PC Game of the Year -- Best of 2011 -- IGN '' . ^ Jump up to : `` GameSpot Best PC Game '' . GameSpot . p. 2 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2012 . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Spike VGA Complete Winners List '' . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Role - Playing Game -- Best of 2011 -- IGN '' . ^ Jump up to : `` X-Play's Best of 2011 Awards Results -- 2011 Game of the Year and More ! '' . G4 . December 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` GameSpot Editor 's Choice 2011 '' . GameSpot . p. 6 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2012 . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` GameSpy 's 2011 Videogame Awards : Day Four ! RPG of the Year '' . GameSpy . December 28 , 2011 . Retrieved December 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Inside Gaming Awards 2011 - Game of the Year . Machinima.com . December 10 , 2011 . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` GameSpot Game of the Year 2011 '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2012 . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1UP 's Best of 2011 Awards : Editors ' Picks : Our Favorite Game of 2011 '' . 1UP.com . December 22 , 2011 . Retrieved December 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of the Year 2011 '' . Game Revolution . December 23 , 2011 . Retrieved December 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` GameSpy 's 2011 Videogame Awards : Day Five ! Game of the Year '' . GameSpy . December 30 , 2011 . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joystiq Top 10 of 2011 : Skyrim '' . Joystiq . January 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Skyrim wins IAA Game of the Year '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2012 . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Game of the Year 2011 '' . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Good Game top 100 '' . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest PC Games of All Time '' . PC Gamer ( 243 ) . Future plc . September 2013 . p. 49 . ( Chosen as # 1 ) External links Official website The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim on IMDb 2010s portal Role - playing games portal Speculative fiction portal Video games portal <Th_colspan="2"> The Elder Scrolls series Video games Main series Arena II : Daggerfall III : Morrowind Tribunal Bloodmoon IV : Oblivion Knights of the Nine Shivering Isles Development ESRB re-rating V : Skyrim Dawnguard Hearthfire Dragonborn mods Spin - offs Battlespire Redguard Travels Online Legends Novels The Infernal City Lord of Souls Related articles Bethesda Game Studios The Elder Scrolls Renewal Project Nehrim Enderal Radiant AI Vir2L Studios ZeniMax Online Studios <Td_colspan="2"> Book <Th_colspan="2"> Golden Joystick Award for Ultimate Game of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> Jetpac ( 1983 ) Knight Lore ( 1984 ) The Way of the Exploding Fist ( 1985 ) Gauntlet ( 1986 ) Out Run ( 1987 / 88 ) Operation Wolf † / Speedball ‡ ( 1988 / 89 ) The Untouchables † / Kick Off ‡ ( 1989 / 90 ) Rick Dangerous 2 † / Kick Off 2 ‡ ( 1990 / 91 ) Sonic the Hedgehog ( 1991 / 92 ) Street Fighter II : The World Warrior ( 1992 / 93 ) Super Mario 64 ( 1996 / 97 ) Grand Theft Auto III ( 2002 ) Grand Theft Auto : Vice City ( 2003 ) Doom 3 ( 2004 ) Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas ( 2005 ) The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion ( 2006 ) Gears of War ( 2007 ) Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare ( 2008 ) Fallout 3 ( 2009 ) Mass Effect 2 ( 2010 ) Portal 2 ( 2011 ) The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim ( 2012 ) Grand Theft Auto V ( 2013 ) Dark Souls II ( 2014 ) The Witcher 3 : Wild Hunt ( 2015 ) Dark Souls III ( 2016 ) <Td_colspan="2"> † denotes 8 - bit ; ‡ denotes 16 - bit <Th_colspan="2"> Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences D.I.C.E. 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when is a spanish water dog fully grown
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Spanish Water Dog - wikipedia Spanish Water Dog Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs attention from an expert on the subject . Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article . Consider associating this request with a WikiProject . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Spanish Water Dog <Td_colspan="2"> Other names Perro de agua Español Common nicknames SWD Origin Andalusia ( Spain ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="4"> ( hide ) Classification / standards FCI Group 8 , Section 3 Water Dogs # 336 standard AKC Herding standard KC ( UK ) Gundogs standard NZKC Gundogs standard UKC Gun Dog standard <Td_colspan="2"> Domestic dog ( Canis lupus familiaris ) The Spanish Water Dog ( perro de agua español ) breed dates back several hundred years and has its origins most likely in Turkey from where it was imported into Spain as a general purpose sheepdog and guard . It is also used sometimes as a gundog , and is skilled at retrieval from water . The SWD has strong genetic links to other ancient water breeds such as the Portuguese Water Dog , the French Barbet and the Irish Water Spaniel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 Appearance 1.1. 1 Coat and colour 1.1. 2 Size 2 Temperament 3 Grooming 4 Health 5 History 5.1 Revival of the breed 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Description ( edit ) Appearance ( edit ) The SWD is a medium size , athletic , robust dog that is slightly longer than tall . Their tails are usually docked in the US , but undocked tails are not a fault in conformation showing if the dog was bred in a non-docking country . The head should be strong and carried with elegance . The skull is flat and the top is parallel with the top of the muzzle . The nose , eye - rims and paw pads are the same colour as the darkest part of the coat or darker . The eyes are expressive and set fairly wide apart . They should be hazel , chestnut or dark brown in colour , depending on the coat colour . The ears are set at medium height on the skull , and are triangular . Coat and colour ( edit ) It has a distinctive curly coat which is woolly in texture and may form cords when long . The coat should not be clipped or groomed for aesthetic purposes . Instead , it should look entirely natural , as though it is not groomed at all . It should never be trimmed , but sheared down at least once a year . SWD puppies are always born with curly hair . A brown colour SWD The SWD can be seen in a variety of colours . It may be solid black , beige , brown , or white ; bicolour where the second colour is white ; or particolour . Tri-coloured dogs are strictly prohibited by the currently held ( worldwide ) standards for the breed as are black and tan or brown and tan colour combinations . More colours SWDs can be seen in . Size ( edit ) The Spanish Water Dog is a medium - sized dog . The approximate measurements are : Males Height ( at the withers ) : 44 to 50 cm ( 17 to 20 in ) Weight : 18 to 22 kg ( 40 to 49 lb ) Females Height ( at the withers ) : 40 to 45 cm ( 16 to 18 in ) Weight : 14 to 18 kg ( 31 to 40 lb ) Temperament ( edit ) The SWD is diligent , loyal , affectionate , and intelligent . They have very strong natural herding and guarding instincts , leading them to become the `` self - appointed '' guardians of their homes . SWDs thrive on work and play . Their athleticism and extremely hard working nature leads them to excel at any number of tasks . They can be wary with strangers , and early and continuing socialization with a variety of people and other animals is essential for a well - adjusted , social dog . Good socialization at an early age greatly helps them cohabit with small children . Grooming ( edit ) SWDs require minimal grooming . Nine - week - old SWD brown and white boston coloured puppy SWDs should never be brushed , instead , as the cords grow they should be checked for matting . When matting does occur they should be gently pulled apart without tearing the cords . If there is too much matting the cords should be sheared . SWDs should be bathed only when dirty in lukewarm water . Use a neutral shampoo , never use human shampoo . SWDs should be allowed to air dry . The cords must be sheared one or more times a year . Ears and eyes should be cleaned as often as they are dirty and excess ear hair may need to be plucked . As with all dogs nails should be trimmed . SWD puppies should be trimmed for the first time at around the age of 4 months Health ( edit ) The breed 's life expectancy is thought to be about 14 years . Recent health testing has uncovered the following issues : Hip dysplasia Progressive retinal atrophy ( prcd - PRA ) Hypothyroidism This SWD is swimming in the ocean . Many SWDs love the water , but not all . Hypoadrenocorticism ( also known as Addison 's disease ) Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency Allergies Cataracts Congenital hypothyroidism with goitre ( CHG ) Distichia Cherry eye Neuroaxonal dystrophy History ( edit ) Spanish Water Dog Spanish Water Dog Spanish Water Dog Many different theories exist as to its origin and history . Records suggest water dogs have been around the main wetlands of the Iberian Peninsula since ancient times . Portuguese and Spanish water dogs are clearly related and have a common ancestor . The SWD has been known by many other names such as `` Perro Turco '' , `` Laneto '' , `` Perro Patero '' , `` Perro Rizado '' , `` Churro '' , `` Barbeta '' , and , most recently , `` Perro de Agua Español '' ( literally Dog of Water of Spain , i.e. , Spanish Water Dog ) . In Southern Spain ( Andalusia ) , the SWD was often called the `` Andalusian Turk '' and some thought the breed came with Turkish sheep boats , but this is very unlikely since originally there were three separated populations of SWD in Spain with somewhat different phenotypes and sizes . One of these populations was found in Northern Spain , in Asturias and Cantabria , these dogs were usually smaller and of lighter colour , becoming a new breed 22 March 2011 , the Cantabrian Water Dog . The other group could be found in the marshes of western Andalusia , this type of dogs had coats made of long and thin cords . And finally the largest group came from the southern Andalusian sierras , this type of dogs were the largest and strongest since were mainly used for herding . Today , the breed is well mixed and most SWD are well rounded and have a balanced of traits . Regardless of its exact origin , a woolly coated Shepherd Dog is documented to have been on the Iberian Peninsula by around 1100 CE . This is clearly a very ancient and rustic breed , very well adapted to the climate and terrain conditions found in the wetlands and coastal mountains of the Spanish shores . Historically , the SWDs were primarily used as Herding dogs to move the flocks of sheep and goats from one pasture to another . The dogs were also called upon to work wherever a dog was required . For example , they were taught to work with fishermen as well as being taught to retrieve when hunting with the farmers . Revival of the breed ( edit ) Spanish Water Dogs are highly versatile . This one is herding sheep . In about 1975 , two enthusiasts , Antonio García Pérez and Santiago Montesinos , travelled around the countryside of Southern Spain , through the remote villages and farms of the mountainous region of Andalusia and bought or borrowed a number of dogs from the shepherds that they felt most fit the type they were looking for to establish a breeding program . In 1980 , the Spanish Water Dog Club ( Spain ) was formed in order to promote the breed and help get it recognized in its own country . In 1985 , after a lot of hard work and displaying the breed at various venues and dog shows the Spanish Kennel Club accepted it and gave it official status . It was provisionally recognized by Fédération Cynologique Internationale until 1999 , when it was permanently recognized . The SWD was officially recognized in the United States by the United Kennel Club in 2001 and fully accepted for conformation events in 2004 . Jerry and Ken Mann were instrumental in facilitating recognition in UKC . They presented the first SWD to be shown in an AKC Rare Breed Conformation venue in Inverness , Florida in January 2000 . They presented an Introduction Seminar at a UKC venue in South Carolina in 2001 and showed the first SWD at a UKC Mult - Breed show in the Summer of 2004 . They spearheaded the first International SWD discussion list and were the first owners to use their SWD for herding in the United States . They brought the natural ability and historic value of herding to the fore . As of July 1 , 2013 , the Spanish Water Dog will move into the Herding Group in the UKC . The American Kennel Club Foundation Stock Service recognized the breed in 2005 through the efforts of the Spanish Water Dog Club , Inc . The AKC approved the breed to begin competition in AKC herding , in dog agility trials , obedience , and tracking beginning January 1 , 2008 . In June 2012 , the SWD moved into the Miscellaneous Group . As of January 1 , 2015 , the Spanish Water Dog will join the Herding Group . Herding instincts and trainability can be measured at noncompetitive herding tests . Spanish Water Dogs that exhibit basic herding instincts can be trained to compete in herding trials . Additionally , the breed was recognized by the American Herding Breed Association in 2007 . The Canadian Kennel Clubs Listed and Miscellaneous Breeds was amended to include the Spanish Water Dog as a listed breed effective as of 1 September 2008 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Breed Information '' . Spanish Water Dog Club , Inc . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grooming '' . Spanish Water Dog Club , Inc . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Spanish Water Dog Club , Inc. : Health Jump up ^ Hahn , Kerstin ; Rohdin , Cecilia ; Jagannathan , Vidhya ; Wohlsein , Peter ; Baumgärtner , Wolfgang ; Seehusen , Frauke ; Spitzbarth , Ingo ; Grandon , Rodrigo ; Drögemüller , Cord . `` TECPR2 Associated Neuroaxonal Dystrophy in Spanish Water Dogs '' . PLOS ONE . 10 ( 11 ) . PMC 4640708 . PMID 26555167 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0141824 . Jump up ^ Hartnagle - Taylor , Jeanne Joy ; Taylor , Ty ( 2010 ) . Stockdog Savvy . Alpine Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57779 - 106 - 5 . Bibliography ( edit ) Cristina D. ( 2003 ) . Spanish Water Dog . NJ : Kennel Club Books , Inc . `` Health Issues . '' Spanish Water Dog Club UK . Spanish Water Dog Club UK . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spanish Water Dog . Spanish Water Dog at DMOZ <Th_colspan="3"> Dogs originating in Spain Hounds Andalusian Hound Andalusian Hound Maneto Canarian Hound Ibizan Hound Sabueso Cántabro Sabueso Español Galgo Español Xarnego Gun dogs Burgalese Pointer Cantabrian Water Dog Ca Mè Mallorquí Pachón Navarro Perdigueiro Galego Spanish Water Dog Pastoral dogs Basque Shepherd Dog Can de Chira Carea Castellano Manchego Carea Leonés Catalan Sheepdog Galician Palleiro Garafian Shepherd Great Pyrenees Majorca Shepherd Dog Perro Majorero Pyrenean Mastiff Pyrenean Shepherd Spanish Mastiff Molossers Alano Español Ca de Bou Villano de Las Encartaciones Perro de Presa Canario Terriers Gos Rater Valencià Villanuco de Las Encartaciones Majorca Ratter Murcian Ratter Ratonero Bodeguero Andaluz Toy breeds Bichon Frisé Other Hierran Wolfdog Extinct Old Spanish Pointer <Th_colspan="2"> Gundogs Pointers Burgalese Pointer English Setter Gordon Setter Irish Red and White Setter Irish Setter Pointer Versatile gundogs Ariege Pointer Blue Picardy Spaniel Bracco Italiano Braque du Bourbonnais Braque d'Auvergne Braque Français Braque Saint - Germain Brittany Ca Mè Mallorquí Cesky Fousek Drentsche Patrijshond French Spaniel German Longhaired Pointer German Shorthaired Pointer German Wirehaired Pointer Large Münsterländer Old Danish Pointer Pachón Navarro Perdigueiro Galego Picardy Spaniel Portuguese Pointer Pudelpointer Saint - Usuge Spaniel Slovakian Rough Haired Pointer Small Münsterländer Spinone Italiano Stabyhoun Vizsla Weimaraner Wirehaired Pointing Griffon Retrievers Chesapeake Bay Retriever Curly Coated Retriever Flat - Coated Retriever Golden Retriever Labrador Retriever Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever Spaniels American Cocker Spaniel Boykin Spaniel Clumber Spaniel English Cocker Spaniel English Springer Spaniel Field Spaniel German Spaniel Kooikerhondje Pont - Audemer Spaniel Russian Spaniel Sussex Spaniel Welsh Springer Spaniel Water dogs American Water Spaniel Barbet Cantabrian Water Dog Irish Water Spaniel Lagotto Romagnolo Poodle Portuguese Water Dog Spanish Water Dog Wetterhoun Extinct Alpine Spaniel Braque du Puy English Water Spaniel Norfolk Spaniel Old Spanish Pointer Tweed Water Spaniel <Th_colspan="2"> Pastoral dogs Herding and droving dogs Australian Cattle Dog Australian Kelpie Australian Shepherd Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog Basque Shepherd Dog Bearded Collie Beauceron Belgian Shepherd Dog ( Groenendael ) Belgian Shepherd Dog ( Laekenois ) Belgian Shepherd Dog ( Malinois ) Belgian Shepherd Dog ( Tervuren ) Bergamasco Berger Picard Black Mouth Cur Blue Lacy Bohemian Shepherd Border Collie Bouvier des Flandres Briard Can de Chira Cão da Serra de Aires Carea Castellano Manchego Carea Leonés Catahoula Bulldog Catahoula Leopard Dog Catalan Sheepdog Collie Collie ( Smooth ) Croatian Sheepdog Cumberland Sheepdog Dutch Shepherd Dog English Shepherd Farm Collie Finnish Lapphund Galician Palleiro Garafian Shepherd German Shepherd Huntaway Icelandic Sheepdog King Shepherd Koolie Lancashire Heeler Lapponian Herder Magellan sheep dog McNab Miniature American Shepherd Miniature Australian Shepherd Mucuchies Mudi New Zealand Heading Dog Norwegian Buhund Old English Sheepdog Old German Herding Dogs ( Altdeutsche ) Polish Lowland Sheepdog Puli Pumi Pyrenean Shepherd Reindeer Herder Rough Collie Samoyed Sardinian Sheperd Dog Schapendoes Schipperke Scotch Collie Shetland Sheepdog Smithfield Spanish Water Dog Swedish Lapphund Swedish Vallhund Tibetan Terrier Welsh Corgi ( Cardigan ) Welsh Corgi ( Pembroke ) Welsh Sheepdog White Shepherd Livestock guardian dogs Aidi or Atlas Mountain Dog Akbash Dog or Turkish Akbash Dog Anatolian Shepherd Armenian mountain dog a / k / a Armenian wolfhound Bucovina Shepherd Dog Bernese Mountain Dog Cão de Castro Laboreiro Cão de Gado Transmontano Cão Fila de São Miguel Carpathian Shepherd Dog Caucasian Shepherd Dog Central Asian Shepherd Dog Estrela Mountain Dog Gaddi Kutta Georgian Shepherd Great Pyrenees Greater Swiss Mountain Dog Greek Shepherd Himalayan Sheepdog Hovawart Kuchi ( dog ) Kumaon Mastiff or Indian Sindh Mastiff Kangal Dog Karakachan Karst Shepherd Komondor Kuvasz Landseer Leonberger Majorca Shepherd Dog Maremma Sheepdog or Italian Abruzzese Sheepdog Mioritic Perro Majorero Polish Tatra Sheepdog Puli Pyrenean Mastiff Rafeiro do Alentejo Šarplaninac Slovak Cuvac South Russian Ovcharka Spanish Mastiff Tibetan Mastiff Tornjak Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Water_Dog&oldid=797545458 '' Categories : Dog breeds Sporting dogs Herding dogs Dog breeds originating in Andalusia Rare dog breeds Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2007 All articles needing additional references Articles with a promotional tone from December 2014 All articles with a promotional tone Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter Articles needing unspecified expert attention Articles needing expert attention from December 2014 All articles needing expert attention Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles containing Spanish - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 All articles with minor POV problems Articles with minor POV problems from December 2014 Articles with DMOZ links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2017 , at 19 : 15 . 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1. Spanish Water Dog breed
2. Appearance and characteristics of the Spanish Water Dog
3. History and origins of the Spanish Water Dog
4. Grooming and care for the Spanish Water Dog
5. Temperament and behavior of the Spanish Water Dog
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why do they call it the atlantic ocean
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Atlantic Ocean - Wikipedia Atlantic Ocean Jump to : navigation , search `` Atlantic '' , `` North Atlantic '' , `` South Atlantic '' , `` Atlantic Basin '' , and `` Atlantic coast '' redirect here . For other uses , see Atlantic ( disambiguation ) , North Atlantic ( disambiguation ) , South Atlantic ( disambiguation ) , Atlantic Basin ( disambiguation ) , and Atlantic Coast ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Atlantic Ocean <Td_colspan="2"> Coordinates 0 ° N 25 ° W / 0 ° N 25 ° W / 0 ; - 25 Coordinates : 0 ° N 25 ° W / 0 ° N 25 ° W / 0 ; - 25 Basin countries List of countries , ports <Th_colspan="2"> Surface area 106,460,000 km ( 41,100,000 sq mi ) North Atlantic : 41,490,000 km ( 16,020,000 sq mi ) , South Atlantic 40,270,000 km ( 15,550,000 sq mi ) Average depth 3,646 m ( 11,962 ft ) Max . depth 8,486 m ( 27,841 ft ) Water volume 310,410,900 km ( 74,471,500 cu mi ) Shore length 111,866 km ( 69,510 mi ) including marginal seas <Th_colspan="2"> Islands List of islands Trenches Puerto Rico ; South Sandwich ; Romanche <Td_colspan="2"> Shore length is not a well - defined measure . Play media This video was taken by the crew of Expedition 29 on board the ISS . The pass starts from just northeast of the island of Newfoundland over the North Atlantic Ocean to central Africa , over South Sudan . The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world 's oceans with a total area of about 106,460,000 square kilometers ( 41,100,000 square miles ) . It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earth 's surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area . It separates the `` Old World '' from the `` New World '' . The Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated , S - shaped basin extending longitudinally between Eurasia and Africa to the east , and the Americas to the west . As one component of the interconnected global ocean , it is connected in the north to the Arctic Ocean , to the Pacific Ocean in the southwest , the Indian Ocean in the southeast , and the Southern Ocean in the south ( other definitions describe the Atlantic as extending southward to Antarctica ) . The Equatorial Counter Current subdivides it into the North Atlantic Ocean and the South Atlantic Ocean at about 8 ° N . Scientific explorations of the Atlantic include the Challenger expedition , the German Meteor expedition , Columbia University 's Lamont - Doherty Earth Observatory and the United States Navy Hydrographic Office . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Extent and data 3 Bathymetry 3.1 Mid-Atlantic Ridge 3.2 Ocean floor 4 Water characteristics 4.1 Salinity 4.2 Water masses 4.3 Gyres 4.4 Sargasso Sea 5 Climate 5.1 Natural hazards 6 Plate tectonics 6.1 Central Atlantic 6.2 Northern Atlantic 6.3 South Atlantic 6.4 Closure of the Atlantic 7 History 7.1 Human origin 7.2 Old World 7.3 New World 7.4 Atlantic World 8 Economy 8.1 Fisheries 9 Environmental issues 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Notes 11.2 Sources 12 Further reading 13 External links Etymology ( edit ) The Aethiopian Ocean in a 1710 French map of Africa The oldest known mentions of an `` Atlantic '' sea come from Stesichorus around mid-sixth century BC ( Sch . A.R. 1 . 211 ) : Atlantikoi pelágei ( Greek : Ἀτλαντικῷ πελάγει ; English : ' the Atlantic sea ' ; etym . ' Sea of Atlantis ' ) and in The Histories of Herodotus around 450 BC ( Hdt. 1.202. 4 ) : Atlantis thalassa ( Greek : Ἀτλαντὶς θάλασσα ; English : ' Sea of Atlantis ' or ' the Atlantis sea ' ) where the name refers to `` the sea beyond the pillars of Heracles '' which is said to be part of the ocean that surrounds all land . Thus , on one hand , the name refers to Atlas , the Titan in Greek mythology , who supported the heavens and who later appeared as a frontispiece in Medieval maps and also lent his name to modern atlases . On the other hand , to early Greek sailors and in Ancient Greek mythological literature such as the Iliad and the Odyssey , this all - encompassing ocean was instead known as Oceanus , the gigantic river that encircled the world ; in contrast to the enclosed seas well - known to the Greeks : the Mediterranean and the Black Sea . In contrast , the term `` Atlantic '' originally referred specifically to the Atlas Mountains in Morocco and the sea off the Strait of Gibraltar and the North African coast . The Greek word thalassa has been reused by scientists for the huge Panthalassa ocean that surrounded the supercontinent Pangaea hundreds of million years ago . The term `` Aethiopian Ocean '' , derived from Ancient Ethiopia , was applied to the Southern Atlantic as late as the mid-19th century . Extent and data ( edit ) For complete lists of marginal seas and borders of the Atlantic , see List of seas § Atlantic Ocean , and Borders of the oceans § Atlantic Ocean . For the extent of the Southern Ocean , see Southern Ocean § Definitions and use . Extent of the Atlantic Ocean according to the 2002 IHO definition , excluding Arctic and Antarctic regions The International Hydrographic Organization ( IHO ) defined the limits of the oceans and seas in 1953 , but some of these definitions have been revised since then and some are not used by various authorities , institutions , and countries , see for example the CIA World Factbook . Correspondingly , the extent and number of oceans and seas varies . The Atlantic Ocean is bounded on the west by North and South America . It connects to the Arctic Ocean through the Denmark Strait , Greenland Sea , Norwegian Sea and Barents Sea . To the east , the boundaries of the ocean proper are Europe : the Strait of Gibraltar ( where it connects with the Mediterranean Sea -- one of its marginal seas -- and , in turn , the Black Sea , both of which also touch upon Asia ) and Africa . In the southeast , the Atlantic merges into the Indian Ocean . The 20 ° East meridian , running south from Cape Agulhas to Antarctica defines its border . In the 1953 definition it extends south to Antarctica , while in later maps it is bounded at the 60 ° parallel by the Southern Ocean . The Atlantic has irregular coasts indented by numerous bays , gulfs , and seas . These include the Baltic Sea , Black Sea , Caribbean Sea , Davis Strait , Denmark Strait , part of the Drake Passage , Gulf of Mexico , Labrador Sea , Mediterranean Sea , North Sea , Norwegian Sea , almost all of the Scotia Sea , and other tributary water bodies . Including these marginal seas the coast line of the Atlantic measures 111,866 km ( 69,510 mi ) compared to 135,663 km ( 84,297 mi ) for the Pacific . Including its marginal seas , the Atlantic covers an area of 106,460,000 km ( 41,100,000 sq mi ) or 23.5 % of the global ocean and has a volume of 310,410,900 km ( 74,471,500 cu mi ) or 23.3 % . Excluding its marginal seas , the Atlantic covers 81,760,000 km ( 31,570,000 sq mi ) and has a volume of 305,811,900 km ( 73,368,200 cu mi ) . The North Atlantic covers 41,490,000 km ( 16,020,000 sq mi ) ( 11.5 % ) and the South Atlantic 40,270,000 km ( 15,550,000 sq mi ) ( 11.1 % ) . The average depth is 3,646 m ( 11,962 ft ) and the maximum depth , the Milwaukee Deep in the Puerto Rico Trench , is 8,486 m ( 27,841 ft ) . Bathymetry ( edit ) False color map of ocean depth in the Atlantic basin The bathymetry of the Atlantic is dominated by a submarine mountain range called the Mid-Atlantic Ridge ( MAR ) . It runs from 87 ° N or 300 km ( 190 mi ) south of the North Pole to the subantarctic Bouvet Island at 42 ° S . Mid-Atlantic Ridge ( edit ) Main article : Mid-Atlantic Ridge The MAR divides the Atlantic longitudinally into two halves , in each of which a series of basins are delimited by secondary , transverse ridges . The MAR reaches above 2,000 m ( 6,600 ft ) along most of its length , but is interrupted by larger transform faults at two places : the Romanche Trench near the Equator and the Gibbs Fracture Zone at 53 ° N. The MAR is a barrier for bottom water , but at these two transform faults deep water currents can pass from one side to the other . The MAR rises 2 -- 3 km ( 1.2 -- 1.9 mi ) above the surrounding ocean floor and its rift valley is the divergent boundary between the North American and Eurasian plates in the North Atlantic and the South American and African plates in the South Atlantic . The MAR produces basaltic volcanoes in Eyjafjallajökull , Iceland , and pillow lava on the ocean floor . The depth of water at the apex of the ridge is less than 2,700 m ( 1,500 fathoms ; 8,900 ft ) in most places , while the bottom of the ridge is three times as deep . The MAR is intersected by two perpendicular ridges : the Azores -- Gibraltar Transform Fault , the boundary between the Nubian and Eurasian plates , intersects the MAR at the Azores Triple Junction , on either side of the Azores microplate , near the 40 ° N. A much vaguer , nameless boundary , between the North American and South American plates , intersects the MAR near or just north of the Fifteen - Twenty Fracture Zone , approximately at 16 ° N . In the 1870s , the Challenger expedition discovered parts of what is now known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge , or : An elevated ridge rising to an average height of about 1,900 fathoms ( 3,500 m ; 11,400 ft ) below the surface traverses the basins of the North and South Atlantic in a meridianal direction from Cape Farewell , probably its far south at least as Gough Island , following roughly the outlines of the coasts of the Old and the New Worlds . The remainder of the ridge was discovered in the 1920s by the German Meteor expedition using echo - sounding equipment . The exploration of the MAR in the 1950s led to the general acceptance of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics . Most of the MAR runs under water but where it reaches the surfaces it has produced volcanic islands . While nine of these have collectively been nominated a World Heritage Site for their geological value , four of them are considered of `` Outstanding Universal Value '' based on their cultural and natural criteria : Þingvellir , Iceland ; Landscape of the Pico Island Vineyard Culture , Portugal ; Gough and Inaccessible Islands , United Kingdom ; and Brazilian Atlantic Islands : Fernando de Noronha and Atol das Rocas Reserves , Brazil . Ocean floor ( edit ) For a list of fracture zones in the Atlantic , see List of fracture zones § Atlantic Ocean . Continental shelves in the Atlantic are wide off Newfoundland , southern-most South America , and north - eastern Europe . In the western Atlantic carbonate platforms dominate large areas , for example the Blake Plateau and Bermuda Rise . The Atlantic is surrounded by passive margins except at a few locations where active margins form deep trenches : the Puerto Rico Trench ( 8,414 m or 27,605 ft maximum depth ) in the western Pacific and South Sandwich Trench ( 8,264 m or 27,113 ft ) in the South Atlantic . There are numerous submarine canyons off north - eastern North America , western Europe , and north - western Africa . Some of these canyons extend along the continental rises and farther into the abyssal plains as deep - sea channels . In 1922 a historic moment in cartography and oceanography occurred . The USS Stewart used a Navy Sonic Depth Finder to draw a continuous map across the bed of the Atlantic . This involved little guesswork because the idea of sonar is straight forward with pulses being sent from the vessel , which bounce off the ocean floor , then return to the vessel . The deep ocean floor is thought to be fairly flat with occasional deeps , abyssal plains , trenches , seamounts , basins , plateaus , canyons , and some guyots . Various shelves along the margins of the continents constitute about 11 % of the bottom topography with few deep channels cut across the continental rise . The mean depth between 60 ° N and 60 ° S is 3,730 m ( 12,240 ft ) , or close to the average for the global ocean , with a modal depth between 4,000 and 5,000 m ( 13,000 and 16,000 ft ) . In the South Atlantic the Walvis Ridge and Rio Grande Rise form barriers to ocean currents . The Laurentian Abyss is found off the eastern coast of Canada . Water characteristics ( edit ) As the Gulf Stream meanders across the North Atlantic from the North American east coast to Western Europe its temperature drops by 20 ° C ( 36 ° F ) . Path of the thermohaline circulation . Purple paths represent deep - water currents , while blue paths represent surface currents . Surface water temperatures , which vary with latitude , current systems , and season and reflect the latitudinal distribution of solar energy , range from below − 2 ° C ( 28 ° F ) to over 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) . Maximum temperatures occur north of the equator , and minimum values are found in the polar regions . In the middle latitudes , the area of maximum temperature variations , values may vary by 7 -- 8 ° C ( 13 -- 14 ° F ) . From October to June the surface is usually covered with sea ice in the Labrador Sea , Denmark Strait , and Baltic Sea . The Coriolis effect circulates North Atlantic water in a clockwise direction , whereas South Atlantic water circulates counter-clockwise . The south tides in the Atlantic Ocean are semi-diurnal ; that is , two high tides occur during each 24 lunar hours . In latitudes above 40 ° North some east - west oscillation , known as the North Atlantic oscillation , occurs . Salinity ( edit ) On average , the Atlantic is the saltiest major ocean ; surface water salinity in the open ocean ranges from 33 to 37 parts per thousand ( 3.3 -- 3.7 % ) by mass and varies with latitude and season . Evaporation , precipitation , river inflow and sea ice melting influence surface salinity values . Although the lowest salinity values are just north of the equator ( because of heavy tropical rainfall ) , in general the lowest values are in the high latitudes and along coasts where large rivers enter . Maximum salinity values occur at about 25 ° north and south , in subtropical regions with low rainfall and high evaporation . The high surface salinity in the Atlantic , on which the Atlantic thermohaline circulation is dependent , is maintained by two processes : the Agulhas Leakage / Rings , which brings salty Indian Ocean waters into the South Atlantic , and the `` Atmospheric Bridge '' , which evaporates subtropical Atlantic waters and exports it to the Pacific . Water masses ( edit ) Temperature - salinity characteristics for Atlantic water masses Water mass Temperature Salinity <Th_colspan="3"> Upper waters ( 0 -- 500 m or 0 -- 1,600 ft ) Atlantic Subarctic Upper Water ( ASUW ) 0.0 -- 4.0 ° C 34.0 -- 35.0 Western North Atlantic Central Water ( WNACW ) 7.0 -- 20 ° C 35.0 -- 36.7 Eastern North Atlantic Central Water ( ENACW ) 8.0 -- 18.0 ° C 35.2 -- 36.7 South Atlantic Central Water ( SACW ) 5.0 -- 18.0 ° C 34.3 -- 35.8 <Th_colspan="3"> Intermediate waters ( 500 -- 1,500 m or 1,600 -- 4,900 ft ) Western Atlantic Subarctic Intermediate Water ( WASIW ) 3.0 -- 9.0 ° C 34.0 -- 35.1 Eastern Atlantic Subarctic Intermediate Water ( EASIW ) 3.0 -- 9.0 ° C 34.4 -- 35.3 Mediterranean Water ( MW ) 2.6 -- 11.0 ° C 35.0 -- 36.2 Arctic Intermediate Water ( AIW ) − 1.5 -- 3.0 ° C 34.7 -- 34.9 <Th_colspan="3"> Deep and abyssal waters ( 1,500 m -- bottom or 4,900 ft -- bottom ) North Atlantic Deep Water ( NADW ) 1.5 -- 4.0 ° C 34.8 -- 35.0 Antarctic Bottom Water ( AABW ) − 0.9 -- 1.7 ° C 34.64 -- 34.72 Arctic Bottom Water ( ABW ) − 1.8 to − 0.5 ° C 34.85 -- 34.94 The Atlantic Ocean consists of four major , upper water masses with distinct temperature and salinity . The Atlantic Subarctic Upper Water in the northern-most North Atlantic is the source for Subarctic Intermediate Water and North Atlantic Intermediate Water . North Atlantic Central Water can be divided into the Eastern and Western North Atlantic central Water since the western part is strongly affected by the Gulf Stream and therefore the upper layer is closer to underlying fresher subpolar intermediate water . The eastern water is saltier because of its proximity to Mediterranean Water . North Atlantic Central Water flows into South Atlantic Central Water at 15 ° N . There are five intermediate waters : four low - salinity waters formed at subpolar latitudes and one high - salinity formed through evaporation . Arctic Intermediate Water , flows from north to become the source for North Atlantic Deep Water south of the Greenland - Scotland sill . These two intermediate waters have different salinity in the western and eastern basins . The wide range of salinities in the North Atlantic is caused by the asymmetry of the northern subtropical gyre and the large number of contributions from a wide range of sources : Labrador Sea , Norwegian - Greenland Sea , Mediterranean , and South Atlantic Intermediate Water . The North Atlantic Deep Water ( NADW ) is a complex of four water masses , two that form by deep convection in the open ocean -- Classical and Upper Labrador Sea Water -- and two that form from the inflow of dense water across the Greenland - Iceland - Scotland sill -- Denmark Strait and Iceland - Scotland Overflow Water . Along its path across Earth the composition of the NADW is affected by other water masses , especially Antarctic Bottom Water and Mediterranean Overflow Water . The NADW is fed by a flow of warm shallow water into the northern North Atlantic which is responsible for the anomalous warm climate in Europe . Changes in the formation of NADW have been linked to global climate changes in the past . Since man - made substances were introduced into the environment , the path of the NADW can be traced throughout its course by measuring tritium and radiocarbon from nuclear weapon tests in the 1960s and CFCs . Gyres ( edit ) Map of the five major ocean gyres The clockwise warm - water North Atlantic Gyre occupies the northern Atlantic , and the counter-clockwise warm - water South Atlantic Gyre appears in the southern Atlantic . In the North Atlantic surface circulation is dominated by three inter-connected currents : the Gulf Stream which flows north - east from the North American coast at Cape Hatteras ; the North Atlantic Current , a branch of the Gulf Stream which flows northward from the Grand Banks ; and the Subpolar Front , an extension of the North Atlantic Current , a wide , vaguely defined region separating the subtropical gyre from the subpolar gyre . This system of currents transport warm water into the North Atlantic , without which temperatures in the North Atlantic and Europe would plunge dramatically . In the subpolar gyre of the North Atlantic warm subtropical waters are transformed into colder subpolar and polar waters . In the Labrador Sea this water flows back to the subtropical gyre . North of the North Atlantic Gyre , the cyclonic North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre plays a key role in climate variability . It is governed by ocean currents from marginal seas and regional topography , rather than being steered by wind , both in the deep ocean and at sea level . The subpolar gyre forms an important part of the global thermohaline circulation . Its eastern portion includes eddying branches of the North Atlantic Current which transport warm , saline waters from the subtropics to the north - eastern Atlantic . There this water is cooled during winter and forms return currents that merge along the eastern continental slope of Greenland where they form an intense ( 40 -- 50 Sv ) current which flows around the continental margins of the Labrador Sea . A third of this water become parts of the deep portion of the North Atlantic Deep Water ( NADW ) . The NADW , in its turn , feed the meridional overturning circulation ( MOC ) , the northward heat transport of which is threatened by anthropogenic climate change . Large variations in the subpolar gyre on a decade - century scale , associated with the North Atlantic oscillation , are especially pronounced in Labrador Sea Water , the upper layers of the MOC . The South Atlantic is dominated by the anti-cyclonic southern subtropical gyre . The South Atlantic Central Water originates in this gyre , while Antarctic Intermediate Water originates in the upper layers of the circumpolar region , near the Drake Passage and Falkland Islands . Both these currents receive some contribution from the Indian Ocean . On the African east coast the small cyclonic Angola Gyre lies embedded in the large subtropical gyre . The southern subtropical gyre is partly masked by a wind - induced Ekman layer . The residence time of the gyre is 4.4 -- 8.5 years . North Atlantic Deep Water flows southerward below the thermocline of the subtropical gyre . Sargasso Sea ( edit ) Main article : Sargasso Sea Approximate extent of the Sargasso Sea The Sargasso Sea in the western North Atlantic can be defined as the area where two species of Sargassum ( S. fluitans and natans ) float , an area 4,000 km ( 2,500 mi ) wide and encircled by the Gulf Stream , North Atlantic Drift , and North Equatorial Current . This population of seaweed probably originated from Tertiary ancestors on the European shores of the former Tethys Ocean and has , if so , maintained itself by vegetative growth , floating in the ocean for millions of years . Sargassum fish ( Histrio histrio ) Other species endemic to the Sargasso Sea include the sargassum fish , a predator with algae - like appendages who hovers motionless among the Sargassum . Fossils of similar fishes have been found in fossil bays of the former Tethys Ocean , in what is now the Carpathian region , that were similar to the Sargasso Sea . It is possible that the population in the Sargasso Sea migrated to the Atlantic as the Tethys closed at the end of the Miocene around 17 Ma . The origin of the Sargasso fauna and flora remained enigmatic for centuries . The fossils found in the Carpathians in the mid-20th century , often called the `` quasi-Sargasso assemblage '' , finally showed that this assemblage originated in the Carpathian Basin from were it migrated over Sicily to the Central Atlantic where it evolved into modern species of the Sargasso Sea . The location of the spawning ground for European eels remained unknown for decades . In the early 19th century it was discovered that the southern Sargasso Sea is the spawning ground for both the European and American eel and that the former migrate more than 5,000 km ( 3,100 mi ) and the latter 2,000 km ( 1,200 mi ) . Ocean currents such as the Gulf Stream transport eel larvae from the Sargasso Sea to foraging areas in North America , Europe , and Northern Africa . Recent but disputed research suggests that eels possibly use Earth 's magnetic field to navigate through the ocean both as larvae and as adults . Climate ( edit ) Waves in the trade winds in the Atlantic Ocean -- areas of converging winds that move along the same track as the prevailing wind -- create instabilities in the atmosphere that may lead to the formation of hurricanes . Climate is influenced by the temperatures of the surface waters and water currents as well as winds . Because of the ocean 's great capacity to store and release heat , maritime climates are more moderate and have less extreme seasonal variations than inland climates . Precipitation can be approximated from coastal weather data and air temperature from water temperatures . The oceans are the major source of the atmospheric moisture that is obtained through evaporation . Climatic zones vary with latitude ; the warmest zones stretch across the Atlantic north of the equator . The coldest zones are in high latitudes , with the coldest regions corresponding to the areas covered by sea ice . Ocean currents influence climate by transporting warm and cold waters to other regions . The winds that are cooled or warmed when blowing over these currents influence adjacent land areas . The Gulf Stream and its northern extension towards Europe , the North Atlantic Drift is thought to have at least some influence on climate . For example , the Gulf Stream helps moderate winter temperatures along the coastline of southeastern North America , keeping it warmer in winter along the coast than inland areas . The Gulf Stream also keeps extreme temperatures from occurring on the Florida Peninsula . In the higher latitudes , the North Atlantic Drift , warms the atmosphere over the oceans , keeping the British Isles and north - western Europe mild and cloudy , and not severely cold in winter like other locations at the same high latitude . The cold water currents contribute to heavy fog off the coast of eastern Canada ( the Grand Banks of Newfoundland area ) and Africa 's north - western coast . In general , winds transport moisture and air over land areas . Natural hazards ( edit ) Iceberg A22A in the South Atlantic Ocean Icebergs are common from February to August in the Davis Strait , Denmark Strait , and the northwestern Atlantic and have been spotted as far south as Bermuda and Madeira . Ships are subject to superstructure icing in the extreme north from October to May . Persistent fog can be a maritime hazard from May to September , as can hurricanes north of the equator ( May to December ) . The United States ' southeast coast , especially the Virginia and North Carolina coasts , has a long history of shipwrecks due to its many shoals and reefs . The Bermuda Triangle is popularly believed to be the site of numerous aviation and shipping incidents because of unexplained and supposedly mysterious causes , but Coast Guard records do not support this belief . Hurricanes are also a natural hazard in the Atlantic , but mainly in the northern part of the ocean , rarely tropical cyclones form in the southern parts . Hurricanes usually form annually between June and November . Plate tectonics ( edit ) The break - up of Pangaea resulted in the opening of the Atlantic Ocean in three stages Central Atlantic ( edit ) The break - up of Pangaea began in the Central Atlantic , between North America and Northwest Africa , where rift basins opened during the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic . This period also saw the first stages of the uplift of the Atlas Mountains . The exact timing is controversial with estimates ranging from 200 to 170 Ma . The opening of the Atlantic Ocean coincided with the initial break - up of the supercontinent Pangaea , both of which were initiated by the eruption of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province ( CAMP ) , one of the most extensive and voluminous large igneous provinces in Earth 's history associated with the Triassic -- Jurassic extinction event , one of Earth 's major extinction events . Theoliitic dikes , sills , and lava flows from the CAMP eruption at 200 Ma have been found in West Africa , eastern North America , and northern South America . The extent of the volcanism has been estimated to 4.5 × 10 km ( 1.7 × 10 sq mi ) of which 2.5 × 10 km ( 9.7 × 10 sq mi ) covered what is now northern and central Brazil . The formation of the Central American Isthmus closed the Central American Seaway at the end of the Pliocene 2.8 Ma ago . The formation of the isthmus resulted in the migration and extinction of many land - living animals , known as the Great American Interchange , but the closure of the seaway resulted in a `` Great American Schism '' as it affected ocean currents , salinity , and temperatures in both the Atlantic and Pacific . Marine organisms on both sides of the isthmus became isolated and either diverged or went extinct . Northern Atlantic ( edit ) Main article : Opening of the North Atlantic Ocean Geologically the Northern Atlantic is the area delimited to the south by two conjugate margins , Newfoundland and Iberia , and to the north by the Arctic Eurasian Basin . The opening of the Northern Atlantic closely followed the margins of its predecessor , the Iapetus Ocean , and spread from the Central Atlantic in six stages : Iberia -- Newfoundland , Porcupine -- North America , Eurasia -- Greenland , Eurasia -- North America . Active and inactive spreading systems in this area are marked by the interaction with the Iceland hotspot . South Atlantic ( edit ) West Gondwana ( South America and Africa ) broke up in the Early Cretaceous to form the South Atlantic . The apparent fit between the coastlines of the two continents was noted on the first maps that included the South Atlantic and it was also the subject of the first computer - assisted plate tectonic reconstructions in 1965 . This magnificent fit , however , has since then proven problematic and later reconstructions have introduced various deformation zones along the shorelines to accommodate the northward - propagating break - up . Intra-continental rifts and deformations have also been introduced to subdivide both continental plates into sub-plates . Geologically the South Atlantic can be divided into four segments : Equatorial segment , from 10 ° N to the Romanche Fracture Zone ( RFZ ) ; ; Central segment , from RFZ to Florianopolis Fracture Zone ( FFZ , north of Walvis Ridge and Rio Grande Rise ) ; Southern segment , from FFZ to the Agulhas - Falkland Fracture Zone ( AFFZ ) ; and Falkland segment , south of AFFZ . In the southern segment the Early Cretaceous ( 133 -- 130 Ma ) intensive magmatism of the Paraná -- Etendeka Large Igneous Province produced by the Tristan hotspot resulted in an estimated volume of 1.5 × 10 to 2.0 × 10 km ( 3.6 × 10 to 4.8 × 10 cu mi ) . It covered an area of 1.2 × 10 to 1.6 × 10 km ( 4.6 × 10 to 6.2 × 10 sq mi ) in Brazil , Paraguay , and Uruguay and 0.8 × 10 km ( 3.1 × 10 sq mi ) in Africa . Dyke swarms in Brazil , Angola , eastern Paraguay , and Namibia , however , suggest the LIP originally covered a much larger area and also indicate failed rifts in all these areas . Associated offshore basaltic flows reach as far south as the Falkland Islands and South Africa . Traces of magmatism in both offshore and onshore basins in the central and southern segments have been dated to 147 -- 49 Ma with two peaks between 143 -- 121 Ma and 90 -- 60 Ma . In the Falkland segment rifting began with dextral movements between the Patagonia and Colorado sub-plates between the Early Jurassic ( 190 Ma ) and the Early Cretaceous ( 126.7 Ma ) . Around 150 Ma sea - floor spreading propagated northward into the southern segment . No later than 130 Ma rifting had reached the Walvis Ridge -- Rio Grande Rise . In the central segment rifting started to break Africa in two by opening the Benue Trough around 118 Ma . Rifting in the central segment , however , coincided with the Cretaceous Normal Superchron ( also known as the Cretaceous quiet period ) , a 40 Ma period without magnetic reversals , which makes it difficult to date sea - floor spreading in this segment . The equatorial segment is the last phase of the break - up , but , because it is located on the Equator , magnetic anomalies can not be used for dating . Various estimates date the propagation of sea - floor spreading in this segment to the period 120 -- 96 Ma . This final stage , nevertheless , coincided with or resulted in the end of continental extension in Africa . About 50 Ma the opening of the Drake Passage resulted from a change in the motions and separation rate of the South American and Antarctic plates . First small ocean basins opened and a shallow gateway appeared during the Middle Eocene. 34 -- 30 Ma a deeper seaway developed , followed by an Eocene -- Oligocene climatic deterioration and the growth of the Antarctic ice sheet . Closure of the Atlantic ( edit ) See also : Pangaea Ultima An embryonic subduction margin is potentially developing west of Gibraltar . The Gibraltar Arc in the western Mediterranean is migrating westward into the Central Atlantic where it joins the converging African and Eurasian plates . Together these three tectonic forces are slowly developing into a new subduction system in the eastern Atlantic Basin . Meanwhile , the Scotia Arc and Caribbean Plate in the western Atlantic Basin are eastward - propagating subduction systems that might , together with the Gibraltar system , represent the beginning of the closure of the Atlantic Ocean and the final stage of the Atlantic Wilson Cycle . History ( edit ) Main category : History of the Atlantic Ocean Human origin ( edit ) Humans evolved in Africa ; first by diverging from other apes around 7 Ma ; then developing stone tools around 2.6 Ma ; to finally evolve as modern humans around 100 kya . The earliest evidences for the complex behavior associated with this behavioral modernity has been found in the Greater Cape Floristic Region ( GCFR ) along the coast of South Africa . During the latest glacial stages the now - submerged plains of the Agulhas Bank were exposed above sea level , extending the South African coastline farther south by hundreds of kilometers . A small population of modern humans -- probably fewer than a thousand reproducing individuals -- survived glacial maxima by exploring the high diversity offered by these Palaeo - Agulhas plains . The GCFR is delimited to the north by the Cape Fold Belt and the limited space south of it resulted in the development of social networks out of which complex Stone Age technologies emerged . Human history thus begins on the coasts of South Africa where the Atlantic Benguela Upwelling and Indian Ocean Agulhas Current meet to produce an intertidal zone on which shellfish , fur seal , fishes and sea birds provided the necessary protein sources . The African origin of this modern behaviour is evidenced by 70,000 years - old engravings from Blombos Cave , South Africa . Old World ( edit ) Mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) studies indicate that 80 -- 60,000 years ago a major demographic expansion within Africa , derived from a single , small population , coincided with the emergence of behavioral complexity and the rapid MIS 5 -- 4 environmental changes . This group of people not only expanded over the whole of Africa , but also started to disperse out of Africa into Asia , Europe , and Australasia around 65,000 years ago and quickly replaced the archaic humans in these regions . During the Last Glacial Maximum ( LGM ) 20,000 years ago humans had to abandon their initial settlements along the European North Atlantic coast and retreat to the Mediterranean . Following rapid climate changes at the end of the LGM this region was repopulated by Magdalenian culture . Other hunter - gatherers followed in waves interrupted by large - scale hazards such as the Laacher See volcanic eruption , the inundation of Doggerland ( now the North Sea ) , and the formation of the Baltic Sea . The European coasts of the North Atlantic were permanently populated about 9 -- 8.5 thousand years ago . This human dispersal left abundant traces along the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean . 50 ka - old , deeply stratified shell middens found in Ysterfontein on the western coast of South Africa are associated with the Middle Stone Age ( MSA ) . The MSA population was small and dispersed and the rate of their reproduction and exploitation was less intense than those of later generations . While their middens resemble 12 -- 11 ka - old Late Stone Age ( LSA ) middens found on every inhabited continent , the 50 -- 45 ka - old Enkapune Ya Muto in Kenya probably represents the oldest traces of the first modern humans to disperse out of Africa . Excavation of the Ertebølle middens in 1880 The same development can be seen in Europe . In La Riera Cave ( 23 -- 13 ka ) in Asturias , Spain , only some 26,600 molluscs were deposited over 10 ka . In contrast , 8 -- 7 ka - old shell middens in Portugal , Denmark , and Brazil generated thousands of tons of debris and artefacts . The Ertebølle middens in Denmark , for example , accumulated 2,000 m ( 71,000 cu ft ) of shell deposits representing some 50 million molluscs over only a thousand years . This intensification in the exploitation of marine resources has been described as accompanied by new technologies -- such as boats , harpoons , and fish - hooks -- because many caves found in the Mediterranean and on the European Atlantic coast have increased quantities of marine shells in their upper levels and reduced quantities in their lower . The earliest exploitation , however , took place on the now submerged shelves , and most settlements now excavated were then located several kilometers from these shelves . The reduced quantities of shells in the lower levels can represent the few shells that were exported inland . New World ( edit ) During the LGM the Laurentide Ice Sheet covered most of northern North America while Beringia connected Siberia to Alaska . In 1973 late U.S. geoscientist Paul S. Martin proposed a `` blitzkrieg '' colonization of America by which Clovis hunters migrated into North America around 13,000 years ago in a single wave through an ice - free corridor in the ice sheet and `` spread southward explosively , briefly attaining a density sufficiently large to overkill much of their prey . '' Others later proposed a `` three - wave '' migration over the Bering Land Bridge . These hypotheses remained the long - held view regarding the settlement of the Americas , a view challenged by more recent archaeological discoveries : the oldest archaeological sites in the Americas have been found in South America ; sites in north - east Siberia report virtually no human presence there during the LGM ; and most Clovis artefacts have been found in eastern North America along the Atlantic coast . Furthermore , colonisation models based on mtDNA , yDNA , and atDNA data respectively support neither the `` blitzkrieg '' nor the `` three - wave '' hypotheses but they also deliver mutually ambiguous results . Contradictory data from archaeology and genetics will most likely deliver future hypotheses that will , eventually , confirm each other . A proposed route across the Pacific to South America could explain early South American finds and another hypothesis proposes a northern path , through the Canadian Arctic and down the North American Atlantic coast . Early settlements across the Atlantic have been suggested by alternative theories , ranging from purely hypothetical to mostly disputed , including the Solutrean hypothesis and some of the Pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact theories . Based on the medieval Íslendingasögur sagas , including the Grœnlendinga saga , this interpretative map of the `` Norse World '' shows that Norse knowledge of America and the Atlantic remained limited . The Norse settlement of the Faroe Islands and Iceland began during the 9th and 10th centuries . A settlement on Greenland was established before 1000 CE , but contact with it was lost in 1409 and it was finally abandoned during the early Little Ice Age . This setback was caused by a range of factors : an unsustainable economy resulted in erosion and denudation , while conflicts with the local Inuit resulted in the failure to adapt their Arctic technologies ; a colder climate resulted in starvation ; and the colony got economically marginalized as the Great Plague and Barbary pirates harvested its victims on Iceland in the 15th century . Iceland was initially settled 865 -- 930 CE following a warm period when winter temperatures hovered around 2 ° C ( 36 ° F ) which made farming favorable at high latitudes . This did not last , however , and temperatures quickly dropped ; at 1080 CE summer temperatures had reached a maximum of 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) . The Landnámabók ( Book of Settlement ) records disastrous famines during the first century of settlement -- `` men ate foxes and ravens '' and `` the old and helpless were killed and thrown over cliffs '' -- and by the early 1200s hay had to be abandoned for short - season crops such as barley . See also : Brendan § Possible link to North America Atlantic World ( edit ) Main articles : Atlantic world and Atlantic history A century after Columbus ' first voyage , large parts of the New World had been included into the Spanish Empire . Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas in 1492 under Spanish flag . Six years later Vasco da Gama reached India under Portuguese flag , by navigating south around the Cape of Good Hope , thus proving that the Atlantic and Indian Oceans are connected . In 1500 , in his voyage to India following Vasco da Gama , Pedro Alvares Cabral reached Brazil , taken by the currents of the South Atlantic Gyre . Following these explorations , Spain and Portugal quickly conquered and colonized large territories in the New World and forced the Native American population into slavery in order to explore the vast quantities of silver and gold they found . Spain and Portugal monopolized this trade in order to keep other European nations out , but conflicting interests nevertheless led to a series of Spanish - Portuguese wars . A peace treaty mediated by the Pope divided the conquered territories into Spanish and Portuguese sectors while keeping other colonial powers away . England , France , and the Dutch Republic enviously watched the Spanish and Portuguese wealth grow and allied themselves with pirates such as Henry Mainwaring and Alexandre Exquemelin . They could explore the convoys leaving America because prevailing winds and currents made the transport of heavy metals slow and predictable . Embarked and disembarked slaves in the Atlantic slave trade 1525 -- 1863 ( first and last slave voyages ) In the American colonies depredation , disease , and slavery quickly reduced the indigenous American population to the extent that the Atlantic slave trade had to be introduced to replace them -- a trade that became norm and an integral part of the colonization . Between the 15th century and 1888 , when Brazil became the last part of America to end slave trade , an estimated ten million Africans were exported as slaves , most of them destined for agricultural labour . The slave trade was officially abolished in the British Empire and the United States in 1808 , and slavery itself was abolished in the British Empire in 1838 and in the U.S. in 1865 after the Civil War . From Columbus to the Industrial Revolution Trans - Atlantic trade , including colonialism and slavery , became crucial for Western Europe . For European countries with a direct access to the Atlantic ( including Britain , France , the Netherlands , Portugal , and Spain ) 1500 -- 1800 was a period of sustained growth during which these countries grew richer than those in Eastern Europe and Asia . Colonialism evolved as part of the Trans - Atlantic trade , but this trade also strengthened the position of merchant groups at the expense of monarchs . Growth was more rapid in non-absolutist countries , such as Britain and the Netherlands , and more limited in absolutist monarchies , such as Portugal , Spain , and France , where profit mostly or exclusively benefited the monarchy and its allies . Trans - Atlantic trade also resulted in an increasing urbanization : in European countries facing the Atlantic urbanization grew from 8 % in 1300 , 10.1 % in 1500 , to 24.5 % in 1850 ; in other European countries from 10 % in 1300 , 11.4 % in 1500 , to 17 % in 1850 . Likewise , GDP doubled in Atlantic countries but rose by only 30 % in the rest of Europe . By end of the 17th century the volume of the Trans - Atlantic trade had surpassed that of the Mediterranean trade . See also : List of notable crossings of the Atlantic Ocean Economy ( edit ) The Atlantic has contributed significantly to the development and economy of surrounding countries . Besides major transatlantic transportation and communication routes , the Atlantic offers abundant petroleum deposits in the sedimentary rocks of the continental shelves . The Atlantic harbors petroleum and gas fields , fish , marine mammals ( seals and whales ) , sand and gravel aggregates , placer deposits , polymetallic nodules , and precious stones . Gold deposits are a mile or two under water on the ocean floor , however the deposits are also encased in rock that must be mined through . Currently , there is no cost - effective way to mine or extract gold from the ocean to make a profit . Various international treaties attempt to reduce pollution caused by environmental threats such as oil spills , marine debris , and the incineration of toxic wastes at sea . Fisheries ( edit ) The shelves of the Atlantic hosts one of the world 's richest fishing resources . The most productive areas include the Grand Banks of Newfoundland , the Scotian Shelf , Georges Bank off Cape Cod , the Bahama Banks , the waters around Iceland , the Irish Sea , the Bay of Fundy , the Dogger Bank of the North Sea , and the Falkland Banks . Fisheries have , however , undergone significant changes since the 1950s and global catches can now be divided into three groups of which only two are observed in the Atlantic : fisheries in the Eastern Central and South - West Atlantic oscillate around a globally stable value , the rest of the Atlantic is in overall decline following historical peaks . The third group , `` continuously increasing trend since 1950 '' , is only found in the Indian Ocean and Western Pacific . Banks of the North - East Atlantic In the North - East Atlantic total catches decreased between the mid-1970s and the 1990s and reached 8.7 million tons in 2013 . Blue whiting reached a 2.4 million tons peak in 2004 but was down to 628,000 tons in 2013 . Recovery plans for cod , sole , and plaice have reduced mortality in these species . Arctic cod reached its lowest levels in the 1960s -- 1980s but is now recovered . Arctic saithe and haddock are considered fully fished ; Sand eel is overfished as was capelin which has now recovered to fully fished . Limited data makes the state of redfishes and deep - water species difficult to assess but most likely they remain vulnerable to overfishing . Stocks of northern shrimp and Norwegian lobster are in good condition . In the North - East Atlantic 21 % of stocks are considered overfished . Banks of the North - West Atlantic In the North - West Atlantic landings have decreased from 4.2 million tons in the early 1970s to 1.9 million tons in 2013 . During the 21th century some species have shown weak signs of recovery , including Greenland halibut , yellowtail flounder , Atlantic halibut , haddock , spiny dogfish , while other stocks shown no such signs , including cod , witch flounder , and redfish . Stocks of invertebrates , in contrast , remain at record levels of abundance . 31 % of stocks are overfished in the North - west Atlantic . Capture of Atlantic north - west cod in million tons In 1497 John Cabot became the first to explore mainland North America and one of his major discoveries was the abundant resources of Atlantic cod off Newfoundland . Referred to as `` Newfoundland Currency '' this discovery supplied mankind with some 200 million tons of fish over five centuries . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries new fisheries started to exploit haddock , mackerel , and lobster . From the 1950s to the 1970s the introduction of European and Asian distant - water fleets in the area dramatically increased the fishing capacity and number of exploited species . It also expanded the exploited areas from near - shore to the open sea and to great depths to include deep - water species such as redfish , Greenland halibut , witch flounder , and grenadiers . Overfishing in the area was recognised as early as the 1960s but , because this was occurring on international waters , it took until the late 1970s before any attempts to regulate was made . In the early 1990s this finally resulted in the collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery . The population of a number of deep - sea fishes also collapsed in the process , including American plaice , redfish , and Greenland halibut , together with flounder and grenadier . In the Eastern Central Atlantic small pelagic fishes constitute about 50 % of landings with sardine reaching 0.6 -- 1.0 million tons per year . Pelagic fish stocks are considered fully fishes or overfished , with sardines south of Cape Bojador the notable exception . Almost half of stocks are fished at biologically unsustainable levels . Total catches have been fluctuating since the 1970s ; reaching 3.9 million tons in 2013 or slightly less than the peak production in 2010 . Bahama Banks In the Western Central Atlantic catches have been decreasing since 2000 and reached 1.3 million tons in 2013 . The most important species in the area , Gulf menhaden , reached a million tons in the mid-1980s but only half a million tons in 2013 and is now considered fully fished . Round sardinella was an important species in the 1990s but is now considered overfished . Groupers and snappers are overfished and northern brown shrimp and American cupped oyster are considered fully fished approaching overfished. 44 % of stocks are being fished at unsustainable levels . Agulhas Bank In the South - East Atlantic catches have decreased from 3.3 million tons in the early 1970s to 1.3 million tons in 2013 . Horse mackerel and hake are the most important species , together representing almost half of the landings . Off South Africa and Namibia deep - water hake and shallow - water Cape hake have recovered to sustainable levels since regulations were introduced in 2006 and the states of Southern African pilchard and anchovy have improved to fully fished in 2013 . In the South - West Atlantic a peak was reached in the mid-1980s and catches now fluctuate between 1.7 and 2.6 million tons . The most important species , the Argentine shortfin squid , which reached half a million tons in 2013 or half the peak value , is considered fully fished to overfished . Another important species was the Brazilian sardinella , with a production of 100,000 tons in 2013 it is now considered overfished . Half the stocks in this area are being fished at unsustainable levels : Whitehead 's round herring has not yet reached fully fished but Cunene horse mackerel is overfished . The sea snail perlemoen abalone is targeted by illegal fishing and remain overfished . See also : Ocean fisheries § Atlantic Ocean , and Fishing down the food web Environmental issues ( edit ) Marine debris strewn over the beaches of the South Atlantic Inaccessible Island Endangered marine species include the manatee , seals , sea lions , turtles , and whales . Drift net fishing can kill dolphins , albatrosses and other seabirds ( petrels , auks ) , hastening the fish stock decline and contributing to international disputes . Municipal pollution comes from the eastern United States , southern Brazil , and eastern Argentina ; oil pollution in the Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico , Lake Maracaibo , Mediterranean Sea , and North Sea ; and industrial waste and municipal sewage pollution in the Baltic Sea , North Sea , and Mediterranean Sea . North Atlantic hurricane activity has increased over past decades because of increased sea surface temperature ( SST ) at tropical latitudes , changes that can be attributed to either the natural Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation ( AMO ) or to anthropogenic climate change . A 2005 report indicated that the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation ( AMOC ) slowed down by 30 % between 1957 and 2004 . If the AMO were responsible for SST variability , the AMOC would have increased in strength , which is apparently not the case . Furthermore , it is clear from statistical analyses of annual tropical cyclones that these changes do not display multidecadal cyclicity . Therefore , these changes in SST must be caused by human activities . The ocean mixed layer plays an important role heat storage over seasonal and decadal time - scales , whereas deeper layers are affected over millennia and has a heat capacity about 50 times that of the mixed layer . This heat uptake provides a time - lag for climate change but it also results in a thermal expansion of the oceans which contribute to sea - level rise . 21st century global warming will probably result in an equilibrium sea - level rise five times greater than today , whilst melting of glaciers , including that of the Greenland ice - sheet , expected to have virtually no effect during the 21st century , will probably result in a sea - level rise of 3 -- 6 m over a millennium . On 7 June 2006 , Florida 's wildlife commission voted to take the manatee off the state 's endangered species list . Some environmentalists worry that this could erode safeguards for the popular sea creature . Marine pollution is a generic term for the entry into the ocean of potentially hazardous chemicals or particles . The biggest culprits are rivers and with them many agriculture fertilizer chemicals as well as livestock and human waste . The excess of oxygen - depleting chemicals leads to hypoxia and the creation of a dead zone . Marine debris , which is also known as marine litter , describes human - created waste floating in a body of water . Oceanic debris tends to accumulate at the center of gyres and coastlines , frequently washing aground where it is known as beach litter . See also : Environmental impact of shipping and Shutdown of thermohaline circulation See also ( edit ) Environment portal Ecology portal Geography portal Weather portal List of countries and territories bordering the Atlantic Ocean Seven Seas Gulf Stream shutdown Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean Atlantic hurricanes Transatlantic crossing References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : CIA World Factbook : Atlantic Ocean ^ Jump up to : NOAA : How big is the Atlantic Ocean ? ^ Jump up to : `` Atlantic Ocean '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eakins & Sharman 2010 ^ Jump up to : U.S. Navy 2001 Jump up ^ SLG / ( Sch . A.R. 1 . 211 ) Jump up ^ 1 Ἀ . θάλασσα `` la mar Atlántida '' ( the Atlantis sea ) ... , DGE Dictionary , CSIC , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hdt. 1.202. 4 ^ Jump up to : Oxford Dictionaries 2015 Jump up ^ Janni 2015 , p. 27 Jump up ^ Ripley & Anderson Dana 1873 ^ Jump up to : IHO 1953 Jump up ^ CIA World Factbook : Pacific Ocean Jump up ^ USGS : Mapping Puerto Rico Trench ^ Jump up to : World Heritage Centre : Mid-Atlantic Ridge ^ Jump up to : Levin & Gooday 2003 , Seafloor topography and physiography , pp. 113 -- 114 Jump up ^ The Geological Society : Mid-Atlantic Ridge Jump up ^ Kenneth J. Hsü ( 1987 ) . The Mediterranean Was a Desert : A Voyage of the Glomar Challenger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 02406 - 6 . Jump up ^ DeMets , Gordon & Argus 2010 , The Azores microplate , pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ DeMets , Gordon & Argus 2010 , Boundary between the North and South America plates , pp. 26 -- 27 Jump up ^ Thomson 1877 , p. 290 Jump up ^ NOAA : Timeline Jump up ^ Hamilton - Paterson , James ( 1992 ) . The Great Deep . Jump up ^ Marsh et al. 2007 , Introduction , p. 1 Jump up ^ Emery & Meincke 1986 , Table , p. 385 ^ Jump up to : Emery & Meincke 1986 , Atlantic Ocean , pp. 384 -- 386 Jump up ^ Smethie et al. 2000 , Formation of NADW , pp. 14299 -- 14300 Jump up ^ Smethie et al. 2000 , Introduction , p. 14297 Jump up ^ Marchal , Waelbroeck & Colin de Verdière 2016 , Introduction , pp. 1545 -- 1547 Jump up ^ Tréguier et al. 2005 , Introduction , p. 757 Jump up ^ Böning et al. 2006 , Introduction , p. 1 ; Fig. 2 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Stramma & England 1999 , Abstract Jump up ^ Gordon & Bosley 1991 , Abstract ^ Jump up to : Lüning 1990 , pp. 223 -- 225 Jump up ^ Jerzmańska & Kotlarczyk 1976 , Abstract ; Biogeographic Significance of the `` Quasi-Sargasso '' Assemblage , pp. 303 -- 304 Jump up ^ Als et al. 2011 , p. 1334 Jump up ^ `` Do Baby Eels Use Magnetic Maps to Hitch a Ride on the Gulf Stream ? '' . Scientific American . 17 April 2017 . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Seton et al. 2012 , Central Atlantic , pp. 218 , 220 Jump up ^ Blackburn et al. 2013 , p. 941 Jump up ^ Marzoli et al. 1999 , p. 616 Jump up ^ Lessios 2008 , Abstract , Introduction , p. 64 Jump up ^ Seton et al. 2012 , Northern Atlantic , p. 220 ^ Jump up to : Eagles 2007 , Introduction , p. 353 Jump up ^ Bullard , Everett & Smith 1965 ^ Jump up to : Seton et al. 2012 , South Atlantic , pp. 217 -- 218 ^ Jump up to : Torsvik et al. 2009 , General setting and magmatism , pp. 1316 -- 1318 Jump up ^ Livermore et al. 2005 , Abstract Jump up ^ Duarte et al. 2013 , Abstract ; Conclusions , p. 842 Jump up ^ Marean et al. 2014 , pp. 164 -- 166 , fig . 8.2 , p. 166 Jump up ^ Marean 2011 , Environmental Context on the South Coast , pp. 423 -- 425 Jump up ^ Henshilwood et al. 2002 , Abstract Jump up ^ Mellars 2006 , Abstract Jump up ^ Riede 2014 , pp. 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ Bjerck 2009 , Introduction , pp. 118 -- 119 Jump up ^ Avery et al. 2008 , Introduction , p. 66 Jump up ^ Bailey & Flemming 2008 , The Long - Term History of Marine Resources , pp. 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ Martin 1973 , Abstract Jump up ^ Greenberg , Turner & Zegura 1986 Jump up ^ O'Rourke & Raff 2010 , Introduction , p. 202 Jump up ^ O'Rourke & Raff 2010 , Conclusions and Outlook , p. 206 Jump up ^ O'Rourke & Raff 2010 , Beringian Scenarios , pp. 205 -- 206 Jump up ^ Dugmore , Keller & McGovern 2007 , Introduction , pp. 12 -- 13 ; The Norse in The North Atlantic , pp. 13 -- 14 Jump up ^ Patterson et al. 2010 , pp. 5308 -- 5309 ^ Jump up to : Chambliss 1989 , Piracy , pp. 184 -- 188 Jump up ^ Lovejoy 1982 , Abstract Jump up ^ Bravo 2007 , The Trans - Atlantic Slave Trade , pp. 213 -- 215 ^ Jump up to : Acemoglu , Johnson & Robinson 2005 , Abstract ; pp. 546 -- 551 Jump up ^ Kubesh , K. ; McNeil , N. ; Bellotto , K. ( 2008 ) . Ocean Habitats . In the Hands of a Child . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Administration , US Department of Commerce , National Oceanic and Atmospheric . `` Is there gold in the ocean ? '' . oceanservice.noaa.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : FOA 2016 , pp. 39 -- 41 Jump up ^ FAO 2011 , pp. 22 -- 23 Jump up ^ Eisenbud , R. ( 1985 ) . `` Problems and Prospects for the Pelagic Driftnet '' . Michigan State University , Animal Legal & Historical Center . Retrieved 27 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mann & Emanuel 2006 , pp. 233 -- 241 Jump up ^ Bryden , Longworth & Cunningham 2005 , Abstract Jump up ^ Webster et al. 2005 Jump up ^ Bigg et al. 2003 , Sea - level change , pp. 1128 -- 1129 Jump up ^ Sebastian A. Gerlach `` Marine Pollution '' , Springer , Berlin ( 1975 ) Sources ( edit ) Acemoglu , D. ; Johnson , S. ; Robinson , J. ( 2005 ) . `` The rise of Europe : Atlantic trade , institutional change and economic growth '' ( PDF ) . 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Retrieved 23 October 2016 . Smethie , W.M. ; Fine , R.A. ; Putzka , A. ; Jones , E.P. ( 2000 ) . `` Tracing the flow of North Atlantic Deep Water using chlorofluorocarbons '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans. 105 ( C6 ) : 14297 -- 14323 . Bibcode : 2000JGR ... 10514297S . doi : 10.1029 / 1999JC900274 . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Stramma , L. ; England , M. ( 1999 ) . `` On the water masses and mean circulation of the South Atlantic Ocean '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Geophysical Research . 104 ( C9 ) : 20863 -- 20883 . Bibcode : 1999JGR ... 10420863S . doi : 10.1029 / 1999JC900139 . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Thomas , S. ( 8 June 2015 ) . `` How the oceans got their names '' . Oxford Dictionaries . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Thomson , W. ( 1877 ) . The Voyage of the ' Challenger . ' The Atlantic : A Preliminary Account of the General Results of the Exploring Voyage of H.M.S. ' Challenger ' During the Year 1873 and the Early Part of the Year 1876 ( PDF , 384 MB ) . London : Macmillan . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Torsvik , T.H. ; Rousse , S. ; Labails , C. ; Smethurst , M.A. ( 2009 ) . `` A new scheme for the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean and the dissection of an Aptian salt basin '' ( PDF ) . Geophysical Journal International . 177 ( 3 ) : 1315 -- 1333 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 246X. 2009.04137. x . Retrieved 23 October 2016 . Tréguier , A.M. ; Theetten , S. ; Chassignet , E.P. ; Penduff , T. ; Smith , R. ; Talley , L. ; Beismann , J.O. ; Böning , C. ( 2005 ) . `` The North Atlantic subpolar gyre in four high - resolution models '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Physical Oceanography. 35 ( 5 ) : 757 -- 774 . doi : 10.1175 / JPO2720. 1 . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . `` Mapping of the Puerto Rico Trench , the Deepest Part of the Atlantic , is Nearing Completion '' . USGS . October 2003 . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . `` Atlantic Ocean Facts '' . U.S. Navy . Archived from the original on 2 March 2001 . Retrieved 12 November 2001 . Weaver , D. ( 2001 ) . The Red Atlantic : American Indigenes and the Making of the Modern World , 1000 -- 1927 . Reviews in American History . 29 . pp. 479 -- 486 . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Webster , P.J. ; Holland , G.J. ; Curry , J.A. ; Chang , H.R. ( 2005 ) . `` Changes in tropical cyclone number , duration , and intensity in a warming environment '' ( PDF ) . Science . 309 ( 5742 ) : 1844 -- 1846 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1116448 . PMID 16166514 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 November 2016 . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . `` The Mid-Atlantic Ridge '' . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . 2007 -- 2008 . Retrieved 2 October 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Winchester , Simon ( 2010 ) . Atlantic : A Vast Ocean of a Million Stories . HarperCollins UK . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 734137 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutAtlantic Oceanat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Texts from Wikisource Travel guide from Wikivoyage Atlantic Ocean . 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Ant - Man ( film ) - wikipedia Ant - Man ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search 2015 superhero film produced by Marvel Studios <Th_colspan="2"> Ant - Man <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Peyton Reed Produced by Kevin Feige Screenplay by Edgar Wright Joe Cornish Adam McKay Paul Rudd Story by Edgar Wright Joe Cornish Based on Ant - Man by Stan Lee Larry Lieber Jack Kirby Starring Paul Rudd Evangeline Lilly Corey Stoll Bobby Cannavale Michael Peña Tip `` T.I. '' Harris Anthony Mackie Wood Harris Judy Greer David Dastmalchian Michael Douglas Music by Christophe Beck Cinematography Russell Carpenter Edited by Dan Lebental Colby Parker , Jr . Production company Marvel Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date June 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 29 ) ( Dolby Theatre ) July 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 117 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $142 - 169.3 million ( gross ) $109.3 million ( net ) Box office $519.3 million Ant - Man is a 2015 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics characters of the same name : Scott Lang and Hank Pym . Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures , it is the twelfth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film was directed by Peyton Reed , with a screenplay by the writing teams of Edgar Wright and Joe Cornish , and Adam McKay and Paul Rudd . It stars Rudd as Scott Lang / Ant - Man , alongside Evangeline Lilly , Corey Stoll , Bobby Cannavale , Michael Peña , Tip `` T.I. '' Harris , Anthony Mackie , Wood Harris , Judy Greer , David Dastmalchian , and Michael Douglas as Hank Pym . In Ant - Man , Lang must help defend Pym 's Ant - Man shrinking technology and plot a heist with worldwide ramifications . Development of Ant - Man began in April 2006 , with the hiring of Wright to direct and co-write with Cornish . By April 2011 , Wright and Cornish had completed three drafts of the script and Wright shot test footage for the film in July 2012 . Pre-production began in October 2013 after being put on hold so that Wright could complete The World 's End . Casting began in December 2013 , with the hiring of Rudd to play Lang . In May 2014 , Wright left the project , citing creative differences , though he still received screenplay and story credits with Cornish , as well as an executive producer credit . The following month , Reed was brought in to replace Wright , while McKay was hired to contribute to the script with Rudd . Principal photography took place between August and December 2014 in San Francisco and Metro Atlanta . Ant - Man held its world premiere in Los Angeles on June 29 , 2015 , and was released in the United States on July 17 , 2015 , in 3D and IMAX 3D . It grossed more than $519 million worldwide , and received generally positive reviews from critics , who generally welcomed the film 's smaller stakes than preceding MCU installments , as well as its cast ( particularly Rudd , Peña , Lilly , and Douglas ) , humor , and CGI sequences . A sequel , titled Ant - Man and the Wasp , is scheduled to be released on July 6 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 3.4. 1 Visual effects 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( Edit ) In 1989 , scientist Hank Pym resigns from S.H.I.E.L.D. after discovering their attempt to replicate his Ant - Man shrinking technology . Believing the technology is dangerous , Pym vows to hide it as long as he lives . In the present day , Pym 's estranged daughter , Hope van Dyne , and former protégé , Darren Cross , have forced him out of his company , Pym Technologies . Cross is close to perfecting a shrinking suit of his own , the Yellowjacket , which horrifies Pym . Upon his release from prison , well - meaning thief Scott Lang moves in with his old cellmate , Luis . Lang visits his daughter Cassie unannounced and is chastised by his former wife Maggie and her police - detective fiancé , Paxton , for not providing child support . Unable to hold a job because of his criminal record , Lang agrees to join Luis ' crew and commit a burglary . Lang breaks into a house and cracks its safe , but only finds what he believes to be an old motorcycle suit , which he takes home . After trying the suit on , Lang accidentally shrinks himself to the size of an insect . Terrified by the experience , he returns the suit to the house , but is arrested on the way out . Pym , the homeowner , visits Lang in jail and smuggles the suit into his cell to help him break out . Pym , who manipulated Lang through an unknowing Luis into stealing the suit as a test , wants Lang to become the new Ant - Man to steal the Yellowjacket from Cross . Having been spying on Cross after discovering his intentions , Van Dyne and Pym train Lang to fight and to control ants . While Van Dyne harbors resentment towards Pym about her mother Janet 's death , he reveals that Janet , known as the Wasp , disappeared into a subatomic quantum realm while disabling a Soviet nuclear missile . Pym warns Lang that he could suffer a similar fate if he overrides his suit 's regulator . They send him to steal a device that will aid their heist from the Avengers ' headquarters , where he briefly fights Sam Wilson . Cross perfects the Yellowjacket and hosts an unveiling ceremony at Pym Technologies ' headquarters . Lang , along with his crew and a swarm of flying ants , infiltrates the building during the event , sabotages the company 's servers , and plants explosives . When he attempts to steal the Yellowjacket , he , along with Pym and Van Dyne , are captured by Cross , who intends to sell both the Yellowjacket and Ant - Man suits to Hydra . Lang breaks free and he and Van Dyne dispatch most of the Hydra agents , though one flees with a vial of Cross ' particles and Pym is shot . Lang pursues Cross , while the explosives detonate , imploding the building as Pym and Van Dyne escape . Cross dons the Yellowjacket and attacks Lang before Lang is arrested by Paxton . Cross takes Cassie hostage to lure Lang into another fight . Lang overrides the regulator and shrinks to subatomic size to penetrate Cross ' suit and sabotage it to shrink uncontrollably , killing Cross . Lang disappears into the quantum realm but manages to reverse the effects and returns to the macroscopic world . Out of gratitude for Lang 's heroism , Paxton covers for Lang to keep him out of prison . Seeing that Lang survived and returned from the quantum realm , Pym wonders if his wife is alive as well . Later , Lang meets up with Luis , who tells him that Wilson is looking for him . In a mid-credits scene , Pym shows Van Dyne a new Wasp prototype suit and offers it to her . In a post-credits scene , Wilson and Steve Rogers have Bucky Barnes in their custody . Unable to contact Tony Stark because of `` the accords '' , Wilson mentions that he knows someone who can help . Cast ( Edit ) ( L-R ) Peyton Red ( director ) , Paul Rudd , Michael Douglas , Evangeline Lilly , and Corey Stoll at the 2014 San Diego Comic - Con Paul Rudd as Scott Lang / Ant - Man : A former systems engineer at VistaCorp and petty criminal who acquires a suit that allows him to shrink in size but increase in strength . Regarding Rudd 's casting , producer Kevin Feige said , `` Look at that origin of the petty crook who comes into contact with a suit and does his best to make good , and then look at someone like Paul Rudd , who can do slightly unsavory things like break into people 's houses and still be charming and who you root for and whose redemption you will find satisfaction in . '' Director Peyton Reed compared Lang to George Clooney 's character Danny Ocean from Ocean 's Eleven , saying , `` He 's a guy trying to create a new life for himself and find redemption . '' To get in shape for the role , Rudd worked with trainers and cut alcohol , fried foods , and carbohydrates out of his diet . Rudd stated that in preparation for his role , he `` basically did n't eat anything for about a year ... I took the Chris Pratt approach to training for an action movie . Eliminate anything fun for a year and then you can play a hero . '' Rudd signed a multi-film contract with Marvel , with Feige saying it was `` three ( films ) - plus - plus to appear in other things . '' Evangeline Lilly as Hope van Dyne : The daughter of Hank Pym and Janet van Dyne and a senior board member of Pym Technologies , who helps Darren Cross take over the company . Throughout the film , character progression brings Hope closer to becoming a hero . Lilly described her character as `` capable , strong , and kick - ass '' , but said that being raised by two superheroes resulted in Hope being `` a pretty screwed up human being ... and the clear message sent by my name is that I 'm not a big fan of my father and so I took my mother 's name . '' She added that Van Dyne 's `` arc in the movie is trying to find a relationship '' with Pym . Originally cast by Wright , Lilly was reluctant to take the role after he left the project until she read the revised script and got a chance to meet with Reed . Feige said that Van Dyne was the more obvious choice to take up the mantle of Ant - Man , being `` infinitely more capable of actually being a superhero '' than Lang , and that the reason she does not is because of Pym 's experience with losing her mother , rather than sexism , which Feige felt would not be a problem for Pym in modern times . Lilly signed a multi-film contract with Marvel . Corey Stoll as Darren Cross / Yellowjacket : A former protégé of Pym 's , who takes over his mentor 's company and militarizes a similar version of the Ant - Man technology to create the Yellowjacket suit . Stoll described the suit as `` the next generation of Ant - Man 's suit '' , with a sleeker , more militaristic look as `` if Apple had designed a battle suit . '' As for his character , Stoll said that Cross was more like Hank Pym than `` Thanos or Loki , who are villains that know it '' , since Cross is a `` brilliant scientist , who is not ethically pure '' with shades of gray . Unlike Rudd , who wore a practical costume as Ant - Man , Stoll wore a motion capture suit while performing as Yellowjacket . Reed explained that this decision was made early on when creating and filming with a real Yellowjacket costume was found to be impractical . Bobby Cannavale as Paxton : A San Francisco Police Department officer who is engaged to Lang 's former wife Maggie . Cannavale stated that Rudd and McKay convinced him to join the film during the rewriting process before Marvel approached him , saying , `` They sort of pumped ( my ) part up a bit ... I really went on good faith ( taking the role ) because they 're so secretive ( at Marvel ) about the script . I just trusted them . '' He also added that the process felt like an indie film instead of a large - scale blockbuster , and that he was able to improvise frequently along with the other actors . Patrick Wilson was originally cast in the role , before leaving the film because of scheduling conflicts brought on by the filming delay . Michael Peña as Luis : Lang 's former cellmate and a member of his crew . Peña stated that he modeled Luis ' vocal style and positive outlook on life `` on a friend of a friend '' , saying , `` That 's just the way he talks and the cadence . He 's got this grin on the entire time and he does n't care . He 's the kind of guy where you 're like ' Hey , what 'd you do this weekend ? ' and he 's like ' I went to jail , dawg , ' with a smile on his face . Not a lot of people do that . Not a lot of people think of life on those terms . '' Peña signed a contract with Marvel for three films . Tip `` T.I. '' Harris as Dave : A member of Lang 's crew . Harris described Dave as Lang 's `` homeboy '' . Harris also revealed that he was not permitted to read the entire script , explaining `` You 're just handed scenes as the film ( went ) along , and when you do that , it 's like a blank canvas , ' This is what I 'm going to do for this scene , ' and you can remember previous performances and remain consistent with that . The energy created by the ensemble you have around you , it contributes to the outlook or the final view of what your character has become , and what he meant to the story . '' Anthony Mackie as Sam Wilson / Falcon : An Avenger who is a former pararescueman trained by the military in aerial combat using a specially designed wing pack . On including Falcon , Reed said that it was not done just to include the character , rather `` ( i ) t served a plot point ; a purpose in our story '' and allowed them to enhance Peña 's `` tip montages '' , which were written by production writers Gabriel Ferrari and Andrew Barrer , also adding Falcon `` seemed like the right character -- not a marquee character like Iron Man or Thor , but the right level of hero . '' Rudd and McKay decided to include Falcon after watching Captain America : The Winter Soldier . Wood Harris as Gale : A police officer and Paxton 's partner . Judy Greer as Maggie : Lang 's estranged former wife . David Dastmalchian as Kurt : A member of Lang 's crew . Dastmalchian , who is American , worked with actress Isidora Goreshter to learn how to speak in his character 's Russian accent . On his character , Dastmalchian said that he `` had this idea that Kurt was born and raised in a town even further out than Siberia and he was just an amazing computer wizard who fell in with the wrong people . But he was obsessed with two things : Saturday Night Fever and Elvis Presley , hence the polyester shirts unbuttoned too far and the hair in that pompadour . '' Michael Douglas as Hank Pym : A former S.H.I.E.L.D. agent , entomologist , and physicist who became the original Ant - Man in 1963 after discovering the subatomic particles that make the transformation possible . He later mentors Lang to take over the role . Douglas compared his decision to join a superhero film to his role in Behind the Candelabra saying , `` Sometimes -- like ( when ) they did n't see you for Liberace -- you 've got to shake them up a little bit and have some fun . '' Describing Pym , Douglas said , `` He 's sort of a Northern California , formal guy . He 's lost control of his company . He lives in sort of a time warp . He was always a bit of a tinkerer . He 's got a lab , plus a lot of other stuff , in his basement that we find out about . He 's certainly bitter about what happened with his company and deeply scared of what the future might hold -- because he himself , after having gotten small so many times , it 's difficult . He looks and tries to find a guy that he can work with and has the right characteristics , which is ( Scott ) . '' Douglas indicated that he would not be wearing the Ant - Man suit . Additionally , John Slattery and Hayley Atwell reprise their roles as Howard Stark and Peggy Carter , respectively , from previous MCU media . Slattery stated that his involvement in Ant - Man was `` not that much more '' than his participation in Iron Man 2 , while Atwell described her appearance as being `` more of a cameo '' . Abby Ryder Fortson portrays Cassie , the daughter of Lang and Maggie ; Gregg Turkington appears as Dale , the manager of a Baskin - Robbins store ; and Martin Donovan plays Mitchell Carson , a former member of S.H.I.E.L.D. who works for Hydra and looks to purchase the Yellowjacket technology . YouTuber Anna Akana portrays a writer in Luis ' story at the end of the film . Garrett Morris , who portrayed Ant - Man in a Saturday Night Live sketch , appears as a taxi driver . Ant - Man co-creator Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance in the film as a bartender . Chris Evans and Sebastian Stan make uncredited appearances during the post-credits scene as Steve Rogers / Captain America and Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier , respectively . Hayley Lovitt makes a nonspeaking cameo as Janet van Dyne / Wasp . Tom Kenny provides the voice of a toy rabbit that Scott gives to Cassie . Production ( Edit ) Development ( Edit ) Development of an Ant - Man film began as early as the late 1980s , when Ant - Man co-creator Stan Lee pitched the idea to New World Pictures , Marvel Comics ' parent company at the time . However , Walt Disney Pictures was developing a film based on a similar concept , Honey , I Shrunk the Kids , and although Ant - Man went into development , nothing came to fruition . In 2000 , Howard Stern met with Marvel in an attempt to purchase the film rights to Ant - Man . In May of that year , Artisan Entertainment announced a deal with Marvel to coproduce , finance , and distribute a film based on Ant - Man . In 2003 , Edgar Wright and his writing partner Joe Cornish wrote a treatment for Artisan , with Wright explaining that it revolved around Scott Lang as a burglar `` so he could have gone slightly in the Elmore Leonard route '' , though Artisan wanted the film to be `` like a family thing '' . However , Wright believed that the treatment was never sent to Marvel . A year later , the duo pitched the film to Marvel Studios ' then head of production , Kevin Feige . In April 2006 , Marvel Studios hired Wright to direct and co-write Ant - Man with Cornish as part of the company 's first slate of independently produced films . Wright would also co-produce the film with his Big Talk Productions partner Nira Park . `` The thing I like about Ant - Man is that it 's not like a secret power , there 's no supernatural element or it 's not a genetic thing . There 's no gamma rays . It 's just like the suit and the gas , so in that sense , it really appealed to me in terms that we could do something high - concept , really visual , cross-genre , sort of an action and special effects bonanza , but funny as well . '' -- Screenwriter Edgar Wright At the 2006 San Diego Comic - Con International , Wright said he was intrigued by the story 's high concept and character . Wright also stressed that the film would not be a spoof but an action - adventure with some comedic elements and would incorporate both the Hank Pym and Scott Lang incarnations of the character . Wright said that he was looking to `` do a prologue where you see Pym as Ant - Man in action in the 60s , in sort of Tales to Astonish mode basically , and then the contemporary , sort of flash - forward , is Scott Lang 's story , and how he comes to acquire the suit , how he crosses paths with Hank Pym , and then , in an interesting sort of Machiavellian way , teams up with him . '' The next February , Wright said that the project was in `` a holding pattern '' while the script was being revised , and that he had been doing research for the film by studying nanotechnology . In March 2008 , Wright said that the first draft of the script had been completed and he was working on the second . Stan Lee tweeted in February 2010 that Marvel was prepping the film and that he met with Wright for lunch to discuss the character . Wright noted that there was no timetable for the film because Marvel did not consider the character to be one of their bigger , tentpole properties , so `` It 's more like me and Kevin Feige saying ... ' Let 's make a good script that works , that 's all about a great genre film , and that is n't necessarily relying on anything else ' '' . At the 2010 San Diego Comic - Con International , Wright said that Ant - Man would not fit in the chronology of The Avengers due to the origin story he had written not working in the MCU . In January 2011 , Wright stated that he had resumed writing the script for the film following the conclusion of the international promotion for Scott Pilgrim vs. the World , and by April he and Cornish delivered the second draft of Ant - Man to Marvel . At the 2011 San Diego Comic - Con International , Wright revealed a third draft had been handed in . ( L-R ) moderator Geoff Boucher , producer Kevin Feige and Wright at the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International In May 2012 , Feige said that the project was `` as close as it 's ever been '' while Wright teased the film by tweeting a pictogram of Ant - Man . In June , Wright spent just under a week shooting footage for a reel that would be used to test out the potential look and tone of his movie , as well as to decide how convincing Ant - Man 's powers look on screen . The test footage was screened to audiences during the Marvel Studios panel at the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International , with Wright confirming that Ant - Man would be happening . Germain Lussier of / Film felt the footage worked and was `` awesome '' , as `` it had a totally different vibe from the other Marvel films . It was much more like something you 'd recognize from Hot Fuzz . '' Lussier , along with Katy Rich of CinemaBlend , also enjoyed the costume design choice . That October , Disney scheduled the film for release on November 6 , 2015 . Feige stated in January 2013 that Ant - Man would be part of Phase Three of the Marvel Cinematic Universe , and indicated in May that the screenplay needed to be modified in order to fit into the universe , as the project had been in development before the first Iron Man film . Feige also stated that shooting was slated to begin sometime in 2014 , and that casting would begin towards the end of 2013 . In July 2013 , Wright said that he and Cornish had completed the script for the film and that Marvel allowed him to delay its production so that he could complete The World 's End , as that film 's producer Eric Fellner was diagnosed with cancer . In August 2013 , after Joss Whedon , director of Avengers : Age of Ultron , announced that Hank Pym would not be Ultron 's creator , Wright said Ultron was never a part of the story of Ant - Man , explaining that `` just to sort of set up what Ant - Man does is enough for one movie '' . Wright described Ant - Man as a stand - alone film but said it would fit into the larger continuity of the Marvel Cinematic Universe , explaining , `` I like to make it standalone because I think the premise of it needs time . I want to put the crazy premise of it into a real world , which is why I think Iron Man really works because it 's a relatively simple universe ; it 's relatable . I definitely want to go into finding a streamlined format where you use the origin format to introduce the main character and further adventures can bring other people into it . '' Wright also stated that pre-production for Ant - Man would begin in October and filming would begin in 2014 . The next month , Disney moved the film 's release date up to July 31 , 2015 . Pre-production ( Edit ) In October 2013 , Wright revealed that he was in Los Angeles to work on Ant - Man by tweeting a photograph from the production of the June 2012 test reel . Joseph Gordon - Levitt and Paul Rudd were soon being considered for the lead role , though Gordon - Levitt dismissed his consideration as a rumor . Feige stated that Ant - Man would be a `` heist movie '' , and that a casting announcement for Hank Pym would come before the end of 2013 . The next month , Feige stated that Eric O'Grady 's Ant - Man would not be featured in the film , while Rudd became the front - runner to play Hank Pym , and casting for the character 's girlfriend had begun . Around that time , the filmmakers ' intentions to shoot in the United Kingdom were dashed because of a lack of studio space , which Wright believed was due to the plan by Pinewood Shepperton to add fifteen studios to their facility , which was rejected in part by the local council in May 2013 because the project was eyeing protected land . By the end of the month , the film was scheduled to be shot in the U.S. instead . In December 2013 , Wright , a fan of the comic book since childhood -- owning copies of Tales to Astonish # 27 featuring `` The Man in the Ant - Hill '' storyline and Marvel Premiere # 47 featuring the first appearance of Scott Lang -- stated that the difference between Ant - Man and other films featuring size - changing is `` other shrinking movies are usually about somebody trapped small . This is different in that he can actually change size and he can do that at will , so it becomes more of a power than an impediment . '' Wright also talked about the challenge of directing a superhero film , saying , `` Shaun and Hot Fuzz and World 's End are all R - rated films . I like the challenge of making a PG - 13 film . Because you 've got to entertain in a different way . You do n't have the same tools . '' By December 19 , Rudd was in negotiations to star in the film , and Marvel announced that he had been cast as Ant - Man the next day . In January 2014 , Wright posted a screenshot on his blog from the Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes episode `` To Steal an Ant - Man '' , which features Hank Pym and introduces the Scott Lang character , with the caption `` homework '' . Michael Douglas was subsequently cast as Pym , with Rudd confirmed to play Lang . Michael Peña was offered an unspecified role in the film , and filming was scheduled to take place at Pinewood Atlanta in Fayette County , Georgia , while Disney changed the release date once again , moving the film up to July 17 , 2015 . The next month , Evangeline Lilly entered early talks to portray the female lead , and Wright announced on his blog that Bill Pope , who he worked with on Scott Pilgrim vs. the World and The World 's End , would be his director of photography . By March , Wright and Cornish turned in a fifth draft of the script , amid alleged disputes on the direction the script was taking . As well , Wright and Cornish wrote a scene intended for the post-credits of Avengers : Age of Ultron that would have acted as a prelude to the film . Corey Stoll entered negotiations for an undisclosed role in the film , and by April , Patrick Wilson and Matt Gerald were cast in undisclosed roles . `` Ant - Man is interesting because he was one of the original Avengers , which I think people forget about . So , I like that idea in the movie universe ... I also like that it 's this sort of passing of the torch . There 's sort of a weird mentor / pupil thing happening between Michael Douglas ' character Hank Pym and Scott Lang , which Paul Rudd plays . Hank Pym used to be old Ant - Man and he is trying to find someone to be the new Ant - Man . I like that . I think that 's sort of a classic Marvel Comics thing and something that we really have n't seen in that universe . '' -- Peyton Reed , director of Ant - Man On May 23 , 2014 , Marvel and Wright jointly announced that Wright was leaving the project due to `` differences in their vision of the film '' , and that the studio was closing in on a new director . On the split , Wright said , `` I wanted to make a Marvel movie but I do n't think they really wanted to make an Edgar Wright movie . '' He also added that at one point , Marvel wanted to do a draft of the script without him , which was `` a tough thing to move forward '' as Wright has written all of the previous films he directed . Wright continued , `` Suddenly becoming a director - for - hire on it , you 're sort of less emotionally invested and you start to wonder why you 're there , really . '' The majority of Wright 's crew also left the project in the wake of his departure . By May 30 , Adam McKay had entered negotiations to replace Wright , but pulled out of negotiations the next day . On June 7 , Marvel announced that Peyton Reed would direct the film , with McKay contributing to the film 's script . Other directors that had been under consideration include Ruben Fleischer , Rawson Marshall Thurber , Nicholas Stoller , Michael Dowse , and David Wain . Later in June , Feige stated the film was still intended to be released on the July 17 , 2015 date , with production slated to begin on August 18 , 2014 . Feige elaborated that `` much of the movie will still be based very much on ( Wright and Cornish 's ) draft and the DNA of what Edgar has created up to this point '' , with Reed stepping in to direct and McKay reworking only parts of the script . `` ( Reed ) wanted to be sure that he was n't just inheriting something or following someone else 's lead . Or was n't inheriting something that the evil studio had watered down to be something bad , '' Feige continued . `` He looked at everything , he talked with us , and he said ' Number one , I agree with the direction you 're going in . And number two , I can add to it . ' '' McKay stated that Rudd helped him rewrite the script , calling Rudd `` great with dialogue '' , adding `` the two of us holed up in hotel rooms on the east and west coast , and I think it was like six to eight weeks we just ground it out and did a giant rewrite of the script . I was really proud of what we did , I really thought we put some amazing stuff in there and built on an already strong script from Edgar Wright and sort of just enhanced some stuff . '' Rudd elaborated , `` The idea , the trajectory , the goal , and the blueprint of it all , is really Edgar and Joe . It 's their story . We changed some scenes , we added new sequences , we changed some characters , we added new characters . If you took the two scripts and held them up together they 'd be very different -- but the idea is all theirs . '' Reed also offered contributions to the revised script , as did Lilly and Stoll , who contributed ideas to help flesh out their respective characters . Lilly 's character received a fuller arc and more action sequences as a result . One of the important things when joining the film for Reed was emphasizing both Hope and Janet van Dyne more , given the Wasp being `` a crucial part '' of the Ant - Man comics . For their efforts , McKay and Rudd were credited as additional writers of the screenplay , with Wright and Cornish credited for the screenplay and story . Wright also held an executive producer credit on the film . By the end of July , Wilson left the film because of scheduling conflicts brought on by the filming delay , and characters being played by Gerald and Kevin Weisman were cut in McKay 's revised script . Also , Reed indicated that in addition to Georgia , filming would take place in San Francisco . The next month , Reed revealed that Scott Lang 's daughter would appear in the film , and Gabriel Ferrari and Andrew Barrer were hired to make further revisions to the script . Eric Pearson , a member of Marvel Studios ' writing program who had written the Marvel One - Shot films , did uncredited work on the film as well , scripting the strip club scene and Stan Lee 's cameo . After reading the revised script , Evangeline Lilly felt that the film was `` pulled '' more into the MCU than Wright 's version which `` was much more in the Edgar Wright camp of films . '' She added that , while Wright 's version was `` incredible '' and would have been great to film and watch , `` it would n't have fit in the Marvel Universe . It would have stuck out like a sore thumb , no matter how good it was . It just would have taken you away from this cohesive universe they 're trying to create . And therefore it ruins the suspended disbelief that they 've built . '' Arnim Zola from Captain America : The First Avenger and Captain America : The Winter Soldier was considered to make an appearance in the film , with concept art created depicting him in his robot body from the comics . Filming ( Edit ) Principal photography began on August 18 , 2014 in San Francisco , under the working title Bigfoot . Scenes were shot in the Tenderloin neighborhood and Buena Vista Park . By the end of September 2014 , production on Ant - Man moved to Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County , Georgia , and David Callaham completed a rewrite of the film . Filming also took place at the State Archives building in Downtown Atlanta , to double as Pym Technologies , which is located on Treasure Island , San Francisco in the film . In October 2014 , Martin Donovan was added to the cast , and Feige revealed that Ant - Man would no longer start Phase Three of the Marvel Cinematic Universe and would instead be the final film of Phase Two . When told by / Film 's Germain Lussier that this placement between Avengers : Age of Ultron and Captain America : Civil War made the film feel like an afterthought , Feige replied , It 's not ( an after thought ) . The truth is the phases mean a lot to me and some people but ... Civil War is the start of Phase Three . It just is . And Ant - Man is a different kind of culmination of Phase Two because it very much is in the MCU . You meet new characters and you learn about Hank Pym and his lineage with the MCU over the years . But at the same time , it also picks up the thread of Age of Ultron in terms of heroes -- major heroes , Avengers -- coming from unexpected places ... And in that way it connects a lot . Also , Hank Pym 's attitude towards Avengers , towards S.H.I.E.L.D. , and kind of the cinematic universe in general , is much more informed after the events of Age of Ultron , and in a certain way , before the events of Civil War . Reed at the world premiere of Ant - Man in Hollywood Feige later expanded on this by saying , `` ( W ) e put Ant - Man at the end of Phase Two as opposed to the beginning of Phase Three , because it sets up a lot of the things you 're going to see heading into Phase Three , one of which is this mind - bending , reality - altering landscape ( in Doctor Strange ) . '' On December 5 , 2014 , Reed announced on social media that principal photography on Ant - Man had been completed . For the film , cinematographer Russell Carpenter used a 1.85 aspect ratio shot with Arri Alexa XT and M cameras , using the M for fight sequences and helicopter filming . Camera operator Peter Rosenfeld said , `` Russell and Peyton 's decision to shoot in 1.85 was a good call , since at 2.35 there 's insufficient height in frame to appreciate the vertical aspects of ( Ant - Man ) going from standing full - size to falling through a crack in the floor . '' Carpenter and Technicolor also devised a lookup table ( LUT ) to darken the color palette . Carpenter said , `` For a lot of recent comedies I 've kept my LUTs kind of ' Kodak ' -- saturated and upbeat . But this show needed something different that affected skin tones and the Ant - Man suit , which dates back to the 1980s , so it looks a little run - down . What I loved about this LUT was how it allowed the costume to retain the color but took it from fire - engine red to something a little more weathered . '' The filmmakers made extensive use of macro photography . Production designer Shepherd Frankel said , `` It 's more visually interesting to depict things from Ant - Man 's point of view instead of seeing him from a normal perspective . But we wanted a realistic realization , not Honey , I Shrunk the Kids with its oversized set pieces . '' Rebecca Baehler served as the director of macro photography , taking cues from Carpenter . Carpenter said vibration became `` a tremendous problem '' when moving the camera during the macro photography because `` one inch off the ground is like fifteen feet in the air . From an ant 's perspective , you move four inches , to a human perspective , that 's a football field ! '' The solution required the filmmakers to search for a creative solution , so they turned to Baehler , who had a background in commercial `` tabletop '' photography . In order to add Rudd 's performance as Ant - Man when in the macro world , a Centroid facial capture set up was used , with a five - camera array of Alexas surrounding Rudd . Rosenfeld explained , `` One camera was set up vertically while the others were horizontal with overlapping image areas , all set to record at 48 frames per second . This maximized resolution and provided 3D modeling ( of ) Paul 's performance . '' Reed would then call out story moments with Rudd performing `` facial expressions that would later be composited on a CG Ant - Man . '' Post-production ( Edit ) Following the completion of principal photography , Marvel released an updated synopsis revealing that Jordi Mollà was included in the cast and the names of several supporting characters . However , Mollà subsequently did not appear in the theatrical release of the film . Reed explained that the film 's original opening , which was filmed and cut in the editing process , featured a standalone sequence similar to the opening of a James Bond film , where an unseen Pym was attempting to retrieve some microfilm from Mollà 's character , Castillo , a Panama army general . Reed stated the scene was going to show Ant - Man 's powers , without seeing him , almost `` like an Invisible Man sequence , and it 's really , really cool . It started to feel tonally disconnected from the movie we were making and story-wise , and it also kind of like , it set a standalone adventure , but it did n't just connect to the rest of our story ... It felt like vestige of those earlier drafts ( by Wright and Cornish ) , which as a standalone thing was really cool . '' Dan Lebental and Colby Parker , Jr. served as film editors . In March 2015 , Hayley Atwell confirmed that she would reprise her role as Peggy Carter in the film . In April 2015 , Reed stated that the film was not completed yet and would be undergoing `` a little bit of additional '' filming . In June 2015 , Feige confirmed that the character of Janet van Dyne would be seen , though the film would not address Pym and Van Dyne 's infamous domestic abuse storyline in the comics , saying , `` We hint at a temper in a way that people who know the stories might go , ' Oh , perhaps that 's a bit of ( Hank 's ) character , ' but not in a way that would ever indicate ( he beat his wife ) . '' Also in the month , Reed confirmed there would be a post-credit sequence `` that may tie into the other films . '' Feige revealed the post-credit sequence was footage shot by Anthony and Joe Russo for Captain America : Civil War , saying the clip would be seen in that film , though it may be `` different takes ... different angles . '' On June 25 , 2015 , Reed announced on social media that production of Ant - Man was officially complete . In early July 2015 , an international teaser trailer revealed that Anthony Mackie would appear in the film as Sam Wilson / Falcon . Mackie appears in the post-credit sequence as well , along with Chris Evans and Sebastian Stan as Steve Rogers / Captain America and Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier , respectively . Stan stated the scene that was used for the post-credit sequence was shot in May 2015 , and would appear in the middle of Civil War . Also in the month , Reed revealed that the quantum realm in the film was the MCU 's version of the microverse , which could not be called that due to legal reasons . The alternate name was suggested by consultant Spiros Michalakis , a quantum physicist and staff researcher at the California Institute of Technology , to `` inject elements of modern physics into the script '' . Reed also said that the end of the film originally had a sequence where Ant - Man went after Carson to retrieve the stolen vial of Cross ' particles , `` ... But then for a couple reasons , it felt like maybe we should leave those particles out there . '' For the title sequences , Marvel again went with design firm Sarofsky , who had done the credits for both Captain America : The Winter Soldier and Guardians of the Galaxy , with the credits `` intricately connected to the film 's overall narrative . '' Visual effects ( Edit ) For Yellowjacket sequences , Stoll wore a motion capture suit while on set ( top ) , which was replaced by an entirely digital creation built by Double Negative ( bottom ) . Visual effects for the film were provided by Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) , Lola VFX , Double Negative , Luma Pictures , and Method Studios , with previsualization by The Third Floor . Double Negative handled the scenes featuring shrunken characters , incorporating the macro photography and motion capture performances shot in principal photography with digital models of the characters . Double Negative also worked on Ant - Man 's shrinking effect , in coordination with ILM to be used by all vendors , which showed the outline of his body -- an element from the comics . Visual effects supervisor Alex Wuttke said , `` It 's like a little time echo . As Ant - Man shrinks in almost a stop motion way he would leave behind outlines of the poses he 'd been in as he shrinks down ... We 'd have two CG cameras rendering the action from different points along the timeline with slightly different framings . One would be the main shot camera , the other would be a utility camera that would provide renders of static poses of Ant - Man at different points along the timeline . '' For the flashbacks in 1989 , Douglas and Donovan appeared de-aged via CGI , alongside Atwell as Carter ( aged in makeup and with CGI ) and John Slattery as Howard Stark . To de-age Douglas , Lola VFX used a similar process and technology that was used to make Steve Rogers skinny in Captain America : The First Avenger and Carter older in Captain America : The Winter Soldier as well as footage of Douglas ' other films from the late 1980s as reference . Dax Griffin served as Douglas ' body double and an additional reference for Lola , because of his `` striking resemblance of Michael when he was about 40 '' . For Donovan , he only needed to be de-aged about a decade , so no double was used . The work on him focused on his eyes , neck , and chin . Atwell wore a wig on set , along with a fine layer of latex makeup to give the skin a more leathery look , with Lola transposing the facial features of an elderly actress onto her face . Method and Luma both worked on creating the various ants seen in the film , with Method creating the several species of ants , to share among the vendors . Luma also handled many of the scenes at Pym Technologies when Ant - Man attempts to acquire the Yellowjacket . ILM worked on the Falcon fight sequence , having done Falcon visual effects in The Winter Soldier . Using practical suit pieces built by Legacy Effects , ILM mixed live - action shots with digital take - overs and fully digital shots to create the sequence . ILM also handled the sequences in the quantum realm , providing an array of microscopic and largely psychedelic imagery for the subatomic shrinking , taking advantage of procedural fractal rendering techniques the studio had utilized on Lucy . Music ( Edit ) Main article : Ant - Man ( soundtrack ) In February 2014 , Wright tweeted that Steven Price would score the film . However , Price left soon after Wright 's departure from the project in May 2014 . In January 2015 , Christophe Beck , who worked with Reed on Bring It On , was hired to replace Price . Describing the film 's score , Beck said , `` For Ant - Man , I wanted to write a score in the grand symphonic tradition of my favorite superhero movies , with a sweeping scope and a big , catchy main theme . What makes this score stand out among other Marvel movies , though , is a sneaky sense of fun since it is , after all , not only a superhero movie , but also a heist comedy . '' Hollywood Records released the soundtrack digitally on July 17 , 2015 , and had a physical release on August 7 . Release ( Edit ) Rudd at the world premiere of Ant - Man in Hollywood Ant - Man premiered at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood on June 29 , 2015 , and opened the 2015 Fantasia International Film Festival on July 14 , 2015 , along with Miss Hokusai . The film was released in France on July 14 , and was released in North America on July 17 , in 3D and IMAX 3D . The film was released in the United States in 3,800 theaters , with the breakdown of 3,100 3D screens , 361 IMAX screens , 388 large format screens and 133 D - Box screens . Ant - Man had originally been scheduled for release on November 6 , 2015 . In September 2013 , the release was moved to July 31 , 2015 , before changing for a final time to July 17 , 2015 in January 2014 . An unfinished version of the film was screened on June 24 , 2015 , at CineEurope . Marketing ( Edit ) In March 2014 , ABC aired a one - hour television special , Marvel Studios : Assembling a Universe , which included a sneak peek of Ant - Man . In July 2014 , Reed , Rudd , Douglas , Lilly , and Stoll appeared at Marvel Studios ' panel at the 2014 San Diego Comic - Con International to help promote the film and screen a visual effects test featuring Rudd and Douglas . In October 2014 , Marvel Comics ' Editor - in - Chief Axel Alonso stated there are comic tie - in plans for the film . In November 2014 , ABC aired another one - hour television special titled , Marvel 75 Years : From Pulp to Pop ! , which featured behind the scenes footage of Ant - Man . Marvel Comics ' February 2015 solicitations released in December 2014 , revealed a two - issue comic tie - in , Marvel 's Ant - Man Prelude , following Hank Pym as Ant - Man on a mission during the Cold War . A second comic tie - in , Marvel 's Ant - Man -- Scott Lang : Small Time , was released digitally on March 3 , 2015 . It explains Lang 's circumstances at the beginning of the film . In January 2015 , Disney officially began the film 's marketing campaign by releasing a miniature `` ant - sized '' teaser trailer , a full - sized version of the same teaser trailer , a poster , a cover on Entertainment Weekly , and a full - length trailer during the premiere of the television series Agent Carter . Scott Mendelson of Forbes , said , `` It was darn - clever for Disney to put out a miniature ' ca n't see anything without a microscope ' version of the now - standard trailer for the trailer . I sighed just a little when they ' gave in ' and released a human - sized version , realizing that Disney had just released what amounted to a teaser to a teaser to a trailer ... But nonetheless , credit where credit is due , Disney was able to turn a single theatrical trailer into three separate news drops in about five days . '' Mendelson went on to say that `` the peppy , witty trailer above is a general audience sell . Marvel knows the geeks will come if only to throw stones , but it 's the mainstream audience that needs to be sold . So far , so good . '' However , Graeme McMillan of The Hollywood Reporter criticized the trailer for its placement during the broadcast premiere of Agent Carter , its tone , its soundtrack , and for being thematically similar to other trailers from Marvel Studios . McMillan concluded , `` The Ant - Man trailer is n't bad , per se ; it is , however , impressively underwhelming , which almost seems worse . Thanks to the last - minute exit of original writer - director Edgar Wright and the subsequent struggle to find a replacement , Ant - Man has become the movie that people are expecting to be Marvel 's first failure , in critical if not financial terms , at least ; this trailer , which fails to convince and gets by on goodwill for those involved and the Marvel brand as much as anything else , does n't do enough -- or anything , really -- to persuade audiences that that 's not the case . '' The trailer generated 29 million views worldwide in three days , the third - largest viewership for a Marvel Studios film , behind trailers for Iron Man 3 and Avengers : Age of Ultron . In April 2015 , Marvel debuted a second trailer for Ant - Man . Mendelson said it was `` frankly the Ant - Man trailer that we 've been waiting for . It 's not just funny and exciting , it 's an ' Ah ha ! ' moment when we realize just what exactly an Ant - Man movie has to offer . '' Also in April , miniature billboards promoting Ant - Man with battery - powered LED lights began appearing in Melbourne , Brisbane and other areas around Queensland , Australia as part of a street marketing campaign for the film . The next month , Marvel , in partnership with Dolby Laboratories , Visa , and Raspberry Pi , announced the `` Ant - Man Micro-Tech Challenge '' , aimed at females aged 14 through 18 , to create DIY projects involving micro technology and readily accessible and found materials . Winners teamed with STEM ( Science , Technology , Engineering , and Mathematics education ) programs in their areas to lead teams in recreating their projects . In June , Marvel released posters featuring Ant - Man juxtaposed with Iron Man 's armor , Captain America 's shield , and Thor 's hammer Mjolnir . Mendelson compared this to Disney 's marketing campaign for Lilo & Stitch that put the protagonist into iconic scenes from other Disney cartoons . A six - minute IMAX preview of the film began screeing before showings of Jurassic World , and scenes from the film were shown at Disney California Adventure 's Bug 's Life Theater in 3D with in - theater effects . In early July 2015 , Marvel began a viral marketing campaign featuring Leslie Bibb , reprising her role from the Iron Man films as journalist Christine Everhart , reporting for the faux news program WHIH Newsfront . In the program , Everhart discuses the fallout from the events of Avengers : Age of Ultron , Lang 's imprisonment , and events leading to Captain America : Civil War . Also in July , Michael Douglas and executives from Marvel Entertainment rang the closing bell of the New York Stock Exchange in celebration of the release of Ant - Man . Disney spent $34.8 million on television advertising for the film , more than the $26.9 million spent for Avengers : Age of Ultron , since the former was a new property . In December 2015 , to commemorate the home media release of Ant - Man , Marvel UK launched a website that offers visitors a view of various London landmarks from the perspective of an ant in a Google Street View - type experience . The company commissioned photographer Will Pearson to capture ten different locations including Tower Bridge , Oxford Circus , the British Museum , St Paul 's Cathedral and Nelson 's Column using a 360 ° miniature camera that sat centimeters off of the ground . Home media ( Edit ) Ant - Man was released for digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on November 17 , 2015 and released on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , and DVD on December 8 , 2015 . The digital and Blu - ray releases include behind - the - scenes featurettes , audio commentary , deleted scenes , and a blooper reel . Upon its first week of release on home media in the U.S. , the film debuted at number two on the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert chart , which tracks overall disc sales , as well as the dedicated Blu - ray Disc sales chart , with 63 % of unit sales coming from Blu - ray . The film was also collected in the 13 - disc box set , titled `` Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection '' , which includes all of the Phase Two films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . It was released on December 8 , 2015 . Reception ( Edit ) Box Office ( Edit ) Ant - Man grossed $180.2 million in North America and $339.1 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $519.3 million . Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $103.9 million , when factoring together `` production budgets , P&A , talent participations and other costs , with box office grosses , and ancillary revenues from VOD to DVD and TV , '' placing it 14th on their list of 2015 's `` Most Valuable Blockbusters '' . Ant - Man made $6.4 million from its Thursday night showings in North America , with 48 % of tickets sales for IMAX and other large - format showings , and $23.4 million on its opening day , including Thursday 's previews , making it the second - lowest opening day for a Marvel film , only ahead of 2008 's The Incredible Hulk ( $21.4 million ) . It fell 18 % to earn $19.25 million on Saturday , and for its opening weekend total , earned $57.2 million . It marked the second - lowest debut for Marvel ahead of the $55.4 million debut of The Incredible Hulk in 2008 . IMAX contributed $6.1 million to the opening gross , with premium large format screens comprising $6.4 million and Cinemark XD comprising $1.3 million , respectively . Though the film fell below its $60 million estimate , Disney nonetheless said it was content with the results , which continued Marvel 's streak of number one opening films , giving the studio its twelfth consecutive win . Disney also reported that the film drew the largest share of families ( 28 % ) and women ( 32 % ) of any Marvel superhero title . It was also the biggest live - action opening ever for Rudd ( breaking Knocked Up 's record of $30.7 million ) and a record opening for Douglas . It continued to be the top film at the box office in its second weekend . Outside North America , it earned $55.4 million in its opening weekend from 37 countries , debuting in third place at the international box office behind the Chinese film Monster Hunt and Minions as well as an IMAX opening of $9.1 million . The top openings were the UK ( $6 million ) , Mexico ( $5.6 million ) , and Russia ( $4.9 million ) . It had the biggest opening for a first - installment Marvel film in Hong Kong , Indonesia , Malaysia , the Philippines , Singapore , Taiwan , and Thailand . The film 's opening in South Korea in early September 2015 earned $9.3 million , the highest opening for an international market at the time , before being surpassed by the Chinese opening in mid-October 2015 , which earned $42.4 million , with $5.1 million coming from IMAX . The large opening weekend in China helped Ant - Man place first at the international box office for the first time , with the Chinese opening the second largest for an MCU film in the country behind Avengers : Age of Ultron . The film stayed at number one in China for a second week , earning an additional $22 million . As of November 1 , 2015 , the largest markets are China with $101.3 million , followed by the UK with $25.4 million , and South Korea with $18.9 million . Critical response ( Edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 82 % approval rating , based on 288 reviews , with an average rating of 6.8 / 10 . The website 's consensus reads , `` Led by a charming performance from Paul Rudd , Ant - Man offers Marvel thrills on an appropriately smaller scale -- albeit not as smoothly as its most successful predecessors . '' On Metacritic , the film has an average score of 64 out of 100 , based on 43 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film an `` A '' grade on an A+ to F scale . Justin Chang of Variety said the film `` succeeds well enough as a genial diversion and sometimes a delightful one , predicated on the rarely heeded Hollywood wisdom that less really can be more . '' Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter remarked , `` Although the story dynamics are fundamentally silly and the family stuff , with its parallel father - daughter melodrama , is elemental button - pushing , a good cast led by a winning Paul Rudd puts the nonsense over in reasonably disarming fashion . '' Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times wrote , `` Playful in unexpected ways and graced with a genuinely off - center sense of humor , Ant - Man ( engagingly directed by Peyton Reed ) is light on its feet the way the standard - issue Marvel behemoths never are . '' Kim Newman of Empire wrote that it `` straddles as many genres as the Avengers films have characters but manages to do most of them pretty well . Extremely likable , with a few moments of proper wonder . '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times said , `` This film is a passable piece of drone work from the ever - expanding Marvel - Disney colony . '' Conversely , Alonso Duralde of TheWrap said the film `` serves up jokes that do n't land and thrills that do n't thrill . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times said Ant - Man `` is a lightweight , cliché - riddled origins story that veers between inside - joke comedy , ponderous redemption story lines and admittedly nifty CGI sequences that still seem relatively insignificant compared to the high stakes and city - shattering destruction that take place in most of the Avengers movies . '' Catherine Shoard of The Guardian wrote , `` Ant - Man is a cut - and - shut muddle , haunted by ( Edgar Wright 's ) ghost , produced by a high - end hot dog factory , by turns giddying and stupefying . '' Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal said that it is `` a film that will surely be popular , given Marvel 's marketing might , but one that 's woefully short on coherence and originality . '' Christopher Orr of The Atlantic said , `` It 's difficult to shake the sense that the film was assembled hurriedly and somewhat haphazardly . Which , from all available evidence , is exactly what happened . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) 2015 Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer Movie Star : Male Paul Rudd Nominated Choice Summer Movie Star : Female Evangeline Lilly Nominated 2016 Critics ' Choice Awards Best Actor in an Action Movie Paul Rudd Nominated American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited Feature Film -- Comedy or Musical Dan Lebental and Colby Parker , Jr Nominated British Academy Film Awards Best Special Visual Effects Jake Morrison , Greg Steele , Dan Sudick and Alex Wuttke Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Created Environment in a Photoreal Feature Florian Witzel , Taylor Shaw , Alexis Hall , Heath Kraynak Nominated Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Photoreal Project James Baker , Alex Kahn , Thomas Luff , Rebecca Baehler Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Ant - Man Nominated Saturn Awards Best Comic - to - Film Motion Picture Ant - Man Won Best Supporting Actor Michael Douglas Nominated Best Supporting Actress Evangeline Lilly Nominated Best Actor Paul Rudd Nominated Best Film Director Peyton Reed Nominated Best Film Editing Dan Lebental , Colby Parker , Jr . Nominated Empire Awards Best Comedy Ant - Man Nominated Best Visual Effects Ant - Man Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Hero Paul Rudd Nominated Golden Trailer Awards Best Fantasy Adventure `` Control '' Nominated Best Fantasy Adventure TV Spot `` Operation Online '' Nominated Sequel ( Edit ) Main article : Ant - Man and the Wasp A sequel , Ant - Man and the Wasp is scheduled to be released on July 6 , 2018 , with Reed once again returning as director . Production writers Barrer and Ferrari also return to write the screenplay with Rudd , Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers . Rudd , Lilly , Cannavale , Peña , Harris , Greer , Dastmalchian , Fortson and Douglas all reprise their roles from Ant - Man , and are joined by Michelle Pfeiffer , Laurence Fishburne , Hannah John - Kamen , Randall Park and Walton Goggins as Janet van Dyne , Bill Foster , Ghost , Jimmy Woo , and Sonny Burch , respectively . Notes ( Edit ) Jump up ^ The events of the film are set a few months after the events of Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) . Jump up ^ As depicted in the 2016 film Captain America : Civil War . References ( Edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ant - Man ( 2D ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2015 . Retrieved July 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : 2015 Feature Film Study ( PDF ) ( Report ) . FilmL. A. Inc. p. 21 . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sylt , Christian ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Disney Reveals Financial Muscle Of ' Avengers : Infinity War ' '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ant - Man ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` 65 Things We Learned on the Set of Marvel 's ' Ant - Man ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Director Peyton Reed and Writer Adam McKay Join Marvel 's Ant - Man '' . Marvel.com . June 7 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2014 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ant - Man Plot Points , Arrow & Sin City 2 Trailers , X-Men : Days , Avengers 2 Movie News '' . Newsarama. April 24 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Douglas to Star as Hank Pym in Marvel 's Ant - Man '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2014 . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ant - Man Official Website '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2015 . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fischer , Russ ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Latest `` Ant - Man '' Viral Video Holds Scott Lang To His Crimes `` . / Film . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . 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Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Matt ( October 15 , 2012 ) . `` ANT - MAN Set for November 6 , 2015 ; IRON MAN 3 and THOR : THE DARK WORLD Confirmed for 3D ; Disney Announces More Release Dates and Changes '' . Collider . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2012 . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` ' Ant - Man , ' ' Doctor Strange ' Lead Marvel 's Phase Three '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2013 . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( May 2 , 2013 ) . `` Beyond ' Iron Man 3 ' : New images and revelations from Marvel 's Phase Two - Ant - Man '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2013 . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Matt ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` Edgar Wright : Ant - Man Script is All Done '' . IGN . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . 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Jump up ^ Taylor , Drew ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` Interview : Edgar Wright Talks ' The World 's End , ' Completing The Cornetto Trilogy , ' Ant - Man ' & Much More '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2013 . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( August 25 , 2013 ) . `` Edgar Wright Talks THE WORLD 'S END , Deleted Scenes , IMAX , 3D , Dwayne Johnson , ANT - MAN , His Sci - Fi Movie COLLIDER , and So Much More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2013 . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney Moves Up ' Ant - Man ' Release To Summer 2015 '' . Deadline Hollywood . September 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Edgar Wright Teases ' Ant - Man ' Production in New Tweet ( UPDATE ) '' . Huffington Post . October 2 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2013 . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel Likes Joseph Gordon - Levitt , Paul Rudd for ' Ant - Man ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2014 . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jagernauth , Kevin ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Joseph Gordon - Levitt Denies ' Ant - Man ' Chatter , Says Rumors That He 's Passed Any Tests Are `` Lies '' `` . IndieWire . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Butler , Tom ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Kevin Feige : Expect Ant - Man Casting News Before Year Is Out '' . IGN . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2013 . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibbiani , William ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Kevin Feige on Thor and Marvel 's Future '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . 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Access Atlanta . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2014 . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Ant - Man ' Moves into Former Superman - Batman Release Date '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Matt ( February 16 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Pope to Handle Cinematography for ANT - MAN ; GRAVITY Composer Steven Price to Write the Score '' . Collider . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2014 . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Riesman , Abraham ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` A Timeline of Ant - Man 's Troubled Production History ( Updated ) '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2015 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` Patrick Wilson To Join Marvel 's ' Ant - Man ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2014 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Gerald Lands Villainous ' Ant - Man ' Role ; Kenneth Choi In Court For ' The Whole Truth ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . April 4 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2014 . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ AMC Theatres ( July 29 , 2014 ) . Director Peyton Reed Talks ANT MAN at Comic Con 2014 with AMC . YouTube . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graser , Mark ( May 23 , 2014 ) . `` Edgar Wright Exits Marvel 's ' Ant - Man ' as Director '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2014 . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Romano , Nick ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` Edgar Wright explains how Ant - Man departure led to Baby Driver '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The ANT - MAN Director Derby Narrows ( Again ) To Two New Finalists ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . June 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2014 . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Adam McKay Talks Rewriting ANT - MAN with Paul Rudd ; Reveals They Added `` a Giant Action Sequence '' , Made the Film Bigger and `` a Little More Aggressive '' `` . Collider . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Ant - Man ' star Paul Rudd was ' devastated ' by the departure of Edgar Wright '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2015 . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wickman , Kase ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Ant - Man ' Director Wants To Make Sure The Sequel 's Wasp Is As Awesome As Possible '' . MTV . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2015 . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Ant - Man ' Resolves Writing Credit Dispute ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2015 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . 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Archived from the original on April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reed , Peyton ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` And that 's it ! Principal photography on ANT - MAN is now complete . The ants have left the building . Stay tuned ... '' Twitter . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2015 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Kevin H. ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` Big As Life '' . ICG Magazine . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2015 . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Seymour , Mike ( July 19 , 2015 ) . `` Ant - Man : Marvel 's heist film '' . FX Guide . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Ant - Man Originally Had A Completely Different Opening Scene '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2015 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` Ant - Man : EW preview '' . Entertainment Weekly . 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Animation World Network . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2015 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rich , Katey ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` Ant - Man Director Peyton Reed on the Film 's Most Impressive Effect ... and the Backup Plan '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wasley , Alice ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Ant - Man VFX Supervisor On The Power Of Shrinkage '' . The Credits . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2015 . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Christophe Beck to Score Marvel Studios ' ' Ant - Man '' . Film Music Reporter . January 6 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2015 . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCue , Michelle ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Composer Christophe Beck Talks Score For ANT - MAN '' . WeAreMovieGeeks.com . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2015 . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ant - Man ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . July 15 , 2015 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2015 . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel To Broadcast ANT - MAN Premiere Red Carpet Online '' . Newsarama . June 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2015 . Retrieved June 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Siegemund - Broka , Austin ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Ant - Man , ' ' Miss Hokusai ' to Open Fantasia Festival '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2015 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Tartaglione , Natalie ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Ant - Man ' Will Grow To $115 M - $125 M In Global Bow , But Will Bump Heads With ' Minions ' In U.S. -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2015 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Rogue One ' , ' Captain America : Civil War ' , and More Get IMAX Releases '' . / Film . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2015 . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Ant - Man ' Poster Wants To Remind You Of ' Iron Man ' Poster '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2015 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` CineEurope : Disney Debuts ' The Finest Hours ' Trailer , ' Zootopia ' Footage , Screens ' Ant - Man ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Studios : Assembling a Universe TV Special Premieres March 18 on ABC '' . Marvel.com . February 27 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2014 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' : Marvel reveals new Scarlet Witch and Quicksilver concept art '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2014 . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . 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Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ant - Man Micro-Tech Challenge : Learn More '' . Disney Educational Productions and Marvel . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` New ' Ant - Man ' Avengers - Themed Character Posters Are ' Lilo And Stitch ' Style Marketing '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2015 . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` Get an Extended Look at Marvel 's ' Ant - Man ' in IMAX Theaters June 12 '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Slater , Shawn ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` See an Exclusive Sneak Peek of ' Ant - Man ' at Disney California Adventure Park Starting June 19 '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2015 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ WHIH World News ( Marvel Studios ) ( July 2 , 2015 ) . WHIH : NEWSFRONT Promo - July 2 , 2015 . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , C. Molly ( July 2 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel links Ant - Man to greater MCU in fake news report '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2015 . Retrieved July 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Michael Douglas Ring the Closing Bell at the New York Stock Exchange '' . Marvel.com . July 13 , 2015 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2015 . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` Summer Movie Ad Buys : ' Mission : Impossible , ' ' Mad Max ' Get Biggest U.S. Spend '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2015 . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Amey , Katie ( November 29 , 2015 ) . `` See London like never before thanks to new website documenting the capital 's landmarks from the perspective of an ANT '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Watch : Michael Peña steals this exclusive ' Ant - Man ' Blu - ray trailer '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Minions , ' ' Ant - Man ' Top Home - Video Sales Charts '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2015 . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection ' Unveiled ; Contains First Look at Phase 3 '' . Collider . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` No. 14 ' Ant - Man ' -- 2015 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 19 , 2015 ) . `` ' Ant - Man ' Smaller Than ' Thor ' & ' Captain America ' ; ' Trainwreck ' Second High For Judd Apatow -- Sunday Final Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( July 18 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Ant - Man ' Nabs Second - Smallest Marvel Friday With $22.6 M '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Ant - Man ' & ' Minions ' Smaller In Actuals ; ' Trainwreck ' Starts To Party -- Weekend Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( July 19 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Ant - Man ' No. 1 With $58 M ; ' Trainwreck ' Laughs to $30.2 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2015 . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 26 , 2015 ) . `` ' Ant - Man ' Has Bragging Rights At The B.O. Over Adam Sandler 's ' Pixels ' -- Sunday AM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2015 . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Ant - Man ' Shrinks A Tick ; China 's ' Monster ' Smash Tops Overseas ; ' Minions ' No. 1 WW -- Intl Box Office Actuals '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Terminator ' , ' Hitman ' Lead Sluggish Frame ; ' Compton ' Tops 5 Markets -- International Box Office Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2015 . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Ant - Man ' Supersizes With $42.4 M China Bow ; ' Crimson Peak ' Climbs To $13.6 M -- International Box Office Actuals '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2015 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( October 18 , 2015 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Ant - Man ' Tops ' Thor ' After $43 M China Bow , ' Pan ' Plunges , ' Steve Jobs ' Expands '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2015 . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 26 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Martian ' Orbits $400 M Global ; ' Straight Outta Compton ' Nears $200 M ; ' Ghost Dimension ' Solid -- Intl B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( September 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Inside Out ' & ' Ant - Man ' Reach New Global Box Office Milestones '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2015 . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Sony 's Sizzling ' Spectre ' , ' Hotel Transylvania 2 ' Top Charts In Strong Frame -- Intl Box Office Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2015 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ant - Man ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ant - Man Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Film Review : ' Ant - Man ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2015 . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Ant - Man ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2015 . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Review : Marvel comes up big with playful ' Ant - Man ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2015 . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Newman , Kim ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Ant - Man : Small - time crook '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2015 . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Review : ' Ant - Man , ' With Paul Rudd , Adds to a Superhero Infestation '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2015 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Duralde , Alonso ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Ant - Man ' Review : Paul Rudd 's Charisma Gets Stepped On in Marvel 's Latest Offering '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2015 . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Ant - Man ' : As Marvel movies go , too small in scale and ambition '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2015 . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shoard , Catherine ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Ant - Man review : diminishing returns for latest expansion of Marvel universe '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2015 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morgenstern , Joe ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Ant - Man ' Review : A Shrunken Summer Spectacular '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2015 . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Orr , Christopher ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` Ant - Man : A Small Defeat for Marvel '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2015 . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2015 Nominees : Wave 2 Revealed ! '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2015 . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards Nominations : ' Mad Max ' Leads Film ; ABC , HBO , FX Networks & ' Fargo ' Top TV '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2015 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ' Star Wars ' Among Nominees for ACE Eddie Awards for Film Editing Jump up ^ `` Bafta Film Awards 2016 : Nominations '' . BBC News . January 8 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2016 . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ ' Star Wars , ' ' Game of Thrones , ' ' The Peanuts Movie ' Lead Visual Effects Society Nominations Jump up ^ Grant , Stacey ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Here Are The Nominees For The 2016 Kids ' Choice Awards '' . MTV . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2016 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Matthew ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Saturn Awards 2016 Nominees Announced '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jameson Empire Awards 2016 : Star Wars and Mad Max lead the nominations Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` MTV Movie Awards 2016 : Complete List of Nominees '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 17th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Production Officially Begins on Ant - Man and the Wasp ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Michelle Pfeiffer will play Janet Van Dyne in Ant - Man and The Wasp '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . External links ( Edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ant - Man ( film ) . 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Rodney McLeod - wikipedia Rodney McLeod Jump to : navigation , search Rodney McLeod <Td_colspan="2"> McLeod with the Rams <Th_colspan="2"> No. 23 -- Philadelphia Eagles Position : Safety <Th_colspan="2"> Born : ( 1990 - 06 - 23 ) June 23 , 1990 ( age 27 ) Clinton , Maryland Height : 5 ft 10 in ( 1.78 m ) Weight : 195 lb ( 88 kg ) <Th_colspan="2"> Career information High school : Hyattsville ( MD ) DeMatha College : Virginia Undrafted : 2012 <Th_colspan="2"> Career history <Td_colspan="2"> St. Louis Rams ( 2012 -- 2015 ) Philadelphia Eagles ( 2016 -- present ) <Th_colspan="2"> Roster status : Active <Th_colspan="2"> Career highlights and awards <Td_colspan="2"> Super Bowl champion ( LII ) <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Career NFL statistics as of 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> Total tackles : 382 Sacks : 1.0 Interceptions : 11 Forced fumbles : 10 Pass deflections : 31 Total touchdowns : 1 <Td_colspan="2"> Player stats at NFL.com Rodney McLeod Jr. ( born June 23 , 1990 ) is an American football safety for the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League ( NFL ) . McLeod played college football for the University of Virginia and signed with the St. Louis Rams ( the now Los Angeles Rams ) as an undrafted free agent in 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 College career 2 Professional career 2.1 St. Louis Rams 2.1. 1 2012 2.1. 2 2013 2.1. 3 2014 2.1. 4 2015 2.1. 5 2016 2.2 Philadelphia Eagles 2.2. 1 2017 3 Career statistics 4 References 5 External links College career ( edit ) McLeod played college football for Virginia . He finished all four years with 190 tackles , 6 Interceptions , one sack , 17 pass deflections and 3 forced fumbles . Professional career ( edit ) Pre-draft measurables Ht Wt 40 - yard dash 10 - yd split 20 - yd split 20 - ss 3 - cone Vert jump Broad BP 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ( 1.77 m ) 183 lb ( 83 kg ) 4.60 s 1.55 s 2.63 s 4.12 s 6.50 s 36 ⁄ in ( 0.93 m ) 10 ft 1 in ( 3.07 m ) 15 reps <Td_colspan="13"> All values from Virginia 's Pro Day St. Louis Rams ( edit ) On April 30 , 2012 , the St. Louis Rams signed McLeod to a three - year , $ 1.44 million contract after he went undrafted during the 2012 NFL Draft . 2012 ( edit ) Throughout training camp , McLeod competed for a roster spot as a backup safety against Matt Daniels and Quinton Pointer . He progressed quickly and earned an opportunity to show his athleticism after Daniels missed the majority of camp with an injury . McLeod 's quick rise up the depth chart continued in the preseason after he led the Rams with 12 combined tackles and earned reps ahead of Darian Stewart at strong safety during practice . Head coach Jeff Fisher named McLeod the backup free safety behind Quintin Mikell to begin the regular season . He made his professional regular season debut in the St. Louis Rams ' season - opener at the Detroit Lions and recorded two solo tackles in their 27 -- 23 loss . McLeod 's first career tackle was on Lions ' running back Stefan Logan after Logan returned a kick for 13 - yards . On November 11 , 2012 , he tied his season - high of two solo tackles in the Rams ' 24 -- 24 tie at the San Francisco 49ers . He finished his rookie season in 2012 with 13 combined tackles ( nine solo ) in 16 games and zero starts . McLeod also led the Rams with 16 special teams tackles as a rookie . 2013 ( edit ) McLeod entered training camp competing for a job as a starting safety after Quintin Mikell was released and Craig Dahl departed in free agency . He competed against Darian Stewart , Matt Daniels , and Matt Giordano . Head coach Jeff Fisher named McLeod the starting strong safety after Darian Stewart missed the preseason and first three games due to a soft tissue injury . He made his first career start in the St. Louis Rams ' season - opener against the Arizona Cardinals and collected five combined tackles in their 27 -- 24 victory . The following week , he collected a season - high seven solo tackles during a 31 -- 24 loss at the Atlanta Falcons . On November 3 , 2013 , McLeod registered seven combined tackles , broke up a pass , and made the first interception of his career off a pass attempt by quarterback Jake Locker during the Rams ' 28 -- 21 loss to the Tennessee Titans . On December 15 , 2013 , he made a season - high eight combined tackles in the Rams ' 27 -- 16 loss to the New Orleans Saints . He finished his first season as a starter with 79 combined tackles ( 63 solo ) , seven pass deflections , and two interceptions in 16 games and 16 starts . McLeod started the first ten games at both free safety and strong safety as a replacement for the injured T.J. McDonald and Darian Stewart , but officially earned the starting role over Stewart in Week 12 . 2014 ( edit ) New St. Louis Rams ' defensive coordinator Gregg Williams named McLeod the starting free safety , along with T.J. McDonald , after Darian Stewart departed for the Baltimore Ravens . He started the St. Louis Rams ' season - opener against the Minnesota Vikings and collected a season - high seven combined tackles in their 34 -- 6 loss . The following week , McLeod made five solo tackles and intercepted a pass by quarterback Jameis Winston in the Rams ' 19 -- 17 win at the Tampa Bay Buccaneers . He finished the 2014 season with 72 combined tackles ( 62 solo ) , six pass deflections , and two interceptions in 16 games and 16 starts . 2015 ( edit ) McLeod became a restricted free agent after the 2014 season after completing his three year rookie contract . On March 6 , 2015 , the St. Louis Rams placed a second round tender offer on McLeod that amounted to a one - year , $2.35 million contract . Head coach Jeff Fisher retained McDonald and McLeod as the starting safety duo to begin the 2015 regular season . McLeod started the St. Louis Rams ' season - opener against the Seattle Seahawks and collected six combined tackles in their 34 -- 31 victory . In Week 11 , McLeod recorded a season - high nine combined tackles , broke up a pass , forced a fumble , and intercepted a pass attempt by Joe Flacco in the Rams ' 16 -- 13 loss at the Baltimore Ravens . In his last season with the St. Louis Rams , McLeod recorded a 82 combined tackles ( 59 solo ) , five pass deflections , three forced fumbles , and an interception in 16 games and 16 starts . Pro Football Focus gave McLeod an overall grade of 83.9 , which was the 10th highest grade among qualifying safeties and the 9th highest pass coverage grade of 79.8 in 2015 . 2016 ( edit ) McLeod became an unrestricted free agent after the 2015 season and became one of the top safety prospects on the free agent market . He received interest from multiple teams , including the New York Giants and Baltimore Ravens . McLeod received contract offers from the Philadelphia Eagles , Cleveland Browns , Jacksonville Jaguars , and Tampa Bay Buccaneers . Philadelphia Eagles ( edit ) On March 9 , 2016 , the Philadelphia Eagles signed McLeod to a five - year , $35 million contract that includes $17 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $8 million . The contract is worth up to $37 million with incentives , makes McLeod the fourth highest paid safety , and pays him a $7.4 million yearly average salary that is the fourth largest salary among all safeties . The Philadelphia Eagles made McLeod and Malcolm Jenkins the highest paid safety duo in the NFL . Head coach Doug Pederson named McLeod and Jenkins the starting safeties to begin the regular season . He started the Philadelphia Eagles ' season - opener against the Cleveland Browns and recorded four combined tackles and intercepted a pass by quarterback Robert Griffin III in their 29 -- 10 victory . In Week 6 , McLeod collected a career - high 14 combined tackles ( 12 solo ) in the Eagles ' 27 -- 20 loss at the Washington Redskins . The following week , he recorded seven solo tackles , broke up a pass , made an interception , and his first career sack on Sam Bradford during a 21 -- 10 victory against the Minnesota Vikings . He finished his first season with the Philadelphia Eagles with a career - high 83 combined tackles ( 72 solo ) , seven pass deflections , three interceptions , a forced fumble , and a sack in 16 games and 16 starts . 2017 ( edit ) Defensive coordinator Jim Schwartz retained McLeod and Jenkins as the starting safeties and also had Patrick Robinson , Sidney Jones , and Rasul Douglas added to their secondary . In Week 2 , McLeod recorded two combined tackles before leaving the Eagles ' 27 -- 20 loss at the Kansas City Chiefs in the second quarter after sustaining a hamstring injury . He missed the following game against the New York Giants and had his 66 game streak as a starter come to an end . He also appeared in every single game since his debut as a rookie in 2012 , totaling 82 consecutive games . In Week 8 , McLeod recorded four combined tackles , deflected a pass , and an interception in a 33 -- 10 victory against the San Francisco 49ers . On November 19 , 2017 , he made three combined tackles , broke up a pass , and intercepted a pass by Dak Prescott in the Eagles ' 37 -- 9 win at the Dallas Cowboys . McLeod had three consecutive games with an interception for the first time in his career . On December 16 , 2017 , he collected a season - high 12 combined tackles in a 34 -- 29 win at the New York Giants . McLeod was a healthy scratch in Week 17 and was kept inactive to rest for the playoffs after he susatined a quadriceps injury a few week prior . He finished the 2017 season with 54 combined tackles ( 39 solo ) , six pass deflections , three interceptions , and a forced fumble in 14 games and 14 starts . Pro Football Focus gave McLeod an overall grade of 79.3 , ranking him 39th among all safeties in 2017 . The Philadelphia Eagles finished the 2017 season atop the NFC East with a 13 -- 3 record and clinched a playoff berth and home field advantage . On January 13 , 2018 , McLeod started his first career playoff game and recorded seven solo tackles and a sack on Matt Ryan during the Eagles ' 15 -- 10 victory against the Atlanta Falcons in the NFC Divisional round . The Eagles went on to defeat the Minnesota Vikings in the NFC Championship and went on to face the New England Patriots in the Super Bowl . On February 4 , 2018 , McLeod started in Super Bowl LII and recorded six combined tackles and broke up a pass in the Eagles ' 41 -- 33 victory . McLeod graded out as the 36th best safety by Pro Football Focus in 2017 . Career statistics ( edit ) Year Team GP COMB TOTAL AST SACK FF FR FR YDS INT IR YDS AVG IR LNG TD PD 2012 STL 16 12 09 03 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2013 STL 16 79 63 16 0.0 9 0 7 2014 STL 16 72 62 10 0.0 9 0 6 2015 STL 11 57 39 18 0.0 20 2016 PHI 16 83 72 11 1.0 0 0 5 5 0 7 2017 PHI 14 50 35 15 0.0 9 67 22.3 50 0 6 <Th_colspan="2"> Career 89 353 280 73 1.0 10 7 47 11 79 5.15 5 28 Key GP : games played COMB : combined tackles TOTAL : total tackles AST : assisted tackles SACK : sacks FF : forced fumbles FR : fumble recoveries FR YDS : fumble return yards INT : interceptions IR YDS : interception return yards AVG IR : average interception return LNG : longest interception return TD : interceptions returned for touchdown PD : passes defended References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rodney McLeod College Statistics '' . sports-reference.com . Jump up ^ `` * Rodney McLeod , DS # 25 FS , Virginia '' . DraftScout.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spotrac.com : Rodney McLeod contract '' . Spotrac.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rodney McLeod '' . kffl.com . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2014 . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Gerwel , Steven ( August 2 , 2012 ) . `` St. Louis Rams Roster 2012 : Latest News , Cuts , Preseason Predictions '' . bleacherreport.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rookie free agent profile : Rodney McLeod , DB , Virginia '' . ramview.blogspot.com . July 8 , 2012 . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Van Bibber , Ryan ( August 22 , 2012 ) . `` Rams Practice Report : Rodney McLeod Gets His Chance '' . turfshowtimes.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ourlads.com : St. Louis Rams Depth Chart : 10 / 01 / 2012 '' . Ourlads.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Game Center : Week 1 - 2012 : St. Louis Rams @ Detroit Lions '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Player stats : Rodney McLeod ( career ) '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wagoner , Nick ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` Safety Competition Just Getting Started '' . therams.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Langland , Tyson ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` St. Louis Rams Roster 2013 : Latest Cuts , Depth Charts and Analysis '' . bleacherreport.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stites , Adam ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` Rams vs. Cowboys 2013 injury report : Anthony Spencer , Darian Stewart listed as questionable '' . sbnation.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Player stats : Rodney McLeod ( 2013 ) '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ourlads.com : St. Louis Rams Depth Chart : 01 / 01 / 2014 '' . Ourlads.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Player stats : Rodney McLeod ( 2014 ) '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wagoner , Nick ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` Rams tender safety Rodney McLeod , others '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Player stats : Rodney McLeod ( 2015 ) '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Bob ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Offseason 2016 : S Rodney McLeod agrees to five - year , $37 million deal with Philadelphia Eagles '' . ramstalk.net . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fernando , Tim . `` Where do Malcolm Jenkins and Rodney McLeod rank amongst other Safety Pairings ? '' . insidetheiggles.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Broner , Tevin ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 NFL Free Agency : Rams S Rodney McLeod Is Drawing Interest From New York Giants , Baltimore Ravens '' . turfshowtimes.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bouda , Nate ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` nfltraderumors.co '' . nfltraderumors.co . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Five - Year Deal For Rodney McLeod '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dubin , Jared ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` The Eagles are apparently all - in on having the NFL 's priciest safety duo '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gowton , Brandon Lee ( September 3 , 2016 ) . `` Philadelphia Eagles depth chart 2016 : 53 - man roster edition '' . bleedinggreennation.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Game Center : Weekn1 - 2016 : Cleveland Browns @ Philadelphia Eagles '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Game Center : Week 7 - 2016 : Minnesota Vikings @ Philadelphia Eagles '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles injury updates on Torrey Smith and Rodney McLeod '' . bleedinggreennation.com . September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Player stats : Rodney McLeod ( 2017 ) '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gowton , Brandon Lee ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Eagles Injury Report : Zach Ertz returns to practice ahead of Giants game '' . bleedinggreennation.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles - Cowboys inactives , with analysis '' . PhillyVoice.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pro Football Focus : Rodney McLeod '' . profootballfocus.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Player stats : Rodney McLeod ( 2017 ) '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Conway , Tyler ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` Rodney McLeod , Eagles Agree to Restructured Contract '' . bleacherreport.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/nfl/player/stats/_/id/15222/rodney-mcleod External links ( edit ) Philadelphia Eagles bio St. Louis Rams bio <Th_colspan="2"> Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl LII champions <Td_colspan="2"> 4 Jake Elliott 6 Caleb Sturgis 7 Nate Sudfeld 8 Donnie Jones 9 Nick Foles ( MVP ) 10 Mack Hollins 11 Carson Wentz 13 Nelson Agholor 14 Marcus Johnson 16 Bryce Treggs 17 Alshon Jeffery 18 Shelton Gibson 19 Rashard Davis 21 Patrick Robinson 22 Sidney Jones 23 Rodney McLeod 24 Corey Graham 26 Jaylen Watkins 27 Malcolm Jenkins 28 Wendell Smallwood 29 LeGarrette Blount 30 Corey Clement 31 Jalen Mills 32 Rasul Douglas 33 De'Vante Bausby 34 Donnel Pumphrey 35 D.J. Killings 36 Jay Ajayi 38 Kenjon Barner 39 Harold Jones - Quartey 41 Ronald Darby 42 Chris Maragos 43 Darren Sproles 45 Rick Lovato 47 Nathan Gerry 49 Tre Sullivan 50 Bryan Braman 51 Steven Means 52 Najee Goode 53 Nigel Bradham 54 Kamu Grugier - Hill 55 Brandon Graham 56 Chris Long 57 Dannell Ellerbe 58 Jordan Hicks 59 Joe Walker 61 Stefen Wisniewski 62 Jason Kelce 65 Lane Johnson 66 Will Beatty 67 Chance Warmack 68 Josh Andrews 71 Jason Peters 72 Halapoulivaati Vaitai 73 Isaac Seumalo 75 Vinny Curry 78 Darrell Greene 79 Brandon Brooks 82 Torrey Smith 85 Billy Brown 86 Zach Ertz 87 Brent Celek 88 Trey Burton 89 Greg Ward Jr . 91 Fletcher Cox 93 Timmy Jernigan 94 Beau Allen 95 Mychal Kendricks 96 Derek Barnett 97 Destiny Vaeao 98 Elijah Qualls Randall Goforth Aziz Shittu Dom Williams <Td_colspan="2"> Head coach : Doug Pederson <Td_colspan="2"> Coaches : Eugene Chung Phillip Daniels John DeFilippo Dave Fipp Ken Flajole Keith Gray Mike Groh Matthew Harper Tim Hauck Josh Hingst Shaun Huls Trent Miles Ryan Paganetti T.J. Paganetti Justin Peelle Spencer Phillips Frank Reich Jim Schwartz Duce Staley Jeff Stoutland Press Taylor Cory Undlin Dino Vasso Chris Wilson <Th_colspan="2"> Philadelphia Eagles current roster Active roster 4 Jake Elliott 7 Nate Sudfeld 9 Nick Foles 10 Mack Hollins 11 Carson Wentz 13 Nelson Agholor 16 Bryce Treggs 17 Alshon Jeffery 18 Shelton Gibson 19 Rashard Davis 22 Sidney Jones 23 Rodney McLeod 27 Malcolm Jenkins 28 Wendell Smallwood 30 Corey Clement 31 Jalen Mills 32 Rasul Douglas 33 De'Vante Bausby 34 Donnel Pumphrey 35 D.J. Killings 36 Jay Ajayi 37 Randall Goforth 41 Ronald Darby 42 Chris Maragos 45 Rick Lovato 47 Nathan Gerry 49 Tre Sullivan 51 Steven Means 53 Nigel Bradham 54 Kamu Grugier - Hill 55 Brandon Graham 56 Chris Long 58 Jordan Hicks 59 Joe Walker 61 Stefen Wisniewski 62 Jason Kelce 65 Lane Johnson 67 Chance Warmack 71 Jason Peters 72 Halapoulivaati Vaitai 73 Isaac Seumalo 74 Winston Craig 77 Jon Toth 78 Darrell Greene 79 Brandon Brooks 85 Billy Brown 86 Zach Ertz 89 Greg Ward Jr . 91 Fletcher Cox 93 Timmy Jernigan 95 Mychal Kendricks 96 Derek Barnett 97 Destiny Vaeao 98 Elijah Qualls -- Michael Bennett -- Elie Bouka -- Taylor Hart -- Cameron Johnston -- Corey Nelson -- Haloti Ngata -- Joshua Perkins -- Richard Rodgers -- Aziz Shittu -- Mike Wallace -- Dom Williams -- Marquess Wilson -- Daryl Worley -- Paul Worrilow -- Adam Zaruba <Td_colspan="2"> AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rodney_McLeod&oldid=833360551 '' Categories : 1990 births Living people People from Clinton , Maryland Players of American football from Maryland American football safeties Virginia Cavaliers football players St. Louis Rams players Philadelphia Eagles players Super Bowl champions Hidden categories : Philadelphia Eagles currentteam parameter articles Infobox NFL biography articles missing alt text Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 02 : 38 . 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1. Rodney McLeod - American football safety
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briefly explain how you feel about multiculturalism in australia
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Multiculturalism in Australia - Wikipedia Multiculturalism in Australia Jump to : navigation , search Multiculturalism in Australia is today reflected by the multicultural composition of its people , its immigration policies , its prohibition on discrimination , equality before the law of all persons , as well as various cultural policies which promote diversity , such as the formation of the Special Broadcasting Service . According to the 2011 census , 26 % of the population were born overseas and a further 20 % had at least one parent born overseas . Aboriginal Australians make up approximately 2.5 % of the population . Australia 's diverse migrant communities have brought with them food , lifestyle and cultural practices , which have been absorbed into mainstream Australian culture . Historically , Australia did not accept all persons , and adhered to the White Australia Policy . The policy was dismantled after World War II by various changes to immigration policy . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Pre-Federation 1.2 White Australia policy : 1800s to 1972 1.3 Multiculturalism adopted : 1970s - Present 2 Projects 3 Critique and debate 3.1 Political positions 3.2 Intellectual critique 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading History ( edit ) Main article : Immigration to Australia Pre-federation ( edit ) Prior to settlement by Europeans , the Australian continent was not a single nation , but hosted many different Aboriginal cultures and between 200 and 400 active languages at any one time . According to the 2006 census some 150 indigenous languages are still spoken . The present nation of Australia resulted from a process of immigration intended to fill the continent ( also excluding potential rivals to the British Empire ) . Settlers from the United Kingdom , after 1800 including Ireland , were the earliest people that were not native to the continent to live in Australia . Dutch colonisation and possible visits to Australia by explorers and / or traders from China , did not lead to permanent settlement . Until 1901 , Australia existed as a group of independent British settler colonies . White Australia policy : 1800s to 1972 ( edit ) The Immigration Restriction Act 1901 , known informally as the White Australia policy , restricted non-European immigration to Australia from 1901 to 1973 . The policy limited the ethnic and cultural diversity of the immigrant population . The policy was an attempt to preserve the British ethno - cultural identity of the Australian nation , promote European immigration , and to exclude persons who did not fit the European , predominately Anglo - Celtic , character of Australian society . As the twentieth century progressed and the number of migrants from the United Kingdom became insufficient to meet labour shortages , immigrants came increasingly from other parts of Europe , such as Italy , Greece , Germany , the Netherlands , and the former Yugoslavia . People whose parents were both born in Australia percentage of the population in Australia divided geographically by statistical local area , as of the 2011 census Multiculturalism adopted : 1970s - present ( edit ) Following the initial moves of the Whitlam Labor government in 1973 , further official national multicultural policies were implemented by Fraser 's Conservative Coalition government in 1978 . The Labor Government of Bob Hawke continued with these policies during the 1980s and early 1990s , and were further supported by Paul Keating up to his electoral defeat 1996 . CALD ( or Culturally and Linguistually Diverse ) policies continue to be implemented at all levels of government and public service , such as medical support systems which cater specifically to non-English speaking residents . The meaning of multiculturalism has changed significantly since its formal introduction to Australia . Originally it was understood by the mainstream population as a need for acceptance that many members of the Australian community originally came from different cultures and still had ties to it . However , it came to mean the rights of migrants within mainstream Australia to express their cultural identity . It is now often used to refer to the notion that people in Australia have multiple cultural or ethnic backgrounds . The overall level of immigration to Australia has grown during the last decades . Net overseas immigrants increased from 30,000 in 1993 to 118,000 in 2003 -- 04 , and 200,000 in 2015 . According to the 2011 census , 26 % of the population were born overseas , with a further 20 % having at least one parent born overseas . Of the population born overseas , 82 % lived in the capital cities . Aboriginal Australians make up approximately 2.5 % of the population . As of 2008 , Australia was ranked 18th in the world in terms of net migration per capita , ahead of Canada , the USA and most of Europe . According to the National Agenda for a Multicultural Australia , the Australian government is concerned with three broad policy areas : cultural identity , social justice , and economic efficiency . The top ten religions in Australia account for less than 63 % of the population . Projects ( edit ) A number of projects by government and non-government entities have been established to facilitate multiculturalism in Australia . The capital , Canberra , has developed a tradition of holding the National Multicultural Festival , held over a week in February . There is also Harmony Day which seeks to promote a tolerant and culturally diverse society . Critique and debate ( edit ) Main article : Criticism of multiculturalism Political positions ( edit ) In 1996 , John Howard 's Liberal - National Coalition was elected to government . Howard had long been a critic of multiculturalism , releasing his One Australia policy in the late 1980s which called for a reduction in Asian immigration . He later retracted the policy , citing his then position as wrong . Shortly after the Howard government took office , a new independent member of Parliament , Pauline Hanson , made her maiden speech in which she was highly critical of multiculturalism , saying that a multicultural society could never be strong . Hanson went on to form her own political party , One Nation . One Nation campaigned strongly against official multiculturalism , arguing that it represented `` a threat to the very basis of the Australian culture , identity and shared values '' and that there was `` no reason why migrant cultures should be maintained at the expense of our shared , national culture . '' . Despite many calls for Howard to censure Hanson , his response was to state that her speech indicated a new freedom of expression in Australia on such issues , and that he believed strongly in freedom of speech . Rather than official multiculturalism , Howard advocated instead the idea of a `` shared national identity '' , albeit one strongly grounded in certain recognisably Anglo - Celtic Australian themes , such as `` mateship '' and a `` fair go '' . The name of the Department of Immigration , Multiculturalism and Indigenous Affairs was changed to the `` Department of Immigration and Citizenship '' . However , Australia maintained a policy of multiculturalism , and government introduced expanded dual - citizenship rights . Intellectual critique ( edit ) The earliest academic critics of multiculturalism in Australia were the philosophers Lachlan Chipman and Frank Knopfelmacher , sociologist Tanya Birrell and the political scientist Raymond Sestito . Chipman and Knopfelmacher were concerned with threats to social cohesion , while Birrell 's concern was that multiculturalism obscures the social costs associated with large scale immigration that fall most heavily on the most recently arrived and unskilled immigrants . Sestito 's arguments were based on the role of political parties . He argued that political parties were instrumental in pursuing multicultural policies , and that these policies would put strain on the political system and would not promote better understanding in the Australian community . Prime Minister John Curtin Supported White Australia policy , saying `` This country shall remain forever the home of the descendants of those people who came here in peace in order to establish in the South Seas an outpost of the British race . '' Prime Minister Stanley Bruce was a supporter of the White Australia Policy , and made it an issue in his campaign for the 1925 Australian Federal election . It is necessary that we should determine what are the ideals towards which every Australian would desire to strive . I think those ideals might well be stated as being to secure our national safety , and to ensure the maintenance of our White Australia Policy to continue as an integral portion of the British Empire . We intend to keep this country white and not allow its people to be faced with the problems that at present are practically insoluble in many parts of the world . Another leader of the Labor Party , Arthur Calwell ( 1960 - 1967 ) supported the White European Australia policy . This is reflected by Calwell 's comments in his 1972 memoirs , Be Just and Fear Not , in which he made it clear that he maintained his view that non-European people should not be allowed to settle in Australia . He wrote : I am proud of my white skin , just as a Chinese is proud of his yellow skin , a Japanese of his brown skin , and the Indians of their various hues from black to coffee - coloured . Anybody who is not proud of his race is not a man at all . And any man who tries to stigmatize the Australian community as racist because they want to preserve this country for the white race is doing our nation great harm ... I reject , in conscience , the idea that Australia should or ever can become a multi-racial society and survive . He was the last leader of ALP and Liberal parties to support it . Historian Geoffrey Blainey achieved mainstream recognition as a critic of multiculturalism when he wrote that multiculturalism threatened to transform Australia into a `` cluster of tribes '' . In his 1984 book All for Australia , Blainey criticized multiculturalism for tending to emphasise the rights of ethnic minorities at the expense of the majority population and for being `` anti-British '' , despite the British being the largest group to have migrated to Australia . According to Blainey , such policies created divisions and threatened national cohesion . He argued that `` the evidence is clear that many multicultural societies have failed and that the human cost of the failure has been high '' and warned that `` we should think very carefully about the perils of converting Australia into a giant multicultural laboratory for the assumed benefit of the peoples of the world . '' In one of his numerous criticisms of multiculturalism , Blainey wrote : For the millions of Australians who have no other nation to fall back upon , multiculturalism is almost an insult . It is divisive . It threatens social cohesion . It could , in the long - term , also endanger Australia 's military security because it sets up enclaves which in a crisis could appeal to their own homelands for help . Blainey remained a persistent critic of multiculturalism into the 1990s , denouncing multiculturalism as `` morally , intellectually and economically ... a sham . '' Historian John Hirst argued that while multiculturalism might serve the needs of ethnic politics and the demands of certain ethnic groups for government funding for the promotion of their separate ethnic identity , it is a perilous concept on which to found national policy . Hirst identified contradictory statements by political leaders that suggested the term was a nonsense concept . These included the policies of Prime Minister Bob Hawke , a proponent of multiculturalism while at the same time promoting a citizenship campaign and stressing the common elements of our culture , and anti-multiculturalism statements by Prime Minister Howard , who aroused the ire of multiculturalists who thought that he was suggesting closing down Italian restaurants and prohibiting the speaking of the Italian language when he proposed no such thing . According to Hirst , multiculturalism denies the existence of a host Australian culture : Insofar as multiculturalism makes what it calls ' Anglo - Celts ' the equivalent of Italians and Turks , it denies the very notion of a host . ( Multiculturalists assert ) we are all immigrants of many cultures , contributing to a multicultural society . This may serve the needs of ethnic politics . As a serious historical or sociological analysis it is nonsense . To found policy on it may be perilous . Critics have argued that multiculturalism was introduced as official policy in Australia without public support or consultation . According to academic Mark Lopez : `` Multiculturalism was developed by a small number of academics , social workers and activists , initially located on the fringe of the political arena of immigration , settlement and welfare . The authors responsible for versions of the ideology were also principal actors in the struggle to advance their beliefs and make them government policy '' . Lopez asserts that through `` core groups and activists ' sympathisers and contacts ... multiculturalism became government policy ... because the multiculturalists and their supporters were able to influence the ideological content of the Minister 's sources of policy ... Contemporary public opinion polls implied ... in the general population , a widespread resentment , or a lack of interest , of the kinds of ideas advanced by multiculturalists ... The original constituency for multiculturalism was small ; popular opinion was an obstacle , not an asset , for the multiculturalists . '' Furthermore , according to Lopez : `` Multiculturalism was not simply picked up and appreciated and implemented by policy makers , government and the major political parties ... ( I ) n every episode that resulted in the progress of multiculturalism , the effectiveness of the political lobbyists was a decisive factor ... ( Multiculturalism was ) tirelessly promoted and manoeuvered forward '' . However , the above argument have been contested by others , who note that `` Government sponsored conferences were in fact held at least once a year from 1950 to discuss immigration issues and to provide information for both government and the Australian public '' . Critics associated with the Centre for Population and Urban Research at Monash University have argued that both Right and Left factions in the Australian Labor Party have adopted a multicultural stance for the purposes of increasing their support within the party . A manifestation of this embrace of multiculturalism has been the creation of ethnic branches within the Labor Party and ethnic branch stacking . Following the upsurge of support for the One Nation Party in 1996 , Lebanese - born Australian anthropologist Ghassan Hage published a critique in 1997 of Australian multiculturalism in the book White Nation . Drawing on theoretical frameworks from Whiteness studies , Jacques Lacan and Pierre Bourdieu , Hage examined a range of everyday discourses that implicated both anti-multiculturalists and pro-multiculturalists alike . Australian political ethologist Frank Salter , author of On Genetic Interests : Family , Ethnicity , and Humanity in an Age of Mass Migration , has argued that multiculturalism forms `` part of an ideological - administrative system that is helping swamp the Australian nation through ethnically diverse immigration . '' This , in turn , is `` putting at risk the nation 's ability to produce the public goods that nations excel in producing : relative cohesion and harmony , public altruism , trust , efficient government and political stability . '' Salter has written : Diversity is not the only deleterious side effect of multiculturalism . Another is to perpetuate population growth because immigration is part of the quid pro quo offered ethnic minorities in exchange for votes . Perpetual large scale immigration can not be sustained for well - rehearsed environmental reasons . In the end failure to regulate population growth causes severe suffering and social and economic dislocation . It follows that multiculturalism should be counteracted as part of a responsible population policy . The conflict between the two policies is already evident . The charge of racism is often directed at recommendations for reducing immigration overall , even without changing the ethnic mix . In Salter 's view , the current model of multiculturalism is flawed as it tends to be `` asymmetrical '' and exclude Australia 's historic Anglo - Celtic majority as a legitimate interest group . He has also linked multiculturalism to growing ethnic socio - economic stratification in Australia , stating : Inequality in Australia increasingly has an ethnic face . Aborigines continue to occupy the lowest rung on the socio - economic ladder . Despite the points system for assessing immigrants , some ethnic minorities have high rates of unemployment and criminality . Many white Australians are losing out to competition from immigrants . Selective public schools show spectacular overrepresentation of Chinese and other Asian students , an imbalance that feeds through to elite universities and thence to the professions . Ethnic socioeconomic stratification is growing as the population becomes more diverse . In contrast to the multicultural doctrine which promotes ethnic diversity , Salter has expounded the case for limiting diversity within the nation - state , asserting that `` multi-ethnic societies are often confronted with the problem of discrimination and group conflict . '' According to Salter : Cross-cultural comparisons reveal the wisdom of Australia 's first prime minister Edmund Barton who believed that ethnic homogeneity must be the cornerstone of Australian nation - building . More ethnically homogeneous nations are better able to build public goods , are more democratic , less corrupt , have higher productivity and less inequality , are more trusting and care more for the disadvantaged , develop social and economic capital faster , have lower crime rates , are more resistant to external shocks , and are better global citizens , for example by giving more foreign aid . Moreover , they are less prone to civil war , the greatest source of violent death in the twentieth century . Writer Greg Clancy has argued that , since its introduction , multiculturalism has been manipulated for personal and individual group advantage at the expense of Australian society and its institutions . In his book The Conspiracies of Multiculturalism , Clancy linked multiculturalism to corruption , increased crime , a damaged social order , campaigns of public deception , the undermining of national security and threats to free speech . According to Clancy , multiculturalism favours some groups in Australian society over others and that the `` multicultural group had a special status developed for them '' . In exploring the discourse of multiculturalism others have argued that the threat to social cohesion and national identity have been overstated . For instance , Ramakrishan ( 2013 ) argues that the `` largely European '' cultural traditions of the population have been maintained despite greater ethnic diversity . Others have asserted that the emphasis on notions such as ' Identity , citizenship , social cohesion and integration ' serves more as a catchphrase rather than pragmatic attempts to address the given issues . Kerkyasharian ( 2008 ) argues : Of course , most of the debate over multiculturalism has nothing to do with actual government policies or laws on cultural diversity . Detractors have no viable policy alternative , other than the imposition of a nebulous set of ' Australian values ' . When pressed to define these values , they will usually cite some broad principles , such as fairness , equality and so on . All well and good -- because multiculturalism stands for these same principles . See also ( edit ) Australia portal Human rights portal Society portal Council for Multicultural Australia Special Broadcasting Service ( SBS ) List of non-English - language newspapers in New South Wales Multiculturalism in Canada Multiculturalism in the United Kingdom References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Molloy , Bruce ( 1993 ) . `` Changing Cultural Channels : SBS - TV , Imparja and Australian Television '' . Communication Institute for Online Scholarship . ^ Jump up to : `` Reflecting a Nation : Stories from the 2011 Census '' . ABS . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Statistics , c = AU ; o = Commonwealth of Australia ; ou = Australian Bureau of . `` Main Features - 2011 Census Counts -- Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples '' . www.abs.gov.au . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` About Australia : Our Country '' . australia.gov.au . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` About Australia : People , culture and lifestyle '' . Dfat.gov.au . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Graeme Hugo , Paul Callister , Juthika Badkar ( 2008 ) . Graeme Hugo , Soogil Young , eds . Labour Mobility in the Asia - Pacific Region : Dynamics , Issues and a New APEC Agenda : A Survey and Analyses of Governance Challenges on Labour Migration for APEC Economies . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies , Singapore . p. 148 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 230 - 895 - 5 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Mark Lopez ( 2000 ) , The Origins of Multiculturalism in Australian Politics 1945 -- 1975 , Melbourne University Press , Carlton South , Victoria ( ISBN 0 - 522 - 84895 - 8 ) Jump up ^ `` Information for non-English speakers '' . NPS Medicines Talk . June 2010 . Retrieved 3 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Lyle Allan ( 1983 ) , ' A Selective Annotated Bibliography of Multiculturalism ' , in Social Alternatives ( University of Queensland ) , Vol. 3 , No. 3 , July , page 65 . Jump up ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics , International migration Jump up ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics , 3101.0 Australian Demographic Statistics Jump up ^ http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/imm_net_mig_rat-immigration-net-migration-rate#definition Jump up ^ `` National Agenda for a Multicultural Australia '' . immi.gov.au . ^ Jump up to : http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/research/_pdf/poa-2008.pdf Jump up ^ National Multicultural Festival , accessed 2009 - 04 - 19 Jump up ^ `` One Nation 's Immigration , Population and Social Cohesion Policy 1998 '' . Australianpolitics.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Lachlan Chipman ( 1980 ) , ' The Menace of Multiculturalism , ' in Quadrant , Vol. 24 , No. 10 , October , pp. 3 -- 6 Jump up ^ Frank Knopfelmacher ( 1982 ) , ' The case against multi-culturalism , ' in Robert Manne ( ed . ) , The New Conservatism in Australia , Oxford University Press , Melbourne , Victoria , pages 40 -- 66 Jump up ^ Tanya Birrell ( 1978 ) , ' Migration and the Dilemmas of Multiculturalism , ' in Robert Birrell and Colin Hay ( eds . ) , The Immigration Issue in Australia , A Sociological Symposium , Department of Sociology , School of Social Sciences , La Trobe University , Bundoora , Victoria , pages 132 -- 146 Jump up ^ Raymond Sestito ( 1982 ) , The Politics of Multiculturalism , The Centre for Independent Studies , Sydney , New South Wales ( ISBN 0 - 949769 - 06 - 1 ) Jump up ^ Raymond Sestito ( 1982 ) , The Politics of Multiculturalism , The Centre for Independent Studies , Sydney , New South Wales ( ISBN 0 - 949769 - 06 - 1 ) , pages 30 -- 36 Jump up ^ Lyle Allan ( 1983 ) , ' A Selective Annotated Bibliography of Multiculturalism ' , in Social Alternatives ( University of Queensland ) , Vol. 3 , No. 3 , July , page 68 ^ Jump up to : `` ISSUES OF THE ELECTIONS '' . The Age ( 21,999 ) . Victoria , Australia . 6 October 1925 . p. 11 . Retrieved 9 December 2016 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ Bowen , James ; Bowen , Margarita ( 2002 ) . The Great Barrier Reef : History , Science , Heritage . Cambridge University Press . p. 301 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 82430 - 3 . Retrieved 24 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Calwell , Be Just and Fear Not , 117 Jump up ^ Blainey , Geoffrey ( 1984 ) . All For Australia , North Ryde , NSW : Methuen Haynes ( ISBN 0 - 454 - 00828 - 7 ) ^ Jump up to : John Hirst , Sense and Nonsense in Australian History , Black Inc . Agenda , Melbourne ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 9775949 - 3 - 1 ) , page22 Jump up ^ John Hirst , Sense and Nonsense in Australian History , Black Inc . Agenda , Melbourne ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 9775949 - 3 - 1 ) , page23 Jump up ^ Hughes , Linda ( 1997 ) . `` Multiculturalism : How Far Can Australia Go ? '' . Journal of Christian Education . 40 ( 3 ) : 17 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Ernest Healy ( 1993 ) , ' Ethnic ALP Branches - The Balkanisation of Labor , ' in People and Place Vol. 1 , No. 4 , Pages 37 -- 43 Jump up ^ Ernest Healy ( 1993 ) , ' Ethnic ALP Branches - The Balkanisation of Labor , ' in People and Place Vol. 1 , No. 4 , Pages 37 Jump up ^ `` Hage , G. ( 1997 ) White Nation : Fantasies of White supremacy in a multicultural society , Annandale , NSW : Pluto Press ( ISBN 1 - 86403 - 056 - 9 ) '' ^ Jump up to : Salter , Frank . `` '' The Need to Reform or Dismantle Multiculturalism `` , Submission to the Inquiry into Multiculturalism in Australia '' ( PDF ) . Parliament of Australia . Retrieved 9 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Frank Salter , `` When Diversity Meets Ethnic Kinship : Interesting Times ? '' , The Independent Australian , Issue No. 16 , Spring 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Clancy , Greg ( 2006 ) . The Conspiracies of Multiculturalism : The Betrayal that Divided Australia , Gordon , NSW : Sunda Publications ^ Jump up to : Ramakrishna , D ; 2013 . `` Multiculturalism in America , Australia and India '' . Social Change ( SAGE Publications ) . 43 ( 1 ) : 99 -- 110 . Jump up ^ Foster , L & Stockley , D ( 1980 ) . `` Multiculturalism in the Australian Context '' . Journal of Sociology. 16 ( 2 ) : 109 -- 114 . ^ Jump up to : Kerkyasharian , Stepan ( 2008 ) . `` Defending multiculturalism '' . Around the Globe . 4 ( 3 ) : 26 -- 27 . Further reading ( edit ) Allan , Lyle ( 1983 ) , ' A Selective Annotated Bibliography of Multiculturalism ' , in Social Alternatives ( University of Queensland ) , Vol. 3 , No. 3 , July , pages 65 -- 72 . Blainey , Geoffrey ( 1984 ) , All For Australia , Methuen Haynes , North Ryde , New South Wales . ISBN 0 - 454 - 00828 - 7 Bostock , William W. ( 1977 ) , Alternatives of Ethnicity , Cat and Fiddle Press , Hobart , Tasmania . ISBN 0 - 85853 - 030 - 9 Clancy , Greg ( 2006 ) , The Conspiracies of Multiculturalism . The Betrayal That Divided Australia , Sunda Publications , Gordon , New South Wales . ISBN 0 - 9581564 - 1 - 7 Hirst , John ( 2005 ) , Sense and Nonsense in Australian History , Black Inc . Agenda , Melbourne , Victoria . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9775949 - 3 - 1 Lopez , Mark ( 2000 ) , The Origins of Multiculturalism in Australian Politics 1945 -- 1975 , Melbourne University Press , Carlton South , Victoria . ISBN 0 - 522 - 84895 - 8 Sestito , Raymond ( 1982 ) , The Politics of Multiculturalism , Centre for Independent Studies , St Leonards , New South Wales . ISBN 0 - 949769 - 06 - 1 Soutphommasane , Tim ( 2012 ) Do n't go back to where you came from : why multiculturalism works , Sydney , N.S.W. : NewSouth Pub. , ISBN 978 - 1 - 74223 - 336 - 9 Theophanous , Andrew C. ( 1995 ) , Understanding Multiculturalism and Australian Identity , Elikia Books , Carlton South , Victoria . ISBN 1 - 875335 - 04 - 8 <Th_colspan="2"> Multiculturalism <Td_colspan="2"> Multiculturalism in Australia Multiculturalism in Canada Multiculturalism in the Netherlands <Th_colspan="2"> Australia articles History <Td_colspan="2"> Timeline Bibliography Prehistory Archaeology European Exploration 1788 -- 1850 1851 -- 1900 1901 -- 1945 Since 1945 By topic Constitutional Diplomatic Economic Federation Immigration Indigenous Military Monarchy Railway Geography <Td_colspan="2"> Climate Continent Deserts Environment issues Earthquakes Flora Fauna Forests Geology Islands Mountains Regions Protected areas Rivers Subdivisions States and Territories Capitals Cities Politics <Td_colspan="2"> Constitution Courts Elections Donations Electoral system Parties Federal budget Foreign relations Government Governor - General Human rights Intersex LGBT Intelligence and security Law Constitution Judiciary Enforcement Military Monarchy National debt Parliament Public Service Women Government leaders Government ministers Economy <Td_colspan="2"> Agriculture Dollar ( currency ) Energy Gross state product Home ownership Public housing Household income Manufacturing Media Mining Poverty Reserve Bank Stock Exchange Superannuation Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Welfare system Society <Td_colspan="2"> Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Healthcare Homelessness Immigration Languages Religion Women Culture Architecture Art Arts Australian English Cinema Cuisine Dance Literature Music Public holidays Radio Sport Symbols Television Theatre <Td_colspan="2"> Outline Index Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism_in_Australia&oldid=796845630 '' Categories : Multiculturalism in Australia Australian society Public policy in Australia Multiculturalism in Oceania Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Use dmy dates from July 2011 Use Australian English from July 2011 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Add links This page was last edited on 23 August 2017 , at 11 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Multicultural composition of Australia
2. Immigration policies in Australia
3. Prohibition on discrimination in Australia
4. Cultural diversity in Australian society
5. History of multiculturalism in Australia
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who counts the votes in a presidential election
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United states presidential Election , 2016 - wikipedia United states presidential Election , 2016 Jump to : navigation , search United States presidential election , 2016 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> ← 2012 November 8 , 2016 2020 → <Th_colspan="2"> 538 members of the Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win Turnout 55.7 % 0.8 pp <Td_colspan="2"> Nominee Donald Trump Hillary Clinton Party Republican Democratic Home state New York New York Running mate Mike Pence Tim Kaine Electoral vote 304 227 States carried 30 + ME - 02 20 + DC Popular vote 62,984,828 65,853,514 Percentage 7001461000000000000 ♠ 46.1 % 7001482000000000000 ♠ 48.2 % <Td_colspan="2"> Presidential election results map . Red denotes states won by Trump / Pence , blue denotes those won by Clinton / Kaine . Numbers indicate electoral votes allotted to the winner of each state . Faithless votes : Colin Powell 3 ( WA ) , John Kasich 1 ( TX ) , Ron Paul 1 ( TX ) , Bernie Sanders 1 ( HI ) , Faith Spotted Eagle 1 ( WA ) <Td_colspan="2"> President before election Barack Obama Democratic Elected President Donald Trump Republican 2016 U.S. presidential election Timeline General election debates Parties Polling national statewide by demographics international Newspaper endorsements primary general Russian interference Social media International reactions Electors Recounts Faithless electors Republican Party Primaries Candidates Debates and forums Polling national statewide straw polls Endorsements Results Nominee Convention Democratic Party Primaries Candidates Debates and forums Polling national statewide straw polls Endorsements Results Nominee Convention Superdelegates Third parties Third party and independent candidates Libertarian Party primaries debates nominee convention Green Party primaries debates nominee convention Constitution Party primaries nominee Independents McMullin Related races House Senate Governors Vice President Democratic Republican 2012 ← 2016 → 2020 The United States presidential election of 2016 was the 58th quadrennial American presidential election , held on Tuesday , November 8 , 2016 . In a surprise victory , the Republican ticket of businessman Donald Trump and Indiana Governor Mike Pence defeated the Democratic ticket of former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and U.S. Senator from Virginia Tim Kaine despite losing the plurality of the popular vote . Trump took office as the 45th President , and Pence as the 48th Vice President , on January 20 , 2017 . Incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama was ineligible to run for a third term due to the term limits established by the 22nd Amendment . Concurrent with the presidential election , Senate , House , and many gubernatorial and state and local elections were also held on November 8 . Clinton secured the Democratic nomination after fending off a primary challenge from Senator Bernie Sanders . Amidst a wide Republican field , Trump emerged as the front - runner , defeating Ted Cruz , Marco Rubio , John Kasich , Jeb Bush and other candidates . Clinton ran on a platform of continuing and expanding President Obama 's policies , emphasizing issues of racial , LGBT , and women 's rights , and `` inclusive capitalism '' ; whereas Trump promised to `` Make America Great Again '' by implementing a populist and nationalist agenda , opposing political correctness , illegal immigration , and many free - trade agreements . The tone of the general election campaign was widely characterized as divisive and negative , with both candidates beleaguered by controversy . Trump made numerous controversial remarks about race and immigration , was accused of inciting violence against protestors at his rallies , and faced multiple allegations of sexual misconduct ( which he denied ) , but was also able to garner extensive free media coverage . Clinton , whose public approval ratings had declined sharply since the end of her tenure as Secretary of State , was dogged by an FBI investigation of her improper use of a private email server , while her assertion that `` half '' of Trump 's supporters were bigoted `` deplorables '' met with polarized reactions . Clinton held the lead in nearly every pre-election nationwide poll and in most swing states . Voters selected members of the Electoral College in each state , in most cases by `` winner - takes - all '' plurality ; those state electors in turn voted for a new president and vice president on December 19 , 2016 . While Clinton received about 2.9 million more votes nationwide , a margin of 2.1 % , Trump won 30 states with a total of 306 electors , or 57 % of the 538 available . He won the three perennial swing states of Florida , Ohio , and Iowa , as well as the three `` blue wall '' stronghold states of Michigan , Pennsylvania , and Wisconsin . He also won Maine 's 2nd congressional district , which had not been won by a Republican presidential candidate since 1988 . Leading up to the election , a Trump victory was considered unlikely by almost all media forecasts . After his victory was assured , some commentators compared the election to President Harry S. Truman 's victorious campaign in 1948 as one of the greatest political upsets in modern American history . In the Electoral College vote on December 19 , seven electors voted against their pledged candidates : two against Trump and five against Clinton . A further three electors attempted to vote against Clinton but were replaced or forced to vote again . Ultimately , Trump received 304 electoral votes and Clinton garnered 227 , while Colin Powell won three , and John Kasich , Ron Paul , Bernie Sanders , and Faith Spotted Eagle each received one . Trump is the fifth person in U.S. history to become president while losing the nationwide popular vote . He is the first president without any prior experience in public service or the military , as well as the wealthiest and the oldest at inauguration , while Clinton was the first woman to be the presidential nominee of a major American party and the first woman to win the popular vote . On January 6 , 2017 , the United States government 's intelligence agencies concluded that the Russian government interfered in the 2016 United States elections . A joint U.S. intelligence community review stated with high confidence that `` Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered an influence campaign in 2016 aimed at the US presidential election . Russia 's goals were to undermine public faith in the US democratic process , denigrate Secretary Clinton , and harm her electability and potential presidency . '' President Donald Trump repeatedly criticized these intelligence claims , citing a lack of evidence and repeatedly calling the claims a `` hoax '' and `` fake news '' . Investigations about potential collusion between the Trump campaign and Russian officials were started by the Federal Bureau of Investigation , the Senate Intelligence Committee , and the House Intelligence Committee . Former FBI Director Robert Mueller was appointed as special counsel in May 2017 by Acting Attorney General Rod Rosenstein to oversee the ongoing investigation into links between Donald Trump 's 2016 presidential campaign and the Russian government as part of the election interference and any related illegal acts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Primary process 3 Nominations 3.1 Republican Party 3.1. 1 Primaries 3.1. 2 Nominees 3.1. 3 Other major candidates 3.1. 4 Vice presidential selection 3.2 Democratic Party 3.2. 1 Primaries 3.2. 2 Nominees 3.2. 3 Other major candidates 3.2. 4 Vice presidential selection 3.3 Third parties and independents 3.3. 1 Libertarian Party 3.3. 2 Green Party 3.3. 3 Independents 3.3. 4 Constitution Party 3.3. 5 Other nominations 3.3. 6 Candidates gallery 4 General election campaign 4.1 Ballot access 4.2 Party conventions 4.3 Campaign finance 4.4 Newspaper endorsements 4.5 Russian involvement 5 Notable expressions , phrases , and statements 6 Debates 6.1 Primary election debates 6.2 General election debates 7 Results 7.1 Candidates table 7.2 Results by state 7.3 Close races 7.3. 1 Breakdown by ticket 7.4 Battleground states 7.5 Maps 7.6 Voter demographics 7.7 Forecasting 7.8 Viewership 8 Post-election events and controversies 8.1 Protests 8.2 Vote tampering concerns 8.3 Recount petitions 8.4 Electoral College lobbying 8.5 Faithless electors 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Background Barack Obama , the incumbent President of the United States in 2016 , whose second term expired at noon on January 20 , 2017 Further information : United States presidential election Article Two of the United States Constitution provides that the President and Vice President of the United States must be natural - born citizens of the United States , at least 35 years old , and residents of the United States for a period of at least 14 years . Candidates for the presidency typically seek the nomination of one of the political parties , in which case each party devises a method ( such as a primary election ) to choose the candidate the party deems best suited to run for the position . Traditionally , the primary elections are indirect elections where voters cast ballots for a slate of party delegates pledged to a particular candidate . The party 's delegates then officially nominate a candidate to run on the party 's behalf . The general election in November is also an indirect election , where voters cast ballots for a slate of members of the Electoral College ; these electors in turn directly elect the President and Vice President . President Barack Obama , a Democrat and former U.S. Senator from Illinois , was ineligible to seek reelection to a third term due to the restrictions of the Twenty - second Amendment ; in accordance with Section 1 of the Twentieth Amendment , his term expired at noon on January 20 , 2017 . Primary process The series of presidential primary elections and caucuses took place between February and June 2016 , staggered among the 50 states , the District of Columbia and U.S. territories . This nominating process was also an indirect election , where voters cast ballots for a slate of delegates to a political party 's nominating convention , who in turn elected their party 's presidential nominee . Speculation about the 2016 campaign began almost immediately following the 2012 campaign , with New York magazine declaring the race had begun in an article published on November 8 , two days after the 2012 election . On the same day , Politico released an article predicting the 2016 general election would be between Clinton and former Florida Governor Jeb Bush , while a New York Times article named New Jersey Governor Chris Christie and Senator Cory Booker from New Jersey as potential candidates . Nominations Republican Party This article is part of a series about Donald Trump President of the United States Incumbent Presidency Transition Inauguration Timeline Executive actions proclamations Polls Protests Trips international Appointments Cabinet formation Ambassadors Federal judges Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court candidates U.S. Attorneys Dismissals Sally Yates Michael Flynn James Comey Rex Tillerson Policy positions Economy tariffs Environment Paris withdrawal Foreign policy as candidate as President Immigration Social issues cannabis Presidential election 2016 campaign 2020 2000 Rallies Primaries Convention Endorsements Debates Never Trump movement Sexual misconduct allegations Russia controversies Business projects in Russia Election interference timeline Steele dossier Classified information disclosure Links of associates with Russian officials Trump campaign -- Russian meetings Special Counsel investigation 2017 2018 hide Business and personal Business career The Trump Organization The Apprentice Books Eponyms Family Foundation Legal affairs Stormy Daniels Racial views Residences Social media Primaries Main article : Republican Party presidential primaries , 2016 With seventeen major candidates entering the race , starting with Ted Cruz on March 23 , 2015 , this was the largest presidential primary field for any political party in American history . Prior to the Iowa caucuses on February 1 , 2016 , Perry , Walker , Jindal , Graham , and Pataki withdrew due to low polling numbers . Despite leading many polls in Iowa , Trump came in second to Cruz , after which Huckabee , Paul and Santorum withdrew due to poor performances at the ballot box . Following a sizable victory for Trump in the New Hampshire primary , Christie , Fiorina and Gilmore abandoned the race . Bush followed suit after scoring fourth place to Trump , Rubio and Cruz in South Carolina . On March 1 , 2016 , the first of four `` Super Tuesday '' primaries , Rubio won his first contest in Minnesota , Cruz won Alaska , Oklahoma and his home of Texas and Trump won the other seven states that voted . Failing to gain traction , Carson suspended his campaign a few days later . On March 15 , 2016 , the second `` Super Tuesday '' , Kasich won his only contest in his home state of Ohio and Trump won five primaries including Florida . Rubio suspended his campaign after losing his home state . Between March 16 and May 3 , 2016 , only three candidates remained in the race : Trump , Cruz and Kasich . Cruz won the most delegates in four Western contests and in Wisconsin , keeping a credible path to denying Trump the nomination on first ballot with 1,237 delegates . Trump then augmented his lead by scoring landslide victories in New York and five Northeastern states in April , followed by a decisive victory in Indiana on May 3 , 2016 , securing all 57 of the state 's delegates . Without any further chances of forcing a contested convention , both Cruz and Kasich suspended their campaigns . Trump remained the only active candidate and was declared the presumptive Republican nominee by Republican National Committee chairman Reince Priebus on the evening of May 3 , 2016 . Nominees <Td_colspan="28"> Republican Party ticket , 2016 Donald Trump Mike Pence for President for Vice President Chairman of The Trump Organization ( 1971 -- 2017 ) 50th Governor of Indiana ( 2013 -- 2017 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Campaign <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Other major candidates Main article : Republican Party presidential candidates , 2016 Major candidates were determined by the various media based on common consensus . The following were invited to sanctioned televised debates based on their poll ratings . Trump received 14,010,177 total votes in the primary . Trump , Cruz , Rubio and Kasich each won at least one primary , with Trump receiving the highest number of votes and Ted Cruz receiving the second highest . <Td_colspan="8"> Candidates in this section are sorted by reverse date of withdrawal from the primaries John Kasich Ted Cruz Marco Rubio Ben Carson Jeb Bush Jim Gilmore Carly Fiorina Chris Christie 69th Governor of Ohio ( 2011 -- present ) U.S. Senator from Texas ( 2013 -- present ) U.S. Senator from Florida ( 2011 -- present ) Dir. of Pediatric Neurosurgery , Johns Hopkins Hospital ( 1984 -- 2013 ) 43rd Governor of Florida ( 1999 -- 2007 ) 68th Governor of Virginia ( 1998 -- 2002 ) CEO of Hewlett - Packard ( 1999 -- 2005 ) 55th Governor of New Jersey ( 2010 -- 2018 ) Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign W : May 4 4,287,479 votes W : May 3 7,811,110 votes W : Mar 15 3,514,124 votes W : Mar 4 857,009 votes W : Feb 20 286,634 votes W : Feb 12 18,364 votes W : Feb 10 40,577 votes W : Feb 10 57,634 votes Rand Paul Rick Santorum Mike Huckabee George Pataki Lindsey Graham Bobby Jindal Scott Walker Rick Perry U.S. Senator from Kentucky ( 2011 -- present ) U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania ( 1995 -- 2007 ) 44th Governor of Arkansas ( 1996 -- 2007 ) 53rd Governor of New York ( 1995 -- 2006 ) U.S. Senator from South Carolina ( 2003 -- present ) 55th Governor of Louisiana ( 2008 -- 2016 ) 45th Governor of Wisconsin ( 2011 -- present ) 47th Governor of Texas ( 2000 -- 2015 ) Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign W : Feb 3 66,781 votes W : Feb 3 16,622 votes W : Feb 1 51,436 votes W : December 29 , 2015 2,036 votes W : December 21 , 2015 5,666 votes W : November 17 , 2015 222 votes W : September 21 , 2015 1 write - in vote in New Hampshire W : September 11 , 2015 1 write - in vote in New Hampshire Vice presidential selection Main article : Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection , 2016 Trump turned his attention towards selecting a running mate after he became the presumptive nominee on May 4 , 2016 . In mid-June , Eli Stokols and Burgess Everett of Politico reported that the Trump campaign was considering New Jersey Governor Chris Christie , former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich from Georgia , Senator Jeff Sessions of Alabama , and Oklahoma Governor Mary Fallin . A June 30 report from The Washington Post also included Senators Bob Corker from Tennessee , Richard Burr from North Carolina , Tom Cotton from Arkansas , Joni Ernst from Iowa , and Indiana Governor Mike Pence as individuals still being considered for the ticket . Trump also stated that he was considering two military generals for the position , including retired Lieutenant General Michael Flynn . In July 2016 , it was reported that Trump had narrowed his list of possible running mates down to three : Christie , Gingrich , and Pence . On July 14 , 2016 , several major media outlets reported that Trump had selected Pence as his running mate . Trump confirmed these reports in a message on Twitter on July 15 , 2016 , and formally made the announcement the following day in New York . On July 19 , the second night of the 2016 Republican National Convention , Pence won the Republican vice presidential nomination by acclamation . Democratic Party This article is part of a series about Hillary Clinton Political positions Electoral history Clinton Foundation State Department controversy Onward Together U.S. Secretary of State Tenure Obama 's foreign policy QDDR Email controversy Hillary Doctrine Campaign for the presidency 2016 Primaries Convention Endorsements political non-political Campaign for the presidency 2008 Primaries Endorsements U.S. Senator from New York Tenure 2000 election 2006 re-election First Lady of the United States Role Health care plan SCHIP Whitewater and other investigations Response to Lewinsky scandal Awards and honors Books Primaries Main article : Democratic Party presidential primaries , 2016 Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton , who also served in the U.S. Senate and was the First Lady of the United States , became the first woman to formally launch a major candidacy for the presidency . Clinton made the announcement on April 12 , 2015 , via a video message . While nationwide opinion polls in 2015 indicated that Clinton was the front - runner for the 2016 Democratic presidential nomination , she faced extreme challenges from Independent Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont , who became the second major candidate when he formally announced on April 30 , 2015 , that he was running for the Democratic nomination . September 2015 polling numbers indicated a narrowing gap between Clinton and Sanders . On May 30 , 2015 , former Governor of Maryland Martin O'Malley was the third major candidate to enter the Democratic primary race , followed by former Independent Governor and Republican Senator of Rhode Island Lincoln Chafee on June 3 , 2015 , former Virginia Senator Jim Webb on July 2 , 2015 , and former Harvard law professor Lawrence Lessig on September 6 , 2015 . On October 20 , 2015 , Webb announced his withdrawal from the Democratic primaries , and explored a potential Independent run . The next day Vice-President Joe Biden decided not to run , ending months of speculation , stating , `` While I will not be a candidate , I will not be silent . '' On October 23 , Chafee withdrew , stating that he hoped for `` an end to the endless wars and the beginning of a new era for the United States and humanity '' . On November 2 , after failing to qualify for the second DNC - sanctioned debate after adoption of a rule change negated polls which before might have necessitated his inclusion in the debate , Lessig withdrew as well , narrowing the field to Clinton , O'Malley , and Sanders . On February 1 , 2016 , in an extremely close contest , Clinton won the Iowa caucuses by a margin of 0.2 points over Sanders . After winning no delegates in Iowa , O'Malley withdrew from the presidential race that day . On February 9 , Sanders bounced back to win the New Hampshire primary with 60 % of the vote . In the remaining two February contests , Clinton won the Nevada caucuses with 53 % of the vote and scored a decisive victory in the South Carolina primary with 73 % of the vote . On March 1 , 11 states participated in the first of four `` Super Tuesday '' primaries . Clinton won Alabama , Arkansas , Georgia , Massachusetts , Tennessee , Texas , and Virginia and 504 pledged delegates , while Sanders won Colorado , Minnesota , Oklahoma and his home state of Vermont and 340 delegates . The following weekend , Sanders won victories in Kansas , Nebraska and Maine with 15 -- 30 - point margins , while Clinton won the Louisiana primary with 71 % of the vote . On March 8 , despite never having a lead in the Michigan primary , Sanders won by a small margin of 1.5 points and outperforming polls by over 19 points , while Clinton won 83 % of the vote in Mississippi . On March 15 , the second `` Super Tuesday '' , Clinton won in Florida , Illinois , Missouri , North Carolina and Ohio . Between March 22 and April 9 , Sanders won six caucuses in Idaho , Utah , Alaska , Hawaii , Washington and Wyoming , as well as the Wisconsin primary , while Clinton won the Arizona primary . On April 19 , Clinton won the New York primary with 58 % of the vote . On April 26 , in the third `` Super Tuesday '' dubbed the `` Acela primary '' , she won contests in Connecticut , Delaware , Maryland and Pennsylvania , while Sanders won in Rhode Island . Over the course of May , Sanders accomplished another surprise win in the Indiana primary and also won in West Virginia and Oregon , while Clinton won the Guam caucus and Kentucky primary . On June 4 and 5 , Clinton won two victories in the Virgin Islands caucus and Puerto Rico primary . On June 6 , 2016 , the Associated Press and NBC News reported that Clinton had become the presumptive nominee after reaching the required number of delegates , including pledged delegates and superdelegates , to secure the nomination , becoming the first woman to ever clinch the presidential nomination of a major United States political party . On June 7 , Clinton secured a majority of pledged delegates after winning primaries in California , New Jersey , New Mexico and South Dakota , while Sanders only won in Montana and North Dakota . Clinton also won the final primary in the District of Columbia on June 14 . At the conclusion of the primary process , Clinton had won 2,204 pledged delegates ( 54 % of the total ) awarded by the primary elections and caucuses , while Sanders had won 1,847 ( 46 % ) . Out of the 714 unpledged delegates or `` superdelegates '' who were set to vote in the convention in July , Clinton received endorsements from 560 ( 78 % ) , while Sanders received 47 ( 7 % ) . Although Sanders had not formally dropped out of the race , he announced on June 16 , 2016 , that his main goal in the coming months would be to work with Clinton to defeat Trump in the general election . On July 8 , appointees from the Clinton campaign , the Sanders campaign , and the Democratic National Committee negotiated a draft of the party 's platform . On July 12 , Sanders formally endorsed Clinton at a rally in New Hampshire in which he appeared with her . Nominees <Td_colspan="30"> Democratic Party ticket , 2016 Hillary Clinton Tim Kaine for President for Vice President 67th U.S. Secretary of State ( 2009 -- 2013 ) U.S. Senator from Virginia ( 2013 -- present ) <Td_colspan="2"> Campaign <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Other major candidates Main article : Democratic Party presidential candidates , 2016 The following candidates were frequently interviewed by major broadcast networks and cable news channels , or were listed in publicly published national polls . Lessig was invited to one forum , but withdrew when rules were changed which prevented him from participating in officially sanctioned debates . Clinton received 16,849,779 votes in the primary . <Td_colspan="9"> Candidates in this section are sorted by date of withdrawal from the primaries Bernie Sanders Martin O'Malley Lawrence Lessig Lincoln Chafee Jim Webb U.S. Senator from Vermont ( 2007 -- present ) 61st Governor of Maryland ( 2007 -- 2015 ) Harvard Law professor ( 2009 -- 2016 ) 74th Governor of Rhode Island ( 2011 -- 2015 ) U.S. Senator from Virginia ( 2007 -- 2013 ) Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign LN : July 26 , 2016 13,167,848 votes W : February 1 , 2016 110,423 votes W : November 2 , 2015 4 write - in votes in New Hampshire W : October 23 , 2015 0 votes W : October 20 , 2015 2 write - in votes in New Hampshire Vice presidential selection Main article : Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection , 2016 In April 2016 , the Clinton campaign began to compile a list of 15 to 20 individuals to vet for the position of running mate , even though Sanders continued to challenge Clinton in the Democratic primaries . In mid-June , The Wall Street Journal reported that Clinton 's shortlist included Representative Xavier Becerra from California , Senator Cory Booker from New Jersey , Senator Sherrod Brown from Ohio , Housing and Urban Development Secretary Julián Castro from Texas , Mayor of Los Angeles Eric Garcetti from California , Senator Tim Kaine from Virginia , Labor Secretary Tom Perez from Maryland , Representative Tim Ryan from Ohio , and Senator Elizabeth Warren from Massachusetts . Subsequent reports stated that Clinton was also considering Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack , retired Admiral James Stavridis , and Governor John Hickenlooper of Colorado . In discussing her potential vice presidential choice , Clinton stated that the most important attribute she looked for was the ability and experience to immediately step into the role of president . On July 22 , Clinton announced that she had chosen Senator Tim Kaine from Virginia as her running mate . The delegates at the 2016 Democratic National Convention , which took place July 25 -- 28 , formally nominated the Democratic ticket . Third parties and independents Campaign signs of third - party candidates Jill Stein and Gary Johnson , October 2016 in St. Johnsbury , Vermont Third party and independent candidates that have obtained more than 100,000 votes nationally and one percent of the vote in at least one state , are listed separately . Libertarian Party Main articles : Libertarian Party ( United States ) and Libertarian Party presidential primaries , 2016 Gary Johnson , 29th Governor of New Mexico . Vice-presidential nominee : Bill Weld , 68th Governor of Massachusetts Gary Johnson , Libertarian Party This article is part of a series about Gary Johnson Political positions Governor of New Mexico 1994 election 1998 re-election Campaign for the Presidency 2012 2012 Libertarian Convention Campaign for the Presidency 2016 2016 Libertarian Convention Primaries Campaign endorsements Our America Initiative This article is part of a series about Bill Weld Political ideology Libertarian Party Vice presidential nomination Convention Primaries Election 2016 New York gubernatorial campaign U.S. Senate campaign Governor of Massachusetts 1990 election 1994 re-election U.S. Attorney for Massachusetts Additional Party Endorsements : Independence Party of New York Ballot access to all 538 electoral votes Nominees <Td_colspan="30"> Libertarian Party ticket , 2016 Gary Johnson William Weld for President for Vice President 29th Governor of New Mexico ( 1995 -- 2003 ) 68th Governor of Massachusetts ( 1991 -- 1997 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Campaign <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Green Party Main articles : Green Party of the United States and Green Party presidential primaries , 2016 Jill Stein , physician from Lexington , Massachusetts . Vice-presidential nominee : Ajamu Baraka , activist from Washington , DC Jill Stein , Green Party This article is part of a series about Jill Stein Political positions Green New Deal Campaign for the Presidency 2016 Convention Primaries Campaign endorsements Election recounts Campaign for the Presidency 2012 Convention Primaries Political Parties Green - Rainbow Party Green Party of the United States Career Massachusetts gubernatorial election , 2010 Ballot access to 480 electoral votes ( 522 with write - in ) : -- map As write - in : Georgia , Indiana , North Carolina Ballot access lawsuit pending : Oklahoma No ballot access : Nevada , South Dakota Nominees <Td_colspan="30"> Green Party ticket , 2016 Jill Stein Ajamu Baraka for President for Vice President Physician from Lexington , Massachusetts Activist from Washington , DC <Td_colspan="2"> Campaign <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Independents Main article : Evan McMullin presidential campaign , 2016 Evan McMullin , chief policy director for the House Republican Conference . Vice-presidential nominee : Mindy Finn , president of Empowered Women . Evan McMullin , Independents Additional Party Endorsement : Independence Party of Minnesota , South Carolina Independence Party Ballot access to 84 electoral votes ( 451 with write - in ) : -- map As write - in : Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , California , Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Illinois , Kansas , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , Michigan , Missouri , Montana , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , North Dakota , Ohio , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Tennessee , Texas , Vermont , Washington , West Virginia , Wisconsin No ballot access : District of Columbia , Florida , Hawaii , Indiana , Mississippi , Nevada , North Carolina , Oklahoma , South Dakota , Wyoming In some states , Evan McMullin 's running mate was listed as Nathan Johnson on the ballot rather than Mindy Finn , although Nathan Johnson was intended to only be a placeholder until an actual running mate was chosen . <Td_colspan="30"> Independent ticket , 2016 Evan McMullin Mindy Finn for President for Vice President Chief policy director for the House Republican Conference ( 2015 -- 2016 ) President of Empowered Women ( 2015 -- present ) <Td_colspan="2"> Campaign <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Constitution Party Main articles : Constitution Party of the United States and Constitution Party presidential primaries , 2016 Darrell Castle , attorney from Memphis , Tennessee . Vice-presidential nominee : Scott Bradley , businessman from Utah Darrell Castle , Constitution Party Ballot access to 207 electoral votes ( 451 with write - in ) : -- map As write - in : Alabama , Arizona , Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Illinois , Indiana , Kansas , Kentucky , Maine , Maryland , Montana , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New York , Ohio , Oregon , Rhode Island , Tennessee , Texas , Vermont , Virginia No ballot access : California , District of Columbia , Massachusetts , North Carolina , Oklahoma Nominees <Td_colspan="2"> Constitution Party ticket , 2016 Darrell Castle Scott Bradley for President for Vice President Attorney from Memphis , Tennessee Businessman from Utah <Td_colspan="2"> Campaign <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Other nominations Main article : United States third - party and independent presidential candidates , 2016 Other nominations Party Presidential nominee Vice presidential nominee Attainable Electors ( write - in ) Popular Vote States with ballot access ( write - in ) American Delta Party Reform Party Rocky De La Fuente Businessman from California Michael Steinberg Lawyer from Florida 147 ( 305 ) map 33,133 ( 0.02 % ) Alaska , Colorado , Florida , Idaho , Iowa , Kentucky , Minnesota , Mississippi , Montana , Nevada , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New Mexico , North Dakota , Rhode Island , Tennessee , Utah , Vermont , Wisconsin , Wyoming ( Alabama , Arizona , Connecticut , Delaware , Indiana , Kansas , Maryland , Missouri , Nebraska , New York , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Virginia , Washington , West Virginia ) Party for Socialism and Liberation Peace and Freedom Liberty Union Party Gloria La Riva Newspaper printer and activist from California Eugene Puryear Activist from Washington , DC 112 ( 226 ) map 74,402 ( 0.05 % ) California , Colorado , Iowa , Louisiana , New Jersey , New Mexico , Vermont , Washington ( Alabama , Connecticut , Delaware , Kansas , Maryland , Minnesota , New Hampshire , New York , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , West Virginia ) Socialist Workers Party Alyson Kennedy Mineworker and Labor Leader from Illinois Osborne Hart of Pennsylvania 70 ( 123 ) map 12,465 ( 0.01 % ) Colorado , Louisiana , Minnesota , New Jersey , Tennessee , Utah , Washington ( Alabama , Iowa , New Hampshire , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Workers World Party Monica Moorehead perennial candidate and political activist from Alabama Lamont Lilly of North Carolina 30 ( 235 ) map 4,319 ( 0.00 % ) New Jersey , Utah , Wisconsin ( Alabama , Indiana , Idaho , Iowa , Kansas , Massachusetts , Michigan , Montana , New Hampshire , New , York , Ohio , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Texas , Vermont , Washington , West Virginia ) Socialist Party USA Natural Law Party Mimi Soltysik former National Co-Chair of the Socialist Party USA from California Campaign Angela Nicole Walker of Wisconsin 25 ( 209 ) map 2,704 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado , Michigan , Guam ( Alabama , Indiana , Iowa , Maryland , Minnesota , Montana , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Texas , Utah , Vermont , Wisconsin ) Prohibition Party James Hedges former Tax Assessor for Thompson Township , Fulton County , Pennsylvania Bill Bayes of Mississippi 21 ( 116 ) map 5,617 ( 0.00 % ) Arkansas , Colorado , Mississippi ( Alabama , Idaho , Iowa , Kansas , Maryland , Montana , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont , West Virginia ) Independent Mike Smith Lawyer , Colorado Daniel White 20 ( 222 ) 9,345 ( 0.01 % ) Colorado , Tennessee ( Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Idaho , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Maryland , Minnesota , Montana , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Ohio , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Utah , Vermont , Virginia , Washington . West Virginia ) Independent Richard Duncan Real Estate Agent from Ohio Ricky Johnson Preacher from Pennsylvania 18 ( 173 ) 24,307 ( 0.02 % ) Ohio ( Alabama , Alaska , Delaware , Florida , Idaho , Indiana , Iowa , Kentucky , Maryland , Minnesota , Montana , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont , West Virginia ) Independent Laurence Kotlikoff Economics Professor at Boston University , Massachusetts Edward E. Leamer Economics Professor at UCLA , California 17 ( 428 ) map 3,596 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado , Louisiana ( Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , California , Connecticut , Florida , Georgia , Idaho , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kentucky , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , Michigan , Minnesota , Missouri , Montana , New Hampshire , New Jersey , North Dakota , Ohio , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Tennessee , Texas , Utah , Vermont , Virginia , Washington , West Virginia , Wisconsin ) America 's Party Tom Hoefling activist from Iowa Steve Schulin of South Carolina 17 ( 369 ) map 4,845 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado , Louisiana ( Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Idaho , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Maryland , Michigan , Minnesota , Missouri , Montana , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , Ohio , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Tennessee , Texas , Utah , Vermont , Virginia , Washington , West Virginia , Wisconsin ) Veterans Party of America Chris Keniston reliability engineer from Texas Deacon Taylor of Nevada 17 ( 196 ) map 7,248 ( 0.01 % ) Colorado , Louisiana ( Alabama , Alaska , Idaho , Iowa , Kentucky , Minnesota , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , Ohio , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont , Virginia , Washington , Wisconsin ) Legal Marijuana Now Party Dan Vacek of Minnesota Mark Elworth Jr . of Nebraska 16 ( 77 ) 13,537 ( 0.01 % ) Iowa , Minnesota ( Alabama , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Independent Lynn Kahn Doctor of Clinical Psychology from Maryland Kathleen Monahan of Florida 12 ( 160 ) 5,730 ( 0.00 % ) Arkansas , Iowa ( Alabama , Delaware , Idaho , Kansas , Maryland , Minnesota , Montana , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont , Washington , West Virginia ) American Solidarity Party Mike Maturen sales professional and magician from Michigan Juan Muñoz of Texas 9 ( 332 ) map 6,714 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado ( Alabama , Alaska , California , Georgia , Idaho , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Maryland , Michigan , Minnesota , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , North Dakota , Ohio , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Texas , Vermont , Virginia , Washington , Wisconsin ) Independent Joseph Allen Maldonado of Oklahoma Douglas K. Terranova 9 ( 212 ) 961 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado ( Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , Connecticut , Delaware , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kentucky , Maryland , Minnesota , Montana , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Ohio , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont , Washington , West Virginia , Wisconsin ) Independent Ryan Alan Scott Bruce Kendall Barnard 9 ( 108 ) 749 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado ( Alabama , Delaware , Iowa , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) American Party ( South Carolina ) Peter Skewes Animal Science Professor at Clemson University , South Carolina Michael Lacy 9 ( 83 ) 3,246 ( 0.00 % ) South Carolina ( Alabama , Connecticut , Iowa , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Approval Voting Party Frank Atwood of Colorado Blake Huber of Colorado 9 ( 76 ) 337 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado ( Alabama , Iowa , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Independent American Party Kyle Kenley Kopitke of Michigan Narthan R. Sorenson 9 ( 76 ) 1,096 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado ( Alabama , Iowa , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Nutrition Party Rod Silva restaurateur from New Jersey Richard Silva 9 ( 76 ) 751 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado ( Alabama , Iowa , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) United States Pacifist Party Bradford Lyttle peace activist from Illinois Hannah Walsh 9 ( 76 ) 382 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado ( Alabama , Iowa , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Socialist Equality Party Jerry White peace activist from Michigan Niles Niemuth journalist from Wisconsin 8 ( 166 ) 481 ( 0.00 % ) Louisiana ( Alabama , California , Delaware , Iowa , Kentucky , Maryland , Minnesota , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont , West Virginia ) Independent Princess Khadijah Jacob - Fambro of California Milton Fambro of California 8 ( 75 ) 749 ( 0.00 % ) Louisiana ( Alabama , Iowa , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Independent American Party Rocky Giordani from California Farley Anderson activist from Utah 6 ( 79 ) 2,752 ( 0.00 % ) Utah ( Alabama , Iowa , Kansas , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Constitution Party of Idaho Scott Copeland of Texas J.R. Meyers ( 71 ) 2,356 ( 0.00 % ) Idaho ( Alabama , Iowa , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Candidates gallery Gary Johnson Libertarian Party ( campaign ) Jill Stein Green Party ( campaign ) Evan McMullin Independent ( campaign ) Darrell Castle Constitution Party ( campaign ) General Election campaign A general election ballot , listing the presidential and vice presidential candidates . Hillary Clinton focused her candidacy on several themes , including raising middle class incomes , expanding women 's rights , instituting campaign finance reform , and improving the Affordable Care Act . In March 2016 , she laid out a detailed economic plan basing her economic philosophy on inclusive capitalism , which proposed a `` clawback '' which would rescind tax relief and other benefits for companies that move jobs overseas ; with provision of incentives for companies that share profits with employees , communities and the environment , rather than focusing on short - term profits to increase stock value and rewarding shareholders ; as well as increasing collective bargaining rights ; and placing an `` exit tax '' on companies that move their headquarters out of America in order to pay a lower tax rate overseas . Clinton promoted equal pay for equal work to address current alleged shortfalls in how much women are paid to do the same jobs men do , promoted explicitly focus on family issues and support of universal preschool , expressed support for the right to same - sex marriage , and proposed allowing undocumented immigrants to have a path to citizenship stating that it `` ( i ) s at its heart a family issue . '' Donald Trump 's campaign drew heavily on his personal image , enhanced by his previous media exposure . The primary slogan of the Trump campaign , extensively used on campaign merchandise , was Make America Great Again . The red baseball cap with the slogan emblazoned on the front became a symbol of the campaign , and has been frequently donned by Trump and his supporters . Trump 's right - wing populist positions -- reported by The New Yorker to be nativist , protectionist , and semi-isolationist -- differ in many ways from traditional conservatism . He opposed many free trade deals and military interventionist policies that conservatives generally support , and opposed cuts in Medicare and Social Security benefits . Moreover , he has insisted that Washington is `` broken '' and can only be fixed by an outsider . Trump support was high among working and middle - class white male voters with annual incomes of less than $50,000 and no college degree . This group , particularly those with less than a high - school education , suffered a decline in their income in recent years . According to The Washington Post , support for Trump is higher in areas with a higher mortality rate for middle - age white people . A sample of interviews with more than 11,000 Republican - leaning respondents from August to December 2015 found that Trump at that time found his strongest support among Republicans in West Virginia , followed by New York , and then followed by six Southern states . Clinton had an uneasy , and at times adversarial relationship with the press throughout her life in public service . Weeks before her official entry as a presidential candidate , Clinton attended a political press corps event , pledging to start fresh on what she described as a `` complicated '' relationship with political reporters . Clinton was initially criticized by the press for avoiding taking their questions , after which she provided more interviews . In contrast , Trump benefited from free media more than any other candidate . From the beginning of his campaign through February 2016 , Trump received almost $2 billion in free media attention , twice the amount that Clinton received . According to data from the Tyndall Report , which tracks nightly news content , through February 2016 , Trump alone accounted for more than a quarter of all 2016 election coverage on the evening newscasts of NBC , CBS and ABC , more than all the Democratic campaigns combined . Observers noted Trump 's ability to garner constant mainstream media coverage `` almost at will '' . However , Trump frequently criticized the media for writing what he alleged to be false stories about him and he has called upon his supporters to be `` the silent majority '' . Trump also said the media `` put false meaning into the words I say '' , and says he does not mind being criticized by the media as long as they are honest about it . Both Clinton and Trump were seen unfavorably by the general public , and their controversial nature set the tone of the campaign . Trump campaigns in Phoenix , Arizona , October 29 , 2016 Clinton 's practice during her time as Secretary of State of using a private email address and server , in lieu of State Department servers , gained widespread public attention back in March 2015 . Concerns were raised about security and preservation of emails , and the possibility that laws may have been violated . After allegations were raised that some of the emails in question fell into this so - called `` born classified '' category , an FBI probe was initiated regarding how classified information was handled on the Clinton server . The FBI probe was concluded on July 5 , 2016 , with a recommendation of no charges , a recommendation that was followed by the Justice Department . On October 28 , eleven days before the election , FBI Director James Comey informed Congress that the FBI was analyzing additional emails obtained during its investigation of an unrelated case . On November 6 , he notified Congress that the new emails did not change the FBI 's earlier conclusion . Also , on September 9 , 2016 , Clinton stated : `` You know , just to be grossly generalistic , you could put half of Trump 's supporters into what I call the basket of deplorables . They 're racist , sexist , homophobic , xenophobic , Islamaphobic -- you name it . '' Donald Trump criticized Clinton 's remark as insulting his supporters . The following day Clinton expressed regret for saying `` half '' , while insisting that Trump had deplorably amplified `` hateful views and voices '' . Previously on August 25 , 2016 , Clinton gave a speech criticizing Trump 's campaign for using `` racist lies '' and allowing the alt - right to gain prominence . Clinton campaigns in Raleigh , North Carolina , October 22 , 2016 On the other side , on October 7 , 2016 , video and accompanying audio were released by The Washington Post in which Trump referred obscenely to women in a 2005 conversation with Billy Bush while they were preparing to film an episode of Access Hollywood . The audio was met with a reaction of disbelief and disgust from the media . Following the revelation , Trump 's campaign issued an apology , stating that the video was of a private conversation from `` many years ago '' . The incident was condemned by numerous prominent Republicans like Reince Priebus , Mitt Romney , John Kasich , Jeb Bush and the Speaker of the House Paul Ryan . By October 8 several dozen Republicans had called for Trump to withdraw from the campaign and let Pence head the ticket . Trump insisted he would never drop out . The ongoing controversy of the election made third parties attract voters ' attention . On March 3 , 2016 , Libertarian Gary Johnson addressed the Conservative Political Action Conference in Washington DC , touting himself as the third - party option for anti-Trump Republicans . In early May , some commentators opined that Johnson was moderate enough to pull votes away from both Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump who were very disliked and polarizing . Both conservative and liberal media noted that Johnson could get votes from `` Never Trump '' Republicans and disaffected Bernie Sanders supporters . Johnson also began to get time on national television , being invited on ABC News , NBC News , CBS News , CNN , Fox News , MSNBC , Bloomberg , and many other networks . In September and October 2016 , Johnson suffered a `` string of damaging stumbles when he has fielded questions about foreign affairs . '' On September 8 , Johnson , when he appeared on MSNBC 's Morning Joe , was asked by panelist Mike Barnicle , `` What would you do , if you were elected , about Aleppo ? '' ( referring to a war - torn city in Syria ) . Johnson responded , `` And what is Aleppo ? '' Johnson 's `` what is Aleppo ? '' question prompted widespread attention , much of it negative . Later that day , Johnson said that he had `` blanked '' and that he did `` understand the dynamics of the Syrian conflict -- I talk about them every day . '' On the other hand , Green Party candidate Jill Stein stated that the Democratic and Republican parties are `` two corporate parties '' that have converged into one . Concerned by the rise of the far right internationally and the tendency towards neoliberalism within the Democratic Party , she has said , `` The answer to neofascism is stopping neoliberalism . Putting another Clinton in the White House will fan the flames of this right - wing extremism . '' In response to Johnson 's growing poll numbers , the Hillary Clinton campaign and Democratic allies increased their criticism of Johnson in September 2016 , warning that `` a vote for a third party is a vote for Donald Trump '' and deploying Senator Bernie Sanders ( Clinton 's former primary rival , who supported her in the general election ) to win over voters who might be considering voting for Johnson or for Stein . Ballot Access Presidential ticket Party <Th_colspan="3"> Ballot access Votes Percentage States Electors % of voters Trump / Pence Republican 50 + DC 538 100 % 62,984,828 46.09 % Clinton / Kaine Democratic 50 + DC 538 100 % 65,853,514 48.18 % Johnson / Weld Libertarian 50 + DC 538 100 % 4,489,235 3.27 % Stein / Baraka Green 44 + DC 480 89 % 1,457,226 1.06 % McMullin / Finn Independent 11 84 15 % 732,273 0.53 % Castle / Bradley Constitution 24 207 39 % 203,091 0.15 % Candidates in bold were on ballots representing 270 electoral votes , without needing write - in states . All other candidates were on the ballots of fewer than 25 states , but had write - in access greater than 270 . Party conventions Philadelphia Cleveland Orlando Houston Salt Lake City Democratic Party Republican Party Libertarian Party Green Party Constitution Party Democratic Party Main article : 2016 Democratic National Convention July 25 -- 28 , 2016 : Democratic National Convention was held in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Republican Party Main article : 2016 Republican National Convention July 18 -- 21 , 2016 : Republican National Convention was held in Cleveland , Ohio . Libertarian Party Main article : 2016 Libertarian National Convention May 26 -- 30 , 2016 : Libertarian National Convention was held in Orlando , Florida . Green Party Main article : 2016 Green National Convention August 4 -- 7 , 2016 : Green National Convention was held in Houston , Texas . Constitution Party Main article : 2016 Constitution Party National Convention April 13 -- 16 , 2016 : Constitution Party National Convention was held in Salt Lake City , Utah . Campaign finance This is an overview of the money used in the campaign as it is reported to Federal Election Commission ( FEC ) and released in September 2016 . Outside groups are independent expenditure only committees -- also called PACs and SuperPACs . The sources of the numbers are the FEC and Center for Responsive Politics . Some spending totals are not available , due to withdrawals before the FEC deadline . As of September 2016 , ten candidates with ballot access have filed financial reports with the FEC . Candidate <Th_colspan="4"> Campaign committee ( as of December 9 ) <Th_colspan="3"> Outside groups ( as of December 9 ) Total spent Money raised Money spent Cash on hand Debt Money raised Money spent Cash on hand Hillary Clinton $497,808,791 $435,367,811 $62,440,979 $111,238 $205,909,959 $204,267,754 $1,642,205 $639,635,565 Donald Trump $247,541,449 $231,546,996 $15,994,454 $2,086,572 $74,905,285 $70,941,922 $3,963,363 $302,488,918 Gary Johnson $11,410,313 $10,308,873 $1,101,440 $0 $1,386,554 $1,310,578 $75,976 $11,619,451 Rocky De La Fuente $7,351,270 $7,354,663 - $3,392 $7,334,250 $0 $0 $0 $7,354,663 Jill Stein $3,509,477 $3,451,174 $58,303 $87,740 $0 $0 $0 $3,451,174 Evan McMullin $1,644,102 $1,642,165 $1,937 $0 $0 $0 $0 $1,642,165 Darrell Castle $52,234 $51,365 $869 $2,500 $0 $0 $0 $51,365 Gloria La Riva $29,243 $24,207 $5,034 $0 $0 $0 $0 $24,207 Monica Moorehead $11,547 $9,127 $2,419 $4,500 $0 $0 $0 $9,127 Peter Skewes $7,966 $4,238 $7,454 $8,000 $0 $0 $0 $4,238 Newspaper endorsements Main article : Newspaper endorsements in the United States presidential election , 2016 Clinton was endorsed by The New York Times , the Los Angeles Times , the Houston Chronicle , the San Jose Mercury News , the Chicago Sun - Times and the New York Daily News editorial boards . Trump , who has frequently criticized the mainstream media , was not endorsed by the vast majority of newspapers , with the Las Vegas Review - Journal , The Florida Times - Union , and the tabloid National Enquirer his highest profile supporters . Several papers which endorsed Clinton , such as the Houston Chronicle , The Dallas Morning News , The San Diego Union - Tribune , The Columbus Dispatch and The Arizona Republic , endorsed their first Democratic candidate for many decades . USA Today , which had not endorsed any candidate since it was founded in 1982 , broke tradition by giving an anti-endorsement against Trump , declaring him `` unfit for the presidency '' . The Atlantic , which has been in circulation since 1857 , gave Clinton its third - ever endorsement ( after Abraham Lincoln and Lyndon Johnson ) . Other traditionally Republican papers , including the New Hampshire Union Leader , which had endorsed the Republican nominee in every election for the last 100 years , The Detroit News , which had not endorsed a non-Republican in its 143 years , and the Chicago Tribune , endorsed Gary Johnson . Russian involvement Main article : Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections On December 9 , 2016 , the Central Intelligence Agency issued an assessment to lawmakers in the US Senate , stating that a Russian entity hacked the DNC and John Podesta 's emails to assist Donald Trump . The Federal Bureau of Investigation agreed . President Barack Obama ordered a `` full enquiry '' into such possible intervention . Director of National Intelligence James R. Clapper in early January 2017 testified before a Senate committee that Russia 's meddling in the 2016 presidential campaign went beyond hacking , and included disinformation and the dissemination of fake news , often promoted on social media . President - elect Trump originally called the report fabricated , and Wikileaks denied any involvement by Russian authorities . Days later , Trump said he could be convinced of the Russian hacking `` if there is a unified presentation of evidence from the Federal Bureau of Investigation and other agencies . '' Several U.S. senators -- including Republicans John McCain , Richard Burr , and Lindsey Graham -- demanded a congressional investigation . The Senate Intelligence Committee announced the scope of their official inquiry on December 13 , 2016 , on a bipartisan basis ; work began on January 24 , 2017 . Notable expressions , phrases , and statements Basket of deplorables -- a controversial phrase coined by Hillary Clinton to describe Trump 's supporters . Birdie Sanders -- after a campaign stop in Portland , Oregon , a white - winged two - barred crossbill landed on Sanders 's podium while he was addressing a large crowd of supporters . The event became popular with the Sanders community and Sanders even began to publicize the bird as `` Birdie Sanders '' . Build that wall / Mexico will pay for the wall -- Trump 's campaign promise that if elected he will build a wall on the border between the US and Mexico , with Mexico financing the project . Drain the swamp -- a phrase Donald Trump invoked late in the campaign to describe what needs to be done to fix problems in the federal government . Trump acknowledged that the phrase was suggested to him , and he was initially skeptical about using it . Fake news -- stories that are untrue . Trump has used the expression to refer to stories he dislikes . Feel the Bern -- a phrase chanted by supporters of the Bernie Sanders campaign which was officially adopted by his campaign . Grab them by the pussy -- a remark made by Trump in a 2005 private conversation which was recorded by a hot mic and released during the campaign . By saying this remark , Trump intended to boast how as a celebrity he can do things ( namely grab women by their genitalia ) that non-celebrities can not . I 'm with her -- Clinton 's unofficial campaign slogan ( `` Stronger Together '' was the official slogan ) . Lock her up -- a chant first used at the Republican convention to indicate that Hillary Clinton is guilty of a crime . The chant was later used at many Trump campaign rallies . Make America great again -- Trump 's campaign slogan . Trump 's use of derogatory nicknames to deride his opponents -- these include `` Crooked Hillary '' , `` Little Marco '' , `` Low energy Jeb '' , and `` Lying Ted . '' Small hands -- Marco Rubio asserting that Trump has small hands , and implying that the size of his hands is proportional to the size of his penis . What is Aleppo ? -- uttered by Gary Johnson during an interview when questioned about the status of Aleppo during the Syrian Civil War . What the hell do you have to lose ? - said by Trump to inner - city African Americans at rallies starting on August 19 , 2018 . Debates Primary election debates Main articles : Democratic Party presidential debates and forums , 2016 ; Republican Party presidential debates and forums , 2016 ; Libertarian Party presidential debates and forums , 2016 ; and Green Party presidential debates and forums , 2016 General Election debates Main article : United States presidential debates , 2016 Hofstra University Hempstead , NY Longwood University Farmville , VA Washington University St. Louis , MO University of Nevada Las Vegas University of Colorado Boulder Sites of the 2016 general election debates The Commission on Presidential Debates ( CPD ) , a non-profit organization , hosted debates between qualifying presidential and vice-presidential candidates . According to the commission 's website , to be eligible to opt to participate in the anticipated debates , `` ... in addition to being Constitutionally eligible , candidates must appear on a sufficient number of state ballots to have a mathematical chance of winning a majority vote in the Electoral College , and have a level of support of at least 15 percent of the national electorate as determined by five selected national public opinion polling organizations , using the average of those organizations ' most recently publicly - reported results at the time of the determination . '' The three locations chosen to host the presidential debates , and the one location selected to host the vice presidential debate , were announced on September 23 , 2015 . The site of the first debate was originally designated as Wright State University in Dayton , Ohio ; however , due to rising costs and security concerns , the debate was moved to Hofstra University in Hempstead , New York . On August 19 , Kellyanne Conway , Trump 's campaign manager confirmed that Trump would participate in a series of three debates . Trump had complained two of the scheduled debates , one on September 26 and the other October 9 , would have to compete for viewers with National Football League games , referencing the similar complaints made regarding the dates with low expected ratings during the Democratic Party presidential debates . The Free & Equal Elections Foundation announced plans to host an open debate among all presidential candidates who had ballot access sufficient to represent a majority of electoral votes . In October 2016 Free & Equal extended the invitation to all candidates with ballot lines representing at least 15 % of the electoral vote . The nominees of the Democratic , Republican , Libertarian , Green , Constitution , Reform , and Socialism and Liberation parties , as well as independent candidate Evan McMullin , were invited to participate . The debate was held at the University of Colorado Boulder 's Macky Auditorium on October 25 , 2016 . It was moderated by Ed Asner and Christina Tobin , with Darrell Castle , Rocky De La Fuente , and Gloria La Riva participating . PBS hosted a debate moderated by Tavis Smiley between Libertarian candidate Gary Johnson and Green Party candidate Jill Stein . Debates among candidates for the 2016 U.S. presidential election No . Date Time Host City Moderator ( s ) Participants P1 September 26 , 2016 9 p.m. EDT Hofstra University Hempstead , New York Lester Holt Hillary Clinton Donald Trump VP October 4 , 2016 9 p.m. EDT Longwood University Farmville , Virginia Elaine Quijano Tim Kaine Mike Pence P2 October 9 , 2016 8 p.m. CDT Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis , Missouri Anderson Cooper Martha Raddatz Hillary Clinton Donald Trump P3 October 19 , 2016 6 p.m. PDT University of Nevada , Las Vegas Las Vegas , Nevada Chris Wallace Hillary Clinton Donald Trump P4 October 25 , 2016 7 p.m. MDT University of Colorado Boulder Boulder , Colorado Ed Asner Christina Tobin Darrell Castle Rocky De La Fuente Gloria La Riva <Td_colspan="22"> = Sponsored by the CPD ; = Sponsored by Free & Equal Results Incumbent President Barack Obama casts his vote early in Chicago on October 7 , 2016 . The election was held on November 8 , 2016 . Clinton cast her vote in Chappaqua , Westchester County , New York , while Trump voted in a Manhattan public school . Throughout the day , the election process went more smoothly than many had expected , with only a few reports of long lines and equipment problems . The news media and election experts were surprised twice , at Trump 's winning the GOP nomination and in winning the electoral college . English political scientist Lloyd Gruber says , `` One of the major casualties of the 2016 election season has been the reputation of political science , a discipline whose practitioners had largely dismissed Donald Trump 's chances of gaining the Republican nomination . '' The final polls showed a lead by Clinton -- and indeed she did win more popular votes . Trump himself expected to lose the election based on polling , and rented a small hotel ballroom to make a brief concession speech ; `` I said if we 're going to lose I do n't want a big ballroom '' , he said . The Republican candidate performed surprisingly well in all battleground states , especially Florida , Iowa , Ohio and North Carolina . Even Wisconsin , Pennsylvania , and Michigan , states that had been predicted to vote Democratic , were won by Trump . Cindy Adams , present at Trump Tower , reported that `` Trumptown knew they 'd won by 5 : 30 . Math , calculations , candidate dislike causing voter abstention begat the numbers . '' Trump said that he was surprised by how `` that map was getting red as hell . That map was bleeding red ... I always used to believe in ( polls ) . I do n't believe them anymore . '' On November 9 , 2016 , at 3 : 00 AM Eastern Time , Trump secured over 270 electoral votes , the majority of the 538 electors in the Electoral College , enough to make him the president - elect of the United States . According to the authors of Shattered : Inside Hillary Clinton 's Doomed Campaign , by late Tuesday night the White House had decided that Trump had won the election . Obama aide David Simas called Clinton campaign manager Robby Mook to unsuccessfully persuade Clinton to concede the election . Obama then called Clinton herself , citing the importance of continuity of government , to publicly acknowledge that Trump had won ; believing that she was still unwilling to concede the president called Podesta , telling him that the election was over , but the call to Clinton had likely already persuaded her . Clinton called Trump early on Wednesday morning to concede defeat , and later that day asked her supporters to accept the result and hoped that Trump would be `` a successful president for all Americans . '' In his victory speech Trump appealed for unity saying `` it is time for us to come together as one united people '' and praised Clinton who was owed `` a major debt of gratitude for her service to our country . '' Six states plus a portion of Maine that Obama won in 2012 switched to Trump . These are ( with Electoral College votes in parentheses ) : Florida ( 29 ) , Pennsylvania ( 20 ) , Ohio ( 18 ) , Michigan ( 16 ) , Wisconsin ( 10 ) , Iowa ( 6 ) , and Maine 's second congressional district ( 1 ) . Initially , Trump won exactly 100 more Electoral College votes than Mitt Romney in 2012 , with two lost to faithless electors the following month . Thirty - nine states swung more Republican compared to the previous Presidential election , while eleven states and the District of Columbia swung more Democratic . Based on U.S. Census Bureau estimates of the voting age population ( VAP ) , turnout of voters casting a vote for President was nearly 1 % higher than 2012 . Examining overall turnout in the 2016 election , University of Florida Prof. Michael McDonald estimated that 138.8 million Americans cast a ballot in 2016 . 65.9 million of those ballots have been counted for Clinton and just under 63 million for Trump , representing 20.3 % ( Clinton ) and 19.4 % ( Trump ) of a census estimate of U.S. population that day of 324 million . Considering a VAP of 250.6 million people and voting eligible population ( VEP ) of 230.6 million people , this is a turnout rate of 55.4 % VAP and 60.2 % VEP . Based on this estimate , voter turnout was up compared to 2012 ( 54.1 % VAP ) but down compared to 2008 ( 57.4 % VAP ) . A FEC report of the 2016 Presidential General Election recorded an official total of 136.7 million votes cast for President -- more than any prior election . Data scientist Azhar Hamdan , explained the paradoxes of the 2016 outcome compared Trump 's 30 states against Clinton 's 20 states and the District of Columbia , saying `` chief among them the discrepancy between the popular vote , which Hillary Clinton won by 2.8 million votes , and the electoral college , where Trump won 304 - 227 '' . He said Trump outperformed Mitt Romney 's 2012 results , while Clinton only just matched Barack Obama 's 2012 totals . Hamdan also said Trump was `` the highest vote earner of any Republican candidate ever , '' exceeding George W. Bush 's 62.04 million votes in 2004 , though neither reached Clinton 's 65.9 million , nor Obama 's 69.5 million votes in 2008 , the overall record . He concluded , with help from The Cook Political Report , that the election hinged not on Clinton 's large 2.8 million overall vote margin over Trump , but rather on about 78,000 votes from only three counties in Wisconsin , Pennsylvania , and Michigan . Candidates table Presidential candidate Party Home state <Th_colspan="2"> Popular vote Electoral vote <Th_colspan="3"> Running mate Count Percentage Vice-presidential candidate Home state Electoral vote Donald Trump Republican New York 62,984,828 46.09 % 304 Mike Pence Indiana 305 Hillary Rodham Clinton Democratic New York 65,853,514 48.18 % 227 Tim Kaine Virginia 227 Colin Powell Republican Virginia 25 0.00 % Elizabeth Warren Massachusetts Maria Cantwell Washington Susan Collins Maine Bernie Sanders Independent Vermont 111,850 0.08 % Tulsi Gabbard Hawaii 0 Elizabeth Warren Massachusetts John Kasich Republican Ohio 2,684 0.00 % Carly Fiorina Virginia Ron Paul Libertarian Texas 124 0.00 % Mike Pence Indiana Faith Spotted Eagle Democratic South Dakota 0 0.00 % Winona LaDuke Minnesota Gary Johnson Libertarian New Mexico 4,489,235 3.27 % 0 Bill Weld Massachusetts 0 Jill Stein Green Massachusetts 1,457,226 1.06 % 0 Ajamu Baraka Illinois 0 Evan McMullin Independent Utah 732,273 0.53 % 0 Mindy Finn District of Columbia 0 Darrell Castle Constitution Tennessee 203,091 0.15 % 0 Scott Bradley Utah 0 Gloria La Riva Socialism and Liberation California 74,405 0.05 % 0 Eugene Puryear District of Columbia 0 <Td_colspan="3"> Other 1,215,785 0.89 % -- <Td_colspan="2"> Other -- <Th_colspan="3"> Total 137,125,040 100 % 538 <Td_colspan="2"> 538 <Th_colspan="5"> Needed to win 270 <Td_colspan="2"> 270 Source ( Popular Vote ) : Nationwide : Leip , David . `` 2016 Presidential Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . For Bernie Sanders and John Kasich : CA : and NH : VT : NC : PA : RI : Received electoral vote ( s ) from a faithless elector . Two faithless electors from Texas cast their presidential votes for Ron Paul and John Kasich , respectively . Chris Suprun stated that he cast his presidential vote for John Kasich and his vice presidential vote for Carly Fiorina . The other faithless elector in Texas , Bill Greene , cast his presidential vote for Ron Paul but cast his vice presidential vote for Mike Pence , as pledged . John Kasich received recorded write - in votes in Alabama , Georgia , Illinois , New Hampshire , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , and Vermont . Candidate received votes as a write - in . The exact numbers of write - in votes for Sanders have been published for three states . In California , his official running mate was Tulsi Gabbard and in New Hampshire and Vermont there was not a running mate attached to Sanders . It was possible to vote Sanders as a write - in candidate in 14 states . <Th_colspan="5"> Popular vote <Td_colspan="2"> Clinton <Td_colspan="2"> 48.18 % <Td_colspan="2"> Trump <Td_colspan="2"> 46.09 % <Td_colspan="2"> Johnson <Td_colspan="2"> 3.27 % <Td_colspan="2"> Stein <Td_colspan="2"> 1.06 % <Td_colspan="2"> McMullin <Td_colspan="2"> 0.53 % <Td_colspan="2"> Others <Td_colspan="2"> 1.2 % <Th_colspan="5"> Electoral vote -- Pledged <Td_colspan="2"> Trump / Pence <Td_colspan="2"> 56.88 % <Td_colspan="2"> Clinton / Kaine <Td_colspan="2"> 43.12 % <Th_colspan="5"> Electoral vote -- President <Td_colspan="2"> Trump <Td_colspan="2"> 56.51 % <Td_colspan="2"> Clinton <Td_colspan="2"> 42.19 % <Td_colspan="2"> Powell <Td_colspan="2"> 0.56 % <Td_colspan="2"> Kasich <Td_colspan="2"> 0.19 % <Td_colspan="2"> Paul <Td_colspan="2"> 0.19 % <Td_colspan="2"> Sanders <Td_colspan="2"> 0.19 % <Td_colspan="2"> Spotted Eagle <Td_colspan="2"> 0.19 % <Th_colspan="5"> Electoral vote -- Vice President <Td_colspan="2"> Pence <Td_colspan="2"> 56.70 % <Td_colspan="2"> Kaine <Td_colspan="2"> 42.38 % <Td_colspan="2"> Warren <Td_colspan="2"> 0.38 % <Td_colspan="2"> Cantwell <Td_colspan="2"> 0.19 % <Td_colspan="2"> Collins <Td_colspan="2"> 0.19 % <Td_colspan="2"> Fiorina <Td_colspan="2"> 0.19 % <Td_colspan="2"> LaDuke <Td_colspan="2"> 0.19 % Results by State The table below displays the official vote tallies by each state 's Electoral College voting method . The source for the results of all states is the official Federal Election Commission report . The column labeled `` Margin '' shows Trump 's margin of victory over Clinton ( the margin is negative for every state the Clinton won ) . A total of 29 third party and independent presidential candidates appeared on the ballot in at least one state . Former Governor of New Mexico Gary Johnson and physician Jill Stein repeated their 2012 roles as the nominees for the Libertarian Party and the Green Party , respectively . With ballot access to the entire national electorate , Johnson received nearly 4.5 million votes ( 3.27 % ) , the highest nationwide vote share for a third - party candidate since Ross Perot in 1996 , while Stein received almost 1.45 million votes ( 1.06 % ) , the most for a Green nominee since Ralph Nader in 2000 . Independent candidate Evan McMullin , who appeared on the ballot in 11 states , received over 732,000 votes ( 0.53 % ) . He won 21.4 % of the vote in his home state of Utah , the highest share of the vote for a third - party candidate in any state since 1992 . Despite dropping out of the election following his defeat in the Democratic primary , Senator Bernie Sanders received 5.7 % of the vote in his home state of Vermont , the highest write - in draft campaign percentage for a presidential candidate in American history . Johnson and McMullin were the first third party candidates since Nader to receive at least 5 % of the vote in one or more states , with Johnson crossing the mark in 11 states and McMullin crossing it in two . Aside from Florida and North Carolina , the states which secured Trump 's victory are situated in the Great Lakes / Rust Belt region . Wisconsin went Republican for the first time since 1984 , while Pennsylvania and Michigan went Republican for the first time since 1988 . Stein petitioned for a recount in these states . The Clinton campaign pledged to participate in the Green Party recount efforts , while Trump backers challenged them in court . Meanwhile , American Delta Party / Reform Party presidential candidate Rocky De La Fuente petitioned for and was granted a partial recount in Nevada . States won by Clinton / Kaine States won by Trump / Pence Electoral methods WTA -- Winner - takes - all CD -- Congressional district <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> Hillary Clinton Democratic <Th_colspan="3"> Donald Trump Republican <Th_colspan="3"> Gary Johnson Libertarian <Th_colspan="3"> Jill Stein Green <Th_colspan="3"> Evan McMullin Independent <Th_colspan="3"> Others <Th_colspan="2"> Margin <Th_colspan="3"> Total State or district Electoral method # % Electoral votes # % Electoral votes # % Electoral votes # % Electoral votes # % Electoral votes # % Electoral votes # % # State Source ( s ) Alabama WTA 729,547 34.36 % -- 1,318,255 62.08 % 9 44,467 2.09 % -- 9,391 0.44 % -- -- -- -- 21,712 1.02 % -- 588,708 27.73 % 2,123,372 AL Alaska WTA 116,454 36.55 % -- 163,387 51.28 % 18,725 5.88 % -- 5,735 1.80 % -- -- -- -- 14,307 4.49 % -- 46,933 14.73 % 318,608 AK Arizona WTA 1,161,167 45.13 % -- 1,252,401 48.67 % 11 106,327 4.13 % -- 34,345 1.33 % -- 17,449 0.68 % -- 1,476 0.06 % -- 91,234 3.55 % 2,573,165 AZ Arkansas WTA 380,494 33.65 % -- 684,872 60.57 % 6 29,829 2.64 % -- 9,473 0.84 % -- 13,255 1.17 % -- 12,712 1.12 % -- 304,378 26.92 % 1,130,635 AR California WTA 8,753,788 61.73 % 55 4,483,810 31.62 % -- 478,500 3.37 % -- 278,657 1.96 % -- 39,596 0.28 % -- 147,244 1.04 % -- − 4,269,978 − 30.11 % 14,181,595 CA Colorado WTA 1,338,870 48.16 % 9 1,202,484 43.25 % -- 144,121 5.18 % -- 38,437 1.38 % -- 28,917 1.04 % -- 27,418 0.99 % -- − 136,386 − 4.91 % 2,780,247 CO Connecticut WTA 897,572 54.57 % 7 673,215 40.93 % -- 48,676 2.96 % -- 22,841 1.39 % -- 2,108 0.13 % -- 508 0.03 % -- − 224,357 − 13.64 % 1,644,920 CT Delaware WTA 235,603 53.09 % 185,127 41.72 % -- 14,757 3.32 % -- 6,103 1.37 % -- 706 0.16 % -- 1,518 0.34 % -- − 50,476 − 11.37 % 443,814 DE District of Columbia WTA 282,830 90.48 % 12,723 4.07 % -- 4,906 1.57 % -- 4,258 1.36 % -- -- -- -- 6,551 2.52 % -- − 270,107 − 86.78 % 311,268 DC Florida WTA 4,504,975 47.82 % -- 4,617,886 49.02 % 29 207,043 2.20 % -- 64,399 0.68 % -- -- -- -- 25,736 0.28 % -- 112,911 1.20 % 9,420,039 FL Georgia WTA 1,877,963 45.64 % -- 2,089,104 50.77 % 16 125,306 3.05 % -- 7,674 0.19 % -- 13,017 0.32 % -- 1,668 0.04 % -- 211,141 5.13 % 4,114,732 GA Hawaii WTA 266,891 62.22 % 128,847 30.03 % -- 15,954 3.72 % -- 12,737 2.97 % -- -- -- -- 4,508 1.05 % − 138,044 − 32.18 % 428,937 HI Idaho WTA 189,765 27.49 % -- 409,055 59.26 % 28,331 4.10 % -- 8,496 1.23 % -- 46,476 6.73 % -- 8,132 1.18 % -- 219,290 31.77 % 690,255 ID Illinois WTA 3,090,729 55.83 % 20 2,146,015 38.76 % -- 209,596 3.79 % -- 76,802 1.39 % -- 11,655 0.21 % -- 1,627 0.03 % -- − 944,714 − 17.06 % 5,536,424 IL Indiana WTA 1,033,126 37.91 % -- 1,557,286 56.82 % 11 133,993 4.89 % -- 7,841 0.27 % -- -- -- -- 2,712 0.10 % -- 524,160 19.17 % 2,734,958 IN Iowa WTA 653,669 41.74 % -- 800,983 51.15 % 6 59,186 3.78 % -- 11,479 0.73 % -- 12,366 0.79 % -- 28,348 1.81 % -- 147,314 9.41 % 1,566,031 IA Kansas WTA 427,005 36.05 % -- 671,018 56.65 % 6 55,406 4.68 % -- 23,506 1.98 % -- 6,520 0.55 % -- 947 0.08 % -- 244,013 20.60 % 1,184,402 KS Kentucky WTA 628,854 32.68 % -- 1,202,971 62.52 % 8 53,752 2.79 % -- 13,913 0.72 % -- 22,780 1.18 % -- 1,879 0.10 % -- 574,177 29.84 % 1,924,149 KY Louisiana WTA 780,154 38.45 % -- 1,178,638 58.09 % 8 37,978 1.87 % -- 14,031 0.69 % -- 8,547 0.42 % -- 9,684 0.48 % -- 398,484 19.64 % 2,029,032 LA Maine ( at - lg ) WTA 357,735 47.83 % 335,593 44.87 % -- 38,105 5.09 % -- 14,251 1.91 % -- 1,887 0.25 % -- 356 0.05 % -- − 22,142 − 2.96 % 747,927 ME -- a / l Maine , 1st CD 212,774 53.96 % 154,384 39.15 % -- 18,592 4.71 % -- 7,563 1.92 % -- 807 0.20 % -- 209 0.05 % -- − 58,390 − 14.81 % 394,329 ME - 1 Maine , 2nd CD 144,817 40.98 % -- 181,177 51.26 % 19,510 5.52 % -- 6,685 1.89 % -- 1,080 0.31 % -- 147 0.04 % -- 36,360 10.29 % 353,416 ME - 2 Maryland WTA 1,677,928 60.33 % 10 943,169 33.91 % -- 79,605 2.86 % -- 35,945 1.29 % -- 9,630 0.35 % -- 35,169 1.26 % -- − 734,759 − 26.42 % 2,781,446 MD Massachusetts WTA 1,995,196 60.01 % 11 1,090,893 32.81 % -- 138,018 4.15 % -- 47,661 1.43 % -- 2,719 0.08 % -- 50,559 1.52 % -- − 904,303 − 27.20 % 3,325,046 MA Michigan WTA 2,268,839 47.27 % -- 2,279,543 47.50 % 16 172,136 3.59 % -- 51,463 1.07 % -- 8,177 0.17 % -- 19,126 0.40 % -- 10,704 0.22 % 4,799,284 MI Minnesota WTA 1,367,716 46.44 % 10 1,322,951 44.92 % -- 112,972 3.84 % -- 36,985 1.26 % -- 53,076 1.80 % -- 51,113 1.74 % -- − 44,765 − 1.52 % 2,944,813 MN Mississippi WTA 485,131 40.11 % -- 700,714 57.94 % 6 14,435 1.19 % -- 3,731 0.31 % -- -- -- -- 5,346 0.44 % -- 215,583 17.83 % 1,209,357 MS Missouri WTA 1,071,068 38.14 % -- 1,594,511 56.77 % 10 97,359 3.47 % -- 25,419 0.91 % -- 7,071 0.25 % -- 13,177 0.47 % -- 523,443 18.64 % 2,808,605 MO Montana WTA 177,709 35.75 % -- 279,240 56.17 % 28,037 5.64 % -- 7,970 1.60 % -- 2,297 0.46 % -- 1,894 0.38 % -- 101,531 20.42 % 497,147 MT Nebraska ( at - lg ) WTA 284,494 33.70 % -- 495,961 58.75 % 38,946 4.61 % -- 8,775 1.04 % -- -- -- -- 16,051 1.90 % -- 211,467 25.05 % 844,227 NE -- a / l Nebraska , 1st CD 100,126 35.46 % -- 158,626 56.18 % 14,031 4.97 % -- 3,374 1.19 % -- -- -- -- 6,181 2.19 % -- 58,500 20.72 % 282,338 NE - 1 Nebraska , 2nd CD 131,030 44.92 % -- 137,564 47.16 % 13,245 4.54 % -- 3,347 1.15 % -- -- -- -- 6,494 2.23 % -- 6,534 2.24 % 291,680 NE - 2 Nebraska , 3rd CD 53,290 19.73 % -- 199,657 73.92 % 11,657 4.32 % -- 2,054 0.76 % -- -- -- -- 3,451 1.28 % -- 146,367 54.19 % 270,109 NE - 3 Nevada WTA 539,260 47.92 % 6 512,058 45.50 % -- 37,384 3.32 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 36,683 3.26 % -- − 27,202 − 2.42 % 1,125,385 NV New Hampshire WTA 348,526 46.98 % 345,790 46.61 % -- 30,777 4.15 % -- 6,496 0.88 % -- 1,064 0.14 % -- 11,643 1.24 % -- − 2,736 − 0.37 % 744,296 NH New Jersey WTA 2,148,278 54.99 % 14 1,601,933 41.00 % -- 72,477 1.86 % -- 37,772 0.97 % -- -- -- -- 13,586 1.18 % -- − 546,345 − 14.10 % 3,874,046 NJ New Mexico WTA 385,234 48.26 % 5 319,667 40.04 % -- 74,541 9.34 % -- 9,879 1.24 % -- 5,825 0.73 % -- 3,173 0.40 % -- − 65,567 − 8.21 % 798,319 NM New York WTA 4,556,124 59.01 % 29 2,819,534 36.52 % -- 176,598 2.29 % -- 107,934 1.40 % -- 10,373 0.13 % -- 50,890 0.66 % -- − 1,736,590 − 22.49 % 7,721,453 NY North Carolina WTA 2,189,316 46.17 % -- 2,362,631 49.83 % 15 130,126 2.74 % -- 12,105 0.26 % -- -- -- -- 47,386 1.00 % -- 173,315 3.66 % 4,741,564 NC North Dakota WTA 93,758 27.23 % -- 216,794 62.96 % 21,434 6.22 % -- 3,780 1.10 % -- -- -- -- 8,594 2.49 % -- 123,036 35.73 % 344,360 ND Ohio WTA 2,394,164 43.56 % -- 2,841,005 51.69 % 18 174,498 3.17 % -- 46,271 0.84 % -- 12,574 0.23 % -- 27,975 0.51 % -- 446,841 8.13 % 5,496,487 OH Oklahoma WTA 420,375 28.93 % -- 949,136 65.32 % 7 83,481 5.75 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- N / A N / A -- 528,761 37.08 % 1,452,992 OK Oregon WTA 1,002,106 50.07 % 7 782,403 39.09 % -- 94,231 4.71 % -- 50,002 2.50 % -- -- -- -- 72,594 3.63 % -- − 219,703 − 10.98 % 2,001,336 OR Pennsylvania WTA 2,926,441 47.46 % -- 2,970,733 48.18 % 20 146,715 2.38 % -- 49,941 0.81 % -- 6,472 0.11 % -- 65,176 1.06 % -- 44,292 0.72 % 6,165,478 PA Rhode Island WTA 252,525 54.41 % 180,543 38.90 % -- 14,746 3.18 % -- 6,220 1.34 % -- 516 0.11 % -- 9,594 2.07 % -- − 71,982 − 15.51 % 464,144 RI South Carolina WTA 855,373 40.67 % -- 1,155,389 54.94 % 9 49,204 2.34 % -- 13,034 0.62 % -- 21,016 1.00 % -- 9,011 0.43 % -- 300,016 14.27 % 2,103,027 SC South Dakota WTA 117,458 31.74 % -- 227,721 61.53 % 20,850 5.63 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4,064 1.10 % -- 110,263 29.79 % 370,093 SD Tennessee WTA 870,695 34.72 % -- 1,522,925 60.72 % 11 70,397 2.81 % -- 15,993 0.64 % -- 11,991 0.48 % -- 16,026 0.64 % -- 652,230 26.01 % 2,508,027 TN Texas WTA 3,877,868 43.24 % -- 4,685,047 52.23 % 36 283,492 3.16 % -- 71,558 0.80 % -- 42,366 0.47 % -- 8,895 0.10 % 807,179 9.00 % 8,969,226 TX Utah WTA 310,676 27.46 % -- 515,231 45.54 % 6 39,608 3.50 % -- 9,438 0.83 % -- 243,690 21.54 % -- 12,787 1.13 % -- 204,555 18.08 % 1,131,430 UT Vermont WTA 178,573 56.68 % 95,369 30.27 % -- 10,078 3.20 % -- 6,758 2.14 % -- 639 0.20 % -- 23,650 7.51 % -- − 83,204 − 26.41 % 315,067 VT Virginia WTA 1,981,473 49.73 % 13 1,769,443 44.41 % -- 118,274 2.97 % -- 27,638 0.69 % -- 54,054 1.36 % -- 33,749 0.85 % -- − 212,030 − 5.32 % 3,984,631 VA Washington WTA 1,742,718 52.54 % 8 1,221,747 36.83 % -- 160,879 4.85 % -- 58,417 1.76 % -- -- -- -- 133,258 4.02 % − 520,971 − 15.71 % 3,317,019 WA West Virginia WTA 188,794 26.43 % -- 489,371 68.50 % 5 23,004 3.22 % -- 8,075 1.13 % -- 1,104 0.15 % -- 4,075 0.57 % -- 300,577 42.07 % 714,423 WV Wisconsin WTA 1,382,536 46.45 % -- 1,405,284 47.22 % 10 106,674 3.58 % -- 31,072 1.04 % -- 11,855 0.40 % -- 38,729 1.30 % -- 22,748 0.76 % 2,976,150 WI Wyoming WTA 55,973 21.63 % -- 174,419 67.40 % 13,287 5.13 % -- 2,515 0.97 % -- -- -- -- 9,655 3.73 % -- 118,446 46.30 % 255,849 WY U.S. Total -- 65,853,514 48.18 % 227 62,984,828 46.09 % 304 4,489,235 3.27 % -- 1,457,226 1.06 % -- 732,273 0.53 % -- 1,154,084 0.84 % 7 − 2,868,518 − 2.09 % 137,125,040 US Two states ( Maine and Nebraska ) allow for their electoral votes to be split between candidates . The winner within each congressional district gets one electoral vote for the district . The winner of the statewide vote gets two additional electoral votes . Results are from The New York Times . Vote margin swing by state 2012 to 2016 . Only nine states trended more Democratic : Arizona , California , Georgia , Kansas , Maryland , Massachusetts , Texas , Washington , Virginia and Utah . The large swing in Utah is mostly , but not completely , down to the votes for third candidate Evan McMullin . Close races Red denotes states ( or congressional districts whose electoral votes are awarded separately ) won by Republican Donald Trump ; blue denotes those won by Democrat Hillary Clinton . States where the margin of victory was under 1 % ( 50 electoral votes ; 46 won by Trump , 4 by Clinton ) : Michigan , 0.22 % - 16 New Hampshire , 0.37 % - 4 Pennsylvania , 0.72 % - 20 ( tipping point state including 2 faithless electors from Texas ) Wisconsin , 0.76 % - 10 ( tipping point state excluding 2 faithless electors from Texas ) States / districts where the margin of victory was between 1 % and 5 % ( 83 electoral votes ; 56 won by Trump , 27 by Clinton ) : Florida , 1.20 % - 29 Minnesota , 1.52 % - 10 Nebraska 's 2nd Congressional District , 2.24 % - 1 Nevada , 2.42 % - 6 Maine , 2.96 % - 2 Arizona , 3.55 % - 11 North Carolina , 3.66 % - 15 Colorado , 4.91 % - 9 States where the margin of victory was between 5 % and 10 % ( 94 electoral votes ; 76 won by Trump , 18 by Clinton ) : Georgia , 5.13 % - 16 Virginia , 5.32 % - 13 Ohio , 8.13 % - 18 New Mexico , 8.21 % - 5 Texas , 9.00 % - 36 Iowa , 9.41 % - 6 Breakdown by ticket State Party Presidential vote Vice presidential vote Name of Elector References Nationwide Donald Trump , 304 Mike Pence , 305 Pledged Hillary Clinton , 227 Tim Kaine , 227 Hawaii Bernie Sanders ( I - VT ) Elizabeth Warren ( D - MA ) David Mulinix Texas John Kasich ( R - OH ) Carly Fiorina ( R - VA ) Christopher Suprun Ron Paul ( L - TX / R - TX ) Mike Pence ( as pledged ) Bill Greene Washington Colin Powell ( R - VA ) Maria Cantwell ( D - WA ) Levi Guerra Susan Collins ( R - ME ) Esther John Elizabeth Warren ( D - MA ) Bret Chiafalo Faith Spotted Eagle ( D - SD ) Winona LaDuke ( G - MN ) Robert Satiacum , Jr . Battleground states Most media outlets announced the beginning of the presidential race about twenty months prior to Election Day . Soon after the first contestants declared their candidacy , Larry Sabato listed Virginia , Colorado , Iowa , New Hampshire , Florida , Nevada , and Ohio as the seven states most likely to be contested in the general election . After Donald Trump clinched the Republican presidential nomination , many pundits felt that the major campaign locations might be different from what had originally been expected . Rust Belt states such as Pennsylvania , Wisconsin , and even Michigan were thought to be in play with Trump as the nominee , while states with large minority populations , such as Colorado and Virginia , were expected to shift towards Clinton . By the conventions period and the debates , however , it did not seem as though the Rust Belt states could deliver a victory to Trump . According to Politico and the 538 online blog , his path to victory went through states such as Florida , North Carolina , Nevada , New Hampshire , and possibly Colorado . Early polling indicated a closer - than - usual race in former Democratic strongholds such as Washington , Delaware , New Jersey , Connecticut , Maine ( for the two statewide electoral votes ) , and New Mexico . Meanwhile , research indicators from inside of a host of Republican - leaning states such as Arizona , Indiana , Georgia , South Carolina , Alaska , Utah , Texas , Kansas , Mississippi , Missouri , Montana , and South Dakota reported weaker support for Trump than expected , although the nominee 's position solidified in a few other areas . Some reviews took this information as evidence of an expanded ' swing - state map ' . A consensus among political pundits developed throughout the primary election season regarding swing states . From the results of presidential elections from 2004 through to 2012 , the Democratic and Republican parties would generally start with a safe electoral vote count of about 150 to 200 . However , the margins required to constitute a swing state are vague , and can vary between groups of analysts . It was thought that left - leaning states in the Rust Belt could become more conservative , as Trump had strong appeal among many blue - collar workers . They represent a large portion of the American populace and were a major factor in Trump 's eventual nomination . Trump 's primary campaign was propelled by victories in Democratic states , and his supporters often did not identify as Republican . In addition , local factors may come into play . For example , Utah was the reddest state in 2012 , although the Republican share was boosted significantly by the candidacy of Mormon candidate Mitt Romney . Despite its partisan orientation , some reports suggested a victory there by independent candidate Evan McMullin , particularly if there was a nationwide blowout . Media reports indicated that both candidates planned to concentrate on Florida , Pennsylvania , Ohio and North Carolina . Among the Republican - leaning states , potential Democratic targets included Nebraska 's second congressional district , Georgia , and Arizona . Trump 's relatively poor polling in some traditionally Republican states , such as Utah , raised the possibility that they could vote for Clinton , despite easy wins there by recent Republican nominees . However , many analysts asserted that these states were not yet viable Democratic destinations . Several sites and individuals publish electoral predictions . These generally rate the race by the likelihood for each party to win a state . The `` tossup '' label is usually used to indicate that neither party has an advantage , `` lean '' to indicate a party has a slight edge , `` likely '' to indicate a party has a clear but not overwhelming advantage , and `` safe '' to indicate a party has an advantage that can not be overcome . As the parameters of the race established themselves , analysts converged on a narrower list of contested states , which were relatively similar to those of recent elections . On November 7 , the Cook Political Report categorized Arizona , Colorado , Florida , Iowa , Michigan , Nevada , New Hampshire , North Carolina , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and Wisconsin as states with close races . Additionally , a district from each of Maine and Nebraska were considered to be coin flips . Meanwhile , FiveThirtyEight listed twenty - two states as potentially competitive about a month before the election -- Maine 's two at - large electoral votes , New Mexico , Minnesota , Michigan , Colorado , Virginia , Wisconsin , Pennsylvania , New Hampshire , Nevada , Florida , North Carolina , Ohio , Iowa , Arizona , Georgia , Alaska , South Carolina , Texas , Indiana , Missouri , and Utah -- as well as Maine 's second and Nebraska 's second congressional districts . Nate Silver , the publication 's editor - in - chief , subsequently removed Texas , South Carolina , Missouri , and Indiana from the list after the race tightened significantly . These conclusions were supported by models such as the Princeton Elections Consortium , the New York Times Upshot , and punditry evaluations from Sabato 's Crystal Ball and the Cook Political Report . Clinton won states like New Mexico by less than 10 percentage points . Among the states where the candidates finished at a margin of within 7 percent , Clinton won Virginia ( 13 electoral votes ) , Colorado ( 9 ) , Maine ( 2 ) , Minnesota ( 10 ) , and New Hampshire ( 4 ) . On the other hand , Trump won Michigan ( 16 ) , Pennsylvania ( 20 ) , Wisconsin ( 10 ) , Florida ( 29 ) , North Carolina ( 15 ) , Arizona ( 11 ) , Nebraska 's second district ( 1 ) , and Georgia ( 16 ) . States won by Obama in the 2012 contest , such as Ohio ( 18 ) , Iowa ( 6 ) , and Maine 's second district ( 1 ) , were also won by Trump . The close result in Maine was not expected by most commentators , nor were Trump 's victory of over 10 points in the second district and their disparities . The dramatic shift of Midwestern states towards Trump were contrasted in the media against the relative movement of Southern states towards the Democrats . For example , former Democratic strongholds such as Minnesota leaned towards the GOP and Iowa voted more Republican than Texas did , while Arizona and Georgia were more Democratic than Ohio . Trump 's smaller victories in Alaska and Utah also took some experts by surprise . After the conventions of the national parties , candidates from the main parties carried out trips to the states : Florida - 72 , Pennsylvania - 59 , North Carolina - 52 , Ohio - 43 , Virginia - 25 , Michigan - 24 , Iowa - 23 , New Hampshire - 22 , Colorado - 19 , Nevada - 16 , Wisconsin - 15 , Arizona - 10 . Maps Results by state , shaded according to winning candidate 's percentage of the vote Results by vote distribution among states . Each state 's pie chart is proportional to the number of electoral votes they have . Results by county . Red denotes counties that went to Trump ; blue denotes counties that went to Clinton . Results by county , shaded according to winning candidate 's percentage of the vote Results by county , shaded according to winning candidate 's percentage of the vote ( Red - Purple - Blue view ) Results by state and DC , scaled by number of Electors per state . United States presidential election , 2016 cartogram United States presidential election , 2016 cartogram Results of 2016 U.S. presidential election by congressional district , shaded by vote margin County swing from 2012 to 2016 Results by county , shaded according to percentage of the vote for Trump Results by county , shaded according to percentage of the vote for Clinton Results by county , shaded according to percentage of the vote for Johnson ( 0 % -- 10 % scale ) Voter demographics Voter demographic data for 2016 were collected by Edison Research for the National Election Pool , a consortium of ABC News , CBS News , MSNBC , CNN , Fox News and the Associated Press . The voter survey is based on exit polls completed by 24,537 voters leaving 350 voting places throughout the United States on Election Day , in addition to 4,398 telephone interviews with early and absentee voters . Trump 's crucial victories in the Midwest were aided in large part by his strong margins among non-college whites -- while Obama lost those voters by a margin of 10 points in 2012 , Clinton lost this group by 20 percent . The election also represented the first time that Republicans performed better among lower - income whites than among affluent white voters . To some analysts ' surprise , Trump narrowed Clinton 's margin compared to Obama by 7 points among blacks and African - Americans , 8 points among Latinos , and 11 points among Asian - Americans . Meanwhile , Trump increased his lead with non-Hispanic white voters through 1 percent over Mitt Romney 's performance , and American Indians , Alaska Natives , and Pacific Islanders shifted their support towards the Republican candidate using the same relative amount . Additionally , although 74 percent of Muslim voters supported Clinton , Trump nearly doubled his support among those voters compared to Mitt Romney , according to the Council on American -- Islamic Relations exit poll . However , `` more convincing data '' from the polling firm Latino Decisions indicates that Clinton received a higher share of the Hispanic vote , and Trump a lower share , than the Edison exit polls showed . Using wider , more geographically and linguistically representative sampling , Latino Decisions concluded that Clinton won 79 % of Hispanic voters ( also an improvement over Obama 's share in 2008 and 2012 ) , while Trump won only 18 % ( lower than previous Republicans such as Romney and McCain ) . Additionally , the 2016 Cooperative Congressional Election Study found that Clinton 's share of the Hispanic vote was 1 percentage point higher than Obama 's in 2012 , while Trump 's was 7 percentage points lower than Romney 's . Similarly , a large , multi-lingual study by the Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund found that Clinton won 79 % of Asian - American voters , higher than the Edison exit poll showed , while Trump only won 18 % , a decrease from McCain 's and Romney 's numbers . Furthermore , according to the AALDEF 's report , Trump received merely 2 % of the Muslim - American vote , whereas Clinton received 97 % . <Th_colspan="8"> 2016 Presidential vote by demographic subgroup ( Edison Exit Polling ) Demographic subgroup Clinton Trump Other % of total vote Total vote 48 46 6 100 <Th_colspan="5"> Ideology Liberals 84 10 6 26 Moderates 52 41 7 39 Conservatives 15 81 35 <Th_colspan="5"> Party Democrats 89 9 37 Republicans 7 90 33 Independents 42 48 10 31 <Th_colspan="5"> Party by gender Democratic men 87 10 14 Democratic women 90 8 23 Republican men 6 90 17 Republican women 8 89 16 Independent men 37 51 10 17 Independent women 47 43 7 14 <Th_colspan="5"> Gender Men 41 52 7 47 Women 54 41 5 53 <Th_colspan="5"> Marital status Married 44 52 59 Unmarried 55 37 8 41 <Th_colspan="5"> Gender by marital status Married men 37 58 5 29 Married women 49 47 30 Non-married men 46 45 9 19 Non-married women 62 33 5 23 <Th_colspan="5"> Race / ethnicity White 37 58 5 70 Black 88 8 12 Asian 65 29 6 Other 56 37 7 Hispanic ( of any race ) 65 29 6 11 <Th_colspan="5"> Gender by race / ethnicity White men 31 63 5 34 White women 43 53 37 Black men 80 13 6 5 Black women 94 7 Latino men ( of any race ) 62 33 5 Latino women ( of any race ) 68 26 5 6 All other races 61 32 5 6 <Th_colspan="5"> Religion Protestant 37 60 27 Catholic 45 52 23 Mormon 25 61 14 Other Christian 43 55 24 Jewish 71 24 5 Other religion 58 33 9 7 None 68 26 6 15 <Th_colspan="5"> Religious service attendance Weekly or more 40 56 33 Monthly 46 49 5 16 A few times a year 48 47 5 29 Never 62 31 7 22 <Th_colspan="5"> White evangelical or born - again Christian White evangelical or born - again Christian 16 81 26 Everyone else 59 35 6 74 <Th_colspan="5"> Age 18 -- 24 years old 56 35 9 10 25 -- 29 years old 53 39 8 9 30 -- 39 years old 51 40 9 17 40 -- 49 years old 46 50 19 50 -- 64 years old 44 53 30 65 and older 45 53 15 <Th_colspan="5"> Age by race Whites 18 -- 29 years old 43 47 10 12 Whites 30 -- 44 years old 37 54 9 16 Whites 45 -- 64 years old 34 62 30 Whites 65 and older 39 58 13 Blacks 18 -- 29 years old 85 9 6 Blacks 30 -- 44 years old 89 7 Blacks 45 -- 64 years old 89 7 5 Blacks 65 and older 91 9 n / a Latinos 18 -- 29 years old 68 26 6 Latinos 30 -- 44 years old 65 28 7 Latinos 45 -- 64 years old 64 32 Latinos 65 and older 73 25 Others 61 31 8 6 <Th_colspan="5"> Sexual orientation LGBT 78 14 8 5 Heterosexual 47 48 5 95 <Th_colspan="5"> First time voter First time voter 56 40 10 Everyone else 47 47 6 90 <Th_colspan="5"> Education High school or less 45 51 18 Some college education 43 52 5 32 College graduate 49 45 6 32 Postgraduate education 58 37 5 18 <Th_colspan="5"> Education by race / ethnicity White college graduates 45 49 37 White no college degree 28 67 34 Non-white college graduates 71 23 5 13 Non-white no college degree 75 20 16 <Th_colspan="5"> Education by race / ethnicity / sex White women with college degrees 51 44 5 20 White men with college degrees 39 53 8 17 White women without college degrees 34 61 5 17 White men without college degrees 23 71 6 16 Non-whites 74 21 5 29 <Th_colspan="5"> Family income Under $30,000 53 41 6 17 $30,000 -- 49,999 51 42 7 19 $50,000 -- 99,999 46 50 31 $100,000 -- 199,999 47 48 5 24 $200,000 -- 249,999 48 49 Over $250,000 46 48 6 6 <Th_colspan="5"> Union households Union 51 42 7 18 Non-union 46 48 6 82 <Th_colspan="5"> Military service Veterans 34 60 6 13 Non-veterans 50 44 6 87 <Th_colspan="5"> Issue regarded as most important Foreign policy 60 34 6 13 Immigration 32 64 13 Economy 52 42 6 52 Terrorism 39 57 18 <Th_colspan="5"> Region Northeast 55 40 5 19 Midwest 45 49 6 23 South 44 52 37 West 55 39 6 21 <Th_colspan="5"> Community size Cities ( population 50,000 and above ) 59 35 6 34 Suburbs 45 50 5 49 Rural areas 34 62 17 Forecasting Further information : Nationwide opinion polling for the United States presidential election , 2016 and Statewide opinion polling for the United States presidential election , 2016 Various methods were used to forecast the outcome of the 2016 election . For the 2016 election , there were many competing election forecast approaches including Nate Silver 's FiveThirtyEight , The Upshot at The New York Times , Daily Kos , Princeton Election Consortium , Cook Political Report , Rothenberg and Gonzales , PollyVote , Sabato 's Crystal Ball and Electoral - Vote . These models mostly showed a Democratic advantage since the nominees were confirmed , and were supported by pundits and statisticians , including Nate Silver of FiveThirtyEight , Nate Cohn at The New York Times , and Larry Sabato from the Crystal Ball newsletter , who predicted a Democratic victory in competitive presidential races and projected consistent leads in several battleground states around the country . The near - unanimity of forecasters in predicting a Clinton victory may have been the result of groupthink . However , FiveThirtyEight 's model pointed to the possibility of an Electoral College - popular vote split widening in the final weeks based on Trump 's improvement in swing states like Florida or Pennsylvania . This was due to the demographics targeted by Trump 's campaign which lived in big numbers there , in addition to Clinton 's poor performance in several of those swing states in comparison with Obama 's performance in 2012 , as well as having a big number of her potential voters in very populated traditionally ' blue ' states , but also in some very populated states traditionally ' red ' , like Texas , which were projected safe for Trump . Early exit polls generally favored Clinton . After the polls closed and some of the results came in , the forecasts were found to be inaccurate , as Trump performed better in the competitive Midwestern states , such as Iowa , Ohio , and Minnesota , than expected . Three states ( Pennsylvania , Wisconsin and Michigan ) which were considered to be part of Clinton 's firewall , were won by Trump . Of the states in the Great Lakes region , Clinton won the swing state of Minnesota by 1 point , as well as traditional Democratic strongholds such as New York and Illinois with populous urban centers . This result stands in contrast to the 2012 results , when President Obama won all but Indiana , which he carried in 2008 . This table displays the final polling average published by Real Clear Politics on November 7 , the actual electoral margin , and the over-performance by either candidate relative to the polls . State Electoral votes Polling average Final result Difference Arizona 11 Trump + 4 Trump + 3.5 Clinton + 0.5 Colorado 9 Clinton + 2.9 Clinton + 4.9 Clinton + 2 Florida 29 Trump + 0.2 Trump + 1.2 Trump + 1 Georgia 16 Trump + 4.8 Trump + 5.1 Trump + 0.3 Iowa 6 Trump + 3 Trump + 9.5 Trump + 6.5 Maine Clinton + 4.5 Clinton + 2.9 Trump + 1.6 Michigan 16 Clinton + 3.4 Trump + 0.3 Trump + 3.7 Minnesota 10 Clinton + 6.2 Clinton + 1.5 Trump + 4.7 Nevada 6 Trump + 0.8 Clinton + 2.4 Clinton + 3.2 New Hampshire Clinton + 0.6 Clinton + 0.3 Trump + 0.3 New Mexico 5 Clinton + 5 Clinton + 8.3 Clinton + 3.3 North Carolina 15 Trump + 1 Trump + 3.7 Trump + 2.7 Ohio 18 Trump + 3.5 Trump + 8.1 Trump + 4.6 Pennsylvania 20 Clinton + 1.9 Trump + 0.7 Trump + 2.6 Virginia 13 Clinton + 5 Clinton + 5.4 Clinton + 0.4 Wisconsin 10 Clinton + 6.5 Trump + 0.7 Trump + 7.2 Many pollsters were puzzled by the failure of mainstream forecasting models to predict the outcome of the 2016 election . Some journalists compared the 2016 election to the failure of prognosticator Arthur Henning in the `` Dewey Defeats Truman '' incident from the 1948 presidential election . Sean Trende , writing for RealClearPolitics , wrote that many of the polls were accurate , but that the pundits ' interpretation of these polls neglected polling error . Nate Silver found that the high number of undecided and third - party voters in the election was neglected in many of these models , and that many of these voters decided to vote for Trump . According to a February 2018 study by Public Opinion Quarterly , the main sources of polling error were `` a late swing in vote preference toward Trump and a pervasive failure to adjust for over-representation of college graduates ( who favored Clinton ) , '' whereas the share of `` shy '' Trump voters ( who declined to admit their support for Trump to the pollsters ) proved to be negligible . FiveThirtyEight 's final polls - plus forecast predicted 18 states , plus the second congressional districts of Maine and Nebraska , with an interval of confidence lower than 90 % . However , every major forecaster , including FiveThirtyEight , the New York Times Upshot , prediction markets aggregator PredictWise , ElectionBettingOdds from Maxim Lott and John Stossel , the DailyKos , the Princeton Election Consortium , the Huffington Post , the Cook Political Report , Larry Sabato 's Crystal Ball , and the Rothenberg and Gonzales Report , called every state the same way ( although Cook and Rothenberg - Gonzales left two and five states as toss - ups , respectively ) . The sole exception was Maine 's 2nd congressional district . Of the forecasters who published results on the district , the Times gave Trump a 64 % chance of winning and PredictWise a 52 % chance , FiveThirtyEight gave Clinton a 51 % chance of winning in polls - only and 54 % in polls - plus , Princeton gave her a 60 % chance , Cook labelled it a toss - up , and Sabato leaned it towards Trump . The following table displays the final winning probabilities given by each outlet , along with the final electoral result . The states shown have been identified by Politico , WhipBoard , the New York Times , and the Crystal Ball as battlegrounds . State New York Times Upshot FiveThirtyEight PredictWise Princeton Election Consortium Sabato 's Crystal Ball 2012 margin 2016 margin Alaska 83 % R 76 % R 94 % R 96 % R Likely R 14 R 15 R Arizona 84 % R 67 % R 82 % R 91 % R Lean R 9 R 4 R Colorado 89 % D 78 % D 95 % D 96 % D Likely D 5 D 5 D Florida 67 % D 55 % D 77 % D 69 % D Lean D 1 D 1 R Georgia 83 % R 79 % R 91 % R 88 % R Likely R 8 R 6 R Iowa 62 % R 70 % R 79 % R 74 % R Lean R 6 D 10 R Maine ( statewide ) 91 % D 83 % D 98 % D 98 % D Likely D 15 D 3 D Maine ( CD - 2 ) 64 % R 51 % D 52 % R 60 % D Lean R 9 D 10 R Michigan 94 % D 79 % D 95 % D 79 % D Lean D 9 D 1 R Minnesota 94 % D 85 % D 99 % D 98 % D Likely D 8 D 2 D Nebraska ( CD - 2 ) 80 % R 56 % R 75 % R 92 % R Lean R 7 R 3 R New Mexico 95 % D 83 % D 98 % D 91 % D Likely D 10 D 8 D Nevada 68 % D 58 % D 91 % D 84 % D Lean D 7 D 2 D New Hampshire 79 % D 70 % D 84 % D 63 % D Lean D 6 D 1 D North Carolina 64 % D 56 % D 66 % D 67 % D Lean D 2 R 4 R Ohio 54 % R 65 % R 67 % R 63 % R Lean R 3 D 9 R Pennsylvania 89 % D 77 % D 93 % D 79 % D Lean D 5 D 1 R Utah 73 % R 83 % R 86 % R 99 % R Lean R 48 R 18 R Virginia 96 % D 86 % D 98 % D 98 % D Likely D 4 D 5 D Wisconsin 93 % D 84 % D 98 % D 98 % D Likely D 7 D 1 R Viewership Legend cable news network broadcast network Total television viewers 8 : 00 to 11 : 00 PM Eastern Network Viewers CNN 13,258,000 FNC 12,112,000 NBC 11,152,000 ABC 9,236,000 CBS 8,008,000 MSNBC 5,945,000 Fox 4,196,000 Total cable TV viewers 2 : 00 to 3 : 00 AM Eastern Network Viewers FNC 9,778,000 CNN 6,452,000 MSNBC 2,858,000 Cable TV viewers 25 to 54 2 : 00 to 3 : 00 AM Eastern Network Viewers FNC 3,955,000 CNN 3,372,000 MSNBC 1,207,000 Post-election events and controversies See also : International reactions to the United States presidential election , 2016 Trump 's victory , considered unlikely by most forecasts , was characterized as an `` upset '' and as `` shocking '' by the media . Protests Play media News report about the protests in Los Angeles on November 12 from Voice of America Further information : Protests against Donald Trump § Post-election protests Following the announcement of Trump 's election , large protests broke out across the United States with some continuing for several days . Protesters have held up a number of different signs and chanted various shouts including `` Not my president '' and `` We do n't accept the president - elect '' . The movement organized on Twitter under the hashtags # Antitrump and # NotMyPresident . High school and college students walked out of classes to protest . The protests were peaceful for the most part . At some protests fires were lit , flags and other items were burned and people yelled derogatory remarks about Trump . Rioters also broke glass at certain locations . Celebrities such as Madonna , Cher , and Lady Gaga took part in New York . Some protesters took to blocking freeways in Los Angeles , San Diego , and Portland , Oregon , and were dispersed by police in the early hours of the morning . In a number of cities , protesters were dispersed with rubber bullets , pepper spray and bean - bags fired by police . In New York City , calls were made to continue the protests over the coming days after the election . Former New York mayor Rudy Giuliani called protesters `` a bunch of spoiled cry - babies . '' Los Angeles mayor Eric Garcetti expressed understanding of the protests and praised those who peacefully wanted to make their voices heard . Vote tampering concerns After the election , computer scientists , including J. Alex Halderman , the director of the University of Michigan Center for Computer Security and Society , urged the Clinton campaign to request an election recount in Wisconsin , Michigan , and Pennsylvania ( three swing states where Trump had won narrowly ) for the purpose of excluding the possibility that the hacking of electronic voting machines had influenced the recorded outcome . However , statistician Nate Silver performed a regression analysis which demonstrated that the alleged discrepancy between paper ballots and electronic voting machines `` completely disappears once you control for race and education level '' . On November 25 , 2016 , the Obama administration said the results from November 8 `` accurately reflect the will of the American people . '' The following day , the White House released another statement , saying : `` the federal government did not observe any increased level of malicious cyberactivity aimed at disrupting our electoral process on Election Day . '' Recount Petitions Main article : 2016 United States presidential election recounts On November 23 , Green Party presidential candidate Jill Stein launched a public fundraiser to pay for recounts in Wisconsin , Michigan , and Pennsylvania , asserting that the election 's outcome had been affected by hacking in those states ; Stein did not provide evidence for her claims . Changing the outcome of these three states would make Clinton the winner , and this would require showing that fewer than 60 000 votes had been counted for Trump which should have been counted for Clinton . Stein filed for a recount in Wisconsin on November 25 , after which Clinton campaign general counsel Marc Elias stated that their campaign would join Stein 's recount efforts in that state and possibly others `` in order to ensure the process proceeds in a manner that is fair to all sides . '' Stein subsequently filed for a recount in Pennsylvania on November 28 , and in Michigan on November 30 . Concurrently , American Delta Party / Reform Party presidential candidate Rocky De La Fuente sought and was granted a partial recount in Nevada that was unrelated to Stein 's efforts . President - elect Donald Trump issued a statement denouncing Stein 's Wisconsin recount request saying , `` The people have spoken and the election is over . '' Trump further commented that the recount `` is a scam by the Green Party for an election that has already been conceded . '' The Trump campaign and Republican Party officials moved to block Stein 's three recount efforts through state and federal courts . U.S. District Judge Mark Goldsmith ordered a halt to the recount in Michigan on December 7 , dissolving a previous temporary restraining order against the Michigan Board of Elections that allowed the recount to continue , stating in his order : `` Plaintiffs have not presented evidence of tampering or mistake . Instead , they present speculative claims going to the vulnerability of the voting machinery -- but not actual injury . '' On December 12 , U.S. District Judge Paul Diamond rejected an appeal by the Green Party and Jill Stein to force a recount in Pennsylvania , stating that suspicion of a hacked Pennsylvania election `` borders on the irrational '' and that granting the Green Party 's recount bid could `` ensure that no Pennsylvania vote counts '' given the December 13 , 2016 , federal deadline to certify the vote for the Electoral College . Meanwhile , the Wisconsin recount was allowed to continue as it was nearing completion and had uncovered no significant irregularities . The recounts in Wisconsin and Nevada were completed on schedule , resulting in only minor changes to vote tallies . A partial recount of Michigan ballot found some precinct imbalances in Detroit , which were corrected . A subsequent state audit found no evidence of voter fraud and concluded that the mistakes , which were `` almost entirely '' caused by poll - worker mistakes attributed to poor training , did not impair `` the ability of Detroit residents to cast a ballot and have their vote counted . '' The overall outcome of the election remained unchanged by the recount efforts . Electoral College lobbying Intense lobbying ( in one case involving claims of harassment and death threats ) and grass - roots campaigns have been directed at various GOP electors of the United States Electoral College to convince a sufficient number of them ( 37 ) to not vote for Trump , thus precluding a Trump presidency . Members of the Electoral College themselves started a campaign for other members to `` vote their conscience for the good of America '' in accordance with Alexander Hamilton 's Federalist Paper No. 68 . This group 's members may have become faithless electors in the presidential election . On December 5 , former candidate Lawrence Lessig and attorney Laurence Tribe established The Electors Trust under the aegis of EqualCitizens.US to provide pro bono legal counsel as well as a secure communications platform for members of the Electoral College who are regarding a vote of conscience against Trump . On December 6 , Colorado Secretary of State Wayne W. Williams castigated Democratic electors who had filed a lawsuit in Federal court to have the state law binding them to the popular vote ( in their case for Hillary Clinton ) overturned . On December 10 , ten electors , in an open letter headed by Christine Pelosi to the Director of National Intelligence James Clapper , demanded an intelligence briefing in light of Russian interference in the election to help Trump win the presidency . Fifty - eight additional electors subsequently added their names to the letter , bringing the total to 68 electors from 17 different states . On December 16 , the briefing request was denied . On December 19 , several electors voted against their pledged candidates : two against Trump and five against Clinton . A further three electors attempted to vote against Clinton but were replaced or forced to vote again . The 115th United States Congress officially certified the results on January 6 , 2017 . Faithless electors Main article : Faithless electors in the United States presidential election , 2016 In the Electoral College vote on December 19 , for the first time since 1808 , multiple faithless electors voted against their pledged qualified presidential candidate . Five Democrats rebelled in Washington and Hawaii , while two Republicans rebelled in Texas . Two Democratic electors , one in Minnesota and one in Colorado , were replaced after voting for Bernie Sanders and John Kasich , respectively . Electors in Maine conducted a second vote after one of its members voted for Sanders ; the elector then voted for Clinton . Likewise , for the first time since 1896 , multiple faithless electors voted against the pledged qualified vice presidential candidate . One Clinton elector in Colorado attempted to vote for John Kasich . The single vote was ruled invalid by Colorado state law , the elector was dismissed , and an alternative elector was sworn in who voted for Clinton . One Clinton elector in Minnesota voted for Bernie Sanders as President and Tulsi Gabbard as vice president ; his votes were discarded and he was replaced by an alternate who voted for Clinton . One Clinton elector in Maine voted for Bernie Sanders ; this vote was invalidated as `` improper '' and the elector subsequently voted for Clinton . Four Clinton electors in Washington did not vote for Clinton ( three votes went to Colin Powell , and one to Faith Spotted Eagle ) . One Trump elector in Georgia resigned before the vote rather than vote for Trump and was replaced by an alternate . Two Trump electors in Texas did not vote for Trump ( one vote went to John Kasich , one to Ron Paul ) ; one elector did not vote for Pence and instead voted for Carly Fiorina for Vice-President ; a third resigned before the vote rather than vote for Trump and was replaced by an alternate . One Clinton elector in Hawaii voted for Bernie Sanders . Of the faithless votes , Colin Powell and Elizabeth Warren were the only two to receive more than one ; Powell received three electoral votes for President and Warren received two for Vice President . Receiving one valid electoral vote each were Sanders , John Kasich , Ron Paul and Faith Spotted Eagle for President , and Carly Fiorina , Susan Collins , Winona LaDuke and Maria Cantwell for Vice President . Sanders is the first Jewish American to receive an electoral vote for President . LaDuke is the first Green Party member to receive an electoral vote , and Paul is the third member of the Libertarian Party to do so , following the party 's presidential and vice-presidential nominees each getting one vote in 1972 . It is the first election with faithless electors from more than one political party . The seven people to receive electoral votes for president were the most in a single election since 1796 , and more than any other election since the enactment of the Twelfth Amendment in 1804 . See also History of the United States ( 2008 -- present ) Inauguration of Donald Trump United States gubernatorial elections , 2016 United States House of Representatives elections , 2016 United States Senate elections , 2016 2010s portal Politics portal United States portal Notes ^ Jump up to : In state - by - state tallies , Trump earned 306 pledged electors , Clinton 232 . They lost respectively two and five votes to faithless electors . Pence and Kaine lost one and five votes , respectively . Jump up ^ In early elections , beginning with the election of George Washington , many electors were chosen by state legislatures instead of public balloting and , in those states which practiced public balloting , votes were cast for undifferentiated lists of candidates , leaving no or only partial vote totals . Some states continued to allocate electors by legislative vote as late as 1876 . ^ Jump up to : Maine split its electoral votes for the first time since 1828 . Jump up ^ The 1872 presidential election also saw multiple electors vote for a different candidate than that pledged , due to the death of Liberal Republican candidate Horace Greeley , after the popular vote , yet before the meeting of the Electoral College . Greeley still garnered three posthumous electoral votes which were subsequently dismissed by Congress . Jump up ^ Not 1912 , because James S. Sherman was dead . 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Jump up ^ Terris , Ben ( May 3 , 2015 ) . `` Ben Carson announces presidential campaign '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rafferty , Andrew ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Ben Carson Announces 2016 Run '' . NBCNews.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Carson FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rafferty , Andrew ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Jeb Bush Makes 2016 Run Official '' . NBC News . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jeb Bush FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Allen , Cooper ( July 30 , 2015 ) . `` Jim Gilmore formally joins GOP presidential race '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Gilmore FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . July 29 , 2015 . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gass , Nick ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Carly Fiorina : ' Yes , I am running for president ' '' . Politico . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Fiorina FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barbaro , Michael ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Christie Announces Run , Pledging ' Truth ' About Nation 's Woes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher J. Christie FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . July 1 , 2015 . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Lisa ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Republican Rand Paul announces 2016 presidential run on website '' . Reuters . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Killough , Ashley ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Rand Paul : ' I am running for president ' '' . CNN . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rand Paul FEC filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov. April 8 , 2015 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jackson , David ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Santorum officially begins 2016 presidential campaign '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Santorum FEC filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . May 27 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trip , Gabriel ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Mike Huckabee Joins Republican Presidential Race '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Huckabee FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` George Pataki FEC filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . June 2 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jaffe , Alexandra ( June 1 , 2015 ) `` Graham bets on foreign experience in White House bid announcement '' , CNN . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lindsey Graham FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fahrenthold , David A. ; Hohmann , James ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Bobby Jindal announces entry into 2016 presidential race '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Jindal FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Burlij , Terence ; Lee , MJ ; LoBianco , Tom ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker officially enters 2016 presidential race '' . CNN . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Walker FEC filing '' . FEC . FEC.gov . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Presidential Primary -- Republican President -- NHSOS '' . sos.nh.gov . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beckwith , Ryan Teague ; Rhodan , Maya ( June 4 , 2015 ) . `` Rick Perry Announces Presidential Bid '' . Time . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Rick Perry FEC filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . June 19 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Keneally , Meghan ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump Teases Possible VP Requirements '' . ABC News . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stokols , Eli ; Everett , Burgess ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Trump 's performance raises hard question : Who 'd want to be his VP ? '' . Politico . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Costa , Robert ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Gingrich , Christie are the leading candidates to be Trump 's running mate '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zurcher , Anthony ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` US election : Who will Trump pick as his vice-president ? '' . BBC . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Donnell , Kelly ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Team Trump Plans Public Event Friday With VP Pick '' . NBC News . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bash , Dana ; Acosta , Jim ; Lee , MJ ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump selects Mike Pence as VP '' . CNN . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Levingston , Ivan ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump officially names Mike Pence as his VP '' . CNBC . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cook , Tony ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Gov. Mike Pence formally nominated as the Republican Party 's vice presidential candidate '' . The Indianapolis Star . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keith , Tamara ; Montanar , Domenico ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Hillary Clinton Expected To Go Small With Big Announcement '' . NPR . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Second straight poll shows Bernie Sanders leading in New Hampshire '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Merica , Dan ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Bernie Sanders is running for president '' . CNN . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bernie Sanders surpasses Hillary Clinton in New Hampshire polls '' . The Huffington Post . August 25 , 2015 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Huffpost Pollster '' . The Huffington Post . October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jackson , David ; Cooper , Allen ( May 30 , 2015 ) . `` Martin O'Malley jumps into presidential race '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DelReal , Jose A. ( June 3 , 2015 ) . `` Lincoln Chafee announces long - shot presidential bid '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island 's Chafee enters 2016 Democratic contest '' . Boston Herald . Associated Press . June 3 , 2015 . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Catanese , David ( July 2 , 2015 ) . `` Jim Webb Announces For President '' . U.S. News & World Report . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2015 . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Theodoric ( September 6 , 2015 ) . `` Lessig : I 'm running for president '' . Slate . Retrieved September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Webb to consider running as an independent '' . Politico . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biden says he 's not running in 2016 '' . OnPolitics . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Biden Not Running for President '' . ABC News . October 21 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagner , John ; Weigel , David ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Lincoln Chafee ends Democratic bid for president '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strauss , Daniel ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Lessig drops out of presidential race '' . Politico . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada Caucus Results '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South Carolina Primary Results '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why The Polls Missed Bernie Sanders 's Michigan Upset '' . FiveThirtyEight . March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Dan ; Jacobs , Ben ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Bernie Sanders pulls off shock victory over Hillary Clinton in Indiana '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dann , Carrie ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Clinton hits ' magic number ' of delegates to clinch nomination '' . NBC News . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Democratic Convention 2016 '' . thegreenpapers.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sanders vows to help Clinton beat Trump , but keeps campaign alive '' . Reuters . June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sanders backers frustrated by defeats at Orlando platform meeting '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reily , Molly ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Bernie Sanders Endorses Hillary Clinton For President '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chozick , Amy . `` Hillary Clinton Announces 2016 Presidential Bid '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Karni , Annie ( April 12 , 2015 ) . `` Hillary Clinton formally announces 2016 run '' . Politico . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hillary Rodham Clinton FEC filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC. April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , MJ ; Merica , Dan ; Zeleny , Jeff ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Bernie Sanders endorses Hillary Clinton '' . CNN . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yglesias , Matthew ( February 1 , 2016 ) `` Iowa Results : Martin O'Malley drops out after third place finish '' , Vox.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fritze , John ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Martin O'Malley endorses Hillary Clinton '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Merica , Dan ; LoBianco , Tom ( October 23 , 2015 ) `` Lincoln Chafee drops out of Democratic primary race '' , CNN.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 Jump up ^ Walsh , Michael ( October 20 , 2015 ) `` Jim Webb drops out of Democratic primary race '' , Yahoo ! Politics . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Healy , Patrick ( April 23 , 2016 ) . `` Hillary Clinton 's Campaign , Cautious but Confident , Begins Considering Running Mates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Dylan ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Hillary Clinton 's VP shortlist has leaked . Here are the pros and cons of each '' . Vox . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gearan , Anne ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Two names emerge from Clinton 's VP deliberations : Kaine and Vilsack '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gearan , Anne ; Wagner , John ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Sen. Timothy M. Kaine of Virginia chosen as Hillary Clinton 's VP '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collins , Eliza ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Libertarian Gary Johnson launches presidential bid '' . Politico . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Johnson U.S. FEC filing '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Hampshire Secretary of State Says Jill Stein Petition is Valid '' . ballot-access.org . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ballot Access '' . gp.org . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Jill Stein Qualifies for Write - in Status in North Carolina ; No Other Write - in Presidential Candidate Does So '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Rocky De La Fuente and Jill Stein File Oklahoma Ballot Access Case '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada Green Party Loses Ballot Access Lawsuit '' . ballot-access.org . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Green Party 's Jill Stein Announces She Is Running for President on Democracy Now ! '' . Democracy Now ! . June 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Green Party candidate Jill Stein announces VP running mate '' . August 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McMullin , Evan. `` 34 States and Counting '' . Evan McMullin for President . Rumpf , Sarah . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` November 8 , 2016 , General Election Certified List of Write - In Candidates '' ( PDF ) . elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov . California Secretary of State . October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Registered Write - In Candidates November 8 , 2016 '' ( PDF ) . sots.ct.gov . Connecticut Secretary of State . October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 General Election Write - In Presidential Candidates '' ( PDF ) . sos.ks.gov . Kansas Secretary of State . October 31 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Winger , Richard ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Missouri Secretary of State Releases List of Presidential Write - in Candidates '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Write - In Candidates for President '' ( PDF ) . www.elections.ny.gov . New York State Board of Elections . October 24 , 2016 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Winger , Richard ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Six Write - in Presidential Candidates File to Have North Dakota Write - ins Counted '' . ballot-access.org . Ballot Access News . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Daniel ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Whoops : Independent candidate appears to have accidentally picked a running mate '' . Politico . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-Trump Republican Launching Independent Presidential Bid '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ballot access The Constitution Party '' . www.constitutionparty.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Winger , Richard ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` North Dakota Says All Three Independent Presidential Petitions are Valid '' . Ballot Access News . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Election Information '' . azsos.gov . Arizona Secretary of State . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kemp , Brian ( September 12 , 2016 ) . `` Qualifying Candidate Information '' . sos.ga.gov . Georgia Secretary of State . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Candidate Listing '' . elections.state.md.us . Maryland State Board of Elections. 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Certification of Write - in Candidates -- President and Vice President '' ( PDF ) . Virginia Department of Elections . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution Party Nominates Darrell Castle and Scott Bradley '' . April 16 , 2016 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` September 2016 Ballot Access News Print Edition '' . Ballot Access News . p. 5 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eight Presidential Candidates will be on Mississippi ballot '' . ballot-access.org . September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Hampshire Says Rocky De La Fuente Has Enough Valid Signatures '' . ballot-access.org . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Federal Nominations filed for the 2016 General Election '' . elections.ny.gov . New York State Board of Elections . August 11 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2012 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island Secretary of State Says Three Independent Presidential Petitions Have Enough Valid Signatures '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wyoming Says Jill Stein and Rocky De La Fuente Have Enough Valid Signatures '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Winger , Richard ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` Ballot Access News '' . ballot-access.org . p. 4 . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . States that allow write - ins in the general election , and do n't have write - in filing laws , are legally obliged to count all write - ins : Alabama , Iowa , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , and Vermont ... Only one state , South Carolina , has a law that says that although write - ins in general elections are permitted , they are not permitted for president . ^ Jump up to : `` Declared Write - In Candidates , November 8 , 2016 General Election '' ( PDF ) . elections.delaware.gov . Delaware Department of Elections. 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 General Election Candidate Abbreviated List '' ( PDF ) . www.in.gov . Indiana Secretary of State Election Division . August 22 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Missouri Secretary of State Adds Rocky De La Fuente to the List of Declared Write - in Presidential Candidates '' . ballot-access.org . Ballot Access News . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Roza , Tony ( 2016 ) . `` Nebraska 2016 General Election '' . thegreenpapers.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Oregon '' . ballotpedia.org . Ballotpedia . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official List of Write - In Candidates for the 2016 General Election '' ( PDF ) . sos.wa.gov . Washington Secretary of State . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Write - In Candidate Listing '' ( PDF ) . sos.wv.gov . West Virginia Secretary of State . 2016 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( August 13 , 2016 ) . `` Peace & Freedom Party Nominates Gloria LaRiva for President '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( May 15 , 2016 ) . `` Liberty Union Party of Vermont Nominates Gloria La Riva for President '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Winger , Richard ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` September 2016 Ballot Access News Print Edition '' . ballot-access.org . p. 6 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Candidate Listing '' . elections.myflorida.com . Florida Department of State , Division of Elections. 2016 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tony Roza , ed. ( 2016 ) . `` Minnesota 2016 General Election '' . thegreenpapers.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Workers World Party Nominates Monica Moorehead for President '' . November 9 , 2015 . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hudnall , David . `` Durham 's Lamont Lilly is Running for Vice President ( of the United States ) '' . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 November General Write - In List '' ( PDF ) . sos.idaho.gov . Idaho Secretary of State . October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tony Roza , ed. ( 2016 ) . `` Massachusetts 2016 General Election '' . thegreenpapers.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Winger , Richard ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Michigan List of Declared Write - in Presidential Candidates '' . ballot-access.org . Ballot Access News . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jorden , Henry ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 General Election Official State - Filed Write - In Candidates '' ( PDF ) . sos.mt.gov . Montana Secretary of State . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pietenpol , Laura ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` Ohio 2016 General Election Candidates List '' . sos.state.oh.us . Ohio Secretary of State . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Write - in Certificate with New Presidential Write - in '' ( PDF ) . sos.state.tx.us . Texas Secretary of State . 2016 . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Natural Law Party of Michigan Nominates Socialist Party National Ticket Ballot Access News '' . Ballot-access.org . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( October 17 , 2015 ) . `` Socialist Party National Ticket Nominated '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Socialist Party is Only Party , Besides Republicans and Democrats , to File for Guam Advisory Presidential Vote '' . ballot-access.org . Ballot Access News . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Candidate Fillings '' . elections.utah.gov . Utah Lieutenant Governor . 2016 . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Registered Write - in Candidates for November 8 , 2016 '' ( PDF ) . elections.wi.gov . Wisconsin Elections Commission . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prohibition Party Nominates National Ticket '' . Ballot Access News . July 31 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` James Hedges FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` November 8 , 2016 General Election Candidate List '' . elections.alaska.gov . State of Alaska Division of Elections. 2016 . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Election Candidate Filings -- President of the United States '' . apps.sos.ky.gov . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Husted , Jon ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Husted Announces Independent Candidates for President and Vice President '' . sos.state.oh.us . Ohio Secretary of State . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` Georgia Secretary of State Now Says Laurence Kotlikoff May be a Declared Write - in Presidential Candidate '' . ballot-access.org . Ballot Access News . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` November 8 , 2016 Write - in Candidates '' . cookcountyclerk.com . Cook County Clerk. 2016 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` List of Declared Write - in Candidates for the General Election '' . maine.gov . Maine Bureau of Corporations , Elections & Commissions . September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Summers , Kathy ( October 4 , 2016 ) , `` Certified Write - In Candidates for United States President November 8 , 2016 '' , sos.tn.gov , Tennessee Secretary of State , retrieved October 4 , 2016 Jump up ^ Ziggler , Jed ( January 1 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Hoefling Announces 2016 Presidential Campaign '' . Independent Political Report . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Arkansas Secretary of State Removes Tom Hoefling from Ballot for President '' . ballot-access.org . Ballot Access News . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Keniston 2016 '' . Chris Keniston 2016 . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Veterans Party of America '' . Veterans Party of America . ^ Jump up to : Wayne Williams , ed . ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 General Election Candidate List '' . sos.state.co.us . Colorado Secretary of State . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` American Party of South Carolina Nominates Peter Skewes for President '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Silva , Rod ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` FEC Form 2 : Statement of Candidacy '' ( PDF ) . fec.gov . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Silva , Rod . `` My fellow Americans '' . Rod Silva for President 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Schedler , ed. ( 2016 ) . `` Candidate Inquiry '' . sos.la.gov . Louisiana Department of State . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 November General Candidate List '' ( PDF ) . sos.idaho.gov . Idaho Secretary of State . September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chozick , Amy ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Clinton Offers Economic Plan Focused on Jobs '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Hillary Clinton : Equal pay , problem - solving would be top priorities '' . CBS News . February 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lerder , Lisa ( April 19 , 2015 ) . `` Clinton patches relations with liberals at campaign 's outset '' . The Big Story . Associated Press . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chozick , Amy ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` A Path to Citizenship , Clinton Says , ' Is at Its Heart a Family Issue ' '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Geoff , Colvin ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Explaining Donald Trump 's Massive Branding Power '' . Fortune . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mai - Duc , Christine ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Inside the Southern California factory that makes the Donald Trump hats '' . latimes.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cassidy , John ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump Is Transforming the G.O.P. Into a Populist , Nativist Party '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . What is perhaps more surprising , at least to Washington - based conservatives , is how many Republicans are also embracing Trump 's populist lines on ending free trade , protecting Social Security , and providing basic health care . Jump up ^ `` How Trump Exposed the Tea Party '' . Politico Magazine . For years the Republican elite has gotten away with promoting policies about trade and entitlements that are the exact opposites of the policies favored by much of their electoral base . Populist conservatives who want to end illegal immigration , tax the rich , protect Social Security and Medicare , and fight fewer foreign wars have been there all along . It 's just that mainstream pundits and journalists , searching for a libertarian right more to their liking ( and comprehension ) , refused to see them before the Summer of Trump . Jump up ^ Nicholas Confessore ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` How the G.O.P. Elite Lost Its Voters to Donald Trump '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . While wages declined and workers grew anxious about retirement , Republicans offered an economic program still centered on tax cuts for the affluent and the curtailing of popular entitlements like Medicare and Social Security . Jump up ^ Greg Sargent ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` This one anecdote perfectly explains how Donald Trump is hijacking the GOP '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas B. Edsall ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Who Are the Angriest Republicans ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Steve Rattner ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` White , working class men back Trump , charts show '' ( video ) . Morning Joe MNSBC . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Steve Rattner breaks down the demographics of who is supporting Donald Trump and how these supporters are doing financially . Duration : 2 : 25 Jump up ^ Jeff Guo ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Death predicts whether people vote for Donald Trump '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Even after controlling for these other factors , the middle - aged white death rate in a county was still a significant predictor of the share of votes that went to Trump Jump up ^ Nate Cohn , Donald Trump 's Strongest Supporters : A Certain Kind of Democrat , The New York Times ( December 31 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Thrush , Glenn ; Haberman , Maggie ( May 2014 ) . `` What Is Hillary Clinton Afraid Of '' . Politico . Jump up ^ Merica , Dan ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Hillary Clinton seeks ' new beginning ' with the press '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Jason ( May 22 , 2015 ) . `` Hillary Clinton , Acutely Aware of Pitfalls , Avoids Press on Campaign Trail '' . The New York Times . it makes all the political sense in the world for Mrs. Clinton to ignore them Jump up ^ Waldman , Paul ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Why Hillary Clinton needs to start treating the press better '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Nicholas Confessore & Karen Yourish , Measuring Donald Trump 's Mammoth Advantage in Free Media , The New York Times ( March 16 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` How much does Donald Trump dominate TV news coverage ? This much '' . CNN . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tyndall , Andrew . `` COMMENTS : Campaign 2016 Coverage : Annual Totals for 2015 '' . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Byers , Dylan . `` Donald Trump : Media King , 2015 '' . CNN . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Kenneth . `` How Donald Trump 's Media Dominance Is Changing the 2016 Campaign '' . US News & World Report . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 43 Times Donald Trump Has Attacked The Media As A Presidential Candidate '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fandos , Nicholas ( July 11 , 2015 ) . `` Donald Trump Defiantly Rallies a New ' Silent Majority ' in a Visit to Arizona '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Kenneth . `` Trump : Media Is ' Dishonest and Corrupt ' '' Archived September 16 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , U.S. News and World Report ( August 15 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Koppel , Ted . `` Trump : ' I feel I 'm an honest person ' '' , CBS News ( July 24 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` RealClearPolitics -- Clinton & Trump : Favorability Ratings '' . Real Clear Politics . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Michael S. ; Chozick , Amy ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Using Private Email , Hillary Clinton Thwarted Record Requests '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Leonnig , Carol D. ; Helderman , Rosalind S. ; Gearan , Anne ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Clinton e-mail review could find security issues '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Dilanian , Ken ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Clinton Emails Held Indirect References to Undercover CIA Officers '' . NBC News . Jump up ^ Shane , Scott ; Schmidt , Michael S. ( August 8 , 2015 ) . `` Hillary Clinton Emails Take Long Path to Controversy '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Cox , Douglas ( July 27 , 2015 ) . `` Hillary Clinton email controversy : How serious is it ? '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Kessler , Glenn ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` How did ' top secret ' emails end up on Hillary Clinton 's server ? '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Perez , Evan ; Brown , Pamela ( October 29 , 2016 ) . `` Comey notified Congress of email probe despite DOJ concerns '' . CNN . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perez , Evan ; Brown , Pamela ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` FBI discovered Clinton - related emails weeks ago '' . CNN . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FBI finds no criminality in review of newly discovered Clinton emails '' . NBC News . November 6 , 2016 . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emails Warrant No New Action Against Hillary Clinton , F.B.I. Director Says '' . The New York Times . November 6 , 2016 . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Montanaro , Domenico ( September 10 , 2016 ) . `` Hillary Clinton 's ' Basket Of Deplorables , ' In Full Context Of This Ugly Campaign '' . NPR . The remarks also remind of inflammatory remarks in recent presidential elections on both sides -- from Barack Obama 's assertion in 2008 that people in small towns are `` bitter '' and `` cling to guns or religion , '' to Mitt Romney 's 2012 statement that 47 percent of Americans vote for Democrats because they are `` dependent upon government '' and believe they are `` victims , '' to his vice presidential pick Paul Ryan 's comment that the country is divided between `` makers and takers . '' Jump up ^ Epstein , Jennifer ( September 10 , 2016 ) . `` Clinton Calls Some Trump Supporters ' Basket of Deplorables ' '' . Bloomberg News . Republican pollster Frank Luntz described Clinton 's comments as her `` 47 percent moment , '' a reference to Republican Mitt Romney 's remarks at a private fundraiser in the 2012 campaign . Jump up ^ Chozick , Amy ( September 10 , 2016 ) . `` Hillary Clinton Calls Many Trump Backers ' Deplorables , ' and GOP Pounces '' . New York Times . Prof. Jennifer Mercieca , an expert in American political discourse at Texas A&M University , said in an email that the `` deplorable '' comment `` sounds bad on the face of it '' and compared it to Mr. Romney 's 47 percent gaffe . `` The comment demonstrates that she ( like Romney ) lacks empathy for that group , '' Professor Mercieca said . Jump up ^ Reilly , Katie ( September 10 , 2016 ) . `` Hillary Clinton Says She Regrets Part of Her ' Deplorables ' Comment '' . Time . Jump up ^ Flegenheimer , Matt ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Hillary Clinton Says ' Radical Fringe ' Is Taking Over G.O.P. Under Donald Trump '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Cassidy , John , A Sexual Predator in the Republican Party 's Midst , The New Yorker , October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trump recorded having extremely lewd conversation about women in 2005 '' . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Video Shows Donald Trump Saying Lewd Things About Women '' . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trump on hot mic : ' When you 're a star ... You can do anything ' to women '' . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Rebecca ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` RNC Chair Reince Priebus condemns Trump for obscene comments about women in 2005 video '' . Business Insider . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Kurtis ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Speaker Paul Ryan disinvites Trump to his campaign event , says he 's ' sickened ' by tape '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blake , Aaron ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` Here 's the fast - growing list of Republicans calling for Donald Trump to drop out '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Costa , Robert ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` Amid growing calls to drop out , Trump vows to ' never withdraw ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Johnson : Third party is going to be the Libertarian Party On Air Videos '' . Fox Business . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Benjy Sarlin , Anti-Trump forces have few options for third party alternative , MSNBC ( March 4 , 2016 ) : `` ' I am the third party , ' former New Mexico Gov. Gary Johnson , the party 's 2012 nominee , told conservative gathering CPAC on Thursday . ' The Libertarian Party will be on the ballot in all 50 states . ' '' Jump up ^ Rogers , Ed ( December 14 , 2012 ) . `` Who is Gary Johnson ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` As Between Trump and Clinton , Gary Johnson ( or Austin Petersen ) is the Best Choice for President '' . RedState . May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Eli . `` Libertarian candidate Gary Johnson : What Donald Trump says is ' ridiculous ' '' . CNN . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maggie Haberman ; Alexander Burns ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` Gary Johnson Equates Syria Deaths Caused by Assad and West '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Gary Johnson gives a foreign policy speech and chides the media for giving him pop quizzes '' . The Washington Post . Johnson tried to put a string of foreign policy gaffes behind him on Friday ... ^ Jump up to : Wright , David . `` What is Aleppo ? '' . CNN . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Louis ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Libertarian candidate Gary Johnson : ' What is Aleppo ? ' '' . Politico . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I am Jill Stein , Green Party candidate for President , AMA ! / r / IAmA '' . reddit . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WATCH / / Jill Stein : To stop Trump 's neofascism , we must stop Clinton 's neoliberalism '' . Haaretz.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Left Forum 2016 , Is Sanders the Answer to Building Left and Black Power ? '' . youtube . Open University of the Left . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Easley ; Ben Kamisar ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Democrats target Libertarian ticket '' . The Hill . ^ Jump up to : `` Official 2016 Presidential General Election Results '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . December 2017 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Leip , David ( January 20 , 2017 ) . `` 2016 Presidential General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Newton , Massachusetts . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Camia , Catalina ; Moore , Martha A. ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Democrats pick Philadelphia for 2016 convention '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RNC officially approves Cleveland as 2016 convention host '' . CBS News . August 8 , 2014 . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Isenstadt , Alex ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` GOP convention set for July 18 -- 21 in 2016 '' . Politico . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` Libertarian Party Moves into National Party Headquarters That it Owns '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Libertarian National Committee Minutes July 15 -- 16 , 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Libertarian National Committee . p. 4 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 2 , 2016 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( August 2 , 2015 ) `` Green Party Will Hold Presidential Convention in Houston '' , Ballot Access News . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Houston , We Have a Solution -- Vote Green 2016 '' . Green Party of the United States . April 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mills , Glen ( April 14 , 2016 ) `` The Constitution Party hosts national convention in Salt Lake City '' , Good4Utah . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Presidential Race '' . OpenSecrets.org . Center for Responsive Politics . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Summary data for Hillary Clinton , 2016 Cycle '' . opensecrets.org. 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Details for Candidate ID : P00003392 '' . fec.gov . Federal Election Commission . 2016 . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Summary data for Donald Trump , 2016 Cycle '' . opensecrets.org. 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Details for Candidate ID : P80001571 '' . fec.gov . Federal Election Commission . 2016 . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Summary data for Gary Johnson , 2016 Cycle '' . opensecrets.org. 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Details for Candidate ID : P20002671 '' . fec.gov . 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Jump up ^ `` Daily News Editorial Board says Vote Hillary Clinton : She 's the best choice for President , while Donald Trump represents a clear and present danger to the republic '' . Daily News . New York . July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Diaz , John ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Trump strikes out on newspaper endorsements '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hod , Italy . `` Donald Trump Makes History With Zero Major Newspaper Endorsements '' . Yahoo News . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Editorial : Donald Trump for president '' . Las Vegas Journal - Review . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Editorial : Trump is the change agent America needs '' . jacksonville.com . Jump up ^ Cannon , Carl ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Trump 's tabloid '' . RealClearPolitics.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` We recommend Hillary Clinton for president '' . The Dallas Morning News . September 6 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ `` Editorial : A principled option for U.S. president : Endorsing Gary Johnson , Libertarian '' . Chicago Tribune . September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FBI in agreement with CIA that Russia aimed to help Trump win White House '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Washington , Spencer Ackerman David Smith in ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` Barack Obama orders ' full review ' of possible Russian hacking in US election '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top U.S. intelligence official : Russia meddled in election by hacking , spreading of propaganda '' . The Washington Post . January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sanger , David E. ( December 10 , 2016 ) . `` Trump , Mocking Claim That Russia Hacked Election , at Odds with G.O.P. '' The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Entous , Adam ; Nakashima , Ellen ; Miller , Greg ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` Secret CIA assessment says Russia was trying to help Trump win White House '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Damian Paletta & Kate O'Keeffe ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump 's Team Tones Down Skepticism on Russia Hacking Evidence '' . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Levine , Sam ( December 10 , 2016 ) . `` Chuck Schumer Calls For Investigation Into Russian Interference In The Election '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Birdie Sanders ' Gets a Standing Ovation at Rally '' . Time . March 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Jenna ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Build that wall ' has taken on a life of its own at Donald Trump 's rallies -- but he 's still serious '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Gass , Nick ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Trump insists after meeting : ' Mexico will pay for the wall ! ' '' . Politico . Jump up ^ `` Trump explains why he ' did n't like ' the phrase ' drain the swamp ' but now does '' . Washington Post . October 26 , 2016 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Gore , Will ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` What Trump calls fake news is usually an inconvenient fact . The media 's right to report must be protected '' . Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Drobnic Holan , Angie ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 Lie of the Year : Fake news '' . PolitiFact . Jump up ^ `` Here 's the Origin Story of Bernie Sanders ' ' Feel the Bern ' Hashtag '' . Time . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Meg ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` The Story Behind `` I 'm With Her '' `` . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Peter ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` A brief history of the ' Lock her up ! ' chant by Trump supporters against Clinton '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Krieg , Gregory ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump defends size of his penis '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Nelson , Louis ; Strauss , Daniel ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Libertarian candidate Gary Johnson : ' What is Aleppo ? ' '' . Politico . Jump up ^ LoBianco , Tom ; Killough , Ashley ( 19 August 2016 ) . `` Trump pitches black voters : `` What the hell do you have to lose ? '' `` . CNN . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Gass , Nick ( 21 September 2016 ) . `` Trump defends telling black voters `` what do you have to lose ? '' `` . POLITICO . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . Then one day I said , ' what do you have to lose ? ' I mean what do you have to lose ? I 'm going to fix it . What do you have to lose ? '' Trump said . `` And somehow that resonated . Jump up ^ `` The Commission on Presidential Debates : An Overview '' , Debates.org . Jump up ^ Hulsey , Lynn ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Hofstra University offers debate spots for WSU students '' . Dayton Daily News . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Flores , Reena . `` Campaign manager : Trump will attend all three presidential debates '' . CBS News . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CPD Announces 2016 Debate Host Applicants '' . Commission on Presidential Debates . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Stephen M. `` Three Texas Locations Vie For 2016 Presidential Debates '' . San Antonio Daily News . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2015 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Commission on Presidential Debates announces sites and dates for 2016 general election debates '' . Commission on Presidential Debates . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lima , Cristiano ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` Trump wants three presidential debates , accuses Clinton of rigging schedule '' . Politico . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Free and Equal Announces Date and Location for General Election Presidential Debate '' . Ballot Access News . 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Peter Ogburn , Amie Parnes , Jonathan Allen . YouTube . Event occurs at 1 : 45 . Jump up ^ Martosko , David ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Conway : Huma Abedin placed the call when Clinton conceded to Trump '' . Mail Online . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rappeport , Alan ; Burns , Alexander ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Highlights of Hillary Clinton 's Concession Speech and President Obama 's Remarks '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Flegenheimer , Matt ; Barbaro , Michael ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump Is Elected President in Stunning Repudiation of the Establishment '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 November General Election Turnout Rates '' . United States Elections Project . Retrieved December 17 , 2016. ) Jump up ^ U.S. Census Bureau . ( 2016 ) . Population clock . 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Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania State Elections Office Tallies Presidential Write - ins for Three Candidates : McMullin , Sanders , and Kasich '' . Ballot Access News . December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island Releases Write - ins for President from November 2016 Election - Ballot Access News '' . Jump up ^ CA : ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) NH : ( 3 ) VT : ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Dwilson , Stephanie Dube ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` How Many Write - In Votes Did Bernie Sanders Get in the Election ? '' . Jump up ^ Geier , Ben ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` The 2016 Presidential Election Could Have Two Spoiler Candidates '' . Fortune . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Presidential Ballot Access Map '' . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Election of 2016 '' . Jump up ^ Warner , Claire . `` Ralph Nader Got The Most Write - In Votes For President Ever , But Election Write - Ins Have A Long History '' . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schleifer , Theodore ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Trump stomps all over the Democrats ' Blue Wall '' . CNN . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Angst over the economy helps Trump flip Great Lakes states , Chicago Tribune , November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Donald Trump 's Promise of Bringing Back Jobs Worked With Many Michigan Voters , The Wall Street Journal , November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trump election : Wisconsin prepares for vote recount '' . BBC News . November 26 , 2016 . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Clinton campaign splits from White House in backing Jill Stein recount push '' . The Guardian . November 26 , 2016 . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Board to Hear Trump 's Challenge to Recount Effort '' . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Latest : 5 Nevada counties to recount presidential race '' . The Washington Post . November 30 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . 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Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maine Splits its Electoral Votes for First Time Since 1828 '' . ballot-access.org . Jump up ^ `` State of Maine Certificate of Ascertainment of Electors '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Results of Nebraska General Election -- November 6 , 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Donald Trump Had A Superior Electoral College Strategy '' . FiveThirtyEight . February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hellmann , Jessie ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Democratic elector in Hawaii votes for Sanders '' . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sean Collins Walsh , `` All but 2 Texas members of the Electoral College choose Donald Trump , '' Statesman.com ( December 19 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Texas electors cast 36 votes for Trump , 1 for Kasich , 1 for Ron Paul . Texas Tribune ( December 19 , 2016 ) . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anti-Trump protests continue across America '' . The Economist . November 10 , 2016 . ISSN 0013 - 0613 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gen. Colin Powell Sells His $2.8 M Upper West Side Condo '' . May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emails detail Colin Powell 's substantial role at City College '' . Jump up ^ `` General Colin L. Powell -- Informatio '' . December 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Powell has several homes , including one in NYC ( still ) and also one in DC , but is officially a VA resident per WikiLeaks emails , and per his ' verified ' social media account . ^ Jump up to : Rachel la Corte , `` 4 Washington state electors to be fined $1,000 for vote , '' bigstory.ap.org ( December 22 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Brunner , Jim ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Four Washington state electors break ranks and do n't vote for Clinton '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Faith Spotted Eagle , who received one Washington state elector 's presidential vote '' . December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ La Corte , Rachel ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` 4 Washington State electors pick candidates other than Clinton '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 -- via The Olympian . Jump up ^ LoBianco , Tom ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Poll : Clinton , Trump running tight race in NJ '' . edition.cnn.com . CNN . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Larry J. Sabato 's Crystal Ball '' The Electoral College : The Only Thing That Matters `` . www.centerforpolitics.org . Retrieved June 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump 's path to victory '' . Politico . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Clinton 's Leading In Exactly The States She Needs To Win '' . FiveThirtyEight . September 22 , 2016 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Three paths that deliver Trump the win '' . Politico . 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Jump up ^ Trende , Sean ( November 12 , 2016 ) . `` It Was n't the Polls That Missed , It Was the Pundits '' . RealClearPolitics . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Silver , Nate . `` The Invisible Undecided Voter '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Courtney ; Blumenthal , Mark ; Clement , Scott ; Clinton , Joshua D ; Durand , Claire ; Franklin , Charles ; McGeeney , Kyley ; Miringoff , Lee ; Olson , Kristen ( 6 March 2018 ) . `` An Evaluation of the 2016 Election Polls in the United States '' . Public Opinion Quarterly . 82 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 33 . doi : 10.1093 / poq / nfx047 . ISSN 0033 - 362X . Jump up ^ `` Election Update : Do n't Ignore The Polls -- Clinton Leads , But It 's A Close Race '' . FiveThirtyEight . November 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Silver , Nate ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 Election Forecast '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2016 Results We Can Already Predict '' . Politico Magazine . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voter profiles in ten 2016 swing states '' . Whipboard . August 8 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Katz , Josh ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 Election Forecast : Who Will Be President ? '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Election Night poised to be most - watched in history '' . Adweek . November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lohr , Steve ; Singer , Natasha . `` How Data Failed Us in Calling an Election '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D.R. ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` How did the polls get it wrong ? '' . The Economist . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Catanese , David ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` Republicans ' Last Hope : The Polls Are Wrong '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vogel , Kenneth P. ; Isenstadt , Alex ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` How Did Everyone Get it So Wrong ? '' . Politico . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Flint , Joe ; Alpert , Lukas I. ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` How the Media 's Election Predictions Badly Missed the Mark '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump 's Victory Is Met With Shock Across a Wide Political Divide '' . The New York Times . November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Arkin , Daniel ; Siemaszko , Corky ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 Election : Donald Trump Wins the White House in Upset '' . NBC News . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How Donald Trump swept to an unreal , surreal presidential election win '' . Guardian . November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldmacher , Shane ; Schreckinger , Ben ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Trump Pulls Off Biggest Upset in U.S. History '' . Politico . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bromwich , Jonah Engel ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` Protests of Trump 's Election Continue Into Third Day '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Domonoske , Camila ; Overland , Martha Ann ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Across The Country , Thousands March In Protest Against Trump 's Victory : The Two - Way '' . NPR . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calvert , Scott ; McWhirter , Cameron ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` Anti-Trump Protests Likely to Continue Friday and Saturday '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leah Sottile ; Samantha Schmidt ; Brian Murphy ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` As anti-Trump anger feeds protests and violence , Obama echoes appeals for unity '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Ratzlaff , Angela . `` Here are all the Southern California students who walked out of high schools to protest Donald Trump '' . Press Enterprise . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Galeano , Javier ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` In second day of anti-Trump protests , civil rights a top concern '' . Reuters . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oxnard students took to the streets protesting Trump '' . Ventura County Star . November 10 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' F * * k Trump ' : Protesters take to streets in pro-Hillary Oregon after election results '' . Russia Today . November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Meyjes , Toby ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Rioting breaks out in the US in reaction to Donald Trump 's shock victory '' . Metro . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chabba , Seerat ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump Elected President : Riots Break Out At University Campuses After Republican 's Win '' . International Business Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bitette , Nicole ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Madonna , Mark Ruffalo , T.I. and more celebrities join New York City anti-Trump protests '' . The New York Daily News . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gotty , John ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Cher , Madonna And T.I. Lend Their Support To NYC 's Anti-Trump Protests '' . UPROXX . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Cady ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Lady Gaga Protested Outside Trump Tower During the Election '' . TIME . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rand , Jory Rand bio , about Jory ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Thousands protest Trump election in LA , block 101 Freeway downtown '' . ABC7 Los Angeles . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ TEGNA. `` 6 arrested after march disrupts I - 5 Portland traffic '' . KGW . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ about , John Gregory , bio , ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Police fire rubber bullets at anti-Trump protesters in Santa Ana ; 10 arrested '' . ABC7 Los Angeles . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Not My President `` : Tens of Thousands Take to Streets , Block Freeways & Rally Against Trump '' . Democracy Now ! . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Serna , Joseph . `` Anti-Trump protests continue for second day in California following a night of vandalism and arrests '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Thomas ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Anti-Trump Demonstrators Take to the Streets in Several U.S. Cities '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwab , Nikki ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Rudy Giuliani calls college kids ' a bunch of spoiled crybabies ' -- as universities bring in therapy dogs and Play - Doh to soothe Hillary supporters '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` L.A. Mayor Praises Peaceful Anti-Trump Protests '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Associated Press . November 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ CNN , Dan Merica . `` Computer scientists to Clinton campaign : Challenge election results '' . CNN . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Gabriel . `` Experts Urge Clinton Campaign to Challenge Election Results in 3 Swing States '' . Daily Intelligencer . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Halderman , J. Alex ( November 24 , 2016 ) . `` Want to Know if the Election was Hacked ? Look at the Ballots '' . Medium . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nate Silver on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sanger , David E. `` U.S. Officials Defend Integrity of Vote , Despite Hacking Fears '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sanger , David E. `` Hillary Clinton 's Team to Join Wisconsin Recount Pushed by Jill Stein '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( November 24 , 2016 ) . `` Why are people giving Jill Stein millions of dollars for an election recount ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stein Ends Recount Bid , but Says It Revealed Flaws in Voting System '' . The New York Times . December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Election recount process to begin in Wisconsin after Green Party petition '' . nbcnews.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marc Elias ( November 26 , 2016 ) . `` Listening and Responding To Calls for an Audit and Recount '' . Medium . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jill Stein files petition seeking Pennsylvania presidential election recount '' . pennlive.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jill Stein files for Michigan recount '' . Politico . November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Read : Trump Slams Jill Stein Over ' Ridiculous ' Vote Recount Effort '' . Fox News . November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trump Campaign Objects To Michigan Hand Recount '' . CBS Detroit . December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan attorney general files lawsuit to stop recount '' . CNN.com . December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan recount halted '' . CNN.com . December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. judge rejects Green Party 's Pennsylvania recount case ; Wisconsin recount finished '' . Chicago Tribune . Chicago , Illinois . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : Judge to Rule Monday on Pennsylvania Recount '' . ABC News . December 9 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Completed Wisconsin recount widens Donald Trump 's lead by 131 votes '' . Wisconsin State Journal . December 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nevada ballot recount changes just 15 Trump , Clinton votes '' . Fox 5 KVVU - TV . December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kathleen Gray ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` State audit : No evidence of fraud in Detroit vote '' . Detroit Free Press . Jump up ^ `` Green Party U.S. election recount bid comes to a close '' . Reuters . December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Electoral College voter : I 'm getting death threats CNN '' . cnn.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dentzer , Bill ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Electoral College : Are Idaho 's 4 electors being pressured to dump Trump , or harassed ? '' . The Idaho Statesman . Jump up ^ Kruesi , Kimberlee ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` Trump opponents ' campaign to beat him at the Electoral College is a long shot '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ O'Donnell , Lilly . `` Meet the ' Hamilton Electors ' Campaigning for an Electoral College Revolt '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hamilton Electors Facebook '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hamilton Electors '' . Hamilton Electors . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HamiltonElectors ( @ HamiltonElector ) Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cheney , Kyle . `` Lessig , lawyers to offer support to anti-Trump electors '' . Jump up ^ Cheney , Kyle . `` Colorado secretary of state slams rogue electors '' . Jump up ^ Cheney , Kyle ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Electors demand intelligence briefing before Electoral College vote '' . ^ Jump up to : Pelosi , Christine . `` Bipartisan Electors Ask James Clapper : Release Facts on Outside Interference in U.S. Election '' . Jump up ^ Mary , Kelly ( December 10 , 2016 ) . `` CIA Concludes Russian Interference Aimed To Elect Trump '' . Jump up ^ Pete Williams , Coming Soon : The ' Real ' Presidential Election , NBC News ( December 15 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` Electors wo n't get intelligence briefing : report '' . The Hill . December 16 , 2016 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Leigh Ann ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Despite Objections , Congress Certifies Donald Trump 's Election '' . NBC News . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chiacu , Doina ; Susan , Cornwell ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` U.S. Congress Certifies Trump 's Electoral College Victory '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Detrow , Scott ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump Secures Electoral College Win , With Few Surprises '' . NPR . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coolican , J. Patrick ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Minnesota electors align for Clinton ; one replaced after voting for Sanders '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hickey , Chuck ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Colorado Electoral College casts all 9 votes for Clinton after elector replaced '' . Fox 31 Denver . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thistle , Scott ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Maine electors cast votes for Clinton , Trump -- after protests inside and outside State House '' . Portland Press Herald . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eason , Brian ; Frank , John ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Colorado 's electoral votes go to Hillary Clinton after one is replaced '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lord , Debbie ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Electoral College vote : Live updates on state - by - state voting '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andrews , Wilson ; Schmidt , Kiersten ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Tracking the Electoral College Vote '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Liebergen , Stephanie ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Georgia Elector Resigns After Publicly Refusing To Vote For Trump '' . Newsy . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : Hawaii electors cast votes for Clinton , Sanders '' . Associated Press . December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Further reading Berman , Ari . `` Rigged : How Voter Suppression Threw Wisconsin to Trump ; And possibly handed him the whole election . '' November -- December 2017 Mother Jones issue Ott , Brian L. `` The age of Twitter : Donald J. Trump and the politics of debasement . '' Critical Studies in Media Communication 34.1 ( 2017 ) : 59 -- 68 . Patterson , Thomas E. `` News Coverage of the 2016 Presidential Primaries : Horse Race Reporting Has Consequences . '' ( 2016 ) . online Ross , Andrew S. , and Damian J. Rivers . `` Digital cultures of political participation : Internet memes and the discursive delegitimization of the 2016 US Presidential candidates . '' Discourse , Context & Media ( 2017 ) . Sabato , Larry , Kyle Kondik , Geoffrey Skelley , eds . Trumped : The 2016 Election That Broke All the Rules ( 2017 ) Schaffner , Brian , and John A. Clark . Making Sense of the 2016 Elections : A CQ Press Guide ( CQ Press , 2017 ) . ISBN 1506384188 Visser , Beth A. , Angela S. Book , and Anthony A. Volk . `` Is Hillary dishonest and Donald narcissistic ? A HEXACO analysis of the presidential candidates ' public personas . '' Personality and Individual Differences 106 ( 2017 ) : 281 -- 86 . online West , Darrell M. Air Wars : Television Advertising and Social Media in Election Campaigns , 1952 -- 2016 ( CQ Press , 2017 ) . 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who wrote the short story the most dangerous game
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The Most Dangerous Game - wikipedia The Most Dangerous Game Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1924 Richard Connell short story . For the 1932 film adaptation , see The Most Dangerous Game ( film ) . For the 1964 Gavin Lyall novel , see The Most Dangerous Game ( novel ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` The Most Dangerous Game '' Author Richard Connell Country United States Language English Genre ( s ) Adventure fiction Published in Collier 's Publication type Periodical Publication date January 19 , 1924 `` The Most Dangerous Game '' , also published as `` The Hounds of Zaroff '' , is a short story by Richard Connell , first published in Collier 's on January 19 , 1924 . The story features a big - game hunter from New York City who falls off a yacht and swims to what seems to be an abandoned and isolated island in the Caribbean , where he is hunted by a Russian aristocrat . The story is inspired by the big - game hunting safaris in Africa and South America that were particularly fashionable among wealthy Americans in the 1920s . The story has been adapted numerous times , but most notably for the 1932 RKO Pictures film The Most Dangerous Game , starring Joel McCrea and Leslie Banks , and for a 1943 episode of the CBS Radio series Suspense , starring Orson Welles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Summary 3 Adaptations and in popular culture 3.1 Film 3.2 Radio 3.3 Television 3.4 Other adaptations 4 Real - life parallels 5 Zodiac Killer 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Sanger Rainsford and his friend , Whitney , are traveling to the Amazon rainforest to hunt the region 's big cat : the jaguar . After a discussion about how they are `` the hunters '' instead of `` the hunted '' , Whitney goes to bed and Rainsford remains on deck . While Whitney returns to his quarters Rainsford hears gunshots and climbs onto the yacht 's rail to get a better view of the nearby Ship - Trap Island , but accidentally falls overboard due to almost losing his most favored pipe . After screaming for Whitney with no response , he realizes he can not swim back to the yacht , and swims to Ship - Trap Island , which is notorious for shipwrecks . On the island , he finds a palatial chateau inhabited by two Cossacks : the owner , General Zaroff , and his gigantic deaf - mute servant , Ivan . Zaroff , another big - game hunter , knows of Rainsford from his published account of hunting snow leopards in Tibet . After inviting him to dinner , General Zaroff tells Rainsford he is bored of hunting because it no longer challenges him ; he has moved to Ship - Trap in order to capture shipwrecked sailors , whether due to storms or by luring vessels onto the rocks . He sends the sailors into the jungle supplied with food , a knife , and hunting clothes to be his quarry , although he also runs a `` school '' of sorts to prepare sailors for this hunt should they be out of shape or disoriented from being washed ashore . After a three - hour head start , he sets out to hunt and kill them . Any captives who can elude Zaroff , Ivan , and a pack of hunting dogs for three days are set free . Zaroff reveals that no one has lasted that long , although a couple of sailors had come close . Zaroff also says that he offers sailors a `` choice '' ; should they decline to be hunted they will be handed over to Ivan , who had once been official knouter for The Great White Czar . Rainsford disagrees with this and denounces it as barbarism . Zaroff reacts in a cosmopolitan manner that `` life is for the strong '' . Realizing he has no way out , Rainsford reluctantly agrees to be hunted . During the three - hour head start , Rainsford begins to lay an intricate trail in the forest and then climbs a tree . Zaroff finds him easily , but decides to play with him like a cat would a mouse , standing underneath the tree Rainsford is hiding in , smoking a cigarette , and then abruptly departing . After the failed attempt of eluding Zaroff , Rainsford builds a Malay man - catcher , a weighted log attached to a trigger . This contraption injures Zaroff 's shoulder , causing him to return home for the night , but not before he shouts out that Rainsford laid a good trap that few hunters can make . The next day Rainsford creates a Burmese tiger pit , which kills one of Zaroff 's hounds . He sacrifices his knife to make a Ugandan knife trap ; Ivan is killed when he stumbles into this trap and the knife plunges into his heart . To escape Zaroff and his approaching hounds , Rainsford dives off a cliff into the sea ; Zaroff , disappointed at Rainsford 's suicide , returns home . While enjoying a celebratory dinner , Zaroff is preoccupied with two issues : Ivan would be hard to replace and that Rainsford had evaded his hunt . Zaroff locks himself in his bedroom and turns on the lights only to find Rainsford waiting for him ; he had swum around the island in order to sneak into the chateau without the dogs finding him and killing him . Zaroff congratulates him on winning the `` game '' , but Rainsford decides to fight him , saying he is still a beast - at - bay and that the original hunt is not over . Accepting the challenge , Zaroff says that the loser will be fed to the dogs , while the winner will sleep in his bed . Though the ensuing fight is not described , the story ends with Rainsford observing that `` he had never slept in a better bed '' -- implying that he defeated and killed Zaroff . Summary ( edit ) `` The Most Dangerous Game '' is a popular read within middle and high school curricula due to the strength of the themes within the story . The first and foremost question that the story bears is that of justifiable murder . Rainsford justifies his hunting of animals because he believes that man is superior to animals because animals do not feel . To contradict , General Zaroff believes that men are superior because they are able to reason . Zaroff uses his reasoning to explain why men are the most interesting game to hunt ; men can reason , and thus provide a challenge that no animal can contend with . The story simultaneously highlights through the experience of Rainsford , as he is hunted , the fears that animals must experience while being hunted . Zaroff himself is a contradiction because his exquisite manners are juxtaposed with his heartless brutality in killing men . The idea of a man who is proper in all aspects , but still contains a desire to kill , is a suggestion by Connell that men possess murderous instincts that can only be subdued by the presence of society and law . Zaroff is only able to partake in his `` hobby '' because he does not live within a civilization . The ending of the story bears questions about the true nature of Rainsford , who is implied to have killed Zaroff in order to secure his own safety . By killing Zaroff , he thus took part in the `` game '' that Zaroff wanted him to play . Adaptations and in popular culture ( edit ) Theatrical release poster for The Most Dangerous Game ( 1932 ) Film ( edit ) This story has been adapted to film numerous times . The most significant of these adaptations -- and the only film to use the original characters -- was RKO Pictures ' film released in 1932 , The Most Dangerous Game . Joel McCrea stars as Rainsford ; Leslie Banks portrays Zaroff . The adaptation by James Ashmore Creelman adds two other principal characters , brother - and - sister pair Eve Trowbridge ( Fay Wray ) and Martin Trowbridge ( Robert Armstrong ) , who are castaways from a shipwreck . The Most Dangerous Game was co-directed by Ernest B. Schoedsack and Irving Pichel ; also with a score by Max Steiner , the film was a favorite project of producer Merian C. Cooper . The production shared several sets with King Kong ( 1933 ) , a simultaneous RKO project that also involved Schoedsack , Cooper , Wray , Armstrong , Creelman , and Steiner . The Most Dangerous Game was a modest success . RKO produced a remake titled A Game of Death ( 1945 ) , directed by Robert Wise , from a screenplay Norman Houston wrote . This film stars John Loder and Audrey Long , with Edgar Barrier as the mad hunter . In order to keep with events of that time , A Game of Death changed Zaroff into `` Erich Kreiger '' , a Nazi , and was set in the aftermath of the Second World War . In 1956 , United Artists released another film adaptation , Run for the Sun , starring Richard Widmark , Trevor Howard and Jane Greer . In 1961 , the film Bloodlust ! was released , directed by Ralph Brooke and starring Wilton Graff as the Zaroff - type character , and Robert Reed as the leader of a band of youths who become stranded on the island . The Australian film Turkey Shoot has similar elements . John Woo 's first Hollywood directorial effort , the Jean - Claude Van Damme thriller Hard Target ( 1993 ) , was loosely based on the same story . The locale was shifted to 1990s New Orleans , with homeless Vietnam war veterans voluntarily serving ( in return for potential payment from a shady businessman ) as human prey . In Surviving the Game ( 1994 ) , a homeless man is hired as a survival guide for a group of wealthy businessmen on a hunting trip in the mountains . He is unaware that they are killers who hunt humans for sport , and that he is their new prey . Directed by Ernest R. Dickerson , the film stars Rutger Hauer , Ice - T , and Charles S. Dutton . In The Eliminator ( 2004 ) , seven captured people are hunted at night for sport on an island as a betting game for the wealthy . The Pest ( 1997 ) is a comedic parody of the story , with German huntsman Gustav Shank accidentally bringing Puerto Rican teenage hustler Pestario `` Pest '' Vargas to his island instead of the skilled man he had intended to hunt , only to decide to hunt the Pest anyway due to his sheer obnoxiousness . Shank 's ambition is to have a head of a warrior of every ethnicity in his Trophy Room . He also rigs the `` game '' by having his preys unknowingly drink a slow - acting poison before the hunt , making sure that they die even if they escape him . Radio ( edit ) `` The Most Dangerous Game '' was presented three times as a radio play . On September 23 , 1943 , it aired on the CBS series , Suspense , and starred Orson Welles as Zaroff and Keenan Wynn as Rainsford . On February 1 , 1945 , it was presented with J. Carrol Naish as Zaroff and Joseph Cotten as Rainsford . Both Suspense productions presented an adaptation by Jack Finke in which Rainsford narrates the story in retrospect as he waits in Zaroff 's bedroom for the final confrontation On October 1 , 1947 , another adaption was used for the CBS radio program , Escape . Television ( edit ) This article may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( March 2017 ) In the Get Smart episode , `` Island of the Darned '' , Agents 86 and 99 are trapped on an island with a mad KAOS killer , Hans Hunter . This trope was used in the season 3 ( 1968 ) , episode 22 of I Spy , `` The Name of the Game '' . In the pilot episode of Fantasy Island , a big - game hunter comes to the island to be hunted by a man , an interesting twist on the usual version in which the hunted participates against his will . In the Gilligan 's Island episode `` The Hunter '' , big - game hunter Jonathan Kincaid ( Rory Calhoun ) turned his sights on Gilligan when he realized there were no wild animals on the island . In the series finale of Bonanza , entitled `` The Hunter '' , a deranged killer , Corporal Bill Tanner ( Tom Skerritt ) , who was formerly a tracker for the United States Army , hunts Little Joe ( Michael Landon ) . The Canadian series Relic Hunter had an episode called `` Run Sydney Run '' that was very closely based on `` The Most Dangerous Game '' , with Peter Stebbings acting as General Tsarlov . The Simpsons Halloween special `` Treehouse of Horror XVI '' contained a segment `` Survival of the Fattest '' which parodied the story closely . In this segment Mr. Burns invited much of the cast to his hunting lodge on a private island only to reveal that he intended to hunt them all for sport . Another episode makes a reference to `` The Most Dangerous Game '' when Rainier Wolfcastle says that he bought a YMCA to demolish it and install a hunting ground dedicated to `` hunt the most dangerous animal of all ... Man '' . In an episode of the animated sitcom American Dad ! , the Smith family and a young woman become stranded on an island after Francine jumps off a cruise . Stan goes up to the mansion on this island to ask for help , but the inhabitants say that they are going to hunt the family . The Smiths and the young woman become trapped in a cave , where the young woman dies and they eat her to survive . The hunters then break into the cave and shoot the family . Stan sits up , realizing it 's paint . At a party later , the hunters reveal that nobody really dies on The Most Dangerous Game island . The Incredible Hulk episode `` The Snare '' has David Banner trapped on a private island owned by an insane hunter who not only craves the challenge of hunting humans , but considers the discovery of Banner 's powerful Hulk form as a sign of a particularly appealing quarry . The Outer Limits episode `` The Hunt '' is a story in which the hunting of animals has been banned by environmentalists , and black market hunting of obsolete androids takes its place . In Season 2 , Episode 21 of Criminal Minds , `` Open Season '' , two brothers capture people stranded in a remote region of the wilderness outside Challis , Idaho , release them into the hills , and hunt them with compound bows for sport , referring the men as `` bucks '' and the women as `` does '' . In Season 13 , Episode 15 of Law and Order : SVU , `` Hunting Ground '' , a serial rapist and killer lures female escorts after their date to a remote area where he sets them free while he hunts them down to recapture them again . In the Disney animated series The Mighty Ducks , the heroes are trapped on an island and hunted . In a `` Dial M for Monkey '' segment of the animated series Dexter 's Laboratory , the hero Monkey is trapped by an alien big game hunter named `` Huntor '' , who also makes a cameo in the Cartoon Network cartoon series Samurai Jack . In Season 1 , Episode 15 of Supernatural , `` The Benders '' , a family has been behind disappearances in a city . The family snatches victims to hunt and kill . Sam and a police officer are taken , but Dean finds them and helps them subdue the family before it can cause them any harm . In Season 7 , Episode 12 of Futurama , `` 31st Century Fox '' , Bender becomes the target of a fox hunting club and is referred to as ' the most dangerous game . ' In Season 2 Episode 6 of The Blacklist , Elizabeth Keen and her FBI task force encounters a family in Idaho who trained the mother 's youngest son to hunt and kill humans kidnapped by the eldest son . In the Season 3 , Episode 5 episode of Archer , `` El Contador '' , Lana and Archer are hunted by a drug lord . In an episode of Season 5 of Game of Thrones , there is a scene in which Ramsay Bolton hunts a woman ( one of his former lovers ) . She is cornered by the hunting party and eaten alive by Ramsay 's dogs . It is implied that this was not the only time Ramsay indulged in human hunting `` for sport . '' In Season 3 , Episodes 21 and 22 of Star Wars : The Clone Wars , Ahsoka Tano and Chewbacca are hunted on an island . An episode of the animated series Johnny Bravo entitled `` Hunted ! '' is an obvious parody of the story . The titular Johnny is forced to go through the same ordeal , but his stupidity and foolishness greatly frustrates the hunter , who eventually allows him to leave . Other adaptations ( edit ) The story has also served as an inspiration for books and films like Seventh Victim , Battle Royale , Predator , The Running Man and The Hunger Games . In the film Westworld , humans are allowed to hunt and kill androids until one , played by Yul Brynner , starts hunting them . In the anime series Psycho - Pass , episodes 10 and 11 feature a wealthy cyborg tycoon who dons gentleman 's hunting gear and hunts people in an underground maze with his robotic hounds . In the video game Hitman : Contracts , the mission `` Beldingford Manor '' takes inspiration from this story . In the video game Rayman 3 : Hoodlum Havoc , the character Razoff takes inspiration from General Zaroff , even sharing similar names . In the comic - book story `` The Second Most Dangerous Game '' ( serialized in Martian Comics # 8 - 10 ) , Martians possess humans to continue their tradition of hunting other humans , after the practice has been outlawed . Richard Connell is a character . In Clive Cussler 's book `` DRAGON '' Dirk Pitt is chased by `` Kamatori '' on Soseki Island . In the online game Poptropica , the 5 - part `` Survival Island '' features you in a situation much like the one in the original story . In Don Pendleton 's The Executioner series , book # 441 , called Murder Island has a similar plot to the book . The Protagnist , Mack `` The Executioner '' Bolan ( a Vigilante / government agent ) encounters a rich businessman hunter on an island while on a mission and ends up in similar position as the Rainsford character , while the rich hunter takes a similar role a Zaroff . Real - life parallels ( edit ) Robert Hansen , a serial killer who was active in the early 1980s , would kidnap women and release them in Alaska 's Knik River Valley . He would then hunt them , armed with a knife and a Ruger Mini-14 rifle . In 1976 , Hayes Noel , Bob Gurnsey , and Charles Gaines discussed Gaines 's recent trip to Africa and his experiences hunting African buffalo . Inspired in part by `` The Most Dangerous Game '' , they created paintball in 1981 -- a game where they would stalk and hunt each other -- to recreate the same adrenaline rush from hunting animals . Zodiac killer ( edit ) There is a reference to `` The Most Dangerous Game '' in letters the Zodiac Killer wrote to San Francisco Bay Area newspapers in his three - part cipher : `` Man is the most dangerous animal of all to kill . '' The Most Dangerous Game film is also mentioned a number of times in the context of the Zodiac Killer in the 2007 film , Zodiac . See also ( edit ) Human hunting References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Most Dangerous Game Themes '' . eNotes . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Most Dangerous Game '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Jewell , Richard B. , The RKO Story . New Rochelle , New York : Arlington House , 1982 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 54656 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Suspense '' . RadioGOLDINdex . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Escape '' . RadioGOLDINdex . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Lohr , David . `` Hunting Humans '' . truTV Crime Library . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` ExploreNorth -- Robert Hansen , A Serial Killer in Alaska '' . Explorenorth.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Steve , et al . The Complete Guide to Paintball , 4 -- 12 . Hatherleigh Press , New York . 1999 Jump up ^ Graysmith , Robert ( 2002 ) . Zodiac Unmasked . New York : Berkeley Books . pp. 6 , 40 , 246 -- 250 , 273 , 451 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 425 - 21273 - 8 . External links ( edit ) `` The Most Dangerous Game '' by Richard Connell . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Richard Connell 's `` The Most Dangerous Game '' Films The Most Dangerous Game ( 1932 ) A Game of Death ( 1945 ) Run for the Sun ( 1956 ) Bloodlust ! ( 1961 ) The Woman Hunt ( 1973 ) Turkey Shoot ( 1982 ) Slave Girls from Beyond Infinity ( 1987 ) Deadly Prey ( 1988 ) Death Ring ( 1992 ) Hard Target ( 1993 ) Surviving the Game ( 1994 ) The Pest ( 1997 ) The Condemned ( 2007 ) The Tournament ( 2009 ) Television `` Captive Pursuit '' `` Treehouse of Horror XVI '' `` Homecoming '' `` The Vacation Goo '' Related Savages ( 1974 ) Ultimate X-Men : `` The Most Dangerous Game '' ( 2005 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Most_Dangerous_Game&oldid=811862861 '' Categories : 1924 short stories American short stories Death games in fiction Human trophy collecting Short stories adapted into films Works originally published in Collier 's Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with too many examples All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 24 November 2017 , at 14 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. "The Most Dangerous Game" - Richard Connell short story
2. Big-game hunting safaris in Africa and South America
3. Ship-Trap Island and General Zaroff
4. Adaptations in film, radio, and television
5. Themes of justifiable murder and the nature of man
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who is the girl dancing in thinking out loud
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Thinking Out Loud - wikipedia Thinking Out Loud Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Thinking Out Loud ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` Thinking Out Loud '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Ed Sheeran <Th_colspan="2"> from the album × B - side `` I 'm a Mess '' ( Live from Lightship 95 ) Released 24 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 24 ) Format 7 '' CD digital download Recorded February 5 , 2014 ( Sticky Studios , Windlesham , Surrey , England ) Genre Blue - eyed soul Length 4 : 41 ( album version ) 3 : 51 ( radio edit ) Label Asylum Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Ed Sheeran Amy Wadge Producer ( s ) Jake Gosling <Th_colspan="2"> Ed Sheeran singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Do n't '' ( 2014 ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' ( 2014 ) `` All About It '' ( 2014 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Do n't '' ( 2014 ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' ( 2014 ) `` All About It '' ( 2014 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` Thinking Out Loud '' on YouTube <Td_colspan="2"> `` Thinking Out Loud '' is a song by English singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran , recorded for his second studio album , × ( 2014 ) . It was written by Sheeran and Amy Wadge and was produced by frequent collaborator Jake Gosling . It was released in the US on 24 September 2014 , serving as the third single from the album . In the UK , the song spent 19 weeks within the top 40 before it peaked at number - one in early November 2014 ; it became Sheeran 's second number - one single there . The single has also reached the top spot in Australia , Ireland , New Zealand , Denmark , the Netherlands , Slovakia and South Africa , and peaking at number two on both the US Billboard Hot 100 and the Canadian Hot 100 , was the Sheeran 's highest charting single in North America until `` Shape of You '' topped the charts in both countries in 2017 . In June 2015 , `` Thinking Out Loud '' became the first single to spend a full year in the UK top 40 . In September 2015 , it also became the seventh single to have achieved triple platinum in the UK during the 21st century . In October 2015 , the song became the first to be streamed over 500 million times on Spotify , is also one of the most streamed songs in the UK and has been viewed more than 1.8 billion times on YouTube as of September 11 , 2017 . `` Thinking Out Loud '' received nominations for Grammy Award for Record of the Year , Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance at the 58th Grammy Awards , winning the latter two . Wikinews has related news : Ed Sheeran wins Song of Year Grammy for Thinking Out Loud On 10 August 2016 , it was announced that Sheeran was getting sued by the family of Ed Townsend for copyright infringement , who claim that `` Thinking Out Loud '' plagiarises elements of Marvin Gaye 's `` Let 's Get It On '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and writing 2 Lyrics and music 3 Single release 4 Music video 5 Live performances 5.1 Translations 6 Critical reception 7 Chart performance 7.1 On streaming services 8 Parodies 9 Plagiarism allegation 10 Usage in media 11 Formats and track listings 12 Charts 12.1 Weekly charts 12.2 Year - end charts 13 Certifications and sales 14 See also 15 References 16 External links Background and writing ( edit ) Sheeran wrote `` Thinking Out Loud '' with Amy Wadge ( pictured ) , an English singer - songwriter based in Wales . Sheeran wrote `` Thinking Out Loud '' with Amy Wadge , a Wales - based singer - songwriter . He met Wadge when he was 17 years old and they had since written several songs together . Of these , five songs composed the extended play Songs I Wrote with Amy , which Sheeran independently released on 4 April 2010 . Wadge also co-wrote the song `` Gold Rush '' , a track on the deluxe version of Sheeran 's debut album , + ( 2011 ) . In February 2014 , Wadge visited Sheeran in his house for a `` chilling - out time '' . Around that time , Sheeran 's second studio album , × , was nearly completed . Wadge revealed that her visit was not supposed to be a songwriting session . While Sheeran was taking a shower , Wadge played a few chords on a guitar . The tune caught the attention of Sheeran and he ran downstairs . Sheeran suggested working with the tune , but only after returning home from dinner , work began . The melody developed from a simple riff . According to Sheeran , he composed the melody on a guitar in a manner which was `` very Van - like '' , referring to Van Morrison . The Irish musician has been an inspiration to Sheeran since a young age , and Sheeran wanted to capture that vibe when he composed the song . In the kitchen , Sheeran and Wadge began writing the song at 2 : 00 am on 4 February 2014 , and completed it in 20 minutes . According to Wadge , the lyrical content resulted from her and Sheeran 's talking about `` everlasting love '' , inspired by the circumstances relevant at that time . Sheeran also revealed that the lyrics were inspired by his then - girlfriend , Athina Andrelos , whom Sheeran met in early 2014 . Sheeran would later explain that he wrote the song `` in a relationship at a really , really happy point '' . Immediately after writing , Sheeran recorded the song on his phone . He was keen to include `` Thinking Out Loud '' on the second album . He properly recorded the song the following day at the Sticky Studios , a recording facility located in the small Surrey village of Windlesham , and informed Wadge of its inclusion on the album . It became the last song recorded for the album . For `` Thinking Out Loud '' , Sheeran sought the assistance of Jake Gosling , who produced much of his debut album and had earlier contributed tracks , four of which appear on the standard version of the second album . Lyrics and Music ( edit ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' ( 2014 ) A 28 - second sample of `` Thinking Out Loud '' , a romantic blue - eyed soul ballad . Its composition has a strong influence of Marvin Gaye 's 1973 hit `` Let 's Get It On '' . <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Thinking Out Loud '' is a romantic ballad with blue - eyed soul influences . Sheeran referred to it as a `` walking down the aisle song '' . In the lyrics , Sheeran reflects on `` getting older and fidelity and love in a fairly conventional context '' , according to Eric Clarke , professor of music at University of Oxford . The song was composed in the key of D major with a tempo of 78 beats per minute . Sheeran 's vocals range from A to B. In the mix , Sheeran 's voice is `` unusually '' loud over the instruments , which , for Mike Senior of the music technology magazine , Sound on Sound , is `` surprisingly rare '' in contemporary records . Senior analysed the vocal elements in which he found that , in spite of several notes sung off pitch , `` the overall framework of the vocal remains fundamentally in tune '' . Journalists noted similarities between `` Thinking Out Loud '' and `` Let 's Get It On '' , a 1973 single by soul musician , Marvin Gaye . Andrew Unterberger of Spin wrote that `` the gently loping four - note bass pattern and crisp ' 70s soul drums absolutely smack of the Gaye classic , as do the embrace - insistent lyrics and general candlelit - bedroom feel '' . Jason Lipshutz of Billboard called it a `` sleek update '' of the classic . Single release ( edit ) Prior to the album release , Sheeran debuted `` Thinking Out Loud '' on 24 May 2014 by performing it live on the British music television show , Later ... with Jools Holland . The debut followed the release of the video accompaniment to `` Sing '' , the album 's lead single . `` Thinking Out Loud '' was immediately perceived as having contrast to `` Sing '' , which is a `` high - energy funk / R&B - infused song '' . `` Thinking Out Loud '' became available on 18 June 2014 as an `` instant grat '' download for consumers who pre-ordered × on the iTunes Store . It served as a promotional single from × , which was released two days later . On the standard version of the album , `` Thinking Out Loud '' is the next - to - last track , the last being `` Afire Love '' . `` Thinking Out Loud '' was initially serviced to Australian radio on 14 August 2014 and later released on 24 September 2014 . It served as the third of five singles released from the album ; it followed the songs , `` Sing '' and `` Do n't '' , the first and second single respectively . According to Sheeran , no one from his record label wanted to release `` Thinking Out Loud '' as a single , favouring over `` Photograph '' as the `` big song '' . `` Photograph '' was supposed to be the main single , but when `` Thinking Out Loud '' spent several weeks within the top 20 on the UK Singles Chart albeit not receiving rotation , the latter song was kept as the third single . `` Photograph '' was later released as the fifth and final single . The song was issued on 7 '' vinyl exclusively as part of the Black Friday Record Store Day , which was celebrated on 28 November 2014 . The vinyl record included , as a B - side , the live version of `` I 'm A Mess '' which Sheeran performed at the Lightship 95 studio . Music video ( edit ) Filming of the video took place at the Crystal Ballroom of the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles Emil Nava directed the video accompaniment to the single . Most of it was filmed in the Crystal Ballroom at the Millennium Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles , California . The video was shot continuously using a 16 mm film camera . Unlike Sheeran 's earlier videos , where he assume a low profile , he took the lead role on `` Thinking Out Loud '' . In the video , Sheeran executes a ballroom dance with Brittany Cherry , a contestant from the televised American dance competition , So You Think You Can Dance . The routine was choreographed by Nappytabs and with training help from Paul Karmiryan . While on concert tour , Sheeran spent five hours a day for three weeks to practice with Cherry . The video was released on October 8 , 2014 . After first 24 hours , the video had over 2.7 million views on video - sharing website , YouTube . As of September 18 , 2017 , it has over 1.8 billion views , making it the 21st most viewed video on the site . The music video received four nominations at the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards including Video of the Year and Best Male Video . Live performances ( edit ) On 26 October 2014 , Sheeran performed the song on third live results show of series 11 of The X Factor . He also performed it on 9 November 2014 in the 2014 MTV Europe Music Awards . Sheeran also performed the song as a special guest at The Voice 's live finale on 16 December 2014 . Furthermore , Sheeran performed the track on the Christmas Special of The Jonathan Ross Show on 20 December 2014 . He also performed the song at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards on 8 February 2015 along with John Mayer , Questlove , Adam Blackstone , and Herbie Hancock . Sheeran performed `` Thinking Out Loud '' on 13 April 2015 results show of the second series of The X Factor in New Zealand . Sheeran also performed `` Thinking Out Loud '' at the Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show 2014 . Translations ( edit ) On 26 December 2015 , Sheeran released a Gaelic version of `` Thinking Out Loud '' for the upcoming Irish album , CEOL 2016 . Critical reception ( edit ) Lauren Murphy of The Irish Times noted that the `` injection of blue - eyed soul '' on the song is `` enjoyable '' , and that it `` makes Sheeran 's aptitude for melody difficult to dismiss '' . Jim Beviglia of the American Songwriter thought that although `` tidy '' , `` Thinking Out Loud '' comes `` toothless '' compared with the `` daring confessionals '' Sheeran made on the other songs . The Washington Post writer , Allison Stewart , has hailed the song as `` a blatant and mercilessly effective bid for ' I 'll Be ' - style wedding - song immortality '' . Billboard magazine 's Jason Lipshutz , commented that Sheeran `` pushes this bold stab at romance past its sappiest moments , and ends the album on a likable note '' . Jamieson Cox of Time wrote that `` the album 's greatest moment by a country mile is relegated to its penultimate slot '' , referring to `` Thinking Out Loud '' . Chart Performance ( edit ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' topped several charts in Europe , Oceania and South Africa , and reached the top ten in several other countries in the Northern America ( see Weekly charts below ) . Upon the album 's release , the single debuted at number 26 on the UK Singles Chart . On 2 November 2014 , `` Thinking Out Loud '' topped the UK Singles Chart in its 19th week in the Top 40 , breaking the record for the longest ascent to number one . In the week ending 27 June 2015 , it had spent a record consecutive 52 weeks ( or a full year ) inside the top 40 . Around the same time , the single had accumulated 1.65 million combined sales and streams ; it became one of the 161 million - selling singles and the 26th best - selling of the 2010s in the UK . On 18 September 2015 , the British Phonographic Industry certified the single triple platinum for combined sales ( including streaming points ) of 1,800,000 units . As of September 2017 , the song has sold 1,219,000 copies with 130 million stream , making a total of 2,521,000 units sold in the United Kingdom . In the US , `` Thinking Out Loud '' peaked at number two on the all - encompassing chart Billboard Hot 100 ; the single became Sheeran 's highest charting single until the release of `` Shape of You '' in 2017 . It remained the runner - up spot for eight consecutive weeks , a chart feat last held in 2004 . `` Thinking Out Loud '' was kept off the top spot by `` Uptown Funk '' , although it outperformed the latter song for a week in February 2015 on the Billboard Digital Songs . On other specific US charts , `` Thinking Out Loud '' reached number one on the Billboard Adult Pop Songs for the week ending 21 February 2015 , marking Sheeran 's first . For the week ending 21 March 2015 , `` Thinking Out Loud '' held the top position on the Billboard Pop Songs , Adult Pop Songs , and Adult Contemporary charts , becoming the fourth song in history to lead all three adult charts simultaneously . In celebration of Google Play 's 5th anniversary , Google announced `` Thinking Out Loud '' as the top selling song on the platform . `` Thinking Out Loud '' is Sheeran 's best - selling song in the United States , with 5,622,000 copies sold as of September 2017 . On streaming services ( edit ) In the UK , Sheeran 's native country , `` Thinking Out Loud '' claimed the record for the most streams in a single week in December 2014 . The track accumulated over 1,638,000 streams , and subsequently achieved a personal best of 1,850,000 streams in the week ending 21 December 2014 . This record has since been broken by several songs . In April 2015 , the song ranked as the most popular based on the 2.8 million sleep - themed playlists created by Spotify users . Sleep is one of the company 's most popular categories that , according to Spotify , `` people also use for general relaxation and to help themselves unwind '' . The Guardian columnist Tim Dowling suggested that the report indicated `` very popular , slightly mellow songs that keep cropping up on sleep playlists '' but not a list of a `` carefully curated journey to unconsciousness '' . In October 2015 , `` Thinking Out Loud '' set the record of most streams of a song on Spotify , having accumulated over 500 million streams . The company created the `` Sheerio Index '' , an interactive graphic map which showed where Sheeran was most popular . The color - based map indicated that Sheeran was most popular in Denmark . It was surpassed a month later by `` Lean On '' , a song by Major Lazer and DJ Snake featuring MØ . Parodies ( edit ) On 28 April 2015 episode of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon , actor Jeremy Renner , known for his role as Hawkeye in the Avengers movies , performed on piano and sang a song captioned by Fallon 's show on YouTube as `` Hawkeye Sings About His Super Powers '' . While not parodying Sheeran 's lyrics , it is sung to the same tune . The lyrics suggest that Hawkeye feels defensive compared with the other Avengers : `` But listen , I 've got powers too ; they 're pretty sweet . / I promise I can do so much more than just archery ... / I can open a pickle jar . / I 'm friggin ' Hawkeye . / Maybe I 'm as super as they are . '' The song and video were also parodied in the CW series Crazy Ex-Girlfriend . Titled `` Let 's Have Intercourse '' , the song was sung by Scott Michael Foster with Rachel Bloom appearing in the scene dancing with Foster in the same manner as Sheeran and Cherry . The lyrics are an appeal by Foster 's character , Nathaniel Plimpton III , to series protagonist Rebecca Bunch ( Bloom ) to have sex whilst trapped in an elevator . Plagiarism allegation ( edit ) On 10 August 2016 , it was revealed that the family of Ed Townsend , who wrote Marvin Gaye 's `` Let 's Get It On '' was suing Ed Sheeran saying `` the melodic , harmonic , and rhythmic compositions of ' Thinking ' are substantially and / or strikingly similar to the drum composition of ' Let 's ' . '' Usage in Media ( edit ) The song was featured in the 2016 film Me Before You . It was also covered in the film Bridget Jones 's Baby . Formats and track listings ( edit ) 7 '' vinyl `` Thinking Out Loud '' `` I 'm a Mess '' ( Live from Lightship 95 ) CD single `` Thinking Out Loud '' `` I 'm a Mess '' ( Live from Lightship 95 ) Digital download ( Remix ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' ( Alex Adair Remix ) -- 3 : 02 EP ( Australian Exclusive ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' `` Do n't '' ( Sable Remix ) `` Sing '' ( Trippy Turtle Remix ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' ( Alex Adair Remix ) `` Do n't '' ( X Ambassadors Remix ) `` Sing '' ( Syn Cole Remix ) Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 -- 15 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 8 Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 ) 22 Bulgaria ( IFPI ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada AC ( Billboard ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Euro Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 8 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 7 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 14 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) Iceland ( RÚV ) India ( Angrezi Top 20 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 39 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) 8 Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 5 Mexico Airplay ( Billboard ) Mexico Ingles Airplay ( Billboard ) Mexico ( Monitor Latino ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 5 Portugal Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Romania ( Airplay 100 ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) South Africa ( EMA ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 26 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) 7 US Latin Airplay ( Billboard ) 44 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 29 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 14 Venezuela Pop Rock General ( Record Report ) 23 Venezuela Top Anglo ( Record Report ) 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 7 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 29 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 100 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 42 Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Italy ( FIMI ) 86 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 52 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 28 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 31 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 5 Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 15 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 37 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 25 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 28 Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 ) 16 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 7 France ( SNEP ) 22 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 43 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 69 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 26 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) 23 Italy ( FIMI ) 12 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 24 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 30 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 6 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 13 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 14 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 12 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) 43 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 10 Chart ( 2016 ) Position Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 ) 16 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 90 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 88 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 9 × Platinum 630,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 30,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 9 × Platinum 720,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 4 × Platinum 240,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 150,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 400,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 6 × Platinum 180,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Platinum 60,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 6 × Platinum 90,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 4 × Platinum 160,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 4 × Platinum 1,219,000 United States ( RIAA ) 9 × Platinum 5,622,000 <Th_colspan="3"> Streaming Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 1,300,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of best - selling singles List of UK Singles Chart number ones of 2014 List of number - one singles of 2014 ( Australia ) List of number - one singles of 2014 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles of 2015 ( South Africa ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 2015 ( U.S. ) List of number - one digital songs of 2015 ( U.S. ) List of best - selling singles in Australia References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Farragher , Mike ( 8 January 2015 ) . `` Irish Central - Ed Sheeran X '' . 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Billboard. 13 April 2015 . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Angel , Meredith ( 16 April 2015 ) . `` Ed Sheeran puts Spotify users to sleep the most '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved 21 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Dowling , Tim ( 14 April 2015 ) . `` Spotify 's top 20 songs to help you sleep : we put them to the test '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Weiner , Natalie ( 12 October 2015 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Thinking Out Loud ' the First Song to Hit 500 Million Spotify Streams '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Leaning power : Spotify names its most streamed track of all time '' . The Guardian . 12 November 2015 . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Renner , Jeremy ( 28 April 2015 ) . Hawkeye Sings About His Super Powers ( Ed Sheeran `` Thinking Out Loud '' Parody ) . The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Foster , Scott Michael ( 24 January 2017 ) . Let 's Have Intercourse - feat . Scott Michael Foster . Crazy Ex-Girlfriend . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Izundu , Chi Chi ( 10 August 2016 ) . `` Ed Sheeran sued over claims he 's ripped off a Marvin Gaye song '' . BBC . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thinking Out Loud ( 2track ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 4 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thinking Out Loud ( Alex Adair Remix ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 4 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thinking Out Loud Australian Exclusive EP '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 4 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 2 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 27 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 100 Billboard Brasil - weekly '' . Billboard Brasil. 15 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Bulgarian Association of Music Producers '' . Bulgarian Association of Music Producers . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Ed Sheeran . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada AC for Ed Sheeran . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada CHR / Top 40 for Ed Sheeran . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada Hot AC for Ed Sheeran . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201508 into search . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201448 into search . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Euro Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran : Thinking Out Loud '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History '' . RÚV . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Angrezi Top 20 '' . The Times of India - Radio Mirchi . Archived from the original on 13 February 2015 . Retrieved 13 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 44 , 2014 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Chart history '' Japan Hot 100 for Ed Sheeran . Retrieved 31 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Lebanese Chart Top 20 History '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Retrieved 25 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Airplay '' . Billboard . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Ingles Airplay '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts monitorLATINO '' . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 49 , 2014 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 7 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 20 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Media Forest - Know You Are ON AIR '' . mediaforest.ro . Retrieved 29 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201504 into search . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201504 into search . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2015 - 01 - 27 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved 27 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 21 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 1 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 8 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Ed Sheeran . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Alternative Songs for Ed Sheeran . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Ed Sheeran . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Ed Sheeran . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Chart history '' Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay for Ed Sheeran . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Chart history '' Billboard Latin Airplay for Ed Sheeran . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Chart history '' Billboard Latin Pop Songs for Ed Sheeran . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Ed Sheeran . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Chart history '' Billboard Rhythmic Songs for Ed Sheeran . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Record Report - Pop General '' . Record Report . 14 February 2015 . Archived from the original on 6 February 2015 . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Record Report - Top Anglo '' . Record Report . 14 February 2015 . Archived from the original on 6 February 2015 . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts -- ARIA Top 100 Singles 2014 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 1 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 , 2014 '' . Hitlisten.NU . Archived from the original on 8 January 2015 . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MAHASZ Stream TOP 100 - 2014 '' ( in Hungarian ) . Association of Hungarian Record Companies . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA - Best of Singles '' . IRMA Charts . Irish Record Music Association . Retrieved 30 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI - Classifiche Annuali 2014 `` TOP OF THE MUSIC '' FIMI - GfK : un anno di musica italiana '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Archived from the original on 13 January 2015 . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaarlijsten 2014 '' ( in Dutch ) . Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Single 2014 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2014 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 27 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2014 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Swedish Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 - 2014 '' . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2015 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade 2015 '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 4 January 2016 . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2015 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop & Hung Medien . Retrieved 26 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports annuels 2015 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 , 2015 '' . Hitlisten.NU . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classement Singles - année 2015 '' ( in French ) . infodisc.fr . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MAHASZ Single ( track ) TOP 100 - chart - pozíció alapján - 2015 '' ( in Hungarian ) . Association of Hungarian Record Companies . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MAHASZ Stream TOP 100 - 2015 '' ( in Hungarian ) . Association of Hungarian Record Companies . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA - Best of Singles '' . IRMA Charts . Irish Record Music Association . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Israel Airplay Year End 2015 '' . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche `` Top of the Music '' 2015 FIMI - GfK : La musica italiana in vetta negli album e nei singoli digitali '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaarlijsten 2015 '' ( in Dutch ) . Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Single 2015 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2015 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay -- podsumowanie 2015 roku '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official year end singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles 2015 '' ( in Spanish ) . PROMUSICAE . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2015 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Swedish Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - end Charts 2015 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 - 2015 '' . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Songs Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Media Group . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Pop Songs Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Media Group . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dance / Mix Show Songs Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Media Group . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Media Group . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` As 100 Mais Tocadas nas Rádios Jovens em 2016 '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 , 2016 '' . Hitlisten.NU . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Single 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2016 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . Enter Ed Sheeran in the field Interpret . Enter Thinking Out Loud in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2016 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' . Music Canada . 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' . IFPI Denmark . 5 April 2016 . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Ed Sheeran ; ' Thinking Out Loud ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Ed Sheeran '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' . Recorded Music NZ. 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ED SHEERAN - Thinking out Loud '' . ED SHEERAN - Thinking out Loud - Elportaldemusica.es : Novedades y Listas Oficiales de Ventas de Música en España . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran - Thinking Out Loud '' ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Ed Sheeran ; ' Thinking Out Loud ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' ( Official Video ) on YouTube `` Thinking Out Loud '' ( Official Fan Video ) on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> Ed Sheeran songs <Td_colspan="2"> Discography + `` The A Team '' `` Drunk '' `` Small Bump '' `` Lego House '' `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' `` Give Me Love '' `` The Parting Glass '' x `` One '' `` I 'm a Mess '' `` Sing '' `` Do n't '' `` Photograph '' `` Bloodstream '' `` Tenerife Sea '' `` The Man '' `` Thinking Out Loud '' `` Afire Love '' ÷ `` Eraser '' `` Castle on the Hill '' `` Dive '' `` Shape of You '' `` Perfect '' `` Galway Girl '' `` Happier '' `` New Man '' `` What Do I Know ? '' `` How Would You Feel ( Paean ) '' `` Supermarket Flowers '' `` Nancy Mulligan '' Featured songs `` All About It '' `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' `` Dreamers '' `` Everything Has Changed '' `` Hush Little Baby '' `` If I Could '' `` Lay It All on Me '' `` Old School Love '' `` Reuf '' `` Teardrop '' `` Watchtower '' `` Young Guns '' Other songs `` All of the Stars '' `` Candle in the Wind '' `` I See Fire '' `` Make It Rain '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Grammy Award for Song of the Year ( 2010s ) <Td_colspan="2"> Thaddis `` Kuk '' Harrell , Beyoncé Knowles , Terius Nash & Christopher Stewart -- `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' 2011 Dave Haywood , Josh Kear , Charles Kelley & Hillary Scott -- `` Need You Now '' 2012 Adele Adkins & Paul Epworth -- `` Rolling in the Deep '' 2013 Jack Antonoff , Jeff Bhasker , Andrew Dost & Nate Ruess -- `` We Are Young '' 2014 Joel Little & Ella Yelich O'Connor -- `` Royals '' 2015 James Napier , William Phillips & Sam Smith -- `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) 2016 Ed Sheeran & Amy Wadge -- `` Thinking Out Loud '' 2017 Adele Adkins & Greg Kurstin -- `` Hello '' <Td_colspan="2"> Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thinking_Out_Loud&oldid=803599322 '' Categories : 2014 songs 2014 singles 2010s ballads Ed Sheeran songs Song recordings produced by Jake Gosling Songs written by Ed Sheeran Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Denmark Number - one singles in New Zealand South African Airplay Chart number - one singles Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Soul ballads Grammy Award for Song of the Year Works involved in plagiarism controversies Songs written by Amy Wadge Blue - eyed soul songs Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Portuguese - 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1. Ed Sheeran
2. Thinking Out Loud
3. Songwriting
4. Music video
5. Chart performance
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water-based transportation for trade and communication in italy was discouraged by
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Transport in Italy - wikipedia Transport in Italy Italy within the European Union Italy has a well developed transport infrastructure . The Italian rail network is extensive , especially in the north , and it includes a high - speed rail network that joins the major cities of Italy from Naples through northern cities such as Milan and Turin . Italy has 2,507 people and 12.46 km per kilometer of rail track , giving Italy the world 's 13th largest rail network . Italy 's road network is also widespread , with a total length of about 487,700 km . It comprises both an extensive motorway network ( 6,400 km ) , mostly toll roads , and national and local roads . Because of its long seacoast , Italy also has a large number of harbors for the transportation of both goods and passengers . Transport networks in Italy are integrated into the Trans - European Transport Networks . Contents 1 Railways 1.1 High speed trains 1.2 Intercity trains 1.3 Regional trains 1.4 Rapid transit 1.5 Rail links with adjacent countries 1.6 Vatican City and San Marino 1.7 Stations 2 Roads 3 Waterways 4 Ports and harbours 5 Air transport 5.1 Airlines 5.2 Airports 5.3 Busiest airports 6 Bus 6.1 Airport shuttle 6.2 Local bus 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Railways ( edit ) A Frecciarossa high - speed train New Italo high - speed train of NTV , capable of 360 km / h Main article : Rail transport in Italy See also : List of railway companies , List of town tramway systems in Italy , and List of trolleybus systems in Italy The Italian railway system has a length of 19,394 km ( 12,051 mi ) , of which 18,071 km ( 11,229 mi ) standard gauge and 11,322 km ( 7,035 mi ) electrified . The active lines are 16,723 km . The network is recently growing with the construction of the new high - speed rail network . The narrow gauge tracks are : 112 km ( 70 mi ) of 1,000 mm ( 3 ft 3 ⁄ in ) gauge ( all electrified ) ; 1,211 km ( 752 mi ) of 950 mm ( 3 ft 1 ⁄ in ) gauge ( of which 153 km ( 95 mi ) electrified ) A major part of the Italian rail network is managed and operated by Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane , a state owned company . Other regional agencies , mostly owned by public entities such as regional governments , operate on the Italian network . The Italian railways are subsidised by the government , receiving € 8.1 billion in 2009 . Travellers who often make use of the railway during their stay in Italy might use Rail Passes , such as the European Inter-Rail or Italy 's national and regional passes . These rail passes allow travellers the freedom to use regional trains during the validity period , but all high - speed and intercity trains require a 10 - euro reservation fee . Regional passes , such as `` Io viaggio ovunque Lombardia '' , offer one - day , multiple - day and monthly period of validity . There are also saver passes for adults , who travel as a group , with savings up to 20 % . Foreign travellers should purchase these passes in advance , so that the passes could be delivered by post prior to the trip . When using the rail passes , the date of travel needs to be filled in before boarding the trains . High speed trains ( edit ) The Milan -- Bologna high - speed railway Main article : High - speed rail in Italy Major works to increase the commercial speed of the trains already started in 1967 : the Rome - Florence `` super-direct '' line was built for trains up to 230 km / h , and reduced the journey time to less than two hours . This is the first high - speed train line in Europe , as its operations started in 1977 . In 2009 a new high - speed line linking Milan and Turin , operating at 300 km / h , opened to passenger traffic , reducing the journey time from two hours to one hour . In the same year , the Milan - Bologna line was open , reducing the journey time to 55 minutes . Also the Bologna - Florence high - speed line was upgraded to 300 km / h for a journey time of 35 minutes . Since then , it is possible to travel from Turin to Salerno ( ca . 950 km ) in less than 5 hours . More than 100 trains per day are operated . The main public operator of high - speed trains ( alta velocità AV , formerly Eurostar Italia ) is Trenitalia , part of FSI . Trains are divided into three categories : Frecciarossa ( `` Red arrow '' ) trains operate at a maximum of 300 km / h on dedicated high - speed tracks ; Frecciargento ( Silver arrow ) trains operate at a maximum of 250 km / h on both high - speed and mainline tracks ; Frecciabianca ( White arrow ) trains operate at a maximum of 200 km / h on mainline tracks only . Since 2012 , a new and Italy 's first private train operator , NTV ( branded as Italo ) , run high - speed services in competition with Trenitalia . Even nowadays , Italy is the only county in Europe with a private high - speed train operator . Construction of the Milan - Venice high - speed line has begun in 2013 and in 2016 the Milan - Treviglio section has been opened to passenger traffic ; the Milan - Genoa high - speed line ( Terzo Valico dei Giovi ) is also under construction . Today it is possible to travel from Rome to Milan in less than 3 hours ( 2h 55 ' ) with the Frecciarossa 1000 , the new high - speed train . To cover this route , there 's a train every 30 minutes . Intercity trains ( edit ) With the introduction of high - speed trains , intercity trains are limited to few services per day on mainline and regional tracks . The daytime services ( Intercity IC ) , while not freuquent and limited to one or two trains per route , are essential in providing access to cities and towns off the railway 's mainline network . The main routes are Trieste to Rome ( stopping at Venice , Bologna , Prato , Florence and Arezzo ) , Milan to Rome ( stopping at Genoa , La Spezia , Pisa and Livorno / stopping at Parma , Modena , Bologna , Prato , Florence and Arezzo ) , Bologna to Lecce ( stopping at Rimini , Ancona , Pescara , Bari and Brindisi ) and Rome to Reggio di Calabria ( stopping at Latina and Naples ) . In addition , the Intercity trains provide a more economical means of long - distance rail travel within Italy . The night trains ( Intercity Notte ICN ) have sleeper compartments and washrooms , but no showers on board . Main routes are Rome to Bolzano / Bozen ( calling at Florence , Bologna , Verona , Rovereto and Trento ) , Milan to Lecce ( calling at Bologna , Rimini , Ancona , Pescara , Bari and Brindisi ) , Turin to Lecce ( calling at Alessandria , Voghera , Piacenza , Parma , Bologna , Rimini , Pescara , Bari and Brindisi ) and Reggio di Calabria to Turin ( calling Naples , Rome , Livorno , La Spezia and Genova ) . Most portions of these ICN services run during the night ; since most services take 10 to 15 hours to complete a one - way journey , their day - time portion provide extra train connections to complement with the Intercity services . There are a total of 86 intercity trains running within Italy per day . Regional trains ( edit ) Trenitalia operates regional services ( both fast veloce RGV and stopping REG ) throughout Italy . Regional train agencies exist : their train schedules are largely connected to and shown on Trenitalia , and tickets for such train services can be purchased through Trenitalia 's national network . Other regional agencies have separate ticket systems which are not mutually exchangeable with that of Trenitalia . These `` regional '' tickets could be purchased at local newsagents or tobacco stores instead . Trentino - Alto Adige / Trentino - Südtirol : Südtirol Bahn ( South Tyrol Railway ) runs regional services on Ala / Ahl - am - Etsch to Bolzano / Bozen ( calling at Rovereto / Rofreit , Trento / Trient and Mezzocorona / Kronmetz ) , Bolzano / Bozen to Merano / Meran , Bressanone / Brixen to San Candido / Innichen , and a direct `` Tirol regional express REX '' service between Bolzano / Bozen in Italy and Innsbruck in Austria . Veneto : Sistemi Territoriali runs regional trains in Veneto region . Lombardy : Trenord runs the Malpensa Express airport train , many Milan 's suburban lines and most regional train services in Lombardy . Trenord also co-operates with DB and ÖBB on the EuroCity Verona - Munich service , and with SBB CFF FFS ( joint - venture TiLo ) on the regional Milan - Bellinzona service . Emilia - Romagna : Ferrovie Emilia Romagna provides vital connections across cities on different mainline networks , including Modena , Parma , Suzzara , Ferrara , Reggio Emilia and Bologna . Tuscany : La Ferroviaria Italiana operates in Arezzo province . Abruzzo : Sangritana runs daily services between Pescara and Lanciano . In addition to these agencies , there 's a great deal of other little operators , such as AMT Genova for the Genova - Casella railway . Rapid transit ( edit ) AnsaldoBreda train for the Brescia Metro . A station of the new M5 line of Milan . Cities with metro systems : City Name Lines Length ( km ) Stations Opening Brescia Brescia Metro 13.7 17 2013 Catania Catania Metro 6 1999 Genoa Genoa Metro 7.1 8 Milan Milan Metro 101 113 1964 Naples Naples Metro 15.8 19 Rome Rome Metro 60.0 73 1955 Turin Turin Metro 13.2 21 2006 Cities with commuter rail systems : Bari ( Bari metropolitan railway service ) Genoa ( Nodo Ferroviario di Genova , 5 lines ) Milan ( Milan suburban railway service ) Naples , 5 lines Palermo ( Palermo metropolitan railway service ) Rome , 8 lines ( FR lines ) Salerno ( Salerno metropolitan railway service ) Turin ( Turin Metropolitan Railway Service ) Rail links with adjacent countries ( edit ) The Marseille - Vintimille railway line in Ventimiglia , near the French border See also : Rail transport in Italy § Rail links to adjacent countries Italy has 11 rail border crossings over the Alpine mountains with her neighbouring countries : six are designated as mainline tracks and two are metre - gauge tracks . The six mainline border crossings are : two with France ( one for Nice and Marseille ; the other for Lyon and Dijon ) , two with Switzerland ( one for Brig , Bern and Geneva ; the other for Chiasso , Lugano , Lucerne and Zürich ) , and two with Austria ( one for Innsbruck ; the other for Villach , Graz and Vienna ) . The two metre - gauge track crossings are located at the border town of Tirano ( enters Switzerland 's Canton Graubünden / Grisons ) and Domodossola ( enters Switzerland 's Locarno ) . There is a railway line connecting Italy 's northeastern port of Trieste to Slovenia , but no passenger or freight services operate on this track . Consequently , there is no direct connections between Trieste and Ljubljana , the capital of Slovenia , despite the proximity of both cities . Italy - France : Marseille - Ventimiglia railway , currently EuroCity trains of Thello Milan - Marseille and one EuroNight train of RZD Moscow - Nice . Italy - France : Fréjus Rail Tunnel at 1,338 m above sea , currently SNCF TGV trains Milan - Paris and Turin - Paris and EuroNight trains of Thello Venice - Paris Italy - Switzerland : Domodossola -- Locarno railway metre - gauge trains Italy - Switzerland : Simplon Tunnel , currently EuroCity trains of SBB CFF FFS Milan - Geneva and Milan - Bern Italy - Switzerland : connecting Varese ( Italy ) to Bellinzona ( Switzerland ) and runs on the eastern coast of Lake Maggiore Italy - Switzerland : Milan -- Chiasso railway , currently EuroCity trains of SBB CFF FFS Milan - Zürich Italy - Switzerland : Bernina railway at 2,253 m above sea , metre - gauge trains of RhB Tirano - St. Moritz and the Bernina Express tourist train Italy - Austria : Brenner railway at 1,371 m above sea , currently EuroCity trains of ÖBB - DB Munich - Verona and Munich - Venice / Bologna , and DB CityNightLine Munich - Rome / Milan Italy - Austria : at 1,175 m above sea connecting San Candido / Innichen ( Italy ) and Lienz ( Austria ) Italy - Austria : connecting Venice and Udine ( Italy ) to Villach ( Austria ) , currently EuroCity trains of ÖBB Venice - Vienna , EuroNight trains of ÖBB Vienna - Rome / Milan , and DB CityNightLine Munich - Venice Italy - Slovenia : Tarvisio -- Ljubljana Railway Vatican City and San Marino ( edit ) The Vatican City is also linked to Italy with a railway line and used only for special occasions . San Marino used to have a narrow gauge rail connection with Italy ; this was dismantled in 1944 . Stations ( edit ) Milano Centrale railway station , the second busiest in Italy after Roma Termini Bologna Centrale railway station , with underground High - speed platforms Main article : Railway stations in Italy Italy 's top ten railway stations by annual passengers are : Station passengers per year ( million ) Bologna Centrale 58 Firenze Santa Maria Novella 59 Genova Piazza Principe 24 Milano Centrale 120 Napoli Centrale 50 Roma Termini 150 Torino Porta Nuova 70 Venezia Mestre 31 Venezia Santa Lucia 30 Verona Porta Nuova 25 Stations with darker background are also served by High - speed trains Roads ( edit ) Autostrade network in Italy Italian motorways ( Autostrade ) are identified by green signs A motorway in Italy Main articles : Autostrade of Italy and State highway ( Italy ) Italy is one of the countries with the most vehicles per capita , with 690 per 1000 people in 2010 . Italy has a total of 487,700 km of paved roads , of which 6,758 km are motorways with a general speed limit of 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) , which since 2009 was provisioned for extension up to 150 km / h ( 93 mph ) . The speed limit in towns is usually 50 km / h ( 31 mph ) and less commonly 30 km / h ( 19 mph ) . Waterways ( edit ) Italy has 2,400 km ( 1,491 mi ) of navigable waterways for various types of commercial traffic , although of limited overall value . In the northern regions of Lombardy and Venetia , commuter ferry boats operate on Lake Garda and Lake Como to connect towns and villages at both sides of the lakes . The waterways in Venice , including the Grand Canal , serve as the vital transportation network for local residents and tourists . Frequent shuttle ferries ( vaporetta ) connect different points on the main island of Venice and other outlying islands of the lagoon . In addition , there are direct shuttle boats between Venice and the Venice Marco Polo Airport . Ports and harbours ( edit ) Genoa has one of the busiest seaport in Italy Gioia Tauro port Ravenna port show List of ports in Italy Ancona Arbatax Augusta Bari Brindisi Cagliari Catania Civitavecchia Genoa Gioia Tauro La Spezia Livorno Messina Milazzo Naples Olbia Palermo Porto Torres Ravenna Salerno Savona Taranto Trieste Venice Busiest ports by cargo tonnage in Italy ( 2008 ) Busiest ports by passengers in Italy ( 2008 ) Port Region Thousand tons % Taranto Apulia 49,522 9.4 Genoa Liguria 46,469 8.8 Trieste Friuli - Venezia Giulia 37,195 7.1 Gioia Tauro Calabria 31,527 6.0 Ravenna Emilia - Romagna 30,075 5.7 Venice Veneto 29,920 5.7 Livorno Tuscany 28,667 5.4 Augusta Sicily 26,849 5.1 Porto Foxi Sardinia 26,407 5.0 Santa Panagia Sicily 17,305 3.3 La Spezia Liguria 17,014 3.2 Savona - Vado Liguria 16,370 3.1 Milazzo Sicily 15,405 2.9 Olbia Sardinia 12,875 2.4 Brindisi Apulia 10,767 2.0 Other 129,851 24.7 Italy 526,218 100.0 Port Region Thousand pass . % Messina Sicily 10,380 11.5 Reggio di Calabria Calabria 10,116 11.2 Capri Campania 7,169 8.0 Naples Campania 6,185 6.9 Piombino Tuscany 5,036 5.6 Portoferraio Tuscany 3,927 4.4 Olbia Sardinia 3,567 4.0 Livorno Tuscany 3,251 3.6 Civitavecchia Lazio 2,677 3.0 Genoa Liguria 2,510 2.8 La Maddalena Sardinia 2,374 2.6 Palau Sardinia 2,364 2.6 Ischia Porto Campania 2,342 2.6 Palermo Sicily 1,949 Sorrento Campania 1,887 Other 24,423 27.1 Italy 90,157 100.0 Air transport ( edit ) Airlines ( edit ) See also : List of airlines of Italy Alitalia Airbus A330 - 200 Air Italy Boeing 737 MAX 8 Italy 's largest airline is Alitalia , which was privatised in 2008 . Its main hub is Rome Fiumicino Airport . Alitalia also operates a regional subsidiary under the Alitalia CityLiner brand . Italy 's second largest airline is Air Italy , which operates a network of domestic , European and long - haul destinations from its main hub at Milan Malpensa Airport . An important regional airline is Air Dolomiti , owned by the German Lufthansa Group . Low - cost carriers include Ernest Airlines , while Charter and leisure carriers include Neos , Blue Panorama Airlines and Mistral Air . Major Italian cargo operators are Alitalia Cargo and Cargolux Italia . Airports ( edit ) Main article : List of airports in Italy The Malpensa International Airport , the busiest airport in Italy by cargo traffic Italy is the fifth in Europe by number of passengers by air transport , with about 148 million passengers or about 10 % of the European total in 2011 . Most of passengers in Italy are on international flights ( 57 % ) . A big share of domestic flights connect the major islands ( Sardinia and Sicily ) to the mainland . Domestic flights between major Italian cities as Rome and Milan still play a relevant role but are declining since the opening of the Italian high - speed rail network in recent years . Italy has a total as of 130 airports in 2012 , of which 99 have paved runways : over 3,047 m : 9 2,438 to 3,047 m : 31 1,524 to 2,437 m : 18 914 to 1,523 m : 29 under 914 m : 12 Airports - with unpaved runways in 2012 : total : 31 1,524 to 2,437 m : 1 914 to 1,523 m : 11 under 914 m : 19 Busiest airports ( edit ) Rome Fiumicino airport , the busiest in Italy . This is a list of the top ten busiest airports in Italy in 2017 . Airport Movements <Th_colspan="3"> Passengers Freight ( tons ) domestics internationals total Rome Fiumicino 297,491 11,462,218 29,378,923 40,971,881 185,898.6 Milan Malpensa 178,953 3,164,224 18,873,017 22,169,167 589,719 Bergamo Orio al Serio 86,113 3,270,761 9,060,022 12,336,137 125,948 Venice Marco Polo 92,263 1,358,618 8,988,759 10,371,380 60,852.8 Milan Linate 117,730 4,927,688 4,575,377 9,548,363 13,815 Catania Fontanarossa 68,170 6,184,360 2,925,385 9,120,913 6,691.3 Naples Capodichino 75,013 2,976,752 5,575,471 8,577,507 11,068.5 Bologna Guglielmo Marconi 71,878 1,935,193 6,246,461 8,198,156 56,132.1 Rome Ciampino 54,236 218,880 5,636,570 5,885,812 17,042.4 Palermo Punta Raisi 46,627 4,399,601 1,353,444 5,775,274 324 Other 463,843 22,018,266 20,254,008 42,430,814 77,727.3 Total 1,552,317 61,916,561 112,867,437 175,415,404 1,145,219 Bus ( edit ) There are long - distance intercity buses run by local companies , but the services are infrequent during the week and usually provide a secondary link to railway services . Italy does not have a nationwide coach operator . However , in 2015 , the British company Megabus ( Europe ) launched daily intercity bus services on several domestic routes This makes a daily total of 12 services in each direction between Rome and Bologna . Flixbus , a company founded in the course of the opening of the German intercity bus market also serves routes in Italy both domestic and international . Airport shuttle ( edit ) Airport shuttle buses , however , are highly developed and convenient for rail travellers . Most airports in Italy are not connected to the railway network , except for Rome Fiumicino Airport , Milan Malpensa Airport and Turin Caselle Airport . In Bologna , a light - rail track is under construction to connect Bologna Airport to the main railway station . Venice : Venezia - Mestre station - Marco Polo Airport ( 50 minutes ) and Treviso Airport Milan : Milano Centrale station - Malpensa Airport ( 1 hour 5 minutes ) , Linate Airport ( 35 minutes ) and Milan Bergamo Airport ( 1 hour ) Brescia : Brescia station - Milan Bergamo Airport ( 1 hour ) Rome : Rome Termini station - Fiumicino Airport by train Verona : Verona Porta Nuova station - Villafranca `` Catullo '' Airport ( 20 minutes ) Bologna : Centrale station - Bologna Airport ( 20 minutes ) Pescara Centrale station - Abruzzo Airport ( 10 minutes ) Florence : Firenze SM Novella station - Florence Airport Local bus ( edit ) Local buses are usually divided into urban ( urbano ) and suburban ( interurbano or extraurbano ) lines . See also ( edit ) Transport portal Italy portal Economy of Italy History of Italy Renewable energy in Italy Tourism in Italy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Compare List of countries by rail transport network size . Jump up ^ CIA World Factbook 2005 Jump up ^ `` La rete oggi '' . RFI Rete Ferroviaria Italiana . Archived from the original on 4 December 2011 . Retrieved 15 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The age of the train '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Rail Passes - ItaliaRail - Italy Train Ticket and Rail Pass Experts '' . www.italiarail.com . Jump up ^ `` Viaggia con i treni Frecciarossa e acquista il biglietti a prezzi scontati - Le Frecce - Trenitalia '' . www.trenitalia.com ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Metronapoli lines Jump up ^ `` La Ferrovia dello Stato della Città del Vaticano '' ( in Italian ) . Sala stampa della Santa Sede . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` la `` Ferrovia Rimini - San Marino '' '' ( in Italian ) . www.ferroviedismesse.com . Retrieved 6 January 2012 . Jump up ^ John Sousanis ( 15 August 2011 ) . `` World Vehicle Population Tops 1 Billion Units '' . Ward AutoWorld . Archived from the original on 27 August 2011 . Retrieved 27 August 2011 . Jump up ^ See also : List of countries by vehicles per capita Jump up ^ Art . 142 Traffic Regulation ^ Jump up to : `` Italy '' . The World Factbook . CIA . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Graduatoria dei porti italiani '' . Istat . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Italy : Alitalia still dominant on domestic routes ; 3rd behind Ryanair / easyJet on intl / EU '' . anna.aero . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Di Leo , Luca ; Sorlini , Gordon ( 21 November 2008 ) . `` Alitalia Rescue Plan Receives Governmental Green Light '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ciao Meridiana , welcome AIR ITALY '' ( PDF ) . Air Italy . 1 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trasporto aereo in Italia ( PDF ) '' . ISTAT . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistiche Dicembre 2017 '' . assaeroporti.com . Retrieved 23 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Getting to Italy and getting around '' . TripAdvisor . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Transport in Italy at Wikimedia Commons <Th_colspan="3"> Italy articles History Chronology Prehistory Italic peoples Ancient Italian peoples Pre-Nuragic Sardinia Nuragic peoples Etruscan civilization Nuragic civilization Phoenician / Carthaginian colonies Magna Graecia Ancient Rome Kingdom Republic Empire Middle Ages Italy under Odoacer Ostrogoths Byzantium Lombards the Holy Roman Empire the Sardinian Judgedoms Arabs Normans Guelphs and Ghibellines Italian city - states Maritime republics Renaissance Italian Wars Early Modern period Unification Revolutions of 1820 Revolutions of 1830 Revolutions of 1848 Sicilian revolution of 1848 First War of Independence Crimean War Second War of Independence Expedition of the Thousand Third War of Independence Capture of Rome Monarchy and the World Wars Kingdom of Italy Colonial Empire World War I Fascist Italy World War II Resistance Civil War Republic Economic Boom Years of Lead Years of Mud Mani pulite By topic Citizenship Currency Economy Fashion Flags Genetic Historic states Military Music Postal Railways Geography <Td_colspan="2"> Peninsula Northern Northwest Northeast Central Southern South Insular Climate Fauna Flora Mountains Prealps Alps Apennines Volcanology Volcanoes Beaches Canals Caves Earthquakes Islands Lakes National parks Rivers Valleys Politics <Td_colspan="2"> Constitution Elections Referendums Foreign relations Missions Judiciary Law enforcement Military Parliament Chamber of Deputies Senate Political parties President Prime Minister Council of Ministers Regions Provinces Metropolitan cities Comune Municipalities Cities Economy <Td_colspan="2"> Economic history Milan Naples Rome Turin Regions by GDP Automotive industry Banking Central Bank Companies Energy Government debt Science and technology Stock exchange Taxation Telecommunications Internet Tourism Trade unions Transportation Welfare Society <Td_colspan="2"> Abortion Adoption Billionaires Capital punishment Corruption Crime Demographics Education Secondary Higher Universities Emigration Fathers ' rights movement Feminism Gambling Health Healthcare Immigration LGBT rights Nobility Prostitution Racism Religion Smoking Social class Terrorism Women Culture Duecento Trecento Quattrocento Cinquecento Seicento Settecento Architecture Art Castles Cinema Cuisine Beer Wine Cultural icons Decorations Design Fashion Festivals Folklore Italian language Regional Italian Italian literature Italophilia Italophobia Languages Media Newspapers Radio TV Monuments Music Classical Folk Opera Popular Mythology National symbols Anthem Emblem Flag Regions National monument Personification People Philosophy Public holidays Festa della Repubblica Sculpture Sport Traditions World Heritage Sites <Td_colspan="3"> Italy portal Commons News Quotes Travel WikiProject <Th_colspan="2"> Transport in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Italy&oldid=852840397 '' Categories : Transport in Italy Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from July 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Español Français Hrvatski Italiano Lietuvių Magyar 日本 語 Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 18 : 50 ( UTC ) . 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how many citizenships can you have in england
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Multiple citizenship - wikipedia Multiple citizenship Jump to : navigation , search Legal status of persons Concepts Administrative detention Citizenship Immigration ( illegal ) Jus sanguinis Jus soli Nationality Naturalization Permanent residency Statelessness Designations Administrative detainee Alien enemy Citizen ( dual / multiple naturalized ) Illegal immigrant Migrant worker Political prisoner Refugee Stateless person Social politics Illegal immigration Immigration law Nationalism Nationality law Nativism Multiple citizenship , dual citizenship , multiple nationality or dual nationality , is a person 's citizenship status , in which a person is concurrently regarded as a citizen of more than one state under the laws of those states . There is no international convention which determines the nationality or citizen status of a person . Citizenship status is defined exclusively by national laws , which can vary and can conflict . Multiple citizenship arises because different countries use different , and not necessarily mutually exclusive , criteria for citizenship . Colloquial speech refers to people `` holding '' multiple citizenship , but technically each nation makes a claim that a particular person is considered its national . Some countries do not permit dual citizenship . This may be by requiring an applicant for naturalization to renounce all existing citizenship , or by withdrawing its citizenship from someone who voluntarily acquires another citizenship , or by other devices . Some countries do not permit a renunciation of citizenship . Some countries permit a general dual citizenship while others permit dual citizenship but only of a limited number of countries . Most countries that permit dual citizenship still may not recognize the other citizenship of its nationals within its own territory , for example , in relation to entry into the country , national service , duty to vote , etc . Similarly , it may not permit consular access by another country for a person who is also its national . Some countries prohibit dual citizenship holders from serving in their military , on police forces or holding certain public offices . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Citizenship of multiple countries 2.1 Multiple citizenship avoided 2.2 Involuntary multiple citizenship 2.3 Complex laws on dual citizenship 2.4 Partial citizenship , and residency 2.5 Multiple citizenship `` not recognized '' 2.6 `` Dormant '' citizenship and `` right of return '' 2.7 Multiple citizenship encouraged 3 Subnational citizenship 3.1 Former instances 4 Supra - national citizenship 5 Effects and potential issues 5.1 National cohesiveness 5.2 Appearance of foreign allegiance 5.2. 1 Multiple citizenship among politicians 5.3 Taxation 5.4 Issues with international travel 5.5 Military service 5.6 Healthcare 6 Dual citizenship by region 6.1 Africa 6.2 The Americas 6.3 Asia - Pacific 6.4 Europe 6.4. 1 EU and EFTA countries and microstates 6.4. 1.1 EU countries and microstates 6.4. 1.2 EFTA countries 6.4. 1.3 The Nordic Passport Union 6.4. 2 The rest of Europe 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Up until the late 19th century , nations often decided who they claimed as their citizens or subjects , and did not recognize any other nationalities they held . Many states did not recognize the right of their citizens to renounce their citizenship without permission , due to policies that originated with the feudal theory of perpetual allegiance to the sovereign . This meant that people could hold multiple citizenships , with none of their nations recognizing any other of their citizenships . Until the early modern era , when levels of migration were insignificant , this was not a serious issue . However , when non-trivial levels of migration began , this state of affairs sometimes led to international incidents , with countries of origin refusing to recognize the new nationalities of natives who had migrated , and when possible , conscripting natives who had naturalized as citizens of another country into military service . The most notable example was the War of 1812 , triggered by British impressment of American seamen who were alleged to be British subjects into naval service . In the aftermath of the 1867 Fenian Rising , Irish - Americans who had gone to Ireland to participate in the uprising and were caught were charged with treason , as the British authorities considered them to be British subjects . This outraged many Irish - Americans , to which the British responded by pointing out that , just like British law , American law also recognized perpetual allegiance . As a result , Congress passed the Expatriation Act of 1868 , which granted Americans the right to freely renounce their U.S. citizenship . Britain followed suit with a similar law , and years later , signed a treaty agreeing to treat British subjects who had become U.S. citizens as no longer holding British nationality . During this time , diplomatic incidents had also arisen between the United States and several other European countries over their tendency to conscript naturalized American citizens visiting their former homelands . In response , the US government negotiated agreements with various European states known as the Bancroft Treaties , under which the signatories pledged to treat the voluntary naturalization of a former citizen or national with another sovereign nation as a renunciation of their citizenship . As a result , the theory of perpetual allegiance largely fell out of favor with governments during the late 19th century . With the consensus of the time being that dual citizenship would only lead to diplomatic problems , more governments began prohibiting it , and revoking the nationality of citizens holding another nationality . By the mid-20th century , dual nationality was largely prohibited worldwide , although there were exceptions . For example , a series of U.S. Supreme Court rulings permitted Americans born with citizenship in another country to keep it without losing their U.S. citizenship . At the 1930 League of Nations Codification Conference , an attempt was made to codify nationality rules into a universal worldwide treaty , the 1930 Hague Convention , whose chief aims would be to completely abolish both statelessness and dual citizenship . It proposed laws that would have reduced both , but in the end was ratified by only twenty nations . However , the consensus against dual nationality began to erode due to changes in social mores and attitudes . By the late 20th century it was becoming gradually accepted again . Many states were lifting restrictions on dual citizenship . For example , the British Nationality Act 1948 removed restrictions on dual citizenship in the United Kingdom , the 1967 Afroyim v. Rusk ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court prohibited the U.S. government from involuntarily stripping citizenship from Americans over dual citizenship , and the Canadian Citizenship Act , 1976 , removed restrictions on dual citizenship in Canada . The number of states allowing multiple citizenship further increased after a treaty in Europe requiring signatories to limit dual citizenship lapsed in the 1990s , and countries with high emigration rates began permitting it to maintain links with their respective diasporas . Citizenship of multiple countries ( edit ) Main articles : Citizenship and Naturalization The rights of citizenship are determined by each country , which sets its own criteria for citizenship . These criteria change from time to time , often becoming more restrictive . For example , until 1982 a person born in Britain was automatically a British citizen ; this was subjected to restrictions from 1983 . These laws may create situations where a person may satisfy the citizenship requirements of more than one country simultaneously . This would , in the absence of laws of one country or the other , allow the person to hold multiple citizenship . National laws may include criteria as to the circumstances , if any , in which a person may concurrently hold another citizenship . A country may withdraw its own citizenship if a person acquires a citizenship of another country , for example : Citizenship by descent ( jus sanguinis ) . Historically , citizenship was traced through the father , but today most countries permit the tracing through either parent , and some also through a grandparent . Today , the citizenship laws of most countries are based on jus sanguinis . In many cases , this basis for citizenship also extends to children born outside the country , and sometimes even when the parent has lost citizenship . Citizenship by birth on the country 's territory ( jus soli ) . The United States , Canada , and many Latin American countries grant unconditional birthright citizenship . To stop birth tourism , most countries have abolished it ; while Australia , France , Germany , Ireland , New Zealand , South Africa , and the United Kingdom have a modified jus soli , which requires at least one parent to be a citizen of the country ( jus sanguinis ) or a legal permanent resident who has lived in the country for several years . In the majority of such countries -- for example , in Canada -- children born to diplomats and under people outside the jurisdiction of the soil are not granted citizenship at birth . It is usually conferred automatically on the children once one of the parents obtain citizenship . Citizenship by marriage ( jure matrimonii ) . Some countries routinely give citizenship to spouses of its citizens , or may shorten the time for naturalization , but only in a few countries is citizenship granted on the wedding day ( e.g. , Iran ) . Some countries have regulations against so - called sham marriages ( e.g. , the United States ) , and some revoke the spouse 's citizenship if the marriage terminates within a specified time ( e.g. , Algeria ) . Citizenship by naturalization . Citizenship by adoption . A minor adopted from another country when at least one adoptive parent is a citizen . Citizenship by investment . Some countries give citizenship to people who make a substantial monetary investment in their country . There are three countries in Europe where this is possible and several in the Caribbean . The European countries are Malta as of 2014 , Austria , and Cyprus . The Caribbean countries are Antigua and Barbuda , Grenada , Dominica , St. Kitts & Nevis , and St. Lucia all grant citizenship immediately given due diligence is passed , without a requirement for any physical presence in the country . In Asia , Cambodia has laws enacted that allow foreigners to obtain citizenship through investment , but is difficult to receive without fluency in Khmer . Some countries grant citizenship based on religion : Israel gives all Jews the right to immigrate to Israel , by the Law of Return , and fast - tracked citizenship . Dual citizenship is permitted , but when entering the country the Israeli passport must be used . Citizenship by holding an office ( jus oficii ) . In the case of Vatican City , citizenship is based on holding an office , with Vatican citizenship held by the Pope , cardinals residing in Vatican City , active members of the Holy See 's diplomatic service , and other directors of Vatican offices and services . Vatican citizenship is lost when the office term comes to an end , and children can not inherit it from their parents . Since Vatican citizenship is time - limited , dual citizenship is allowed , and persons who would become stateless because of loss of Vatican citizenship automatically become Italian citizens . Once a country bestows citizenship , it may or may not consider a voluntary renunciation of that citizenship to be valid . In the case of naturalization , some countries require applicants for naturalization to renounce their former citizenship . For example , United States Chief Justice John Rutledge ruled `` a man may , at the same time , enjoy the rights of citizenship under two governments '' , but the United States requires applicants for naturalization to swear to an oath renouncing all prior `` allegiance and fidelity '' to any other nation or sovereignty as part of the naturalization ceremony . However , some countries do not recognise one of its citizens renouncing its citizenship . Effectively , the person in question may still possess both citizenships , notwithstanding the technical fact that he or she may have explicitly renounced one of the country 's citizenships before officials of the other . For example , the United Kingdom recognises a renunciation of citizenship only if it is done with competent UK authorities . Consequently , British citizens naturalized in the United States remain British citizens in the eyes of the British government even after they renounce British allegiance to the satisfaction of United States authorities . Irish nationality law applies to `` the island of Ireland '' , which extends citizenship to Northern Ireland , which is part of the United Kingdom . Therefore , anyone born in Northern Ireland who meets the requirements for being an Irish citizen through birth on the `` island of Ireland '' ( or a child born outside Ireland but with a qualifying parent ) can exercise rights accorded only to Irish citizens , including that of traveling under an Irish passport . Under Irish law , even if such a person has not acted in this way does not necessarily mean that they are not entitled to Irish citizenship . ( See Irish nationality law and British nationality law . ) People born in Northern Ireland are also British citizens on the same basis as people born elsewhere in the UK . People born in Northern Ireland may generally choose to hold a British passport , an Irish passport , or both . Multiple citizenship avoided ( edit ) Some countries consider multiple citizenship undesirable and take measures to avoid it . Since a country has control only over who has its citizenship , but has no control over who has any other country 's citizenship , the only way for a country to avoid multiple citizenship is to deny its citizenship to people in cases when they would have another citizenship . This may take the following forms : Automatic loss of citizenship if another citizenship is acquired voluntarily , such as Austria , Azerbaijan , China , India , Indonesia , Japan , Kazakhstan Nepal , the Netherlands ( unless certain conditions are met ) , Norway , and Singapore . Saudi Arabian citizenship may be withdrawn if a Saudi citizen obtains a foreign citizenship without the permission of the Prime Minister ( who is also the King ) . Possible ( but not automatic ) loss of citizenship if another citizenship is acquired voluntarily , such as South Africa . Possible ( but not automatic ) loss of citizenship if people with multiple citizenships do not renounce their other citizenships after reaching the age of majority or within a certain period of time after obtaining multiple citizenships , such as Japan and Montenegro . In Montenegro loss is automatic with some exceptions . Denying automatic citizenship from birth if the child may acquire another citizenship automatically at birth . Requiring an applicant for naturalization to apply to renounce his / her existing citizenship ( s ) , and provide proof from those countries that they have renounced citizenship , as a condition of naturalization . Involuntary multiple citizenship ( edit ) Involuntary multiple citizenship can happen in the following ways : If the parents of a child have different citizenships or are multiple citizens themselves , the child may gain multiple citizenship depending on whether and how jus soli and jus sanguinis apply for each citizenship . Some countries ( e.g. , Canada , the United States of America and many other countries in the Americas ) regard all children born there automatically to be citizens ( jus soli ) even if the parents are not legally present . There are exceptions , such as the child of a foreign diplomat living in the United States . Such a child would be eligible to become a lawful permanent resident , but not a citizen based on the U.S. birth . For example , a child born in the United States to Norwegian parents automatically has dual citizenship with the United States and Norway , even though Norway usually restricts or forbids dual citizenship . This has led to birth tourism , so some countries have abolished jus soli or restricted it ( i.e. , at least one parent must be a citizen or a legal , permanent resident who has lived in the country for several years ) . Some countries forbid their citizens to renounce their citizenship or try to discourage them from doing so . Policy changes may also render people to have multiple citizenship involuntarily , for example , when the sovereignty of a place is changed , the new country may declare the people on it to be citizens of the country . Complex laws on dual citizenship ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some countries do not simply allow or forbid dual or multiple citizenship in general , but have more complex rules , such as : Some countries allow dual citizenship , but restrict the rights of dual citizens : in Egypt dual citizens can not be elected to Parliament ; in Armenia dual citizens can not vote or be elected to Parliament ; in Israel , members of Parliament must renounce any other citizenship before taking their seat in the Knesset ; in Australia , dual citizens are ineligible to be elected to the Federal parliament . In the 2017 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis , five members of Parliament were found to have been ineligible for election due to holding dual citizenship , although most had not been aware of the fact ; in New Zealand , dual citizens may be elected to Parliament , but MPs once elected may not voluntarily become a citizen of another country , or take any act to have their foreign nationality recognised such as applying for a foreign passport . However , the only person to recently violate this , Harry Duynhoven , was protected by the passage of retroactive law ; In the Philippines , dual citizens may not run for any local elective office . Germany and Austria for the most part do not permit dual citizenship except for persons who obtain more than one citizenship at the time of birth . Germans and Austrians can apply for special permission to keep their citizenship ( Beibehaltungsgenehmigung ) before taking a second one ( for example , both Austria and the United States consider Arnold Schwarzenegger a citizen ) . In general , however , any Austrian who takes up a second citizenship will automatically lose Austrian citizenship . Since August 2007 , Germany has recognised dual citizenship if the other citizenship is either one of an EU member country or a Swiss citizenship so that a permission is not required any more in these cases , and in some exceptional cases , non-EU and non-Swiss citizens can keep their old citizenship when they become citizens of Germany . For more details , see German nationality law # Dual citizenship . Due to changes of the German law on dual citizenship , children of non-EU legal permanent residents can have dual citizenship if born and grown up in Germany ( the foreign - born parents usually can not have dual citizenship themselves ) . Acquisition of the nationality of Andorra , Portugal , the Philippines , Equatorial Guinea or Iberoamerican countries , is not sufficient to cause the loss of Spanish nationality by birth . Spain has dual citizenship treaties with Argentina , Bolivia , Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , the Dominican Republic , Ecuador , Honduras , Guatemala , Nicaragua , Paraguay , Peru , Puerto Rico and Venezuela ; Spaniards residing in these countries or territories do not lose their rights as Spaniards if they adopt that nationality . For all other countries , Spanish citizenship is lost three years after the acquisition of the foreign citizenship unless the individual declares officially their will to retain Spanish citizenship ( Spanish Nationality Law ) . Upon request Spain has allowed persons from Puerto Rico to acquire Spanish citizenship . On the other hand , foreign nationals who acquire Spanish nationality must relinquish their previous nationality , unless they are natural - born citizens of an Iberoamerican country , Andorra , the Philippines , Equatorial Guinea or Portugal even if these countries do not grant their citizens a similar treatment , or Sephardi Jews . See also the section on `` dormant '' citizenship . Prior to 2011 , South Korea did not permit dual citizenship after the age of 21 . Now a limited number of persons can have it . For details , see South Korean nationality law # Dual citizenship . Like Germans and Austrians , citizens of South Africa must apply for permission to keep their citizenship when acquiring the citizenship of another country . The Turkish government requires that Turkish citizens who apply for another nationality inform the appropriate Turkish officials ( the nearest Turkish embassy or consulate abroad ) and provide the original naturalization certificate , Turkish birth certificate , document showing completion of military service ( for males ) , marriage certificate ( if applicable ) and four photographs . Dual nationals are not compelled to use a Turkish passport to enter and leave Turkey ; it is permitted to travel with a valid foreign passport and the Turkish National ID card . Pakistan allows dual citizenship with only 16 countries : Australia , Belgium , Canada , Egypt , France , Iceland , Ireland , Italy , Jordan , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Sweden , Switzerland , Syria , the United Kingdom , and the United States . Partial citizenship , and residency ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Many countries allow foreigners or former citizens to live and work indefinitely there . However , for voting , being voted and working for the public sector or the national security in a country , citizenship of the country concerned is almost always required . Since 2008 , Poland has granted the `` Polish Card '' ( Karta Polaka ) to ethnic Poles who are citizens of the successor states of the former Soviet Union and can prove they have Polish ancestors and knowledge of the Polish language and declare their Polish ethnicity in written form . Holders of the Card are not regarded as citizens , but enjoy some privileges other foreigners do not , e.g. entry visa , right to work , education , or healthcare in Poland . As stated above , Poland currently has no specific laws on dual citizenship ; a second citizenship is tolerated , but not recognized . Turkey allows its citizens to have dual citizenship if they inform the authorities before acquiring the second citizenship ( see above ) , and former Turkish citizens who have given up their Turkish citizenship ( for example , because they have naturalized in a country that usually does not permit dual citizenship , such as Germany , Austria or the Netherlands ) can apply for the `` Blue Card '' ( Mavi Kart ) , which gives them some citizens ' rights back , e.g. the right to live and work in Turkey , the right to possess land or the right to inherit , but not , for example , the right to vote . Overseas citizenship of India : The Constitution of India does not permit dual citizenship or dual nationality , except for minors where the second nationality was involuntarily acquired . Indian authorities interpreted this to mean a person can not have another country 's passport while simultaneously holding an Indian one , even for a child claimed by another country as its citizen , who may be required by the laws of this country to use the corresponding passports for foreign travel ( such as a child born in the United States to Indian parents ) . Indian courts have given the executive branch wide discretion over this matter . In 2005 , India amended the 1955 Citizenship Act to introduce a form of overseas citizenship , which stops just short of full dual citizenship and is , in all aspects , like permanent residency . Such overseas citizens are exempt from the rule forbidding dual citizenship ; they may not vote , run for office , join the army , or take up government posts , though these evolving principles are subject to revolving political discretions for those born in India with birthrights . Moreover , people who have acquired citizenship in Pakistan or Bangladesh are not eligible for overseas citizenship . Many countries ( e.g. United States , Canada , all EU countries and Switzerland , South Africa , Australia , New Zealand , and Singapore ) issue permanent residency status to foreigners deemed eligible . This status generally authorises a person to live and work in the issuing country indefinitely . There is no right to vote in the host country , and there may be other restrictions ( no consular protection ) and rights ( not subject to military conscription ) . Permanent residents may usually apply for citizenship after several years of residency . Depending both on the home country and the guest country , dual citizenship may or may not be permitted . For more details , see Permanent residency . Some countries have concluded treaties regulating travel and access to employment : A citizen of an EU country can live and work indefinitely in other EU countries and the four EFTA countries , and citizens of the EFTA countries can live and work in EU countries . Such EU citizens can vote in EU , but not national or local , elections . The Trans - Tasman Travel Arrangement between Australia and New Zealand allows their citizens to live and work in the other country . A citizen of a GCC member state ( Bahrain , Kuwait , Oman , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , and United Arab Emirates ) can live and work in other member states , but dual citizenship ( even with another GCC state ) is not allowed . Indian citizens do not need a visa to travel to and work in Nepal or Bhutan ( and vice versa ) , but none of the three countries allows dual citizenship . Multiple citizenship `` not recognized '' ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Master Nationality Rule Saying that a country `` does not recognize '' multiple citizenship is a confusing and ambiguous term . Often , it is simply a restatement of the Master Nationality Rule , whereby a country treats a person who is a citizen of both that country and another in the same way as one who is a citizen only of the country . In other words , the country `` does not recognize '' that the person has any other citizenship for the purposes of the country 's laws . In particular , citizens of a country may not be permitted to use another country 's passport or travel documents to enter or leave the country . `` Dormant '' citizenship and `` right of return '' ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The concept of a `` dormant citizenship '' means that a person has the citizenships of two countries , but as long as while living permanently in one country , their status and citizen 's rights in the other country are `` inactive '' . They will be `` reactivated '' when they move back to live permanently in the other country . This means , in spite of dual citizenship , only one citizenship can be exercised at a time . The `` dormant citizenship '' exists for example in Spain : Spanish citizens who have naturalized in an Iberoamerican country and have kept their Spanish citizenship are dual citizens , but have lost many of the rights of Spanish citizens resident in Spain -- and hence the EU -- until they move back to Spain . Some countries offer former citizens or citizens of former colonies of the country a simplified ( re - ) naturalization process . Depending on the laws of the two countries in question , dual citizenship may or may not be allowed . For details , see `` right of return '' . Multiple citizenship encouraged ( edit ) Some countries are more open to multiple citizenship than others , as it may help citizens travel and conduct business overseas . Countries that have taken active steps towards permitting multiple citizenship in recent years include Switzerland ( since January 1 , 1992 ) and Australia ( since April 4 , 2002 ) . Today , most advanced economies allow dual citizenship ; notable exceptions which restrict or forbid it are Austria , Germany , Japan , the Netherlands , Norway , Singapore , South Korea , and Spain . Of the newly industrialized countries , Brazil , Mexico , the Philippines , South Africa ( with prior permission ) , Thailand , and Turkey ( with prior permission ) allow dual citizenship , while China ( although Permanent Residents of Hong Kong and Macau may concurrently hold foreign passports ) , India , and Malaysia forbid it ( but all Malaysian and Indian citizens are Commonwealth citizens and are entitled to certain rights in the UK and other Commonwealth countries ; Indian citizens may also be regarded as SAARC citizens for some purposes , for example in receiving preferential treatment in obtaining Sri Lankan visas ; India allows overseas citizenship -- see above ) . Indonesia allows dual citizenship only until the age of 18 years . In former times , some countries ( Latin American countries and Canada ) advertised their policy of unconditional birthright citizenship to become more attractive for immigrants . Despite wide acceptance of dual citizenship , industrialized countries now try to protect themselves from birth tourism and uncontrollable immigration waves , so only Canada and the United States still grant unconditional birthright citizenship ( even for children of illegal immigrants ) . In both countries , there have been calls to change the laws , but , so far , they have not been successful . Brazil has similar policies ; the only people born in Brazil who do not automatically acquire Brazilian citizenship are those whose parents are residing in Brazil while serving their own countries ( as diplomats , military attachés , cultural attachés and the like ) . In Australia , France , Germany , Ireland , New Zealand , South Africa , and the UK , a child born there is regarded as a citizen only if at least one parent is either a citizen or a legal permanent resident who has lived there for several years . ( Germany usually restricts dual citizenship , so non-EU / non-Swiss citizens born and grown up abroad must usually renounce their old citizenship when naturalizing . ) Some countries ( e.g. Liechtenstein ) allow only citizens by descent to have dual citizenship , but require naturalized citizens to renounce their old citizenship . Subnational citizenship ( edit ) Under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , all persons born or naturalized in the United States , and subject to the jurisdiction thereof , are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they are deemed to reside . Certain rights accrue as an incident of state citizenship and access to federal courts can sometimes be determined on State citizenship . In addition , tribal sovereignty affords members ( `` citizens '' ) of federally recognized tribes ( `` nations '' ) a status comparable to local citizenship . Switzerland has a three - tier system of citizenship - Confederation , canton and commune ( municipality ) . Although considered part of the United Kingdom for British nationality purposes , the Crown Dependencies of Jersey , Guernsey and the Isle of Man have local legislation restricting certain employment and housing rights to those with `` local status '' . Although the British citizenship of people from these islands gives them full citizenship rights when in the United Kingdom , it does not give them the rights that British citizenship generally confers when in other parts of the European Union ( for example , the right to reside and work ) . In a similar way , a number of British Overseas Territories have a concept of `` belonger status '' for their citizens , in addition to their existing British citizenship . Citizens of the People 's Republic of China may be permanent residents of the Hong Kong or Macau Special Administrative Regions , or have household registration ( hukou ) somewhere in mainland China . School enrollment , work permission , and other civic rights and privileges ( such as whether one may apply for a Hong Kong SAR passport , Macau SAR passport , or People 's Republic of China passport ) are tied to the region in which the citizen has permanent residence or household registration . Although within mainland China the hukou system has loosened in recent years , movement between Macau , Hong Kong , and the mainland remains controlled . Mainland Chinese who migrate to Hong Kong on one - way permits have their mainland hukou cancelled , while children born in Hong Kong to visiting mainland parents can not receive mainland hukou unless they cancel their Hong Kong permanent residence status . People from Åland have joint regional ( Åland ) and national ( Finnish ) citizenship . People with Ålandic citizenship ( hembygdsrätt ) have the right to buy property and set up a business on Åland , but Finns without regional citizenship can not . Finns can get Ålandic citizenship after living on the islands for five years , and Ålanders lose their regional citizenship after living on the Finnish mainland for five years . The regional government of Puerto Rico began issuing Puerto Rican citizenship certificates in September 2007 after Juan Mari Brás , a lifelong supporter of independence , won a successful court victory that validated his claim that Puerto Rican citizenship was valid and can be claimed by anyone born on the island or with at least one parent who was born there . In Bosnia and Herzegovina , citizens hold also citizenship of their respective entity , generally that in which they reside . This citizenship can be of the Republika Srpska or of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina . One can not hold both entity citizenships simultaneously . In Malaysia , a federation of thirteen states , each state gives certain benefits such as baby bonus , education loans and scholarships to children born in the state ( or born to parents who were born in the state ) and / or residing in the state . The states of Sabah and Sarawak in East Malaysia each has its own immigration control and permanent residency system ; citizens from Peninsular Malaysian states are subject to immigration control in the two states . Former instances ( edit ) The use of internal passport to restrict residency and movement in the Soviet Union and in apartheid - era South Africa had the effect of tying local `` citizens '' to their assigned administrative entity ( titular nations and bantustans , respectively ) . Following the federalization of Czechoslovakia in 1968 , Czechoslovak citizens also possessed an internal citizenship of either the Czech or Slovak Republic . Upon the nation 's peaceful dissolution in 1993 , this was used to determine whether they ought to receive Czech or Slovak citizenship . Before the break - up of Yugoslavia in 1991 , Yugoslav citizens possessed an internal citizenship of their own republic ( Serbia , Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Slovenia , Macedonia , Montenegro ) as well as Yugoslav citizenship . In Serbia and Montenegro , this system was in effect until 2006 . When Singapore joined Malaysia in 1963 , all Singapore citizens were granted Malaysian citizenship . Singapore citizenship continued to exist as a subnational citizenship , and continued to be legislated by the Legislative Assembly of Singapore subject to the approval of the Parliament of Malaysia . Upon Singapore 's independence from Malaysia in 1965 , Malaysian citizenship was withdrawn from Singapore citizens , and all Singapore citizens became citizens of the new Republic of Singapore . Supra - national citizenship ( edit ) In European Union law , there is the concept of EU citizenship which flows from citizenship of a member state . A citizen of an EU country is free to live and to work in another EU country for an unlimited period of time , but member states may reserve the right to vote in national elections , stand for national election , become a public servant in highly sensitive ministries ( Defence for example ) , etc. only for their citizens , and in highly limited circumstances , may deport or refuse entry to citizens of other EU states . An EU state may place restrictions on the free movement rights of citizens of newly admitted states for several years , such provisions remain in force mostly for nationals of Croatia ( no later than 2020 ) ; in the past , and to a lesser extent , such provisions also affected Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Poland , the Czech Republic , Slovakia , Hungary , Slovenia , Bulgaria and Romania . The United Kingdom recognises a Commonwealth citizenship for the citizens of the member states of the Commonwealth of Nations . The United Kingdom allows non-nationals who are Commonwealth citizens to vote and stand for election while resident there , while most other Commonwealth countries make little or no distinction between citizens of other Commonwealth nations and citizens of non-Commonwealth nations . Commonwealth of Independent States nations ( the republics of the former Soviet Union ) are often eligible for fast track processing to citizenships of other CIS countries , with varying degrees of recognition / tolerance of dual citizenship among the states . Effects and potential issues ( edit ) It is often observed that dual citizenship may strengthen ties between migrants and their countries of origin and increase their propensity to remit funds to their communities of origin . Qualitative research on the impact of dual citizenship on the remittances , diaspora investments , return migration , naturalization and political behavior finds several ways in which multiple citizenship can affect these categories . As a bundle of rights , dual citizenship ( a ) enables dual citizens by granting special privileges , ( b ) affects their expectations about privileges in the decision - making process , and ( c ) eases the transaction process and reducing costs and risks , for example in the case of investing and conducting business . In addition , a dual legal status can have positive effects on diasporic identification and commitment to causes in the homeland , as well as to a higher naturalization rate of immigrants in their countries of residence . National cohesiveness ( edit ) Some have questioned whether allowing dual citizenship impedes cultural assimilation or social integration , increases disconnection from the political process , and degrades national or civic identity / cohesiveness . The rise in tension between mainstream and migrant communities is cited as evidence of the need to maintain a strong national identity and culture . They assert that the fact that a second citizenship can be obtained without giving anything up ( such as the loss of public benefits , welfare , healthcare , retirement funds , and job opportunities in the country of origin in exchange for citizenship in a new country ) both trivializes what it means to be a citizen and nullifies the consequential , transformational , and psychological change that occurs in an individual when they go through the naturalization process . In effect , this approach argues , the self - centered taking of an additional citizenship contradicts what it means to be a citizen in that it becomes a convenient and painless means of attaining improved economic opportunity without any real consequences and can just as easily be discarded when it is no longer beneficial . Proponents argue that dual citizenship can actually encourage political activity providing an avenue for immigrants who are unwilling to forsake their country of origin either out of loyalty or due to a feeling of separation from the mainstream society because of language , culture , religion , or ethnicity . A 2007 academic study concluded that dual citizens had a negative effect on the assimilation and political connectedness of first - generation Latino immigrants to the United States : 32 % less likely to be fluent in English 18 % less likely to identify as `` American '' 19 % less likely to consider the US as their homeland 18 % less likely to express high levels of civic duty 9 % less likely to register to vote 15 % less likely to have ever voted in a national election The study also noted that although dual nationality is likely to disconnect immigrants from the American political system and impede assimilation , the initial signs suggest that these effects seem to be limited almost exclusively to the first generation ( although it is mentioned that a full assessment of dual nationality beyond the first generation is not possible with present data ) . Concern over the effect of multiple citizenship on national cohesiveness is generally more acute in the United States . The reason for this is twofold : The United States is a `` civic '' nation and not an `` ethnic '' nation . American citizenship is not based on belonging to a particular ethnicity , but on political loyalty to American democracy and values . Regimes based on ethnicity , which support the doctrine of perpetual allegiance as one is always a member of the ethnic nation , are not concerned with assimilating non-ethnics since they can never become true citizens . In contrast , the essence of a civic nation makes it imperative that immigrants assimilate into the greater whole as there is not an `` ethnic '' cohesiveness uniting the populace . The United States is an immigrant nation . As immigration is primarily directed at family reunification and refugee status rather than education and job skills , the pool of candidates tends to be poorer , less educated , and consistently from less stable countries ( either non-democracies or fragile ones ) with less familiarity or understanding of American values , making their assimilation both more difficult and more important . The degree of angst over the effects of dual citizenship seemingly corresponds to a country 's model for managing immigration and ethnic diversity : The differential exclusionary model , which accepts immigrants as temporary `` guestworkers '' but is highly restrictive with regard to other forms of immigration and to naturalisation of immigrants . Many countries in Asia such as Japan , China , Taiwan , Singapore and the countries of the Middle East tend to follow this approach . The assimilationist model , which accepts that immigrants obtain citizenship , but on the condition that they give up some or all cultural , linguistic , or social characteristics that differ from those of the majority population . Europe is the primary example of this model , where immigrants are usually required to learn the official language , and cultural traditions such as Islamic dress are often barred in public spaces ( see Immigration to Europe ) . The multicultural model , which grants immigrants access to citizenship and to equal rights without demanding that they give up cultural , linguistic , or intermarriage restrictions or otherwise pressure them to integrate or inter-mix with the mainstream population . Canada , Australia , New Zealand and the United States have historically taken this approach , as exemplified by the fact that the United States has no official language , allowing official documents such as election ballots to be printed in a variety of languages . ( See Immigration to the United States . ) Appearance of foreign allegiance ( edit ) The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( June 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) People with multiple citizenship may be viewed as having dual loyalty , having the potential to act contrary to a government 's interests , and this may lead to difficulties in acquiring government employment where security clearance may be required . In the United States , dual citizenship is associated with two categories of security concerns : foreign influence and foreign preference . Contrary to common misconceptions , dual citizenship in itself is not the major problem in obtaining or retaining security clearance in the United States . As a matter of fact , if a security clearance applicant 's dual citizenship is `` based solely on parents ' citizenship or birth in a foreign country '' , that can be a mitigating condition . However , taking advantage of the entitlements of a non-US citizenship can cause problems . For example , possession or use of a foreign passport is a condition disqualifying one from security clearance and `` is not mitigated by reasons of personal convenience , safety , requirements of foreign law , or the identity of the foreign country '' as is explicitly clarified in a Department of Defense policy memorandum which defines a guideline requiring that `` any clearance be denied or revoked unless the applicant surrenders the foreign passport or obtains official permission for its use from the appropriate agency of the United States Government '' . This guideline has been followed in administrative rulings by the United States Department of Defense ( DoD ) Defense Office of Hearings and Appeals ( DOHA ) office of Industrial Security Clearance Review ( ISCR ) , which decides cases involving security clearances for Contractor personnel doing classified work for all DoD components . In one such case , an administrative judge ruled that it is not clearly consistent with US national interest to grant a request for a security clearance to an applicant who was a dual national of the U.S. and Ireland , despite the fact that it has with good relations with the US . In Israel , certain military units , including most recently the Israeli Navy 's submarine fleet , as well as posts requiring high security clearances , require candidates to renounce any other citizenship before joining , though the number of units making such demands has declined . In many combat units , candidates are required to declare but not renounce any foreign citizenship . On the other hand , Israel may view some dual citizens as desirable candidates for its security services due to their ability to legitimately enter neighbouring states which are closed to Israeli passport holders . The related case of Ben Zygier has caused debate about dual citizenship in Australia . Multiple citizenship among politicians ( edit ) This perception of dual loyalty can apply even when the job in question does not require security clearance . In the United States , dual citizenship is common among politicians or government employees . For example , Arnold Schwarzenegger retained his Austrian citizenship during his service as a Governor of California while US Senator Ted Cruz renounced his Canadian citizenship birthright on May 14 , 2014 . In 1999 , the US Attorney General 's office issued an official opinion that a statutory provision that required the Justice Department not to employ a non - `` citizen of the United States '' did not bar it from employing dual citizens . In Germany , politicians can have dual citizenship . David McAllister , who holds British and German citizenship , was minister president of the State of Lower - Saxony from July 1 , 2010 to February 19 , 2013 . He was the first German minister president to hold dual citizenship . A small controversy arose in 2005 when Michaëlle Jean was appointed the Governor General of Canada ( official representative of the Queen ) . Although Jean no longer holds citizenship in her native Haiti , her marriage to French - born filmmaker Jean - Daniel Lafond allowed her to obtain French citizenship several years before her appointment . Article 23 - 8 of the French civil code allows the French government to withdraw French nationality from French citizens holding government or military positions in other countries and Jean 's appointment made her both de facto head of state and commander - in - chief of the Canadian forces . The French embassy released a statement that this law would not be enforced because the Governor General is essentially a ceremonial figurehead . Nevertheless , Jean renounced her French citizenship two days before taking up office to end the controversy about it . However , former Canadian Prime Minister John Turner was born in the United Kingdom and still retains his dual citizenship . Stéphane Dion , former head of the Liberal Party of Canada and the previous leader of the official opposition , holds dual citizenship with France as a result of his mother 's nationality ; Dion nonetheless indicated a willingness to renounce French citizenship if a significant number of Canadians viewed it negatively . Thomas Mulcair , Leader of the New Democratic Party and former leader of Official Opposition in the Canadian House of Commons also holds dual citizenship with France . In Egypt , dual citizens can not be elected to Parliament . The Constitution of Australia , in Section 44 ( i ) , explicitly forbids people who hold allegiance to foreign powers from sitting in the parliament of Australia . This restriction on people with dual or multiple citizenship being members of parliament does not apply to the state parliaments , and the regulations vary by state . A court case ( see Sue v Hill ) determined that the UK is a foreign power for purposes of this section of the constitution , despite Australia holding a common nationality with it at the time that the Constitution was written , and that Senator - elect Heather Hill had not been duly elected to the national parliament because at the time of her election she was a subject or citizen of a foreign power . However , the High Court of Australia also ruled that dual citizenship on its own would not be enough to disqualify someone from validly sitting in Parliament . The individual circumstances of the non-Australian citizenship must be looked at although the person must make a reasonable effort to renounce his or her non-Australian citizenship . However , if that other citizenship can not be reasonably revoked ( for example , if it is impossible under the laws of the other country or impossible in practice because it requires an extremely difficult revocation process ) , then that person will not be disqualified from sitting in Parliament . In the 2017 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis , the High Court disqualified Australia 's Deputy Prime Minister and four Senators because they held dual citizenship , despite being unaware of their citizenship status when elected . In New Zealand , controversy arose in 2003 when Labour MP Harry Duynhoven applied to renew his citizenship of the Netherlands . Duynhoven , the New Zealand - born son of a Dutch - born father , had possessed dual citizenship from birth but had temporarily lost his Dutch citizenship due to a 1995 change in Dutch law regarding non-residents . While New Zealand 's Electoral Act allowed candidates with dual citizenship to be elected as MPs , Section 55 of the Act stated that an MP who applied for citizenship of a foreign power after taking office would forfeit his / her seat . This was regarded by many as a technicality , however ; and Duynhoven , with his large electoral majority , was almost certain to re-enter Parliament in the event of a by - election . As such , the Labour Government retrospectively amended the Act , thus enabling Duynhoven to retain his seat . The amendment , nicknamed `` Harry 's Law '' , was passed by a majority of 61 votes to 56 . The revised Act allows exceptions to Section 55 on the grounds of an MP 's country / place of birth , descent , or renewing a foreign passport issued before the MP took office . Both the former Estonian president Toomas Hendrik Ilves and the former Lithuanian president Valdas Adamkus had been naturalized US citizens prior to assuming their offices . Both have renounced their US citizenships : Ilves in 1993 and Adamkus in 1998 . This was necessary because neither individual 's new country permits retention of a former citizenship . Adamkus was a high - ranking official in the Environmental Protection Agency , a federal government department , during his time in the United States . Former Latvian president Vaira Vīķe - Freiberga relinquished Canadian citizenship upon taking office in 1999 . Taxation ( edit ) Main article : International taxation In some cases , multiple citizenship can create additional tax liability . Most countries that impose tax normally base tax liability on source or residency . Some countries tax their non-resident citizens on foreign income ; examples include the United States and Eritrea . Residency : a country may tax the income of anyone who lives there , regardless of citizenship or whether the income was earned in that country or abroad ( most common system ) ; Source : a country may tax any income generated there , regardless of whether the earner is a citizen , resident , or non-resident ; or Citizenship : a country may tax the worldwide income of its citizens , regardless of whether they reside in that country or whether the income was sourced there ( as of 2012 : only the United States and Eritrea ) . A few other countries tax based on citizenship in limited situations : Finland , France , Hungary , Italy , and Spain . U.S. persons living outside of the United States are still subject to tax on all of their worldwide income , although US law provides measures to reduce or eliminate double taxation issues for some . It has been reported that some US citizens have relinquished US citizenship in order to avoid possible taxes , the expense and complexity of compliance , or because they have been deemed unacceptable to financial institutions in the wake of FATCA . A person with multiple citizenship may have a tax liability to his country of residence and also to one or more of his countries of citizenship ; or worse , if unaware that one of his citizenships created a tax liability , that country may consider the person to be a tax evader . Many countries and territories have contracted tax treaties or agreements for avoiding double taxation . Still , there are cases in which a person with multiple citizenship will owe tax solely on the basis of holding one such citizenship . For example , consider a person who holds both Australian and United States citizenship , lives and works in Australia . He would be subject to Australian taxation , because Australia taxes its residents , and he would be subject to U.S. taxation because he holds US citizenship . In general , he would be allowed to subtract the Australian income tax he paid from the US tax that would be due . Plus , the U.S. will allow some parts of foreign income to be exempt from taxation ; for instance , in 2006 the foreign earned income exclusion allowed up to US $82,400 of foreign salaried income to be exempt from income tax ( in 2014 , this has now increased to US $97,600 ) . This exemption , plus the credit for foreign taxes paid mentioned above , often results in no US taxes being owed , although a US tax return would still have to be filed . In instances where the Australian tax was less than the US tax , and if there was income that could not be exempted from US tax , the US would expect any tax due to be paid . The United States Internal Revenue Service has excluded some regulations such as Alternative Minimum Tax ( AMT ) from tax treaties that protect double taxation . In its current format even if US citizens are paying income taxes at a rate of 56 % , far above the maximum US marginal tax rate , the citizen can be subject to US taxes because the calculation of the Alternative Minimum Tax does not allow full deduction for taxes paid to a foreign country . Other regulations such as the post date of foreign mailed tax returns are not recognized and can result in penalties for late filing if they arrive at the IRS later than the filing date . However , the filing date for overseas citizens has a two - month automatic extension to June 15 . `` If you are a U.S. citizen or resident alien residing overseas , or are in the military on duty outside the U.S. , on the regular due date of your return , you are allowed an automatic 2 - month extension to file your return and pay any amount due without requesting an extension . For a calendar year return , the automatic 2 - month extension is to June 15 . If you are unable to file your return by the automatic 2 - month extension date , you can request an additional extension to October 15 by filing Form 4868 before the automatic 2 - month extension date . However , any tax due payments made after June 15 will be subject to both interest charges and failure to pay penalties . '' ( IRS , 2012 ) Issues with international travel ( edit ) Many countries , even those that permit multiple citizenship , do not explicitly recognise multiple citizenship under their laws : individuals are treated either as citizens of that country or not , and their citizenship with respect to other countries is considered to have no bearing . This can mean ( in Iran , Mexico , many Arab countries , and former Soviet republics ) that consular officials abroad may not have access to their citizens if they also hold local citizenship . Some countries provide access for consular officials as a matter of courtesy , but do not accept any obligation to do so under international consular agreements . The right of countries to act in this fashion is protected via the Master Nationality Rule . Multiple citizens who travel to a country that claims them as a citizen may be required to enter or leave the country on that country 's passport . For example , a United States Department of State web page on dual nationality contains the information that most US citizens , including dual nationals , must use a US passport to enter and leave the United States . Under the terms of the South African Citizenship Act , it is an offence for someone aged at least 18 with South African citizenship and another citizenship to enter or depart the Republic of South Africa using the passport of another country . They may also be required , before leaving the country , to fulfill requirements ordinarily required of its resident citizens , including compulsory military service or exit permits . In accordance with the proposed European Travel Information and Authorisation System ( ETIAS ) that is expected to enter into operation on 1 January 2020 , the EU citizens who have multiple nationalities will be obliged to use the passport issued by an EU Member State for entering the Schengen area . Military service ( edit ) Military service for dual nationals can be an issue of concern . Several countries have entered into a Protocol relating to Military Obligations in Certain Cases of Double Nationality established at The Hague , 12 April 1930 . The protocol states `` A person possessing two or more nationalities who habitually resides in one of the countries whose nationality he possesses , and who is in fact most closely connected with that country , shall be exempt from all military obligations in the other country or countries . This exemption may involve the loss of the nationality of the other country or countries . '' The protocol has several provisions . Healthcare ( edit ) While the right to healthcare in countries with a public health service is often discussed in relation to immigration , it is a non-issue as far as nationality is concerned ; the right to use public health services is determined by legal residency rather than nationality . For example , anyone legally resident and employed in the UK is entitled to use the National Health Service ; non-resident British citizens visiting Britain do not have this right . Dual citizenship by region ( edit ) Africa ( edit ) Some African countries restrict or forbid dual citizenship . It is allowed for example in Angola , Burundi , Côte d'Ivoire , Djibouti , Gabon , Gambia , Ghana , Kenya , Mali , Morocco , Mozambique , Niger , Nigeria , Rwanda , Senegal , São Tomé and Príncipe , Sierra Leone , Sudan , Tunisia , Uganda and Zambia . Eritreans , Egyptians , and South Africans wanting to take another citizenship need a permission to maintain their citizenship . Eritrea taxes its citizens worldwide , even if they have never lived in the country . Lesotho restricts dual citizenship , but observes jus soli . The Americas ( edit ) Most American countries allow dual citizenship ( some only for citizens by descent or with other American countries with which they have agreements ) . Some countries ( e.g. , Argentina , Bolivia ) do not allow their citizens to renounce their citizenship , so they keep it even when naturalizing in a country that forbids dual citizenship . Most American countries observe unconditional jus soli , i.e. a child born there is regarded as a citizen even if the parents are not . Some countries ( the Dominican Republic , Ecuador , Guatemala , Honduras , Mexico , Nicaragua , Uruguay ) allow renunciation of citizenship only if it was involuntarily acquired by birth to non-citizen parents . Canada and the United States allow dual citizenship and are worldwide the only two developed economies to grant unconditional birthright citizenship . The United States taxes its citizens and non-citizen lawful permanent residents worldwide , even if they have never lived in the country . In 2014 , the U.S. Department of State increased the fee for processing requests for renunciation of citizenship from $450 to $2,350 . Dual citizenship is restricted or forbidden , for example , in Cuba , Haiti , and Suriname . Asia - Pacific ( edit ) Most countries in the Asia - Pacific region restrict or forbid dual citizenship . But in some of these countries ( e.g. Iran , North Korea , Thailand ) , it is very difficult or even impossible for citizens to renounce their citizenship , even when naturalizing in another country . Dual citizenship is allowed for example in Australia , Fiji , New Zealand , Philippines , Samoa , South Korea , Tonga , and Vanuatu . Cambodia allows dual citizenship and observes jus soli for children born to legal permanent residents born in Cambodia or to children whose parents are unknown . South Korea allows any foreign born person meeting income , language , culture , and domicile conditions to become a naturalized citizen . It also allows foreign born nationals who married to a Korean citizen , Korean men holding dual citizenship by birth who served in the Republic of Korea Armed Forces as compulsory military service , Korean women with multiple nationalities by birth who has vowed her intention not to exercise her foreign nationality in the Republic of Korea by the age of 22 and overseas Koreans at least 65 years of age . Taiwan and Hong Kong allow dual citizenship for citizens by birth , but do not permit applicants for naturalization to retain their prior citizenship . Burmese nationality law forbids its citizens to have dual citizenship , and foreigners can not become naturalized citizens , unless they can prove a close familial connection to the country Pakistan restricts dual citizenship ( see above ) , but observes jus soli . In Papua New Guinea there was overwhelming support from parliament to amend their Constitution to allow dual citizenship , however the law had yet to come into force as of February 2014 . In the Philippines , Republic Act No. 9225 , approved 29 August 2003 , provided that natural - born citizens of the Philippines who had lost their Philippine citizenship by reason of their naturalization as citizens of a foreign country would be deemed to have re-acquired Philippine citizenship upon taking an oath of allegiance to the Republic , that their children whether legitimate , illegitimate or adopted , below eighteen ( 18 ) years of age , shall be deemed citizens of the Philippines , and that natural born citizens of the Philippines who become citizens of a foreign country subsequent to its inactment would retain their Philippine citizenship upon taking the oath . Sri Lanka allows dual citizenship . However , under the 19th amendment of that country 's constitution , dual citizens are not allowed to hold public office . Lebanon allows dual citizenship . Israel allows dual citizenship . Iraq allows dual citizenship . Syria allows dual citizenship . The Indian constitution does not allow voluntary Dual Citizenship . However , in response to persistent demands for dual citizenship , particularly from the diaspora in North America and other developed countries , The Overseas Citizenship of India ( OCI ) scheme was introduced by amending The Citizenship Act , 1955 in August 2005 . Europe ( edit ) EU and EFTA countries and microstates ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The EU and EFTA countries have various policies regarding dual citizenship , because each country can make its own laws . The only real rule is that a citizen of an EU country can live and work indefinitely in other EU countries and in the four EFTA countries ( and citizens of the EFTA countries can live and work indefinitely in the EU ) . However , the right to vote and work in certain sensitive fields ( such as government , police , military ) might in some cases be restricted to the local citizens only . The countries can exclude immigrants from getting welfare for a certain time period to avoid `` welfare tourism , '' and they can refuse welfare completely if the immigrants do not have a job after a certain period of time and do not try to get one . Immigrants convicted of welfare fraud can be deported and be refused the re-entry of the country . On September 15 , 2015 , the European Court of Justice ruled that EU countries can refuse to pay unemployment benefits to immigrants who have lost their job even if they are citizens of other EU countries . The judge stated that EU rules allow member states to refuse unemployment benefits to people from other EU nations to stop them becoming `` an unreasonable burden on the social assistance system of the host Member State '' . This backs up a November 2014 ruling , in which the court ruled that `` poverty immigrants '' who came to Germany just to receive social security benefits were not entitled to receive them . Within the EU , mandatory military service exists , at least in peacetime , only in Austria , Cyprus , Estonia , Finland , and Greece ( In all countries but Cyprus , alternative service is available ) . Within the EFTA countries , only Switzerland requires it ( alternative service is available ) ; Iceland and Liechtenstein have no armed forces ; in Norway , military service is de jure mandatory , but the enforcement is limited , so some sources claim it is de facto voluntary . In Liechtenstein and in the Swiss Canton of Schaffhausen , voting is compulsory for citizens . In the European Union , voting is mandatory for national citizens in : Belgium ( compulsory for all citizens from age 18 to present themselves at a polling station ; legal sanctions exist , but only the sanctions for absent appointed polling station staff have been enforced by prosecutors since 2003 ) Cyprus Luxembourg ( compulsory for national citizens between the age of 18 and 75 ; voluntary for those over the age of 75 and for residing foreigners in local and EU elections only ) ( In Bulgaria and Greece , voting is de jure compulsory , but is not enforced . ) The four microstates ( Andorra , Monaco , San Marino , and Vatican City ) are not EU or EFTA members . Between them , the EU , and the EFTA there is visa - free travel , but no agreements on immigration and access to the job markets . EU countries and microstates ( edit ) For details , see the nationality law of the country concerned and Citizenship of the European Union . In Austria , dual citizenship is possible with special permission or if it was obtained at birth . See also : Austrian nationality law Belgium allows dual citizenship . See also : Belgian nationality law In Bulgaria , Bulgarian citizens of descent can have dual citizenship , but foreigners wanting to naturalize must renounce their old citizenship . See also : Bulgarian nationality law Croatia generally allows citizens by descent to have dual citizenship and forbids it only in certain cases , but foreigners wanting to naturalize must renounce their old citizenship . See also : Croatian nationality law Cyprus allows dual citizenship . See also : Cypriot nationality law Cyprus has been divided into a southern ( Greek ) and northern ( Turkish ) region since the Turkish invasion of northern Cyprus on the 20th of July 1974 . Northern Cyprus is not generally recognized by the international community as a sovereign state . The United Nations considers the declaration of independence by Northern Cyprus as legally invalid . The United Nations recognises Northern Cyprus as territory of the Republic of Cyprus under Turkish occupation . Turkey permits Citizens of Northern Cyprus to live and work in Turkey under the same requirements as Turkish citizens , and provides a special type of passport for Northern Cyprus citizens . Czech Republic has allowed multiple citizenship since January 1 , 2014 . See also : Czech nationality law Denmark allows dual citizenship since September 1 , 2015 . Note that not all Danish citizens are EU citizens ( see below ) . See also : Danish nationality law Estonia forbids dual citizenship , but citizens by descent can not be deprived of their Estonian citizenship , so they de facto can have dual citizenship . See also : Estonian nationality law Finland - allows dual citizenship . See also : Finnish nationality law France allows dual citizenship . See also : French nationality law Germany allows dual citizenship with other EU countries and Switzerland ; dual citizenship with other countries is possible with special permission or if obtained at birth ; children of non-EU / non-Swiss legal permanent residents can have dual citizenship if born and grown up in Germany ( the parents born and grown up abroad must have resided in Germany for at least eight years and must have had the legal - permanent - resident status for at least three years , and usually can not have dual citizenship themselves ) . See also : German nationality law Greece allows dual citizenship . See also : Greek nationality law Hungary allows dual citizenship ; grants dual citizenship to people living in , and having ancestors in territories which were annexed from Hungary at the end of World War I , provided they can still speak Hungarian . See also : Hungarian nationality law Ireland allows and encourages dual citizenship , but a naturalized citizen can lose Irish citizenship again when naturalizing in another country ; Ireland was the last European country to abolish unconditional birthright citizenship ( in 2004 ) in order to stop `` birth tourism '' and to replace it by a modified form : at least one parent must be a citizen or a legal permanent resident . See also : Irish nationality law Italy allows dual citizenship . See also : Italian nationality law In Latvia ever since October 1 , 2013 , dual citizenship has been allowed for citizens of member countries of EU , NATO and EFTA ( Iceland , Liechtenstein , Norway , Switzerland ) ; citizens of Australia , Brazil , New Zealand ; citizens of the counties that have mutual recognition of dual citizenship with Latvia ; people who were granted the dual citizenship by the Cabinet of Ministers of Latvia ; people who have applied for dual citizenship before the previous Latvian Citizenship law ( 1995 ) ; ethnic Latvians or Livonians who registered Latvian citizenship can keep previous citizenships with any country . See also : Latvian nationality law In Lithuania , Article 12 of the Lithuanian Constitution states that only in `` individual cases provided for by law '' is dual citizenship permitted . ( Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania , adopted on Oct. 25 , 1992 , in force from November 2 , 1992 ) . See also : Lithuanian nationality law Luxembourg allows dual citizenship . See also : Luxembourgian nationality law Malta allows dual citizenship . See also : Maltese nationality law In the Netherlands , dual citizenship is allowed under certain conditions : e.g. , foreign citizenship may be kept if obtained at birth or in the event of naturalization via marriage . See also : Dutch nationality law Poland does not deal with the issue of dual citizenship , but possession of another citizenship is tolerated since there are no penalties for its possession alone . However , penalties do exist for exercising foreign citizenship , such as identifying oneself to Polish authorities using a foreign identification document or serving in a foreign military without permission of Polish military authorities . Dual citizens are not exempted from their duties as Polish citizens . Under some circumstances , ethnic Poles can apply for the `` Polish Card '' ( Karta Polaka ) . ( see below ) See also : Polish nationality law Portugal allows dual citizenship . See also : Portuguese nationality law Romania allows dual citizenship . See also : Romanian nationality law In Slovakia , dual citizenship is permitted to Slovak citizens who acquire a second citizenship by birth or through marriage ; and to foreign nationals who apply for Slovak citizenship and meet the requirements of the Citizenship Act . Please note that after the ' Hungarian - Slovak citizenship conflict ' ( year 2010 ) some restrictions to dual citizenship may apply . See also : Slovak nationality law Slovenia generally allows citizens by descent to have dual citizenship and forbids it only in certain cases , but foreigners wanting to naturalize must renounce their old citizenship . See also : Slovenian nationality law In Spain , Spanish citizens by descent can have dual citizenship ; Spanish laws knows a `` dormant citizenship '' for citizens naturalizing in Iberoamerican countries : They do not lose their citizenship , but their status and their rights as citizens of Spain -- and of the EU -- are inactive until they move back to Spain . Foreigners wanting to naturalize in Spain must usually renounce their old citizenship ; exceptions are made for citizens of some Iberoamerican countries , Puerto Rico , Andorra , the Philippines , Equatorial Guinea , and Portugal . Since 2014 , Spain has granted Spanish nationality to Sephardi Jews regardless of nationality . See also : Spanish nationality law Sweden allows dual citizenship . See also : Swedish nationality law United Kingdom allows dual citizenship . Note that not all British nationals are EU citizens ( see below ) . On June 23 , 2016 , British citizens voted to leave the European Union . The effect on British Citizens ' EU Citizenship is yet to be formally negotiated , so it is unclear yet what the result will be . See also : British nationality law British nationals and Danish citizens not regarded as EU citizens : See also : British nationality law and Danish nationality law The Channel Islands of Guernsey and Jersey and the Isle of Man are British Crown dependencies . Unlike the United Kingdom proper and Gibraltar ( a British overseas territory in Europe ) , the Crown dependencies are not considered part of the EU for most purposes . The Faroe Islands belong to Denmark , but not the EU , so their inhabitants are Danish citizens , but not EU citizens . Greenland left the EC in 1985 , but Greenlanders are considered EU citizens . These British and Danish citizens obtain or procure `` local '' passports . In practice , citizens of Faroe Islands and Greenland can choose between local and `` European '' passports , and citizens of Guernsey , Jersey , and the Isle of Man receive passports bearing the title `` British Islands '' alongside the dependency 's respective name . They can become `` full '' EU citizens by moving to and living permanently in the United Kingdom or in Denmark , as the case may be . British citizens however bearing passports from the Crown dependencies , but having sufficient connections to the UK proper , or to Gibraltar , are considered EU citizens . In June 2016 , the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum saw the UK vote to leave the European Union , and therefore its citizens may lose their EU Citizen status in future , although the exact changes have yet to be defined and negotiated . The four microstates surrounded by EU countries ( Andorra , Monaco , San Marino , and Vatican City ) : These four countries are not EU or EFTA members , and only Vatican City grants ( time - limited ) dual citizenship ( see above ) . Andorra , Monaco , and San Marino forbid it . In 2015 , however , only 21.6 % of the inhabitants of Monaco were citizens . See also Andorran nationality law and Monégasque nationality law . EFTA countries ( edit ) Iceland allows dual citizenship . See also Icelandic nationality law . Liechtenstein allows citizens by descent to have dual citizenship , but foreigners wanting to naturalize must renounce their old citizenship . Norway allows dual citizenship only in exceptional cases . A Norwegian citizen who voluntarily acquires another citizenship automatically loses Norwegian citizenship without notification , and foreigners wanting to naturalize must usually renounce their old citizenship . For details , see Norwegian nationality law - Dual citizenship . Switzerland allows dual citizenship , but the conditions for the naturalization of foreigners vary from canton to canton . Male Swiss citizens under the age of 25 , including male dual citizens , are required to perform military or civilian service ( women can do it voluntarily ) , and Swiss citizens ( men and women ) are not allowed to work for a foreign ( non-Swiss ) military . Foreign military service is a felony for Swiss citizens ( the Swiss Guards of Vatican City are regarded as a `` house police '' , not an army ) . In the Canton of Schaffhausen , voting is compulsory . For more details , see Swiss nationality law and Schweizer Bürgerrecht ( in German ) . The Nordic passport Union ( edit ) The Nordic Passport Union allows citizens of Denmark ( including the Faroe Islands ) , Sweden , Norway , Finland , and Iceland to travel and reside in other Nordic countries without a passport or a residence permit . Norway restricts dual citizenship . The rest of Europe ( edit ) Albania , Belarus , , Macedonia , Moldova , Russia and Serbia allow dual citizenship , but in Russia a second citizenship must be reported . Bosnia and Herzegovina , and Montenegro generally do not allow dual citizenship . Ukrainian law currently does not recognise dual citizenship , but there are citizens of Ukraine who hold dual citizenship . On February 8 , 2014 , the Rada proposed a bill to criminalize the act of holding two citizenships . See also ( edit ) Canadians of convenience History of citizenship Immigration Nationality Nationality law Naturalization Talbot v. Janson Tănase v. Moldova Third Culture Kid World citizenship References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See , for example , Egyptian nationality law # Dual citizenship ^ Jump up to : Dual Nationality : TR 's `` Self - Evident Absurdity '' , virginia.edu ; accessed September 7 , 2015 . 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Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ New Zealand Herald ( July 28 , 2003 ) . `` Parties brace to fight ' Harry 's law ' '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ New Zealand Herald ( August 8 , 2003 ) . `` Labour in laager on passports '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Electoral Act 1993 , Section 55AA '' . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Article on renunciation of prior citizenship to holding public office , csmonitor.com , July 7 , 1999 . ^ Jump up to : McKinnon , John D. ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Tax History : Why U.S. Pursues Citizens Overseas '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Doreen Carvajal ( December 17 , 2006 ) . `` Americans abroad are giving up citizenship for lower taxes '' . International Herald Tribune . Jump up ^ Helena Bachmann ( April 20 , 2010 ) . `` Why More U.S. Expatriates Are Turning In Their Passports '' . time.com . Jump up ^ Stu Haugen ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` An American Tax Nightmare '' . nytimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Earned Income Exclusion '' . Jump up ^ US Internal Revenue Service : U.S. Citizens and Resident Aliens Abroad Jump up ^ `` travel report -- Iran '' . Department of foreign Arrairs and International Trade , Canada . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Mexican Nationality Law , Article XIV '' . Secretariat of Foreign Affairs . Jump up ^ `` US State Department Services Dual Nationality '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL establishing a European Travel Information and Authorisation System ( ETIAS ) and amending Regulations ( EU ) No 515 / 2014 , ( EU ) 2016 / 399 , ( EU ) 2016 / 794 and ( EU ) 2016 / 1624 Jump up ^ http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b38c10.html Jump up ^ The 2 % Taks for Eritreans in the diaspora I DSP - groep BV & Tilburg School of Humanities , Department of Culture studies https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/binaries/rijksoverheid/documenten/rapporten/2017/09/18/the-2-pct-tax-for-eritreans-in-the-diaspora/the-2-pct-tax-for-eritreans-in-the-diaspora.pdf Jump up ^ `` Schedule of Fees for Consular Services , Department of State and Overseas Embassies and Consulates - Visa and Citizenship Services Fee Changes '' . U.S. Federal Register . August 28 , 2014 . Documentation for Renunciation of Citizenship . Jump up ^ `` RENUNCIATION OF U.S. CITIZENSHIP ABROAD '' . U.S. State Department Foreign Affairs Manual ( FAM ) and associated Handbooks . Sample Consular Electronic Information Session Provided to a Proposed Renunciant. 7 FAM 1260 . Jump up ^ `` Vanuatu constitution amended with changes to land issues and citizenship '' . Radio New Zealand International . 2013 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Immigration Guide - Naturalization '' . www.hikorea.go.kr . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Nationality Law , Ministry of Government Legislation ; accessed September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Loa Iok - sin ( 2012 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Legislator to propose changes to naturalization laws '' . Taipei Times . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ PNG Passes Reciprocal Dual Citizenship Law , Pacific Islands Report ; accessed September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Citizenship Retention and Re-acquisition Act of 2003 , Chan Robles Law Library , August 29 , 2003 , retrieved October 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ aruna , Immigration . `` Dual Citizenship '' . Jump up ^ `` Part II Citizzenship '' work = Constitution of India '' ( PDF ) . § 9 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas Citizenship of India Scheme '' . The Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs . May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Free movement of workers EU fact sheets European Parliament '' . www.europarl.europa.eu . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Deutsche Welle ( 15 September 2015 ) . `` Germany can cut welfare for jobless EU nationals , court rules '' . dw.com . Jump up ^ Randall Hansen , Patrick Weil ( ed . ) . Dual Nationality , Social Rights and Federal Citizenship in the U.S. and Europe : The Reinvention of Citizenship . Berghahn Books . ISBN 1 - 57181 - 804 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Cyprus country profile '' . BBC News . December 23 , 2011 . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Resolution 550 ( 1984 ) Adopted by the Security Council at its 2539th meeting , May 11 , 1984 '' . refworld.org . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution 541 ( 1983 ) Adopted by the Security Council at its 2500th meeting , on November 18 , 1983 '' . refworld.org . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Conditions for granting Czech citizenship , Czech Ministry of Interior ; in Czech , machine translation ; accessed October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Migračné informačné centrum - Migračné informačné centrum IOM '' . Jump up ^ Spanish nationality law , elmundo.es ; accessed October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.dualcitizenship.com/countries/macedonia.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Cetăţenia Republicii Moldova - viza.md '' . Jump up ^ Before the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 , The Soviet citizenship did not recognize dual citizenship . Who acquires another country 's nationality automatically forfeits Soviet nationality . Jump up ^ `` Dvojno državljanstvo : 20.000 Banjalučana želi pasoš Srbije '' . Jump up ^ В Раду внесен законопроект , наказывающий за двойное гражданство , liga.net ; accessed September 7 , 2015. ( in Russian ) Further reading ( edit ) Thomas Faist , ed . ( August 2007 ) . Dual Citizenship in Europe : From Nationhood to Societal Integration . Aldershot , UK : Ashgate . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 4914 - 4 . Thomas Faist and Jürgen Gerdes ( 2008 ) . `` Dual Citizenship in an Age of Mobility '' ( PDF ) . Transatlantic Council on Migration ( MPI ) . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 26 . Federal Investigative Services Division of the US Office of Personnel Management ( 2001 ) . `` Citizenship Laws of the World : A Directory '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 28 . Peter J. Spiro ( 2016 ) . At Home in Two Countries : The Past and Future of Dual Citizenship . New York : NYU Press . ISBN 9780814785829 . External links ( edit ) International The Hague 1930 Convention Convention No8 on the Exchange of Information Concerning Acquisition of Nationality , 1964 Council of Europe Convention on the Reduction of Cases of Multiple Nationality and on Military Obligations in Cases of Multiple Nationality , 1963 European Convention on Nationality , 1997 <Th_colspan="2"> Nationality laws By continent Africa Angola Algeria Burkina Faso Burundi Egypt Ghana Liberia Morocco Namibia Nigeria Somalia South Africa South Sudan Tanzania Western Sahara Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Burma ( Myanmar ) China Cyprus Georgian Egypt India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Lebanon Malaysia Mongolia Nepal North Korea Northern Cyprus Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Syria Taiwan Thailand Turkey United Arab Emirates Europe European Union & Schengen Area Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Rest of Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Kosovo Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Russia San Marino Serbia Turkey Ukraine North America Barbados Canada Greenland ( Kingdom of Denmark ) Grenada Jamaica Mexico Panama Honduras Guatemala Costa Rica Belize United States Oceania Australia Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Samoa Tonga South America Mercosur Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay Venezuela Rest of South America Chile Colombia Peru International organizations Commonwealth of Nations European Union By type Jus matrimonii Jus sanguinis Jus soli Naturalization Other Citizenship Act Birth aboard aircraft and ships Multiple citizenship Passport Internal Repatriation Right of return Second - class citizen Statelessness Travel visa Defunct Nazi Germany Ancient Rome <Td_colspan="2"> British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia ( Artsakh ) and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has a small part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Partially recognized . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multiple_citizenship&oldid=837123044 '' Categories : Human migration Nationality law Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles with Russian - language external links All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from October 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Wikipedia articles that may have off - topic sections Articles needing additional references from September 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2012 Articles needing additional references from November 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with limited geographic scope from June 2009 USA - centric Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009 Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Русский Саха тыла Shqip Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 21 : 19 . 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1. Multiple citizenship
2. Dual citizenship
3. Nationality laws
4. Citizenship criteria
5. Involuntary multiple citizenship
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how did the compromise of 1877 resolve the controversy surrounding the 1876 presidential election
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Compromise of 1877 - wikipedia Compromise of 1877 Jump to : navigation , search A political cartoon by Joseph Keppler depicts Roscoe Conkling as a character Mephistopheles ( the Devil ) while Rutherford B. Hayes strolls off with the prize of the `` Solid South '' depicted as a woman . The caption quotes Goethe : `` Unto that Power he doth belong Which only doeth Right while ever willing Wrong . '' The Compromise of 1877 was a purported informal , unwritten deal that settled the intensely disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election . It resulted in the United States federal government pulling the last troops out of the South , and formally ended the Reconstruction Era . Through the Compromise , Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the White House over Democrat Samuel J. Tilden on the understanding that Hayes would remove the federal troops whose support was essential for the survival of Republican state governments in South Carolina , Florida and Louisiana . The compromise involved Democrats who controlled the House of Representatives allowing the decision of the Electoral Commission to take effect . The outgoing president , Republican Ulysses S. Grant , removed the soldiers from Florida . As president , Hayes removed the remaining troops from South Carolina and Louisiana . As soon as the troops left , many white Republicans also left , and the `` Redeemer '' Democrats took control . They already dominated most other state governments in the South . What was exactly agreed is somewhat contested as the documentation is scanty . Black Republicans felt betrayed as they lost power and were subject to discrimination and harassment to suppress their voting . At the turn of the 20th century , most black people were effectively disenfranchised by state legislatures in every southern state , despite being a majority in some . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terms of compromise 2 Results 3 Interpretations 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Terms of compromise ( edit ) The compromise essentially stated that Southern Democrats would acknowledge Hayes as president , but only on the understanding that Republicans would meet certain demands . The following elements are generally said to be the points of the compromise : The removal of all U.S. military forces from the former Confederate states . At the time , U.S. troops remained in only Louisiana , South Carolina , and Florida , but the Compromise completed their withdrawal from the region . The appointment of at least one Southern Democrat to Hayes ' cabinet . ( David M. Key of Tennessee was appointed as Postmaster General . ) The construction of another transcontinental railroad using the Texas and Pacific in the South ( this had been part of the `` Scott Plan , '' proposed by Thomas A. Scott of the Pennsylvania Railroad ; he had initiated negotiations resulting in the final compromise ) . Legislation to help industrialize the South and restore its economy following Reconstruction and the Civil War . The right to deal with blacks without northern interference . In exchange , Democrats would accept the Republican Hayes as president by not employing the filibuster during the joint session of Congress needed to confirm the election . Results ( edit ) After the Compromise , a few Democrats complained loudly that Tilden had been cheated . There was talk of forming armed units that would march on Washington , but President Grant was ready for that . He tightened military security , and nobody marched on Washington . Hayes was peacefully inaugurated . Points 1 and 2 of the compromise took effect . Hayes had already announced his support for the restoration of `` home rule , '' which would involve federal troop removal , before the election . It was not unusual , nor unexpected , for a president , especially one so narrowly elected , to select a cabinet member favored by the other party . Points 3 and 4 were never enacted ; it is possible there was no firm agreement about them . Whether by informal deal or simply reassurances already in line with Hayes 's announced plans , talks with Southern Democrats satisfied the worries of many . This prevented a Congressional filibuster that had threatened to extend resolution of the election dispute beyond Inauguration Day 1877 . Interpretations ( edit ) C. Vann Woodward ( 1951 ) argued for an economic interpretation , saying that emerging business and industry interests of the New South found common ground with Republican businessmen , particularly with the railroads . They met secretly at Wormley 's Hotel in Washington to forge a compromise with aid to internal improvements : bridges , canals and railroads wanted by the South . But Peskin notes that no serious federal effort was made after Hayes took office to fund a railroad or provide other federal aid for improvements . An opposing interest group representing the Southern Pacific actually thwarted Scott 's proposed Texas and Pacific scheme , and ultimately ran its own line to New Orleans . Some historians , such as Allan Peskin , argue that the assurances offered to some Southern Democrats to prevent a filibuster were not a compromise but a foregone conclusion , as Tilden did not command sufficient support . Peskin admits that Woodward 's interpretation had become almost universally accepted in the nearly quarter century since he had published it . As not all terms of the agreement were met , Peskin believes there was really no deal between the North and South in 1877 . He also suggests that Northern Democrats were more significant in quashing the filibuster than those from the South . For instance , Samuel J. Randall ( D - Pennsylvania ) was Speaker of the House and prevented the filibuster . He was more interested in ensuring that the Radical state government in Louisiana was abandoned than in any southern railroad . Vincent DeSantis argues that the Republican Party abandoned Southern blacks to the rule of the racist Democratic Party in order to gain the support of Democrats for Hayes ' presidency . In any case , Reconstruction ended . The dominance of the Democratic Party in the South was cemented with the ascent of the `` Redeemer '' governments that displaced the Republican governments . After 1877 , support for white supremacy generally caused whites to vote for Democrats and the region became known as the `` Solid South . '' Until the end of the 19th century , black Republicans continued to elect numerous candidates to local office , although Democrats controlled most state representative and statewide seats , except for a brief period of fusion governments supported by Republicans and Populists . The majority white voters supported national Democratic candidates well into the 20th century before shifting to the Republican Party . This later shift to the Republican party followed the 1964 Civil Rights Act , which was introduced by Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson and supported by most Republicans and northern Democrats . Democratic groups worked to suppress black voting by intimidation and fraud but , after regaining power again at the turn of the 20th century , passed constitutions and laws to disenfranchise blacks ( as well as many poor whites ) in states such as Alabama and others . As there was no change in congressional apportionment , southern whites accrued great power by controlling all the seats of the region based on states ' total populations . In The Mexicanization of American Politics : The United States ' Transnational Path from Civil War to Stabilization ( 2012 ) , Downs rejects the idea that this was an era of easy reconciliation and political stability . Instead he shows many Americans feared `` Mexicanization '' of politics , whereby force would be used to settle a presidential election , as force had been used to settle certain state elections in the South . Downs explores how Mexicanization was roundly rejected and stability was achieved . Whatever deals may or may not have taken place on the side , in formal legal terms , the election of 1876 was not decided by such acts , but by the official vote of Congress to accept the recommendations of the Electoral Commission they themselves had set up as a way out of the election impasse . The expectation in setting up the committee had been that its decisions would be accepted by Congress . It was only when certain Democrats disagreed with the commission 's decisions in favor of Hayes that this arrangement was jeopardized . This Democratic group threatened a filibuster ( opposed by Republicans and Congressional Democratic leadership as well ) that would prevent the agreed - upon vote from taking place . Discussions of the points in the alleged compromise were related to persuading key Democrats against accepting a filibuster . The very threat of a filibuster -- a measure used by a minority to prevent a vote -- indicates that there were already sufficient votes for accepting the commission 's recommendations . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael Les Benedict , `` Southern Democrats in the Crisis of 1876 - 1877 : A Reconsideration of Reunion and Reaction . '' Journal of Southern History ( 1980 ) : 489 - 524 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Jones , Stephen A. ; Freedman , Eric ( 2011 ) . Presidents and Black America . CQ Press . p. 218 . ISBN 9781608710089 . In an eleventh - hour compromise between party leaders - considered the `` Great Betrayal '' by many blacks and southern Republicans ... Jump up ^ Woodward , C. Vann ( 1966 ) . Reunion and Reaction : The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction . Boston : Little , Brown and Company . pp. 169 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Donald Richard Deskins ; Hanes Walton ; Sherman C. Puckett ( 2010 ) . Presidential Elections , 1789 - 2008 : County , State , and National Mapping of Election Data . U of Michigan Press . p. 211 . Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward ( 1991 ) . Reunion and Reaction : The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction . Oxford UP . pp. 200 -- 2 ` . Jump up ^ Downs , 2012 Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward ( 1991 ) . Reunion and Reaction : The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction . Oxford UP . pp. 200 -- 2 ` . ^ Jump up to : Allan Peskin , `` Was There a Compromise of 1877 ? '' , The Journal of American History Vol. 60 , No. 1 ( Jun. , 1973 ) , pp. 63 - 75 , via JSTOR Jump up ^ Vincent P. DeSantis , `` Rutherford B. Hayes and the Removal of the Troops and the End of Reconstruction , '' in J. Morgan Kousser and James M. McPherson , eds. , Region , Race , and Reconstruction : Essays in Honor of C. Van Woodward ( New York , 1982 ) , 417 - 50 Jump up ^ Michael Les Benedict , `` Southern Democrats in the Crisis of 1876 - 1877 : A Reconsideration of Reunion and Reaction . '' Journal of Southern History ( 1980 ) : 489 - 524 . Further reading ( edit ) Benedict , Michael Les . `` Southern Democrats in the Crisis of 1876 - 1877 : A Reconsideration of Reunion and Reaction . '' Journal of Southern History ( 1980 ) : 489 - 524 . in JSTOR Clendenen , Clarence C. ( October 1969 ) . `` President Hayes ' `` Withdrawal '' of the Troops : An Enduring Myth `` . The South Carolina Historical Magazine . 70 ( 4 ) : 240 -- 250 . DeSantis , Vincent P. `` Rutherford B. Hayes and the Removal of the Troops and the End of Reconstruction '' in Region , Race and Reconstruction edited by Morgan Kousser and James McPherson . ( Oxford University Press , 1982 ) pp. 417 -- 50 . Downs , Gregory P. ( 2012 ) . `` The Mexicanization of American Politics : The United States ' Transnational Path from Civil War to Stabilization '' . The American Historical Review . 117 ( 2 ) : 387 -- 409 . doi : 10.1086 / ahr. 117.2. 387 . Frantz , Edward O . The Door of Hope : Republican Presidents and the First Southern Strategy , 1877 -- 1933 ( University Press of Florida . 2011 ) Peskin , Allan ( 1973 ) . `` Was There a Compromise of 1877 '' . The Journal of American History . 60 ( 1 ) : 63 -- 75 . ISSN 1936 - 0967 . JSTOR 2936329 . doi : 10.2307 / 2936329 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Polakoff , Keith Ian . The Politics of Inertia : The Election of 1876 and the End of Reconstruction ( 1973 ) Riddleberger , Patrick W. ( 1960 ) . `` The Radicals ' Abandonment of the Negro During Reconstruction '' . The Journal of Negro History . 45 ( 2 ) : 88 -- 102 . JSTOR 2716572 . doi : 10.2307 / 2716572 -- via JSTOR . Simpson , Brooks D. `` Ulysses S. Grant and the Electoral Crisis of 1876 - 1877 , '' Hayes Historical Journal ( 1992 ) 11 # 2 pp 5 -- 22 . Woodward , C. Vann ( 1951 ) . Reunion and Reaction : The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction . Oxford University Press . External links ( edit ) Samueltilden.com : History of Samuel J. Tilden website Rbhayes.org : R.B. Hayes Presidential Library Southernspaces.org : `` Corporations , Corruption , and the Modern Lobby : A Gilded Age Story of the West and the South in Washington , D.C. '' -- by Richard White in Southern Spaces ( 16 April 2009 ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compromise_of_1877&oldid=800678632 '' Categories : Reconstruction Era African - American history History of the Southern United States 1877 in the United States Rutherford B. Hayes Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Pages with login required references or sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Lietuvių 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 00 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Compromise of 1877
2. 1876 U.S. presidential election
3. Reconstruction Era
4. Rutherford B. Hayes
5. Southern Democrats
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is red velvet cake chocolate cake with red food coloring
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Red velvet cake - wikipedia Red velvet cake Jump to : navigation , search Red Velvet cake <Td_colspan="2"> Four - layer slice of red velvet cake Type Layer cake Course Dessert Place of origin United States Region or state United States Main ingredients Flour , buttermilk , butter , sugar , cocoa powder , and / or cream cheese icing , beetroot , or red food colouring <Td_colspan="2"> Cookbook : Red Velvet cake Media : Red Velvet cake Red Velvet cake is traditionally a red , red - brown , or `` mahogany '' colored layer cake , layered with white cream cheese icing or Ermine frosting ( sometimes called `` cooked roux '' frosting ) . It has a distinctive fluffy texture owing to the gas - producing reaction of alkaline buttermilk with acidic vinegar and / or acidic non-alkalized cocoa . The cake is commonly served on Christmas or Valentine 's Day . Common modern red velvet cake is made with red dye , however the red color was originally due to non-Dutched anthocyanin - rich cocoa . Common ingredients include : buttermilk , butter , cocoa , vinegar , and flour for the cake ; beetroot or red food coloring for the color . History ( edit ) James Beard 's reference , American Cookery ( 1972 ) , describes three red velvet cakes varying in the amounts of shortening , butter , and vegetable oil . All used red food coloring . The reaction of acidic vinegar and buttermilk tends to better reveal the red anthocyanin in cocoa and keeps the cake moist , light , and fluffy . This natural tinting may have been the source for the name `` red velvet '' , as well as `` Devil 's food '' and similar names for chocolate cakes . Contemporarily , chocolate has often undergone Dutch processing , which prevents the color change of the anthocyanins . A reconstruction of the original red velvet cake involves reducing or eliminating the vinegar and colorants , and using a non-Dutched cocoa to provide the needed acidity and color . A home - made red velvet cake roll with buttercream frosting When foods were rationed during World War II , bakers used boiled beet juices to enhance the color of their cakes . Beets are found in some red velvet cake recipes , where they also serve to retain moisture . Adams Extract , a Texas company , is credited with bringing the red velvet cake to kitchens across America during the Great Depression era , by being one of the first to sell red food coloring and other flavor extracts with the use of point - of - sale posters and tear - off recipe cards . The cake and its original recipe are well known in the United States from New York City 's famous Waldorf - Astoria Hotel , which has dubbed the confection Waldorf - Astoria cake . However , it is widely considered a Southern recipe . Traditionally , red velvet cake is iced with a French - style butter roux icing ( also called ermine icing ) , which is very light and fluffy , but time - consuming to prepare . Cream cheese frosting and buttercream frosting are variations which have increased in popularity . In Canada , the cake was a well - known dessert in the restaurants and bakeries of the Eaton 's department store chain in the 1940s and 1950s . Promoted as an exclusive Eaton 's recipe , with employees who knew the recipe sworn to silence , many mistakenly believed the cake was the invention of the department store matriarch , Lady Eaton . In recent years , red velvet cake and red velvet cupcakes have become increasingly popular in the US and many European countries . A resurgence in the popularity of this cake is attributed by some to the film Steel Magnolias ( 1989 ) , which included a red velvet groom 's cake made in the shape of an armadillo . Magnolia Bakery in Manhattan , has served it since its opening in 1996 , as did restaurants known for their Southern cooking like Amy Ruth 's in Harlem , which opened in 1998 . In 2000 , Cake Man Raven opened one of the first bakeries devoted to the cake in Brooklyn . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Red velvet cakes . ^ Jump up to : Ben Starr ( 2015 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Real Red Velvet Cake '' . Jump up ^ Shane Wingerd ( 2009 - 01 - 12 ) . `` Ermine Wrapped Velvet '' . Jump up ^ Crocker , Betty . `` Red Velvet Cake '' . bettycrocker.com . General Mills . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The rediscovery of red velvet has gone way too far '' . Quartz. 2015 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beard , James ( 1972 ) . James Beard 's American Cookery . Boston : Little , Brown . Jump up ^ Scott , Suzanne ( June 7 , 2003 ) . `` It 's All Mixed Up ! The History and True Facts About Baking Devil 's Food Cake '' . New Jersey Baker 's Board of Trade . Archived from the original on 2004 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2004 - 10 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Fabricant , Florence ( 14 February 2007 ) . `` So Naughty , So Nice '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Red Velvet Cake '' . The Big Bake Theory . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Parks , Stella ( 2011 - 10 - 02 ) . `` The Unknown History of Red Velvet Cake '' . Gilttaste.com . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Red Velvet , the ' Lady Gaga ' of cakes , wears well during the holidays '' . Post-gazette.com. 2011 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Martha Stewart . `` Cream Cheese Frosting for Red Velvet Cake '' . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Kim Severson . `` Red Velvet Cake : A Classic , Not a Gimmick '' . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Carol ; Katharine Mallinson ( 2004 ) . Lunch with Lady Eaton : Inside the Dining Rooms of a Nation . Toronto : ECW Press . ISBN 1 - 55022 - 650 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Amy Ruth 's Home - Style Southern Cuisine '' . New York magazine . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cake Man Raven has flown the coop -- no more red velvet cake in Fort Greene '' . NY Daily News . November 28 , 2012 . <Th_colspan="3"> Cake <Td_colspan="3"> List of cakes Butter cakes Devil 's food cake Gooey butter cake Pound cake Cheesecakes Fiadone Ostkaka Chocolate cakes Batik cake Black Forest cake Blackout cake Chantilly cake Flourless chocolate cake Fudge cake Garash cake German chocolate cake Hedgehog slice Joffre cake Kladdkaka Molten chocolate cake Sachertorte Torta caprese Fruitcakes Apple cake Avocado cake Banana cake Bánh chuối Black bun Bolo rei Cherry cake Clementine cake Dundee cake Fig cake Genoa cake Jewish apple cake Panforte Plum cake Raisin cake Layer cakes Angel cake Buckwheat gateau Dobos torte Esterházy torte Hot milk cake Maria Luisa cake Mille - feuille Cremeschnitte Napoleonka Šampita Tompouce Princess cake Prinzregententorte Rainbow cake Sarawak cake Spekkoek Torte Vínarterta Spit cakes Baumkuchen Kürtőskalács ( Chimney cake ) Šakotis Spettekaka Trdelník Sponge cakes Bánh bò Battenberg cake Boston cream pie Bundt cake Castella Charlotte Donauwelle Frankfurter Kranz French Fancy Frog cake Génoise Gugelhupf Ladyfinger Lamington Madeira cake Madeleine Mantecadas Marble cake Misérable cake Opera cake Pandan cake Paper wrapped cake Red velvet cake Rum cake Shortcake Spice cake Swiss roll Tres leches cake Upside - down cake Walnut and coffee cake Foam cakes and meringue Angel food cake Chiffon cake Dacquoise Kiev cake Pavlova Sans rival Spanische Windtorte Zuger Kirschtorte Yeast cakes Babka Banana bread Banbury cake Cacavellu Campanile Canestru Chorley cake Date and walnut loaf Flies ' graveyard Inuliata Pandoro Rum baba Streuselkuchen Sweetheart cake Welsh cake Special occasions Birthday cake Buccellato Bûche de Noël Christmas cake Doberge cake Groom 's cake Halloween cake King cake Rosca de reyes Kransekake Lekach Marry girl cake Mooncake Pan de Pascua Pop out cake Simnel cake Soul cake Stack cake Stollen Strenna Wedding cake Other Beer cake Better than sex cake Biscuit Bizcocho Bulla cake Cake balls Cake pop Carrot cake Coconut cake Coffee cake Croquembouche Cupcake Cupcone Gingerbread house man Heavy cake Ice cream cake Kuih Lolly cake Muffin Ontbijtkoek Pain d'épices Parkin Petit four Punschkrapfen Ruske kape Teacake Tiramisu <Td_colspan="3"> <Th_colspan="2"> Chocolate desserts Cakes Batik cake Black Forest cake Blackout cake Boston cream pie Bûche de Noël Chantilly cake Chocolate brownie Chocolate cake Chokladboll Death by Chocolate Devil 's food cake Éclair Flourless chocolate cake Fudge cake Garash cake German chocolate cake Hedgehog slice Kladdkaka Molten chocolate cake Pain au chocolat Prinzregententorte Red velvet cake Sachertorte Torta caprese Pies and tarts Chocolate creme pie Mississippi mud pie Cookies Chocolate chip cookie Chocolate salami Nanaimo bar Oreos S'mores Ice cream Chocolate chip cookie dough ice cream Chocolate ice cream Cookies and Cream Mint chocolate chip Milkshake Sundae Other Banana boat Brigadeiro Chocolate - covered bacon Chocolate - covered potato chips Chocolate crackles Chocolate pudding Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_velvet_cake&oldid=799574769 '' Categories : American desserts Cakes Chocolate desserts Cuisine of the Southern United States Eaton 's Christmas food Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands Português Русский ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 15 : 12 . 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1. Red velvet cake
2. Layer cake
3. Cream cheese icing
4. Beetroot or red food coloring
5. History of red velvet cake
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-8,868,195,420,381,086,000 |
who can say where the road goes wiki
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Only Time - wikipedia Only Time Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` Only Time '' <Td_colspan="2"> Original release <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Enya <Th_colspan="2"> from the album A Day Without Rain Released 20 November 2000 Recorded 2000 Genre New age Length 3 : 38 ( album version ) 3 : 15 ( Pop Radio Remix ) Label Warner Music Songwriter ( s ) Enya Nicky Ryan Roma Ryan Producer ( s ) Nicky Ryan <Th_colspan="2"> Enya singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Only If ... '' ( 1997 ) `` Only Time '' ( 2000 ) `` Wild Child '' ( 2001 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Only If ... '' ( 1997 ) `` Only Time '' ( 2000 ) `` Wild Child '' ( 2001 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` Only Time '' on YouTube <Td_colspan="2"> `` Only Time '' is a song by Irish singer , songwriter and musician Enya , released in November 2000 as the lead single to her fifth studio album , A Day Without Rain ( 2000 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Release 2 Live performances 3 Track listings 3.1 2000 original release ( single ) 3.2 2001 remix release ( EP ) 3.3 Promotional 2001 release 4 Cover versions 5 Charts and sales 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Decade - end charts 5.3 Certifications 6 References 7 External links Release ( edit ) In 2001 , `` Only Time '' was released again as a remix . The track was remixed by the Swiss American Federation ( S.A.F. ) ( Christian B. and Marc Dold ) with a final remix by Enya 's producer , Nicky Ryan . Enya donated the earnings from the sale of that single to the Uniform Firefighters Association 's Widows ' and Children 's Fund to help the families of fire fighters in the aftermath of 9 / 11 . The song was also featured in the soundtrack of the motion picture Sweet November . Following the September 2001 attacks , sales of the album and its lead single , `` Only Time '' , skyrocketed after it was used by several radio and television networks in their coverage and aftermath of the attacks . As a result , `` Only Time '' climbed to number ten on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and number one on the adult contemporary chart . During the summer of 2001 , NBC used the song in commercials to promote Friends , which ended its season on a cliffhanger . NBC also used it as background during the death scene for character Bobby Caffey in the episode `` Unfinished Business '' ( aired March 12 , 2001 ) during the second season of Third Watch . The exposure helped the song gain familiarity and increased radio play . As a result , the song became Enya 's first top 40 radio hit in 12 years . The song appeared twice on the TV show Viva La Bam where it first appeared in the montage of Bam Margera destroying Don Vito 's cars in `` Bamiature Golf '' and again in `` Where 's Vito ? '' during a retrospective for Bam 's Hummer after it was thrown off the cliff by Vito . Enya performed the song at the 2001 World Music Awards . On November 13 , 2013 , a Volvo Trucks campaign featuring the song and Jean - Claude Van Damme was launched . The success of the ad caused `` Only Time '' to re-enter the Billboard Hot 100 at number 43 , and the UK Singles Chart at number 95 . The song 's music video , which shows Enya performing the song in a spring , summer , fall and winter theme , was directed by Graham Fink and was released in 2000 . In 2002 , the song received a ECHO Award for Best Single of the Year . Live performances ( edit ) Enya performed `` Only Time '' several times , performances included Larry King Live , Children in Need , This Morning , The View , Happy Xmas Show , Entertainment Tonight , Live ! with Regis and Kelly , The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and 2001 World Music Awards . Track listings ( edit ) 2000 original release ( single ) ( edit ) `` Only Time '' `` The First of Autumn '' `` The Promise '' 2001 remix release ( ep ) ( edit ) `` Only Time ( S.A.F. Remix ) '' `` Oíche Chiúin '' `` Willows on the Water '' `` Only Time '' `` Oíche Chiún '' is properly spelled as `` Oíche Chiúin '' on some editions . Promotional 2001 release ( edit ) `` Only Time ( S.A.F. Pop Radio Remix ) '' Cover versions ( edit ) British soprano Keedie covered the song on her album I Believe My Heart . The Chinese musical group Twelve Girls Band covered the song on their album Eastern Energy . American singer Jackie Evancho covered the song during a live performance . Irish singer Brian McFadden covered the song on his fourth album The Irish Connection . Róisín & Celtic Spirit also covered the song on the album The Magic of Enya . The American musical group Vitamin String Quartet covered the song on their album Dreams : The String Quartet Tribute to Enya . Charts and sales ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 - 2002 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 69 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 11 Brazil ( ABPD ) 12 Canada ( Nielsen SoundScan ) France ( SNEP ) 48 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Italy ( FIMI ) 17 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 44 Poland ( Polish Singles Chart ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 28 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) United Kingdom ( The Official Charts Company ) 32 US Billboard Hot 100 10 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 11 Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Top New Age Digital Tracks Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 92 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 10 Ireland ( Irish Singles Chart ) 58 US Billboard Hot 100 43 Decade - end charts ( edit ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Position German Singles Chart 99 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 25,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 3 × Gold 750,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 25,000 <Td_colspan="3"> shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Only Time song details at Enya.sk Jump up ^ Billboard Jump up ^ Hot 100 chart stats from billboard.com Jump up ^ Billboard Jump up ^ Davies , Alex ( 14 November 2013 ) . `` Jean - Claude Van Damme Did A Crazy Split Standing On 2 Trucks For A Volvo Ad '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/5800854/lorde-royals-hot-100-chart-nine-weeks-eminem Jump up ^ `` Only Time , 2000 . Directed by Graham Fink '' . EnyaOne. 2000 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Enya -- Only Time '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Enya -- Only Time '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- Enya -- Only Time '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Enya Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ Italiancharts.com Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Enya -- Only Time '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Music Control '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Enya -- Only Time '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Enya -- Only Time '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ Chartstats.com ^ Jump up to : `` Enya Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Enya Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Enya Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Enya Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Billboard Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Jump up ^ `` GFK Chart - Track - TOP 100 SINGLES , WEEK ENDING 21 November 2013 '' . Jump up ^ Rtl.de Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Enya -- Only Time '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Enya in the field Interpret . Enter Only Time in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Enya ; ' Only Time ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Enya ; ' Only Time ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . External links ( edit ) `` Only Time '' at Discogs ( list of releases ) Preceded by `` There You 'll Be '' by Faith Hill `` If You 're Gone '' by Matchbox Twenty Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one single September 29 , 2001 ( first run ) October 13 , 2001 ( second run ) October 27 , 2001 ( third run ) November 10 -- December 1 , 2001 ( fourth run ) Succeeded by `` If You 're Gone '' by Matchbox Twenty `` There You 'll Be '' by Faith Hill `` Hero '' by Enrique Iglesias <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Enya <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Studio albums Enya ( aka The Celts ) Watermark Shepherd Moons The Memory of Trees A Day Without Rain Amarantine And Winter Came ... Dark Sky Island Singles `` I Want Tomorrow '' `` Orinoco Flow '' `` `` Evening Falls ... '' `` Storms in Africa '' `` Exile '' `` Caribbean Blue '' `` How Can I Keep from Singing ? '' `` Book of Days '' `` Marble Halls '' `` The Celts '' `` Anywhere Is '' `` On My Way Home '' `` Only If ... '' `` Only Time '' `` Wild Child '' `` May It Be '' `` Amarantine '' `` It 's in the Rain '' `` Trains and Winter Rains '' `` White Is in the Winter Night '' `` My ! My ! Time Flies ! '' `` Echoes in Rain '' Compilations Paint the Sky with Stars The Very Best of Enya EPs 6 Tracks 3 Tracks The Christmas EP Sounds of the Season : The Enya Holiday Collection ( aka Christmas Secrets EP ) Box sets The Enya Collection A Box of Dreams Only Time -- The Collection Other releases The Frog Prince : The Original Soundtrack Recording Themes from Calmi Cuori Appassionati Related articles Clannad Nicky Ryan Roma Ryan Manderley Castle 6433 Enya Maiden of Mysteries : The Music of Enya Orinoco Flow Thread of Time <Td_colspan="2"> Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Only_Time&oldid=840971725 '' Categories : 2000 singles 2001 singles Enya songs Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Poland Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Pop ballads Songs with lyrics by Roma Ryan Songs with music by Enya 2000 songs 2000s ballads Warner Music Group singles Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Magyar Português Simple English Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 07 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. "Only Time" - Enya's lead single from the album A Day Without Rain
2. Enya's performance of "Only Time" at the 2001 World Music Awards
3. Remix release of "Only Time" in 2001
4. Enya's donation of earnings from "Only Time" to the Uniform Firefighters Association's Widows' and Children's Fund
5. Use of "Only Time" in the soundtrack of the motion picture Sweet November
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2,799,928,338,739,587,000 |
who played on the 1980 us hockey team
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Miracle on ice - wikipedia Miracle on ice Jump to : navigation , search Miracle on Ice <Td_colspan="2"> Total Soviet Union 0 United States 0 Date February 22 , 1980 Arena Olympic Center City Lake Placid , New York , U.S. Attendance 8,500 The Herb Brooks Arena in the Olympic Center at Lake Placid , New York hosted the match The `` Miracle on Ice '' refers to a medal - round game during the men 's ice hockey tournament at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid , New York , played between the hosting United States , and the four - time defending gold medalists , the Soviet Union . The Soviet Union had won the gold medal in five of the six previous Winter Olympic Games , and were the favorites to win once more in Lake Placid . The team consisted primarily of professional players with significant experience in international play . By contrast , the United States ' team -- led by head coach Herb Brooks -- consisted exclusively of amateur players , and was the youngest team in the tournament and in U.S. national team history . In the group stage , both the Soviet and U.S. teams were unbeaten ; the U.S. achieved several notable results , including a 2 -- 2 draw against Sweden , and a 7 -- 3 upset victory over second - place favorites Czechoslovakia . For the first game in the medal round , the United States played the Soviets . Finishing the first period tied at 2 -- 2 , and the Soviets leading 3 -- 2 following the second , the U.S. team scored two more goals to take their first lead during the third and final period , winning the game 4 -- 3 in a major upset against the Cold War rival . Following the game , the U.S. went on to clinch the gold medal by beating Finland in their final match of the tournament . Likewise , the Soviet Union took the silver medal by beating Sweden . The victory became one of the most iconic moments of the Games and in U.S. sports . Equally well - known was the television call of the final seconds of the game by Al Michaels for ABC , in which he famously declared in the final seconds , `` Do you believe in miracles ? ! YES ! '' In 1999 , Sports Illustrated named the `` Miracle on Ice '' the top sports moment of the 20th century . As part of its centennial celebration in 2008 , the International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) named the `` Miracle on Ice '' as the best international ice hockey story of the past 100 years . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 The Soviet and American teams 1.2 Exhibitions 1.3 Olympic group play 1.4 Preparing for the medal round 2 Game summary 2.1 First period 2.2 Second period 2.3 Third period 3 American aftermath 3.1 Gold medal 3.2 After 1980 Winter Olympics 3.3 Later careers 4 Soviet aftermath 4.1 Silver medal 4.2 After 1980 Winter Olympics 4.3 NHL careers 5 Notable rematches 6 Film , television and music 7 Team rosters 7.1 United States 7.2 Soviet Union 8 Box score 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) The Soviet and American teams ( edit ) The Soviet team 's Vladislav Tretiak ( pictured here in 2008 ) was considered the best goaltender in ice hockey in 1980 . The Americans scored two goals against him before he was pulled from the game at the end of the first period . The Soviet Union entered the Lake Placid games as the heavy favorite , having won the previous four ice hockey gold medals dating back to the 1964 games . In the four Olympics following their 1960 bronze medal finish at Squaw Valley , Soviet teams had gone 27 -- 1 -- 1 ( wins - losses - ties ) and outscored their opponents 175 -- 44 . In head - to - head match - ups against the United States , the cumulative score over that period was 28 -- 7 . The Soviets were well - seasoned `` amateurs '' who were employed by industrial firms or military organizations for the sole purpose of playing hockey on their organization 's team . They were led by legendary players in world ice hockey , such as Boris Mikhailov ( a top line right winger and team captain ) , Vladislav Tretiak ( the consensus best goaltender in the world at the time ) , the speedy and skilled Valeri Kharlamov , as well as talented , young , and dynamic players such as defenseman Viacheslav Fetisov and forwards Vladimir Krutov and Sergei Makarov . From that team , Tretiak , Kharlamov , Makarov , and Fetisov would eventually be enshrined in the Hockey Hall of Fame . Many of the Soviet players had gained attention in the Summit Series eight years before and , in contrast to the American players , were de facto professionals with long histories of international play . U.S. head coach Herb Brooks had tryouts in Colorado Springs in the summer of 1979 . Of the 20 players who eventually made the final Olympic roster , Buzz Schneider was the only one returning from the 1976 Olympic team . Nine players had played under Brooks at the University of Minnesota , which included Rob McClanahan , Mike Ramsey , and Phil Verchota ; while four more were from Boston University : Dave Silk , Jack O'Callahan , goalie Jim Craig , and team captain Mike Eruzione . Boston University and Minnesota were perennial rivals in college hockey and the hostility carried over from some of the players on the Olympic team for the first few months . But part of Brooks ' selection process was a 300 - question psychological test that would give him insight on how every player would react under stress . Anyone who refused to take the test would be flunked . Brooks had to select from 68 players who started the tryout . The average age of the U.S. team was 21 years old , making it the youngest team in U.S. team history to play in the Olympics . It would be the youngest team in the Olympic tournament . But Brooks had selected carefully and knew the limits of every player . As forward John Harrington said , `` He knew exactly where to quit . He 'd push you right to the limit where you were ready to say , ' I 've had it , I 'm throwing it in ' -- and then he 'd back off . '' Brooks continued the organization by campaigning for the players ' selection of Eruzione as the captain , and Craig had been the goalie for him in the 1979 World Championship tournament . Assistant coach Craig Patrick had played with Brooks on the 1967 U.S. national team . The Soviet and American teams were natural rivals due to the decades - old Cold War . In addition , President Jimmy Carter was at the time considering a U.S. boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics , to be held in Moscow , in protest of the December 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan . On February 9 , the same day the American and Soviet teams met in an exhibition game in New York City , U.S. Secretary of State Cyrus Vance denounced the impending Moscow games at a meeting of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) . President Carter eventually decided in favor of the boycott . Exhibitions ( edit ) Mark Johnson 's goal in the last second of the first period tied the game In exhibitions that year , Soviet club teams went 5 -- 3 -- 1 against National Hockey League ( NHL ) teams , and a year earlier , the Soviet national team had routed the NHL All - Stars 6 -- 0 to win the Challenge Cup . In 1979 -- 80 , virtually all the top North American players were Canadians , although the number of U.S. - born professional players had been on the rise throughout the 1970s . The 1980 U.S. Olympic team featured several young players who were regarded as highly promising , and some had signed contracts to play in the NHL immediately after the tournament . In September 1979 , before the Olympics , the American team started exhibition play . They played a total of 61 games in five months against teams from Europe and America . Through these games , Herb Brooks instilled a European style of play in the American team , emphasizing wide open play with sufficient body contact . He believed it would be the only way for the Americans to compete with the Soviets . From the start of the exhibitions , he conducted the team through skating windsprints consisting of end line to blue line and back , then end line to red line and back , then end line to far blue line and back , and finally end line all the way down and back . Some of the players took to calling these Herbies . On September 17 , 1979 , the team played to a 3 - 3 tie in Norway . Brooks had them skate Herbies after the game , and after a while , the lights were turned off by custodians and the practice continued in the dark . Near the end of the exhibition season , although he had supported them throughout , Brooks threatened because of subpar play to cut Eruzione ( the captain ) and replace Craig as the starting goalie with Steve Janaszak . In the last exhibition game against the Soviets at Madison Square Garden on February 9 , 1980 , the Soviets crushed the Americans 10 -- 3 . Soviet head coach Viktor Tikhonov later said that this victory `` turned out to be a very big problem '' by causing the Soviets to underestimate the American team . The game was also costly for the Americans off - ice , as defenseman Jack O'Callahan pulled a ligament in his knee ; however , Brooks kept O'Callahan on the roster which meant virtually playing with only 19 players throughout the tournament . O'Callahan would eventually return for the game against the Soviets playing limited minutes . Olympic group play ( edit ) In Olympic group play , the Americans surprised many observers with their physical , cohesive play . In their first game against favored Sweden , Team USA earned a dramatic 2 -- 2 draw by scoring with 27 seconds left after pulling goalie Jim Craig for an extra attacker . Had Team USA not scored this goal and all other results remained the same , the Soviet Union would have emerged with the gold medal on goal differential over the U.S. in the medal round . Then came a stunning 7 -- 3 victory over Czechoslovakia , who were a favorite for the silver medal . With its two toughest games in the group phase out of the way , the U.S. team reeled off three more wins , beating Norway 5 -- 1 , Romania 7 -- 2 , and West Germany 4 -- 2 to go 4 -- 0 -- 1 and advance to the medal round from its group , along with Sweden . In the other group , the Soviets stormed through their opposition undefeated , often by grossly lopsided scores . They defeated Japan 16 -- 0 , the Netherlands 17 -- 4 , Poland 8 -- 1 , Finland 4 -- 2 , and Canada 6 -- 4 to easily qualify for the next round , although both the Finns and the Canadians gave the Soviets tough games for two periods . In the end , the Soviet Union and Finland advanced from their group . Preparing for the medal round ( edit ) The U.S. and Soviet teams prepared for the medal round in different ways . Soviet coach Viktor Tikhonov rested most of his best players , preferring to let them study plays rather than actually skate . U.S. coach Herb Brooks , however , continued with his tough , confrontational style , skating hard practices and berating his players for perceived weaknesses and to build stamina . Brooks ' goal was to have his team be able to keep up with the Soviets through all three periods . The day before the match , columnist Dave Anderson wrote in The New York Times , `` Unless the ice melts , or unless the United States team or another team performs a miracle , as did the American squad in 1960 , the Russians are expected to easily win the Olympic gold medal for the sixth time in the last seven tournaments . '' Game summary ( edit ) Prior to the game , ABC requested that it be rescheduled from 5 : 00 p.m. to 8 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time , so that it could be broadcast live in primetime hours . However , the request was declined by the IIHF , after the Soviets complained that it would cause the game to air at 4 a.m. Moscow Time , as opposed to 1 a.m. Moscow Time . As a result , ABC decided not to broadcast the game live for the U.S. audience , and tape delayed it for broadcast during its primetime block of Olympics coverage instead . Before the game aired , ABC 's Olympics host Jim McKay openly stated that the game had already occurred , but that they had promised not to spoil its results . In order to accommodate coverage of the men 's slalom competition , portions of the game were also edited for time . To this day some of the people that watched the game on television still believe that it was live . With a capacity of 8,500 , the Field House was packed . The home crowd waved U.S. flags and sang patriotic songs such as `` God Bless America '' . Before the game , Brooks read his players a statement he had written out on a piece of paper , telling them that `` You were born to be a player . You were meant to be here . This moment is yours . '' Brooks believed they could win and later said , `` The Russians were ready to cut their own throats . But we had to get to the point to be ready to pick up the knife and hand it to them . So the morning of the game I called the team together and told them , ' It 's meant to be . This is your moment and it 's going to happen . ' It 's kind of corny and I could see them thinking , ' Here goes Herb again ... ' But I believed it . '' First period ( edit ) As in several previous games , the U.S. team fell behind early . Vladimir Krutov deflected a slap shot by Alexei Kasatonov past U.S. goaltender Jim Craig at the 9 : 12 mark to give the Soviets a 1 -- 0 lead , and after Buzz Schneider scored for the United States on a 50 - foot shot from the left boards at 14 : 03 to tie the game , the Soviets struck again with a Sergei Makarov goal with 17 : 34 gone . With his team down 2 -- 1 , Craig improved his play , turning away many Soviet shots before the U.S. team had another shot on goal ( the Soviet team had 39 shots on goal in the game , the Americans 16 ) . In the waning seconds of the first period , Dave Christian fired a slap shot on Tretiak from 100 feet ( 30 m ) away . The Soviet goalie saved the shot but misplayed the rebound , which bounced out some 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) in front of him . Mark Johnson sliced between the two defenders , found the loose puck , and fired it past a diving Tretiak to tie the score with one second left in the period . This would be an important judgment call by the officials , as an official announcement confirming the goal did not come until many Soviet players were off the ice and heading to the locker room for intermission . The first period ended with the game tied 2 -- 2 . Second period ( edit ) Tikhonov replaced Tretiak with backup goaltender Vladimir Myshkin immediately after Johnson 's tying goal , a move which shocked players on both teams . Tikhonov later identified this as the `` turning point of the game '' , and called it `` the biggest mistake of my career '' . Years later , when Johnson asked Viacheslav Fetisov , now an NHL teammate , about the move , Fetisov responded with `` Coach crazy '' . Myshkin allowed no goals in the second period . The Soviets dominated play in the second period , outshooting the Americans 12 -- 2 , but scored only once , on a power play goal by Aleksandr Maltsev 2 : 18 into play . After two periods the Soviet Union led 3 -- 2 . Third period ( edit ) Vladimir Krutov was sent to the penalty box at the 6 : 47 mark of the third period for high - sticking . The Americans , who had managed only two shots on Myshkin in 27 minutes , had a power play and a rare offensive opportunity . Myshkin stopped a Mike Ramsey shot , then U.S. team captain Mike Eruzione fired a shot wide . Late in the power play , Dave Silk was advancing into the Soviet zone when Valeri Vasiliev knocked him to the ice . The puck slid to Mark Johnson . Johnson fired off a shot that went under Myshkin and into the net at the 8 : 39 mark , as the power play was ending , tying the game at 3 . Only a couple of shifts later , Mark Pavelich passed to Eruzione , who was left undefended in the high slot . Eruzione , who had just come onto the ice , fired a shot past Myshkin , who was screened by Vasili Pervukhin . This goal gave Team USA a 4 -- 3 lead , its first of the game , with exactly 10 minutes remaining to play . The Soviets , trailing for the first time in the game , attacked ferociously . Moments after Eruzione 's goal , Maltsev fired a shot which ricocheted off the right goal post . As the minutes wound down , Brooks kept repeating to his players , `` Play your game . Play your game . '' Instead of going into a defensive crouch , the United States continued to play offense , even getting off a few more shots on goal . The Soviets began to shoot wildly , and Sergei Starikov admitted that `` we were panicking '' . As the clock ticked down below a minute , the Soviets got the puck back into the American zone , and Mikhailov passed to Vladimir Petrov , who shot wide . The Soviets never pulled Myshkin for an extra attacker , much to the Americans ' disbelief . Starikov later explained that `` We never did six - on - five '' , not even in practice , because `` Tikhonov just did n't believe in it '' . Craig kicked away a Petrov slap shot with 33 seconds left . Kharlamov fired the puck back in as the clock ticked below 20 seconds . A wild scramble for the puck ensued , ending when Johnson found it and passed it to Ken Morrow . As the U.S. team tried to clear the zone ( move the puck over the blue line , which they did with seven seconds remaining ) , the crowd began to count down the seconds left . Sportscaster Al Michaels , who was calling the game on ABC along with former Montreal Canadiens goalie Ken Dryden , picked up on the countdown in his broadcast , and delivered his famous call : 11 seconds , you 've got 10 seconds , the countdown going on right now ! Morrow , up to Silk . Five seconds left in the game . Do you believe in miracles ? YES ! The March 3 , 1980 cover of Sports Illustrated ran without any accompanying captions or headlines . As his team ran all over the ice in celebration , Herb Brooks sprinted back to the locker room and cried . In the locker room afterwards , players spontaneously broke into a chorus of `` God Bless America '' and received a congratulatory phone call from President Jimmy Carter . During the broadcast wrap - up after the game , ABC Olympic sports anchor Jim McKay compared the American victory over the Soviet professionals to a group of Canadian college football players defeating the Pittsburgh Steelers ( the recent Super Bowl champions and at the height of their dynasty ) . American aftermath ( edit ) Gold medal ( edit ) Jim Craig 's gear from 1980 , at the Hockey Hall of Fame The United States did not immediately win the gold medal upon defeating the USSR . In 1980 , the medal round was a round - robin , not a single elimination format as it is today . Under Olympic rules at the time , the group game with Sweden was counted along with the medal round games versus the Soviet Union and Finland so it was mathematically possible for the United States to finish anywhere from first to fourth . Needing to win to secure the gold medal , Team USA came back from a 2 -- 1 third period deficit to defeat Finland 4 -- 2 . According to Mike Eruzione , coming into the dressing room in the second intermission , Brooks turned to his players , looked at them and said , `` If you lose this game , you 'll take it to your fucking graves . He then walked towards the locker room door , paused and looked over his shoulder and said to us again `` Your fucking graves '' . '' At the time , the players ascended a podium to receive their medals and then lined up on the ice for the playing of the national anthem , as the podium was only meant to accommodate one person . Only the team captains remained on the podium for the duration . After the completion of the anthem , Eruzione motioned for his teammates to join him on the podium . Today , podiums are not used for ice hockey ; the teams line up on their respective bluelines after the final game . The cover of the March 3 , 1980 , issue of Sports Illustrated was a photograph by Heinz Kluetmeier of the American players celebrating and waving an American flag ; it did not feature any explanatory captions or headlines , because , as Kluetmeier put it , `` It did n't need it . Everyone in America knew what happened '' . The U.S. team also received the magazine 's `` Sportsmen of the Year '' award , as well as being named as Athlete of the Year by the Associated Press and ABC 's Wide World of Sports . In 2004 , ESPN , as part of its 25th anniversary , declared the Miracle on Ice to be the top sports headline moment , and game of the period 1979 -- 2004 . The victory was voted the greatest sports moment of the 20th century by Sports Illustrated . The U.S. team had the honor of lighting the Olympic cauldron at the 2002 Winter Olympics . After 1980 Winter Olympics ( edit ) At the 1981 Canada Cup , the United States , with seven players from their 1980 Olympic team , again faced the Soviet Union . The Soviets took the opening round encounter 4 -- 1 in Edmonton . At the 1982 World Championship in Finland , with Mike Ramsey , Mark Johnson , Buzz Schneider , and John Harrington , the Americans again met the Soviets , but once again the U.S. lost , 8 -- 4 . Later careers ( edit ) Of the 20 players on Team USA , 13 eventually played in the NHL . Five of them went on to play over 500 NHL games , and three would play over 1,000 NHL games . Neal Broten played one more season for the Golden Gophers before moving on to the NHL , and appeared in 1,099 NHL games over 17 seasons , with 992 of them being with the Minnesota North Stars / Dallas Stars franchise . He captained the Stars before being traded midway through the 1994 -- 95 season to the New Jersey Devils . A two - time All - Star , he tallied 923 career points ( 289 goals , 634 assists ) , became the first American player to record 100 points in a season , and won a Stanley Cup as a member of the Devils in 1995 . Broten had already won the NCAA championship in 1979 at the University of Minnesota ; this , combined with the Olympic gold medal in 1980 and the 1995 Cup win ( Broten scored the Cup - winning goal in Game 4 as Viacheslav Fetisov , playing for the Red Wings , fell down ) , made him the first player in the history of the sport to win a championship at the collegiate , professional , and Olympic levels . The Dallas Stars have since retired number 7 for Broten . Ken Morrow won the Stanley Cup in 1980 as a member of the New York Islanders , becoming the first hockey player to win an Olympic gold medal and the Cup in the same year . He went on to play 550 NHL games and win three more Cups , all with the Islanders . Morrow later worked for the Islanders as Director of Pro Scouting . Mike Ramsey played in 1,070 games over 18 years . Fourteen of those years were spent with the Buffalo Sabres , with whom he played 911 games and was a five - time All - Star , captaining the team from 1990 to 1992 . In 1995 , he played in the Stanley Cup Finals while with the Detroit Red Wings , but got swept by Neal Broten and the New Jersey Devils . In 2000 , Ramsey became an assistant coach for the Minnesota Wild . Dave Christian spent 14 years in the NHL , the bulk of them for the original Winnipeg Jets ( for whom he served as team captain ) and Washington Capitals . In 1990 , Christian played in the Stanley Cup Finals while on the Boston Bruins , but lost in five games to the Edmonton Oilers . He ended his career with 783 points ( 340 goals , 443 assists ) in 1,009 games and made the All - Star team in 1991 . Mark Johnson played for several teams in the NHL before finding a home in New Jersey , tallying 508 career points ( 203 goals , 305 assists ) in 669 games over 11 seasons . Like Christian , Ramsey , and Broten , he became an NHL All - Star ( in 1984 ) and served as team captain with the Hartford Whalers . In 2002 Johnson became the coach of the University of Wisconsin -- Madison women 's team , leading the Badgers to National Championships in 2006 , 2007 ( won in the same Lake Placid arena ) , 2009 and 2011 . Johnson also served as head coach of the women 's ice hockey team that won the silver medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics . Jack O'Callahan played 390 NHL regular season games between 1982 and 1989 for the Chicago Blackhawks and New Jersey Devils . Mark Pavelich played 355 NHL regular season games in the NHL for the New York Rangers , Minnesota North Stars and San Jose Sharks between 1981 and 1992 . Dave Silk played 249 NHL regular season games for the Boston Bruins , Winnipeg Jets , Detroit Red Wings and New York Rangers between 1980 and 1985 . The Miracle on Ice launched the professional careers of several players , and made broadcaster Al Michaels famous . Jim Craig appeared in 30 NHL games for the Atlanta Flames , Boston Bruins and Minnesota North Stars between 1980 and 1984 . Team captain Mike Eruzione did not play any high - level ice hockey after the 1980 Olympics , as he felt that he had accomplished all of his hockey goals with the gold medal win . He did work as a hockey television analyst in the 1980s and 1990s . Craig Patrick , Brooks ' assistant coach and assistant general manager , went on to both manage and coach the New York Rangers and Pittsburgh Penguins of the NHL . As a result of his success with the Penguins , who won two Stanley Cups while Patrick was the GM , he was enshrined in the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2002 . During that same year , he also served as GM to the Brooks - coached 2002 US Hockey team that won the silver medal at the Salt Lake City games . Herb Brooks , the team coach , coached several NHL teams following the Olympics , with mixed results . He returned to the Olympics as coach of the French team in 1998 , the first Olympics in which NHL professionals competed . Brooks then led Team USA to the silver medal in 2002 , which included a 2 -- 2 round robin draw and a 3 -- 2 semi-final victory over Russia ( the successor to the Soviet Union ) , the semi-final match coming 22 years to the day after the `` Miracle on Ice '' game . Brooks died in a car crash near Forest Lake , Minnesota on August 11 , 2003 at the age of 66 . In 2005 , the Olympic Center ice arena in Lake Placid where the Miracle on Ice took place was renamed in his honor . Al Michaels got the job as play - by - play man for ice hockey at Lake Placid because he was the only member of ABC 's announcing team who had previously called the sport ( at the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo , Japan ) . Michaels was named `` Sportscaster of the Year '' in 1980 for his coverage of the event . Soviet aftermath ( edit ) Silver medal ( edit ) In the Soviet locker room , Tikhonov singled out first - line players Tretiak , Kharlamov , Petrov , and Mikhailov , and told each of them , `` This is your loss ! '' Two days after the Miracle on Ice , the Soviet team defeated Sweden 9 -- 2 , winning the silver medal . The Soviet players were so upset at their loss that they did not turn in their silver medals to get their names inscribed on them , as is custom . The result stunned the Soviet Union and its news media . After 1980 Winter Olympics ( edit ) Despite the loss , the USSR remained the pre-eminent power in Olympic hockey until its 1991 break - up . The Soviet team did not lose a World Championship game until 1985 and did not lose to the United States again until 1991 . Throughout the 1980s , NHL teams continued to draft Soviet players in hopes of enticing them to eventually play in North America . Soviet emigrant Victor Nechayev made a brief appearance with the Los Angeles Kings in the 1982 -- 83 season , and during the 1988 -- 89 season , the Soviet Ice Hockey Federation agreed to let veteran Sergei Pryakhin join the Calgary Flames . NHL careers ( edit ) Former Soviet National team player , Helmuts Balderis pictured in 2014 . Balderis played a season late in his career with the Minnesota North Stars of the NHL In the 1989 / 90 season , six 1980 Soviet Olympians joined NHL clubs : Helmuts Balderis , Viacheslav Fetisov , Alexei Kasatonov , Vladimir Krutov , Sergei Makarov and Sergei Starikov . Fetisov was a teammate of Mike Ramsey on the 1995 Detroit Red Wings team that lost the Stanley Cup Final . Fetisov completed his career by winning Cups with the Red Wings in 1997 and 1998 ; the first Cup win also made Fetisov a member of the Triple Gold Club , consisting of individuals who have won a Stanley Cup plus gold medals at the Olympics and World Championships . Makarov won the Calder Memorial Trophy as NHL Rookie of the Year in 1989 / 90 , becoming the oldest player to win that award . That same season , younger Soviet star Alexander Mogilny defected to play for the Buffalo Sabres , followed the next year by Sergei Fedorov who defected to play for the Detroit Red Wings . Then , with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 , a flood of ex-Soviet stars joined the NHL , including Pavel Bure and Vladimir Konstantinov . Since then , many of the NHL 's top players have come from the post-Soviet states . Notable rematches ( edit ) The U.S. and the Soviet Union next met at the Olympics at the 1988 games . The Soviets won the first round encounter 7 -- 5 . The Soviets went on to win the gold medal , while the U.S. placed seventh . The two teams met again at the 1992 Olympics in a semi-final . There , the Unified Team ( the successor to the Soviet Union ) won 5 -- 2 . The Unified Team eventually won the gold medal , while the U.S. placed fourth . The U.S. and Russia met twice at the 1996 World Cup of Hockey , Americans won both games 5 - 2 en route to the gold medal . The U.S. , coached by Herb Brooks , and Russia , coached by Slava Fetisov , met twice in the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , which included a 2 -- 2 round robin draw and a 3 -- 2 semi-final in favor of USA , with the semi-final match coming 22 years to the day after the `` Miracle on Ice '' game . The two teams met at the 2004 World Cup of Hockey . The U.S. obtained a decisive victory 5 - 3 in the quarterfinal . The U.S. and Russia played each other in the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi . The round robin game was tied 2 -- 2 after overtime and was won by the Americans in an 8 - round shootout , with T.J. Oshie scoring on 4 of 6 attempts for the USA . The match has been dubbed by some as the `` Marathon on Ice '' . Film , television and music ( edit ) A made - for - TV movie Miracle on Ice , starring Karl Malden as Brooks and Steve Guttenberg as Craig , aired on ABC television in March 1981 . It incorporated actual game footage and original commentary from the 1980 Winter Games . The documentary film Do You Believe in Miracles ? , narrated by Liev Schreiber , premiered on HBO in February 2001 and was subsequently released on home video . In 2004 , Walt Disney Pictures released the film Miracle , starring Kurt Russell as Brooks . Al Michaels recreated his commentary for most of the games . The final ten seconds , however , and his `` Do you believe in miracles ? YES ! '' call , were from the original broadcast and used in the film since the filmmakers felt that they could not ask him to recreate the emotion he felt at that moment . The film was dedicated to Herb Brooks , who died shortly after principal photography was completed . The movie was released by Walt Disney Pictures . The documentary Of Miracles And Men , which was directed by Jonathan Hock , premiered on ESPN on February 8 , 2015 as part of the channel 's 30 for 30 series . The story of the 1980 matchup is told from the Soviet perspective while also branching out to include what happened in the years that immediately followed . Slava Fetisov 's return to Lake Placid was focused on heavily , as he takes his daughter Anastasia on the trip to reminisce . Team rosters ( edit ) Paraguayan stamp featuring Robert McClanahan Herb Brooks Arena in 2005 United States ( edit ) No . Pos . Name Age Hometown College 30 * Jim Craig 22 North Easton , MA Boston U . * Ken Morrow 23 Flint , MI Bowling Green 5 * Mike Ramsey 19 Minneapolis , MN Minnesota 10 * Mark Johnson 22 Madison , WI Wisconsin 24 LW * Rob McClanahan 22 Saint Paul , MN Minnesota 8 RW * Dave Silk 21 Scituate , MA Boston U . 6 Bill Baker ( A ) 22 Grand Rapids , MN Minnesota 9 Neal Broten 20 Roseau , MN Minnesota 23 Dave Christian 20 Warroad , MN North Dakota 11 RW Steve Christoff 21 Richfield , MN Minnesota 21 LW Mike Eruzione ( C ) 25 Winthrop , MA Boston U . 28 RW John Harrington 22 Virginia , MN Minnesota - Duluth Steve Janaszak 22 Saint Paul , MN Minnesota 17 Jack O'Callahan 22 Charlestown , MA Boston U . 16 Mark Pavelich 21 Eveleth , MN Minnesota - Duluth 25 LW Buzz Schneider 25 Grand Rapids , MN Minnesota 19 RW Eric Strobel 21 Rochester , MN Minnesota 20 Bob Suter 22 Madison , WI Wisconsin 27 LW Phil Verchota 22 Duluth , MN Minnesota 15 Mark Wells 21 St. Clair Shores , MI Bowling Green Soviet Union ( edit ) No . Pos . Name Age Hometown 20 * Vladislav Tretiak 27 Orudyevo , Moscow Oblast , Russia * Viacheslav Fetisov 21 Moscow , Russia 7 * Alexei Kasatonov 20 Leningrad , Russia 16 * Vladimir Petrov 32 Krasnogorsk , Moscow Oblast , Russia 17 LW * Valeri Kharlamov 32 Moscow , Russia 13 RW * Boris Mikhailov ( C ) 35 Moscow , Russia 19 RW Helmuts Balderis 27 Riga , Latvia 14 Zinetula Bilyaletdinov 24 Moscow , Russia 23 RW Aleksandr Golikov 27 Penza , Russia 25 Vladimir Golikov 25 Penza , Russia 9 LW Vladimir Krutov 19 Moscow , Russia 11 RW Yuri Lebedev 28 Moscow , Russia 24 RW Sergei Makarov 21 Chelyabinsk , Russia 10 C / RW Aleksandr Maltsev 30 Kirovo - Chepetsk , Russia Vladimir Myshkin 24 Kirovo - Chepetsk , Russia 5 Vasili Pervukhin 24 Penza , Russia 26 LW Aleksandr Skvortsov 25 Gorky , Russia 12 Sergei Starikov 21 Chelyabinsk , Russia 6 Valeri Vasiliev ( A ) 30 Gorky , Russia 22 Viktor Zhluktov 26 Inta , Russia * Starting line up Box score ( edit ) February 22 , 1980 ( 1980 - 02 - 22 ) 17 : 00 EST United States 4 -- 3 ( 2 -- 2 , 0 -- 1 , 2 -- 0 ) Soviet Union Olympic Center Attendance : 8,500 <Th_colspan="5"> ( show ) Game reference Jim Craig Goalies Vladislav Tretiak , Vladimir Myshkin Referee : Karl - Gustav Kaisla Linesmen : Nico Toemen François Larochelle <Td_colspan="3"> 0 -- 1 9 : 12 -- Krutov ( Kasatonov ) Schneider ( Pavelich ) -- 14 : 03 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 17 : 34 -- Makarov ( Golikov ) Johnson ( Christian , Silk ) -- 19 : 59 2 -- 2 2 -- 3 22 : 18 -- Maltsev ( Krutov ) ( PP ) Johnson ( Silk ) ( PP ) -- 48 : 39 3 -- 3 Eruzione ( Pavelich , Harrington ) -- 50 : 00 4 -- 3 6 min Penalties 6 min 16 Shots 39 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The 20th Century Awards : Sports Illustrated honors world 's greatest athletes '' . Sports Illustrated . December 3 , 1999 . Retrieved June 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top Story of the Century '' . International Ice Hockey Federation . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 35 Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 17 Jump up ^ IIHF ( 2008 ) . `` PROTESTING AMATEUR RULES , CANADA LEAVES INTERNATIONAL HOCKEY '' . IIHF.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 59 Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 59 Jump up ^ Podnieks , Andrew : Team Canada 1972 : The Official 40th Anniversary Celebration of the Summit Series ISBN 978 - 0771071195 p. 212 Jump up ^ Coffey , pp. 19 -- 20 Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 21 ^ Jump up to : `` A Reminder Of What We Can Be '' . si.com . Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 25 Jump up ^ Coffey , pp. 159 -- 160 ^ Jump up to : Allen , Kevin ( December 23 , 1997 ) . `` College kids perform Olympic miracle '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 26 Jump up ^ Ted , Green ( 2 February 1980 ) . `` ' We Are n't Awed ' Please ... Nobody Tell the U.S. Hockey Team It Has No Chance '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` 1980 Pre Olympic Tour Schedule '' . Vintage Minnesota Hockey . Jump up ^ Coffey , pp. 46 -- 48 Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 51 ^ Jump up to : Lake Placid Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games ( 1985 ) . Official Results of the XIII Olympic Winter Games -- Lake Placid 1980 ( PDF ) . Amateur Athletic Foundation of Los Angeles . pp. 105 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Kuzmiak , Eric ( June 11 , 2008 ) . `` Open - Mic : Greatest Sports Achievements -- Do You Believe in Miracles ? '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved August 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Richard F. ( Feb 23 , 1980 ) . `` ABC - TV Unable To Offer Key Hockey Playoff Live : Federation Rejected Request '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` TV SPORTS ; ' Miracle on Ice ' of 1980 Looks Different Today '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Posnanski , Joe ( February 22 , 2010 ) . `` 10 interesting facts you may not know about the Miracle on Ice '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 68 Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 45 Jump up ^ Posnanski , Joe ( February 22 , 2010 ) . `` 10 interesting facts you may not know about the Miracle on Ice '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ Swift , E.M. ( March 3 , 1980 ) . `` The Golden Goal '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 150 Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Jamie . `` The Miracle Unfolds '' . About.com . The New York Times Co . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 152 Jump up ^ `` Pro Hockey About.com '' . Jump up ^ Coffey , pp. 350 -- 52 Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 358 Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 374 Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 377 Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 379 Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 381 Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 383 ^ Jump up to : Coffey , p. 384 Jump up ^ HBO Sports ( 2001 ) . Do You Believe in Miracles ? : The Story of the 1980 U.S. Hockey Team ( Video ) . New York : HBO Home Video . ISBN 9780783119953 . Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 387 Jump up ^ Bacon , John U. ( February 20 , 2010 ) . `` Oh , Say Can You See a New Anthem ? '' . Ann Arbor Chronicle . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` President Carter phones U.S. Olympic hockey team '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ Swift , E.M. ( March 3 , 1980 ) . `` The Golden Goal '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ Coffey , pp. 412 -- 13 Jump up ^ Deitsch , Richard ( August 19 , 2008 ) . `` Heinz Q&A '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ `` The anniversary of a Miracle '' . St. Petersburg Times . February 22 , 2005 . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 318 Jump up ^ `` Neal Broten '' . Hockey Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 200 Jump up ^ `` Ken Morrow '' . Hockey Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Morrow , Director of Pro Scouting '' . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Ramsey '' . Hockey Database . Hockeydb.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Christian '' . Hockey Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Christian '' . Hockey Database . Hockeydb.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Johnson ( ice hockey ) '' . Hockey Database . Hockeydb.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Craig '' . Hockey Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eruzione Wo n't Go Pro '' . Daytona Beach Morning Journal . Associated Press . March 1 , 1980 . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` USA holds off Russia 3 -- 2 to advance to gold medal game '' . CNN . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Herb Brooks killed in car accident '' . Sports Illustrated . August 11 , 2003 . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( February 22 , 2010 ) . `` ' Miracle on Ice ' announcer Al Michaels is back in the Olympic studio '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , OH . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 389 Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 413 Jump up ^ Coffey , pp. 396 -- 97 Jump up ^ `` Sweeping changes : Russian hockey looked different after ' 72 Summit Series '' . Sports Illustrated . September 27 , 2002 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Viacheslav Fetisov '' . Hockey Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sergei Makarov '' . Hockey Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Miracle on Ice on IMDb Retrieved May 3 , 2008 Jump up ^ Miracle on Ice on IMDb Retrieved May 23 , 2008 Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian . `` TV Review : ESPN 's ' Of Miracles and Men ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 25 September 2016 . Coffey , Wayne ( 2005 ) . The Boys of Winter ( E ed . ) . New York : Crown Publishers . ISBN 0 - 307 - 23731 - 1 . Jacobson , Zachary Jonathan ( 2013 ) . `` Parable on Ice : Hockey , Capitalism and American Decadence at the Lake Placid Olympics , '' UCLA Historical Journal , 24 , 61 -- 75 . Soares , John . `` The Cold War on Ice . '' The Cold War on Ice XIV. 2 ( 2008 ) : 77 - 87 . Brown.edu . The Brown Journal of World Affairs . Web . 13 Feb. 2017 . External links ( edit ) Eskenazi , Gerald ( February 23 , 1980 ) . `` U.S. Defeats Soviet Squad In Olympic Hockey by 4 -- 3 '' . The New York Times . Johnson , Mark ( October 2 , 2007 ) . `` UW Women 's Hockey Coach Mark Johnson '' . Be More Tuned In ( Interview ) . Wisconsin Public Television . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2010 . Kindred , Dave ( February 23 , 1980 ) . `` Born to Be Players , Born to the Moment '' . Washington Post . Shapiro , Leonard ( February 23 , 1980 ) . `` U.S. Shocks Soviets in Ice Hockey , 4 -- 3 '' . Washington Post . Miracle on Ice team to reunite for the 35 year anniversary Miracle on Ice in MNopedia , the Minnesota Encyclopedia President Carter phones U.S Hockey Team <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> Olympic Games Preceded by Cathy Freeman Final Olympic Torchbearer ( U.S. Team only ) Salt Lake City 2002 Succeeded by Nikolaos Kaklamanakis Preceded by Midori Ito Final Winter Olympic Torchbearer ( U.S. Team only ) Salt Lake City 2002 Succeeded by Stefania Belmondo <Th_colspan="2"> 1980 USA Men 's Olympic Hockey Team <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Steve Janaszak 3 Ken Morrow 5 Mike Ramsey 6 Bill Baker ( A ) 8 Dave Silk 9 Neal Broten 10 Mark Johnson 11 Steve Christoff 15 Mark Wells 16 Mark Pavelich 17 Jack O'Callahan 19 Eric Strobel 20 Bob Suter 21 Mike Eruzione ( C ) 23 Dave Christian 24 Rob McClanahan 25 Buzz Schneider 27 Phil Verchota 28 John Harrington 30 Jim Craig Head Coach : Herb Brooks Assistant Coach : Craig Patrick Goalie Coach : Warren Strelow Team Physician George Nagobads Trainer : Gary Smith <Th_colspan="2"> Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> 1954 : Roger Bannister 1955 : Johnny Podres 1956 : Bobby Morrow 1957 : Stan Musial 1958 : Rafer Johnson 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Arnold Palmer 1961 : Jerry Lucas 1962 : Terry Baker 1963 : Pete Rozelle 1964 : Ken Venturi 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Jim Ryun 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Bill Russell 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : Bobby Orr 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Billie Jean King & John Wooden 1973 : Jackie Stewart 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Pete Rose 1976 : Chris Evert 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Jack Nicklaus 1979 : Terry Bradshaw & Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : Sugar Ray Leonard 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Mary Decker 1984 : Edwin Moses & Mary Lou Retton 1985 : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Joe Paterno 1987 : Bob Bourne , Judi Brown King , Kipchoge Keino , Dale Murphy , Chip Rives , Patty Sheehan , Rory Sparrow , & Reggie Williams 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Greg LeMond 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Arthur Ashe 1993 : Don Shula 1994 : Bonnie Blair & Johann Olav Koss 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Tiger Woods 1997 : Dean Smith 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : U.S. Women 's Soccer Team 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Curt Schilling & Randy Johnson 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : David Robinson & Tim Duncan 2004 : Boston Red Sox 2005 : Tom Brady 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Brett Favre 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Derek Jeter 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Mike Krzyzewski & Pat Summitt 2012 : LeBron James 2013 : Peyton Manning 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Serena Williams 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve & J.J. Watt <Th_colspan="2"> Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> 1931 : Pepper Martin 1932 : Gene Sarazen 1933 : Carl Hubbell 1934 : Dizzy Dean 1935 : Joe Louis 1936 : Jesse Owens 1937 : Don Budge 1938 : Don Budge 1939 : Nile Kinnick 1940 : Tom Harmon 1941 : Joe DiMaggio 1942 : Frank Sinkwich 1943 : Gunder Hägg 1944 : Byron Nelson 1945 : Byron Nelson 1946 : Glenn Davis 1947 : Johnny Lujack 1948 : Lou Boudreau 1949 : Leon Hart 1950 : Jim Konstanty 1951 : Dick Kazmaier 1952 : Bob Mathias 1953 : Ben Hogan 1954 : Willie Mays 1955 : Howard Cassady 1956 : Mickey Mantle 1957 : Ted Williams 1958 : Herb Elliott 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Rafer Johnson 1961 : Roger Maris 1962 : Maury Wills 1963 : Sandy Koufax 1964 : Don Schollander 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Frank Robinson 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : George Blanda 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Mark Spitz 1973 : O.J. 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royal society for the prevention of cruelty to animals australia
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Royal society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals - wikipedia Royal society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the British charity . For the Australian organisation , see RSPCA Australia . For other organisations with similar names , see Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals . Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals <Td_colspan="2"> Founded 1824 Founder Richard Martin , William Wilberforce , Reverend Arthur Broome Focus Animals Location Southwater , West Sussex , England Area served England & Wales Key people Michael Ward ( Interim CEO , June 2017 - ) Revenue £ 132.8 m ( 2012 ) Employees 1,667 ( 2011 ) Website http://www.rspca.org.uk The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ( RSPCA ) is a charity operating in England and Wales that promotes animal welfare . In 2012 , the RSPCA investigated 150,833 cruelty complaints . It is the oldest and largest animal welfare organisation in the world and is one of the largest charities in the UK , with 1,667 employees ( as of 2011 ) . The organisation also does international outreach work across Europe , Africa and Asia . The charity 's work has inspired the creation of similar groups in other jurisdictions , starting with the Ulster Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ( founded in 1836 ) , and including the Scottish Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ( 1839 ) , the Dublin Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ( 1840 ) , the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ( 1866 ) , the Royal New Zealand Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ( 1882 ) , and various groups which eventually came together as the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Australia ( 1981 ) , the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ( Hong Kong ) ( 1997 ) -- formerly known as the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ( Hong Kong ) ( 1903 -- 1997 ) . The RSPCA is funded primarily by voluntary donations . In 2012 , RSPCA total income was £ 132,803,000 and total expenditure was £ 121,464,000 , giving a net income of £ 11,339,000 . Its patron is Queen Elizabeth II . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Animal welfare establishments 2.1 Hospitals 2.2 Centres 3 Organisation and structure 3.1 National organisation 3.2 Regions 3.3 Branches 3.4 Groups 3.5 Inspectorate rank insignia 4 Mission statement and charitable status 5 Legal standing and inspectors ' powers 6 Controversy and criticism 6.1 Political lobbying 6.2 Euthanasia controversies 6.3 Prosecutions 6.4 Fund - raising in Scotland 7 See also 8 Bibliography 9 References 10 External links 10.1 Video clips History ( edit ) See also : RSPCA Reform Group A painting of the trial of Bill Burns , showing Richard Martin with the donkey in an astonished courtroom , leading to the world 's first known conviction for animal cruelty , after Burns was found beating his donkey . It was a story that delighted London 's newspapers and music halls . The emergence of the RSPCA has its roots in the intellectual climate of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century in Britain where opposing views were exchanged in print concerning the use of animals . The harsh use and maltreatment of animals in hauling carriages , scientific experiments ( including vivisection ) , and cultural amusements of fox - hunting , bull - baiting and cock - fighting were among some of the matters that were debated by social reformers , clergy , and parliamentarians . At the beginning of the nineteenth century there was an unsuccessful attempt by William Johnstone Pulteney on 18 April 1800 to pass legislation through England 's Parliament to ban the practice of bull - baiting . In 1809 Lord Erskine ( 1750 - 1823 ) introduced an anti-cruelty bill which was passed in the House of Lords but was defeated in a vote in the House of Commons . Erskine in his parliamentary speech combined the vocabulary of animal rights and trusteeship with a theological appeal to biblical passages opposing cruelty . A later attempt to pass anti-cruelty legislation was spearheaded by the Irish - born parliamentarian Richard Martin and in 1822 an anti-cruelty to cattle bill ( sometimes called Martin 's Act ) became law . Martin 's Act was supported by various social reformers who were not parliamentarians and an informal network had gathered around the efforts of Reverend Arthur Broome ( 1779 - 1837 ) to create a voluntary organisation that would promote kindness toward animals . Broome canvassed opinions in letters that were published or summarised in various periodicals in 1821 . Broome organised a meeting and extended invitations to various reformers that included parliamentarians , clergy and lawyers . The meeting was held on Wednesday 16 June 1824 in Old Slaughter 's Coffee House , London . The meeting was chaired by Thomas Fowell Buxton MP ( 1786 - 1845 ) and the resolution to establish the society was voted on . Among the others who were present as founding members were Sir James Mackintosh MP , Richard Martin , William Wilberforce , Basil Montagu , John Ashley Warre , Rev. George Bonner , Rev. George Avery Hatch , Sir James Graham , John Gilbert Meymott , William Mudford , and Lewis Gompertz . The organisation was founded as the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals . Broome was appointed as the society 's first honorary secretary . The foundation is marked by a plaque on the modern day building at 77 -- 78 St. Martin 's Lane . The society was the first animal welfare charity to be founded in the world . In 1824 it brought sixty three offenders before the courts . It was granted its royal status by Queen Victoria in 1840 to become the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals , as it is today . The origins of the role of the RSPCA inspector stem from Broome 's efforts in 1822 to personally bring to court some individuals against whom charges of cruelty were heard . Broome employed and personally paid the salary for an inspector to monitor the abuse of animals at the Smithfield Market . The inspector hired by Broome , Charles Wheeler , served in the capacity of an inspector from 1824 - 1826 but his services were terminated when the society 's revenue was exceeded by its debts . The accrued debts led to a suspension of operations when Broome as the society 's guarantor for debts was imprisoned . When operations resumed there was some divided opinions in the Committees that steered the society about employing inspectors , which resulted in a resolution in 1832 to discontinue employing an inspector . The permanent appointment of a salaried inspector was settled in 1838 , and the inspector is the image best known of the organisation today . Broome 's experience of bankruptcy and prison created difficulties for him afterwards and he stood aside as the society 's first secretary in 1828 and was succeeded by the co-founding member Lewis Gompertz . Unlike the other founder members who were Christians , Gompertz was a Jew and despite his abilities in campaigning against cruelty , fund - raising and administrative skills , tensions emerged between him and another committee member . The tensions led to the convening of a meeting in early 1832 which led to Gompertz resigning . His resignation coincided with a resolution adopted in 1832 that `` the proceedings of the Society were entirely based on the Christian faith and Christian principles . '' Alongside the society 's early efforts to prosecute offenders who maltreated animals , there were efforts made to promote kindly attitudes toward animals through the publication of books and tracts as well as the fostering of annual sermons preached against cruelty on behalf of the society . The first annual anti-cruelty sermon that was preached on behalf of the society was delivered by Rev Dr Rudge in March 1827 at the Whitechapel Church . In 1865 the RSPCA looked for a way to consolidate and further influence public opinion on animal welfare by encouraging an annual `` Animal Sunday '' church service where clergy would preach sermons on anti-cruelty themes and the very first sermon was delivered in London on 9 July 1865 by Rev. Arthur Penryhn Stanley ( 1815 - 1881 ) , the Dean of Westminster . The `` Animal Sunday '' service became an annual event in different church gatherings in England , which was later adopted by churches in Australia and New Zealand in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century , and it was the forerunner of the `` pet blessing '' services that emerged in the 1970s . In the twentieth century the RSPCA widened the horizons in the public domain by promoting an annual `` animal welfare week . '' During the second half of 1837 the society sponsored an essay - writing competition with a benefactor offering a prize of one hundred pounds for the winning entry . The terms of the competition stipulated : `` The Essay required is one which shall morally illustrate , and religiously enforce , the obligation of man towards the inferior and dependent creatures -- their protection and security from abuse , more especially as regards those engaged in service , and for the use and benefit of mankind - on the sin of cruelty -- the infliction of wanton or unnecessary pain , taking the subject under its various denominations - exposing the specious defence of vivisection on the ground of its being for the interests of science -- the supplying the infinite demands on the poor animal in aid of human speculations by exacting extreme labour , and thereby causing excessive suffering -- humanity to the brute as harmonious with the spirit and doctrines of Christianity , and the duty of man as a rational and accountable creature . '' There were thirty - four essays submitted and in December 1838 the prize was awarded to the Congregational minister Rev John Styles . Styles published his book - length work , The Animal Creation ; its claims on our humanity stated and enforced , and all proceeds of sale were donated to the society . Other contestants , such as David Mushet and William Youatt , the society 's veterinarian , also published their essays . One entrant whose work was submitted a few days after the competition deadline , and which was excluded from the competition was written by the Unitarian minister William Hamilton Drummond and he published his text in 1838 , The Rights of Animals : and Man 's Obligation to Treat Them with Humanity . This competition set a precedent for subsequent RSPCA prize - winning competitions . The role of women in the society began shortly after the organisation was founded . At the society 's first annual meeting in 1825 , which was held at the Crown and Anchor Tavern on 29 June 1825 , the public notice that announced the gathering specifically included appropriate accommodation for the presence of women members . Several women of social standing were listed as patronesses of the society , such as the Duchess of Buccleuch , Dowager Marchioness of Salisbury , Dowager Countess Harcourt , Lady Emily Pusey , Lady Eyre and Lady Mackintosh . In 1837 the novelist Catherine Grace Godwin ( 1798 - 1845 ) described in her novel Louisa Seymour an incident where two leading female characters were aghast at the behaviour of a driver abusing a horse pulling a carriage that they subsequently discussed the problem of cruelty with other characters one of whom , called Sir Arthur Beauchamp , disclosed that he was a member of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals . In 1839 another female supporter of the society , Sarah Burdett , a relative of the philanthropist Angela Burdett - Coutts and a poet , published her theological understanding of the rights of animals . However it was not until 12 July 1870 that the RSPCA Ladies ' Committee was established . Through the Ladies Committee various activities were sponsored including essay - prize competitions among children , and the formation of the Band of Mercy as a movement to encourage children to act kindly toward animals . In the nineteenth century the RSPCA fostered international relations on the problem of cruelty through the sponsoring of conferences and in providing basic advice on the establishment of similar welfare bodies in North America and in the colonies of the British Empire . The RSPCA celebrated its jubilee in June 1874 by holding an International Congress on Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and Queen Victoria delivered a letter of congratulations to the RSPCA on its anniversary . Although the society was founded by people who were mostly Christian social reformers , and in 1832 presented itself as a Christian charity concerned with welfare as well as moral reform , the RSPCA gradually developed into a non-religious , non-sectarian animal welfare charity . The RSPCA lobbied Parliament throughout the nineteenth century , resulting in a number of new laws . The Cruelty to Animals Act 1835 amended Martin 's Act and outlawed baiting . There was a public groundswell of opinions that were divided into opposing factions concerning vivisection , where Charles Darwin ( 1809 - 1882 ) campaigned on behalf of scientists to conduct experiments on animals while others , such as Frances Power Cobbe ( 1822 - 1904 ) formed an anti-vivisection lobby . The stance adopted by the RSPCA was one of qualified support for legislation . This qualified support for experiments on animals was at odds with the stance taken by Society 's founder Broome who had in 1825 sought medical opinions about vivisection and he published their anti-vivisection sentiments . It was also a departure from the 1837 essay - competition ( discussed above ) where the essayists were obliged to expose `` the specious defence of vivisection on the ground of its being for the interests of science . '' In 1876 the Cruelty to Animals Act was passed to control animal experimentation . In 1911 Parliament passed Sir George Greenwood 's Animal Protection Act . Since that time the RSPCA has continued to play an active role , both in the creation of animal welfare legislation and in its enforcement . An important recent new law has been the Animal Welfare Act 2006 . During the First World War the RSPCA provided support for the Army Veterinary Corps in treating animals such as donkeys , horses , dogs and birds that were co-opted into military service as beasts of burden , messengers and so forth . The RSPCA 's centenary in 1924 and its one hundred and fiftieth anniversary in 1974 were accompanied by books telling the society 's story . Since the end of the Second World War the development of intense agricultural farming practices has raised many questions for public debate concerning animal welfare legislation and the role of the RSPCA . This has included debates both inside the RSPCA ( e.g. the RSPCA Reform Group ) as well as among ethicists , social activists and supporters of claims for animal rights outside of it concerning the society 's role in ethical and legal issues involving the use of animals . Animal welfare establishments ( edit ) RSPCA centres , hospitals and branches operate throughout England and Wales . In 2012 RSPCA centres and branches assisted and rehomed 55,459 animals . Hospitals ( edit ) In 2013 the society owned four animal hospitals , Birmingham , Greater Manchester , Putney ( south London ) and the Harmsworth Memorial Hospital in Holloway ( north London ) , and a number of clinics which provide treatments to those who could not otherwise afford it , neuter animals and accept animals from the RSPCA inspectorate . Centres ( edit ) RSPCA animal centres deal with a wide range of injured and rescued animals , working alongside its inspectorate , volunteers , and others to ensure that each animal is found a new home . In 2013 the society had four wildlife centres at East Winch ( Norfolk ) , West Hatch ( Somerset ) , Stapeley Grange ( Cheshire ) and Mallydams Wood ( East Sussex ) , which provide treatment to sick , injured and orphaned wild animals to maximise their chances of a successful return to the wild . Organisation and structure ( edit ) National organisation ( edit ) At the national level , there is a ' National Control Centre ' , which receives all calls from members of the public , and tasks local Inspectors , some information AWOs or ACOs to respond to urgent calls . Additionally the £ 16 million ' National Headquarters ' located at Southwater in West Sussex houses several general ' Departments ' , each with a departmental head , consistent with the needs of any major organisation . The current Chief Executive Officer is Jeremy Cooper who replaced the previous Chief Executive Officer Gavin Grant who left in February 2014 . Regions ( edit ) There are five ' Regions ' ( North , East , Wales & West , South & South West , South East ) , each headed by a Regional Manager ( responsible for all staff and RSPCA HQ facilities ) assisted by a Regional Superintendent who has responsibility for the Chief Inspectors , Inspectors , AWOs and ACOs . The Regional Managers are expected to have a broad understanding of operations throughout their regions . Branches ( edit ) A RSPCA shop in Bramley , Leeds . RSPCA branches operate locally across England and Wales . Branches are separately registered charities operating at a local level and are run by volunteers . Some RSPCA branches are self - funding and raise money locally to support the animal welfare work they do . They find homes for about three - quarters of all animals taken in by the RSPCA . RSPCA branches also offer advice , microchipping , neutering and subsidised animal treatments . In 2013 there were also about 1000 RSPCA shops . Groups ( edit ) Each Region of the RSPCA contains ' Groups ' of Inspectorate staff . A Group is headed by a Chief Inspector . Each Chief Inspector might typically be responsible for around 8 or more Inspectors , 3 Animals Welfare Officers ( AWOs ) and 2 Animal Collection Officers ( ACOs ) , working with several local Branches . There are also a small number of Market Inspectors across the country . Inspectorate rank insignia ( edit ) RSPCA Inspectorate rank insignia Rank Animal Collection Officer Trainee Inspector Inspector Chief Inspector Superintendent Chief Superintendent Chief Officer Insignia <Td_colspan="10"> All ranks within the Inspectorate wear a white shirt with obvious RSPCA logo on the left breast . All ranks , except Animal Collection Officers , are provided with a formal uniform for use at special occasions such as Court hearings and ceremonial occasions . During major rescues , specialist teams of Inspectorate staff may opt for a more casual dark blue polo shirt with RSPCA embroidered logo . Note : a new rank of Animal Welfare Officer has recently been introduced . Mission statement and charitable status ( edit ) The RSPCA is a registered charity ( no . 219099 ) that relies on donations from the public . The RSPCA states that its mission as a charity is , by all lawful means , to prevent cruelty , promote kindness and to alleviate the suffering of animals . RSPCA inspectors respond to calls from the public to investigate alleged mistreatment of animals . They offer advice and assistance to improve animal welfare , and in some cases prosecute under laws such as the Animal Welfare Act 2006 . Animals rescued by the RSPCA are treated , rehabilitated and rehomed or released wherever possible . The RSPCA brings private prosecution ( a right available to any civilian ) against those it believes , based on independent veterinary opinion , have caused neglect to an animal under laws such as the Animal Welfare Act 2006 . The society has its own legal department and veterinary surgeons amongst the resources which facilitate such private prosecutions . All prosecutions are brought via independent solicitors acting for the RSPCA , as the association has no legal enforcement powers or authority in its own right . In May 2012 the RSPCA launched their own mobile virtual network operator service , RSPCA Mobile in partnership with MVNO whitelabel service Shebang . RSPCA Mobile claimed to be the first charity mobile phone network in the UK . The agreement included provisions such that the RSPCA would receive up to 15 % of top - ups made on the network and it was expected the network would raise £ 50,000 in the first year of operations . RSPCA Mobile ceased service in October 2014 . Legal standing and inspectors ' powers ( edit ) In 1829 when the first recognisable police force was established in England , they adopted a similar uniform to that of RSPCA inspectors who had been wearing uniforms since the charity 's beginning in 1824 . This has led to similarities in the RSPCA rank names and rank insignia with British police ranks , which has led some critics ( such as Chris Newman , chairman of the Federation of Companion Animal Societies ) to suggest an attempt to `` adopt '' police powers in the public imagination . An RSPCA inspector may also verbally caution a member of the public , similar to that used by the police , i.e. `` You do not have to say anything . But it may harm your defence if you do not mention when questioned something which you later rely on in court . Anything you do say may be given in evidence '' ; this may strengthen the perception that the RSPCA has statutory powers . When Richard Girling of The Times asked about their lack of powers , a spokesman for the RSPCA said `` We would prefer you did n't publish that , but of course it 's up to you '' . Chris Newman claimed that the RSPCA `` impersonate police officers and commit trespass . People do believe they have powers of entry '' ; however , he did not produce any evidence of such impersonation of police officers , and the society strongly deny the charge of impersonation . Sally Case , former head of prosecutions , insisted that RSPCA inspectors are trained specifically to make clear to pet - owners that they have no such right . They act without an owner 's permission , she says , `` only if an animal is suffering in a dire emergency . If the court feels evidence has been wrongly obtained , it can refuse to admit it '' . One recent trial was halted and charges relating to nine dogs were thrown out of court after District Judge Elsey ruled that they had been wrongly seized and that the police and RSPCA acted unlawfully when they entered private property and seized the animals . While the Protection of Animals Act 1911 provided a power of arrest for police , the British courts determined that Parliament did not intend any other organisation , such as the RSPCA , to be empowered under the Act and that the RSPCA therefore does not possess police - like powers of arrest , of entry or of search ( Line v RSPCA , 1902 ) . Like any other person or organisation that the law deems to have a duty to investigate -- such as HM Revenue and Customs and Local Authority Trading Standards -- the RSPCA is expected to conform to the rules in the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 so far as they relate to matters of investigation . RSPCA officers are trained to state , following giving the caution , that the person is `` not under arrest and can leave at any time '' . The Animal Welfare Act 2006 has now replaced the Protection of Animals Act 1911 , and it empowers the police and an inspector appointed by a local authority . Such inspectors are not to be confused with RSPCA Inspectors who are not appointed by local authorities . In cases where , for example , access to premises without the owner 's consent is sought , a local authority or Animal Health inspector or police officer may be accompanied by an RSPCA inspector if he or she is invited to do so , as was the case in previous law . Following a series of Freedom of Information requests in 2011 , to police constabularies throughout England and Wales it was revealed that the RSPCA has developed local information sharing protocols with a number of constabularies , allowing designated RSPCA workers access to confidential information held on the Police National Computer ( PNC ) . Although RSPCA workers do not have direct access to the PNC , information is shared with them by the various police constabularies which would reveal any convictions , cautions , warnings , reprimands and impending prosecutions . Information regarding motor vehicles can also be accessed . The Association of Chief Police Officers released a statement clarifying that the RSPCA had no direct access to the PNC , and that in common with other prosecuting bodies , it may make a request for disclosure of records . This indirect access does not include any information that the RSPCA does not need in order to prosecute a case at court . Controversy and criticism ( edit ) Political lobbying ( edit ) The RSPCA is an opponent of badger culling ; in 2006 there was controversy about a `` political '' campaign against culling , with the Charity Commission being asked to consider claims that the charity had breached guidelines by being too overtly ' political ' . The charity responded saying that it took `` careful account of charity law and the guidance issued by the Charity Commission '' . Years later , an advertisement published by the RSPCA in the Metro newspaper said : `` The UK Government wants to shoot England 's badgers . We want to vaccinate them -- and save their lives . '' But more than 100 people complained to the Advertising Standards Authority ( ASA ) , saying the use of the term `` exterminate '' was misleading . The advertising standards watchdog judged that the advert was likely to mislead the general public who had not taken an active interest in the badger cull saying , `` The ad must not appear again in its current form . We told the RSPCA not to use language that implied the whole badger population in the cull areas would be culled in future advertising . '' An RSPCA spokesman said it `` welcomed '' the judgement of the ASA to dismiss three of the areas of complaint about their advert but `` respectfully disagreed '' with the complaint which had been upheld . In September 2013 the RSPCA deputy chairman Paul Draycott said that ' too political ' campaigns threatened the charity 's future and could deter donors . Draycott said that the RSPCA could go insolvent `` We have spent months discussing where we want to be in 10 years time , but unless we develop a strategy for now we wo n't be here then '' . In response the chairman Mike Tomlinson said `` The trustee body continues to place its full support behind the RSPCA 's chief executive , management and all our people who do such outstanding work '' . The accusations of politicization remain unsubstantiated . Paul Draycott also warned that the RSPCA fears an exodus of `` disillusioned staff '' with `` poor or even non-existent management training and career paths '' for employees . In response the RSPCA 's chief executive , Gavin Grant denied suggestions in the memo that there was `` no strategy '' in some areas , stating that there was no difficulty in attracting trustees or serious internal concerns about management . In June 2014 RSPCA campaigner Peta Watson - Smith compared the conditions livestock are brought up in across the country to that of the Jews during the Holocaust . The comments were condemned by countryside campaigners and Jewish groups . In 2015 Peta Watson - Smith was elected to the RSPCA ruling council saying more money should be spent prosecuting farmers . At the same election the RSPCA members also voted to give a seat on the ruling council to Dan Lyons , who has previously called for pet owners to sit an exam . In 2016 the new head of the RSPCA , Jeremy Cooper , made a dramatic , public apology for the charity 's past mistakes and vowed to be less political and bring fewer prosecutions in the future . The new Chief Executive admitted that RSPCA had become `` too adversarial '' and will now be `` a lot less political '' . Mr Cooper said that the charity had alienated farmers in its aggressive campaign against the Government 's badger cull and disclosed that it would be `` very unlikely '' to ever bring another prosecution against a hunt . CEO Jeremy Cooper later resigned after just on year in charge . Euthanasia controversies ( edit ) The RSPCA also state that whilst a few of their own branches operate `` no kill '' policies themselves , its policy on euthanasia is : The RSPCA is working for a world in which no rehomable animal is put to sleep . Currently the RSPCA accepts , with great reluctance that in certain circumstances euthanasia may be necessary , when the animal is not rehomable , because it is sick or injured , for behavioural reasons or occasionally because there are no appropriate homes available and the animal would therefore endure long - term suffering through deprivation of basic needs . There have been incidents where the RSPCA has apologised for decisions to euthanise animals . In 2008 , the RSPCA was sued by Hindu monks over the killing of a sacred cow at the Bhaktivedanta Manor Hindu temple and 200 people protested at the RSPCA headquarters . On 13 December 2008 , the RSPCA admitted culpability , apologised for the killing of the cow , and donated a pregnant cow to the temple as a symbol of reconciliation . The RSPCA admitted that in 2014 it had euthanised 205 healthy horses . In one particular case 12 horses from a Lancashire farm that had been assessed by vets as being `` bright , alert and responsive '' and suffering no life - threatening issues were killed by the RSPCA . In a 2016 court case the RSPCA admitted that in 2015 it had illegally slaughtered 11 healthy horses , and attempted to charge the owner for 100 days of stabling fees for the period after the horses were already dead . The charge was overturned in a court decision . Prosecutions ( edit ) In May 2013 former RSPCA employee Dawn Aubrey - Ward was found hanged at her home when suffering from depression after leaving the animal charity . Aubrey - Ward was described by The Daily Telegraph as a whistleblower for the RSPCA 's prosecution practices . The RSPCA subsequently had a meeting with the Charity Commission over its approach to prosecutions . On 7 August 2013 the BBC Radio 4 Face the Facts radio programme broadcast an episode called `` The RSPCA -- A law unto itself ? '' The programme presented a number of cases of where the RSPCA has sought to hound vets and expert witnesses who had appeared in court for the defence in RSPCA prosecutions . In one case it sought to discredit the author of the RSPCA Complete Horse Care Manual ( Vogel ) after he appeared as an expert witness for the defence team in an RSPCA prosecution . The RSPCA later released a statement saying that this is untrue and that they do not persecute vets and lawyers who appear for the defence and as defence experts . There have been thousands of lawyers taking defence cases against the RSPCA and they have only ever made a complaint about one . In November 2013 the RSPCA was accused of instigating police raids on small animal shelters with insufficient evidence that animals were being mistreated . The owners claimed that they were being persecuted because of their `` no kill '' policy of only putting animals down if they can not be effectively treated . The RSPCA stated that their inspectors will offer advice and guidance to help people improve conditions for their animals , and it only seeks the help of the police where it considers there is no reasonable alternative to safeguard animal welfare . Fund - raising in Scotland ( edit ) The RSPCA has been criticised by the Scottish SPCA for fund - raising in Scotland and thereby `` stealing food from the mouths of animals north of the border by taking donations intended for Scotland . '' The RSPCA insists that it does not deliberately advertise in Scotland but that many satellite channels only enabled the organisation to purchase UK - wide advertising . In a statement , the RSPCA said it went `` to great lengths '' to ensure wherever possible that adverts were not distributed outside England and Wales , and `` Every piece of printed literature , television advertising and internet banner advertising always features the wording ' The RSPCA is a charity registered in England and Wales ' '' . `` All Scottish donors , who contact us via RSPCA fundraising campaigns , are directed to the Scottish SPCA so that they can donate to them if they so wish . '' The Scottish SPCA changed its logo in 2005 to make a clearer distinction between itself and the RSPCA in an attempt to prevent legacies being left to its English equivalent by mistake when the Scottish charity was intended . See also ( edit ) Humane society Royal Society for the Protection of Birds ( RSPB ) Eurogroup for Animals represents organisations such as the RSPCA at the European Union level Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ( links to other SPCA organizations worldwide ) Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ( Hong Kong ) -- formerly Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ( Hong Kong ) from 1903 to 1997 Animal welfare in the United Kingdom Animal ethics Animal rights Cruelty to animals Bibliography ( edit ) Antony Brown , Who Cares For Animals : 150 years of the RSPCA ( London : Heinemann , 1974 ) . Li Chien - hui , `` A Union of Christianity , Humanity , and Philanthropy : The Christian Tradition and the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in Nineteenth - Century England , '' Society and Animals 8 / 3 ( 2000 ) : 265 - 285 . Edward G. Fairholme and Wellesley Pain , A Century of Work For Animals : The History of the RSPCA , 1824 - 1934 ( London : John Murray , 1934 ) . Lori Gruen , Ethics and Animals : An Introduction ( Cambridge UK : Cambridge University Press , 2011 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 71773 - 1 Hilda Kean , Animal Rights : Political and Social Change in Britain since 1800 ( London : Reaktion Books , 2000 ) . ISBN 9781861890610 Shevawn Lynam , Humanity Dick Martin ' King of Connemara ' 1754 - 1834 ( Dublin : Lilliput Press , 1989 ) . ISBN 0 946640 36 X Vaughan Monamy , Animal Experimentation : A Guide to the Issues ( Cambridge UK ; New York : Cambridge University Press , 2000 ) . ISBN 0521667860 Arthur W. Moss , Valiant Crusade : The History of the RSPCA ( London : Cassell , 1961 ) . Harriet Ritvo , The Animal Estate : The English and Other Creatures in the Victorian Age ( Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press , 1987 ) . ISBN 0 - 674 - 03706 - 5 Richard D. Ryder , Animal Revolution : Changing Attitudes Towards Speciesism Rev Ed ( Oxford ; New York : Berg , 2000 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85973 - 330 - 1 Kathryn Shevelow , For The Love of Animals : The Rise of the Animal Protection Movement ( New York : Henry Holt , 2008 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 9024 - 6 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Trustee 's report and accounts 2011 Jump up ^ `` RSPCA Annual review '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Dog Rescue Pages -- UK dog rescue centres and welfare organizations '' . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 29 . Jump up ^ Charity Insight page on the RSPCA , accessed 22 November 2010 Archived 8 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Our international work '' , RSPCA , accessed 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Trustees ' report and accounts 2012 '' . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Rob Boddice , A History of Attitudes and Behaviours Toward Animals in Eighteenth - And Nineteenth - Century Britain : Anthropocentrism and the Emergence of Animals ( Lewiston , New York ; Queenston , Ontario ; Lampeter , Wales : Edwin Mellen Press , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Kathryn Shevelow , For The Love of Animals : The Rise of the Animal Protection Movement ( New York : Henry Holt , 2008 ) , pp 201 - 222 Jump up ^ John Hostettler , Thomas Erskine and Trial By Jury ( Hook , Hampshire : Waterside Press , 2010 ) , 197 - 199 . Jump up ^ Cruelty to Animals : The Speech of Lord Erskine in the House of Peers ( London : Richard Phillips , 1809 ) Jump up ^ Cruel Treatment of Cattle Act 1822 ( 3 Geo. IV c. 71 ) Jump up ^ `` To Correspondents '' The Kaleidoscope , 6 March 1821 p 288 . Also see The Monthly Magazine Vol. 51 April 1 , 1821 p 3 Jump up ^ Lewis Gompertz , ' Fragments in Defence of Animals , and Essays on Morals , Souls and Future State ' ( London : Horsell , 1852 ) , pp 174 - 175 ; Edward G. Fairholme and Wellesley Pain , A Century of Work For Animals : The History of the RSPCA , 1824 - 1934 ( London : John Murray , 1934 ) , p 54 . Jump up ^ `` Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals , '' The Times ( London ) Thursday 17 June 1824 , p 3 ; `` Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals '' Morning Post 28 June 1824 p 2 . Jump up ^ City of Westminster green plaques Archived 16 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Arthur W. Moss , Valiant Crusade : The History of the RSPCA ( London : Cassell , 1961 ) , 20 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The History of the RSPCA '' . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Our heritage '' . Jump up ^ `` Inhumanity of a Drover '' ' Morning Post ' , 27 June 1822 , p 3 Jump up ^ Fairholme and Pain , A Century of Work For Animals , p 55 . Jump up ^ On Broome 's imprisonment see The National Archives , King 's Bench Prison commitments , 1826 , Ref . No . PRIS 4 / 38 , 54 ; and King 's Bench Prison , Final Discharges 1827 , Ref . No . PRIS 7 / 46 , II . Also refer to Fairholme and Pain , A Century of Work , 60 - 62 ; Moss , Valiant Crusade , 24 - 25 . Jump up ^ Moss , Valiant Crusade , 60 - 61 Jump up ^ Fairholme and Pain , A Century of Work , 62 - 63 Jump up ^ See Moss , Valiant Crusade , 27 - 28 . See the Report of an Extra Meeting of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals January 13 , 1832 . Also see Gompertz ' brief account in Fragments in Defence of Animals , 176 . Jump up ^ Fairholme and Pain , A Century of Work , p 68 Jump up ^ See Public Ledger and Daily Advertiser , 20 March 1827 , p 2 Jump up ^ Arthur Penryhn Stanley , The Creation of Man : A Sermon preached at Whitehall Chapel July 9 , 1865 ( Oxford ; London : Parker , 1865 ) ; Moss , Valiant Crusade , 205 . Jump up ^ Ross Clifford and Philip Johnson , `` Christian Blessings for Pets '' in Taboo Or To Do ? ( London : Darton Longman and Todd , 2016 ) , p 173 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 232 - 53253 - 1 Jump up ^ For example , Elsie K. Morton , `` Man and the Animals : ' Welfare Week ' Appeal , '' New Zealand Herald , 24 October 1925 , 1 . Morton , `` Our Friends the Animals : World Day Observance , '' New Zealand Herald , 3 October 1936 , 8 . Jump up ^ See David Mushet , The Wrongs of the Animal World ( London : Hatchard , 1839 ) , p xii . Jump up ^ See Leeds Mercury , 15 December 1838 , p 7 . Jump up ^ John Styles , The Animal Creation ; its claims on our humanity stated and enforced ( London : Thomas Ward , 1839 ) . A modern edition of Styles , which was introduced by Gary Comstock , was published by Edwin Mellen Press , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 7734 - 8710 - 7 Jump up ^ Mushet , The Wrongs of the Animal World ; William Youatt , The Obligation and Extent of Humanity to Brutes ( London : Longman , Orme , Brown , Green and Longman , 1839 ) . Jump up ^ William Hamilton Drummond , The Rights of Animals : and Man 's Obligation to treat them with Humanity ( London : John Mardon , 1838 ) Jump up ^ See the public notice in Morning Post 24 June 1825 p 1 . Jump up ^ See a longer list of patronesses in Gompertz , Fragments in Defence of Animals , p 174 . Jump up ^ Catherine Grace Godwin , Louisa Seymour ; or , Hasty Impressions ( London : John W. Parker , 1837 ) p 91 . Jump up ^ Sarah Burdett , The Rights of Animals ; or , The Responsibility and Obligation of Man in the treatment he is bound to observe towards the animal creation ( London : John Mortimer , 1839 ) . Jump up ^ Moss , Valiant Crusade , 199 . Jump up ^ Moss , Valiant Crusade , 197 - 198 . Jump up ^ Fairholme and Pain , A Century of Work , 225 - 238 . Moss , Valiant Crusade , 186 - 196 . Stefan Petrow , `` Civilizing Mission : Animal Protection in Hobart 1878 - 1914 , '' Britain and the World 5 ( 2012 ) : 69 - 95 . Beatrice Johnston , For Those Who Cannot Speak : A History of the Canadian Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals 1869 - 1969 ( Laval , Quebec : Dev - Sco Publications , 1970 ) . Diane L. Beers , For the Prevention of Cruelty : The History and Legacy of Animal Rights Activism in the United States ( Athens , Ohio : Swallow Press / University of Ohio Press , 2006 ) . ISBN 0 - 8040 - 1087 - 0 . Jump up ^ See `` Prevention of Cruelty to Animals . Letter from the Queen , '' Western Times 24 June 1874 , p 4 ; `` Prevention of Cruelty to Animals '' Manchester Courier 24 June 1874 , p 5 Jump up ^ On the role of Christians in forming voluntary organisations for moral reform and social change in nineteenth century Britain see M.J.D. Roberts , Making English Morals : Voluntary Associations and Moral Reform in England , 1787 - 1886 ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2004 ) . ISBN 0 521 83389 2 Jump up ^ See Rod Preece , `` Darwinism , Christianity , and the Great Vivisection Debate , '' Journal of the History of Ideas 64 / 3 ( 2003 ) : 399 - 419 . Boddice , A History of Attitudes and Behaviours Toward Animals in Eighteenth - and Nineteenth - Century Britain , pp 304 - 339 . Jump up ^ Moss , Valiant Crusade , 154 - 172 . Jump up ^ `` Cruelty to Animals '' Morning Post , 10 November 1825 , p 1 Jump up ^ DEFRA page on Animal Welfare Act 2006 , accessed 22 November 2010 Archived 15 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Animal Welfare Act '' . Jump up ^ See Fairholme and Pain , A Century of Work , 204 - 224 . Also see John M. Kistler , Animals in the Military : From Hannibal 's Elephants to the Dolphins of the U.S. Navy ( Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO , 2011 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 346 - 0 . Jump up ^ Fairholme and Pain , A Century of Work . Brown , Who Cares For Animals ? ( London : Heinemann , 1974 ) Jump up ^ Richard D. Ryder , Animal Revolution : Changing Attitudes Towards Speciesism Rev Ed ( Oxford ; New York : Berg , 2000 ) , 163 - 193 . Hilda Kean , Animal Rights : Political and Social Change in Britain since 1800 ( London : Reaktion Books , 1998 ) 201 - 214 . Jump up ^ `` RSPCA 2012 Annual Review '' . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` London North ( Harmsworth Memorial ) Animal Hospital '' . Jump up ^ `` Wildlife centres '' . Jump up ^ `` Contact the RSPCA '' . Jump up ^ Penny , Thomas ( 24 July 2002 ) . `` RSPCA millions go on politics and HQ '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ Ricketts , Andy ( 24 March 2016 ) . `` RSPCA promotes Jeremy Cooper to chief executive '' . Third Sector digital bulletin . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Become an RSPCA officer '' . Jump up ^ Vídeo de cão sendo espancado gera prisão de agressor , Yahoo ! , RSPCA Jump up ^ Baker , Rosie ( 10 May 2012 ) . `` RSPCA launches first charity mobile network '' . Marketing Week . Archived from the original on 23 September 2017 . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Pudelek , Jenna ( 11 May 2012 ) . `` RSPCA launches mobile phone service that will raise funds '' . Third Sector . Archived from the original on 23 September 2017 . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ See Metropolitan Police Act 1829 Jump up ^ See Police uniforms and equipment in the United Kingdom ^ Jump up to : `` Invasion of privacy '' . The Sunday Times . London . 2007 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 09 . ( registration required ) Jump up ^ Sharma , Sonia ( 2012 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Stanley woman found guilty of mistreating dog '' . Chronicle Live ( UK ) . South Tyneside . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Animal Welfare Act 2006 '' . Jump up ^ `` ARCHIVE : Defra , UK -- Animal Health and Welfare -- Animal Welfare -- Animal Welfare Act '' . Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Martin - Freedom of Information requests '' . Jump up ^ ACPO Media Centre -- RSPCA access to PNC records Jump up ^ Copping , Jasper ( 12 Mar 2006 ) . `` Back off Badgers campaign '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RSPCA badger cull ' extermination ' advert deemed misleading by ASA '' . 26 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RSPCA anti badger cull advert banned '' . BBC News . 11 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Sawer , Patrick ( 14 September 2013 ) . `` RSPCA deputy leader warns ' too political ' campaigns threaten charity 's future '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ Bingham , John ( 16 September 2013 ) . `` RSPCA fears exodus of ' disillusioned staff ' , says deputy chairman '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` ' Livestock suffer like Jews in the Holocaust ' says RSPCA ruling council candidate Peta Watson - Smith , from Lincolnshire '' . Lincolnshire Echo . Jump up ^ `` Vegan who said farming is like the Holocaust elected as RSPCA official '' . Jump up ^ `` RSPCA boss says sorry for blunders and admits charity was too political '' . Jump up ^ `` RSPCA to become ' less adversarial ' under new boss '' . 14 May 2016 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ https://www.fginsight.com/news/utterly-dysfunctional---rspca-under-attack-again-after-resignation-of-chief-executive-22217 ^ Jump up to : Sawer , Patrick ( 3 November 2013 ) . `` RSPCA accused of persecuting owners of animal shelters '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ Our policies - RSPCA Jump up ^ Dugan , Emily ( 29 March 2008 ) . `` Hindu monks sue RSPCA over slaughter of sacred cow Gangotri '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ Pigott , Robert ( 12 December 2008 ) . `` RSPCA sorry for killing sacred cow '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Mr Richard and Mrs Samantha Byrnes -- an Apology '' . RSPCA News . Jump up ^ `` Secret report shows RSPCA 's cruel dishonesty - The Times '' . Jump up ^ `` RSPCA has to climb down over shooting of 11 healthy horses '' . Jump up ^ `` RSPCA euthanising healthy horses as cases of neglect hit crisis point '' . Jump up ^ `` RSPCA has to climb down over shooting of 11 healthy horses '' . Jump up ^ Dixon , Hayley ( 14 May 2013 ) . `` RSPCA whistleblower found hanged '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Tory MP : RSPCA Heythrop Hunt prosecution has a ' strong political edge ' '' . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 4 Face the Facts The RSPCA -- A law unto itself ? '' . 7 Aug 2013 . Retrieved 7 Aug 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RSPCA tried to discredit expert who gave evidence against charity '' . 7 Aug 2013 . Retrieved 7 Aug 2013 . Jump up ^ 0713_7 -- rspca.org.uk Jump up ^ 0813_6 -- rspca.org.uk ^ Jump up to : Animal groups in bitter cash row BBC News , 3 January 2009 Jump up ^ `` New identity for animal charity '' . BBC News . 1 August 2005 . Jump up ^ Detail from a copy of the book , published by Heinemann of London in 1974 with an ISBN of 434 90189 X . The chapters relate to the origin of the society , and finishes with prospects for the future , with a foreword by John Hobhouse ( chairman of the RSPCA ) . Appendix section includes a list of past presidents and accounts information . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals RSPCA England / Wales Charity Commission . RSPCA , registered charity no . 219099 . Guidance on the Operation of the Animals ( Scientific Procedures ) Act 1986 RSPCA Inspector Career advice Freedom Food the RSPCA 's farm assurance scheme RSPCA Brighton Letter from RSPCA against claims of euthanizing a pet too soon Video clips ( edit ) RSPCA YouTube channel Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals&oldid=842965418 '' Categories : Animal charities based in the United Kingdom Organizations established in 1824 Organisations based in West Sussex Organisations based in the United Kingdom with royal patronage Royal charities of the United Kingdom 1824 establishments in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with login required references or sources Use dmy dates from October 2013 Use British English from October 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Simple English 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 22 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA)
2. Animal welfare charity
3. Oldest and largest animal welfare organization
4. International outreach work
5. Controversies and criticisms
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where is american idol filmed in los angeles
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American Idol ( season 16 ) - wikipedia American Idol ( season 16 ) <Th_colspan="2"> American Idol <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Season 16 Broadcast from March 11 ( 2018 - 03 - 11 ) -- May 21 , 2018 Judges Katy Perry Luke Bryan Lionel Richie Host ( s ) Ryan Seacrest Broadcaster ABC <Th_colspan="2"> Winner <Td_colspan="2"> Maddie Poppe Origin Clarksville , Iowa Song `` Going Going Gone '' Genre ( s ) Pop , Folk <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Runner - up <Td_colspan="2"> Caleb Lee Hutchinson <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ◀ 2018 ▶ The sixteenth season of American Idol premiered on March 11 , 2018 , on the ABC television network . It is the show 's first season to air on ABC . Ryan Seacrest continued his role as the show 's host , while Katy Perry , Luke Bryan , and Lionel Richie joined as judges . Maddie Poppe from Clarksville , Iowa won the season on May 21 , 2018 , while her boyfriend Caleb Lee Hutchinson was runner - up . Poppe was the first female winner since Candice Glover in season twelve . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Regional auditions 3 Hollywood Week 4 Showcase Round 5 Top 24 5.1 Group 1 5.2 Group 2 6 Live shows 6.1 Week 1 : Top 14 ( April 22 and 23 ) 6.2 Week 2 : Top 10 -- Disney Night ( April 29 ) 6.3 Week 3 : Top 7 -- Prince / Birth Year Night ( May 6 ) 6.4 Week 4 : Top 5 -- Carrie Underwood / Mothers ' Day Dedications ( May 13 ) 6.5 Week 5 : Finale -- Winner 's Song / Reprise Song / Hometown Dedication ( May 20 and 21 ) 7 Elimination chart 8 Reception 8.1 Ratings 8.2 Critical response 9 Contestants who appeared on other shows or previous seasons 10 Concert tour 11 References 12 External links Background In early 2017 , Variety reported that FremantleMedia was in talks to revive the show for NBC or for its original network , Fox . A dispute between Fremantle and Core Media Group derailed these plans . Then , in May 2017 , it was announced that ABC was making a bid to revive the program . Later , ABC announced that it had acquired the rights to the series , and that American Idol would return for the 2017 -- 18 television season . On November 6 , 2017 , it was announced that the revival season would premiere on March 11 , 2018 . On July 20 , 2017 , it was announced on Live with Kelly and Ryan , that Ryan Seacrest would be returning as the host for the revival season . On May 16 , 2017 , Katy Perry was the first judge to be announced by ABC . On September 24 , 2017 , Luke Bryan was the second judge to be announced for the revival season . On September 29 , 2017 , Lionel Richie was the third and final judge to be announced . On February 21 , 2018 , it was announced that iHeartRadio radio personality Bobby Bones would be the mentor for the Top 24 this season . Radio Disney is broadcasting its first season of American Idol Insider . On April 23 , 2018 , ABC announced that the April 29 , May 6 , and May 13 live shows of the season would air across all mainland U.S. time zones , a first for American Idol . Regional Auditions In June 2017 , it was announced that American Idol would begin two bus tours in 19 cities , later increased to 22 , for audition starting August 17 , 2017 . Those who passed their first audition would go in front of the producers where they would be selected to appear before the judges in different cities . Instead of focusing on a city in each aired episode as in previous seasons , this season each episode showed a compilations of auditions from different cities . Episodes City Date Venue 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 New York City October 3 -- 4 , 2017 Madison Square Garden 2 , 4 , 5 New Orleans , Louisiana October 14 , 2017 Mardi Gras World 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 Nashville , Tennessee October 19 -- 20 , 2017 Country Music Hall of Fame 2 , 3 , 5 Savannah , Georgia October 28 -- 29 , 2017 Kehoe Iron Works 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 Los Angeles , California November 16 -- 17 , 2017 Hollywood and Highland Center During the live broadcast of the 2017 American Music Awards , three contestants who did not pass the audition in front of the judges were given one more chance to allow the public to vote for them . The three candidates were Maris , Britney Holmes and Dominique Smith . The winner of the golden ticket to Hollywood was then revealed the following night on an episode of Dancing with the Stars . Lionel Richie appeared in the show announcing that the public vote was in favor of Britney Holmes , a 28 - year - old vocal coach from Texas , who is headed to Hollywood as the first declared semifinalist of the season . Hollywood week Hollywood Week aired over two episodes on March 26 and April 1 . It featured three rounds : Lines of 10 , Group Round , and Solo Round . In the first round , each contestant sang individually , and after ten sang , they gathered in a line . Those who impressed the judges and the producers advanced to the next round where the contestants performed in groups of four or five , singing a song together . The remaining auditionees who passed the group rounds performed their final solos to advance in the Showcase Round . Showcase Round The Showcase Round aired on April 2 , which featured the top 50 performing for the judges and a live audience at Exchange LA , a nightclub in Los Angeles . The following day , the judges narrowed the number of contestants down from 50 to 24 in the Final Judgement . The top 24 contestants then moved on to perform solos and celebrity duets . The following is a list of the contestants who reached the Top 24 and the song they performed at the Showcase : Color key : Male contestant Female contestant Order <Th_colspan="2"> Contestant Age Hometown Audition city Song Layla Spring 16 Marion County , Kentucky Nashville , Tennessee `` Proud Mary '' Michael J. Woodard 20 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Los Angeles , California `` You Oughta Know '' Gabby Barrett 17 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania New York City `` Church Bells '' Michelle Sussett 22 Miami , Florida Los Angeles , California `` 24K Magic '' 5 Dominique 26 Birmingham , Alabama New Orleans , Louisiana `` Landslide '' 6 Trevor McBane 22 Savanna , Oklahoma New Orleans , Louisiana `` Wake Me Up '' 7 Maddie Poppe 20 Clarksville , Iowa New York City `` Me and Bobby McGee '' 8 Ron Bultongez 21 Plano , Texas New York City `` All I Want '' 9 Alyssa Raghu 16 Orlando , Florida Los Angeles , California `` Every Breath You Take '' 10 Catie Turner 17 Langhorne , Pennsylvania New York City `` Bad Romance '' 11 Jurnee 18 Denver , Colorado Savannah , Georgia `` Never Enough '' 12 Shannon O'Hara 17 Mooresville , North Carolina Savannah , Georgia `` Unconditionally '' 13 Kay Kay 18 Nashua , New Hampshire New York City `` Brokenhearted '' 14 Amelia Hammer Harris 26 Lexington , Kentucky Savannah , Georgia `` Paint It Black '' 15 Brandon Diaz 21 Ashburn , Virginia Los Angeles , California `` Let 's Get It On '' 16 Adam Sanders ( as Ada Vox ) 24 San Antonio , Texas Savannah , Georgia `` Creep '' 17 Jonny Brenns 18 St. Augustine , Florida Savannah , Georgia `` Lay Me Down '' 18 Mara Justine 15 Galloway Township , New Jersey New York City `` Something 's Got a Hold on Me '' 19 Caleb Lee Hutchinson 18 Dallas , Georgia Savannah , Georgia `` I Was Wrong '' 20 Garrett Jacobs 18 Bossier City , Louisiana New Orleans , Louisiana `` Knock on Wood '' 21 Cade Foehner 21 Shelbyville , Texas Savannah , Georgia `` No Good '' 22 Effie Passero 26 Modesto , California Los Angeles , California `` The Dance '' 23 Marcio Donaldson 28 Compton , California Los Angeles , California `` If You Really Love Me '' 24 Dennis Lorenzo 26 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania New York City `` A Song for You '' Top 24 The Top 24 contestants were split into two groups of twelve . Prerecorded performances at the Academy in the Heart of LA of the first group aired on April 8 and the second group on April 15 . On the following day each week , prerecorded performances of each contestant 's duet aired , as did the judges ' selection of seven contestants from each group to advance to the Top 14 . Idol contestants were paired with celebrity singers as their duet partners . The artists who duetted with the Top 24 included : Banners , Aloe Blacc , Bishop Briggs , Cam , Colbie Caillat , Luis Fonsi , Andy Grammer , Lea Michele , Patrick Monahan , Rachel Platten , Bebe Rexha , Sugarland , and Allen Stone . Color key : Contestant was chosen by the judges to move on to the live shows Contestant was eliminated Group 1 Date of airing Order Contestant Song Duet partner Result Sunday , April 8 Dominique `` Ai n't Nobody '' N / A N / A Layla Spring `` A Broken Wing '' N / A N / A Catie Turner `` Call Me '' N / A N / A Dennis Lorenzo `` Rude '' N / A N / A 5 Michelle Sussett `` If I Were a Boy '' N / A N / A 6 Michael J. Woodard `` Golden Slumbers '' N / A N / A 7 Trevor McBane `` Way Down We Go '' N / A N / A 8 Jonny Brenns `` Georgia '' N / A N / A 9 Kay Kay `` Love on the Brain '' N / A N / A 10 Brandon Diaz `` Hello '' N / A N / A 11 Gabby Barrett `` My Church '' N / A N / A 12 Cade Foehner `` All Along the Watchtower '' N / A N / A <Td_colspan="6"> Monday , April 9 Catie Turner `` Good to Be Alive ( Hallelujah ) '' Andy Grammer Advanced Cade Foehner `` Never Tear Us Apart '' Bishop Briggs Advanced Layla Spring `` Stuck Like Glue '' Sugarland Eliminated Dominique `` Wake Me Up '' Aloe Blacc Eliminated 5 Brandon Diaz `` Despacito '' Luis Fonsi Eliminated 6 Kay Kay `` Drive By '' Patrick Monahan Eliminated 7 Trevor McBane `` River '' Bishop Briggs Eliminated 8 Michelle Sussett `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' Luis Fonsi Advanced 9 Jonny Brenns `` Back Home '' Andy Grammer Advanced 10 Dennis Lorenzo `` Unaware '' Allen Stone Advanced 11 Michael J. Woodard `` Angel in Blue Jeans '' Patrick Monahan Advanced 12 Gabby Barrett `` Stay '' Sugarland Advanced Group 2 Date of airing Order Contestant Song Duet partner Result Sunday , April 15 Amelia Hammer Harris `` Believer '' N / A N / A Garrett Jacobs `` Treat You Better '' N / A N / A Maddie Poppe `` Brand New Key '' N / A N / A Ada Vox `` Feeling Good '' N / A N / A 5 Caleb Lee Hutchinson `` Die a Happy Man '' N / A N / A 6 Effie Passero `` Barracuda '' N / A N / A 7 Alyssa Raghu `` Stay '' N / A N / A 8 Marcio Donaldson `` Inseparable '' N / A N / A 9 Mara Justine `` Run to You '' N / A N / A 10 Jurnee `` Flashlight '' N / A N / A 11 Shannon O'Hara `` All I Ask '' N / A N / A 12 Ron Bultongez `` Dancing On My Own '' N / A N / A <Td_colspan="6"> Monday , April 16 Caleb Lee Hutchinson `` Meant to Be '' Bebe Rexha Advanced Ada Vox `` Defying Gravity '' Lea Michele Advanced Maddie Poppe `` Bubbly '' Colbie Caillat Advanced Ron Bultongez `` Someone to You '' Banners Eliminated 5 Amelia Hammer Harris `` Me , Myself & I '' Bebe Rexha Eliminated 6 Shannon O'Hara `` Burning House '' Cam Eliminated 7 Alyssa Raghu `` Yellow '' Banners Eliminated 8 Marcio Donaldson `` What 's Going On '' Allen Stone Advanced 9 Jurnee `` Run to You '' Lea Michele Advanced 10 Garrett Jacobs `` Lucky '' Colbie Caillat Advanced 11 Mara Justine `` Fight Song '' Rachel Platten Advanced 12 Effie Passero `` Diane '' Cam Eliminated Live shows Color key : Contestant was saved by America 's vote Contestant was eliminated Week 1 : Top 14 ( April 22 and 23 ) The Top 14 performances were taped on April 21 , 2018 , and aired on Sunday , April 22 , followed with the live results on Monday , April 23 . Color key : Contestant received the top six highest amount of votes and directly advanced to the Top 10 Contestant was not chosen by the public and was left to perform again for the judges Contestant was immune from elimination and performed a `` victory song '' Contestant was chosen by the judges to advanced to the Top 10 Contestant was eliminated Date of airing Order Contestant Song Result Sunday , April 22 Caleb Lee Hutchinson `` Midnight Train to Memphis '' Advanced Michelle Sussett `` Friends '' Not Chosen Marcio Donaldson `` It 's a Miracle '' Not Chosen Mara Justine `` This Is Me '' Not Chosen 5 Garrett Jacobs `` Raging Fire '' Not Chosen 6 Ada Vox `` The Show Must Go On '' Not Chosen 7 Catie Turner `` Take Me to Church '' Advanced 8 Cade Foehner `` Black Magic Woman '' Advanced 9 Dennis Lorenzo `` In My Blood '' Not Chosen 10 Maddie Poppe `` Homeward Bound '' Advanced 11 Jurnee `` Bang Bang '' Not Chosen 12 Jonny Brenns `` This Is Gospel '' Not Chosen 13 Michael J. Woodard `` Titanium '' Advanced 14 Gabby Barrett `` The Climb '' Advanced <Td_colspan="6"> Monday , April 23 Maddie Poppe `` Walk Like an Egyptian '' Immune Michelle Sussett `` I 'm a Dreamer '' ( original song ) Judges ' choice Marcio Donaldson `` Jealous '' Eliminated Cade Foehner `` Bright Lights '' Immune 5 Garrett Jacobs `` Have You Ever Seen the Rain ? '' Eliminated 6 Gabby Barrett `` Little Red Wagon '' Immune 7 Dennis Lorenzo `` This Woman 's Work '' Judges ' choice 8 Jonny Brenns `` Demons '' Eliminated 9 Caleb Lee Hutchinson `` Gettin ' You Home '' Immune 10 Mara Justine `` Love on the Brain '' Eliminated 11 Jurnee `` Never Enough '' Judges ' choice 12 Michael J. Woodard `` Believe In Yourself '' Immune 13 Catie Turner `` Havana '' Immune 14 Ada Vox `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' Judges ' choice Week 2 : Top 10 -- Disney Night ( April 29 ) The Top 10 performed Disney songs on Sunday , April 29 , 2018 . Idina Menzel served as a guest mentor . Order Contestant Song Result Maddie Poppe `` The Bare Necessities '' Safe Jurnee `` How Far I 'll Go '' Safe Cade Foehner `` Kiss the Girl '' Safe Ada Vox `` Circle of Life '' Eliminated 5 Michelle Sussett `` Remember Me '' Eliminated 6 Gabby Barrett `` Colors of the Wind '' Safe 7 Michael J. Woodard `` Beauty and the Beast '' Safe 8 Caleb Lee Hutchinson `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' Safe 9 Catie Turner `` Once Upon a Dream '' Safe 10 Dennis Lorenzo `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Eliminated Non-competition performance Order Performers Song 15.1 Katy Perry and the Top 10 `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' Week 3 : Top 7 -- Prince / birth year Night ( May 6 ) The Top 7 performed tribute performances to the late Prince and songs from their birth years . Nick Jonas served as a guest mentor . Contestant Order Prince Song Order Birth Year Song Result Jurnee `` Kiss '' 11 `` Back at One '' Eliminated Gabby Barrett 10 `` How Come U Do n't Call Me Anymore ? '' `` I Hope You Dance '' Safe Michael J. Woodard `` I Would Die 4 U '' 8 `` My Heart Will Go On '' Safe Cade Foehner 9 `` Jungle Love '' `` Who Will Save Your Soul '' Safe Catie Turner 12 `` Manic Monday '' 5 `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' Eliminated Caleb Lee Hutchinson 14 `` When Doves Cry '' 6 `` Amazed '' Safe Maddie Poppe 7 `` Nothing Compares 2 U '' 13 `` If It Makes You Happy '' Safe Week 4 : Top 5 -- Carrie Underwood / mothers ' day dedications ( May 13 ) The Top 5 performed songs by Carrie Underwood and songs dedicated to their mothers . Underwood served as mentor for the week and performed with the contestants . Contestant Order Carrie Underwood Song Order Mother 's Day Song Result Michael J. Woodard `` Flat on the Floor '' 8 `` Still I Rise '' Eliminated Gabby Barrett `` Last Name '' 6 `` I Have Nothing '' Safe Cade Foehner `` Undo It '' 7 `` Simple Man '' Eliminated Caleb Lee Hutchinson `` So Small '' 9 `` Stars in Alabama '' Safe Maddie Poppe 5 `` I Told You So '' 10 `` God Only Knows '' Safe Non-competition performances Order Performer ( s ) Song 17.1 Carrie Underwood and the Top 5 `` See You Again '' 17.2 Carrie Underwood `` Cry Pretty '' Week 5 : finale -- winner 's song / reprise song / hometown dedication ( May 20 and 21 ) The Top 3 performed their winner 's song , a reprise Of their favorite performance of the season and a song dedicated to their hometowns , which they visited for the Idol Heroes Homecoming Welcome . Bobby Bones returned as mentor this week . Contestant Order Winner 's Song Order Reprise Song Order Hometown Dedication Result Caleb Lee Hutchinson `` Johnny Cash Heart '' `` Do n't Close Your Eyes '' 7 `` Folsom Prison Blues '' Runner - up Gabby Barrett `` Rivers Deep '' 5 `` Little Red Wagon '' 8 `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' 3rd Place Maddie Poppe `` Going Going Gone '' 6 `` Do n't Ever Let Your Children Grow Up '' ( original song ) 9 `` Landslide '' Winner Non-competition performances Order Performer ( s ) Song 18.1 Harper Grace `` Yard Sale '' ( original song ) 18.2 Jonny Brenns `` Blue Jeans '' ( original song ) 18.3 Michelle Sussett `` I 'm a Dreamer '' ( original song ) 18.4 Catie Turner `` 21st Century Machine '' ( original song ) 19.1 Lionel Richie with the Top 10 `` All Night Long ( All Night ) '' 19.2 Nick Jonas and DJ Mustard `` Anywhere '' 19.3 Nick Jonas with Jurnee `` Jealous '' 19.4 Luke Bryan `` Sunrise , Sunburn , Sunset '' 19.5 Luke Bryan with Gabby Barrett `` Most People Are Good '' 19.6 Gary Clark Jr. with Cade Foehner & Dennis Lorenzo `` Bright Lights '' 19.7 Kermit the Frog with Maddie Poppe `` Rainbow Connection '' 19.8 Darius Rucker with Caleb Lee Hutchinson `` Wagon Wheel '' 19.9 Bebe Rexha with the Top 3 `` Meant to Be '' 19.10 Layla Spring and her sister Dyxie with LeAnn Rimes `` Blue '' 19.11 Katy Perry with Catie Turner `` Part of Me '' 19.12 Yolanda Adams with Michael J. Woodard `` What the World Needs Now Is Love '' 19.13 Caleb Lee Hutchinson and Maddie Poppe `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow / What a Wonderful World '' 19.14 Patti LaBelle with Ada Vox `` Lady Marmalade '' 19.15 Maddie Poppe `` Going Going Gone '' Elimination chart Color key : Females Males Top 24 Not Chosen Third place Runner - up Winner Did Not Perform Public 's vote Judge 's save Immune Eliminated Results per stage <Td_colspan="2"> Stage : <Td_colspan="2"> Top 24 <Td_colspan="7"> Live shows <Td_colspan="1"> Group 1 <Td_colspan="1"> Group 2 <Td_colspan="1"> Top 14 <Td_colspan="1"> Wildcard <Td_colspan="1"> Top 10 <Td_colspan="1"> Top 7 <Td_colspan="1"> Top 5 <Td_colspan="2"> Finale <Td_colspan="2"> Date : 4 / 9 4 / 16 4 / 22 4 / 23 4 / 29 5 / 6 5 / 13 5 / 21 <Th_colspan="11"> Place Contestant <Th_colspan="13"> Result Maddie Poppe Top 14 Safe Immune Safe Safe Safe Winner Caleb Lee Hutchinson Top 14 Safe Immune Safe Safe Safe Runner - up Gabby Barrett Top 14 Safe Immune Safe Safe Safe 3rd place 4 -- 5 Cade Foehner Top 14 Safe Immune Safe Safe Eliminated <Td_colspan="2"> Michael J. Woodard Top 14 Safe Immune Safe Safe Eliminated 6 -- 7 Jurnee Top 14 Not Chosen Safe Safe Eliminated <Td_colspan="3"> Catie Turner Top 14 Safe Immune Safe Eliminated 8 -- 10 Dennis Lorenzo Top 14 Not Chosen Safe Eliminated <Td_colspan="4"> Michelle Sussett Top 14 Not Chosen Safe Eliminated Ada Vox Top 14 Not Chosen Safe Eliminated 11 -- 14 Jonny Brenns Top 14 Not Chosen Eliminated <Td_colspan="5"> Marcio Donaldson Top 14 Not Chosen Eliminated Garrett Jacobs Top 14 Not Chosen Eliminated Mara Justine Top 14 Not Chosen Eliminated 15 -- 24 Ron Bultongez Eliminated <Td_colspan="7"> Amelia Hammer Harris Eliminated Shannon O'Hara Eliminated Effie Passero Eliminated Alyssa Raghu Eliminated Kay Kay Alexis Eliminated <Td_colspan="8"> Brandon Diaz Eliminated Trevor McBane Eliminated Dominique Posey Eliminated Layla Spring Eliminated Reception Ratings No . Title Air date Time slot ( ET ) Rating / share ( 18 - 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 - 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 - 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Auditions , Part 1 '' March 11 , 2018 Sunday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.3 / 8 10.48 0.4 1.35 2.7 11.84 `` Auditions , Part 2 '' March 12 , 2018 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.8 / 7 8.41 0.4 1.36 2.2 9.77 `` Auditions , Part 3 '' March 18 , 2018 Sunday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.8 / 6 7.81 0.4 1.38 2.2 9.19 `` Auditions , Part 4 '' March 19 , 2018 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 / 6 7.68 0.5 1.94 2.1 9.59 5 `` Auditions , Part 5 '' March 25 , 2018 Sunday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.7 / 6 7.51 0.5 N / A 2.2 N / A 6 `` Hollywood Week , Part 1 '' March 26 , 2018 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.7 / 6 7.80 0.3 1.33 2.0 9.14 7 `` Hollywood Week , Part 2 '' April 1 , 2018 Sunday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 / 6 7.48 0.5 1.42 2.1 8.90 8 `` Showcase Round & Final Judgment '' April 2 , 2018 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.4 / 5 7.16 0.4 1.53 1.8 8.69 9 `` Top 24 Solos , Part 1 '' April 8 , 2018 Sunday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.5 / 6 7.23 0.4 1.32 1.8 8.55 10 `` Top 24 Celebrity Duets , Part 1 '' April 9 , 2018 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 / 6 7.72 0.3 1.39 1.9 9.11 11 `` Top 24 Solos , Part 2 '' April 15 , 2018 Sunday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.3 / 5 6.35 0.4 1.28 1.7 7.63 12 `` Top 24 Celebrity Duets , Part 2 '' April 16 , 2018 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.4 / 5 6.97 0.2 1.15 1.6 8.12 13 `` Top 14 Perform '' April 22 , 2018 Sunday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.5 / 6 7.46 0.3 1.24 1.8 8.71 14 `` Top 10 Reveal '' April 23 , 2018 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.4 / 5 7.61 0.2 1.14 1.6 8.77 15 `` Top 10 Perform : Disney Night '' April 29 , 2018 Sunday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.9 / 7 8.77 0.5 1.18 2.4 9.95 16 `` Top 7 Perform '' May 6 , 2018 1.8 / 7 8.65 N / A N / A N / A N / A 17 `` Top 5 Perform '' May 13 , 2018 1.7 / 7 8.53 0.3 1.23 2.0 9.76 18 `` Performance Finals '' May 20 , 2018 1.3 / 5 7.47 N / A N / A N / A N / A 19 `` Grand Finale '' May 21 , 2018 Monday 9 : 00 p.m. 1.6 / 6 8.63 0.3 1.27 1.9 9.95 Critical response On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the premiere episode holds an approval rating of 70 % based on 20 reviews , with an average rating of 6.51 / 10 . Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the season a score of 60 out of 100 based on eight reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . '' Contestants who appeared on other shows or previous seasons Mara Justine appeared on the ninth season of America 's Got Talent as a Top 12 finalist . Brandon Diaz , Caleb Lee Hutchinson , Maddie Poppe and Cade Foehner failed to score a chair turn on the fourth , ninth , tenth and eleventh seasons of The Voice , respectively . Michael J. Woodard won Majors & Minors in 2012 . Ada Vox auditioned as Adam Sanders on the twelfth season of American Idol . Jurnee and Marcio Donaldson auditioned on the fifteenth season of American Idol . Concert tour American Idol Live ! 2018 References Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel . `` NBC in Talk to Revive `` American Idol '' `` . Variety . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pena , Jessica . `` American Idol : Revival Reportedly Not Moving Forward '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` American Idol Reboot Eyed at ABC '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Officially Returning at ABC '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel , ' American Idol ' : ABC Confirms Plan to Revive Talent Competition Series Archived 2017 - 11 - 16 at the Wayback Machine. , Variety , May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , Variety . `` ' American Idol ' Premiere Date Revealed '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg . `` Ryan Seacrest Returns To Host ABC 's ' American Idol ' ; Keeps ' Kelly & Ryan ' Gig '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 2017 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Melas , Chloe ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Katy Perry is your next American Idol judge '' . CNN . United States : Time Warner . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luke Bryan to Become New ' American Idol ' Judge '' . Rolling Stone . September 26 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Richie and Luke Bryan to join American Idol as judges '' . Entertainment Weekly . September 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Humbles , Andy ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Country radio host Bobby Bones to join new ' American Idol ' as mentor '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2018 . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Haring , Bruce ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' First : Simulcast Will Allow Live Voting Across The US '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gil Kaufman ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Katy Perry Reveals ' American Idol ' Reboot Audition Dates '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amy Barton ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` American Idol Auditions 2017 : Cities and Dates Announced '' . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Season 16 : TV Review '' . Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` There 's a new sheriff in town ! Flawless Katy Perry is futuristic chic as she rocks metallic outfit for first day of filming American Idol as judge '' . Dailymail.com . October 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kenny Lopez ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` J - Lo told New Orleans singer ' No , ' but now she 'll get another chance at American Idol fame '' . WGNO.com . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Katy Perry , Luke Bryan & Lionel Richie Talk ' American Idol ' & Their Histories With the Show '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michele Amabile Angermiller ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Lets Audience Send One Hopeful to Hollywood During American Music Awards '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Michele Amabile Angermiller ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Reveals Its First Finalist '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dresdale , Andrea ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Hollywood Week : 169 hopefuls arrive , but only 24 could survive '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Upadhyaya , Kayla Kumari ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' : The Top 24 Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2018 . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sheehan , Paul ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' spoilers : Which 24 women made the Top 50 on season 16 , what songs did they sing and who made it through ? '' . Gold Derby . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2018 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sheehan , Paul ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' spoilers : Which 26 men made the Top 50 on season 16 , what songs did they sing and who made it through ? '' . Gold Derby . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2018 . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Raghu , Alyssa ( @ AlyssaRaghu ) ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` Although it was n't aired , here 's a link to my rehearsal video of `` Every Breath You Take '' - The Police ( Top 50 ) '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Bebe Rexha , Luis Fonsi , Lea Michele & More Join ' American Idol ' Reboot as Celeb Duet Partners '' . Billboard . 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Jump up ^ `` 112 ( Top 24 Celebrity Duets ) ( 4 / 16 ) '' ( Press release ) . ABC Press . April 4 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2018 . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kirkland , Justin ( April 15 , 2018 ) . `` American Idol recap : ' Top 24 : Part Two ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2018 . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fremont , Maggie ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` American Idol recap : ' Top 24 Celebrity Duets ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ American Idol ( @ AmericanIdol ) ( April 21 , 2018 ) . `` Sneak peek ! 👀 Who 's ready to vote tomorrow ? ! # AmericanIdol '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Angermiller , Michele Amabile ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' : Idina Menzel to Mentor Disney - Themed Night ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` American Idol 's Disney Night Set List Revealed : See Who 's Singing What '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Weatherby , Taylor ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Prince Tribute : See Which Songs the Top 7 Will Be Singing ( Exclusive ) '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Santilli , MJ . `` American Idol 2018 Spoilers Grand Finale Songs and More '' . mjsbigblog . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( 13 March 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers ' and ' Ninja Warrior ' adjust up , ' Deception ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Archived from the original on 13 March 2018 . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( 17 March 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' holds off ' This Is Us ' in broadcast Live + 3 ratings for week 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Archived from the original on 27 March 2018 . Retrieved 29 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( 13 March 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' iZombie ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Archived from the original on 13 March 2018 . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( 29 March 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale increases its lead in week 25 broadcast Live + 3 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Archived from the original on 26 March 2018 . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( 20 March 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers , ' ' NCIS : LA ' and ' AFV ' adjust up , ' Deception ' and ' 60 Minutes ' down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Archived from the original on 20 March 2018 . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol , ' ' Good Girls , ' all others hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( 6 April 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Archived from the original on 7 April 2018 . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( 27 March 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' and ' Bob 's Burgers ' adjust up , ' Instinct , ' ' Simpsons ' and ' Deception ' down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Archived from the original on 27 March 2018 . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( 27 March 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' and ' The Good Doctor ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Archived from the original on 28 March 2018 . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` Roseanne ' premiere gets bigger in week 27 broadcast Live + 3 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( 3 April 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers ' and ' Dateline ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Archived from the original on 3 April 2018 . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( 3 April 2018 ) . `` ' The Crossing ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Archived from the original on 4 April 2018 . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' edges closer to ' Roseanne ' in week 28 broadcast Live + 3 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' rerun adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' and ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' stays on top in week 29 broadcast Live + 3 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers , ' ' Little Big Shots ' adjust up , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' and ' Genius Junior ' down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' American Idol ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' moves up in week 30 broadcast Live + 3 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . 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Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' and ' Genius Junior ' finale adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' finale stays on top in week 33 broadcast Live + 3 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers , ' ' Family Guy ' and ' Dateline ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Supergirl ' and ' iZombie ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' finale tops the week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` American Idol : Season 16 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` American Idol -- Season 16 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Steve ( September 9 , 2014 ) . `` Galloway 's Mara Justine to perform tonight on ' America 's Got Talent ' '' . The Press of Atlantic City . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2018 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Upadhyaya , Kayla Kumari ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Voice ' : Night 3 of Blind Auditions Delivers Strong Artists and a Wedding Proposal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2018 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ James , Bob ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` American Idol Is Maddie Poppe 's Second National TV Competition '' . KHAK . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2018 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Mark ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Meet Cade Foehner of American Idol Season 16 '' . Idol Chatter / Voice Views . 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External links Official website <Th_colspan="2"> hide American Idol <Td_colspan="2"> Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Finalists Winners Kelly Clarkson Ruben Studdard Fantasia Barrino Carrie Underwood Taylor Hicks Jordin Sparks David Cook Kris Allen Lee DeWyze Scotty McCreery Phillip Phillips Candice Glover Caleb Johnson Nick Fradiani Trent Harmon Maddie Poppe Runners - up Justin Guarini Clay Aiken Diana DeGarmo Bo Bice Katharine McPhee Blake Lewis David Archuleta Adam Lambert Crystal Bowersox Lauren Alaina Jessica Sanchez Kree Harrison Jena Irene Clark Beckham La'Porsha Renae Caleb Lee Hutchinson Winners ' singles `` A Moment Like This '' `` Flying Without Wings '' `` I Believe '' `` Inside Your Heaven '' `` Do I Make You Proud '' `` This Is My Now '' `` The Time of My Life '' `` No Boundaries '' `` Beautiful Day '' `` I Love You This Big '' `` Home '' `` I Am Beautiful '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Beautiful Life '' `` Falling '' `` Going Going Gone '' Concert tours 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 Related programming Idol ( franchise ) American Juniors Idol Christmas Idol Extra Idol Gives Back Idol Rewind World Idol Related articles Alumni album sales Alumni awards and nominations Alumni in film , television and theater Alumni single sales Compilation series Controversies Discography Finalists Hot 100 singles `` Judge Me Tender '' The American Idol Experience Video game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Idol_(season_16)&oldid=850305613 '' Categories : American Idol seasons 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Official website not in Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español Gaeilge Português Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 01 : 27 ( UTC ) . 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1. American Idol Season 16
2. Contestants and performances
3. Judges and host
4. Revival of the show
5. Elimination chart and results
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who is madam x in i'm not a robot
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I 'm not a robot - wikipedia I 'm not a robot <Th_colspan="2"> I 'm Not a Robot <Td_colspan="2"> Promotional poster Also known as I am Not a Robot She 's Not a Robot ? ! <Td_colspan="2"> Original title 로봇 이 아니야 <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Romantic comedy Sci - fi Created by Han Hee ( ko ) for MBC Written by Kim Sun - mi Lee Seok - joon Directed by Jung Dae - yoon Starring Yoo Seung - ho Chae Soo - bin Um Ki - joon Country of origin South Korea Original language ( s ) Korean No. of episodes 32 <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Kim Jin - chun Producer ( s ) Yoo Hyun - jong Camera setup Single - camera Running time 35 minutes Production company ( s ) May Queen Pictures Distributor MBC <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network MBC Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital Original release December 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) -- January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website <Td_colspan="2"> Production website I 'm Not a Robot ( Hangul : 로봇 이 아니야 ; RR : Robosi Aniya ) is a South Korean television series starring Yoo Seung - ho , Chae Soo - bin and Um Ki - joon . It is written by Kim Sun - mi and directed by Jung Dae - yoon . Producing the series for MBC is May Queen Pictures . It aired on MBC from December 6 , 2017 to January 25 , 2018 on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 21 : 55 ( KST ) for 32 episodes . The series was a commercial failure only averaging 3.22 % in audience share , and received the lowest viewership ratings in its time - slot throughout its run . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Supporting 2.2. 1 Santa Maria team 2.2. 2 KM Financial 2.2. 3 People around Min - kyu 2.2. 4 People around Ji - ah 2.3 Extended 2.4 Cameo 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Part 1 4.2 Part 2 4.3 Part 3 4.4 Part 4 4.5 Part 5 4.6 Part 6 5 Ratings 6 International broadcast 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Kim Min - kyu ( Yoo Seung - ho ) lives an isolated life due to a severe allergy to other people . He develops extreme rashes that rapidly spread throughout his body once he makes any form of skin contact . Jo Ji - ah ( Chae Soo - bin ) is a woman who is trying to make it in life by creating her own businesses . However , after an encounter with Min - kyu , she ends up pretending to be a robot in place of the supposed Aji 3 robot . The Aji 3 robot was developed by Ji - ah 's ex-boyfriend , professor Hong Baek - kyun ( Um Ki - joon ) and his team . The robot was meant to be tested by genius Min - kyu , however an accident caused the robot 's battery to malfunction . As Baek - kyun modeled the robot after Ji - ah , the team ends up recruiting her to take the place of Aji 3 . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Yoo Seung - ho as Kim Min - kyu ( 28 years old ) The greatest shareholder of the country 's largest financial company with an IQ of 159 but is a `` human allergy '' patient who can not be in contact with people . As the business contract states , he is the owner of Aji 3 , the robot that was sent to him to be tested . He develops feelings and falls in love with Ji - ah who pretends to be Aji 3 after the malfunction of the robot . Chae Soo - bin as Jo Ji - ah ( 28 years old ) / Aji 3 Jo Ji - ah : A passionate young entrepreneur who possesses a high emotional intelligence and has great knowledge in mechanics due to her father 's influence in his car centre . She was recruited by the Santa Maria robotic team to pretend as Aji 3 . She has an IQ of 94 . Aji 3 : The world 's most advanced humanoid robot among the artificial intelligence models released . Um Ki - joon as Hong Baek - kyun ( 34 years old ) Ji - ah 's ex-boyfriend who is a world - renowned genius robotics professor and is the creator of the android named Aji 3 . He created Aji 3 based on his ex-girlfriend , Ji - ah . Supporting ( edit ) Santa Maria team ( edit ) Park Se - wan ( ko ) as `` Pai '' Angela Jin ( 23 years old ) Song Jae - ryong ( ko ) as `` Hoktal '' Kang Dong - won ( 33 years old ) Kim Min - kyu as `` Ssanip '' Eddie Park ( 31 years old ) KM financial ( edit ) Kang Ki - young as Hwang Yoo - chul ( 28 years old ) Min - kyu 's childhood best friend who is the CEO of the company . Hwang Seung - eon as Ye Ri - el ( 28 years old ) Min - kyu 's childhood friend and first love . Son Byong - ho as Hwang Do - won Yoo - chul 's father and the president of the company . Lee Byung - joon as Ye Sung - tae Ri - el 's father and one of the founders of the company . Lee Hae - young ( ko ) as Mr. Yoon KM Group Managing Director . People around Min - kyu ( edit ) Um Hyo - sup as Doctor Oh Min - kyu 's doctor . Kim Ha - kyun ( ko ) as Butler Sung People around Ji - ah ( edit ) Seo Dong - won ( ko ) as Jo Jin - bae Ji - ah 's older brother who is the research team leader of KM Financial . Lee Min - ji as Sun - hye ( 28 years old ) Ji - ah 's friend who is a cafe owner . Yoon So - mi as Hong - ju ( 28 years old ) Ji - ah 's schoolmate friend and Jin - bae 's wife . Lee Han - seo ( ko ) as Jo Dong - hyun ( 8 years old ) Jin - bae and Hong - ju 's child . Extended ( edit ) Kim Ki - doo ( ko ) as Miami Choi Dong - gu as Alps Cameo ( edit ) Ahn Se - ha Lee Si - eon Park Chul - min Hong Yoon - hwa ( ko ) as couple in public bathhouse ( Ep. 10 ) Kim Min - ki ( ko ) as couple in public bathhouse ( Ep. 10 ) Production ( edit ) Dong Ha and Bang Min - ah were first offered the lead roles , but ultimately declined . The first script reading of the cast was held on September 27 , 2017 at MBC Station in Sangam - dong . Soundtrack ( edit ) Part 1 ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Something '' Seo Dong - seong Park Sung - il , Uncle Sam Sung - hoon ( Brown Eyed Soul ) 03 : 15 2 . `` Something '' ( Inst . ) Park Sung - il , Uncle Sam 03 : 15 <Td_colspan="5"> Total length : 06 : 30 Part 2 ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Know Me '' ( 날 알아 줄까 ) Lohi Lohi Stella Jang 03 : 35 2 . `` Know Me '' ( Inst . ) Lohi 03 : 35 <Td_colspan="5"> Total length : 07 : 10 Part 3 ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Words Of Your Heart '' ( 마음 의 말 ) Lee Chi - hoon Choi Jae - man Kim Yeon - ji 05 : 05 2 . `` Words Of Your Heart '' ( Inst . ) Choi Jae - man 05 : 05 <Td_colspan="5"> Total length : 10 : 10 Part 4 ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Loving A Thing With All One 's Heart '' ( 마음 다해 사랑하는 일 ) Kim Dam - so Kim Dam - so Damsonegongbang 03 : 46 2 . `` Loving A Thing With All One 's Heart '' ( Inst . ) Kim Dam - so 03 : 46 <Td_colspan="5"> Total length : 07 : 32 Part 5 ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Here I Stand '' ( 여기 서 있어 ) Juniel Juniel Juniel 04 : 05 2 . `` Here I Stand '' ( Inst . ) Juniel 04 : 05 <Td_colspan="5"> Total length : 08 : 10 Part 6 ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Slow Down '' ( 천천히 할래 ) Vincent Blue Vincent Blue Vincent Blue 04 : 05 2 . `` Slow Down '' ( Inst . ) Vincent Blue 04 : 05 <Td_colspan="5"> Total length : 08 : 10 Ratings ( edit ) In the table below , the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings . NR denotes that the drama did not rank in the top 20 daily programs on that date . Ep . Original broadcast date <Th_colspan="4"> Average audience share <Th_colspan="2"> TNmS <Th_colspan="2"> AGB Nielsen Nationwide Seoul Nationwide Seoul December 6 , 2017 4.0 % ( NR ) 4.4 % ( NR ) 4.1 % ( NR ) 4.5 % ( NR ) 4.3 % ( NR ) 5.1 % ( NR ) 4.5 % ( NR ) 5.3 % ( NR ) December 7 , 2017 3.3 % ( NR ) 3.9 % ( NR ) 3.0 % ( NR ) 3.6 % ( NR ) 3.4 % ( NR ) 4.0 % ( NR ) 3.1 % ( NR ) 3.7 % ( NR ) 5 December 13 , 2017 3.0 % ( NR ) 3.4 % ( NR ) 2.8 % ( NR ) 3.2 % ( NR ) 6 3.4 % ( NR ) 3.7 % ( NR ) 3.1 % ( NR ) 3.4 % ( NR ) 7 December 14 , 2017 4.3 % ( NR ) 5.1 % ( NR ) 2.9 % ( NR ) 3.7 % ( NR ) 8 4.8 % ( NR ) 5.5 % ( NR ) 3.4 % ( NR ) 4.0 % ( NR ) 9 December 20 , 2017 3.4 % ( NR ) 4.1 % ( NR ) 2.6 % ( NR ) 3.3 % ( NR ) 10 3.9 % ( NR ) 4.5 % ( NR ) 3.3 % ( NR ) 3.8 % ( NR ) 11 December 21 , 2017 2.7 % ( NR ) 3.1 % ( NR ) 2.6 % ( NR ) 3.0 % ( NR ) 12 3.3 % ( NR ) 4.2 % ( NR ) 3.2 % ( NR ) 4.1 % ( NR ) 13 December 27 , 2017 3.1 % ( NR ) 3.2 % ( NR ) 2.4 % ( NR ) 2.5 % ( NR ) 14 3.7 % ( NR ) 3.9 % ( NR ) 2.7 % ( NR ) 2.8 % ( NR ) 15 December 28 , 2017 3.1 % ( NR ) 3.7 % ( NR ) 2.8 % ( NR ) 3.4 % ( NR ) 16 3.3 % ( NR ) 3.8 % ( NR ) 3.1 % ( NR ) 3.6 % ( NR ) 17 January 3 , 2018 3.3 % ( NR ) 3.4 % ( NR ) 3.3 % ( NR ) 3.5 % ( NR ) 18 3.9 % ( NR ) 4.2 % ( NR ) 3.6 % ( NR ) 3.9 % ( NR ) 19 January 4 , 2018 3.3 % ( NR ) 3.9 % ( NR ) 2.5 % ( NR ) 3.3 % ( NR ) 20 3.8 % ( NR ) 4.0 % ( NR ) 3.5 % ( NR ) 3.7 % ( NR ) 21 January 10 , 2018 3.9 % ( NR ) 4.5 % ( NR ) 3.0 % ( NR ) 3.6 % ( NR ) 22 4.5 % ( NR ) 4.8 % ( NR ) 4.0 % ( NR ) 4.3 % ( NR ) 23 January 11 , 2018 3.3 % ( NR ) 3.8 % ( NR ) 2.9 % ( NR ) 3.4 % ( NR ) 24 3.8 % ( NR ) 4.0 % ( NR ) 3.9 % ( NR ) 4.1 % ( NR ) 25 January 17 , 2018 3.9 % ( NR ) 4.4 % ( NR ) 3.0 % ( NR ) 3.5 % ( NR ) 26 4.4 % ( NR ) 4.8 % ( NR ) 3.6 % ( NR ) 4.0 % ( NR ) 27 January 18 , 2018 3.2 % ( NR ) 4.1 % ( NR ) 2.5 % ( NR ) 3.4 % ( NR ) 28 3.6 % ( NR ) 4.3 % ( NR ) 3.2 % ( NR ) 3.9 % ( NR ) 29 January 24 , 2018 3.2 % ( NR ) 3.5 % ( NR ) 3.9 % ( NR ) 4.2 % ( NR ) 30 3.7 % ( NR ) 3.9 % ( NR ) 4.3 % ( NR ) 4.5 % ( NR ) 31 January 25 , 2018 3.3 % ( NR ) 3.6 % ( NR ) 3.1 % ( NR ) 3.4 % ( NR ) 32 3.9 % ( NR ) 4.1 % ( NR ) 3.4 % ( NR ) 3.6 % ( NR ) <Th_colspan="2"> Average 3.6 % 3.9 % 3.2 % 3.7 % International broadcast ( edit ) In Philippines , the drama aired in ABS - CBN on Kapamilya Gold afternoon block on March 5 , 2018 at 5 : 00 pm PST under the title I am Not a Robot . The drama is dubbed in Filipino . Meanwhile , the network 's regional stations airs the drama at 9 : 30 am PST to avoid conflict with regional editions of its flagship evening newscast . In Singapore , the drama can be watched online on Viu . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : In order to circumvent Korean laws that prevent commercial breaks in the middle of an episode , what would previously have been aired as single 70 minute episodes are now being repackaged as two 35 minute episodes , with two episodes being shown each night with a commercial break between them . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' 로봇 이 아니야 ' 강기영 - 황승언 - 박세완 - 서동원 - 이민지 - 김기두 , 개성파 라인업 확정 ( 공식 ) '' . Naver ( in Korean ) . Sedaily . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Park , Jin - hai ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Drama viewers angry over commercial breaks '' . Press Reader . The Korea Times . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` I 'm Not a Robot '' . MBC Global Media . MBC&iMBC . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lee , Mi - young . `` ( 단독 ) ' W ' 정대윤 PD , ' 로봇 이 아니야'로 복귀 ... 하반기 편성 '' . Naver ( in Korean ) . Joy News 24 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hong , You - kyoung . `` Yoo Seung - ho joins cast of ' I 'm Not a Robot ' '' . Joins . Korea JoongAng Daily . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kim , Mi - hwa . `` 유승호 X 채수빈 X 엄기준 , ' 로봇 이 아니야 ' 출연 확정 ( 공식 ) '' . Naver ( in Korean ) . Star News . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' 로봇 이 아니야 ' 김하균 - 손병호 - 이병준 - 엄효섭 , 베테랑 라인업 ( 공식 ) '' . Naver ( in Korean ) . Sedaily . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Park , Jin - young . `` ( 美 친 시청률 ) ' 흑기사'vs'로봇 ' 첫방 대결 , 김래원 먼저 웃었다 '' . Naver ( in Korean ) . OSEN . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bu , Su - jeong . `` 유승호 채수빈 인데 ... ' 로봇 이 아니야 ' 최하위 종영 '' . Naver ( in Korean ) . Dailian . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Baek , Ji - eun . `` ( 공식 ) 동하 측 `` MBC 와 합의 하에 ' 로봇 이 아니야 ' 출연 고사 '' `` . Naver ( in Korean ) . Sports Chosun . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kim , Ji - hyeon . `` ( 단독 ) 걸스 데이 민아 , MBC ' 로봇 이 아니야 ' 출연 불발 '' . Naver ( in Korean ) . TV Report . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Park , Jin - young . `` ( Oh ! 쎈 컷 ) ' 로봇 이 아니야 ' 유승호 X 채수빈 , 열정 가득 첫 대본 리딩 '' . Naver ( in Korean ) . Osen . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TNMS Daily Ratings : this links to current day - select the date from drop down menu '' . TNMS Ratings ( in Korean ) . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AGB Daily Ratings : this links to current day - select the date from drop down menu '' . AGB Nielsen Media Research ( in Korean ) . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Viu '' . www.viu.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( in Korean ) I 'm Not a Robot at Daum ( in Korean ) I 'm Not a Robot on IMDb I 'm Not a Robot at HanCinema <Th_colspan="3"> MBC : Wednesday -- Thursday dramas Previous program I 'm Not a Robot ( December 6 , 2017 -- January 25 , 2018 ) Next program Hospital Ship ( August 30 -- November 2 , 2017 ) Behind the White Tower ( January 31 , 2018 ) Rebroadcast due to the 2018 Winter Olympics <Th_colspan="3"> hide MBC 's Wednesday -- Thursday dramas 1990s Eyes of Dawn Did We Really Love ? Goodbye My Love Into the Sunlight 2000 -- 2004 All About Eve Mr. Duke Secret Delicious Proposal Hotelier Four Sisters Ruler of Your Own World Trio First Love of a Royal Prince Ireland 2005 -- 2009 Sad Love Story Super Rookie My Lovely Sam Soon Autumn Shower Princess Hours Dr. Kkang One Fine Day Over the Rainbow What 's Up Fox 90 Days , Time to Love Prince Hours Thank You Merry Mary Time Between Dog and Wolf The Legend New Heart Who Are You ? Spotlight Beethoven Virus The Return of Iljimae Cinderella Man Triple Soul Hero 2010 -- 2014 The Woman Who Still Wants to Marry Personal Taste Road No. 1 Playful Kiss Home Sweet Home My Princess Royal Family The Greatest Love Heartstrings Ca n't Lose Me Too , Flower ! Moon Embracing the Sun The King 2 Hearts I Do , I Do Arang and the Magistrate Missing You 7th Grade Civil Servant When a Man Falls in Love The Queen 's Classroom Two Weeks Medical Top Team Miss Korea Cunning Single Lady A New Leaf Fated to Love You My Spring Days Mr. Back 2015 -- 2019 Kill Me , Heal Me Angry Mom Warm and Cozy The Scholar Who Walks the Night She Was Pretty Sweet , Savage Family One More Happy Ending Goodbye Mr. Black Lucky Romance Shopping King Louie Weightlifting Fairy Kim Bok - joo Missing 9 Radiant Office The Emperor : Owner of the Mask Man Who Dies to Live Hospital Ship I 'm Not a Robot Hold Me Tight Come and Hug Me Time Terius Behind Me Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_Not_a_Robot&oldid=845522763 '' Categories : Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation television dramas 2010s South Korean television series 2017 South Korean television series debuts 2018 South Korean television series endings Korean - language television programs South Korean romantic comedy television series South Korean science fiction television series Hidden categories : CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Interlanguage link template link number Articles containing Korean - language text Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Track listings with input errors Official website not in Wikidata Articles with Korean - language external links Daum TV series ID same as Wikidata HanCinema drama ID not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 June 2018 , at 09 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. I'm Not a Robot - South Korean television series
2. Yoo Seung-ho - South Korean actor
3. Chae Soo-bin - South Korean actress
4. Um Ki-joon - South Korean actor
5. Romantic comedy - genre of the series
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what started the trojan war in the odyssey
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Trojan War - wikipedia Trojan War Jump to : navigation , search For the 1997 film , see Trojan War ( film ) . `` Fall of Troy '' redirects here . For the American band , see The Fall of Troy . Trojan War Achilles tending the wounded Patroclus ( Attic red - figure kylix , c. 500 BC ) The war Setting : Troy ( modern Hisarlik , Turkey ) Period : Bronze Age Traditional dating : c. 1194 -- 1184 BC Modern dating : c. 1260 -- 1180 BC Outcome : Greek victory , destruction of Troy See also : Historicity of the Iliad Literary sources Iliad Epic Cycle Aeneid , Book 2 Iphigenia in Aulis Philoctetes Ajax The Trojan Women Posthomerica See also : Trojan War in popular culture Episodes Judgement of Paris Seduction of Helen Trojan Horse Sack of Troy The Returns Wanderings of Odysseus Aeneas and the Founding of Rome Greeks and allies Agamemnon Achilles Helen Menelaus Nestor Odysseus Ajax Diomedes Patroclus Thersites Achaeans Myrmidons See also : Catalogue of Ships Trojans and allies Priam Hecuba Hector Paris Cassandra Andromache Aeneas Memnon Troilus Penthesilea and the Amazons Sarpedon See also : Trojan Battle Order Participant gods Caused the war : Eris Zeus On the Greek side : Athena Hephaestus Hera Hermes Poseidon Thetis On the Trojan side : Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Leto Scamander Related topics Homeric Question Archaeology of Troy Mycenae Mycenaean warfare In Greek mythology , the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans ( Greeks ) after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus , king of Sparta . The war is one of the most important events in Greek mythology and has been narrated through many works of Greek literature , most notably Homer 's Iliad . The Iliad relates four days in the tenth year of the decade - long siege of Troy ; the Odyssey describes the journey home of Odysseus , one of the war 's heroes . Other parts of the war are described in a cycle of epic poems , which have survived through fragments . Episodes from the war provided material for Greek tragedy and other works of Greek literature , and for Roman poets including Virgil and Ovid . The war originated from a quarrel between the goddesses Hera , Athena , and Aphrodite , after Eris , the goddess of strife and discord , gave them a golden apple , sometimes known as the Apple of Discord , marked `` for the fairest '' . Zeus sent the goddesses to Paris , who judged that Aphrodite , as the `` fairest '' , should receive the apple . In exchange , Aphrodite made Helen , the most beautiful of all women and wife of Menelaus , fall in love with Paris , who took her to Troy . Agamemnon , king of Mycenae and the brother of Helen 's husband Menelaus , led an expedition of Achaean troops to Troy and besieged the city for ten years because of Paris ' insult . After the deaths of many heroes , including the Achaeans Achilles and Ajax , and the Trojans Hector and Paris , the city fell to the ruse of the Trojan Horse . The Achaeans slaughtered the Trojans ( except for some of the women and children whom they kept or sold as slaves ) and desecrated the temples , thus earning the gods ' wrath . Few of the Achaeans returned safely to their homes and many founded colonies in distant shores . The Romans later traced their origin to Aeneas , Aphrodite 's son and one of the Trojans , who was said to have led the surviving Trojans to modern - day Italy . The ancient Greeks believed that Troy was located near the Dardanelles and that the Trojan War was a historical event of the 13th or 12th century BC , but by the mid-19th century , both the war and the city were widely seen as mythological . In 1868 , however , the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann met Frank Calvert , who convinced Schliemann that Troy was a real city at what is now Hissarlik in Turkey . On the basis of excavations conducted by Schliemann and others , this claim is now accepted by most scholars . Whether there is any historical reality behind the Trojan War remains an open question . Many scholars believe that there is a historical core to the tale , though this may simply mean that the Homeric stories are a fusion of various tales of sieges and expeditions by Mycenaean Greeks during the Bronze Age . Those who believe that the stories of the Trojan War are derived from a specific historical conflict usually date it to the 12th or 11th centuries BC , often preferring the dates given by Eratosthenes , 1194 -- 1184 BC , which roughly corresponds with archaeological evidence of a catastrophic burning of Troy VIIa . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sources 2 Legend 2.1 Origins of the war 2.1. 1 Plan of Zeus 2.1. 2 Judgement of Paris 2.1. 3 Elopement of Paris and Helen 2.2 Gathering of Achaean forces and the first expedition 2.2. 1 Odysseus and Achilles 2.2. 2 First gathering at Aulis 2.2. 3 Telephus 2.3 Second gathering 2.4 Nine years of war 2.4. 1 Philoctetes 2.4. 2 Arrival 2.4. 3 Achilles ' campaigns 2.4. 4 Ajax and a game of petteia 2.4. 5 Death of Palamedes 2.4. 6 Mutiny 2.5 Iliad 2.6 After the Iliad 2.6. 1 Penthesilea and the death of Achilles 2.6. 2 Judgment of Arms 2.6. 3 Prophecies 2.6. 4 Trojan Horse 2.7 Sack of Troy 2.8 Returns 2.8. 1 House of Atreus 2.9 Odyssey 2.10 Telegony 2.11 Aeneid 3 Dates of the Trojan War 4 Historical basis 5 In popular culture 6 References 7 Further reading 7.1 Ancient authors 7.2 Modern authors 8 External links Sources The Burning of Troy ( 1759 / 62 ) , oil painting by Johann Georg Trautmann The events of the Trojan War are found in many works of Greek literature and depicted in numerous works of Greek art . There is no single , authoritative text which tells the entire events of the war . Instead , the story is assembled from a variety of sources , some of which report contradictory versions of the events . The most important literary sources are the two epic poems traditionally credited to Homer , the Iliad and the Odyssey , composed sometime between the 9th and 6th centuries BC . Each poem narrates only a part of the war . The Iliad covers a short period in the last year of the siege of Troy , while the Odyssey concerns Odysseus 's return to his home island of Ithaca , following the sack of Troy and contains several flashbacks to particular episodes in the war . Other parts of the Trojan War were told in the poems of the Epic Cycle , also known as the Cyclic Epics : the Cypria , Aethiopis , Little Iliad , Iliou Persis , Nostoi , and Telegony . Though these poems survive only in fragments , their content is known from a summary included in Proclus ' Chrestomathy . The authorship of the Cyclic Epics is uncertain . It is generally thought that the poems were written down in the 7th and 6th century BC , after the composition of the Homeric poems , though it is widely believed that they were based on earlier traditions . Both the Homeric epics and the Epic Cycle take origin from oral tradition . Even after the composition of the Iliad , Odyssey , and the Cyclic Epics , the myths of the Trojan War were passed on orally , in many genres of poetry and through non-poetic storytelling . Events and details of the story that are only found in later authors may have been passed on through oral tradition and could be as old as the Homeric poems . Visual art , such as vase - painting , was another medium in which myths of the Trojan War circulated . In later ages playwrights , historians , and other intellectuals would create works inspired by the Trojan War . The three great tragedians of Athens , Aeschylus , Sophocles , and Euripides , wrote many dramas that portray episodes from the Trojan War . Among Roman writers the most important is the 1st century BC poet Virgil . In Book 2 of the Aeneid , Aeneas narrates the sack of Troy ; this section of the poem is thought to rely on material from the Cyclic Epic Iliou Persis . Legend The following summary of the Trojan War follows the order of events as given in Proclus ' summary , along with the Iliad , Odyssey , and Aeneid , supplemented with details drawn from other authors . Origins of the War Plan of Zeus According to Greek mythology , Zeus had become king of the gods by overthrowing his father Cronus ; Cronus in turn had overthrown his father Uranus . Zeus was not faithful to his wife and sister Hera , and had many relationships from which many children were born . Since Zeus believed that there were too many people populating the earth , he envisioned Momus or Themis , who was to use the Trojan War as a means to depopulate the Earth , especially of his demigod descendants . These can be supported by Hesiod 's account : Now all the gods were divided through strife ; for at that very time Zeus who thunders on high was meditating marvelous deeds , even to mingle storm and tempest over the boundless earth , and already he was hastening to make an utter end of the race of mortal men , declaring that he would destroy the lives of the demi - gods , that the children of the gods should not mate with wretched mortals , seeing their fate with their own eyes ; but that the blessed gods henceforth even as aforetime should have their living and their habitations apart from men . But on those who were born of immortals and of mankind verily Zeus laid toil and sorrow upon sorrow . Judgement of Paris The Judgment of Paris ( 1904 ) by Enrique Simonet Main article : Judgement of Paris Zeus came to learn from either Themis or Prometheus , after Heracles had released him from Caucasus , that , like his father Cronus , he would be overthrown by one of his sons . Another prophecy stated that a son of the sea - nymph Thetis , with whom Zeus fell in love after gazing upon her in the oceans off the Greek coast , would become greater than his father . Possibly for one or both of these reasons , Thetis was betrothed to an elderly human king , Peleus son of Aeacus , either upon Zeus ' orders , or because she wished to please Hera , who had raised her . All of the gods were invited to Peleus and Thetis ' wedding and brought many gifts , except Eris ( the goddess of discord ) , who was stopped at the door by Hermes , on Zeus ' order . Insulted , she threw from the door a gift of her own : a golden apple ( το μήλον της έριδος ) on which was inscribed the word καλλίστῃ Kallistēi ( `` To the fairest '' ) . The apple was claimed by Hera , Athena , and Aphrodite . They quarreled bitterly over it , and none of the other gods would venture an opinion favoring one , for fear of earning the enmity of the other two . Eventually , Zeus ordered Hermes to lead the three goddesses to Paris , a prince of Troy , who , unaware of his ancestry , was being raised as a shepherd in Mount Ida , because of a prophecy that he would be the downfall of Troy . After bathing in the spring of Ida , the goddesses appeared to him naked , either for the sake of winning or at Paris ' request . Paris was unable to decide between them , so the goddesses resorted to bribes . Athena offered Paris wisdom , skill in battle , and the abilities of the greatest warriors ; Hera offered him political power and control of all of Asia ; and Aphrodite offered him the love of the most beautiful woman in the world , Helen of Sparta . Paris awarded the apple to Aphrodite , and , after several adventures , returned to Troy , where he was recognized by his royal family . Thetis gives her son Achilles weapons forged by Hephaestus ( detail of Attic black - figure hydria , 575 -- 550 BC ) Peleus and Thetis bore a son , whom they named Achilles . It was foretold that he would either die of old age after an uneventful life , or die young in a battlefield and gain immortality through poetry . Furthermore , when Achilles was nine years old , Calchas had prophesied that Troy could not again fall without his help . A number of sources credit Thetis with attempting to make Achilles immortal when he was an infant . Some of these state that she held him over fire every night to burn away his mortal parts and rubbed him with ambrosia during the day , but Peleus discovered her actions and stopped her . According to some versions of this story , Thetis had already killed several sons in this manner , and Peleus ' action therefore saved his son 's life . Other sources state that Thetis bathed Achilles in the Styx , the river that runs to the underworld , making him invulnerable wherever he was touched by the water . Because she had held him by the heel , it was not immersed during the bathing and thus the heel remained mortal and vulnerable to injury ( hence the expression `` Achilles heel '' for an isolated weakness ) . He grew up to be the greatest of all mortal warriors . After Calchas ' prophesy , Thetis hid Achilles in Skyros at the court of King Lycomedes , where he was disguised as a girl . At a crucial point in the war , she assists her son by providing weapons divinely forged by Hephaestus ( see below ) . Elopement of Paris and Helen The Abduction of Helen ( 1530 -- 39 ) by Francesco Primaticcio , with Aphrodite directing The most beautiful woman in the world was Helen , one of the daughters of Tyndareus , King of Sparta . Her mother was Leda , who had been either raped or seduced by Zeus in the form of a swan . Accounts differ over which of Leda 's four children , two pairs of twins , were fathered by Zeus and which by Tyndareus . However , Helen is usually credited as Zeus ' daughter , and sometimes Nemesis is credited as her mother . Helen had scores of suitors , and her father was unwilling to choose one for fear the others would retaliate violently . Finally , one of the suitors , Odysseus of Ithaca , proposed a plan to solve the dilemma . In exchange for Tyndareus ' support of his own suit towards Penelope , he suggested that Tyndareus require all of Helen 's suitors to promise that they would defend the marriage of Helen , regardless of whom he chose . The suitors duly swore the required oath on the severed pieces of a horse , although not without a certain amount of grumbling . Tyndareus chose Menelaus . Menelaus was a political choice on her father 's part . He had wealth and power . He had humbly not petitioned for her himself , but instead sent his brother Agamemnon on his behalf . He had promised Aphrodite a hecatomb , a sacrifice of 100 oxen , if he won Helen , but forgot about it and earned her wrath . Menelaus inherited Tyndareus ' throne of Sparta with Helen as his queen when her brothers , Castor and Pollux , became gods , and when Agamemnon married Helen 's sister Clytemnestra and took back the throne of Mycenae . Paris , under the guise of a supposed diplomatic mission , went to Sparta to get Helen and bring her back to Troy . Before Helen could look up to see him enter the palace , she was shot with an arrow from Eros , otherwise known as Cupid , and fell in love with Paris when she saw him , as promised by Aphrodite . Menelaus had left for Crete to bury his uncle , Crateus . According to one account , Hera , still jealous over the judgement of Paris , sent a storm . The storm caused the lovers to land in Egypt , where the gods replaced Helen with a likeness of her made of clouds , Nephele . The myth of Helen being switched is attributed to the 6th century BC Sicilian poet Stesichorus . For Homer the true Helen was in Troy . The ship then landed in Sidon before reaching Troy . Paris , fearful of getting caught , spent some time there and then sailed to Troy . Map of Homeric Greece Paris ' abduction of Helen had several precedents . Io was taken from Mycenae , Europa was taken from Phoenicia , Jason took Medea from Colchis , and the Trojan princess Hesione had been taken by Heracles , who gave her to Telamon of Salamis . According to Herodotus , Paris was emboldened by these examples to steal himself a wife from Greece , and expected no retribution , since there had been none in the other cases . Gathering of Achaean forces and the first expedition According to Homer , Menelaus and his ally , Odysseus , traveled to Troy , where they unsuccessfully sought to recover Helen by diplomatic means . Menelaus then asked Agamemnon to uphold his oath , which , as one of Helen 's suitors , was to defend her marriage regardless of which suitor had been chosen . Agamemnon agreed and sent emissaries to all the Achaean kings and princes to call them to observe their oaths and retrieve Helen . Odysseus and Achilles A scene from the Iliad where Odysseus ( Ulysses ) discovers Achilles dressed as a woman and hiding among the princesses at the royal court of Skyros . A late Roman mosaic from La Olmeda , Spain , 4th -- 5th centuries AD Since Menelaus 's wedding , Odysseus had married Penelope and fathered a son , Telemachus . In order to avoid the war , he feigned madness and sowed his fields with salt . Palamedes outwitted him by placing his infant son in front of the plough 's path , and Odysseus turned aside , unwilling to kill his son , so revealing his sanity and forcing him to join the war . According to Homer , however , Odysseus supported the military adventure from the beginning , and traveled the region with Pylos ' king , Nestor , to recruit forces . At Skyros , Achilles had an affair with the king 's daughter Deidamia , resulting in a child , Neoptolemus . Odysseus , Telamonian Ajax , and Achilles ' tutor Phoenix went to retrieve Achilles . Achilles ' mother disguised him as a woman so that he would not have to go to war , but , according to one story , they blew a horn , and Achilles revealed himself by seizing a spear to fight intruders , rather than fleeing . According to another story , they disguised themselves as merchants bearing trinkets and weaponry , and Achilles was marked out from the other women for admiring weaponry instead of clothes and jewelry . Pausanias said that , according to Homer , Achilles did not hide in Skyros , but rather conquered the island , as part of the Trojan War . The Discovery of Achilles among the Daughters of Lycomedes ( 1664 ) by Jan de Bray First gathering at Aulis The Achaean forces first gathered at Aulis . All the suitors sent their forces except King Cinyras of Cyprus . Though he sent breastplates to Agamemnon and promised to send 50 ships , he sent only one real ship , led by the son of Mygdalion , and 49 ships made of clay . Idomeneus was willing to lead the Cretan contingent in Mycenae 's war against Troy , but only as a co-commander , which he was granted . The last commander to arrive was Achilles , who was then 15 years old . Following a sacrifice to Apollo , a snake slithered from the altar to a sparrow 's nest in a plane tree nearby . It ate the mother and her nine babies , then was turned to stone . Calchas interpreted this as a sign that Troy would fall in the tenth year of the war . Telephus When the Achaeans left for the war , they did not know the way , and accidentally landed in Mysia , ruled by King Telephus , son of Heracles , who had led a contingent of Arcadians to settle there . In the battle , Achilles wounded Telephus , who had killed Thersander . Because the wound would not heal , Telephus asked an oracle , `` What will happen to the wound ? '' . The oracle responded , `` he that wounded shall heal '' . The Achaean fleet then set sail and was scattered by a storm . Achilles landed in Scyros and married Deidamia . A new gathering was set again in Aulis . Telephus went to Aulis , and either pretended to be a beggar , asking Agamemnon to help heal his wound , or kidnapped Orestes and held him for ransom , demanding the wound be healed . Achilles refused , claiming to have no medical knowledge . Odysseus reasoned that the spear that had inflicted the wound must be able to heal it . Pieces of the spear were scraped off onto the wound , and Telephus was healed . Telephus then showed the Achaeans the route to Troy . Some scholars have regarded the expedition against Telephus and its resolution as a derivative reworking of elements from the main story of the Trojan War , but it has also been seen as fitting the story - pattern of the `` preliminary adventure '' that anticipates events and themes from the main narrative , and therefore as likely to be `` early and integral '' . Second gathering Map of the Troad ( Troas ) Eight years after the storm had scattered them , the fleet of more than a thousand ships was gathered again . But when they had all reached Aulis , the winds ceased . The prophet Calchas stated that the goddess Artemis was punishing Agamemnon for killing either a sacred deer or a deer in a sacred grove , and boasting that he was a better hunter than she . The only way to appease Artemis , he said , was to sacrifice Iphigenia , who was either the daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra , or of Helen and Theseus entrusted to Clytemnestra when Helen married Menelaus . Agamemnon refused , and the other commanders threatened to make Palamedes commander of the expedition . According to some versions , Agamemnon relented and performed the sacrifice , but others claim that he sacrificed a deer in her place , or that at the last moment , Artemis took pity on the girl , and took her to be a maiden in one of her temples , substituting a lamb . Hesiod says that Iphigenia became the goddess Hecate . The Achaean forces are described in detail in the Catalogue of Ships , in the second book of the Iliad . They consisted of 28 contingents from mainland Greece , the Peloponnese , the Dodecanese islands , Crete , and Ithaca , comprising 1186 pentekonters , ships with 50 rowers . Thucydides says that according to tradition there were about 1200 ships , and that the Boeotian ships had 120 men , while Philoctetes ' ships only had the fifty rowers , these probably being maximum and minimum . These numbers would mean a total force of 70,000 to 130,000 men . Another catalogue of ships is given by the Bibliotheca that differs somewhat but agrees in numbers . Some scholars have claimed that Homer 's catalogue is an original Bronze Age document , possibly the Achaean commander 's order of operations . Others believe it was a fabrication of Homer . The second book of the Iliad also lists the Trojan allies , consisting of the Trojans themselves , led by Hector , and various allies listed as Dardanians led by Aeneas , Zeleians , Adrasteians , Percotians , Pelasgians , Thracians , Ciconian spearmen , Paionian archers , Halizones , Mysians , Phrygians , Maeonians , Miletians , Lycians led by Sarpedon and Carians . Nothing is said of the Trojan language ; the Carians are specifically said to be barbarian - speaking , and the allied contingents are said to have spoken multiple languages , requiring orders to be translated by their individual commanders . The Trojans and Achaeans in the Iliad share the same religion , same culture and the enemy heroes speak to each other in the same language , though this could be dramatic effect . Philoctetes on Lemnos , with Heracles ' bow and quiver ( Attic red - figure lekythos , 420 BC ) Nine years of War Philoctetes Philoctetes was Heracles ' friend , and because he lit Heracles 's funeral pyre when no one else would , he received Heracles ' bow and arrows . He sailed with seven ships full of men to the Trojan War , where he was planning on fighting for the Achaeans . They stopped either at Chryse Island for supplies , or in Tenedos , along with the rest of the fleet . Philoctetes was then bitten by a snake . The wound festered and had a foul smell ; on Odysseus 's advice , the Atreidae ordered Philoctetes to stay on Lemnos . Medon took control of Philoctetes 's men . While landing on Tenedos , Achilles killed king Tenes , son of Apollo , despite a warning by his mother that if he did so he would be killed himself by Apollo . From Tenedos , Agamemnon sent an embassy to Priam , composed of Menelaus , Odysseus , and Palamedes , asking for Helen 's return . The embassy was refused . Philoctetes stayed on Lemnos for ten years , which was a deserted island according to Sophocles ' tragedy Philoctetes , but according to earlier tradition was populated by Minyans . Arrival Calchas had prophesied that the first Achaean to walk on land after stepping off a ship would be the first to die . Thus even the leading Greeks hesitated to land . Finally , Protesilaus , leader of the Phylaceans , landed first . Odysseus had tricked him , in throwing his own shield down to land on , so that while he was first to leap off his ship , he was not the first to land on Trojan soil . Hector killed Protesilaus in single combat , though the Trojans conceded the beach . In the second wave of attacks , Achilles killed Cycnus , son of Poseidon . The Trojans then fled to the safety of the walls of their city . The walls served as sturdy fortifications for defense against the Greeks ; the build of the walls was so impressive that legend held that they had been built by Poseidon and Apollo during a year of forced service to Trojan King Laomedon . Protesilaus had killed many Trojans but was killed by Hector in most versions of the story , though others list Aeneas , Achates , or Ephorbus as his slayer . The Achaeans buried him as a god on the Thracian peninsula , across the Troad . After Protesilaus ' death , his brother , Podarces , took command of his troops . Briseis and Achilles in a 17th - century book illustration by Wenzel Hollar Achilles ' campaigns Achilles ' surrender of Briseis to Agamemnon , from the House of the Tragic Poet in Pompeii , fresco , 1st century AD , now in the Naples National Archaeological Museum The Achaeans besieged Troy for nine years . This part of the war is the least developed among surviving sources , which prefer to talk about events in the last year of the war . After the initial landing the army was gathered in its entirety again only in the tenth year . Thucydides deduces that this was due to lack of money . They raided the Trojan allies and spent time farming the Thracian peninsula . Troy was never completely besieged , thus it maintained communications with the interior of Asia Minor . Reinforcements continued to come until the very end . The Achaeans controlled only the entrance to the Dardanelles , and Troy and her allies controlled the shortest point at Abydos and Sestus and communicated with allies in Europe . Achilles and Ajax were the most active of the Achaeans , leading separate armies to raid lands of Trojan allies . According to Homer , Achilles conquered 11 cities and 12 islands . According to Apollodorus , he raided the land of Aeneas in the Troad region and stole his cattle . He also captured Lyrnassus , Pedasus , and many of the neighbouring cities , and killed Troilus , son of Priam , who was still a youth ; it was said that if he reached 20 years of age , Troy would not fall . According to Apollodorus , He also took Lesbos and Phocaea , then Colophon , and Smyrna , and Clazomenae , and Cyme ; and afterwards Aegialus and Tenos , the so - called Hundred Cities ; then , in order , Adramytium and Side ; then Endium , and Linaeum , and Colone . He took also Hypoplacian Thebes and Lyrnessus , and further Antandrus , and many other cities . Kakrides comments that the list is wrong in that it extends too far into the south . Other sources talk of Achilles taking Pedasus , Monenia , Mythemna ( in Lesbos ) , and Peisidice . Among the loot from these cities was Briseis , from Lyrnessus , who was awarded to him , and Chryseis , from Hypoplacian Thebes , who was awarded to Agamemnon . Achilles captured Lycaon , son of Priam , while he was cutting branches in his father 's orchards . Patroclus sold him as a slave in Lemnos , where he was bought by Eetion of Imbros and brought back to Troy . Only 12 days later Achilles slew him , after the death of Patroclus . Ajax and Achilles playing a board game ( Black - figure Attic lekythos , c. 500 BC ) Ajax and a game of petteia Ajax son of Telamon laid waste the Thracian peninsula of which Polymestor , a son - in - law of Priam , was king . Polymestor surrendered Polydorus , one of Priam 's children , of whom he had custody . He then attacked the town of the Phrygian king Teleutas , killed him in single combat and carried off his daughter Tecmessa . Ajax also hunted the Trojan flocks , both on Mount Ida and in the countryside . Numerous paintings on pottery have suggested a tale not mentioned in the literary traditions . At some point in the war Achilles and Ajax were playing a board game ( petteia ) . They were absorbed in the game and oblivious to the surrounding battle . The Trojans attacked and reached the heroes , who were only saved by an intervention of Athena . Death of Palamedes Odysseus was sent to Thrace to return with grain , but came back empty - handed . When scorned by Palamedes , Odysseus challenged him to do better . Palamedes set out and returned with a shipload of grain . Odysseus had never forgiven Palamedes for threatening the life of his son . In revenge , Odysseus conceived a plot where an incriminating letter was forged , from Priam to Palamedes , and gold was planted in Palamedes ' quarters . The letter and gold were `` discovered '' , and Agamemnon had Palamedes stoned to death for treason . However , Pausanias , quoting the Cypria , says that Odysseus and Diomedes drowned Palamedes , while he was fishing , and Dictys says that Odysseus and Diomedes lured Palamedes into a well , which they said contained gold , then stoned him to death . Palamedes ' father Nauplius sailed to the Troad and asked for justice , but was refused . In revenge , Nauplius traveled among the Achaean kingdoms and told the wives of the kings that they were bringing Trojan concubines to dethrone them . Many of the Greek wives were persuaded to betray their husbands , most significantly Agamemnon 's wife , Clytemnestra , who was seduced by Aegisthus , son of Thyestes . Mutiny Near the end of the ninth year since the landing , the Achaean army , tired from the fighting and from the lack of supplies , mutinied against their leaders and demanded to return to their homes . According to the Cypria , Achilles forced the army to stay . According to Apollodorus , Agamemnon brought the Wine Growers , daughters of Anius , son of Apollo , who had the gift of producing by touch wine , wheat , and oil from the earth , in order to relieve the supply problem of the army . Iliad Chryses pleading with Agamemnon for his daughter ( 360 -- 350 BC ) Main article : Iliad Chryses , a priest of Apollo and father of Chryseis , came to Agamemnon to ask for the return of his daughter . Agamemnon refused , and insulted Chryses , who prayed to Apollo to avenge his ill - treatment . Enraged , Apollo afflicted the Achaean army with plague . Agamemnon was forced to return Chryseis to end the plague , and took Achilles ' concubine Briseis as his own . Enraged at the dishonour Agamemnon had inflicted upon him , Achilles decided he would no longer fight . He asked his mother , Thetis , to intercede with Zeus , who agreed to give the Trojans success in the absence of Achilles , the best warrior of the Achaeans . After the withdrawal of Achilles , the Achaeans were initially successful . Both armies gathered in full for the first time since the landing . Menelaus and Paris fought a duel , which ended when Aphrodite snatched the beaten Paris from the field . With the truce broken , the armies began fighting again . Diomedes won great renown amongst the Achaeans , killing the Trojan hero Pandaros and nearly killing Aeneas , who was only saved by his mother , Aphrodite . With the assistance of Athena , Diomedes then wounded the gods Aphrodite and Ares . During the next days , however , the Trojans drove the Achaeans back to their camp and were stopped at the Achaean wall by Poseidon . The next day , though , with Zeus ' help , the Trojans broke into the Achaean camp and were on the verge of setting fire to the Achaean ships . An earlier appeal to Achilles to return was rejected , but after Hector burned Protesilaus ' ship , he allowed his close friend and relative Patroclus to go into battle wearing Achilles ' armour and lead his army . Patroclus drove the Trojans all the way back to the walls of Troy , and was only prevented from storming the city by the intervention of Apollo . Patroclus was then killed by Hector , who took Achilles ' armour from the body of Patroclus . Triumphant Achilles dragging Hector 's body around Troy , from a panoramic fresco of the Achilleion Achilles , maddened with grief , swore to kill Hector in revenge . He was reconciled with Agamemnon and received Briseis back , untouched by Agamemnon . He received a new set of arms , forged by the god Hephaestus , and returned to the battlefield . He slaughtered many Trojans , and nearly killed Aeneas , who was saved by Poseidon . Achilles fought with the river god Scamander , and a battle of the gods followed . The Trojan army returned to the city , except for Hector , who remained outside the walls because he was tricked by Athena . Achilles killed Hector , and afterwards he dragged Hector 's body from his chariot and refused to return the body to the Trojans for burial . The Achaeans then conducted funeral games for Patroclus . Afterwards , Priam came to Achilles ' tent , guided by Hermes , and asked Achilles to return Hector 's body . The armies made a temporary truce to allow the burial of the dead . The Iliad ends with the funeral of Hector . After the Iliad Penthesilea and the death of Achilles Achilles killing the Amazon Penthesilea Shortly after the burial of Hector , Penthesilea , queen of the Amazons , arrived with her warriors . Penthesilea , daughter of Otrere and Ares , had accidentally killed her sister Hippolyte . She was purified from this action by Priam , and in exchange she fought for him and killed many , including Machaon ( according to Pausanias , Machaon was killed by Eurypylus ) , and according to one version , Achilles himself , who was resurrected at the request of Thetis . In another version , Penthesilia was killed by Achilles who fell in love with her beauty after her death . Thersites , a simple soldier and the ugliest Achaean , taunted Achilles over his love and gouged out Penthesilea 's eyes . Achilles slew Thersites , and after a dispute sailed to Lesbos , where he was purified for his murder by Odysseus after sacrificing to Apollo , Artemis , and Leto . While they were away , Memnon of Ethiopia , son of Tithonus and Eos , came with his host to help his stepbrother Priam . He did not come directly from Ethiopia , but either from Susa in Persia , conquering all the peoples in between , or from the Caucasus , leading an army of Ethiopians and Indians . Like Achilles , he wore armour made by Hephaestus . In the ensuing battle , Memnon killed Antilochus , who took one of Memnon 's blows to save his father Nestor . Achilles and Memnon then fought . Zeus weighed the fate of the two heroes ; the weight containing that of Memnon sank , and he was slain by Achilles . Achilles chased the Trojans to their city , which he entered . The gods , seeing that he had killed too many of their children , decided that it was his time to die . He was killed after Paris shot a poisoned arrow that was guided by Apollo . In another version he was killed by a knife to the back ( or heel ) by Paris , while marrying Polyxena , daughter of Priam , in the temple of Thymbraean Apollo , the site where he had earlier killed Troilus . Both versions conspicuously deny the killer any sort of valour , saying Achilles remained undefeated on the battlefield . His bones were mingled with those of Patroclus , and funeral games were held . Like Ajax , he is represented as living after his death in the island of Leuke , at the mouth of the Danube River , where he is married to Helen . Judgment of arms The suicide of Ajax ( from a calyx - krater , 400 -- 350 BC , Vulci ) A great battle raged around the dead Achilles . Ajax held back the Trojans , while Odysseus carried the body away . When Achilles ' armour was offered to the smartest warrior , the two that had saved his body came forward as competitors . Agamemnon , unwilling to undertake the invidious duty of deciding between the two competitors , referred the dispute to the decision of the Trojan prisoners , inquiring of them which of the two heroes had done most harm to the Trojans . Alternatively , the Trojans and Pallas Athena were the judges in that , following Nestor 's advice , spies were sent to the walls to overhear what was said . A girl said that Ajax was braver : For Aias took up and carried out of the strife the hero , Peleus ' son : this great Odysseus cared not to do . To this another replied by Athena 's contrivance : Why , what is this you say ? A thing against reason and untrue ! Even a woman could carry a load once a man had put it on her shoulder ; but she could not fight . For she would fail with fear if she should fight . ( Scholiast on Aristophanes , Knights 1056 and Aristophanes ib ) According to Pindar , the decision was made by secret ballot among the Achaeans . In all story versions , the arms were awarded to Odysseus . Driven mad with grief , Ajax desired to kill his comrades , but Athena caused him to mistake the cattle and their herdsmen for the Achaean warriors . In his frenzy he scourged two rams , believing them to be Agamemnon and Menelaus . In the morning , he came to his senses and killed himself by jumping on the sword that had been given to him by Hector , so that it pierced his armpit , his only vulnerable part . According to an older tradition , he was killed by the Trojans who , seeing he was invulnerable , attacked him with clay until he was covered by it and could no longer move , thus dying of starvation . Prophecies A mosaic depicting Odysseus , from the villa of La Olmeda , Pedrosa de la Vega , Spain , late 4th -- 5th centuries AD After the tenth year , it was prophesied that Troy could not fall without Heracles ' bow , which was with Philoctetes in Lemnos . Odysseus and Diomedes retrieved Philoctetes , whose wound had healed . Philoctetes then shot and killed Paris . According to Apollodorus , Paris ' brothers Helenus and Deiphobus vied over the hand of Helen . Deiphobus prevailed , and Helenus abandoned Troy for Mt . Ida . Calchas said that Helenus knew the prophecies concerning the fall of Troy , so Odysseus waylaid Helenus . Under coercion , Helenus told the Achaeans that they would win if they retrieved Pelops ' bones , persuaded Achilles ' son Neoptolemus to fight for them , and stole the Trojan Palladium . The Greeks retrieved Pelop 's bones , and sent Odysseus to retrieve Neoptolemus , who was hiding from the war in King Lycomedes 's court in Scyros . Odysseus gave him his father 's arms . Eurypylus , son of Telephus , leading , according to Homer , a large force of Kêteioi , or Hittites or Mysians according to Apollodorus , arrived to aid the Trojans . He killed Machaon and Peneleos , but was slain by Neoptolemus . Disguised as a beggar , Odysseus went to spy inside Troy , but was recognized by Helen . Homesick , Helen plotted with Odysseus . Later , with Helen 's help , Odysseus and Diomedes stole the Palladium . The earliest known depiction of the Trojan Horse , from the Mykonos vase c. 670 BC Trojan horse Main article : Trojan Horse The end of the war came with one final plan . Odysseus devised a new ruse -- a giant hollow wooden horse , an animal that was sacred to the Trojans . It was built by Epeius and guided by Athena , from the wood of a cornel tree grove sacred to Apollo , with the inscription : The Greeks dedicate this thank - offering to Athena for their return home . The hollow horse was filled with soldiers led by Odysseus . The rest of the army burned the camp and sailed for Tenedos . When the Trojans discovered that the Greeks were gone , believing the war was over , they `` joyfully dragged the horse inside the city '' , while they debated what to do with it . Some thought they ought to hurl it down from the rocks , others thought they should burn it , while others said they ought to dedicate it to Athena . Both Cassandra and Laocoön warned against keeping the horse . While Cassandra had been given the gift of prophecy by Apollo , she was also cursed by Apollo never to be believed . Serpents then came out of the sea and devoured either Laocoön and one of his two sons , Laocoön and both his sons , or only his sons , a portent which so alarmed the followers of Aeneas that they withdrew to Ida . The Trojans decided to keep the horse and turned to a night of mad revelry and celebration . Sinon , an Achaean spy , signaled the fleet stationed at Tenedos when `` it was midnight and the clear moon was rising '' and the soldiers from inside the horse emerged and killed the guards . Sack of Troy Neoptolemus , son of Achilles , kills King Priam ( detail of Attic black - figure amphora , 520 -- 510 BC ) The Achaeans entered the city and killed the sleeping population . A great massacre followed which continued into the day . Blood ran in torrents , drenched was all the earth , As Trojans and their alien helpers died . Here were men lying quelled by bitter death All up and down the city in their blood . The Trojans , fuelled with desperation , fought back fiercely , despite being disorganized and leaderless . With the fighting at its height , some donned fallen enemies ' attire and launched surprise counterattacks in the chaotic street fighting . Other defenders hurled down roof tiles and anything else heavy down on the rampaging attackers . The outlook was grim though , and eventually the remaining defenders were destroyed along with the whole city . Neoptolemus killed Priam , who had taken refuge at the altar of Zeus of the Courtyard . Menelaus killed Deiphobus , Helen 's husband after Paris ' death , and also intended to kill Helen , but , overcome by her beauty , threw down his sword and took her to the ships . Ajax the Lesser raped Cassandra on Athena 's altar while she was clinging to her statue . Because of Ajax 's impiety , the Acheaens , urged by Odysseus , wanted to stone him to death , but he fled to Athena 's altar , and was spared . Antenor , who had given hospitality to Menelaus and Odysseus when they asked for the return of Helen , and who had advocated so , was spared , along with his family . Aeneas took his father on his back and fled , and , according to Apollodorus , was allowed to go because of his piety . The Greeks then burned the city and divided the spoils . Cassandra was awarded to Agamemnon . Neoptolemus got Andromache , wife of Hector , and Odysseus was given Hecuba , Priam 's wife . The Achaeans threw Hector 's infant son Astyanax down from the walls of Troy , either out of cruelty and hate or to end the royal line , and the possibility of a son 's revenge . They ( by usual tradition Neoptolemus ) also sacrificed the Trojan princess Polyxena on the grave of Achilles as demanded by his ghost , either as part of his spoil or because she had betrayed him . Aethra , Theseus ' mother , and one of Helen 's handmaids , was rescued by her grandsons , Demophon and Acamas . Returns Main article : Returns from Troy The gods were very angry over the destruction of their temples and other sacrilegious acts by the Achaeans , and decided that most would not return home . A storm fell on the returning fleet off Tenos island . Additionally , Nauplius , in revenge for the murder of his son Palamedes , set up false lights in Cape Caphereus ( also known today as Cavo D'Oro , in Euboea ) and many were shipwrecked . Agamemnon had made it back to Argos safely with Cassandra in his possession after some stormy weather . He and Cassandra were slain by Aegisthus ( in the oldest versions of the story ) or by Clytemnestra or by both of them . Electra and Orestes later avenged their father , but Orestes was the one who was chased by the Furies . Nestor , who had the best conduct in Troy and did not take part in the looting , was the only hero who had a fast and safe return . Those of his army that survived the war also reached home with him safely , but later left and colonised Metapontium in Southern Italy . Poseidon smites Ajax the Lesser , by Bonaventura Genelli ( 1798 -- 1868 ) Ajax the Lesser , who had endured more than the others the wrath of the Gods , never returned . His ship was wrecked by a storm sent by Athena , who borrowed one of Zeus ' thunderbolts and tore it to pieces . The crew managed to land in a rock , but Poseidon struck it , and Ajax fell in the sea and drowned . He was buried by Thetis in Myconos or Delos . Teucer , son of Telamon and half - brother of Ajax , stood trial by his father for his half - brother 's death . He was disowned by his father and was n't allowed back on Salamis Island . He was at sea near Phreattys in Peiraeus . He was acquitted of responsibility but found guilty of negligence because he did not return his dead body or his arms . He left with his army ( who took their wives ) and founded Salamis in Cyprus . The Athenians later created a political myth that his son left his kingdom to Theseus ' sons ( and not to Megara ) . Neoptolemus , following the advice of Helenus , who accompanied him when he traveled over land , was always accompanied by Andromache . He met Odysseus and they buried Achilles ' teacher Phoenix on the land of the Ciconians . They then conquered the land of the Molossians ( Epirus ) and Neoptolemus had a child by Andromache , Molossus , to whom he later gave the throne . Thus the kings of Epirus claimed their lineage from Achilles , and so did Alexander the Great , whose mother was of that royal house . Alexander the Great and the kings of Macedon also claimed to be descended from Heracles . Helenus founded a city in Molossia and inhabited it , and Neoptolemus gave him his mother Deidamia as wife . After Peleus died he succeeded Phtia 's throne . He had a feud with Orestes ( son of Agamemnon ) over Menelaus ' daughter Hermione , and was killed in Delphi , where he was buried . In Roman myths , the kingdom of Phtia was taken over by Helenus , who married Andromache . They offered hospitality to other Trojan refugees , including Aeneas , who paid a visit there during his wanderings . Diomedes was first thrown by a storm on the coast of Lycia , where he was to be sacrificed to Ares by king Lycus , but Callirrhoe , the king 's daughter , took pity upon him , and assisted him in escaping . He then accidentally landed in Attica , in Phaleron . The Athenians , unaware that they were allies , attacked them . Many were killed , and Demophon took the Palladium . He finally landed in Argos , where he found his wife Aegialeia committing adultery . In disgust , he left for Aetolia . According to later traditions , he had some adventures and founded Canusium and Argyrippa in Southern Italy . Philoctetes , due to a sedition , was driven from his city and emigrated to Italy , where he founded the cities of Petilia , Old Crimissa , and Chone , between Croton and Thurii . After making war on the Leucanians he founded there a sanctuary of Apollo the Wanderer , to whom also he dedicated his bow . According to Homer , Idomeneus reached his house safe and sound . Another tradition later formed . After the war , Idomeneus 's ship hit a horrible storm . Idomeneus promised Poseidon that he would sacrifice the first living thing he saw when he returned home if Poseidon would save his ship and crew . The first living thing he saw was his son , whom Idomeneus duly sacrificed . The gods were angry at his murder of his own son and they sent a plague to Crete . His people sent him into exile to Calabria in Italy , and then to Colophon , in Asia Minor , where he died . Among the lesser Achaeans very few reached their homes . House of atreus The murder of Agamemnon ( 1879 illustration from Alfred Church 's Stories from the Greek Tragedians ) According to the Odyssey , Menelaus 's fleet was blown by storms to Crete and Egypt , where they were unable to sail away due to calm winds . Only five of his ships survived . Menelaus had to catch Proteus , a shape - shifting sea god , to find out what sacrifices to which gods he would have to make to guarantee safe passage . According to some stories the Helen who was taken by Paris was a fake , and the real Helen was in Egypt , where she was reunited with Menelaus . Proteus also told Menelaus that he was destined for Elysium ( Heaven ) after his death . Menelaus returned to Sparta with Helen eight years after he had left Troy . Agamemnon returned home with Cassandra to Argos . His wife Clytemnestra ( Helen 's sister ) was having an affair with Aegisthus , son of Thyestes , Agamemnon 's cousin who had conquered Argos before Agamemnon himself retook it . Possibly out of vengeance for the death of Iphigenia , Clytemnestra plotted with her lover to kill Agamemnon . Cassandra foresaw this murder , and warned Agamemnon , but he disregarded her . He was killed , either at a feast or in his bath , according to different versions . Cassandra was also killed . Agamemnon 's son Orestes , who had been away , returned and conspired with his sister Electra to avenge their father . He killed Clytemnestra and Aegisthus and succeeded to his father 's throne . Odyssey Main article : Odyssey Odysseus ' ten - year journey home to Ithaca was told in Homer 's Odyssey . Odysseus and his men were blown far off course to lands unknown to the Achaeans ; there Odysseus had many adventures , including the famous encounter with the Cyclops Polyphemus , and an audience with the seer Teiresias in Hades . On the island of Thrinacia , Odysseus ' men ate the cattle sacred to the sun - god Helios . For this sacrilege Odysseus ' ships were destroyed , and all his men perished . Odysseus had not eaten the cattle , and was allowed to live ; he washed ashore on the island of Ogygia , and lived there with the nymph Calypso . After seven years , the gods decided to send Odysseus home ; on a small raft , he sailed to Scheria , the home of the Phaeacians , who gave him passage to Ithaca . Odysseus and Polyphemus by Arnold Böcklin : the Cyclops ' curse delays the homecoming of Odysseus for another ten years Once in his home land , Odysseus traveled disguised as an old beggar . He was recognised by his dog , Argos , who died in his lap . He then discovered that his wife , Penelope , had been faithful to him during the 20 years he was absent , despite the countless suitors that were eating his food and spending his property . With the help of his son Telemachus , Athena , and Eumaeus , the swineherd , he killed all of them except Medon , who had been polite to Penelope , and Phemius , a local singer who had only been forced to help the suitors against Penelope . Penelope tested Odysseus and made sure it was him , and he forgave her . The next day the suitors ' relatives tried to take revenge on him but they were stopped by Athena . Telegony Main article : Telegony The Telegony picks up where the Odyssey leaves off , beginning with the burial of the dead suitors , and continues until the death of Odysseus . Some years after Odysseus ' return , Telegonus , the son of Odysseus and Circe , came to Ithaca and plundered the island . Odysseus , attempting to fight off the attack , was killed by his unrecognized son . After Telegonus realized he had killed his father , he brought the body to his mother Circe , along with Telemachus and Penelope . Circe made them immortal ; then Telegonus married Penelope and Telemachus married Circe . Aeneid Aeneas Flees Burning Troy ( 1598 ) by Federico Barocci Main article : Aeneid The journey of the Trojan survivor Aeneas and his resettling of Trojan refugees in Italy are the subject of the Latin epic poem The Aeneid by Virgil . Writing during the time of Augustus , Virgil has his hero give a first - person account of the fall of Troy in the second of the Aeneid ' s twelve books ; the Trojan Horse , which does not appear in `` The Iliad '' , became legendary from Virgil 's account . Aeneas leads a group of survivors away from the city , among them his son Ascanius ( also known as Iulus ) , his trumpeter Misenus , father Anchises , the healer Iapyx , his faithful sidekick Achates , and Mimas as a guide . His wife Creusa is killed during the sack of the city . Aeneas also carries the Lares and Penates of Troy , which the historical Romans claimed to preserve as guarantees of Rome 's own security . The Trojan survivors escape with a number of ships , seeking to establish a new homeland elsewhere . They land in several nearby countries that prove inhospitable , and are finally told by an oracle that they must return to the land of their forebears . They first try to establish themselves in Crete , where Dardanus had once settled , but find it ravaged by the same plague that had driven Idomeneus away . They find the colony led by Helenus and Andromache , but decline to remain . After seven years they arrive in Carthage , where Aeneas has an affair with Queen Dido . ( Since according to tradition Carthage was founded in 814 BC , the arrival of Trojan refugees a few hundred years earlier exposes chronological difficulties within the mythic tradition . ) Eventually the gods order Aeneas to continue onward , and he and his people arrive at the mouth of the Tiber River in Italy . Dido commits suicide , and Aeneas 's betrayal of her was regarded as an element in the long enmity between Rome and Carthage that expressed itself in the Punic Wars and led to Roman hegemony . At Cumae , the Sibyl leads Aeneas on an archetypal descent to the underworld , where the shade of his dead father serves as a guide ; this book of the Aeneid directly influenced Dante , who has Virgil act as his narrator 's guide . Aeneas is given a vision of the future majesty of Rome , which it was his duty to found , and returns to the world of the living . He negotiates a settlement with the local king , Latinus , and was wed to his daughter , Lavinia . This triggered a war with other local tribes , which culminated in the founding of the settlement of Alba Longa , ruled by Aeneas and Lavinia 's son Silvius . Roman myth attempted to reconcile two different founding myths : three hundred years later , in the more famous tradition , Romulus founded Rome after murdering his brother Remus . The Trojan origins of Rome became particularly important in the propaganda of Julius Caesar , whose family claimed descent from Venus through Aeneas 's son Iulus ( hence the Latin gens name Iulius ) , and during the reign of Augustus ; see for instance the Tabulae Iliacae and the `` Troy Game '' presented frequently by the Julio - Claudian dynasty . Dates of the Trojan War Hypnos and Thanatos carrying the body of Sarpedon from the battlefield of Troy ; detail from an Attic white - ground lekythos , c. 440 BC . Since this war was considered among the ancient Greeks as either the last event of the mythical age or the first event of the historical age , several dates are given for the fall of Troy . They usually derive from genealogies of kings . Ephorus gives 1135 BC , Sosibius 1172 BC , Eratosthenes 1184 BC / 1183 BC , Timaeus 1193 BC , the Parian marble 1209 BC / 1208 BC , Dicaearchus 1212 BC , Herodotus around 1250 BC , Eretes 1291 BC , while Douris 1334 BC . As for the exact day Ephorus gives 23 / 24 Thargelion ( May 6 or 7 ) , Hellanicus 12 Thargelion ( May 26 ) while others give the 23rd of Sciroforion ( July 7 ) or the 23rd of Ponamos ( October 7 ) . The glorious and rich city Homer describes was believed to be Troy VI by many twentieth century authors , destroyed in 1275 BC , probably by an earthquake . Its follower Troy VIIa , destroyed by fire at some point during the 1180s BC , was long considered a poorer city , but since the excavation campaign of 1988 it has risen to the most likely candidate . Map showing the Hittite Empire , Ahhiyawa ( possibly the Achaeans ) and Wilusa ( Troy ) Historical basis See also : Historicity of the Iliad The historicity of the Trojan War is still subject to debate . Most classical Greeks thought that the war was a historical event , but many believed that the Homeric poems had exaggerated the events to suit the demands of poetry . For instance , the historian Thucydides , who is known for being critical , considers it a true event but doubts that 1,186 ships were sent to Troy . Euripides started changing Greek myths at will , including those of the Trojan War . Near year 100 , Dio Chrysostom argued that while the war was historical , it ended with the Trojans winning , and the Greeks attempted to hide that fact . Around 1870 it was generally agreed in Western Europe that the Trojan War had never happened and Troy never existed . Then Heinrich Schliemann popularized his excavations at Hisarlik , which he and others believed to be Troy , and of the Mycenaean cities of Greece . Today many scholars agree that the Trojan War is based on a historical core of a Greek expedition against the city of Troy , but few would argue that the Homeric poems faithfully represent the actual events of the war . In November 2001 , geologist John C. Kraft and classicist John V. Luce presented the results of investigations into the geology of the region that had started in 1977 . The geologists compared the present geology with the landscapes and coastal features described in the Iliad and other classical sources , notably Strabo 's Geographia . Their conclusion was that there is regularly a consistency between the location of Troy as identified by Schliemann ( and other locations such as the Greek camp ) , the geological evidence , and descriptions of the topography and accounts of the battle in the Iliad . In the twentieth century scholars have attempted to draw conclusions based on Hittite and Egyptian texts that date to the time of the Trojan War . While they give a general description of the political situation in the region at the time , their information on whether this particular conflict took place is limited . Andrew Dalby notes that while the Trojan War most likely did take place in some form and is therefore grounded in history , its true nature is and will be unknown . The Tawagalawa letter mentions a kingdom of Ahhiyawa ( Achaea , or Greece ) that lies beyond the sea ( that would be the Aegean ) and controls Milliwanda , which is identified with Miletus . Also mentioned in this and other letters is the Assuwa confederation made of 22 cities and countries which included the city of Wilusa ( Ilios or Ilium ) . The Milawata letter implies this city lies on the north of the Assuwa confederation , beyond the Seha river . While the identification of Wilusa with Ilium ( that is , Troy ) is always controversial , in the 1990s it gained majority acceptance . In the Alaksandu treaty ( c. 1280 BC ) the king of the city is named Alaksandu , and Paris 's name in the Iliad ( among other works ) is Alexander . The Tawagalawa letter ( dated c. 1250 BC ) which is addressed to the king of Ahhiyawa actually says : `` Now as we have come to an agreement on Wilusa over which we went to war ... '' Formerly under the Hittites , the Assuwa confederation defected after the battle of Kadesh between Egypt and the Hittites ( c. 1274 BC ) . In 1230 BC Hittite king Tudhaliya IV ( c. 1240 -- 1210 BC ) campaigned against this federation . Under Arnuwanda III ( c. 1210 -- 1205 BC ) the Hittites were forced to abandon the lands they controlled in the coast of the Aegean . It is possible that the Trojan War was a conflict between the king of Ahhiyawa and the Assuwa confederation . This view has been supported in that the entire war includes the landing in Mysia ( and Telephus ' wounding ) , Achilles 's campaigns in the North Aegean and Telamonian Ajax 's campaigns in Thrace and Phrygia . Most of these regions were part of Assuwa . That most Achaean heroes did not return to their homes and founded colonies elsewhere was interpreted by Thucydides as being due to their long absence . Nowadays the interpretation followed by most scholars is that the Achaean leaders driven out of their lands by the turmoil at the end of the Mycenaean era preferred to claim descent from exiles of the Trojan War . In popular culture Main article : Trojan War in popular culture The inspiration provided by these events produced many literary works , far more than can be listed here . The siege of Troy provided inspiration for many works of art , most famously Homer 's Iliad , set in the last year of the siege . Some of the others include Troades by Euripides , Troilus and Criseyde by Geoffrey Chaucer , Troilus and Cressida by William Shakespeare , Iphigenia and Polyxena by Samuel Coster , Palamedes by Joost van den Vondel and Les Troyens by Hector Berlioz . Films based on the Trojan War include Helen of Troy ( 1956 ) , The Trojan Horse ( 1961 ) and Troy ( 2004 ) . The war has also been featured in many books , television series , and other creative works . References Jump up ^ Bryce , Trevor ( 2005 ) . The Trojans and their neighbours . Taylor & Francis . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 34959 - 8 . Jump up ^ Rutter , Jeremy B. `` Troy VII and the Historicity of the Trojan War '' . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ In the second edition of his In Search of the Trojan War , Michael Wood notes developments that were made in the intervening ten years since his first edition was published . Scholarly skepticism about Schliemann 's identification has been dispelled by the more recent archaeological discoveries , linguistic research , and translations of clay - tablet records of contemporaneous diplomacy . Wood , Michael ( 1998 ) . `` Preface '' . In Search of the Trojan War ( 2 ed . ) . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21599 - 0 . Now , more than ever , in the 125 years since Schliemann put his spade into Hisarlik , there appears to be a historical basis to the tale of Troy Jump up ^ Wood ( 1985 : 116 -- 118 ) Jump up ^ Wood ( 1985 : 19 ) Jump up ^ It is unknown whether this Proclus is the Neoplatonic philosopher , in which case the summary dates to the 5th century AD , or whether he is the lesser - known grammarian of the 2nd century AD . See Burgess , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Burgess , pp. 10 -- 12 ; cf . W. Kullmann ( 1960 ) , Die Quellen der Ilias . Jump up ^ Burgess , pp. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Scholium on Homer A. 5 . Jump up ^ Plato , Republic 2,379 e . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.1 , Hesiod Fragment 204 , 95ff . Jump up ^ Berlin Papyri , No. 9739 ; Hesiod . Catalogue of Women Fragment 68 . Translated by Evelyn - White , H G. Loeb Classical Library Volume 57 . London : William Heinemann , 1914 Jump up ^ Apollonius Rhodius 4.757 . Jump up ^ Aeschylus , Prometheus Bound 767 . Jump up ^ Scholiast on Homer 's Iliad ; Hyginus , Fabulae 54 ; Ovid , Metamorphoses 11.217 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Library 3.168 . Jump up ^ Pindar , Nemean 5 ep2 ; Pindar , Isthmian 8 str3 -- str5 . Jump up ^ Hesiod , Catalogue of Women fr. 57 ; Cypria fr. 4 . Jump up ^ Photius , Myrobiblion 190 . Jump up ^ P. Oxy. 56 , 3829 ( L. Koppel , 1989 ) Jump up ^ Hyginus , Fabulae 92 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus Epitome E. 3.2 Jump up ^ Pausanias , 15.9. 5 . Jump up ^ Euripides Andromache 298 ; Div . i . 21 ; Apollodorus , Library 3.12. 5 . Jump up ^ Homer Iliad I. 410 ^ Jump up to : Apollodorus , Library 3.13. 8 . Jump up ^ Apollonius Rhodius 4.869 -- 879 ; Apollodorus , Library 3.13. 6 . Jump up ^ Frazer on Apollodorus , Library 3.13. 6 . Jump up ^ Alluded to in Statius , Achilleid 1.269 -- 270 . Jump up ^ Hyginus , Fabulae 96 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus 3.10. 7 . Jump up ^ Pausanias 1.33. 1 ; Apollodorus , Library 3.10. 7 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Library 3.10. 5 ; Hyginus , Fabulae 77 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Library 3.10. 9 . Jump up ^ Pausanias 3.20. 9 . Jump up ^ Ptolemy Hephaestion , New History 4 ( as summarized in Photius , Myriobiblon 190 ) . Jump up ^ Pindar , Pythian 11 ep4 ; Apollodorus , Library 3.11. 15 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 2.15 . ^ Jump up to : Proclus Chrestomathy 1 Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.3 . Jump up ^ Euripides , Helen 40 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.4 . Jump up ^ Herodotus , Histories 1.2 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Library 3.12. 7 . Jump up ^ Herodotus , 1.3. 1 . Jump up ^ Il. 3.205 - 6 ; 11.139 Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.6 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.7 . Jump up ^ Il. 11.767 -- 770 , ( lines rejected by Aristophanes and Aristarchus ) Jump up ^ Statius , Achilleid 1.25 Jump up ^ Scholiast on Homer 's Iliad 19.326 ; Ovid , Metamorphoses 13.162 ff . Jump up ^ Pausanias , 1.22. 6 . Jump up ^ Homer , Iliad 11.19 ff. ; Apollodurus , Epitome 3.9 . Jump up ^ Philostratus , Heroicus 7 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.15 . Jump up ^ Pausanias , 1.4. 6 . Jump up ^ Pindar , Isthmian 8 . Jump up ^ Pausanias , 9.5. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Apollodorus , Epitome 3.20 . Jump up ^ Aeschylus fragment 405 -- 410 Jump up ^ Pliny , Natural History 24.42 , 34.152 . Jump up ^ Davies , esp . pp. 8 , 10 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.19 . Jump up ^ Philodemus , On Piety . Jump up ^ Antoninus Liberalis , Metamorphoses 27 . Jump up ^ Ptolemy Hephaestion , New History 5 ( as summarized in Photius , Myriobiblon 190 ) . Jump up ^ Pausanias , 1.43. 1 . Jump up ^ History of the Pelloponesian War 1 , 10 . Jump up ^ Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους ( History of the Greek Nation ) vol . A , Ekdotiki Athinon , Athens 1968 . ^ Jump up to : Pantelis Karykas , Μυκηναίοι Πολεμιστές ( Mycenian Warriors ) , Athens 1999 . Jump up ^ Vice Admiral P.E. Konstas R.H.N. , Η ναυτική ηγεμονία των Μυκηνών ( The naval hegemony of Mycenae ) , Athens 1966 Jump up ^ Homer , Iliad Β. 803 -- 806 . Jump up ^ Diodorus iv , 38 . Jump up ^ Pausanias 8.33. 4 Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.27 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.26 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.28 . Jump up ^ Herodotus 4.145. 3 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.29 . Jump up ^ Pausanias 4.2. 7 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.31 . Jump up ^ Cartwright , Mark ( 2 August 2012 ) . `` Troy '' . Ancient History Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.30 . Jump up ^ Eustathius on Homer , Iliad ii. 701 . Jump up ^ Scholiast on Lycophron 532 . Jump up ^ Thucydides 1.11 . Jump up ^ Papademetriou Konstantinos , `` Τα όπλα του Τρωϊκού Πολέμου '' ( `` The weapons of the Trojan War '' ) , Panzer Magazine issue 14 , June -- July 2004 , Athens . Jump up ^ Iliad I. 328 Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.32 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.33 ; translation , Sir James George Frazer . Jump up ^ Volume 5 p. 80 Jump up ^ Demetrius ( 2nd century BC ) Scholium on Iliad Z , 35 Jump up ^ Parthenius Ερωτικά Παθήματα 21 Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Library 3.12. 5 . Jump up ^ Homer , Iliad Φ 35 -- 155 . Jump up ^ Dictis Cretensis ii. 18 ; Sophocles , Ajax 210 . Jump up ^ `` Petteia '' . Jump up ^ `` Greek Board Games '' . Jump up ^ `` Latrunculi '' . Jump up ^ Kakrides vol. 5 p. 92 . Jump up ^ Servius , Scholium on Virgil 's Aeneid 2.81 Jump up ^ According to other accounts Odysseus , with the other Greek captains , including Agamemnon , conspired together against Palamedes , as all were envious of his accomplishments . See Simpson , Gods & Heroes of the Greeks : The Library of Apollodorus , p. 251 . Jump up ^ According to Apollodorus Epitome 3.8 , Odysseus forced a Phrygian prisoner , to write the letter . Jump up ^ Pausanias 10.31. 2 ; Simpson , Gods & Heroes of the Greeks : The Library of Apollodorus , p. 251 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 6.9 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.10 Jump up ^ The exact nature of Achilles ' relationship to Patroclus is the subject of some debate . See Achilles and Patroclus for details . Jump up ^ Scholiast on Homer , Iliad . xxiv. 804 . Jump up ^ Quintus of Smyrna , Posthomerica i. 18 ff . ^ Jump up to : Apollodorus , Epitome 5.1 . ^ Jump up to : Pausanias 3.26. 9 . Jump up ^ Ptolemy Hephaestion , New History Bk6 ( as summarized in Photius , Myriobiblon 190 ) ^ Jump up to : Proclus , Chrestomathy 2 , Aethiopis . Jump up ^ Tzetzes , Scholiast on Lycophron 999 . ^ Jump up to : Apollodorus , Epitome 5.3 . Jump up ^ Tzetzes ad Lycophroon 18 . Jump up ^ Pausanias 10.31. 7 . Jump up ^ Dictys Cretensis iv. 4 . Jump up ^ Virgil , Aeneid 8.372 . Jump up ^ Pindarus Pythian vi. 30 . Jump up ^ Quintus Smyrnaeus ii. 224 . Jump up ^ Diodorus Siculus , Library of History 4.75. 4 . Jump up ^ Pausanias 1.13. 9 . Jump up ^ Euripedes , Hecuba 40 . Jump up ^ Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica iv. 88 -- 595 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.5 . Jump up ^ Pausanias 3.19. 13 . Jump up ^ Argument of Sophocles ' Ajax Jump up ^ Scholiast on Homer 's Odyssey λ. 547 . Jump up ^ Homer , Odyssey λ 542 . ^ Jump up to : Proclus , Chrestomathy 3 , Little Iliad . Jump up ^ Pindar , Nemean Odes 8.46 ( 25 ) . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.6 . Jump up ^ Zenobius , Cent . i. 43 . Jump up ^ Sophocles , Ajax 42 , 277 , 852 . Jump up ^ Either by Calchas , ( Apollodorus , Epitome 5.8 ; Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica 9.325 -- 479 ) , or by Paris ' brother Helenus ( Proclus , Chrestomathy 3 , Little Iliad ; Sophocles , Philoctetes 604 -- 613 ; Tzetzes , Posthomerica 571 -- 595 ) . Jump up ^ This is according to Apollodorus , Epitome 5.8 , Hyginus , Fabulae 103 , Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica 9.325 -- 479 , and Euripides , Philoctetes -- but Sophocles , Philoctetes says Odysseus and Neoptolemus , while Proclus , Chrestomathy 3 , Little Iliad says Diomedes alone . Jump up ^ Philoctetes was cured by a son of Asclepius , either Machaon , ( Proclus , Chrestomathy 3 , Little Iliad ; Tzetzes , Posthomerica 571 -- 595 ) or his brother Podalirius ( Apollodorus , Epitome 5.8 ; Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica 9.325 -- 479 ) . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.9 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.10 ; Pausanias 5.13. 4 . Jump up ^ Pausanias 5.13. 4 -- 6 , says that Pelop 's shoulder - blade was brought to Troy from Pisa , and on its return home was lost at sea , later to be found by a fisherman , and identified as Pelop 's by the Oracle at Delphi . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.11 . Jump up ^ Odyssey λ. 520 Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.12 . Jump up ^ Pausanias 9.5. 15 . Jump up ^ Homer , Odyssey 4.242 ff . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.13 . Jump up ^ Homer , Odyssey 8.492 -- 495 ; Apollodorus , Epitome 5.14 . Jump up ^ Pausanias , 3.13. 5 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.15 , Simpson , p. 246 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.14 , says the hollow horse held 50 , but attributes to the author of the Little Iliad a figure of 3,000 , a number that Simpson , p. 265 , calls `` absurd '' , saying that the surviving fragments only say that the Greeks put their `` best men '' inside the horse . Tzetzes , Posthomerica 641 -- 650 , gives a figure of 23 , while Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica xii. 314 -- 335 , gives the names of thirty , and says that there were more . In late tradition it seems it was standardized at 40 . Jump up ^ Homer , Odyssey 8.500 -- 504 ; Apollodorus , Epitome 5.15 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.16 , as translated by Simpson , p. 246 . Proculus , Chrestomathy 3 , Little Iliad , says that the Trojans pulled down a part of their walls to admit the horse . ^ Jump up to : Proclus , Chrestomathy 4 , Iliou Persis . Jump up ^ Homer , Odyssey 8.505 ff. ; Apollodorus , Epitome 5.16 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.17 says that Cassandra warned of an armed force inside the horse , and that Laocoön agreed . Jump up ^ Virgil , Aeneid 2.199 -- 227 ; Hyginus , Fabulae 135 ; Jump up ^ Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica xii. 444 -- 497 ; Apollodorus , Epitome 5.18 . Jump up ^ Scholiast on Lycophroon , 344 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica xiii. 100 -- 104 , Translation by A.S. Way , 1913 . ^ Jump up to : Apollodorus . Epitome 5.21 . Jump up ^ Aristophanes , Lysistrata 155 ; Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica xiii. 423 -- 457 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.22 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.22 ; Pausanias 10.31. 2 ; Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica xiii. 462 -- 473 ; Virgil , Aeneid 403 -- 406 . The rape of Cassandra was a popular theme of ancient Greek paintings , see Pausanias , 1.15. 2 , 5.11. 6 , 5.19. 5 , 10.26. 3 . Jump up ^ Homer , Iliad 3.203 -- 207 , 7.347 -- 353 ; Apollodorus , Epitome , 5.21 ; Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica xiii. 322 -- 331 , Livy , 1.1 ; Pausanias , 10.26. 8 , 27.3 ff. ; Strabo , 13.1. 53 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus . Epitome 5.23 . Jump up ^ Proclus , Chrestomathy 4 , Ilio Persis , says Odysseus killed Astyanax , while Pausanias , 10.25. 9 , says Neoptolemus . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.23 . Jump up ^ Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica xiii. 279 -- 285 . Jump up ^ Euripides , Trojan Women 709 -- 739 , 1133 -- 1135 ; Hyginus , Fabulae 109 . Jump up ^ Euripides , Hecuba 107 -- 125 , 218 -- 224 , 391 -- 393 , 521 -- 582 ; Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica xiv. 193 -- 328 . Jump up ^ Homer , Iliad 3.144 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.22 ; Pausanias , 10.25. 8 ; Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica xiii. 547 -- 595 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 6.11 . ^ Jump up to : Apollodorus , Epitome 5.24 . Jump up ^ Strabo , 6.1. 15 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 6.6 . Jump up ^ Scholiast on Homer , Iliad 13.66 . Jump up ^ Pausanias , 1.28. 11 . Jump up ^ Pausanias , 8.15. 7 Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 6.12 Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 6.13 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 6.14 . Jump up ^ Plutarch , 23 . Jump up ^ Pausanias , 1.28. 9 . Jump up ^ Tzetzes ad Lycophroon 609 . Jump up ^ Strabo , 6.3. 9 . Jump up ^ Strabo , 6.1. 3 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 6.15 b ; Strabo , 6.1. 3 . Jump up ^ Homer , Odyssey 3.191 . Jump up ^ Virgil , Aeneid 3.400 Jump up ^ Scholiast on Homer 's Odyssey 13.259 . Jump up ^ Homer , Odyssey 4.360 . Jump up ^ Homer , Odyssey 4.382 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 6.29 . Jump up ^ Pausanias , 2.16. 6 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 6.23 . Jump up ^ Homer , Odyssey 1.30 , 298 . Jump up ^ Pausanias , 2.16. 7 . Jump up ^ Sophocles , Electra 1405 . Jump up ^ Proclus Chrestomathy 2 , Telegony Jump up ^ FGrHist 70 F 223 Jump up ^ FGrHist 595 F 1 Jump up ^ Chronographiai FGrHist 241 F 1d Jump up ^ FGrHist 566 F 125 Jump up ^ FGrHist 239 , § 24 Jump up ^ Bios Hellados Jump up ^ Histories 2,145 Jump up ^ FGrHist 242 F 1 Jump up ^ FGrHist 76 F 41 Jump up ^ FGrHist 4 F 152 Jump up ^ Dio Chrysostom The Eleventh Discourse Maintaining that Troy was not Captured Jump up ^ Yale University : Introduction to Ancient Greek History : Lecture 2 Jump up ^ Kraft , J.C. ; Rapp , G. ( Rip ) ; Kayan , I. ; Luce , J.V. ( 2003 ) . `` Harbor areas at ancient Troy : Sedimentology and geomorphology complement Homer 's Iliad '' . Geology. 31 ( 2 ) : 163 . doi : 10.1130 / 0091 - 7613 ( 2003 ) 031 < 0163 : HAAATS > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Geologists show Homer got it right at the Wayback Machine ( archived April 2 , 2003 ) Jump up ^ Iliad , Discovery . Jump up ^ Wilson , Emily . Was The Iliad written by a woman ? , Slate Magazine , December 12 , 2006 . Accessed June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους ( History of the Greek Nation ) Volume A. Athens : Ekdotiki Athinon , 1968 . Jump up ^ Thucydides . The Peloponnesian War , 1.12. 2 . Jump up ^ Graves , Robert . The Greek Myths , `` The Returns '' . Further reading Tabula Iliaca , a 1st - century BC Roman bas - relief depicting scenes from Trojan War narratives Ancient authors Apollodorus , Gods & Heroes of the Greeks : The Library of Apollodorus , translated by Michael Simpson , The University of Massachusetts Press , ( 1976 ) . ISBN 0 - 87023 - 205 - 3 . Apollodorus , Apollodorus : The Library , translated by Sir James George Frazer , two volumes , Cambridge MA : Harvard University Press and London : William Heinemann Ltd. 1921 . Volume 1 : ISBN 0 - 674 - 99135 - 4 . Volume 2 : ISBN 0 - 674 - 99136 - 2 . Euripides , Andromache , in Euripides : Children of Heracles , Hippolytus , Andromache , Hecuba , with an English translation by David Kovacs . Cambridge . Harvard University Press . ( 1996 ) . ISBN 0 - 674 - 99533 - 3 . Euripides , Helen , in The Complete Greek Drama , edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill , Jr. in two volumes . 1 . Helen , translated by E.P. Coleridge . New York . Random House . 1938 . Euripides , Hecuba , in The Complete Greek Drama , edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill , Jr. in two volumes . 1 . Hecuba , translated by E.P. Coleridge . New York . Random House . 1938 . Herodotus , Histories , A.D. Godley ( translator ) , Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1920 ; ISBN 0 - 674 - 99133 - 8 . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library ) . Pausanias , Description of Greece , ( Loeb Classical Library ) translated by W.H.S. Jones ; Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press ; London , William Heinemann Ltd. ( 1918 ) . Vol 1 , Books I -- II , ISBN 0 - 674 - 99104 - 4 ; Vol 2 , Books III -- V , ISBN 0 - 674 - 99207 - 5 ; Vol 3 , Books VI -- VIII. 21 , ISBN 0 - 674 - 99300 - 4 ; Vol 4 , Books VIII. 22 -- X , ISBN 0 - 674 - 99328 - 4 . Proclus , Chrestomathy , in Fragments of the Kypria translated by H.G. Evelyn - White , 1914 ( public domain ) . Proclus , Proclus ' Summary of the Epic Cycle , trans . Gregory Nagy . Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica , in Quintus Smyrnaeus : The Fall of Troy , Arthur Sanders Way ( Ed . & Trans . ) , Loeb Classics # 19 ; Harvard University Press , Cambridge MA . ( 1913 ) . ( 1962 edition : ISBN 0 - 674 - 99022 - 6 ) . Strabo , Geography , translated by Horace Leonard Jones ; Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press ; London : William Heinemann , Ltd. ( 1924 ) Modern authors Greek mythology Deities Primordial Titans Olympians Nymphs Sea - deities Earth - deities Heroes and heroism Heracles / Hercules ( Labors ) Achilles Hector ( Trojan War ) Odysseus ( Odyssey ) Jason Argonauts ( Golden Fleece ) Perseus ( Medusa Gorgon ) Oedipus ( Sphinx ) Orpheus ( Orphism ) Theseus ( Minotaur ) Bellerophon ( Pegasus Chimera ) Daedalus ( Labyrinth ) Atalanta Hippomenes ( Golden apple ) Cadmus ( Thebes ) Aeneas ( Aeneid ) Triptolemus ( Eleusinian Mysteries ) Pelops ( Ancient Olympic Games ) Pirithous ( Centauromachy ) Amphitryon ( Teumessian fox ) Narcissus ( Narcissism ) Meleager ( Calydonian Boar ) Otrera ( Amazons ) Related Satyrs Centaurs Dragons Demogorgon Religion in Ancient Greece Mycenaean gods Greek mythology portal Burgess , Jonathan S. 2004 . The Tradition of the Trojan War in Homer and the Epic Cycle ( Johns Hopkins ) . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 7890 - X . Castleden , Rodney . The Attack on Troy . Barnsley , South Yorkshire , UK : Pen and Sword Books , 2006 ( hardcover , ISBN 1 - 84415 - 175 - 1 ) . Davies , Malcolm ( 2000 ) . `` Euripides Telephus Fr. 149 ( Austin ) and the Folk - Tale Origins of the Teuthranian Expedition '' ( PDF ) . Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 133 : 7 -- 10 . Durschmied , Erik . The Hinge Factor : How Chance and Stupidity Have Changed History . Coronet Books ; New Ed edition ( 7 Oct 1999 ) . Frazer , Sir James George , Apollodorus : The Library , two volumes , Cambridge MA : Harvard University Press and London : William Heinemann Ltd. 1921 . Volume 1 : ISBN 0 - 674 - 99135 - 4 . Volume 2 : ISBN 0 - 674 - 99136 - 2 . Graves , Robert . The Greek Myths , Penguin ( Non-Classics ) ; Cmb / Rep edition ( April 6 , 1993 ) . ISBN 0 - 14 - 017199 - 1 . Kakridis , J. , 1988 . Ελληνική Μυθολογία ( `` Greek mythology '' ) , Ekdotiki Athinon , Athens . Karykas , Pantelis , 2003 . Μυκηναίοι Πολεμιστές ( `` Mycenean Warriors '' ) , Communications Editions , Athens . Latacz , Joachim . Troy and Homer : Towards a Solution of an Old Mystery . New York : Oxford University Press ( US ) , 2005 ( hardcover , ISBN 0 - 19 - 926308 - 6 ) . Simpson , Michael . Gods & Heroes of the Greeks : The Library of Apollodorus , The University of Massachusetts Press , ( 1976 ) . ISBN 0 - 87023 - 205 - 3 . Strauss , Barry . The Trojan War : A New History . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2006 ( hardcover , ISBN 0 - 7432 - 6441 - X ) . Thompson , Diane P . The Trojan War : Literature and Legends from the Bronze Age to the Present . Jefferson , NC : McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1737 - 4 . Troy : From Homer 's Iliad to Hollywood Epic , edited by Martin M. Winkler . Oxford : Blackwell Publishers , 2007 ( hardcover , ISBN 1 - 4051 - 3182 - 9 ; paperback , ISBN 1 - 4051 - 3183 - 7 ) . Wood , Michael . In Search of the Trojan War . Berkeley : University of California Press , 1998 ( paperback , ISBN 0 - 520 - 21599 - 0 ) ; London : BBC Books , 1985 ( ISBN 0 - 563 - 20161 - 4 ) . External links Media related to Trojan War at Wikimedia Commons Was There a Trojan War ? Maybe so . From Archeology , a publication of the Archeological Institute of America . May / June 2004 The Trojan War at Greek Mythology Link The Legend of the Trojan War Mortal Women of the Trojan War The Historicity of the Trojan War The location of Troy and possible connections with the city of Teuthrania . The Greek Age of Bronze `` Trojan war '' The Trojan War : A Prologue to Homer 's Iliad BBC audio podcast Melvyn Bragg interviews Edith Hall and others on historicity , history and archaeology of the war . ( Play ) Warburg Institute Iconographic Database ( about 2500 images related to the Trojan War ) A New Astronomical Dating Of The Trojan War 's End , Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry <Th_colspan="2"> Epic Cycle <Td_colspan="2"> Cypria Iliad Aethiopis Little Iliad Iliupersis Nostoi Odyssey Telegony <Th_colspan="2"> Ancient Greek wars Mycenaean Trojan War Archaic First Messenian War Lelantine War Second Messenian War First Sacred War Sicilian Wars Classical Greco - Persian Wars Aeginetan War Wars of the Delian League First Peloponnesian War Second Sacred War Samian War Second Peloponnesian War Phyle Campaign Corinthian War Boeotian War Wars of the Theban hegemony Theban -- Spartan War Social War ( 357 -- 355 BC ) Third Sacred War Foreign War Rise of Macedon Wars of Alexander the Great Hellenistic Lamian War Wars of the Diadochi Antigonid -- Nabataean confrontations Seleucid -- Mauryan war Pyrrhic War Syrian Wars Pyrrhus ' invasion of the Peloponnese Chremonidean War Seleucid -- Parthian wars Cleomenean War Lyttian War Social War ( 220 -- 217 BC ) First Macedonian War Cretan War Second Macedonian War Roman -- Seleucid War Aetolian War War against Nabis Galatian War Third Macedonian War Maccabean Revolt Seleucid Dynastic Wars Fourth Macedonian War Achaean War Mithridatic Wars ( First , Second , Third ) Final War of the Roman Republic <Td_colspan="2"> Military history GND : 4060976 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trojan_War&oldid=835279601 '' Categories : 12th century BC Troy Trojan War War in mythology Military deception Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008 Articles needing more detailed references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مصرى مازِرونی Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Patois Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 77 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 18 : 15 . 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what is ground reference in twisted pair cable
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Twisted pair - wikipedia Twisted pair This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 25 - pair color code chart Twisted pair cabling is a type of wiring in which two conductors of a single circuit are twisted together for the purposes of improving electromagnetic compatibility . Compared to a single conductor or an untwisted balanced pair , a twisted pair reduces electromagnetic radiation from the pair and crosstalk between neighboring pairs and improves rejection of external electromagnetic interference . It was invented by Alexander Graham Bell . Contents 1 Explanation 2 History 3 Unshielded twisted pair 4 Cable shielding 5 Common types 5.1 Analog telephone 5.2 Building infrastructure 6 Solid - core cable vs. stranded cable 7 Advantages 8 Disadvantages 9 Less common variants 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Explanation ( edit ) In a balanced line , the two wires carry equal and opposite signals , and the destination detects the difference between the two . This is known as differential signaling . Noise sources introduce signals into the wires by coupling of electric or magnetic fields and tend to couple to both wires equally . The noise thus produces a common - mode signal which can be canceled at the receiver when the difference signal is taken . Differential signaling starts to fail when the noise source is close to the signal wires ; the closer wire will couple with the noise more strongly and the receiver will be unable to eliminate it . This problem is especially apparent in telecommunication cables where pairs in the same cable lie next to each other for many miles . Twisting the pairs counters this effect as on each half twist the wire nearest to the noise - source is exchanged . Provided the interfering source remains uniform , or nearly so , over the distance of a single twist , the induced noise will remain common - mode . The twist rate ( also called pitch of the twist , usually defined in twists per meter ) makes up part of the specification for a given type of cable . When nearby pairs have equal twist rates , the same conductors of the different pairs may repeatedly lie next to each other , partially undoing the benefits of differential mode . For this reason it is commonly specified that , at least for cables containing small numbers of pairs , the twist rates must differ . In contrast to shielded or foiled twisted pair ( typically F / UTP or S / FTP cable shielding ) , UTP ( unshielded twisted pair ) cable is not surrounded by any shielding . UTP is the primary wire type for telephone usage and is very common for computer networking . History ( edit ) Wire transposition on top of pole The earliest telephones used telegraph lines , or open - wire single - wire earth return circuits . In the 1880s electric trams were installed in many cities , which induced noise into these circuits . Lawsuits being unavailing , the telephone companies converted to balanced circuits , which had the incidental benefit of reducing attenuation , hence increasing range . As electrical power distribution became more commonplace , this measure proved inadequate . Two wires , strung on either side of cross bars on utility poles , shared the route with electrical power lines . Within a few years , the growing use of electricity again brought an increase of interference , so engineers devised a method called wire transposition , to cancel out the interference . In wire transposition , the wires exchange position once every several poles . In this way , the two wires would receive similar EMI from power lines . This represented an early implementation of twisting , with a twist rate of about four twists per kilometre , or six per mile . Such open - wire balanced lines with periodic transpositions still survive today in some rural areas . Twisted - pair cabling was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1881 . By 1900 , the entire American telephone line network was either twisted pair or open wire with transposition to guard against interference . Today , most of the millions of kilometres of twisted pairs in the world are outdoor landlines , owned by telephone companies , used for voice service , and only handled or even seen by telephone workers . Unshielded twisted pair ( edit ) Cross-section of cable with four unshielded twisted pairs Unshielded twisted pair ( UTP ) cables are found in many Ethernet networks and telephone systems . For indoor telephone applications , UTP is often grouped into sets of 25 pairs according to a standard 25 - pair color code originally developed by AT&T Corporation . A typical subset of these colors ( white / blue , blue / white , white / orange , orange / white ) shows up in most UTP cables . The cables are typically made with copper wires measured at 22 or 24 American Wire Gauge ( AWG ) , with the colored insulation typically made from an insulator such as polyethylene or FEP and the total package covered in a polyethylene jacket . For urban outdoor telephone cables containing hundreds or thousands of pairs , the cable is divided into small but identical bundles . Each bundle consists of twisted pairs that have different twist rates . The bundles are in turn twisted together to make up the cable . Pairs having the same twist rate within the cable can still experience some degree of crosstalk . Wire pairs are selected carefully to minimize crosstalk within a large cable . Unshielded twisted pair cable with different twist rates UTP cable is also the most common cable used in computer networking . Modern Ethernet , the most common data networking standard , can use UTP cables . Twisted pair cabling is often used in data networks for short and medium length connections because of its relatively lower costs compared to optical fiber and coaxial cable . UTP is also finding increasing use in video applications , primarily in security cameras . Many cameras include a UTP output with screw terminals ; UTP cable bandwidth has improved to match the baseband of television signals . As UTP is a balanced transmission line , a balun is needed to connect to unbalanced equipment , for example any using BNC connectors and designed for coaxial cable . Cable shielding ( edit ) Main article : Electromagnetic shielding F / UTP cable S / FTP cable U / FTP , F / UTP and F / FTP are used in Cat 6a cables Twisted pair cables often incorporate shielding in an attempt to prevent electromagnetic interference . Shielding provides an electrically conductive barrier to attenuate electromagnetic waves external to the shield ; and provides a conduction path by which induced currents can be circulated and returned to the source via ground reference connection . Such shielding can be applied to individual pairs or quads ; or to a collection of pairs . Individual pairs are foil shielded , while an overall cable ( of multiple pairs ) may use any of braided screen or foil or braiding with foil . When shielding is applied to a collection of pairs , it is usually referred to as screening , but usage among vendors and authors in applying such words as screening , shielding , and STP ( shielded twisted pair ) can be subject to variability . ISO / IEC 11801 : 2002 ( Annex E ) attempts to internationally standardize the various designations for shielded cables by using combinations of three letters - U for unshielded , S for braided shielding ( in outer layer only ) , and F for foil shielding - to explicitly indicate the type of screen for overall cable protection and for protecting individual pairs or quads , using a two - part abbreviation in the form of x / xTP . Shielded Cat 5e , Cat 6 / 6 , and Cat 8 / 8.1 cables typically have F / UTP construction , while shielded Cat 7 / 7 and Cat 8.2 cables use S / FTP construction . Because the shielding is made of metal , it may also serve as a path to ground ; usually a screen shielded , twisted pair cable has an integrally incorporated , grounding wire , called a drain wire , which makes electrical contact with the shield or screen . The purpose of the drain wire is for easy connection of the screen to terminals , which are usually designed for connection of round wires . Common shield construction types include : Individual shield ( U / FTP ) Individual shielding with aluminum foil for each twisted pair or quad . Common names : pair in metal foil , shielded twisted pair , screened twisted pair . This type of shielding protects cable from external EMI entering or exiting the cable and also protects neighboring pairs from crosstalk . Overall shield ( F / UTP , S / UTP , and SF / UTP ) Overall foil , braided shield or braiding with foil across all of the pairs within the 100 ohm twisted pair cable . Common names : foiled twisted pair , shielded twisted pair , screened twisted pair . This type of shielding helps prevent EMI from entering or exiting the cable . Individual and overall shield ( F / FTP , S / FTP , and SF / FTP ) Individual shielding using foil between the twisted pair sets , and also an outer foil or braided shielding . Common names : fully shielded twisted pair , screened foiled twisted pair , shielded foiled twisted pair , screened shielded twisted pair , shielded screened twisted pair . This type of shielding helps prevent EMI from entering or exiting the cable and also protects neighboring pairs from crosstalk . An early example of shielded twisted - pair was IBM STP - A , which is a two - pair 150 ohm S / FTP cable defined in 1985 by the IBM Cabling System specifications , and used with token ring or FDDI networks . Common industry nomenclature for cable construction Industry abbreviations ISO / IEC 11801 name Cable shielding Pair shielding UTP U / UTP None None STP , ScTP , PiMF U / FTP None Foil FTP , STP , ScTP F / UTP Foil None STP , ScTP S / UTP Braiding None SFTP , S - FTP , STP SF / UTP Braiding and Foil None FFTP F / FTP Foil Foil SSTP , SFTP , STP PiMF S / FTP Braiding Foil SSTP , SFTP SF / FTP Braiding and Foil Foil The code before the slash designates the shielding for the cable itself , while the code after the slash determines the shielding for the individual pairs : U = unshielded F = foil shielding S = braided shielding ( outer layer only ) TP = twisted pair TQ = twisted pair , individual shielding in quads Common types ( edit ) See also : ISO / IEC 11801 Analog telephone ( edit ) Before digital communication and ethernet became widespread there was no international standard for telephone cable . Standards were set at a national level . For instance , in the UK the General Post Office specified CW1293 and CW1308 cables . CW1308 was a similar specification to the earlier CW1293 but with an improved color code . CW1293 used mostly solid colors on the cores making it difficult to identify the pair it was twisted with without stripping back a large amount of sheath . CW1308 has narrow rings of the paired color printed over the base color to solve this problem . Both cables are a similar standard to category 3 cable . Prior to the common use of polyethylene and other plastics for insulation , telephone twisted pair cable was insulated with waxed paper or cotton with a wax coating applied to the copper . The overall sheath of this type of cable was usually lead . This style of cable came into use in the late 19th century shortly after the invention of the telephone . The cable termination in termination boxes were sealed with molten wax or epoxy resin to prevent the ingress of moisture which would seriously degrade the insulating properties of the paper insulation . However , such seals made future maintenance and changes more difficult . These cables are no longer made , but are still occasionally encountered in old buildings and in various external areas , commonly rural villages . Building infrastructure ( edit ) Name Typical construction Bandwidth Applications Notes Level 1 0.4 MHz Telephone and modem lines Not described in EIA / TIA recommendations . Unsuitable for modern systems . Level 2 4 MHz Older terminal systems , e.g. IBM 3270 Not described in EIA / TIA recommendations . Unsuitable for modern systems . Cat 3 UTP 16 MHz 10BASE - T and 100BASE - T4 Ethernet Described in EIA / TIA - 568 . Unsuitable for speeds above 16 Mbit / s . Now mainly for telephone cables Cat 4 UTP 20 MHz 16 Mbit / s Token Ring Not commonly used Cat 5 UTP 100 MHz 100BASE - TX & 1000BASE - T Ethernet Common for current LANs . Superseded by Cat5e , but most Cat5 cables meet Cat5e standards . Limited to 100m between equipment . Cat 5e UTP , STP 100 MHz 100BASE - TX & 1000BASE - T Ethernet Enhanced Cat5 . Common for current LANs . Same construction as Cat5 , but with better testing standards . Limited to 100m between equipment . Cat 6 UTP , STP 250 MHz 10GBASE - T Ethernet ISO / IEC 11801 2nd Ed . ( 2002 ) , ANSI / TIA 568 - B. 2 - 1 . Most commonly installed cable in Finland according to the 2002 standard EN 50173 - 1 . Limited to 55M distance at 10GBASE - T Cat 6 UTP , F / UTP , U / FTP 500 MHz 10GBASE - T Ethernet Improved standards , tested to 500 MHz . Full 100M distance at 10GBASE - T ISO / IEC 11801 2nd Ed . Am. 2 . ( 2008 ) , ANSI / TIA - 568 - C. 1 ( 2009 ) Cat 7 S / FTP , F / FTP 600 MHz 10GBASE - T Ethernet or POTS / CATV / 1000BASE - T over single cable Fully shielded cable . ISO / IEC 11801 2nd Ed . ( 2002 ) . It is not recognized by the EIA / TIA . Cat 7 S / FTP , F / FTP 1000 MHz 10GBASE - T Ethernet or POTS / CATV / 1000BASE - T over single cable Uses all four pairs . ISO / IEC 11801 2nd Ed . Am. 2 . ( 2008 ) . It is not recognized by the EIA / TIA . Cat 8 / 8.1 F / UTP , U / FTP 2000 MHz 40GBASE - T Ethernet or POTS / CATV / 1000BASE - T over single cable ANSI / TIA - 568 - C. 2 - 1 , ISO / IEC 11801 - 1 : 2017 Cat 8.2 S / FTP , F / FTP 2000 MHz 40GBASE - T Ethernet or POTS / CATV / 1000BASE - T over single cable ISO / IEC 11801 - 1 : 2017 Solid - core cable vs. stranded cable ( edit ) A solid - core cable uses one solid wire per conductor and in a four pair cable there would be a total of eight solid wires . Stranded conductor uses multiple wires wrapped around each other in each conductor and in a four pair with seven strands per conductor cable , there would be a total of 56 wires ( 2 per pair × 4 pairs × 7 strands ) . Solid core cable is intended for permanently installed runs . It is less flexible than stranded cable and is more prone to failure if repeatedly flexed . Stranded cable is used for fly leads at patch panel and for connections from wall - ports to end devices , as it resists cracking of the conductors . Connectors are designed differently for solid core than for stranded . Use of a connector with the wrong cable type can lead to unreliable cabling . Plugs designed for solid and stranded core are readily available , and some vendors even offer plugs designed for use with both types . The punch - down blocks on patch - panel and wall - port jacks are designed for use with solid core cable , these work via a method known as insulation - displacement which pierces the sides of the insulation and `` bites '' in to the copper conductor to form a connection . Advantages ( edit ) Electrical noise going into or coming from the cable can be prevented . Crosstalk is minimized . Cheapest form of cable available for networking purposes . Easy to handle and install . Disadvantages ( edit ) Deformation : twisted pair 's susceptibility to electromagnetic interference greatly depends on the pair twisting schemes ( sometimes patented by the manufacturers ) staying intact during the installation . As a result , twisted pair cables usually have stringent requirements for maximum pulling tension as well as minimum bend radius . This fragility of twisted pair cables makes the installation practices an important part of ensuring the cable 's performance . Delay skew : different pairs within the cable have different delays , due to different twist rates used to minimize crosstalk between the pairs . This can degrade image quality when multiple pairs are used to carry components of a video signal . Low skew cable is available to mitigate this problem . Imbalance : differences between the two wires in a pair can cause coupling between the common mode and the differential mode . Differential to common mode conversion produces common mode currents that can cause external interference and can produce common mode signals in other pairs . Common mode to differential mode conversion can produce differential mode signals from common mode interference from other pairs or external sources . Imbalance can be caused by asymmetry between the two conductors of the pair from each other and in relationship to other wires and the shield . Some sources of asymmetry are differences in conductor diameter and insulation thickness . In telephone jargon , the common mode is called longitudinal and the differential mode is called metallic . Less common variants ( edit ) Loaded twisted pair A twisted pair that has intentionally added inductance , formerly common practice on telecommunication lines . The added inductors are known as load coils and reduce attenuation for voiceband frequencies but increase it on higher frequencies . Load coils reduce distortion in voiceband on very long lines . In this context a line without load coils is referred to as an unloaded line . Bonded twisted pair A twisted pair variant in which the pairs are individually bonded to increase robustness of the cable . Pioneered by Belden , it means the electrical specifications of the cable are maintained despite rough handling . Twisted ribbon cable A variant of standard ribbon cable in which adjacent pairs of conductors are bonded and twisted together . The twisted pairs are then lightly bonded to each other in a ribbon format . Periodically along the ribbon there are short sections with no twisting to enable connectors and PCB headers to be terminated using the usual ribbon cable IDC techniques . See also ( edit ) Ethernet over twisted pair Balanced line Copper wire and cable Litz wire Registered jack Star quad cable increases cancellation of interference TIA / EIA - 568 - B Tip and ring References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McBee , David Barnett , David Groth , Jim ( 2004 ) . Cabling : the complete guide to network wiring ( 3rd ed . ) . San Francisco : SYBEX . p. 11 . ISBN 9780782143317 . Jump up ^ `` Crosstalk dependence on number of turns / inch for twisted pair versions of the end - cap umbilical cable '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ US 244426 , Bell , Alexander Graham , `` Telephone - circuit '' , issued 1881 . See also TIFF format scans for USPTO 00244426 Jump up ^ Steven T. Karris ( 2009 ) . Networks : Design and Management . Orchard Publications . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 934404 - 15 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Anitech Systems MP 4000 Manual Jump up ^ Grounding for Screened and Shielded Network Cabling - Siemon Jump up ^ Valerie , Maguire ( 2015 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Size of the Category 7A Installed Base '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ http://www.techfest.com/networking/cabling/ibmcs.htm Jump up ^ Stephen Roberts , Telephone Installation Handbook , pp. 32 - 34 , Elsevier , 2001 ISBN 0080521487 . Barry J. Elliot , Designing a Structured Cabling System to ISO 11801 , p. 269 , CRC Press , 2002 ISBN 0824741307 . Jump up ^ Telephony , vol. 153 , p. 118 , Telephone Publishing Corporation 1957 . Jump up ^ Paper Maker and British Paper Trade Journal , vol. 83 - 84 , p. 294 , November 1 , 1932 OCLC 10634178 ^ Jump up to : `` CCNA : Network Media Types '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Comparison between CAT5 , CAT5e , CAT6 , CAT7 Cables '' . Jump up ^ `` Using UTP Cat5e vs. STP Cat5e Cable - SewellDirect.com '' . sewelldirect.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` CAT3 vs. CAT5 vs. CAT6 - CustomCable '' . CustomCable. 2011 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Twisted Pair Testing '' . Jump up ^ `` The Impact of Installation Stresses On Cable Performance '' ( PDF ) . Belden . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 7987R Technical Data Sheet ( Metric ) '' ( PDF ) . Belden.com . Belden . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 7989R Technical Data Sheet ( Metric ) '' ( PDF ) . Belden.com . Belden . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Reeve , Whitman D. ( 1995 ) . Subscriber Loop Signaling and Transmission Handbook - Digital ( 1st ed . ) . IEEE Press . pp. 215 -- 220 . ISBN 0 - 7803 - 0440 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding Line Impairments '' . Cisco.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Contractor Field - Testing Survey Reveals Performance - Related Cost Savings Using Bonded - Pair Cables '' ( PDF ) . Belden.com . Belden . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 3M Twisted Pair Flat Cable '' ( PDF ) . 3M . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Twisted - pair cables . 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Kao Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Antonio Meucci Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin Transmission media Coaxial cable Fiber - optic communication Optical fiber Free - space optical communication Molecular communication Radio waves Transmission line Network topology and switching Links Nodes Terminal node Network switching ( circuit packet ) Telephone exchange Multiplexing Space - division Frequency - division Time - division Polarization - division Orbital angular - momentum Code - division Networks ARPANET BITNET Cellular network Computer CYCLADES Ethernet FidoNet Internet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN NPL network Public Switched Telephone Radio Telecommunications equipment Television Telex WAN Wireless World Wide Web <Td_colspan="2"> List Portal Commons WikiProject <Th_colspan="2"> Unshielded and shielded twisted pair cabling standards Categories Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5 / 5e Cat 6 / 6a Cat 7 / 7a Cat 8 / 8.1 / 8.2 <Td_colspan="2"> See also Copper cable certification Ethernet over twisted pair Modular connector TIA / EIA - 568 Twisted pair Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twisted_pair&oldid=863052959 '' Categories : Communication circuits Electromagnetic compatibility Signal cables Video hardware 2 ( number ) Hidden categories : Pages using ISBN magic links Articles needing additional references from September 2007 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2018 , at 12 : 05 ( UTC ) . 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1. Twisted pair cabling
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who won the 2015/16 hsbc world rugby sevens series a) england b) fiji c) scotland
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World Rugby Sevens Series - wikipedia World Rugby Sevens Series Jump to : navigation , search World Rugby Sevens Series <Td_colspan="2"> Current season , competition or edition : 2016 -- 17 World Rugby Sevens Series <Td_colspan="2"> Sport Rugby union Founded 1999 No. of teams 24 Countries Worldwide Most recent champion ( s ) South Africa ( 2016 -- 17 ) Most titles New Zealand ( 12 titles ) The World Rugby Sevens Series , known officially as the HSBC World Rugby Sevens Series due to sponsorship from banking group HSBC , is an annual series of international rugby sevens tournaments run by World Rugby featuring national sevens teams . The series , organised for the first time as the World Sevens Series in the 1999 -- 2000 season , was formed to develop an elite - level competition series between rugby nations and develop the sevens game into a viable commercial product for World Rugby . Teams compete for the World Rugby Sevens Series title by accumulating points based on their finishing position in each tournament . New Zealand had originally dominated the Series , winning each of the first six titles from 1999 -- 2000 to 2004 -- 05 , but since then , Fiji , South Africa and Samoa have each won season titles . As of the 2015 -- 16 season , the season 's circuit consists of 10 tournaments in 10 countries , and visits five of the six populated continents . Australia , the United Arab Emirates , South Africa , New Zealand , Canada , the United States , Hong Kong , Singapore , France and England each host one event . Two previous host countries , Singapore and France , returned to the circuit for the 2015 -- 16 season to replace Japan and Scotland , and a completely new tour stop in Canada was also added . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early starts and New Zealand dominance 1.2 New Qualifying System and tournaments 2 Tournaments 2.1 Current Hosts 3 Business 3.1 TV and media 3.2 Sponsorship 4 Core teams , promotion and relegation 4.1 Core teams 4.2 Promotion and relegation 5 Historical results 5.1 Results by season 5.2 Team records 6 Format 6.1 Hong Kong 7s 7 Player awards by season 8 Player records 8.1 Tries 8.2 Points 8.3 Appearances 9 Points schedule 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) Early starts and New Zealand dominance ( edit ) The first international Rugby sevens tournament was held at Scotland , which was celebrating a century of the Scottish Rugby Union . Seven international teams took part in the first tournament , which had England taking the trophy . In 1976 , the Hong Kong Sevens tournament began . Over the next two decades the number of international sevens competitions increased , the most notable among these being the Rugby World Cup Sevens with the inaugural event being played in Scotland in 1993 . The first season of the World Sevens Series began in 1999 . Dubai hosted the first event which was won by New Zealand , the first of what would be five events for the season as they took the trophy over Fiji . New Zealand won the first six seasons and was the favourite for the 2005 -- 06 season . But it was n't to be , as they did n't make to any of the cup finals that year . The main two teams that were in contention for that year were Fiji and England . Fiji would clinch that season trophy on the last day of the season at London when they defeated Kenya in the quarter finals of the cup tournament . New Zealand would finish fourth before regaining the trophy in 2006 -- 07 season in the last tournament of the season . South Africa was the next team to win the series after taking home the 2008 -- 09 title in London . In the 2009 -- 10 season , Samoa who finished seventh the previous year shocked the world by taking out the trophy from New Zealand and Australia with four venues being won including the Hong Kong Sevens . New qualifying system and tournaments ( edit ) The 2011 -- 12 season was the last season to have 12 core teams with an expansion to a 15 teams that had core status being played out at Hong Kong . Those teams that would join the 12 core teams for the next season would be Canada ( returning to core status for the first time since 2008 ) , Spain and Portugal . Only Spain has n't made it back after being relegated in the 2014 -- 15 season . The Japan event also made a return for the first time since 2001 ( lasting until 2015 ) but New Zealand kept the dominance by finishing on top . Argentina was originally planned to begin hosting a tenth event in the 2012 -- 13 season , giving the tour an event on each continent , but those plans have been shelved indefinitely . 2012 -- 13 was meant to have another round being added with Mar Del Plata being the venue . But when Argentina join the Rugby Championship the tournament was cancelled which meant that with the same schedule , New Zealand again would be the winners by 41 points over South Africa . They would take it again in 2013 -- 14 with Spain being the first team to be relegated after finishing last during that season with Japan replacing them . Heading into the next season , rugby sevens was approved as an Olympic sport with the top four teams qualifying to the 2016 Summer Olympics . Fiji ( that year 's champion ) , South Africa , New Zealand and Great Britain all qualifying through . But the big surprise of the season came from the United States who surprised everyone by taking out the 2015 London Sevens to finish in 6th place from 13th the previous season . Russia would join the core teams the next season at the expense of Japan after they qualified from the qualifiers in Hong Kong . The 2015 -- 16 saw a change in the schedule with the Japan Sevens and the Scotland Sevens being dropped for France and Singapore to make a return on the world calendar while Canada held their first world sevens tournament . Fiji would reclaim the title that they won the previous season in which , 5 different winners including two new first time winners in Kenya ( Singapore champion ) and Scotland ( London champion ) won a tournament . In the 2016 -- 17 series , a dominant and consistent display by South Africa saw them reach the finals of the 2016 -- 17 series rounds on eight occasions , winning five of these . As a result , South Africa were series champions with victory in the final of the penultimate round in Paris , before the final round of the series was played in London . During this season , it was a qualifier for the 2018 held in the United States with the top four teams that had n't already qualified through coming from this season . The teams that made it through to the World Cup via this method was Canada , Argentina , Scotland and Samoa Tournaments ( edit ) For a list of previous hosts , see World Rugby Sevens Series hosts Current Hosts ( edit ) Event Venue City Joined 7s Series Tournament began United Arab Emirates The Sevens Dubai 1999 -- 2000 1999 South Africa Cape Town Stadium Cape Town 2004 -- 05 1999 New Zealand Waikato Stadium Hamilton 1999 -- 2000 2000 Australia Allianz Stadium Sydney 1999 -- 2000 1986 USA Sam Boyd Stadium Las Vegas 2004 -- 05 Canada BC Place Vancouver 2015 -- 16 2016 Hong Kong Hong Kong Stadium Hong Kong 1999 -- 2000 1976 Singapore National Stadium Singapore 2015 -- 16 2002 France Stade Jean - Bouin Paris 2015 -- 16 England Twickenham London 2000 -- 01 Business ( edit ) TV and Media ( edit ) The tour received 1,147 hours of air time in 2005 -- 06 ; 530 of which was live , and was broadcast to 136 countries . By 2008 -- 09 , the hours of air time had increased to over 3,300 , with 35 broadcasters airing the series in 139 countries and 15 languages . Broadcast time increased further in 2009 -- 10 , with 3,561 hours of air time ( 1,143 hours live ) carried by 34 broadcasters in 141 countries and 16 languages . In 2010 -- 11 , 3,657 hours of coverage were aired ( 1,161 hours live ) , with the same number of broadcasters as the previous season but six new countries added . For that season , Sevens World Series programming was available in 332 million homes worldwide , with a potential audience of 760 million . Sponsorship ( edit ) In October 2010 , the International Rugby Board announced that they had concluded a 5 - year deal with HSBC which granted them status as the first ever title sponsor of the Sevens World Series . Through the accord , HSBC acquired title naming rights to all tournaments in the World Series , beginning with the Dubai Sevens on 3 December 2010 . HSBC has since opted to sub-license the naming rights to individual tournaments , while retaining its name sponsorship of the overall series . A renewed , 4 - year deal was announced before the 2015 -- 16 Series , this deal was also expanded to include the World Rugby Women 's Sevens Series Crowd cheering at the 2009 Hong Kong Sevens . Tournament Naming Rights Tournament Sponsor Sydney HSBC Dubai Emirates Airline South Africa Cell C / Nelson Mandela Bay New Zealand Hertz USA No named sponsor Hong Kong Cathay Pacific / HSBC Japan No named sponsor Scotland Emirates Airline London Marriott Core teams , promotion and relegation ( edit ) Core teams ( edit ) A group of 15 `` core teams '' is announced for each season , based on performances in the previous season , and each core team has a guaranteed place in all of that season 's events . The core teams have been selected through a designated promotion / relegation process since the 2012 - 13 season . The core teams for the 2017 - 18 season are : 2017 -- 18 Core Teams 2016 -- 17 finish Team Core since Best Series Finish ( Last ) South Africa 1999 -- 2000 1st ( 2016 -- 17 ) England 1999 -- 2000 2nd ( 2016 -- 17 ) Fiji 1999 -- 2000 1st ( 2015 -- 16 ) New Zealand 1999 -- 2000 1st ( 2013 -- 14 ) 5 United States 2008 -- 09 5th ( 2016 -- 17 ) 6 Australia 1999 -- 2000 2nd ( 2000 -- 01 ) 7 Scotland 1999 -- 2000 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7th ( 2016 -- 17 ) 8 Canada 2012 -- 13 6th ( 2013 -- 14 ) 9 Argentina 1999 -- 2000 3rd ( 2003 -- 04 ) 10 Wales 2006 -- 07 6th ( 2006 -- 07 ) 11 France 1999 -- 2000 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7th ( 2005 -- 06 ) 12 Kenya 1999 -- 2000 5th ( 2012 -- 13 ) 13 Samoa 1999 -- 2000 1st ( 2009 -- 10 ) 14 Russia 2015 -- 16 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14th ( 2016 -- 17 ) P * Spain 2017 -- 18 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14th ( 2011 -- 12 ) Spain has been promoted for the 2017 - 18 season , replacing Japan who were relegated . Former core teams Team Last season as core team Best Series finish ( Last ) Portugal 2015 -- 16 14th ( 2014 -- 15 ) Japan 2016 - 17 15th ( 2016 -- 17 ) Through the 2011 -- 12 series , the number of core teams was 12 , but the number of core teams was expanded to 15 for 2012 -- 13 . The three extra teams were determined by a 12 - team qualifying tournament held as part of the 2012 Hong Kong Sevens . The increase in the number of core teams did not directly lead to an increase in the size of the existing tournaments . Promotion and relegation ( edit ) The following promotion / relegation process has been effective since the 2013 -- 14 series : One team is relegated and one team is promoted each year . The core team that finishes bottom of the table at the end of the season series is relegated . The team that wins the 12 - team qualifying tournament at the Hong Kong Sevens is promoted . Historical results ( edit ) Results by season ( edit ) Season Rounds 01 ! Champion 02 ! Second 03 ! Third Fourth Fifth Sixth 1999 -- 00 10 New Zealand ( 186 ) Fiji Australia Samoa South Africa Canada 2000 -- 01 9 New Zealand ( 162 ) Australia Fiji Samoa South Africa Argentina 2001 -- 02 11 New Zealand ( 198 ) South Africa England Fiji Australia Samoa 2002 -- 03 7 New Zealand ( 112 ) England Fiji South Africa Australia Samoa 2003 -- 04 8 New Zealand ( 128 ) England Argentina Fiji South Africa Samoa 2004 -- 05 7 New Zealand ( 116 ) Fiji England South Africa Argentina Australia 2005 -- 06 8 Fiji ( 144 ) England South Africa New Zealand Samoa Argentina 2006 -- 07 8 New Zealand ( 130 ) Fiji Samoa South Africa England Wales 2007 -- 08 8 New Zealand ( 154 ) South Africa Samoa Fiji England Argentina 2008 -- 09 8 South Africa ( 132 ) Fiji England New Zealand Argentina Kenya 2009 -- 10 8 Samoa ( 164 ) New Zealand Australia Fiji England South Africa 2010 -- 11 8 New Zealand ( 166 ) South Africa England Fiji Samoa Australia 2011 -- 12 9 New Zealand ( 167 ) Fiji England Samoa South Africa Australia 2012 -- 13 9 New Zealand ( 173 ) South Africa Fiji Samoa Kenya England 2013 -- 14 9 New Zealand ( 180 ) South Africa Fiji England Australia Canada 2014 -- 15 9 Fiji ( 164 ) South Africa New Zealand England Australia United States 2015 -- 16 10 Fiji ( 181 ) South Africa New Zealand Australia Argentina United States 2016 -- 17 10 South Africa ( 192 ) England Fiji New Zealand United States Australia Team records ( edit ) Updated after the 2016 -- 17 season : Team Champions Runners - up Third Fourth Top - 3 Apps Top - 6 Apps New Zealand 12 15 18 Fiji 5 5 5 13 18 South Africa 7 10 18 Samoa -- 12 England -- 5 9 15 Australia -- 12 Argentina -- -- -- 7 United States -- -- -- -- -- Kenya -- -- -- -- -- Canada -- -- -- -- -- Wales -- -- -- -- -- Format ( edit ) Rugby sevens is a fast - paced version of rugby union with seven players each side on a full - sized rugby field . Games are much shorter , lasting generally seven minutes each half . The game is quicker and faster - scoring than 15 - a-side rugby , which explains part of its appeal . It also gives players the space for superb feats of individual skill . Sevens is traditionally played in a two - day tournament format . Currently , in a normal event , 16 teams are entered . World Rugby operates satellite tournaments in each continent alongside the Sevens World Series which serve as qualifiers for Series events ; in 2012 -- 13 they also determined the entrants in the World Series Pre-Qualifier , and from 2013 -- 14 determine the entrants in the Core Team Qualifier . In each tournament , the teams are divided into pools of four teams , who play a round - robin within the pool . Points are awarded in each pool on a different schedule from most rugby tournaments -- 3 for a win , 2 for a draw , 1 for a loss , 0 for a no - show . In case teams are tied after pool play , the tiebreakers are : Head - to - head result between the tied teams . Difference in points scored and allowed during pool play . Difference in tries scored and allowed during pool play . Points scored during pool play . Coin toss . As of the 2009 -- 10 series , four trophies are awarded in each tournament . In descending order of prestige , they are the Cup , whose winner is the overall tournament champion , Plate , Bowl and Shield . Each trophy is awarded at the end of a knockout tournament . In a normal event , the top two teams in each pool advance to the Cup competition . The four quarterfinal losers drop into the bracket for the Plate . The Bowl is contested by the third and fourth - place finishers in each pool , while the Shield is contested by the losing quarterfinalists of the Bowl . A third - place match is now conducted between the losing Cup semifinalists in all tournaments ; this was introduced for the 2011 -- 12 series . In 2012 -- 13 , the season - ending London Sevens expanded to 20 teams , with 12 competing for series points and eight involved in the Core Team Qualifier . With the promotion place now determined at the Hong Kong Sevens , the London Sevens returned to the traditional 16 - team format in 2013 -- 14 . Hong Kong 7s ( edit ) The Hong Kong Sevens ( an anomaly as a three - day event ) is the most famous sevens tournament . The Hong Kong Sevens had 24 teams through the 2011 -- 12 series , but has featured 28 teams since 2012 -- 13 , with 15 core teams and the winner of the HSBC Asian Sevens Series competing for series points . At the 2013 event , the remaining 12 teams were those in the World Series Pre-Qualifier ; from 2014 forward , the remaining 12 teams are those in the Core Team Qualifier . In Hong Kong , the Shield was awarded for the first time in 2010 . Originally , the six pool winners of the Hong Kong Sevens , plus the two highest - finishing second - place teams , advanced to the Cup . In 2010 and 2011 , a different system was used : The losing quarterfinalists in the Cup competition contested the Plate competition . The four remaining second - place teams and the four best third - place teams , which contested the Plate in previous years , competed for the Bowl . The remaining eight teams in the competition , which contested the Bowl in previous years , competed for the Shield . In the transitional year of 2012 , the Hong Kong Sevens was split into two separate competitions . The 12 core teams competed for the Cup , Plate and Bowl under a format similar to that of a regular event . The 12 invited teams all competed for the Shield , with the top three sides in that competition also earning core status for 2012 -- 13 . From 2013 on , the four trophies in Hong Kong will be contested under the same format used in regular 16 - team tournaments . Only the 15 core teams , plus the winner of the HSBC Asian Sevens Series , now compete in the main draw of that event . Player awards by season ( edit ) Season Rounds Top Scorer Most tries Player of the Year 1999 -- 00 10 Vilimoni Delasau ( 83 ) No Award 2000 -- 01 9 Karl Te Nana ( 42 ) No Award 2001 -- 02 11 Brent Russell ( 46 ) No Award 2002 -- 03 7 Nasoni Roko ( 39 ) No Award 2003 -- 04 8 Fabian Juries & Rob Thirlby ( 39 ) Simon Amor 2004 -- 05 7 David Lemi ( 46 ) Orene Ai'i 2005 -- 06 8 Ben Gollings ( 343 ) Timoteo Iosua ( 40 ) Uale Mai 2006 -- 07 8 William Ryder ( 416 ) Mikaele Pesamino ( 43 ) Afeleke Pelenise 2007 -- 08 8 Tomasi Cama Jr. ( 319 ) Fabian Juries ( 41 ) DJ Forbes 2008 -- 09 8 Ben Gollings ( 260 ) Collins Injera ( 42 ) Ollie Phillips 2009 -- 10 8 Ben Gollings ( 332 ) Mikaele Pesamino ( 56 ) Mikaele Pesamino 2010 -- 11 8 Cecil Afrika ( 381 ) Cecil Afrika ( 40 ) Cecil Afrika 2011 -- 12 9 Tomasi Cama Jr. ( 390 ) Matt Turner ( 38 ) Tomasi Cama Jr . 2012 -- 13 9 Dan Norton ( 264 ) Dan Norton ( 52 ) Tim Mikkelson 2013 -- 14 9 Tom Mitchell ( 358 ) Samisoni Viriviri ( 52 ) Samisoni Viriviri 2014 -- 15 9 Osea Kolinisau ( 312 ) Seabelo Senatla ( 47 ) Werner Kok 2015 -- 16 10 Madison Hughes ( 331 ) Seabelo Senatla ( 66 ) Seabelo Senatla 2016 -- 17 10 Perry Baker ( 285 ) Perry Baker ( 57 ) Player records ( edit ) Players in bold are active . Tries ( edit ) Top all - time try - scorers Player Nationality Tries Dan Norton England 261 Collins Injera Kenya 244 Santiago Gomez Cora Argentina 230 Ben Gollings England 220 Tim Mikkelson New Zealand 192 Seabelo Senatla South Africa 189 Fabian Juries South Africa 179 Mikaele Pesamino Samoa 161 Humphrey Kayange Kenya 159 Cecil Afrika South Africa 156 DJ Forbes New Zealand 153 Top active try - scorers Player Nationality Tries Age Dan Norton England 261 29 Collins Injera Kenya 244 30 Tim Mikkelson New Zealand 192 31 Seabelo Senatla South Africa 189 24 Cecil Afrika South Africa 156 29 DJ Forbes New Zealand 153 34 Zack Test United States 143 27 Perry Baker United States 133 31 Osea Kolinisau Fiji 120 31 Updated 22 May 2017 Points ( edit ) Top all - time point - scorers Player Nationality Points Ben Gollings England 2,652 Tomasi Cama New Zealand 2,026 Colin Gregor Scotland 1,345 Uale Mai Samoa 1,320 Waisale Serevi Fiji 1,310 Pedro Leal Portugal 1,278 Collins Injera Kenya 1,256 Dan Norton England 1,289 Cecil Afrika South Africa 1,273 Osea Kolinisau Fiji 1,244 Top active point - scorers Player Nationality Points Age Collins Injera Kenya 1,256 30 Dan Norton England 1,289 29 Cecil Afrika South Africa 1,273 29 Osea Kolinisau Fiji 1,244 31 Tom Mitchell England 1,145 27 Terry Bouhraoua France 1,091 30 Branco du Preez South Africa 1,043 27 Nathan Hirayama Canada 1,081 Updated : 15 May 2017 Appearances ( edit ) Top all - time appearances Player Nationality Tourn Matches DJ Forbes New Zealand 85 428 Collins Injera Kenya 373 Uale Mai Samoa 79 359 Ben Gollings England 70 344 Frankie Horne South Africa 66 344 James Rodwell England 75 341 Pedro Leal Portugal 336 Tim Mikkelson New Zealand 331 Humphrey Kayange Kenya 59 329 Zack Test United States 60 307 Lote Raikabula New Zealand 63 292 Updated 11 March 2017 Points schedule ( edit ) The season championship is determined by points earned in each tournament . World Rugby introduced a new scoring system for the 2011 -- 12 series , in which all teams participating in a tournament are guaranteed points . Initially , World Rugby announced the new points schedule only for the standard 16 - team events ; the allocations for the Hong Kong Sevens were announced later . The current points schedule used at each event is summarised below . Place Status Points 01 ! Cup final winner and gold medalist 22 02 ! Cup final runner - up and silver medalist 19 03 ! Cup third - place play - off winner and bronze medalist 17 Cup third - place play - off loser 15 5 Cup 5th - place final winner 13 6 Cup 5th - place final loser 12 7 * Cup 5th - place semifinal losers 10 9 Challenge 9th - place final winner and trophy winner 8 10 Challenge 9th - place final runner - up 7 11 * Challenge 9th - place semifinal losers 5 13 Challenge 13th - place final winner 14 Challenge 13th - place final loser 15 * Challenge 13th - place semifinal losers Note : * Denotes tied placing . If two or more teams are level on overall series points , the following tiebreakers are used : Overall difference in points scored and allowed during the season . Total try count during the season . If neither of the above produces a winner , the teams are considered tied . See also ( edit ) Rugby union portal World Rugby Women 's Sevens Series Rugby World Cup Sevens Rugby League World Sevens References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` HSBC first Sevens World Series title sponsor '' ( Press release ) . International Rugby Board . 5 October 2010 . Retrieved 5 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland.org - September 2007 Try and Try again '' . Archived from the original on 22 July 2009 . Retrieved 23 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 - 06 Season Overview '' . irb.com . Archived from the original on 24 October 2010 . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 - 07 Season Overview '' . irb.com . Archived from the original on 23 October 2010 . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` USA Rugby receives major Sevens boost '' ( Press release ) . International Rugby Board . 22 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2009 . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina Sevens World Series round postponed '' . irbsevens.com . International Rugby Board . 16 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` HSBC Sevens World Series expands to 10 rounds '' . irbsevens.com. 2012 - 06 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` One up one down for HSBC World Sevens Series '' ( Press release ) . International Rugby Board . 9 October 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rio 2016 : Fiji beat Samoa in sevens to lead race for Olympics '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 22 December 2015 . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , USA Rugby , May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kenya win sensational HSBC Singapore Sevens '' . World Rugby . International Rugby Board . 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kenya win sensational HSBC Singapore Sevens '' . World Rugby . International Rugby Board . 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.worldrugby.org/text/189809 Jump up ^ `` Four men 's teams qualify for RWC Sevens 2018 '' . World Rugby . World Rugby. 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney to host Australia World Rugby Sevens Series event from 2015 - 16 '' . World Rugby . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IRB announces record TV figures '' . sportbusiness.com. 25 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Record numbers tune in to Sevens rugby '' ( Press release ) . International Rugby Board . 24 July 2009 . Retrieved 26 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sevens enjoys more record broadcast figures '' ( Press release ) . International Rugby Board . 10 September 2010 . Retrieved 5 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` More TV records for HSBC Sevens World Series '' ( Press release ) . International Rugby Board . 10 August 2011 . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Teams announced for Gold Coast kickoff '' ( Press release ) . International Rugby Board . 8 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2011 . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Who will join the Sevens elite ? '' ( Press release ) . International Rugby Board . 22 March 2012 . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tears of joy for World Series qualifiers '' ( Press release ) . International Rugby Board . 25 March 2012 . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pools confirmed for Hong Kong Sevens '' ( Press release ) . International Rugby Board . 21 February 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 - 07 IRB Sevens World Series Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . International Rugby Board . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 July 2007 . Retrieved 10 February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Points System for HSBC Sevens World Series '' . South African Rugby Union . 25 November 2011 . Archived from the original on 6 June 2016 . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Overhaul for Sevens World Series point system '' ( Press release ) . International Rugby Board . 5 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2009 . Retrieved 6 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All 24 teams announced for Hong Kong Sevens '' ( Press release ) . International Rugby Board . 28 January 2010 . Retrieved 28 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pesamino back on top of the Sevens charts '' ( Press release ) . International Rugby Board . 30 May 2010 . Retrieved 3 June 2010 . External links ( edit ) Official site <Th_colspan="2"> World Rugby Sevens Series Seasons 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2017 -- 18 events Dubai South Africa Australia New Zealand USA Canada Hong Kong Singapore France London Former events Argentina China Fiji Japan Malaysia Scotland Uruguay Wales Current stadiums The Sevens Cape Town Stadium Allianz Stadium Waikato Stadium Sam Boyd Stadium BC Place Hong Kong Stadium Singapore National Stadium Stade Jean - Bouin Twickenham <Th_colspan="2"> International rugby union competitions <Td_colspan="2"> World Rugby Africa Asia Europe North America South America Oceania Worldwide Men World Cup World Cup Sevens Sevens Series U20 World Championship U20 Trophy Women World Cup Sevens World Cup Sevens Series Multi-sport events Olympic Games ( 7s ) Asian Games Commonwealth Games ( 7s ) Pacific Games Pan American Games Intercontinental Nations Cup Women 's Nations Cup Pacific Nations Cup Pacific Rugby Challenge The Rugby Championship Continental Africa Africa Cup African Development Trophy North African Tri Nations Rugby Africa Sevens African Rugby Under - 19 Cup Asia Asia Rugby Championship Asian Sevens Series Europe Six Nations Rugby Europe International Championships European Nations Cup Women 's Six Nations Under - 20 Six Nations Under - 19 Championship Under - 18 Championship Oceania Oceania Cup Oceania U20 Championship Americas South American Rugby Championship Americas Rugby Championship Rugby Americas North Championship South American U19 Championship Defunct Olympic Games ( 15s ) World Games ( 7s ) Churchill Cup Crescent Cup Four Nations Pacific Rim Championship Pan American Serendib International Cup Super Cup Tbilisi Cup U-19 World Championship U-21 World Championship IRB Women 's Sevens Challenge Cup <Td_colspan="2"> Women 's international rugby World Rugby Rankings World Rugby Awards <Th_colspan="2"> International sports world tours and series Ball sports Badminton Beach volleyball Golf Racquetball men women Rugby sevens men women Snooker Squash Table tennis Tennis men women Racing sports Automobile racing electric endurance karting open wheel rally touring Cycling bicycle motocross cyclo - cross mountain biking men 's road women 's road track Motorcycle racing on - road grand prix superbike off - road motocross speedway sidecar Mountain running Rowing Sailing Swimming open water Triathlon Winter sports Biathlon Figure skating Skiing alpine cross-country freestyle nordic combined ski jumping Sledding bobsleigh luge skeleton Snowboarding Speed skating long track short track Other sports Archery Athletics outdoor indoor Bodyboarding Canoe slalom Chess Diving world cup world series Fencing Gymnastics artistic rhythmic world cup grand prix trampoline Modern pentathlon Shooting Surfing Wakeboarding Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Rugby_Sevens_Series&oldid=800642484 '' Categories : World Rugby Sevens Series World Rugby competitions Recurring sporting events established in 1999 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use dmy dates from March 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 20 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. World Rugby Sevens Series
2. International rugby sevens tournaments
3. New Zealand dominance in the series
4. Promotion and relegation in the series
5. Hong Kong Sevens tournament
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175,750,277,237,606,080 |
because it bitter and because it my heart
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Because It is Bitter , and Because It is My Heart - wikipedia Because It is Bitter , and Because It is My Heart Jump to : navigation , search First edition ( publ . Dutton ) Because It Is Bitter , and Because It Is My Heart is a 1990 novel by American novelist Joyce Carol Oates . The title is taken from `` In the Desert '' , a poem by Stephen Crane . Oates 's novel was nominated for best work of fiction in the 1990 National Book Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Critical reaction 3 References 4 External links Plot summary ( edit ) In Hammond , New York , in the early 1950s , a young girl named Iris Courtney and her black friend Jinx Fairchild are united by a murder that they commit in self - defense . From this central moment , this novel weaves out the stories of two families that intercross across divisions of race and class . Critical reaction ( edit ) Entertainment Weekly gave it an A , calling Oates `` a storyteller with few peers '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Oates , Joyce Carol ( 1990 ) . Because It Is Bitter , and Because It Is My Heart . E.P. Dutton . ISBN 9780525248606 . Jump up ^ `` National Book Award Nominations Announced : Literature : Nominees include two first - time novelists and an 88 - year - old writer '' , LA Times , 1990 / 10 / 20 , http://articles.latimes.com/1990-10-20/entertainment/ca-2485_1_national-book-award Jump up ^ Gene Lyons , Entertainment Weekly , Apr 27 , 1990 , http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,317241,00.html External links ( edit ) http://jco.usfca.edu/works/novels/bitter.html Book Review , The New York Times <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Works by Joyce Carol Oates The Wonderland Quartet A Garden of Earthly Delights ( 1967 ) Expensive People ( 1968 ) Them ( 1969 ) Wonderland ( 1971 ) The Gothic Saga Bellefleur ( 1980 ) A Bloodsmoor Romance ( 1982 ) Mysteries of Winterthurn ( 1984 ) My Heart Laid Bare ( 1998 ) The Accursed ( 2013 ) Other novels With Shuddering Fall ( 1964 ) Do with Me What You Will ( 1973 ) The Assassins : A Book of Hours ( 1975 ) Childwold ( 1976 ) Son of the Morning ( 1978 ) Cybele ( 1979 ) Unholy Loves ( 1979 ) Angel of Light ( 1981 ) Solstice ( 1985 ) Marya : A Life ( 1986 ) You Must Remember This ( 1987 ) American Appetites ( 1989 ) Because It Is Bitter , and Because It Is My Heart ( 1990 ) Foxfire : Confessions of a Girl Gang ( 1993 ) What I Lived For ( 1994 ) Zombie ( 1995 ) We Were the Mulvaneys ( 1996 ) Man Crazy ( 1997 ) Broke Heart Blues ( 1999 ) Blonde ( 2000 ) Middle Age : A Romance ( 2001 ) I 'll Take You There ( 2002 ) The Tattooed Girl ( 2003 ) The Falls ( 2004 ) Missing Mom ( 2005 ) Black Girl / White Girl ( 2006 ) The Gravedigger 's Daughter ( 2007 ) My Sister , My Love ( 2008 ) Little Bird of Heaven ( 2009 ) Mudwoman ( 2012 ) Novellas Black Water ( 1992 ) First Love : A Gothic Tale ( 1996 ) Beasts ( 2001 ) The Corn Maiden : A Love Story ( 2005 ) A Fair Maiden ( 2010 ) Short story collections By the North Gate ( 1963 ) Upon the Sweeping Flood and Other Stories ( 1966 ) The Wheel of Love and Other Stories ( 1970 ) Marriages and Infidelities ( 1972 ) The Goddess and Other Women ( 1974 ) The Assignation ( 1988 ) Demon and Other Tales ( 1996 ) I Am No One You Know : Stories ( 2004 ) High Lonesome : New & Selected Stories , 1966 -- 2006 ( 2006 ) The Museum of Dr. Moses : Tales of Mystery and Suspense ( 2007 ) Wild Nights ! ( 2008 ) Dear Husband ( 2009 ) The Corn Maiden and Other Nightmares ( 2011 ) Short stories `` Where Are You Going , Where Have You Been ? '' ( 1963 ) `` Stalking '' ( 1972 ) `` The Temple '' ( 1996 ) Young adult fiction Big Mouth & Ugly Girl ( 2002 ) Small Avalanches and Other Stories ( 2003 ) Freaky Green Eyes ( 2003 ) Sexy ( 2005 ) After the Wreck , I Picked Myself Up , Spread My Wings , and Flew Away ( 2006 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Because_It_Is_Bitter,_and_Because_It_Is_My_Heart&oldid=792917597 '' Categories : Novels by Joyce Carol Oates 1990 American novels 1950s in fiction Novels set in New York ( state ) Dutton Penguin books St. Lawrence County , New York Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 July 2017 , at 15 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Because It Is Bitter, and Because It Is My Heart - novel by Joyce Carol Oates
2. Plot summary - murder, race, and class in 1950s New York
3. Critical reaction - praised as a compelling story by Entertainment Weekly
4. National Book Awards nomination - recognized as one of the best works of fiction in 1990
5. Joyce Carol Oates - prolific American novelist and author of numerous novels and short stories
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3,825,932,237,057,950,000 |
the literary mind and the carving of dragons pdf
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The literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons - wikipedia The literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons Jump to : navigation , search The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons ( Chinese : 文 心 雕 龍 ; pinyin : Wén Xīn Diāo Lóng ) is a highly influential work on Chinese literary aesthetics . Dating from the 5th century , its author , Liu Xie , composed the work in fifty chapters ( 篇 ) according to the principles of numerology and divination found in the Book of Changes or I Ching . The work also draws on and argues against the 3rd century author Lu Ji 's work the Wen fu 文 賦 ( `` On Literature '' ) . Liu Xie wished to give a complete and internally consistent account of literature . Among his contributions is his remarkable notion that affections are literally the medium of literature , and language merely the product . Translations ( edit ) Liu , Xie The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons . Shih , Vincent Yu - chung trans. , Hong Kong : The Chinese University Press , 1983 . Liu , Xie . Dragon - Carving and the Literary Mind . Translated into English by Yang Guobin . Beijing : Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press , 2003 . References ( edit ) A Chinese literary mind : culture , creativity and rhetoric in Wenxin Diaolong , 2001 ( Zong - qi Cai , ed . ) . Owen , Stephen . Readings in Chinese literary thought . No. 30 . Harvard Univ Asia Center , 1992 . External links ( edit ) Wen Xin Diao Long - Full text ( traditional / UTF - 8 ) from Project Gutenberg 《 文 心 雕 龍 》 . - Chinese text in GB / Simplified characters from the website `` Sinology , '' ( 國學 ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Literary_Mind_and_the_Carving_of_Dragons&oldid=712848931 '' Categories : Chinese classic texts Hidden categories : Articles containing Chinese - language text Talk About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Español Français 한국어 日本 語 Slovenčina 文言 吴语 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2016 , at 13 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons
2. Chinese literary aesthetics
3. Liu Xie
4. Affections as the medium of literature
5. Book of Changes or I Ching
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7,721,034,610,680,245,000 |
who plays mr duff on grey's anatomy
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Kevin Rahm - wikipedia Kevin Rahm This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Kevin Rahm <Td_colspan="2"> Rahm in 2009 ( 1971 - 01 - 07 ) January 7 , 1971 ( age 47 ) Mineral Wells , Texas , U.S. Occupation Actor Spouse ( s ) Amy Lonkar ( m . 2012 ) Children Kevin Rahm ( born January 7 , 1971 ) is an American actor best known for his television roles as Kyle McCarty on Judging Amy , Lee McDermott on Desperate Housewives , and Ted Chaough on Mad Men . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Rahm was born in Mineral Wells , Texas . While a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) , he served as a missionary in France , Switzerland , and on the islands of Mauritius and Réunion between 1990 - 92 . After returning to the U.S. he studied pre-law at Brigham Young University , before changing his major to drama . In 1994 , he was awarded the Irene Ryan Award for best college actor , and in 1996 dropped out of university to pursue an acting career in Hollywood . Rahm has stated that he is no longer a practicing Mormon . Career ( edit ) Rahm played Kyle McCarty , Amy Gray 's cousin , for 3 seasons on Judging Amy . He joined the show in season 3 , when Dan Futterman left the show . He also played Norvo Tigan , the brother of Nicole de Boer 's character of Ezri Dax , in the Star Trek : Deep Space Nine episode , `` Prodigal Daughter '' ; `` psychic - guy '' patient Mr. Duff in the Grey 's Anatomy episode , `` Save Me '' ; the driver in the 2001 VW Jetta ad , `` Big Day '' ; and the groom in the Apple iDVD ad , `` Elope '' . He also appeared in Scrubs as a patient . In September 2006 , Rahm guest - starred in the two - part 7th season premiere of CSI : Crime Scene Investigation . On October 21 , 2007 , he made his first appearance as Lee McDermott , a new Wisteria Lane resident on ABC 's Desperate Housewives , who is gay and has a husband , Bob Hunter ( played by Tuc Watkins ) . Rahm guest - starred on Friends as Tim , Monica 's inexperienced sous - chef , in `` The One with Rachel 's Date '' in Season 8 ; has a recurring role on AMC 's Mad Men as Ted Chaough , from rival firm CGC ; played car salesman Brad Elias on the CBS ' , The Mentalist ; and played Jack , Annie 's ex-brother - in - law and crush , on Fox 's I Hate My Teenage Daughter . In 2014 , Rahm played a newsroom editor in the movie Nightcrawler . In March 2015 , Rahm began a recurring role playing a consultant ( Michael Barnow ) to the Secretary of State in the TV show Madam Secretary . Personal life ( edit ) He graduated Atlanta High School in Atlanta , Texas in May 1989 . Rahm married Amy Lonkar , a cardio - thoracic surgeon at the UC Davis Medical Center , on April 28 , 2012 , on a soundstage in Burbank , California . Their first child , a daughter , was born on September 13 , 2014 . They currently live in Sacramento , California . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1995 Out of Annie 's Past Young Waiter 1995 Of Love & Betrayal Jack O'Connor Turning Point Young Frank Thomas Same River Twice Moocher 1997 Tiny Heroes Weasels 1998 Clay Pigeons Bystander at Amanda 's 1999 Valerie Flake Jogger Ronald 2000 Intrepid Steward Beck 2000 Nurse Betty Friend # 1 2001 Alfred Hitchcock 's Gun Andrew Everybody and Their Mother Wants to Write and Direct Agent 's Assistant Alfie Terry 2005 Chasing Leonard Clark Short film 2006 Moosecock Jimmy Johnson Short film 2006 Mojave Phone Booth Tim 2006 Falling Objects Peter Short film 2007 Route 30 Arden 2007 LA Blues Bobby Gordon 2007 Easy Pickins Jimmy Short film 2007 Nonplussed Liam Short film 2012 Overnight Chip 2014 Nightcrawler Frank Kruse 2017 Clinical Alex Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Touched by an Angel Doug Richards Episode : `` The One That Got Away '' In the Blink of an Eye Gate Guard Television movie Unabomber : The True Story Template : Gary Wright Television movie 1997 Divided by Hate Frank Television movie 1998 Legion of Fire : Killer Ants ! Glenn Television movie 1998 Pacific Blue Ed Simmons Episode : `` Cutting Edge '' 1999 -- 2000 Jesse Dr. Danny Kozak 20 episodes 1999 Star Trek : Deep Space Nine Norvo Episode : `` Prodigal Daughter '' 1999 Beverly Hills , 90210 Jay Snelling Episode : `` Bobbi Dearest '' 1999 Rescue 77 Hansen 3 episodes 1999 Silk Stalkings N / A Episode : `` Dream Weavers '' 1999 Everything 's Relative Leo Gorelick 4 episodes 2001 -- 2004 Judging Amy Kyle McCarty 65 episodes 2001 Ally McBeal Clayton Hooper Episode : `` Reach Out and Touch '' 2001 Friends Tim Episode : `` The One with Rachel 's Date '' 2005 Joan of Arcadia Dana Tuchman 2 episodes 2005 Grey 's Anatomy Mr. Duff Episode : `` Save Me '' 2005 Close to Home Pastor Mark Rayburn Episode : `` Divine Directions '' 2006 Crumbs Roger 2 episodes 2006 CSI : NY Tony Collins Episode : `` Fair Game '' 2006 Night Stalker Dr. Aaron Shields Episode : `` Timeless '' 2006 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Joe Hirschoff 2 episodes 2006 Alpha Mom N / A Television movie 2007 -- 2012 Desperate Housewives Lee McDermott 53 episodes 2007 Scrubs Joe Hutnick Episode : `` My Own Worst Enemy '' 2007 Conspiracy N / A Unsold TV pilot 2008 Without a Trace Ryan McAvoy Episode : `` Closure '' 2009 CSI : Miami Dr. Sean Loftin Episode : `` Chip / Tuck '' 2009 Three Rivers John Warren Episode : `` The Kindness of Strangers '' The Mentalist Brad Elias Episode : `` Redline '' Open Books Dale Television movie 2010 -- 2015 Mad Men Ted Chaough 24 episodes Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series 2011 -- 2013 I Hate My Teenage Daughter Jack 13 episodes 2014 Surviving Jack Adult Frankie 7 episodes 2014 Red Zone Paul Jordan Television movie 2015 -- 2016 Bates Motel Bob Paris 9 episodes 2015 -- 2016 Madam Secretary Michael ' Mike B ' Barnow 7 episodes 2016 -- 2018 Lethal Weapon Captain Brooks Avery Series regular References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kevin Rahm would like to go out in ' Desperate ' glory '' . The Salt Lake City Tribune . Jump up ^ http://www.tvguide.com/news/madam-secretary-producers-promise-answers-for-season-long-mystery/ Jump up ^ Profile , hollywoodreporter.com ; accessed May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.newsreview.com/sacramento/kevin-rahm-mad-men/content?oid=16642255 External links ( edit ) Kevin Rahm on IMDb ISNI : 0000 0000 4744 4750 LCCN : no2008123373 VIAF : 71210586 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevin_Rahm&oldid=844186523 '' Categories : 1971 births Living people American male film actors American male television actors American Mormon missionaries in France Mormon missionaries in Mauritius Mormon missionaries in Réunion American Mormon missionaries in Switzerland Brigham Young University alumni People from Bossier City , Louisiana Actors from Shreveport , Louisiana People from Mineral Wells , Texas Male actors from Louisiana Male actors from Texas 20th - century Mormon missionaries American expatriates in Mauritius Former Latter Day Saints 21st - century American male actors 20th - century American male actors Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from December 2011 All BLP articles lacking sources All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 June 2018 , at 06 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Kevin Rahm - American actor
2. Television roles - Judging Amy, Desperate Housewives, Mad Men
3. Early life - Born in Mineral Wells, Texas, served as a missionary
4. Career - Appeared in various TV shows and films
5. Personal life - Married to Amy Lonkar, has a daughter
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what was the state of uttar pradesh known as before independence
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History of Uttar Pradesh - Wikipedia History of Uttar Pradesh Jump to : navigation , search United Provinces in 1909 Outline of South Asian history Palaeolithic ( 2,500,000 -- 250,000 BC ) ( show ) Madrasian Culture Soanian Culture Neolithic ( 10,800 -- 3300 BC ) ( show ) Bhirrana Culture ( 7570 -- 6200 BC ) Mehrgarh Culture ( 7000 -- 3300 BC ) Chalcolithic ( 3500 -- 1500 BC ) ( show ) Ahar - Banas Culture ( 3000 -- 1500 BC ) Pandu Culture ( 1600 -- 1500 BC ) Malwa Culture ( 1600 -- 1300 BC ) Jorwe Culture ( 1400 -- 700 BC ) Bronze Age ( 3300 -- 1300 BC ) ( show ) Indus Valley Civilisation ( 3300 -- 1300 BC ) -- Early Harappan Culture ( 3300 -- 2600 BC ) -- Mature Harappan Culture ( 2600 -- 1900 BC ) -- Late Harappan Culture ( 1900 -- 1300 BC ) Vedic Civilisation ( 2000 -- 500 BC ) -- Ochre Coloured Pottery culture ( 2000 -- 1600 BC ) -- Swat culture ( 1600 -- 500 BC ) Iron Age ( 1300 -- 230 BC ) ( show ) Vedic Civilisation ( 1500 -- 500 BC ) -- Janapadas ( 1500 -- 600 BC ) -- Black and Red ware culture ( 1300 -- 1000 BC ) -- Painted Grey Ware culture ( 1200 -- 600 BC ) -- Northern Black Polished Ware ( 700 -- 200 BC ) Pradyota Dynasty ( 799 -- 684 BC ) Haryanka Dynasty ( 684 -- 424 BC ) Three Crowned Kingdoms ( c. 600 BC -- AD 1600 ) Maha Janapadas ( c. 600 -- 300 BC ) Achaemenid Empire ( 550 -- 330 BC ) Ror Dynasty ( 450 BC -- AD 489 ) Shishunaga Dynasty ( 424 -- 345 BC ) Nanda Empire ( 380 -- 321 BC ) Macedonian Empire ( 330 -- 323 BC ) Maurya Empire ( 321 -- 184 BC ) Seleucid India ( 312 -- 303 BC ) Pandya Empire ( c. 300 BC -- AD 1345 ) Chera Kingdom ( c. 300 BC - AD 1102 ) Chola Empire ( c. 300 BC -- AD 1279 ) Pallava Empire ( c. 250 BC -- AD 800 ) Maha - Megha - Vahana Empire ( c. 250 BC -- c . AD 500 ) Parthian Empire ( 247 BC -- AD 224 ) Middle Kingdoms ( 230 BC -- AD 1206 ) ( show ) Satavahana Empire ( 230 BC -- AD 220 ) Kuninda Kingdom ( 200 BC -- AD 300 ) Mitra Dynasty ( c. 150 -- c. 50 BC ) Shunga Empire ( 185 -- 73 BC ) Indo - Greek Kingdom ( 180 BC -- AD 10 ) Kanva Empire ( 75 -- 26 BC ) Indo - Scythian Kingdom ( 50 BC -- AD 400 ) Indo - Parthian Kingdom ( AD 21 -- c. 130 ) Western Satrap Empire ( AD 35 -- 405 ) Kushan Empire ( AD 60 -- 240 ) Bharshiva Dynasty ( 170 -- 350 ) Nagas of Padmavati ( 210 -- 340 ) Sasanian Empire ( 224 -- 651 ) Indo - Sassanid Kingdom ( 230 -- 360 ) Vakataka Empire ( c. 250 -- c. 500 ) Kalabhras Empire ( c. 250 -- c. 600 ) Gupta Empire ( 280 -- 550 ) Kadamba Empire ( 345 -- 525 ) Western Ganga Kingdom ( 350 -- 1000 ) Kamarupa Kingdom ( 350 -- 1100 ) Vishnukundina Empire ( 420 -- 624 ) Maitraka Empire ( 475 -- 767 ) Huna Kingdom ( 475 -- 576 ) Rai Kingdom ( 489 -- 632 ) Kabul Shahi Empire ( c. 500 -- 1026 ) Chalukya Empire ( 543 -- 753 ) Maukhari Empire ( c. 550 -- c. 700 ) Harsha Empire ( 606 -- 647 ) Tibetan Empire ( 618 -- 841 ) Eastern Chalukya Kingdom ( 624 -- 1075 ) Rashidun Caliphate ( 632 -- 661 ) Gurjara - Pratihara Empire ( 650 -- 1036 ) Umayyad Caliphate ( 661 -- 750 ) Pala Empire ( 750 -- 1174 ) Rashtrakuta Empire ( 753 -- 982 ) Paramara Kingdom ( 800 -- 1327 ) Yadava Empire ( 850 -- 1334 ) Chaulukya Kingdom ( 942 -- 1244 ) Western Chalukya Empire ( 973 -- 1189 ) Lohara Kingdom ( 1003 -- 1320 ) Hoysala Empire ( 1040 -- 1346 ) Sena Empire ( 1070 -- 1230 ) Eastern Ganga Empire ( 1078 -- 1434 ) Kakatiya Kingdom ( 1083 -- 1323 ) Zamorin Kingdom ( 1102 -- 1766 ) Kalachuris of Tripuri ( 675 - 1210 ) Kalachuris of Kalyani ( 1156 -- 1184 ) Chutiya Kingdom ( 1187 -- 1673 ) Deva Kingdom ( c. 1200 -- c. 1300 ) Late Medieval Period ( 1206 -- 1526 ) ( show ) Delhi Sultanate ( 1206 -- 1526 ) -- Mamluk Sultanate ( 1206 -- 1290 ) -- Khalji Sultanate ( 1290 -- 1320 ) -- Tughlaq Sultanate ( 1320 -- 1414 ) -- Sayyid Sultanate ( 1414 -- 1451 ) -- Lodi Sultanate ( 1451 -- 1526 ) Ahom Kingdom ( 1228 -- 1826 ) Chitradurga Kingdom ( 1300 -- 1779 ) Reddy Kingdom ( 1325 -- 1448 ) Vijayanagara Empire ( 1336 -- 1646 ) Bengal Sultanate ( 1352 -- 1576 ) Garhwal Kingdom ( 1358 -- 1803 ) Mysore Kingdom ( 1399 -- 1947 ) Gajapati Kingdom ( 1434 -- 1541 ) Deccan Sultanates ( 1490 -- 1596 ) -- Ahmadnagar Sultanate ( 1490 -- 1636 ) -- Berar Sultanate ( 1490 -- 1574 ) -- Bidar Sultanate ( 1492 -- 1619 ) -- Bijapur Sultanate ( 1492 -- 1686 ) -- Golkonda Sultanate ( 1518 -- 1687 ) Keladi Kingdom ( 1499 -- 1763 ) Koch Kingdom ( 1515 -- 1947 ) Early Modern Period ( 1526 -- 1858 ) ( show ) Mughal Empire ( 1526 -- 1858 ) Sur Empire ( 1540 -- 1556 ) Madurai Kingdom ( 1559 -- 1736 ) Thanjavur Kingdom ( 1572 -- 1918 ) Bengal Subah ( 1576 -- 1757 ) Marava Kingdom ( 1600 -- 1750 ) Thondaiman Kingdom ( 1650 -- 1948 ) Maratha Empire ( 1674 -- 1818 ) Sikh Confederacy ( 1707 -- 1799 ) Travancore Kingdom ( 1729 -- 1947 ) Sikh Empire ( 1799 -- 1849 ) Colonial States ( 1510 -- 1961 ) ( show ) Portuguese India ( 1510 -- 1961 ) Dutch India ( 1605 -- 1825 ) Danish India ( 1620 -- 1869 ) French India ( 1759 -- 1954 ) Company Raj ( 1757 -- 1858 ) British Raj ( 1858 -- 1947 ) Sri Lankan Kingdoms ( 544 BC -- AD 1948 ) ( show ) Kingdom of Tambapanni ( 543 -- 505 BC ) Kingdom of Upatissa Nuwara ( 505 -- 377 BC ) Anuradhapura Kingdom ( 377 BC -- AD 1017 ) Kingdom of Ruhuna ( 200 ) Kingdom of Polonnaruwa ( 300 -- 1310 ) Jaffna Kingdom ( 1215 -- 1624 ) Kingdom of Dambadeniya ( 1220 -- 1272 ) Kingdom of Yapahuwa ( 1272 -- 1293 ) Kingdom of Kurunegala ( 1293 -- 1341 ) Kingdom of Gampola ( 1341 -- 1347 ) Kingdom of Raigama ( 1347 -- 1415 ) Kingdom of Kotte ( 1412 -- 1597 ) Kingdom of Sitawaka ( 1521 -- 1594 ) Kingdom of Kandy ( 1469 -- 1815 ) Portuguese Ceylon ( 1505 -- 1658 ) Dutch Ceylon ( 1656 -- 1796 ) British Ceylon ( 1815 -- 1948 ) National histories ( show ) Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Regional histories ( show ) Assam Balochistan Bengal Bihar Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Kabul Kashmir Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Rajasthan Maharashtra Uttar Pradesh Punjab Odisha Sindh South India Tamil Nadu Tibet Specialised histories ( show ) Coinage Demographics Dynasties Economy Indology Language Literature Maritime Military Partition of India Pakistan studies Science & Technology Timeline The history of Uttar Pradesh the Northern Indian state , stretches back technically to its formation on 1 April 1937 as the North - Western Provinces of Agra and Awadh , but the region itself shows the presence of human habitation dating back to between 85,000 and 73,000 years ago . The region seems to have been domesticated as early as 6,000 BC . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prehistory 2 British rule 3 Post-independence 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 Further reading Prehistory ( edit ) Archeological finds have indicated the presence of Stone Age Homo sapiens hunter - gatherers in Uttar Pradesh between around 85 and 73 thousand years old . Other pre-historical finds have included Middle and Upper Paleolithic artifacts dated to 21 -- 31 thousand years old and Mesolithic / Microlithic hunter - gatherer 's settlement , near Pratapgarh , from around 10550 -- 9550 BC . Villages with domesticated cattle , sheep , and goats and evidence of agriculture began as early as 6000 BC , and gradually developed between c. 4000 and 1500 BC beginning with the Indus Valley Civilization and Harappa Culture to the Vedic period ; extending into the Iron Age . Rama portrayed as exile in the forest , accompanied by his wife Sita and brother Lakshmana Bisrakh , Uttar Pradesh the birthplace of Demon king Ravana . The kingdom of Kosala , in the Mahajanapada era , was located within the regional boundaries of modern - day Uttar Pradesh . According to Hindu legend , the divine king Rama of the Ramayana epic reigned in Ayodhya , the capital of Kosala . Krishna , another divine king of Hindu legend , who plays a key role in the Mahabharata epic and is revered as the eighth reincarnation ( Avatar ) of the Hindu god Vishnu , is said to have been born in the city of Mathura , in Uttar Pradesh . The aftermath of the Mahabharata yuddh is believed to have taken place in the area between the Upper Doab and Delhi , ( in what was Kuru Mahajanapada ) , during the reign of the Pandava king Yudhishthira . The kingdom of the Kurus corresponds to the Black and Red Ware and Painted Gray Ware culture and the beginning of the Iron Age in North - west India , around 1000 BC . Most of the invaders of south India passed through the Gangetic plains of what is today Uttar Pradesh . Control over this region was of vital importance to the power and stability of all of India 's major empires , including the Maurya ( 320 -- 200 BC ) , Kushan ( 100 -- 250 CE ) , Gupta ( 350 -- 600 CE ) , and Gurjara - Pratihara ( 650 -- 1036 CE ) empires . Following the Huns invasions that broke the Gupta empire , the Ganges - Yamuna Doab saw the rise of Kannauj . During the reign of Harshavardhana ( 590 -- 647 ) , the Kannauj empire reached its zenith . It spanned from Punjab in the north and Gujarat in the west to Bengal in the east and Odisha in the south . It included parts of central India , north of the Narmada River and it encompassed the entire Indo - Gangetic plain . Many communities in various parts of India claim descent from the migrants of Kannauj . Soon after Harshavardhana 's death , his empire disintegrated into many kingdoms , which were invaded and ruled by the Gurjara - Pratihara empire , which challenged Bengal 's Pala Empire for control of the region . Kannauj was several times invaded by the south Indian Rashtrakuta Dynasty from the 8th century to the 10th century . In the 16th century , Babur , a Timurid descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan from Fergana Valley ( modern - day Uzbekistan ) , swept across the Khyber Pass and founded the Mughal Empire , covering India , along with modern - day Afghanistan , Pakistan and Bangladesh The Mughals were descended from Persianised Central Asian Turks ( with significant Mongol admixture ) . In the Mughal era , Uttar Pradesh became the heartland of the empire . Mughal emperors Babur and Humayun ruled from Agra . In 1540 an Afghan , Sher Shah Suri , took over the reins of Uttar Pradesh after defeating the Mughal king Humanyun . Sher Shah and his son Islam Shah ruled Uttar Pradesh from their capital at Gwalior . After the death of Islam Shah Suri , his prime minister Hemu became the de facto ruler of Uttar Pradesh , Bihar , Madhya Pradesh , and the western parts of Bengal . He was bestowed the title of Vikramaditya at his coronation in Purana Quila in Delhi . Hemu died in the Second Battle of Panipat , and Uttar Pradesh came under Emperor Akbar 's rule . Akbar ruled from Agra and Fatehpur Sikri . In the 18th century , after the fall of Mughal authority , the power vacuum was filled by the Maratha Empire , in the mid 18th century , the Maratha army invaded the Uttar Pradesh region , which resulted in Rohillas losing control of Rohillkhand to the Maratha rulers Raghunath Rao and Malharao Holkar . The conflict between Rohillas and Marathas came to an end on 18 December 1788 with the arrest of Ghulam Qadir , the grandson of Najeeb - ud - Daula , who was defeated by the Maratha general Mahadaji Scindia . In 1803 , following the Second Anglo - Maratha War , when the British East India Company defeated the Maratha Empire , much of the region came under British suzerainty . British rule ( edit ) Starting from Bengal in the second half of the 18th century , a series of battles for north Indian lands finally gave the British East India Company accession over the state 's territories . Ajmer and Jaipur kingdoms were also included in this northern territory , which was named the `` North - Western Provinces '' ( of Agra ) . Although UP later became the fifth largest state of India , NWPA was one of the smallest states of the British Indian empire . Its capital shifted twice between Agra and Allahabad . Due to dissatisfaction with British rule , a serious rebellion erupted in various parts of North India ; Bengal regiment 's sepoy stationed at Meerut cantonment , Mangal Pandey , is widely credited as its starting point . It came to be known as the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . After the revolt failed , the British attempted to divide the most rebellious regions by reorganising the administrative boundaries of the region , splitting the Delhi region from ' NWFP of Agra ' and merging it with Punjab , while the Ajmer - Marwar region was merged with Rajputana and Oudh was incorporated into the state . The new state was called the ' North Western Provinces of Agra and Oudh ' , which in 1902 was renamed as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh . It was commonly referred to as the United Provinces or its acronym UP . In 1920 , the capital of the province was shifted from Allahabad to Lucknow . The high court continued to be at Allahabad , but a bench was established at Lucknow . Allahabad continues to be an important administrative base of today 's Uttar Pradesh and has several administrative headquarters . Uttar Pradesh continued to be central to Indian politics and was especially important in modern Indian history as a hotbed of the Indian independence movement . Uttar Pradesh hosted modern educational institutions such as the Benaras Hindu University , Aligarh Muslim University and the Darul Uloom Deoband . Nationally known figures such as Chandra Shekhar Azad were among the leaders of the movement in Uttar Pradesh , and Motilal Nehru , Jawaharlal Nehru , Madan Mohan Malaviya and Gobind Ballabh Pant were important national leaders of the Indian National Congress . The All India Kisan Sabha ( AIKS ) was formed at the Lucknow session of the Congress on 11 April 1936 , with the famous nationalist Swami Sahajanand Saraswati elected as its first President , in order to address the longstanding grievances of the peasantry and mobilise them against the zamindari landlords attacks on their occupancy rights , thus sparking the Farmers movements in India . During the Quit India Movement of 1942 , Ballia district overthrew the colonial authority and installed an independent administration under Chittu Pandey . Ballia became known as `` Baghi Ballia '' ( Rebel Ballia ) for this significant role in India 's independence movement . Post-independence ( edit ) After India 's independence , the United Provinces were reorganised as Uttar Pradesh in 1957 . The state has provided seven of India 's prime ministers and is the source of the largest number of seats in the Lok Sabha . Despite its political influence , its poor economic development and administrative record , organised crime and corruption kept it amongst India 's backward states . The state has been affected by repeated episodes of caste and communal violence . In 1999 , northern districts of the state were separated to form the state of Uttarakhand . See also ( edit ) Indus Valley Tradition Painted Grey Ware Vedic science References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Virendra N. Misra , Peter Bellwood ( 1985 ) . Recent Advances in Indo - Pacific Prehistory : proceedings of the international symposium held at Poona . p. 69 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 07512 - 7 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Bridget Allchin , Frank Raymond Allchin ( 29 July 1982 ) . The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan . Cambridge University Press . p. 58 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 28550 - X . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Hasmukhlal Dhirajlal Sankalia ; Shantaram Bhalchandra Deo ; Madhukar Keshav Dhavalikar ( 1985 ) . Studies in Indian Archaeology : Professor H.D. Sankalia Felicitation Volume . Popular Prakashan . p. 96 . ISBN 0 - 86132 - 088 - 3 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Confidence limits for the age are 85 ( ± 11 ) and 72 ( ± 8 ) thousand years ago . Jump up ^ Gibling , Sinha ; Sinha , Roy ; Roy , Tandon ; Tandon , Jain ; Jain , M ( 2008 ) . `` Quaternary fluvial and eolian deposits on the Belan river , India : paleoclimatic setting of Paleolithic to Neolithic archeological sites over the past 85,000 years '' . Quaternary Science Reviews . 27 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 391 . doi : 10.1016 / j. quascirev. 2007.11. 001 . Jump up ^ Kenneth A.R. Kennedy ( 2000 ) . God - apes and Fossil Men . University of Michigan Press . p. 263 . ISBN 0 - 472 - 11013 - 6 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Bridget Allchin , Frank Raymond Allchin ( 1982 ) . The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan . Cambridge University Press . p. 119 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 28550 - X . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Prehistoric human colonization of India '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 5 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` indianexpress '' . indianexpress . Jump up ^ `` hindustantimes '' . Jump up ^ `` timesofindia '' . ^ Jump up to : Sailendra Nath Sen ( 1 January 1999 ) . Ancient Indian History And Civilization . New Age International . pp. 105 -- 106 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 224 - 1198 - 0 . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ William Buck ( 1 January 2000 ) . Ramayana . Motilal Banarsidass Publ . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1720 - 3 . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Richard White ( 8 November 2010 ) . The Middle Ground : Indians , Empires , and Republics in the Great Lakes Region , 1650 - 1815 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 00562 - 4 . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Marshall Cavendish Corporation ( September 2007 ) . World and Its Peoples : Eastern and Southern Asia . Marshall Cavendish . pp. 331 -- 335 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 7631 - 3 . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Pran Nath Chopra ( 1 December 2003 ) . A Comprehensive History of Ancient India . Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 196 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 207 - 2503 - 4 . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : John Stewart Bowman ( 2000 ) . Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture . Columbia University Press . p. 273 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 11004 - 4 . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . Jump up ^ The History of India by Kenneth Pletcher p. 102 Jump up ^ The City in South Asia by James Heitzman p. 37 Jump up ^ The Islamic World to 1600 : Rise of the Great Islamic Empires ( The Mughal Empire ) Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Annemarie Schimmel ( 5 February 2004 ) . The Empire of the Great Mughals : History , Art and Culture . Reaktion Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86189 - 185 - 3 . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Babur ( Emperor of Hindustan ) ; Dilip Hiro ( 1 March 2006 ) . Babur Nama : Journal of Emperor Babur . Penguin Books India . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 400149 - 1 . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Carlos Ramirez - Faria ( 1 January 2007 ) . Concise Encyclopeida Of World History . Atlantic Publishers & Dist . p. 171 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 269 - 0775 - 5 . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Stronge , Susan ( 16 October 2012 ) . Mughal Hindustan is renowned for its opulence . London : The Arts of the Sikh Kingdoms ( V&A 1999 ) . p. 255 . ISBN 9788174366962 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Ashvini Agrawal ( 1 January 1983 ) . Studies In Mughal History . Motilal Banarsidass Publ . pp. 30 -- 46 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 2326 - 6 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Fergus Nicoll , Shah Jahan : The Rise and Fall of the Mughal Emperor ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Mayaram , Shail . Against history , against state : counterperspectives from the margins Cultures of history . Columbia University Press , 2003 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 12731 - 8 . Jump up ^ Gyanesh Kudaisya ( 1994 ) . Region , nation , `` heartland '' : Uttar Pradesh in India 's body - politic . LIT Verlag Münster . pp. 126 -- 376 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8258 - 2097 - 8 . Jump up ^ K. Sivaramakrishnan ( 3 December 1999 ) . Modern Forests : Statemaking and Environmental Change in Colonial Eastern India . Stanford University Press . pp. 240 -- 276 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4556 - 7 . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Rudrangshu Mukherjee ( 1 June 2005 ) . Mangal Pandey : brave martyr or accidental hero ? . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 303256 - 4 . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ United Provinces of Agra and Oudh ( India ) ; D.L. Drake - Brockman ( 1934 ) . District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh : supp. D. Pilibhit District . Supdt. , Government Press , United Provinces . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Dilip K. Chakrabarti ( 1 June 1997 ) . Colonial Indology : sociopolitics of the ancient Indian past . Michigan : Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 257 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 215 - 0750 - 9 . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Bernard S. Cohn ( 19 August 1996 ) . Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge : The British in India . Princeton University Press . p. 189 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 00043 - 5 . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . Jump up ^ K. Balasankaran Nair ( 1 January 2004 ) . Law Of Contempt Of Court In India . Atlantic Publishers & Dist . p. 320 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 269 - 0359 - 7 . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Śekhara , Bandyopādhyāya ( 2004 ) . From Plassey to Partition : A History of Modern India . Orient Longman . p. 407 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 250 - 2596 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bandyopādhyāya , Śekhara ( 2004 ) . From Plassey to Partition : A History of Modern India . Orient Longman . p. 406 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 250 - 2596 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bankim Chandra Chatterji ( 15 January 2006 ) . Anandamath . Orient Paperbacks . p. 168 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 222 - 0130 - 7 . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Communal violence '' . Business Standard . Ananda Publishers . Kotak Mahindra Bank . 6 August 2014 . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ J.C. Aggarwal ; S.P. Agrawal ( 1995 ) . Uttarakhand : Past , Present , and Future . Concept Publishing Company . p. 391 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7022 - 572 - 0 . Bibliography ( edit ) For Palelithic & Neolithic period : Kennedy , Kenneth Adrian Raine ( 2000 ) . God - Apes and Fossil Men : Palaeoanthropology of South Asia . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . James , Hannah V.A. ; Petraglia , Michael D. ( December 2005 ) . `` Modern Human Origins and the Evolution of Behavior in the Later Pleistocene Record of South Asia '' ( PDF ) . Current Anthropology. 46 ( Supplement ) : S3 . doi : 10.1086 / 444365 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 August 2006 . Misra , V.N. ( November 2001 ) . `` Prehistoric human colonization of India '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Biosciences. 26 ( 4 ) : 491 -- 531 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02704749 . PMID 11779962 . For Copper Hoard culture : Sharma , Deo Prakash , 2002 . Newly Discovered Copper Hoard , Weapons of South Asia ( C. 2800 -- 1500 BC ) , Delhi , Bharatiya Kala Prakashan , 182 p . Yule , P. 1985 . Metalwork of the Bronze Age in India . C.H. Beck , Munich ISBN 3 - 406 - 30440 - 0 Yule , P. / Hauptmann , A. / Hughes , M. 1989 ( 1992 ) . The Copper Hoards of the Indian Subcontinent : Preliminaries for an Interpretation , Jahrbuch des Römisch - Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 36 , 193 -- 275 , ISSN 0076 - 2741 Gupta , S.P. ( ed . ) . 1995 . The lost Sarasvati and the Indus Civilization . Kusumanjali Prakashan , Jodhpur . For Painted Grey Ware culture : Bryant , Edwin ( 2001 ) . The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 513777 - 9 . Chakrabarti , D.K. 1968 . The Aryan hypothesis in Indian archaeology . Indian Studies Past and Present 4 , 333 -- 358 . Jim Shaffer. 1984 . The Indo - Aryan Invasions : Cultural Myth and Archaeological Reality . In : J.R. Lukak . The People of South Asia . New York : Plenum. 1984 . Kennedy , Kenneth 1995 . `` Have Aryans been identified in the prehistoric skeletal record from South Asia ? '' , in George Erdosy , ed. : The Indo - Aryans of Ancient South Asia , pp. 49 -- 54 . For Cemetery H culture : Kenoyer , Jonathan Mark ( 1991 ) . `` Urban Process in the Indus Tradition : A preliminary model from Harappa '' . In Meadow , R.H. ( ed . ) . Harappa Excavations 1986 -- 1990 : A multidiscipinary approach to Third Millennium urbanism . Madison , WI : Prehistory Press . pp. 29 -- 60 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) http://www.harappa.com https://web.archive.org/web/20060908052731/http://pubweb.cc.u-tokai.ac.jp/indus/english/3_1_01.html For Vedic Period : Basham , A.L. ( 2008 ) , The Wonder That Was India : A survey of the history and culture of the Indian sub-continent before the coming of the Muslims , Scholarly Publishing Office , University of Michigan , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59740 - 599 - 7 Kulke , Hermann ; Rothermund , Dietmar ( 1998 ) , A History of India , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 32920 - 0 Singh , Upinder ( 2008 ) , A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India : From the Stone Age to the 12th Century , Pearson Education India , ISBN 978 - 81 - 317 - 1120 - 0 Guruge , Ananda W.P. ( 1991 ) , The Society of Rāmāyaṇa , Abhinav Publications , ISBN 978 - 81 - 7017 - 265 - 9 For Indo - Schynthians Harmatta , János , ed. , 1994 . History of civilizations of Central Asia , Volume II . The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations : 700 BC to AD 250 . Paris , UNESCO Publishing . Hill , John E. 2004 . The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu . Draft annotated English translation . `` The Han Histories '' . Depts.washington.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 02 . Hill , John E. 2004 . The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 魏 略 by Yu Huan 魚 豢 : A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 AD . Draft annotated English translation . `` Weilue : The Peoples of the West '' . Depts.washington.edu. 2004 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 02 . Liu , Xinru 2001 `` Migration and Settlement of the Yuezhi - Kushan : Interaction and Interdependence of Nomadic and Sedentary Societies . '' Journal of World History , Volume 12 , No. 2 , Fall 2001 . University of Hawaii Press , pp. 261 -- 292 . `` Project MUSE -- Journal of World History '' . Muse.jhu.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 02 ... Watson , Burton . Trans . 1961 . Records of the Grand Historian of China : Translated from the Shih chi of Ssu - ma Ch'ien . Chapter 123 : The Account of Ta - yüan , p. 265 . Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 08167 - 7 For Kushans : Avari , Burjor ( 2007 ) . India : The Ancient Past . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35616 - 9 . Bopearachchi , Osmund ( 2003 ) . De l'Indus à l'Oxus , Archéologie de l'Asie Centrale ( in French ) . Lattes : Association imago - musée de Lattes . ISBN 2 - 9516679 - 2 - 2 . Faccenna , Domenico ( 1980 ) . Butkara I ( Swāt , Pakistan ) 1956 -- 1962 , Volume III 1 ( in English ) . Rome : IsMEO ( Istituto Italiano Per Il Medio Ed Estremo Oriente ) . Falk , Harry . 1995 -- 1996 . Silk Road Art and Archaeology IV . Falk , Harry . 2001 . `` The yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the era of the Kuṣāṇas . '' Silk Road Art and Archaeology VII , pp. 121 -- 136 . Falk , Harry . 2004 . `` The Kaniṣka era in Gupta records . '' Harry Falk . Silk Road Art and Archaeology X , pp. 167 -- 176 . Goyal , S.R. `` Ancient Indian Inscriptions '' Kusumanjali Book World , Jodhpur ( India ) , 2005 . Hill , John E. 2004 . The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu . Draft annotated English translation . `` The Han Histories '' . Depts.washington.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 02 . Hill , John E. 2004 . The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 魏 略 by Yu Huan 魚 豢 : A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 AD . Draft annotated English translation . `` Weilue : The Peoples of the West '' . Depts.washington.edu. 2004 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 02 . Keay , John ( 2000 ) . India : A History . New York : Grove Press . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3797 - 0 . Lebedynsky , Iaroslav ( 2006 ) . Les Saces . Paris : Editions Errance . ISBN 2 - 87772 - 337 - 2 . Rosenfield , John M. ( 1993 ) . The Dynastic Art of the Kushans . New Delhi : Munshiram Manoharlal . ISBN 81 - 215 - 0579 - 8 . Sivaramamurti , C. ( 1976 ) . Śatarudrīya : Vibhūti of Śiva 's Iconography . Delhi : Abhinav Publications . Further reading ( edit ) R.C. Majumdar and A.D. Pusalker ( editors ) : The History and Culture of the Indian People . Volume I , The Vedic age . Bombay : Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan 1951 R.C. Majumdar et al. An Advanced History of India , MacMillan , 1967 . Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak `` The Arctic Home in the Vedas '' , Messrs Tilak Bros. , 1903 <Th_colspan="2"> State of Uttar Pradesh <Td_colspan="2"> Capital : Lucknow Topics History Geography Government Economy Culture Achitecture Tourism Demographics Education Regions Western Uttar Pradesh Eastern Uttar Pradesh Central Uttar Pradesh Divisions Agra Aligarh Allahabad Azamgarh Bareilly Basti Chitrakoot Devipatan Faizabad Gorakhpur Jhansi Kanpur Lucknow Meerut Mirzapur Moradabad Saharanpur Varanasi Districts Agra Aligarh Allahabad Ambedkar Nagar Amethi Amroha Auraiya Azamgarh Badaun Bagpat Bahraich Ballia Balrampur Banda Barabanki Bareilly Basti Bijnor Bulandshahr Chandauli Chitrakoot Devaria Etah Etawah Faizabad Farrukhabad Fatehpur Firozabad Gautam Buddha Nagar Ghaziabad Ghazipur Gonda Gorakhpur Hamirpur Hardoi Hathras Jalaun Jaunpur Jhansi Kannauj Kanpur Dehat ( Akbarpur ) Kanpur Nagar Kanshiram Nagar Kaushambi Kushinagar ( Padrauna ) Lakhimpur Kheri Lalitpur Lucknow Maharajganj Mahoba Mainpuri Mathura Mau Meerut Mirzapur Moradabad Muzaffarnagar Pilibhit Pratapgarh Raebareli Rampur Saharanpur Sambhal Sant Kabir Nagar Sant Ravidas Nagar ( Bhadohi ) Shahjahanpur Shamli Shravasti Siddharthnagar Sitapur Sonbhadra Sultanpur Unnao Varanasi Major cities Kanpur Lucknow Ghaziabad Agra Varanasi Faizabad Meerut Allahabad Bareilly Aligarh Moradabad Saharanpur Gorakhpur Noida Jhansi Mathura Villages Adhkatiya Kala Khas Aharak Ahiran , Pindra Ahirani , Pindra Airla Aitha Ajaipur Akhari Akorha Amaut Amawar Amilo , Varanasi Araji Line Babhanpura Baghirua Baliakheri Bhelupura Chadpur Dabethuwa Deorai Eshipur Harora Aht . 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1. History of Uttar Pradesh
2. Prehistoric settlements in Uttar Pradesh
3. Mughal Empire in Uttar Pradesh
4. British rule in Uttar Pradesh
5. Indian independence movement in Uttar Pradesh
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7,262,977,986,120,862,000 |
what are the most populous cities in the united states
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List of United States cities by population - wikipedia List of United States cities by population `` List of largest cities in the United States '' redirects here . For a list of largest cities by area , see List of United States cities by area . Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML GPX Population tables of U.S. cities Cities Population Area Density Ethnic identity Foreign - born Income Spanish speakers By decade Urban areas Populous cities and metropolitan areas Metropolitan areas 574 Primary Statistical Areas 174 Combined Statistical Areas 929 Core Based Statistical Areas 389 Metropolitan Statistical Areas 541 Micropolitan Statistical Areas Megaregions See also North American metro areas World cities The following is a list of the most populous incorporated places of the United States . As defined by the United States Census Bureau , an `` incorporated place '' includes a variety of designations , including city , town , village , borough , and municipality . A few exceptional Census Designated Places ( CDPs ) are also included in the Census Bureau 's listing of incorporated places . Consolidated city - counties represent a distinct type of government that includes the entire population of a county , or county equivalent . Some consolidated city - counties , however , include multiple incorporated places . This list presents only that portion ( or `` balance '' ) of such consolidated city - counties that are not a part of another incorporated place . This list refers only to the population of individual municipalities within their defined limits ; the populations of other municipalities considered suburbs of a central city are listed separately , and unincorporated areas within urban agglomerations are not included . Therefore , a different ranking is evident when considering U.S. metropolitan area populations . Contents 1 United States 1.1 Distribution 1.2 Gallery 2 Puerto Rico 3 Census - designated places 4 Cities formerly over 100,000 people 5 Locations of 50 most populous cities 6 See also 7 References 8 External links United States Map this section 's coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML GPX The ten most populous cities of the United States 1 . New York 2 . Los Angeles 3 . Chicago 4 . Houston 5 . Phoenix 6 . Philadelphia 7 . San Antonio 8 . San Diego 9 . Dallas 10 . San Jose The following table lists the 311 incorporated places in the United States with a population of at least 100,000 on July 1 , 2017 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau . A city is displayed in bold if it is a state or federal capital , and in italics if it is the most populous city in the state . Five states -- Delaware , Maine , Vermont , West Virginia and Wyoming -- do not have cities with populations of 100,000 or more . The table below contains the following information : The city rank by population as of July 1 , 2017 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau The city name The name of the state in which the city lies The city population as of July 1 , 2017 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau The city population as of April 1 , 2010 , as enumerated by the 2010 United States Census The city percent population change from April 1 , 2010 , to July 1 , 2017 The city land area as of January 1 , 2016 The city population density as of July 1 , 2016 ( residents per unit of land area ) The city latitude and longitude coordinates State capital State largest city State capital and largest city Federal capital 2017 rank City State 2017 estimate Census Change <Th_colspan="2"> 2016 land area <Th_colspan="2"> 2016 population density Location New York New York 8,622,698 8,175,133 + 5.47 % 301.5 sq mi 780.9 km 28,317 / sq mi 10,933 / km 40 ° 39 ′ 49 '' N 73 ° 56 ′ 19 '' W / 40.6635 ° N 73.9387 ° W / 40.6635 ; - 73.9387 ( 1 New York City ) Los Angeles California 3,999,759 3,792,621 + 5.46 % 468.7 sq mi 1,213.9 km 8,484 / sq mi 3,276 / km 34 ° 01 ′ 10 '' N 118 ° 24 ′ 39 '' W / 34.0194 ° N 118.4108 ° W / 34.0194 ; - 118.4108 ( 2 Los Angeles ) Chicago Illinois 2,716,450 2,695,598 + 0.77 % 227.3 sq mi 588.7 km 11,900 / sq mi 4,600 / km 41 ° 50 ′ 15 '' N 87 ° 40 ′ 54 '' W / 41.8376 ° N 87.6818 ° W / 41.8376 ; - 87.6818 ( 3 Chicago ) Houston Texas 2,312,717 2,100,263 + 10.12 % 637.5 sq mi 1,651.1 km 3,613 / sq mi 1,395 / km 29 ° 47 ′ 12 '' N 95 ° 23 ′ 27 '' W / 29.7866 ° N 95.3909 ° W / 29.7866 ; - 95.3909 ( 4 Houston ) 5 Phoenix Arizona 1,626,078 1,445,632 + 12.48 % 517.6 sq mi 1,340.6 km 3,120 / sq mi 1,200 / km 33 ° 34 ′ 20 '' N 112 ° 05 ′ 24 '' W / 33.5722 ° N 112.0901 ° W / 33.5722 ; - 112.0901 ( 6 Phoenix ) 6 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 1,580,863 1,526,006 + 3.59 % 134.2 sq mi 347.6 km 11,683 / sq mi 4,511 / km 40 ° 00 ′ 34 '' N 75 ° 08 ′ 00 '' W / 40.0094 ° N 75.1333 ° W / 40.0094 ; - 75.1333 ( 5 Philadelphia ) 7 San Antonio Texas 1,511,946 1,327,407 + 13.90 % 461.0 sq mi 1,194.0 km 3,238 / sq mi 1,250 / km 29 ° 28 ′ 21 '' N 98 ° 31 ′ 30 '' W / 29.4724 ° N 98.5251 ° W / 29.4724 ; - 98.5251 ( 7 San Antonio ) 8 San Diego California 1,419,516 1,307,402 + 8.58 % 325.2 sq mi 842.3 km 4,325 / sq mi 1,670 / km 32 ° 48 ′ 55 '' N 117 ° 08 ′ 06 '' W / 32.8153 ° N 117.1350 ° W / 32.8153 ; - 117.1350 ( 8 San Diego ) 9 Dallas Texas 1,341,075 1,197,816 + 11.96 % 340.9 sq mi 882.9 km 3,866 / sq mi 1,493 / km 32 ° 47 ′ 36 '' N 96 ° 45 ′ 59 '' W / 32.7933 ° N 96.7665 ° W / 32.7933 ; - 96.7665 ( 9 Dallas ) 10 San Jose California 1,035,317 945,942 + 9.45 % 177.5 sq mi 459.7 km 5,777 / sq mi 2,231 / km 37 ° 17 ′ 48 '' N 121 ° 49 ′ 08 '' W / 37.2967 ° N 121.8189 ° W / 37.2967 ; - 121.8189 ( 10 San Jose ) 11 Austin Texas 950,715 790,390 + 20.28 % 312.7 sq mi 809.9 km 3,031 / sq mi 1,170 / km 30 ° 18 ′ 14 '' N 97 ° 45 ′ 16 '' W / 30.3039 ° N 97.7544 ° W / 30.3039 ; - 97.7544 ( 11 Austin ) 12 Jacksonville Florida 892,062 821,784 + 8.55 % 747.4 sq mi 1,935.8 km 1,178 / sq mi 455 / km 30 ° 20 ′ 13 '' N 81 ° 39 ′ 42 '' W / 30.3369 ° N 81.6616 ° W / 30.3369 ; - 81.6616 ( 12 Jacksonville ) 13 San Francisco California 884,363 805,235 + 9.83 % 46.9 sq mi 121.5 km 18,569 / sq mi 7,170 / km 37 ° 43 ′ 38 '' N 123 ° 01 ′ 56 '' W / 37.7272 ° N 123.0322 ° W / 37.7272 ; - 123.0322 ( 13 San Francisco ) 14 Columbus Ohio 879,170 787,033 + 11.71 % 218.5 sq mi 565.9 km 3,936 / sq mi 1,520 / km 39 ° 59 ′ 07 '' N 82 ° 59 ′ 05 '' W / 39.9852 ° N 82.9848 ° W / 39.9852 ; - 82.9848 ( 15 Columbus ) 15 Fort Worth Texas 874,168 741,206 + 17.94 % 342.9 sq mi 888.1 km 2,491 / sq mi 962 / km 32 ° 46 ′ 53 '' N 97 ° 20 ′ 48 '' W / 32.7815 ° N 97.3467 ° W / 32.7815 ; - 97.3467 ( 16 Fort Worth ) 16 Indianapolis Indiana 863,002 820,445 + 5.19 % 361.5 sq mi 936.3 km 2,366 / sq mi 914 / km 39 ° 46 ′ 36 '' N 86 ° 08 ′ 45 '' W / 39.7767 ° N 86.1459 ° W / 39.7767 ; - 86.1459 ( 14 Indianapolis ) 17 Charlotte North Carolina 859,035 731,424 + 17.45 % 305.4 sq mi 791.0 km 2,757 / sq mi 1,064 / km 35 ° 12 ′ 28 '' N 80 ° 49 ′ 52 '' W / 35.2078 ° N 80.8310 ° W / 35.2078 ; - 80.8310 ( 17 Charlotte ) 18 Seattle Washington 724,745 608,660 + 19.07 % 83.8 sq mi 217.0 km 8,405 / sq mi 3,245 / km 47 ° 37 ′ 14 '' N 122 ° 21 ′ 03 '' W / 47.6205 ° N 122.3509 ° W / 47.6205 ; - 122.3509 ( 20 Seattle ) 19 Denver Colorado 704,621 600,158 + 17.41 % 153.3 sq mi 397.0 km 4,521 / sq mi 1,746 / km 39 ° 45 ′ 43 '' N 104 ° 52 ′ 52 '' W / 39.7619 ° N 104.8811 ° W / 39.7619 ; - 104.8811 ( Denver ) 20 Washington District of Columbia 693,972 601,723 + 15.33 % 61.1 sq mi 158.2 km 11,148 / sq mi 4,304 / km 38 ° 54 ′ 15 '' N 77 ° 01 ′ 02 '' W / 38.9041 ° N 77.0172 ° W / 38.9041 ; - 77.0172 ( Washington , D.C. ) 21 Boston Massachusetts 685,094 617,594 + 10.93 % 48.3 sq mi 125.1 km 13,938 / sq mi 5,381 / km 42 ° 19 ′ 55 '' N 71 ° 01 ′ 13 '' W / 42.3320 ° N 71.0202 ° W / 42.3320 ; - 71.0202 ( Boston ) 22 El Paso Texas 683,577 649,121 + 5.31 % 256.8 sq mi 665.1 km 2,660 / sq mi 1,030 / km 31 ° 50 ′ 54 '' N 106 ° 25 ′ 37 '' W / 31.8484 ° N 106.4270 ° W / 31.8484 ; - 106.4270 ( 19 El Paso ) 23 Detroit Michigan 673,104 713,777 2999430172168618490 ♠ − 5.70 % 138.8 sq mi 359.5 km 4,847 / sq mi 1,871 / km 42 ° 22 ′ 59 '' N 83 ° 06 ′ 08 '' W / 42.3830 ° N 83.1022 ° W / 42.3830 ; - 83.1022 ( 18 Detroit ) 24 Nashville Tennessee 667,560 601,222 + 11.03 % 475.9 sq mi 1,232.6 km 1,388 / sq mi 536 / km 36 ° 10 ′ 18 '' N 86 ° 47 ′ 06 '' W / 36.1718 ° N 86.7850 ° W / 36.1718 ; - 86.7850 ( Nashville ) 25 Memphis Tennessee 652,236 646,889 + 0.83 % 317.4 sq mi 822.1 km 2,056 / sq mi 794 / km 35 ° 06 ′ 10 '' N 89 ° 58 ′ 39 '' W / 35.1028 ° N 89.9774 ° W / 35.1028 ; - 89.9774 ( Memphis ) 26 Portland Oregon 647,805 583,776 + 10.97 % 133.5 sq mi 345.8 km 4,793 / sq mi 1,851 / km 45 ° 32 ′ 13 '' N 122 ° 39 ′ 00 '' W / 45.5370 ° N 122.6500 ° W / 45.5370 ; - 122.6500 ( Portland ) 27 Oklahoma City Oklahoma 643,648 579,999 + 10.97 % 606.3 sq mi 1,570.3 km 1,053 / sq mi 407 / km 35 ° 28 ′ 02 '' N 97 ° 30 ′ 49 '' W / 35.4671 ° N 97.5137 ° W / 35.4671 ; - 97.5137 ( Oklahoma City ) 28 Las Vegas Nevada 641,676 583,756 + 9.92 % 134.4 sq mi 348.1 km 4,709 / sq mi 1,818 / km 36 ° 13 ′ 45 '' N 115 ° 15 ′ 36 '' W / 36.2292 ° N 115.2601 ° W / 36.2292 ; - 115.2601 ( Las Vegas ) 29 Louisville Kentucky 621,349 597,337 + 4.02 % 263.5 sq mi 682.5 km 2,339 / sq mi 903 / km 38 ° 09 ′ 55 '' N 85 ° 38 ′ 51 '' W / 38.1654 ° N 85.6474 ° W / 38.1654 ; - 85.6474 ( Louisville ) 30 Baltimore Maryland 611,648 620,961 2999850022787260390 ♠ − 1.50 % 80.9 sq mi 209.5 km 7,598 / sq mi 2,934 / km 39 ° 18 ′ 00 '' N 76 ° 36 ′ 38 '' W / 39.3000 ° N 76.6105 ° W / 39.3000 ; - 76.6105 ( Baltimore ) 31 Milwaukee Wisconsin 595,351 594,833 + 0.09 % 96.2 sq mi 249.2 km 6,186 / sq mi 2,388 / km 43 ° 03 ′ 48 '' N 87 ° 58 ′ 00 '' W / 43.0633 ° N 87.9667 ° W / 43.0633 ; - 87.9667 ( Milwaukee ) 32 Albuquerque New Mexico 558,545 545,852 + 2.33 % 188.2 sq mi 487.4 km 2,972 / sq mi 1,147 / km 35 ° 06 ′ 20 '' N 106 ° 38 ′ 51 '' W / 35.1056 ° N 106.6474 ° W / 35.1056 ; - 106.6474 ( Albuquerque ) 33 Tucson Arizona 535,677 520,116 + 2.99 % 230.8 sq mi 597.8 km 2,299 / sq mi 888 / km 32 ° 09 ′ 11 '' N 110 ° 52 ′ 14 '' W / 32.1531 ° N 110.8706 ° W / 32.1531 ; - 110.8706 ( Tucson ) 34 Fresno California 527,438 494,665 + 6.63 % 114.4 sq mi 296.3 km 4,563 / sq mi 1,762 / km 36 ° 47 ′ 01 '' N 119 ° 47 ′ 36 '' W / 36.7836 ° N 119.7934 ° W / 36.7836 ; - 119.7934 ( Fresno ) 35 Sacramento California 501,901 466,488 + 7.59 % 97.9 sq mi 253.6 km 5,059 / sq mi 1,953 / km 38 ° 34 ′ 00 '' N 121 ° 28 ′ 07 '' W / 38.5666 ° N 121.4686 ° W / 38.5666 ; - 121.4686 ( Sacramento ) 36 Mesa Arizona 496,401 439,041 + 13.06 % 137.9 sq mi 357.2 km 3,514 / sq mi 1,357 / km 33 ° 24 ′ 07 '' N 111 ° 43 ′ 03 '' W / 33.4019 ° N 111.7174 ° W / 33.4019 ; - 111.7174 ( Mesa ) 37 Kansas City Missouri 488,943 459,787 + 6.34 % 315.0 sq mi 815.8 km 1,528 / sq mi 590 / km 39 ° 07 ′ 30 '' N 94 ° 33 ′ 04 '' W / 39.1251 ° N 94.5510 ° W / 39.1251 ; - 94.5510 ( Kansas City , MO ) 38 Atlanta Georgia 486,290 420,003 + 15.78 % 133.5 sq mi 345.8 km 3,539 / sq mi 1,366 / km 33 ° 45 ′ 46 '' N 84 ° 25 ′ 22 '' W / 33.7629 ° N 84.4227 ° W / 33.7629 ; - 84.4227 ( Atlanta ) 39 Long Beach California 469,450 462,257 + 1.56 % 50.3 sq mi 130.3 km 9,347 / sq mi 3,609 / km 33 ° 48 ′ 33 '' N 118 ° 09 ′ 19 '' W / 33.8092 ° N 118.1553 ° W / 33.8092 ; - 118.1553 ( Long Beach ) 40 Omaha Nebraska 466,893 408,958 + 14.17 % 133.2 sq mi 345.0 km 3,356 / sq mi 1,296 / km 41 ° 15 ′ 52 '' N 96 ° 02 ′ 42 '' W / 41.2644 ° N 96.0451 ° W / 41.2644 ; - 96.0451 ( Omaha ) 41 Raleigh North Carolina 464,758 403,892 + 15.07 % 145.1 sq mi 375.8 km 3,163 / sq mi 1,221 / km 35 ° 49 ′ 50 '' N 78 ° 38 ′ 30 '' W / 35.8306 ° N 78.6418 ° W / 35.8306 ; - 78.6418 ( Raleigh ) 42 Colorado Springs Colorado 464,474 416,427 + 11.54 % 195.6 sq mi 506.6 km 2,378 / sq mi 918 / km 38 ° 52 ′ 02 '' N 104 ° 45 ′ 39 '' W / 38.8673 ° N 104.7607 ° W / 38.8673 ; - 104.7607 ( Colorado Springs ) 43 Miami Florida 463,347 399,457 + 15.99 % 36.0 sq mi 93.2 km 12,599 / sq mi 4,865 / km 25 ° 46 ′ 31 '' N 80 ° 12 ′ 31 '' W / 25.7752 ° N 80.2086 ° W / 25.7752 ; - 80.2086 ( Miami ) 44 Virginia Beach Virginia 450,435 437,994 + 2.84 % 244.7 sq mi 633.8 km 1,850 / sq mi 710 / km 36 ° 46 ′ 48 '' N 76 ° 01 ′ 31 '' W / 36.7800 ° N 76.0252 ° W / 36.7800 ; - 76.0252 ( Virginia Beach ) 45 Oakland California 425,195 390,724 + 8.82 % 55.9 sq mi 144.8 km 7,514 / sq mi 2,901 / km 37 ° 46 ′ 11 '' N 122 ° 13 ′ 33 '' W / 37.7698 ° N 122.2257 ° W / 37.7698 ; - 122.2257 ( Oakland ) 46 Minneapolis Minnesota 422,331 382,578 + 10.39 % 54.0 sq mi 139.9 km 7,660 / sq mi 2,960 / km 44 ° 57 ′ 48 '' N 93 ° 16 ′ 06 '' W / 44.9633 ° N 93.2683 ° W / 44.9633 ; - 93.2683 ( Minneapolis ) 47 Tulsa Oklahoma 401,800 391,906 + 2.52 % 196.8 sq mi 509.7 km 2,048 / sq mi 791 / km 36 ° 07 ′ 40 '' N 95 ° 54 ′ 08 '' W / 36.1279 ° N 95.9023 ° W / 36.1279 ; - 95.9023 ( Tulsa ) 48 Arlington Texas 396,394 365,438 + 8.47 % 95.8 sq mi 248.1 km 4,100 / sq mi 1,600 / km 32 ° 42 ′ 03 '' N 97 ° 07 ′ 29 '' W / 32.7007 ° N 97.1247 ° W / 32.7007 ; - 97.1247 ( Arlington ) 49 New Orleans Louisiana 393,292 343,829 + 14.39 % 169.4 sq mi 438.7 km 2,311 / sq mi 892 / km 30 ° 03 ′ 12 '' N 89 ° 56 ′ 04 '' W / 30.0534 ° N 89.9345 ° W / 30.0534 ; - 89.9345 ( New Orleans ) 50 Wichita Kansas 390,591 382,368 + 2.15 % 160.4 sq mi 415.4 km 2,431 / sq mi 939 / km 37 ° 41 ′ 27 '' N 97 ° 20 ′ 45 '' W / 37.6907 ° N 97.3459 ° W / 37.6907 ; - 97.3459 ( Wichita ) 51 Cleveland Ohio 385,525 396,815 2999715484545695100 ♠ − 2.85 % 77.7 sq mi 201.2 km 4,965 / sq mi 1,917 / km 41 ° 28 ′ 43 '' N 81 ° 40 ′ 46 '' W / 41.4785 ° N 81.6794 ° W / 41.4785 ; - 81.6794 ( Cleveland ) 52 Tampa Florida 385,430 335,709 + 14.81 % 113.4 sq mi 293.7 km 3,326 / sq mi 1,284 / km 27 ° 58 ′ 12 '' N 82 ° 28 ′ 47 '' W / 27.9701 ° N 82.4797 ° W / 27.9701 ; - 82.4797 ( Tampa ) 53 Bakersfield California 380,874 347,483 + 9.61 % 148.8 sq mi 385.4 km 2,529 / sq mi 976 / km 35 ° 19 ′ 16 '' N 119 ° 01 ′ 06 '' W / 35.3212 ° N 119.0183 ° W / 35.3212 ; - 119.0183 ( Bakersfield ) 54 Aurora Colorado 366,623 325,078 + 12.78 % 153.5 sq mi 397.6 km 2,356 / sq mi 910 / km 39 ° 41 ′ 17 '' N 104 ° 41 ′ 23 '' W / 39.6880 ° N 104.6897 ° W / 39.6880 ; - 104.6897 ( Aurora ) 55 Anaheim California 352,497 336,265 + 4.83 % 50.0 sq mi 129.5 km 7,021 / sq mi 2,711 / km 33 ° 51 ′ 20 '' N 117 ° 45 ′ 36 '' W / 33.8555 ° N 117.7601 ° W / 33.8555 ; - 117.7601 ( Anaheim ) 56 Honolulu Hawaii 350,395 337,256 + 3.90 % 60.5 sq mi 156.7 km 5,815 / sq mi 2,245 / km 21 ° 19 ′ 27 '' N 157 ° 50 ′ 51 '' W / 21.3243 ° N 157.8476 ° W / 21.3243 ; - 157.8476 ( Honolulu ) 57 Santa Ana California 334,136 324,528 + 2.96 % 27.1 sq mi 70.2 km 12,333 / sq mi 4,762 / km 33 ° 44 ′ 11 '' N 117 ° 52 ′ 59 '' W / 33.7363 ° N 117.8830 ° W / 33.7363 ; - 117.8830 ( Santa Ana ) 58 Riverside California 327,728 303,871 + 7.85 % 81.2 sq mi 210.3 km 3,999 / sq mi 1,544 / km 33 ° 56 ′ 17 '' N 117 ° 23 ′ 36 '' W / 33.9381 ° N 117.3932 ° W / 33.9381 ; - 117.3932 ( Riverside ) 59 Corpus Christi Texas 325,605 305,215 + 6.68 % 174.6 sq mi 452.2 km 1,866 / sq mi 720 / km 27 ° 45 ′ 15 '' N 97 ° 10 ′ 24 '' W / 27.7543 ° N 97.1734 ° W / 27.7543 ; - 97.1734 ( Corpus Christi ) 60 Lexington Kentucky 321,959 295,803 + 8.84 % 283.6 sq mi 734.5 km 1,123 / sq mi 434 / km 38 ° 02 ′ 27 '' N 84 ° 27 ′ 30 '' W / 38.0407 ° N 84.4583 ° W / 38.0407 ; - 84.4583 ( Lexington ) 61 Stockton California 310,496 291,707 + 6.44 % 61.7 sq mi 159.8 km 4,977 / sq mi 1,922 / km 37 ° 58 ′ 35 '' N 121 ° 18 ′ 48 '' W / 37.9763 ° N 121.3133 ° W / 37.9763 ; - 121.3133 ( Stockton ) 62 St. Louis Missouri 308,626 319,294 2999665887865102380 ♠ − 3.34 % 62.0 sq mi 160.6 km 5,023 / sq mi 1,939 / km 38 ° 38 ′ 09 '' N 90 ° 14 ′ 41 '' W / 38.6357 ° N 90.2446 ° W / 38.6357 ; - 90.2446 ( St. Louis ) 63 Saint Paul Minnesota 306,621 285,068 + 7.56 % 52.0 sq mi 134.7 km 5,815 / sq mi 2,245 / km 44 ° 56 ′ 56 '' N 93 ° 06 ′ 15 '' W / 44.9489 ° N 93.1041 ° W / 44.9489 ; - 93.1041 ( Saint Paul ) 64 Henderson Nevada 302,539 257,729 + 17.39 % 104.7 sq mi 271.2 km 2,798 / sq mi 1,080 / km 36 ° 00 ′ 35 '' N 115 ° 02 ′ 09 '' W / 36.0097 ° N 115.0357 ° W / 36.0097 ; - 115.0357 ( Henderson ) 65 Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 302,407 305,704 2999892150577028760 ♠ − 1.08 % 55.4 sq mi 143.5 km 5,481 / sq mi 2,116 / km 40 ° 26 ′ 23 '' N 79 ° 58 ′ 36 '' W / 40.4398 ° N 79.9766 ° W / 40.4398 ; - 79.9766 ( Pittsburgh ) 66 Cincinnati Ohio 301,301 296,943 + 1.47 % 77.4 sq mi 200.5 km 3,860 / sq mi 1,490 / km 39 ° 08 ′ 25 '' N 84 ° 30 ′ 21 '' W / 39.1402 ° N 84.5058 ° W / 39.1402 ; - 84.5058 ( Cincinnati ) 67 Anchorage Alaska 294,356 291,826 + 0.87 % 1,706.6 sq mi 4,420.1 km 175 / sq mi 68 / km 61 ° 10 ′ 27 '' N 149 ° 17 ′ 03 '' W / 61.1743 ° N 149.2843 ° W / 61.1743 ; - 149.2843 ( Anchorage ) 68 Greensboro North Carolina 290,222 269,666 + 7.62 % 128.3 sq mi 332.3 km 2,237 / sq mi 864 / km 36 ° 05 ′ 42 '' N 79 ° 49 ′ 37 '' W / 36.0951 ° N 79.8270 ° W / 36.0951 ; - 79.8270 ( Greensboro ) 69 Plano Texas 286,143 259,841 + 10.12 % 71.7 sq mi 185.7 km 3,990 / sq mi 1,540 / km 33 ° 03 ′ 03 '' N 96 ° 44 ′ 52 '' W / 33.0508 ° N 96.7479 ° W / 33.0508 ; - 96.7479 ( Plano ) 70 Newark New Jersey 285,154 277,140 + 2.89 % 24.1 sq mi 62.4 km 11,691 / sq mi 4,514 / km 40 ° 43 ′ 27 '' N 74 ° 10 ′ 21 '' W / 40.7242 ° N 74.1726 ° W / 40.7242 ; - 74.1726 ( Newark ) 71 Lincoln Nebraska 284,736 258,379 + 10.20 % 92.1 sq mi 238.5 km 3,044 / sq mi 1,175 / km 40 ° 48 ′ 38 '' N 96 ° 40 ′ 49 '' W / 40.8105 ° N 96.6803 ° W / 40.8105 ; - 96.6803 ( Lincoln ) 72 Orlando Florida 280,257 238,300 + 17.61 % 105.2 sq mi 272.5 km 2,635 / sq mi 1,017 / km 28 ° 25 ′ 00 '' N 81 ° 16 ′ 25 '' W / 28.4166 ° N 81.2736 ° W / 28.4166 ; - 81.2736 ( Orlando ) 73 Irvine California 277,453 212,375 + 30.64 % 65.6 sq mi 169.9 km 4,057 / sq mi 1,566 / km 33 ° 40 ′ 42 '' N 117 ° 46 ′ 17 '' W / 33.6784 ° N 117.7713 ° W / 33.6784 ; - 117.7713 ( Irvine ) 74 Toledo Ohio 276,491 287,208 2999626855797888640 ♠ − 3.73 % 80.7 sq mi 209.0 km 3,451 / sq mi 1,332 / km 41 ° 39 ′ 51 '' N 83 ° 34 ′ 55 '' W / 41.6641 ° N 83.5819 ° W / 41.6641 ; - 83.5819 ( Toledo ) 75 Jersey City New Jersey 270,753 247,597 + 9.35 % 14.8 sq mi 38.3 km 17,848 / sq mi 6,891 / km 40 ° 42 ′ 41 '' N 74 ° 03 ′ 53 '' W / 40.7114 ° N 74.0648 ° W / 40.7114 ; - 74.0648 ( Jersey City ) 76 Chula Vista California 270,471 243,916 + 10.89 % 49.6 sq mi 128.5 km 5,387 / sq mi 2,080 / km 32 ° 37 ′ 40 '' N 117 ° 00 ′ 55 '' W / 32.6277 ° N 117.0152 ° W / 32.6277 ; - 117.0152 ( Chula Vista ) 77 Durham North Carolina 267,743 228,330 + 17.26 % 109.8 sq mi 284.4 km 2,395 / sq mi 925 / km 35 ° 58 ′ 52 '' N 78 ° 54 ′ 10 '' W / 35.9811 ° N 78.9029 ° W / 35.9811 ; - 78.9029 ( Durham ) 78 Fort Wayne Indiana 265,904 253,691 + 4.81 % 110.6 sq mi 286.5 km 2,391 / sq mi 923 / km 41 ° 05 ′ 18 '' N 85 ° 08 ′ 38 '' W / 41.0882 ° N 85.1439 ° W / 41.0882 ; - 85.1439 ( Fort Wayne ) 79 St. Petersburg Florida 263,255 244,769 + 7.55 % 61.8 sq mi 160.1 km 4,223 / sq mi 1,631 / km 27 ° 45 ′ 43 '' N 82 ° 38 ′ 39 '' W / 27.7620 ° N 82.6441 ° W / 27.7620 ; - 82.6441 ( St. Petersburg ) 80 Laredo Texas 260,654 236,091 + 10.40 % 101.1 sq mi 261.8 km 2,544 / sq mi 982 / km 27 ° 33 ′ 37 '' N 99 ° 29 ′ 21 '' W / 27.5604 ° N 99.4892 ° W / 27.5604 ; - 99.4892 ( Laredo ) 81 Buffalo New York 258,612 261,310 2999896750985419620 ♠ − 1.03 % 40.4 sq mi 104.6 km 6,359 / sq mi 2,455 / km 42 ° 53 ′ 33 '' N 78 ° 51 ′ 35 '' W / 42.8925 ° N 78.8597 ° W / 42.8925 ; - 78.8597 ( Buffalo ) 82 Madison Wisconsin 255,214 233,209 + 9.44 % 77.0 sq mi 199.4 km 3,280 / sq mi 1,270 / km 43 ° 05 ′ 16 '' N 89 ° 25 ′ 48 '' W / 43.0878 ° N 89.4299 ° W / 43.0878 ; - 89.4299 ( Madison ) 83 Lubbock Texas 253,888 229,573 + 10.59 % 124.6 sq mi 322.7 km 2,027 / sq mi 783 / km 33 ° 33 ′ 56 '' N 101 ° 53 ′ 12 '' W / 33.5656 ° N 101.8867 ° W / 33.5656 ; - 101.8867 ( Lubbock ) 84 Chandler Arizona 253,458 236,123 + 7.34 % 64.9 sq mi 168.1 km 3,813 / sq mi 1,472 / km 33 ° 16 ′ 58 '' N 111 ° 51 ′ 18 '' W / 33.2829 ° N 111.8549 ° W / 33.2829 ; - 111.8549 ( Chandler ) 85 Scottsdale Arizona 249,950 217,385 + 14.98 % 183.9 sq mi 476.3 km 1,341 / sq mi 518 / km 33 ° 41 ′ 03 '' N 111 ° 51 ′ 40 '' W / 33.6843 ° N 111.8611 ° W / 33.6843 ; - 111.8611 ( Scottsdale ) 86 Reno Nevada 248,853 225,221 + 10.49 % 107.3 sq mi 277.9 km 2,286 / sq mi 883 / km 39 ° 32 ′ 57 '' N 119 ° 51 ′ 00 '' W / 39.5491 ° N 119.8499 ° W / 39.5491 ; - 119.8499 ( Reno ) 87 Glendale Arizona 246,709 226,721 + 8.82 % 59.1 sq mi 153.1 km 4,161 / sq mi 1,607 / km 33 ° 31 ′ 59 '' N 112 ° 11 ′ 24 '' W / 33.5331 ° N 112.1899 ° W / 33.5331 ; - 112.1899 ( Glendale ) 88 Norfolk Virginia 244,703 242,803 + 0.78 % 53.3 sq mi 138.0 km 4,599 / sq mi 1,776 / km 36 ° 55 ′ 23 '' N 76 ° 14 ′ 41 '' W / 36.9230 ° N 76.2446 ° W / 36.9230 ; - 76.2446 ( Norfolk ) 89 Winston -- Salem North Carolina 244,605 229,617 + 6.53 % 132.5 sq mi 343.2 km 1,828 / sq mi 706 / km 36 ° 06 ′ 10 '' N 80 ° 15 ′ 40 '' W / 36.1027 ° N 80.2610 ° W / 36.1027 ; - 80.2610 ( Winston - Salem ) 90 North Las Vegas Nevada 242,975 216,961 + 11.99 % 98.0 sq mi 253.8 km 2,436 / sq mi 941 / km 36 ° 17 ′ 09 '' N 115 ° 05 ′ 38 '' W / 36.2857 ° N 115.0939 ° W / 36.2857 ; - 115.0939 ( North Las Vegas ) 91 Gilbert Arizona 242,354 208,453 + 16.26 % 68.0 sq mi 176.1 km 3,487 / sq mi 1,346 / km 33 ° 18 ′ 37 '' N 111 ° 44 ′ 35 '' W / 33.3103 ° N 111.7431 ° W / 33.3103 ; - 111.7431 ( Gilbert ) 92 Chesapeake Virginia 240,397 222,209 + 8.19 % 338.5 sq mi 876.7 km 703 / sq mi 271 / km 36 ° 40 ′ 46 '' N 76 ° 18 ′ 06 '' W / 36.6794 ° N 76.3018 ° W / 36.6794 ; - 76.3018 ( Chesapeake ) 93 Irving Texas 240,373 216,290 + 11.13 % 67.0 sq mi 173.5 km 3,557 / sq mi 1,373 / km 32 ° 51 ′ 28 '' N 96 ° 58 ′ 12 '' W / 32.8577 ° N 96.9700 ° W / 32.8577 ; - 96.9700 ( Irving ) 94 Hialeah Florida 239,673 224,669 + 6.68 % 21.5 sq mi 55.7 km 10,995 / sq mi 4,245 / km 25 ° 52 ′ 12 '' N 80 ° 18 ′ 10 '' W / 25.8699 ° N 80.3029 ° W / 25.8699 ; - 80.3029 ( Hialeah ) 95 Garland Texas 238,002 226,876 + 4.90 % 57.0 sq mi 147.6 km 4,122 / sq mi 1,592 / km 32 ° 54 ′ 35 '' N 96 ° 37 ′ 49 '' W / 32.9098 ° N 96.6303 ° W / 32.9098 ; - 96.6303 ( Garland ) 96 Fremont California 234,962 214,089 + 9.75 % 77.5 sq mi 200.7 km 3,008 / sq mi 1,161 / km 37 ° 29 ′ 40 '' N 121 ° 56 ′ 28 '' W / 37.4945 ° N 121.9412 ° W / 37.4945 ; - 121.9412 ( Fremont ) 97 Richmond Virginia 227,032 204,214 + 11.17 % 59.8 sq mi 154.9 km 3,732 / sq mi 1,441 / km 37 ° 31 ′ 53 '' N 77 ° 28 ′ 34 '' W / 37.5314 ° N 77.4760 ° W / 37.5314 ; - 77.4760 ( Richmond ) 98 Boise Idaho 226,570 205,671 + 10.16 % 82.1 sq mi 212.6 km 2,718 / sq mi 1,049 / km 43 ° 36 ′ 01 '' N 116 ° 13 ′ 54 '' W / 43.6002 ° N 116.2317 ° W / 43.6002 ; - 116.2317 ( Boise ) 99 Baton Rouge Louisiana 225,374 229,493 2999820517401402220 ♠ − 1.79 % 85.9 sq mi 222.5 km 2,651 / sq mi 1,024 / km 30 ° 26 ′ 32 '' N 91 ° 07 ′ 51 '' W / 30.4422 ° N 91.1309 ° W / 30.4422 ; - 91.1309 ( Baton Rouge ) 100 Des Moines Iowa 217,521 203,433 + 6.93 % 88.9 sq mi 230.2 km 2,424 / sq mi 936 / km 41 ° 34 ′ 21 '' N 93 ° 36 ′ 37 '' W / 41.5726 ° N 93.6102 ° W / 41.5726 ; - 93.6102 ( Des Moines ) 101 Spokane Washington 217,108 208,916 + 3.92 % 68.7 sq mi 177.9 km 3,144 / sq mi 1,214 / km 47 ° 40 ′ 01 '' N 117 ° 26 ′ 00 '' W / 47.6669 ° N 117.4333 ° W / 47.6669 ; - 117.4333 ( Spokane ) 102 San Bernardino California 216,995 209,924 + 3.37 % 61.5 sq mi 159.3 km 3,516 / sq mi 1,358 / km 34 ° 08 ′ 30 '' N 117 ° 17 ′ 37 '' W / 34.1416 ° N 117.2936 ° W / 34.1416 ; - 117.2936 ( San Bernardino ) 103 Modesto California 214,221 201,165 + 6.49 % 43.0 sq mi 111.4 km 4,934 / sq mi 1,905 / km 37 ° 38 ′ 15 '' N 121 ° 00 ′ 11 '' W / 37.6375 ° N 121.0030 ° W / 37.6375 ; - 121.0030 ( Modesto ) 104 Tacoma Washington 213,418 198,397 + 7.57 % 49.7 sq mi 128.7 km 4,251 / sq mi 1,641 / km 47 ° 15 ′ 08 '' N 122 ° 27 ′ 35 '' W / 47.2522 ° N 122.4598 ° W / 47.2522 ; - 122.4598 ( Tacoma ) 105 Fontana California 211,815 196,069 + 8.03 % 43.0 sq mi 111.4 km 4,876 / sq mi 1,883 / km 34 ° 06 ′ 32 '' N 117 ° 27 ′ 46 '' W / 34.1090 ° N 117.4629 ° W / 34.1090 ; - 117.4629 ( Fontana ) 106 Santa Clarita California 210,888 176,320 + 19.61 % 52.8 sq mi 136.8 km 3,446 / sq mi 1,331 / km 34 ° 24 ′ 11 '' N 118 ° 30 ′ 15 '' W / 34.4030 ° N 118.5042 ° W / 34.4030 ; - 118.5042 ( Santa Clarita ) 107 Birmingham Alabama 210,710 212,237 3000280521304013909 ♠ − 0.72 % 146.1 sq mi 378.4 km 1,452 / sq mi 561 / km 33 ° 31 ′ 39 '' N 86 ° 47 ′ 56 '' W / 33.5274 ° N 86.7990 ° W / 33.5274 ; - 86.7990 ( Birmingham ) 108 Oxnard California 210,037 197,899 + 6.13 % 26.9 sq mi 69.7 km 7,729 / sq mi 2,984 / km 34 ° 12 ′ 08 '' N 119 ° 12 ′ 17 '' W / 34.2023 ° N 119.2046 ° W / 34.2023 ; - 119.2046 ( Oxnard ) 109 Fayetteville North Carolina 209,889 200,564 + 4.65 % 147.7 sq mi 382.5 km 1,386 / sq mi 535 / km 35 ° 04 ′ 58 '' N 78 ° 58 ′ 25 '' W / 35.0828 ° N 78.9735 ° W / 35.0828 ; - 78.9735 ( Fayetteville ) 110 Rochester New York 208,046 210,565 2999880369482107660 ♠ − 1.20 % 35.8 sq mi 92.7 km 5,835 / sq mi 2,253 / km 43 ° 10 ′ 12 '' N 77 ° 37 ′ 01 '' W / 43.1699 ° N 77.6169 ° W / 43.1699 ; - 77.6169 ( Rochester ) 111 Moreno Valley California 207,226 193,365 + 7.17 % 51.3 sq mi 132.9 km 4,006 / sq mi 1,547 / km 33 ° 55 ′ 24 '' N 117 ° 12 ′ 21 '' W / 33.9233 ° N 117.2057 ° W / 33.9233 ; - 117.2057 ( Moreno Valley ) 112 Glendale California 203,054 191,719 + 5.91 % 30.4 sq mi 78.7 km 6,606 / sq mi 2,551 / km 34 ° 10 ′ 53 '' N 118 ° 14 ′ 45 '' W / 34.1814 ° N 118.2458 ° W / 34.1814 ; - 118.2458 ( Glendale ) 113 Yonkers New York 202,019 195,976 + 3.08 % 18.0 sq mi 46.6 km 11,156 / sq mi 4,307 / km 40 ° 56 ′ 45 '' N 73 ° 52 ′ 03 '' W / 40.9459 ° N 73.8674 ° W / 40.9459 ; - 73.8674 ( Yonkers ) 114 Huntington Beach California 201,874 189,992 + 6.25 % 26.9 sq mi 69.7 km 7,459 / sq mi 2,880 / km 33 ° 41 ′ 26 '' N 118 ° 00 ′ 33 '' W / 33.6906 ° N 118.0093 ° W / 33.6906 ; - 118.0093 ( Huntington Beach ) 115 Aurora Illinois 200,965 197,899 + 1.55 % 44.9 sq mi 116.3 km 4,479 / sq mi 1,729 / km 41 ° 45 ′ 49 '' N 88 ° 17 ′ 24 '' W / 41.7635 ° N 88.2901 ° W / 41.7635 ; - 88.2901 ( Aurora ) 116 Salt Lake City Utah 200,544 186,440 + 7.56 % 111.2 sq mi 288.0 km 1,742 / sq mi 673 / km 40 ° 46 ′ 37 '' N 111 ° 55 ′ 52 '' W / 40.7769 ° N 111.9310 ° W / 40.7769 ; - 111.9310 ( Salt Lake City ) 117 Amarillo Texas 199,826 190,695 + 4.79 % 101.4 sq mi 262.6 km 1,968 / sq mi 760 / km 35 ° 12 ′ 00 '' N 101 ° 49 ′ 49 '' W / 35.1999 ° N 101.8302 ° W / 35.1999 ; - 101.8302 ( Amarillo ) 118 Montgomery Alabama 199,518 205,764 2999696448358313410 ♠ − 3.04 % 159.8 sq mi 413.9 km 1,252 / sq mi 483 / km 32 ° 20 ′ 50 '' N 86 ° 15 ′ 58 '' W / 32.3472 ° N 86.2661 ° W / 32.3472 ; - 86.2661 ( Montgomery ) 119 Grand Rapids Michigan 198,829 188,040 + 5.74 % 44.4 sq mi 115.0 km 4,424 / sq mi 1,708 / km 42 ° 57 ′ 40 '' N 85 ° 39 ′ 20 '' W / 42.9612 ° N 85.6556 ° W / 42.9612 ; - 85.6556 ( Grand Rapids ) 120 Little Rock Arkansas 198,606 193,524 + 2.63 % 118.7 sq mi 307.4 km 1,673 / sq mi 646 / km 34 ° 43 ′ 31 '' N 92 ° 21 ′ 31 '' W / 34.7254 ° N 92.3586 ° W / 34.7254 ; - 92.3586 ( Little Rock ) 121 Akron Ohio 197,846 199,110 3000365175028878510 ♠ − 0.63 % 62.0 sq mi 160.6 km 3,188 / sq mi 1,231 / km 41 ° 04 ′ 50 '' N 81 ° 31 ′ 17 '' W / 41.0805 ° N 81.5214 ° W / 41.0805 ; - 81.5214 ( Akron ) 122 Augusta Georgia 197,166 195,844 + 0.68 % 302.5 sq mi 783.5 km 652 / sq mi 252 / km 33 ° 21 ′ 56 '' N 82 ° 04 ′ 24 '' W / 33.3655 ° N 82.0734 ° W / 33.3655 ; - 82.0734 ( Augusta ) 123 Huntsville Alabama 194,585 180,105 + 8.04 % 213.4 sq mi 552.7 km 905 / sq mi 349 / km 34 ° 41 ′ 56 '' N 86 ° 40 ′ 23 '' W / 34.6990 ° N 86.6730 ° W / 34.6990 ; - 86.6730 ( Huntsville ) 124 Columbus Georgia 194,058 189,885 + 2.20 % 216.4 sq mi 560.5 km 913 / sq mi 353 / km 32 ° 30 ′ 37 '' N 84 ° 52 ′ 30 '' W / 32.5102 ° N 84.8749 ° W / 32.5102 ; - 84.8749 ( Columbus ) 125 Grand Prairie Texas 193,837 175,396 + 10.51 % 72.3 sq mi 187.3 km 2,637 / sq mi 1,018 / km 32 ° 41 ′ 13 '' N 97 ° 01 ′ 16 '' W / 32.6869 ° N 97.0211 ° W / 32.6869 ; - 97.0211 ( Grand Prairie ) 126 Shreveport Louisiana 192,036 199,311 2999634992549332450 ♠ − 3.65 % 107.1 sq mi 277.4 km 1,820 / sq mi 700 / km 32 ° 28 ′ 01 '' N 93 ° 47 ′ 32 '' W / 32.4669 ° N 93.7922 ° W / 32.4669 ; - 93.7922 ( Shreveport ) 127 Overland Park Kansas 191,278 173,372 + 10.33 % 75.1 sq mi 194.5 km 2,516 / sq mi 971 / km 38 ° 53 ′ 20 '' N 94 ° 41 ′ 26 '' W / 38.8890 ° N 94.6906 ° W / 38.8890 ; - 94.6906 ( Overland Park ) 128 Tallahassee Florida 191,049 181,376 + 5.33 % 100.4 sq mi 260.0 km 1,901 / sq mi 734 / km 30 ° 27 ′ 18 '' N 84 ° 15 ′ 12 '' W / 30.4551 ° N 84.2534 ° W / 30.4551 ; - 84.2534 ( Tallahassee ) 129 Mobile Alabama 190,265 195,111 2999751628560152940 ♠ − 2.48 % 139.4 sq mi 361.0 km 1,384 / sq mi 534 / km 30 ° 40 ′ 06 '' N 88 ° 06 ′ 01 '' W / 30.6684 ° N 88.1002 ° W / 30.6684 ; - 88.1002 ( Mobile ) 130 Port St. Lucie Florida 189,344 164,603 + 15.03 % 118.9 sq mi 307.9 km 1,557 / sq mi 601 / km 27 ° 16 ′ 50 '' N 80 ° 23 ′ 18 '' W / 27.2806 ° N 80.3883 ° W / 27.2806 ; - 80.3883 ( Port St. Lucie ) 131 Knoxville Tennessee 187,347 178,874 + 4.74 % 98.5 sq mi 255.1 km 1,891 / sq mi 730 / km 35 ° 58 ′ 15 '' N 83 ° 56 ′ 57 '' W / 35.9707 ° N 83.9493 ° W / 35.9707 ; - 83.9493 ( Knoxville ) 132 Worcester Massachusetts 185,677 181,045 + 2.56 % 37.4 sq mi 96.9 km 4,933 / sq mi 1,905 / km 42 ° 16 ′ 10 '' N 71 ° 48 ′ 28 '' W / 42.2695 ° N 71.8078 ° W / 42.2695 ; - 71.8078 ( Worcester ) 133 Tempe Arizona 185,038 161,719 + 14.42 % 40.0 sq mi 103.6 km 4,562 / sq mi 1,761 / km 33 ° 23 ′ 18 '' N 111 ° 55 ′ 54 '' W / 33.3884 ° N 111.9318 ° W / 33.3884 ; - 111.9318 ( Tempe ) 134 Cape Coral Florida 183,365 154,305 + 18.83 % 105.6 sq mi 273.5 km 1,703 / sq mi 658 / km 26 ° 38 ′ 36 '' N 81 ° 59 ′ 51 '' W / 26.6432 ° N 81.9974 ° W / 26.6432 ; - 81.9974 ( Cape Coral ) 135 Brownsville Texas 183,299 175,023 + 4.73 % 132.5 sq mi 343.2 km 1,387 / sq mi 536 / km 25 ° 59 ′ 57 '' N 97 ° 27 ′ 18 '' W / 25.9991 ° N 97.4550 ° W / 25.9991 ; - 97.4550 ( Brownsville ) 136 McKinney Texas 181,330 131,117 + 38.30 % 63.0 sq mi 163.2 km 2,735 / sq mi 1,056 / km 33 ° 11 ′ 55 '' N 96 ° 40 ′ 05 '' W / 33.1985 ° N 96.6680 ° W / 33.1985 ; - 96.6680 ( McKinney ) 137 Providence Rhode Island 180,393 178,042 + 1.32 % 18.4 sq mi 47.7 km 9,740 / sq mi 3,760 / km 41 ° 49 ′ 23 '' N 71 ° 25 ′ 08 '' W / 41.8231 ° N 71.4188 ° W / 41.8231 ; - 71.4188 ( Providence ) 138 Fort Lauderdale Florida 180,072 165,521 + 8.79 % 34.6 sq mi 89.6 km 5,166 / sq mi 1,995 / km 26 ° 08 ′ 28 '' N 80 ° 08 ′ 48 '' W / 26.1412 ° N 80.1467 ° W / 26.1412 ; - 80.1467 ( Fort Lauderdale ) 139 Newport News Virginia 179,388 180,719 3000263497473978929 ♠ − 0.74 % 69.1 sq mi 179.0 km 2,631 / sq mi 1,016 / km 37 ° 04 ′ 34 '' N 76 ° 31 ′ 19 '' W / 37.0762 ° N 76.5220 ° W / 37.0762 ; - 76.5220 ( Newport News ) 140 Chattanooga Tennessee 179,139 167,674 + 6.84 % 143.1 sq mi 370.6 km 1,241 / sq mi 479 / km 35 ° 03 ′ 58 '' N 85 ° 14 ′ 54 '' W / 35.0660 ° N 85.2484 ° W / 35.0660 ; - 85.2484 ( Chattanooga ) 141 Rancho Cucamonga California 177,452 165,269 + 7.37 % 40.0 sq mi 103.6 km 4,413 / sq mi 1,704 / km 34 ° 07 ′ 24 '' N 117 ° 33 ′ 51 '' W / 34.1233 ° N 117.5642 ° W / 34.1233 ; - 117.5642 ( Rancho Cucamonga ) 142 Frisco Texas 177,286 116,989 + 51.54 % 67.7 sq mi 175.3 km 2,417 / sq mi 933 / km 33 ° 09 ′ 19 '' N 96 ° 49 ′ 21 '' W / 33.1554 ° N 96.8226 ° W / 33.1554 ; - 96.8226 ( Frisco ) 143 Sioux Falls South Dakota 176,888 153,888 + 14.95 % 75.4 sq mi 195.3 km 2,312 / sq mi 893 / km 43 ° 32 ′ 18 '' N 96 ° 43 ′ 55 '' W / 43.5383 ° N 96.7320 ° W / 43.5383 ; - 96.7320 ( Sioux Falls ) 144 Oceanside California 176,193 167,086 + 5.45 % 41.3 sq mi 107.0 km 4,249 / sq mi 1,641 / km 33 ° 13 ′ 28 '' N 117 ° 18 ′ 22 '' W / 33.2245 ° N 117.3062 ° W / 33.2245 ; - 117.3062 ( Oceanside ) 145 Ontario California 175,841 163,924 + 7.27 % 49.9 sq mi 129.2 km 3,471 / sq mi 1,340 / km 34 ° 02 ′ 22 '' N 117 ° 36 ′ 15 '' W / 34.0394 ° N 117.6042 ° W / 34.0394 ; - 117.6042 ( Ontario ) 146 Vancouver Washington 175,673 161,791 + 8.58 % 46.9 sq mi 121.5 km 3,728 / sq mi 1,439 / km 45 ° 38 ′ 06 '' N 122 ° 35 ′ 45 '' W / 45.6349 ° N 122.5957 ° W / 45.6349 ; - 122.5957 ( Vancouver ) 147 Santa Rosa California 175,269 167,815 + 4.44 % 41.3 sq mi 107.0 km 4,241 / sq mi 1,637 / km 38 ° 26 ′ 48 '' N 122 ° 42 ′ 22 '' W / 38.4468 ° N 122.7061 ° W / 38.4468 ; - 122.7061 ( Santa Rosa ) 148 Garden Grove California 174,226 170,883 + 1.96 % 18.0 sq mi 46.6 km 9,714 / sq mi 3,751 / km 33 ° 46 ′ 44 '' N 117 ° 57 ′ 38 '' W / 33.7788 ° N 117.9605 ° W / 33.7788 ; - 117.9605 ( Garden Grove ) 149 Elk Grove California 171,844 153,015 + 12.31 % 42.2 sq mi 109.3 km 4,022 / sq mi 1,553 / km 38 ° 24 ′ 53 '' N 121 ° 23 ′ 06 '' W / 38.4146 ° N 121.3850 ° W / 38.4146 ; - 121.3850 ( Elk Grove ) 150 Pembroke Pines Florida 170,712 154,019 + 10.84 % 33.0 sq mi 85.5 km 5,109 / sq mi 1,973 / km 26 ° 01 ′ 16 '' N 80 ° 20 ′ 25 '' W / 26.0210 ° N 80.3404 ° W / 26.0210 ; - 80.3404 ( Pembroke Pines ) 151 Salem Oregon 169,798 154,637 + 9.80 % 48.6 sq mi 125.9 km 3,445 / sq mi 1,330 / km 44 ° 55 ′ 25 '' N 123 ° 01 ′ 24 '' W / 44.9237 ° N 123.0232 ° W / 44.9237 ; - 123.0232 ( Salem ) 152 Eugene Oregon 168,916 156,185 + 8.15 % 44.1 sq mi 114.2 km 3,777 / sq mi 1,458 / km 44 ° 03 ′ 24 '' N 123 ° 06 ′ 58 '' W / 44.0567 ° N 123.1162 ° W / 44.0567 ; - 123.1162 ( Eugene ) 153 Peoria Arizona 168,181 154,065 + 9.16 % 175.7 sq mi 455.1 km 934 / sq mi 361 / km 33 ° 47 ′ 10 '' N 112 ° 18 ′ 29 '' W / 33.7862 ° N 112.3080 ° W / 33.7862 ; - 112.3080 ( Peoria ) 154 Corona California 167,836 152,374 + 10.15 % 39.5 sq mi 102.3 km 4,222 / sq mi 1,630 / km 33 ° 51 ′ 43 '' N 117 ° 33 ′ 56 '' W / 33.8620 ° N 117.5655 ° W / 33.8620 ; - 117.5655 ( Corona ) 155 Springfield Missouri 167,376 159,498 + 4.94 % 82.3 sq mi 213.2 km 2,033 / sq mi 785 / km 37 ° 11 ′ 39 '' N 93 ° 17 ′ 29 '' W / 37.1942 ° N 93.2913 ° W / 37.1942 ; - 93.2913 ( Springfield ) 156 Jackson Mississippi 166,965 173,514 2999622566478785570 ♠ − 3.77 % 111.0 sq mi 287.5 km 1,524 / sq mi 588 / km 32 ° 18 ′ 57 '' N 90 ° 12 ′ 46 '' W / 32.3158 ° N 90.2128 ° W / 32.3158 ; - 90.2128 ( Jackson ) 157 Cary North Carolina 165,904 135,234 + 22.68 % 56.5 sq mi 146.3 km 2,873 / sq mi 1,109 / km 35 ° 46 ′ 51 '' N 78 ° 48 ′ 48 '' W / 35.7809 ° N 78.8133 ° W / 35.7809 ; - 78.8133 ( Cary ) 158 Fort Collins Colorado 165,080 143,986 + 14.65 % 55.8 sq mi 144.5 km 2,943 / sq mi 1,136 / km 40 ° 32 ′ 54 '' N 105 ° 03 ′ 53 '' W / 40.5482 ° N 105.0648 ° W / 40.5482 ; - 105.0648 ( Fort Collins ) 159 Hayward California 160,500 144,186 + 11.31 % 45.5 sq mi 117.8 km 3,493 / sq mi 1,349 / km 37 ° 37 ′ 43 '' N 122 ° 06 ′ 09 '' W / 37.6287 ° N 122.1024 ° W / 37.6287 ; - 122.1024 ( Hayward ) 160 Lancaster California 160,316 156,633 + 2.35 % 94.3 sq mi 244.2 km 1,698 / sq mi 656 / km 34 ° 41 ′ 37 '' N 118 ° 10 ′ 31 '' W / 34.6936 ° N 118.1753 ° W / 34.6936 ; - 118.1753 ( Lancaster ) 161 Alexandria Virginia 160,035 139,966 + 14.34 % 15.0 sq mi 38.8 km 10,387 / sq mi 4,010 / km 38 ° 49 ′ 12 '' N 77 ° 05 ′ 03 '' W / 38.8201 ° N 77.0841 ° W / 38.8201 ; - 77.0841 ( Alexandria ) 162 Salinas California 157,596 150,441 + 4.76 % 23.6 sq mi 61.1 km 6,662 / sq mi 2,572 / km 36 ° 41 ′ 25 '' N 121 ° 38 ′ 01 '' W / 36.6902 ° N 121.6337 ° W / 36.6902 ; - 121.6337 ( Salinas ) 163 Palmdale California 157,519 152,750 + 3.12 % 106.0 sq mi 274.5 km 1,484 / sq mi 573 / km 34 ° 35 ′ 28 '' N 118 ° 06 ′ 19 '' W / 34.5910 ° N 118.1054 ° W / 34.5910 ; - 118.1054 ( Palmdale ) 164 Lakewood Colorado 154,958 142,980 + 8.38 % 42.9 sq mi 111.1 km 3,599 / sq mi 1,390 / km 39 ° 41 ′ 56 '' N 105 ° 07 ′ 03 '' W / 39.6989 ° N 105.1176 ° W / 39.6989 ; - 105.1176 ( Lakewood ) 165 Springfield Massachusetts 154,758 153,060 + 1.11 % 31.9 sq mi 82.6 km 4,830 / sq mi 1,860 / km 42 ° 06 ′ 56 '' N 72 ° 32 ′ 24 '' W / 42.1155 ° N 72.5400 ° W / 42.1155 ; - 72.5400 ( Springfield ) 166 Sunnyvale California 153,656 140,081 + 9.69 % 22.0 sq mi 57.0 km 6,944 / sq mi 2,681 / km 37 ° 23 ′ 09 '' N 122 ° 01 ′ 35 '' W / 37.3858 ° N 122.0263 ° W / 37.3858 ; - 122.0263 ( Sunnyvale ) 167 Hollywood Florida 153,627 140,768 + 9.13 % 27.3 sq mi 70.7 km 5,568 / sq mi 2,150 / km 26 ° 01 ′ 52 '' N 80 ° 09 ′ 53 '' W / 26.0310 ° N 80.1646 ° W / 26.0310 ; - 80.1646 ( Hollywood ) 168 Pasadena Texas 153,520 149,043 + 3.00 % 43.5 sq mi 112.7 km 3,525 / sq mi 1,361 / km 29 ° 39 ′ 31 '' N 95 ° 09 ′ 02 '' W / 29.6586 ° N 95.1506 ° W / 29.6586 ; - 95.1506 ( Pasadena ) 169 Clarksville Tennessee 153,205 132,929 + 15.25 % 98.3 sq mi 254.6 km 1,529 / sq mi 590 / km 36 ° 33 ′ 59 '' N 87 ° 20 ′ 43 '' W / 36.5664 ° N 87.3452 ° W / 36.5664 ; - 87.3452 ( Clarksville ) 170 Pomona California 152,939 149,058 + 2.60 % 23.0 sq mi 59.6 km 6,630 / sq mi 2,560 / km 34 ° 03 ′ 31 '' N 117 ° 45 ′ 40 '' W / 34.0585 ° N 117.7611 ° W / 34.0585 ; - 117.7611 ( Pomona ) 171 Kansas City Kansas 152,938 145,786 + 4.91 % 124.8 sq mi 323.2 km 1,216 / sq mi 470 / km 39 ° 07 ′ 21 '' N 94 ° 44 ′ 30 '' W / 39.1225 ° N 94.7418 ° W / 39.1225 ; - 94.7418 ( Kansas City ) 172 Macon Georgia 152,663 91,351 + 67.12 % 249.3 sq mi 645.7 km 612 / sq mi 236 / km 32 ° 48 ′ 32 '' N 83 ° 41 ′ 39 '' W / 32.8088 ° N 83.6942 ° W / 32.8088 ; - 83.6942 ( Macon ) 173 Escondido California 151,969 143,911 + 5.60 % 37.1 sq mi 96.1 km 4,087 / sq mi 1,578 / km 33 ° 07 ′ 59 '' N 117 ° 04 ′ 26 '' W / 33.1331 ° N 117.0740 ° W / 33.1331 ; - 117.0740 ( Escondido ) 174 Paterson New Jersey 148,678 146,199 + 1.70 % 8.4 sq mi 21.8 km 17,500 / sq mi 6,800 / km 40 ° 54 ′ 53 '' N 74 ° 09 ′ 46 '' W / 40.9148 ° N 74.1628 ° W / 40.9148 ; - 74.1628 ( Paterson ) 175 Joliet Illinois 148,462 147,433 + 0.70 % 64.4 sq mi 166.8 km 2,302 / sq mi 889 / km 41 ° 31 ′ 04 '' N 88 ° 08 ′ 56 '' W / 41.5177 ° N 88.1488 ° W / 41.5177 ; - 88.1488 ( Joliet ) 176 Naperville Illinois 147,682 141,853 + 4.11 % 38.7 sq mi 100.2 km 3,802 / sq mi 1,468 / km 41 ° 44 ′ 57 '' N 88 ° 09 ′ 43 '' W / 41.7492 ° N 88.1620 ° W / 41.7492 ; - 88.1620 ( Naperville ) 177 Rockford Illinois 147,051 152,871 2999619286849696800 ♠ − 3.81 % 63.5 sq mi 164.5 km 2,325 / sq mi 898 / km 42 ° 15 ′ 32 '' N 89 ° 03 ′ 53 '' W / 42.2588 ° N 89.0646 ° W / 42.2588 ; - 89.0646 ( Rockford ) 178 Torrance California 146,758 145,438 + 0.91 % 20.5 sq mi 53.1 km 7,180 / sq mi 2,770 / km 33 ° 50 ′ 06 '' N 118 ° 20 ′ 29 '' W / 33.8350 ° N 118.3414 ° W / 33.8350 ; - 118.3414 ( Torrance ) 179 Bridgeport Connecticut 146,579 144,229 + 1.63 % 16.1 sq mi 41.7 km 9,064 / sq mi 3,500 / km 41 ° 11 ′ 15 '' N 73 ° 11 ′ 45 '' W / 41.1874 ° N 73.1958 ° W / 41.1874 ; - 73.1958 ( Bridgeport ) 180 Savannah Georgia 146,444 136,286 + 7.45 % 103.6 sq mi 268.3 km 1,417 / sq mi 547 / km 32 ° 00 ′ 09 '' N 81 ° 09 ′ 13 '' W / 32.0025 ° N 81.1536 ° W / 32.0025 ; - 81.1536 ( Savannah ) 181 Killeen Texas 145,482 127,921 + 13.73 % 53.5 sq mi 138.6 km 2,680 / sq mi 1,030 / km 31 ° 04 ′ 40 '' N 97 ° 43 ′ 55 '' W / 31.0777 ° N 97.7320 ° W / 31.0777 ; - 97.7320 ( Killeen ) 182 Bellevue Washington 144,444 122,363 + 18.05 % 33.5 sq mi 86.8 km 4,221 / sq mi 1,630 / km 47 ° 35 ′ 52 '' N 122 ° 09 ′ 23 '' W / 47.5979 ° N 122.1565 ° W / 47.5979 ; - 122.1565 ( Bellevue ) 183 Mesquite Texas 143,949 139,824 + 2.95 % 47.2 sq mi 122.2 km 3,045 / sq mi 1,176 / km 32 ° 45 ′ 46 '' N 96 ° 35 ′ 20 '' W / 32.7629 ° N 96.5888 ° W / 32.7629 ; - 96.5888 ( Mesquite ) 184 Syracuse New York 143,396 145,170 2999877798443204520 ♠ − 1.22 % 25.0 sq mi 64.7 km 5,735 / sq mi 2,214 / km 43 ° 02 ′ 28 '' N 76 ° 08 ′ 37 '' W / 43.0410 ° N 76.1436 ° W / 43.0410 ; - 76.1436 ( Syracuse ) 185 McAllen Texas 142,696 129,877 + 9.87 % 58.4 sq mi 151.3 km 2,435 / sq mi 940 / km 26 ° 13 ′ 56 '' N 98 ° 14 ′ 47 '' W / 26.2322 ° N 98.2464 ° W / 26.2322 ; - 98.2464 ( McAllen ) 186 Pasadena California 142,647 137,122 + 4.03 % 23.0 sq mi 59.6 km 6,176 / sq mi 2,385 / km 34 ° 09 ′ 38 '' N 118 ° 08 ′ 23 '' W / 34.1606 ° N 118.1396 ° W / 34.1606 ; - 118.1396 ( Pasadena ) 187 Orange California 140,560 136,416 + 3.04 % 25.4 sq mi 65.8 km 5,532 / sq mi 2,136 / km 33 ° 47 ′ 13 '' N 117 ° 51 ′ 41 '' W / 33.7870 ° N 117.8613 ° W / 33.7870 ; - 117.8613 ( Orange ) 188 Fullerton California 140,392 135,161 + 3.87 % 22.4 sq mi 58.0 km 6,282 / sq mi 2,425 / km 33 ° 53 ′ 09 '' N 117 ° 55 ′ 41 '' W / 33.8857 ° N 117.9280 ° W / 33.8857 ; - 117.9280 ( Fullerton ) 189 Dayton Ohio 140,371 141,527 3000183194726094670 ♠ − 0.82 % 55.7 sq mi 144.3 km 2,522 / sq mi 974 / km 39 ° 46 ′ 39 '' N 84 ° 11 ′ 59 '' W / 39.7774 ° N 84.1996 ° W / 39.7774 ; - 84.1996 ( Dayton ) 190 Miramar Florida 140,328 122,041 + 14.98 % 29.4 sq mi 76.1 km 4,709 / sq mi 1,818 / km 25 ° 58 ′ 37 '' N 80 ° 20 ′ 09 '' W / 25.9770 ° N 80.3358 ° W / 25.9770 ; - 80.3358 ( Miramar ) 191 Olathe Kansas 137,472 125,872 + 9.22 % 60.9 sq mi 157.7 km 2,225 / sq mi 859 / km 38 ° 53 ′ 03 '' N 94 ° 49 ′ 10 '' W / 38.8843 ° N 94.8195 ° W / 38.8843 ; - 94.8195 ( Olathe ) 192 Thornton Colorado 136,978 118,772 + 15.33 % 35.7 sq mi 92.5 km 3,829 / sq mi 1,478 / km 39 ° 55 ′ 10 '' N 104 ° 56 ′ 34 '' W / 39.9194 ° N 104.9428 ° W / 39.9194 ; - 104.9428 ( Thornton ) 193 Waco Texas 136,436 124,805 + 9.32 % 89.0 sq mi 230.5 km 1,510 / sq mi 580 / km 31 ° 33 ′ 36 '' N 97 ° 11 ′ 10 '' W / 31.5601 ° N 97.1860 ° W / 31.5601 ; - 97.1860 ( Waco ) 194 Murfreesboro Tennessee 136,372 108,755 + 25.39 % 55.9 sq mi 144.8 km 2,360 / sq mi 910 / km 35 ° 51 ′ 08 '' N 86 ° 24 ′ 58 '' W / 35.8522 ° N 86.4160 ° W / 35.8522 ; - 86.4160 ( Murfreesboro ) 195 Denton Texas 136,268 113,383 + 20.18 % 93.4 sq mi 241.9 km 1,433 / sq mi 553 / km 33 ° 13 ′ 00 '' N 97 ° 08 ′ 29 '' W / 33.2166 ° N 97.1414 ° W / 33.2166 ; - 97.1414 ( Denton ) 196 West Valley City Utah 136,170 129,480 + 5.17 % 35.5 sq mi 91.9 km 3,847 / sq mi 1,485 / km 40 ° 41 ′ 19 '' N 112 ° 00 ′ 42 '' W / 40.6885 ° N 112.0118 ° W / 40.6885 ; - 112.0118 ( West Valley City ) 197 Midland Texas 136,089 111,147 + 22.44 % 74.4 sq mi 192.7 km 1,809 / sq mi 698 / km 32 ° 01 ′ 29 '' N 102 ° 06 ′ 49 '' W / 32.0246 ° N 102.1135 ° W / 32.0246 ; - 102.1135 ( Midland ) 198 Carrollton Texas 135,710 119,097 + 13.95 % 36.3 sq mi 94.0 km 3,674 / sq mi 1,419 / km 32 ° 59 ′ 18 '' N 96 ° 53 ′ 59 '' W / 32.9884 ° N 96.8998 ° W / 32.9884 ; - 96.8998 ( Carrollton ) 199 Roseville California 135,329 118,788 + 13.92 % 43.0 sq mi 111.4 km 3,085 / sq mi 1,191 / km 38 ° 46 ′ 08 '' N 121 ° 19 ′ 08 '' W / 38.7690 ° N 121.3189 ° W / 38.7690 ; - 121.3189 ( Roseville ) 200 Warren Michigan 135,022 134,056 + 0.72 % 34.4 sq mi 89.1 km 3,928 / sq mi 1,517 / km 42 ° 29 ′ 34 '' N 83 ° 01 ′ 30 '' W / 42.4929 ° N 83.0250 ° W / 42.4929 ; - 83.0250 ( Warren ) 201 Charleston South Carolina 134,875 120,083 + 12.32 % 109.0 sq mi 282.3 km 1,233 / sq mi 476 / km 32 ° 49 ′ 04 '' N 79 ° 57 ′ 32 '' W / 32.8179 ° N 79.9590 ° W / 32.8179 ; - 79.9590 ( Charleston ) 202 Hampton Virginia 134,669 137,436 2999798669926365730 ♠ − 2.01 % 51.5 sq mi 133.4 km 2,629 / sq mi 1,015 / km 37 ° 02 ′ 53 '' N 76 ° 17 ′ 50 '' W / 37.0480 ° N 76.2971 ° W / 37.0480 ; - 76.2971 ( Hampton ) 203 Surprise Arizona 134,085 117,517 + 14.10 % 107.9 sq mi 279.5 km 1,230 / sq mi 470 / km 33 ° 40 ′ 14 '' N 112 ° 27 ′ 10 '' W / 33.6706 ° N 112.4527 ° W / 33.6706 ; - 112.4527 ( Surprise ) 204 Columbia South Carolina 133,114 129,272 + 2.97 % 133.5 sq mi 345.8 km 1,006 / sq mi 388 / km 34 ° 01 ′ 45 '' N 80 ° 53 ′ 53 '' W / 34.0291 ° N 80.8980 ° W / 34.0291 ; - 80.8980 ( Columbia ) 205 Coral Springs Florida 133,037 121,096 + 9.86 % 23.8 sq mi 61.6 km 5,465 / sq mi 2,110 / km 26 ° 16 ′ 15 '' N 80 ° 15 ′ 33 '' W / 26.2707 ° N 80.2593 ° W / 26.2707 ; - 80.2593 ( Coral Springs ) 206 Visalia California 133,010 124,442 + 6.89 % 37.5 sq mi 97.1 km 3,495 / sq mi 1,349 / km 36 ° 19 ′ 38 '' N 119 ° 19 ′ 44 '' W / 36.3273 ° N 119.3289 ° W / 36.3273 ; - 119.3289 ( Visalia ) 207 Sterling Heights Michigan 132,631 129,699 + 2.26 % 36.5 sq mi 94.5 km 3,628 / sq mi 1,401 / km 42 ° 34 ′ 52 '' N 83 ° 01 ′ 49 '' W / 42.5812 ° N 83.0303 ° W / 42.5812 ; - 83.0303 ( Sterling Heights ) 208 Gainesville Florida 132,249 124,354 + 6.35 % 62.3 sq mi 161.4 km 2,112 / sq mi 815 / km 29 ° 40 ′ 44 '' N 82 ° 20 ′ 46 '' W / 29.6788 ° N 82.3461 ° W / 29.6788 ; - 82.3461 ( Gainesville ) 209 Cedar Rapids Iowa 132,228 126,326 + 4.67 % 70.8 sq mi 183.4 km 1,852 / sq mi 715 / km 41 ° 58 ′ 01 '' N 91 ° 40 ′ 40 '' W / 41.9670 ° N 91.6778 ° W / 41.9670 ; - 91.6778 ( Cedar Rapids ) 210 New Haven Connecticut 131,014 129,779 + 0.95 % 18.7 sq mi 48.4 km 6,948 / sq mi 2,683 / km 41 ° 18 ′ 39 '' N 72 ° 55 ′ 30 '' W / 41.3108 ° N 72.9250 ° W / 41.3108 ; - 72.9250 ( New Haven ) 211 Stamford Connecticut 130,824 122,643 + 6.67 % 37.6 sq mi 97.4 km 3,434 / sq mi 1,326 / km 41 ° 04 ′ 48 '' N 73 ° 32 ′ 46 '' W / 41.0799 ° N 73.5460 ° W / 41.0799 ; - 73.5460 ( Stamford ) 212 Elizabeth New Jersey 130,215 124,969 + 4.20 % 12.3 sq mi 31.9 km 10,459 / sq mi 4,038 / km 40 ° 39 ′ 59 '' N 74 ° 11 ′ 37 '' W / 40.6664 ° N 74.1935 ° W / 40.6664 ; - 74.1935 ( Elizabeth ) 213 Concord California 129,783 122,067 + 6.32 % 30.5 sq mi 79.0 km 4,221 / sq mi 1,630 / km 37 ° 58 ′ 20 '' N 122 ° 00 ′ 06 '' W / 37.9722 ° N 122.0016 ° W / 37.9722 ; - 122.0016 ( Concord ) 214 Thousand Oaks California 128,995 126,683 + 1.83 % 55.2 sq mi 143.0 km 2,335 / sq mi 902 / km 34 ° 11 ′ 36 '' N 118 ° 52 ′ 27 '' W / 34.1933 ° N 118.8742 ° W / 34.1933 ; - 118.8742 ( Thousand Oaks ) 215 Kent Washington 128,458 92,411 + 39.01 % 33.7 sq mi 87.3 km 3,784 / sq mi 1,461 / km 47 ° 23 ′ 17 '' N 122 ° 12 ′ 46 '' W / 47.3880 ° N 122.2127 ° W / 47.3880 ; - 122.2127 ( Kent ) 216 Santa Clara California 127,134 116,468 + 9.16 % 18.4 sq mi 47.7 km 6,845 / sq mi 2,643 / km 37 ° 21 ′ 53 '' N 121 ° 58 ′ 04 '' W / 37.3646 ° N 121.9679 ° W / 37.3646 ; - 121.9679 ( Santa Clara ) 217 Simi Valley California 126,878 124,237 + 2.13 % 41.5 sq mi 107.5 km 3,044 / sq mi 1,175 / km 34 ° 16 ′ 01 '' N 118 ° 44 ′ 55 '' W / 34.2669 ° N 118.7485 ° W / 34.2669 ; - 118.7485 ( Simi Valley ) 218 Lafayette Louisiana 126,848 120,623 + 5.16 % 53.8 sq mi 139.3 km 2,372 / sq mi 916 / km 30 ° 12 ′ 27 '' N 92 ° 01 ′ 43 '' W / 30.2074 ° N 92.0285 ° W / 30.2074 ; - 92.0285 ( Lafayette ) 219 Topeka Kansas 126,587 127,473 3000304950852337359 ♠ − 0.70 % 61.5 sq mi 159.3 km 2,062 / sq mi 796 / km 39 ° 02 ′ 05 '' N 95 ° 41 ′ 46 '' W / 39.0347 ° N 95.6962 ° W / 39.0347 ; - 95.6962 ( Topeka ) 220 Athens Georgia 125,691 115,452 + 8.87 % 116.4 sq mi 301.5 km 1,060 / sq mi 410 / km 33 ° 56 ′ 59 '' N 83 ° 22 ′ 12 '' W / 33.9496 ° N 83.3701 ° W / 33.9496 ; - 83.3701 ( Athens ) 221 Round Rock Texas 123,678 99,887 + 23.82 % 35.6 sq mi 92.2 km 3,396 / sq mi 1,311 / km 30 ° 31 ′ 31 '' N 97 ° 39 ′ 58 '' W / 30.5252 ° N 97.6660 ° W / 30.5252 ; - 97.6660 ( Round Rock ) 222 Hartford Connecticut 123,400 124,775 2999889801642957320 ♠ − 1.10 % 17.4 sq mi 45.1 km 7,083 / sq mi 2,735 / km 41 ° 45 ′ 57 '' N 72 ° 40 ′ 54 '' W / 41.7659 ° N 72.6816 ° W / 41.7659 ; - 72.6816 ( Hartford ) 223 Norman Oklahoma 122,843 110,925 + 10.74 % 178.8 sq mi 463.1 km 683 / sq mi 264 / km 35 ° 14 ′ 26 '' N 97 ° 20 ′ 43 '' W / 35.2406 ° N 97.3453 ° W / 35.2406 ; - 97.3453 ( Norman ) 224 Victorville California 122,441 115,903 + 5.64 % 73.3 sq mi 189.8 km 1,668 / sq mi 644 / km 34 ° 31 ′ 40 '' N 117 ° 21 ′ 13 '' W / 34.5277 ° N 117.3536 ° W / 34.5277 ; - 117.3536 ( Victorville ) 225 Fargo North Dakota 122,359 105,549 + 15.93 % 49.3 sq mi 127.7 km 2,450 / sq mi 950 / km 46 ° 51 ′ 55 '' N 96 ° 49 ′ 44 '' W / 46.8652 ° N 96.8290 ° W / 46.8652 ; - 96.8290 ( Fargo ) 226 Berkeley California 122,324 112,580 + 8.66 % 10.5 sq mi 27.2 km 11,547 / sq mi 4,458 / km 37 ° 52 ′ 01 '' N 122 ° 17 ′ 57 '' W / 37.8670 ° N 122.2991 ° W / 37.8670 ; - 122.2991 ( Berkeley ) 227 Vallejo California 122,105 115,942 + 5.32 % 30.7 sq mi 79.5 km 3,951 / sq mi 1,525 / km 38 ° 06 ′ 28 '' N 122 ° 15 ′ 50 '' W / 38.1079 ° N 122.2640 ° W / 38.1079 ; - 122.2640 ( Vallejo ) 228 Abilene Texas 121,885 117,063 + 4.12 % 106.7 sq mi 276.4 km 1,146 / sq mi 442 / km 32 ° 27 ′ 16 '' N 99 ° 44 ′ 17 '' W / 32.4545 ° N 99.7381 ° W / 32.4545 ; - 99.7381 ( Abilene ) 229 Columbia Missouri 121,717 108,500 + 12.18 % 65.0 sq mi 168.3 km 1,856 / sq mi 717 / km 38 ° 56 ′ 50 '' N 92 ° 19 ′ 35 '' W / 38.9473 ° N 92.3264 ° W / 38.9473 ; - 92.3264 ( Columbia ) 230 Ann Arbor Michigan 121,477 113,934 + 6.62 % 28.1 sq mi 72.8 km 4,298 / sq mi 1,659 / km 42 ° 16 ′ 34 '' N 83 ° 43 ′ 51 '' W / 42.2761 ° N 83.7309 ° W / 42.2761 ; - 83.7309 ( Ann Arbor ) 231 Allentown Pennsylvania 121,283 118,032 + 2.75 % 17.5 sq mi 45.3 km 6,882 / sq mi 2,657 / km 40 ° 35 ′ 37 '' N 75 ° 28 ′ 42 '' W / 40.5936 ° N 75.4784 ° W / 40.5936 ; - 75.4784 ( Allentown ) 232 Pearland Texas 119,940 91,252 + 31.44 % 46.3 sq mi 119.9 km 2,453 / sq mi 947 / km 29 ° 33 ′ 21 '' N 95 ° 19 ′ 23 '' W / 29.5558 ° N 95.3231 ° W / 29.5558 ; - 95.3231 ( Pearland ) 233 Beaumont Texas 119,114 118,296 + 0.69 % 82.1 sq mi 212.6 km 1,441 / sq mi 556 / km 30 ° 05 ′ 06 '' N 94 ° 08 ′ 43 '' W / 30.0849 ° N 94.1453 ° W / 30.0849 ; - 94.1453 ( Beaumont ) 234 Wilmington North Carolina 119,045 106,476 + 11.80 % 51.6 sq mi 133.6 km 2,278 / sq mi 880 / km 34 ° 12 ′ 33 '' N 77 ° 53 ′ 09 '' W / 34.2092 ° N 77.8858 ° W / 34.2092 ; - 77.8858 ( Wilmington ) 235 Evansville Indiana 118,930 117,429 + 1.28 % 47.3 sq mi 122.5 km 2,526 / sq mi 975 / km 37 ° 59 ′ 16 '' N 87 ° 32 ′ 05 '' W / 37.9877 ° N 87.5347 ° W / 37.9877 ; - 87.5347 ( Evansville ) 236 Arvada Colorado 118,807 106,433 + 11.63 % 38.6 sq mi 100.0 km 3,043 / sq mi 1,175 / km 39 ° 50 ′ 01 '' N 105 ° 09 ′ 01 '' W / 39.8337 ° N 105.1503 ° W / 39.8337 ; - 105.1503 ( Arvada ) 237 Provo Utah 117,335 112,488 + 4.31 % 41.7 sq mi 108.0 km 2,803 / sq mi 1,082 / km 40 ° 14 ′ 43 '' N 111 ° 38 ′ 41 '' W / 40.2453 ° N 111.6448 ° W / 40.2453 ; - 111.6448 ( Provo ) 238 Independence Missouri 117,306 116,830 + 0.41 % 77.8 sq mi 201.5 km 1,504 / sq mi 581 / km 39 ° 05 ′ 08 '' N 94 ° 21 ′ 08 '' W / 39.0855 ° N 94.3521 ° W / 39.0855 ; - 94.3521 ( Independence ) 239 Lansing Michigan 116,986 114,297 + 2.35 % 39.1 sq mi 101.3 km 2,967 / sq mi 1,146 / km 42 ° 42 ′ 51 '' N 84 ° 33 ′ 33 '' W / 42.7143 ° N 84.5593 ° W / 42.7143 ; - 84.5593 ( Lansing ) 240 Odessa Texas 116,861 99,940 + 16.93 % 45.2 sq mi 117.1 km 2,608 / sq mi 1,007 / km 31 ° 53 ′ 02 '' N 102 ° 20 ′ 28 '' W / 31.8838 ° N 102.3411 ° W / 31.8838 ; - 102.3411 ( Odessa ) 241 Richardson Texas 116,783 99,223 + 17.70 % 28.6 sq mi 74.1 km 3,963 / sq mi 1,530 / km 32 ° 58 ′ 20 '' N 96 ° 42 ′ 29 '' W / 32.9723 ° N 96.7081 ° W / 32.9723 ; - 96.7081 ( Richardson ) 242 Fairfield California 116,266 105,321 + 10.39 % 40.9 sq mi 105.9 km 2,806 / sq mi 1,083 / km 38 ° 15 ′ 33 '' N 122 ° 01 ′ 56 '' W / 38.2593 ° N 122.0321 ° W / 38.2593 ; - 122.0321 ( Fairfield ) 243 El Monte California 116,109 113,475 + 2.32 % 9.6 sq mi 24.9 km 12,063 / sq mi 4,658 / km 34 ° 04 ′ 29 '' N 118 ° 01 ′ 45 '' W / 34.0746 ° N 118.0291 ° W / 34.0746 ; - 118.0291 ( El Monte ) 244 Rochester Minnesota 115,733 106,769 + 8.40 % 54.6 sq mi 141.4 km 2,088 / sq mi 806 / km 44 ° 00 ′ 55 '' N 92 ° 28 ′ 38 '' W / 44.0154 ° N 92.4772 ° W / 44.0154 ; - 92.4772 ( Rochester ) 245 Clearwater Florida 115,513 107,685 + 7.27 % 25.9 sq mi 67.1 km 4,415 / sq mi 1,705 / km 27 ° 58 ′ 44 '' N 82 ° 46 ′ 00 '' W / 27.9789 ° N 82.7666 ° W / 27.9789 ; - 82.7666 ( Clearwater ) 246 Carlsbad California 115,330 105,328 + 9.50 % 37.7 sq mi 97.6 km 3,023 / sq mi 1,167 / km 33 ° 07 ′ 26 '' N 117 ° 16 ′ 58 '' W / 33.1239 ° N 117.2828 ° W / 33.1239 ; - 117.2828 ( Carlsbad ) 247 Springfield Illinois 114,868 116,250 2999881118279569889 ♠ − 1.19 % 60.1 sq mi 155.7 km 1,925 / sq mi 743 / km 39 ° 47 ′ 28 '' N 89 ° 38 ′ 41 '' W / 39.7911 ° N 89.6446 ° W / 39.7911 ; - 89.6446 ( Springfield ) 248 Temecula California 114,327 100,097 + 14.22 % 37.3 sq mi 96.6 km 3,031 / sq mi 1,170 / km 33 ° 29 ′ 35 '' N 117 ° 07 ′ 54 '' W / 33.4931 ° N 117.1317 ° W / 33.4931 ; - 117.1317 ( Temecula ) 249 West Jordan Utah 113,905 103,712 + 9.83 % 32.3 sq mi 83.7 km 3,520 / sq mi 1,360 / km 40 ° 36 ′ 09 '' N 112 ° 00 ′ 03 '' W / 40.6024 ° N 112.0008 ° W / 40.6024 ; - 112.0008 ( West Jordan ) 250 Costa Mesa California 113,825 109,960 + 3.51 % 15.7 sq mi 40.7 km 7,186 / sq mi 2,775 / km 33 ° 39 ′ 57 '' N 117 ° 54 ′ 44 '' W / 33.6659 ° N 117.9123 ° W / 33.6659 ; - 117.9123 ( Costa Mesa ) 251 Miami Gardens Florida 113,750 107,167 + 6.14 % 18.2 sq mi 47.1 km 6,212 / sq mi 2,398 / km 25 ° 56 ′ 56 '' N 80 ° 14 ′ 37 '' W / 25.9489 ° N 80.2436 ° W / 25.9489 ; - 80.2436 ( Miami Gardens ) 252 Cambridge Massachusetts 113,630 105,162 + 8.05 % 6.4 sq mi 16.6 km 17,289 / sq mi 6,675 / km 42 ° 22 ′ 34 '' N 71 ° 07 ′ 07 '' W / 42.3760 ° N 71.1187 ° W / 42.3760 ; - 71.1187 ( Cambridge ) 253 College Station Texas 113,564 93,857 + 21.00 % 51.0 sq mi 132.1 km 2,199 / sq mi 849 / km 30 ° 35 ′ 07 '' N 96 ° 17 ′ 47 '' W / 30.5852 ° N 96.2964 ° W / 30.5852 ; - 96.2964 ( College Station ) 254 Murrieta California 113,326 103,466 + 9.53 % 33.6 sq mi 87.0 km 3,324 / sq mi 1,283 / km 33 ° 34 ′ 20 '' N 117 ° 11 ′ 25 '' W / 33.5721 ° N 117.1904 ° W / 33.5721 ; - 117.1904 ( Murrieta ) 255 Downey California 113,092 111,772 + 1.18 % 12.4 sq mi 32.1 km 9,134 / sq mi 3,527 / km 33 ° 56 ′ 18 '' N 118 ° 07 ′ 51 '' W / 33.9382 ° N 118.1309 ° W / 33.9382 ; - 118.1309 ( Downey ) 256 Peoria Illinois 112,883 115,007 2999815315589485860 ♠ − 1.85 % 48.2 sq mi 124.8 km 2,371 / sq mi 915 / km 40 ° 45 ′ 05 '' N 89 ° 37 ′ 03 '' W / 40.7515 ° N 89.6174 ° W / 40.7515 ; - 89.6174 ( Peoria ) 257 Westminster Colorado 112,812 106,114 + 6.31 % 31.7 sq mi 82.1 km 3,592 / sq mi 1,387 / km 39 ° 52 ′ 56 '' N 105 ° 03 ′ 52 '' W / 39.8822 ° N 105.0644 ° W / 39.8822 ; - 105.0644 ( Westminster ) 258 Elgin Illinois 112,456 108,188 + 3.94 % 37.4 sq mi 96.9 km 2,998 / sq mi 1,158 / km 42 ° 02 ′ 23 '' N 88 ° 19 ′ 18 '' W / 42.0396 ° N 88.3217 ° W / 42.0396 ; - 88.3217 ( Elgin ) 259 Antioch California 111,674 102,372 + 9.09 % 29.4 sq mi 76.1 km 3,772 / sq mi 1,456 / km 37 ° 58 ′ 45 '' N 121 ° 47 ′ 46 '' W / 37.9791 ° N 121.7962 ° W / 37.9791 ; - 121.7962 ( Antioch ) 260 Palm Bay Florida 111,657 103,190 + 8.21 % 65.7 sq mi 170.2 km 1,676 / sq mi 647 / km 27 ° 59 ′ 08 '' N 80 ° 39 ′ 45 '' W / 27.9856 ° N 80.6626 ° W / 27.9856 ; - 80.6626 ( Palm Bay ) 261 High Point North Carolina 111,513 104,371 + 6.84 % 55.2 sq mi 143.0 km 2,015 / sq mi 778 / km 35 ° 59 ′ 24 '' N 79 ° 59 ′ 26 '' W / 35.9900 ° N 79.9905 ° W / 35.9900 ; - 79.9905 ( High Point ) 262 Lowell Massachusetts 111,346 106,519 + 4.53 % 13.6 sq mi 35.2 km 8,129 / sq mi 3,139 / km 42 ° 38 ′ 20 '' N 71 ° 19 ′ 16 '' W / 42.6390 ° N 71.3211 ° W / 42.6390 ; - 71.3211 ( Lowell ) 263 Manchester New Hampshire 111,196 109,565 + 1.49 % 33.1 sq mi 85.7 km 3,339 / sq mi 1,289 / km 42 ° 59 ′ 06 '' N 71 ° 26 ′ 39 '' W / 42.9849 ° N 71.4441 ° W / 42.9849 ; - 71.4441 ( Manchester ) 264 Pueblo Colorado 111,127 106,595 + 4.25 % 53.6 sq mi 138.8 km 2,058 / sq mi 795 / km 38 ° 16 ′ 12 '' N 104 ° 36 ′ 44 '' W / 38.2699 ° N 104.6123 ° W / 38.2699 ; - 104.6123 ( Pueblo ) 265 Gresham Oregon 111,053 105,594 + 5.17 % 23.3 sq mi 60.3 km 4,786 / sq mi 1,848 / km 45 ° 30 ′ 08 '' N 122 ° 26 ′ 30 '' W / 45.5023 ° N 122.4416 ° W / 45.5023 ; - 122.4416 ( Gresham ) 266 North Charleston South Carolina 110,861 97,471 + 13.74 % 73.7 sq mi 190.9 km 1,483 / sq mi 573 / km 32 ° 55 ′ 04 '' N 80 ° 03 ′ 54 '' W / 32.9178 ° N 80.0650 ° W / 32.9178 ; - 80.0650 ( North Charleston ) 267 Ventura California 110,790 106,433 + 4.09 % 21.8 sq mi 56.5 km 5,027 / sq mi 1,941 / km 34 ° 16 ′ 04 '' N 119 ° 15 ′ 15 '' W / 34.2678 ° N 119.2542 ° W / 34.2678 ; - 119.2542 ( Ventura ) 268 Inglewood California 110,598 109,673 + 0.84 % 9.1 sq mi 23.6 km 12,160 / sq mi 4,700 / km 33 ° 57 ′ 22 '' N 118 ° 20 ′ 39 '' W / 33.9561 ° N 118.3443 ° W / 33.9561 ; - 118.3443 ( Inglewood ) 269 Pompano Beach Florida 110,473 99,845 + 10.64 % 24.0 sq mi 62.2 km 4,558 / sq mi 1,760 / km 26 ° 14 ′ 30 '' N 80 ° 08 ′ 02 '' W / 26.2416 ° N 80.1339 ° W / 26.2416 ; - 80.1339 ( Pompano Beach ) 270 Centennial Colorado 110,250 100,377 + 9.84 % 29.5 sq mi 76.4 km 3,727 / sq mi 1,439 / km 39 ° 35 ′ 26 '' N 104 ° 52 ′ 09 '' W / 39.5906 ° N 104.8691 ° W / 39.5906 ; - 104.8691 ( Centennial ) 271 West Palm Beach Florida 110,222 99,919 + 10.31 % 55.1 sq mi 142.7 km 1,963 / sq mi 758 / km 26 ° 44 ′ 47 '' N 80 ° 07 ′ 30 '' W / 26.7464 ° N 80.1251 ° W / 26.7464 ; - 80.1251 ( West Palm Beach ) 272 Everett Washington 110,079 103,019 + 6.85 % 33.3 sq mi 86.2 km 3,275 / sq mi 1,264 / km 47 ° 57 ′ 24 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 29 '' W / 47.9566 ° N 122.1914 ° W / 47.9566 ; - 122.1914 ( Everett ) 273 Richmond California 110,040 103,701 + 6.11 % 30.1 sq mi 78.0 km 3,648 / sq mi 1,409 / km 37 ° 57 ′ 08 '' N 122 ° 21 ′ 38 '' W / 37.9523 ° N 122.3606 ° W / 37.9523 ; - 122.3606 ( Richmond ) 274 Clovis California 109,691 95,631 + 14.70 % 24.2 sq mi 62.7 km 4,404 / sq mi 1,700 / km 36 ° 49 ′ 42 '' N 119 ° 41 ′ 06 '' W / 36.8282 ° N 119.6849 ° W / 36.8282 ; - 119.6849 ( Clovis ) 275 Billings Montana 109,642 104,170 + 5.25 % 43.7 sq mi 113.2 km 2,525 / sq mi 975 / km 45 ° 47 ′ 19 '' N 108 ° 33 ′ 00 '' W / 45.7885 ° N 108.5499 ° W / 45.7885 ; - 108.5499 ( Billings ) 276 Waterbury Connecticut 108,629 110,366 2999842614573328740 ♠ − 1.57 % 28.5 sq mi 73.8 km 3,799 / sq mi 1,467 / km 41 ° 33 ′ 31 '' N 73 ° 02 ′ 12 '' W / 41.5585 ° N 73.0367 ° W / 41.5585 ; - 73.0367 ( Waterbury ) 277 Broken Arrow Oklahoma 108,303 98,850 + 9.56 % 61.7 sq mi 159.8 km 1,741 / sq mi 672 / km 36 ° 02 ′ 11 '' N 95 ° 46 ′ 52 '' W / 36.0365 ° N 95.7810 ° W / 36.0365 ; - 95.7810 ( Broken Arrow ) 278 Lakeland Florida 108,054 97,422 + 10.91 % 65.9 sq mi 170.7 km 1,615 / sq mi 624 / km 28 ° 03 ′ 20 '' N 81 ° 57 ′ 18 '' W / 28.0555 ° N 81.9549 ° W / 28.0555 ; - 81.9549 ( Lakeland ) 279 West Covina California 107,598 106,098 + 1.41 % 16.0 sq mi 41.4 km 6,740 / sq mi 2,600 / km 34 ° 03 ′ 21 '' N 117 ° 54 ′ 36 '' W / 34.0559 ° N 117.9099 ° W / 34.0559 ; - 117.9099 ( West Covina ) 280 Boulder Colorado 107,125 97,385 + 10.00 % 24.8 sq mi 64.2 km 4,358 / sq mi 1,683 / km 40 ° 01 ′ 37 '' N 105 ° 15 ′ 07 '' W / 40.0270 ° N 105.2519 ° W / 40.0270 ; - 105.2519 ( Boulder ) 281 Daly City California 107,074 101,123 + 5.88 % 7.6 sq mi 19.7 km 14,009 / sq mi 5,409 / km 37 ° 42 ′ 03 '' N 122 ° 27 ′ 54 '' W / 37.7009 ° N 122.4650 ° W / 37.7009 ; - 122.4650 ( Daly City ) 282 Santa Maria California 107,014 99,553 + 7.49 % 22.8 sq mi 59.1 km 4,662 / sq mi 1,800 / km 34 ° 56 ′ 00 '' N 120 ° 26 ′ 38 '' W / 34.9332 ° N 120.4438 ° W / 34.9332 ; - 120.4438 ( Santa Maria ) 283 Hillsboro Oregon 106,894 91,611 + 16.68 % 25.0 sq mi 64.7 km 4,207 / sq mi 1,624 / km 45 ° 31 ′ 41 '' N 122 ° 56 ′ 09 '' W / 45.5280 ° N 122.9357 ° W / 45.5280 ; - 122.9357 ( Hillsboro ) 284 Sandy Springs Georgia 106,739 93,853 + 13.73 % 37.7 sq mi 97.6 km 2,804 / sq mi 1,083 / km 33 ° 55 ′ 53 '' N 84 ° 22 ′ 07 '' W / 33.9315 ° N 84.3687 ° W / 33.9315 ; - 84.3687 ( Sandy Springs ) 285 Norwalk California 106,084 105,549 + 0.51 % 9.7 sq mi 25.1 km 10,946 / sq mi 4,226 / km 33 ° 54 ′ 27 '' N 118 ° 05 ′ 01 '' W / 33.9076 ° N 118.0835 ° W / 33.9076 ; - 118.0835 ( Norwalk ) 286 Jurupa Valley California 106,028 0 0000000000000000000 ♠ NA 42.9 sq mi 111.1 km 2,414 / sq mi 932 / km 34 ° 00 ′ 09 '' N 117 ° 28 ′ 03 '' W / 34.0026 ° N 117.4676 ° W / 34.0026 ; - 117.4676 ( Jurupa Valley ) 287 Lewisville Texas 106,021 95,290 + 11.26 % 36.7 sq mi 95.1 km 2,852 / sq mi 1,101 / km 33 ° 02 ′ 48 '' N 96 ° 58 ′ 54 '' W / 33.0466 ° N 96.9818 ° W / 33.0466 ; - 96.9818 ( Lewisville ) 288 Greeley Colorado 105,448 92,889 + 13.52 % 47.8 sq mi 123.8 km 2,176 / sq mi 840 / km 40 ° 24 ′ 55 '' N 104 ° 46 ′ 11 '' W / 40.4153 ° N 104.7697 ° W / 40.4153 ; - 104.7697 ( Greeley ) 289 Davie Florida 105,149 91,992 + 14.30 % 34.9 sq mi 90.4 km 2,919 / sq mi 1,127 / km 26 ° 04 ′ 45 '' N 80 ° 17 ′ 06 '' W / 26.0791 ° N 80.2850 ° W / 26.0791 ; - 80.2850 ( Davie ) 290 Green Bay Wisconsin 105,116 104,057 + 1.02 % 45.4 sq mi 117.6 km 2,316 / sq mi 894 / km 44 ° 31 ′ 15 '' N 87 ° 59 ′ 03 '' W / 44.5207 ° N 87.9842 ° W / 44.5207 ; - 87.9842 ( Green Bay ) 291 Tyler Texas 104,991 96,900 + 8.35 % 56.6 sq mi 146.6 km 1,852 / sq mi 715 / km 32 ° 19 ′ 02 '' N 95 ° 18 ′ 21 '' W / 32.3173 ° N 95.3059 ° W / 32.3173 ; - 95.3059 ( Tyler ) 292 League City Texas 104,903 83,560 + 25.54 % 51.2 sq mi 132.6 km 1,992 / sq mi 769 / km 29 ° 29 ′ 24 '' N 95 ° 06 ′ 33 '' W / 29.4901 ° N 95.1091 ° W / 29.4901 ; - 95.1091 ( League City ) 293 Burbank California 104,834 103,340 + 1.45 % 17.4 sq mi 45.1 km 6,003 / sq mi 2,318 / km 34 ° 11 ′ 24 '' N 118 ° 19 ′ 35 '' W / 34.1901 ° N 118.3264 ° W / 34.1901 ; - 118.3264 ( Burbank ) 294 San Mateo California 104,748 97,207 + 7.76 % 12.1 sq mi 31.3 km 8,592 / sq mi 3,317 / km 37 ° 33 ′ 37 '' N 122 ° 18 ′ 38 '' W / 37.5603 ° N 122.3106 ° W / 37.5603 ; - 122.3106 ( San Mateo ) 295 Wichita Falls Texas 104,747 104,553 + 0.19 % 72.2 sq mi 187.0 km 1,450 / sq mi 560 / km 33 ° 54 ′ 24 '' N 98 ° 31 ′ 33 '' W / 33.9067 ° N 98.5259 ° W / 33.9067 ; - 98.5259 ( Wichita Falls ) 296 El Cajon California 103,894 99,478 + 4.44 % 14.5 sq mi 37.6 km 7,156 / sq mi 2,763 / km 32 ° 48 ′ 06 '' N 116 ° 57 ′ 37 '' W / 32.8017 ° N 116.9604 ° W / 32.8017 ; - 116.9604 ( El Cajon ) 297 Rialto California 103,562 99,171 + 4.43 % 22.3 sq mi 57.8 km 4,633 / sq mi 1,789 / km 34 ° 06 ′ 42 '' N 117 ° 23 ′ 18 '' W / 34.1118 ° N 117.3883 ° W / 34.1118 ; - 117.3883 ( Rialto ) 298 Lakewood New Jersey 102,682 92,843 + 10.60 % 24.7 sq mi 64.0 km 4,079 / sq mi 1,575 / km 40 ° 04 ′ 38 '' N 74 ° 12 ′ 01 '' W / 40.0771 ° N 74.2004 ° W / 40.0771 ; - 74.2004 ( Lakewood ) 299 Edison New Jersey 102,450 99,967 + 2.48 % 30.1 sq mi 78.0 km 3,389 / sq mi 1,309 / km 40 ° 30 ′ 14 '' N 74 ° 20 ′ 58 '' W / 40.5040 ° N 74.3494 ° W / 40.5040 ; - 74.3494 ( Edison ) 300 Davenport Iowa 102,320 99,685 + 2.64 % 62.9 sq mi 162.9 km 1,631 / sq mi 630 / km 41 ° 33 ′ 15 '' N 90 ° 36 ′ 14 '' W / 41.5541 ° N 90.6040 ° W / 41.5541 ; - 90.6040 ( Davenport ) 301 South Bend Indiana 102,245 101,168 + 1.06 % 41.4 sq mi 107.2 km 2,457 / sq mi 949 / km 41 ° 40 ′ 37 '' N 86 ° 16 ′ 08 '' W / 41.6769 ° N 86.2690 ° W / 41.6769 ; - 86.2690 ( South Bend ) 302 Woodbridge New Jersey 101,965 99,585 + 2.39 % 23.3 sq mi 60.3 km 4,351 / sq mi 1,680 / km 40 ° 33 ′ 39 '' N 74 ° 17 ′ 34 '' W / 40.5607 ° N 74.2927 ° W / 40.5607 ; - 74.2927 ( Woodbridge ) 303 Las Cruces New Mexico 101,712 97,618 + 4.19 % 76.9 sq mi 199.2 km 1,323 / sq mi 511 / km 32 ° 19 ′ 35 '' N 106 ° 47 ′ 23 '' W / 32.3264 ° N 106.7897 ° W / 32.3264 ; - 106.7897 ( Las Cruces ) 304 Vista California 101,568 93,834 + 8.24 % 18.7 sq mi 48.4 km 5,436 / sq mi 2,099 / km 33 ° 11 ′ 22 '' N 117 ° 14 ′ 19 '' W / 33.1895 ° N 117.2386 ° W / 33.1895 ; - 117.2386 ( Vista ) 305 Renton Washington 101,379 90,927 + 11.49 % 23.4 sq mi 60.6 km 4,314 / sq mi 1,666 / km 47 ° 28 ′ 34 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 31 '' W / 47.4761 ° N 122.1920 ° W / 47.4761 ; - 122.1920 ( Renton ) 306 Sparks Nevada 100,888 90,264 + 11.77 % 35.9 sq mi 93.0 km 2,810 / sq mi 1,080 / km 39 ° 33 ′ 16 '' N 119 ° 44 ′ 08 '' W / 39.5544 ° N 119.7356 ° W / 39.5544 ; - 119.7356 ( Sparks ) 307 Clinton Michigan 100,712 96,796 + 4.05 % 28.1 sq mi 72.8 km 3,573 / sq mi 1,380 / km 42 ° 35 ′ 25 '' N 82 ° 55 ′ 01 '' W / 42.5903 ° N 82.9170 ° W / 42.5903 ; - 82.9170 ( Clinton ) 308 Allen Texas 100,685 84,246 + 19.51 % 27.1 sq mi 70.2 km 3,715 / sq mi 1,434 / km 33 ° 05 ′ 59 '' N 96 ° 39 ′ 47 '' W / 33.0997 ° N 96.6631 ° W / 33.0997 ; - 96.6631 ( Allen ) 309 Tuscaloosa Alabama 100,287 90,468 + 10.85 % 71.7 sq mi 185.7 km 1,399 / sq mi 540 / km 33 ° 12 ′ 23 '' N 87 ° 32 ′ 05 '' W / 33.2065 ° N 87.5346 ° W / 33.2065 ; - 87.5346 ( Tuscaloosa ) 310 San Angelo Texas 100,119 93,200 + 7.42 % 59.9 sq mi 155.1 km 1,681 / sq mi 649 / km 31 ° 26 ′ 28 '' N 100 ° 27 ′ 02 '' W / 31.4411 ° N 100.4505 ° W / 31.4411 ; - 100.4505 ( San Angelo ) 311 Vacaville California 100,032 92,428 + 8.23 % 29.0 sq mi 75.1 km 3,449 / sq mi 1,332 / km 38 ° 21 ′ 14 '' N 121 ° 58 ′ 22 '' W / 38.3539 ° N 121.9728 ° W / 38.3539 ; - 121.9728 ( Vacaville ) Distribution For cities with populations of 100,000 or more , the following distributions hold . Smaller incorporated places are not included . The mean density is 4,128.21 inhabitants per square mile ( 1,593.91 / km ) . The median is 3,160.85 inhabitants per square mile ( 1,220.41 / km ) . Population Number of municipal governments 1,000,000 + 10 300,000 -- 999,999 56 200,000 -- 299,999 50 100,000 -- 199,999 195 Total 311 State Number of cities CA 74 TX 39 FL 22 CO 12 AZ 10 NC 9 IL , WA 8 GA , MI , NJ , VA 7 OH , TN 6 AL , CT , KS , MA , MO , NV , NY , OR 5 IN , LA , OK , UT IA , MN , PA , SC , WI KY , NE , NM AK , AR , DC , HI , ID , MD , MS , MT , ND , NH , RI , SD DE , ME , VT , WV , WY 0 Gallery 1 . New York , New York 2 . Los Angeles , California 3 . Chicago , Illinois 4 . Houston , Texas 5 . Phoenix , Arizona 6 . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 7 . San Antonio , Texas 8 . San Diego , California 9 . Dallas , Texas 10 . San Jose , California 11 . Austin , Texas 12 . Jacksonville , Florida 13 . San Francisco , California 14 . Columbus , Ohio 15 . Fort Worth , Texas 16 . Indianapolis , Indiana 17 . Charlotte , North Carolina 18 . Seattle , Washington 19 . Denver , Colorado 20 . Washington , District of Columbia 21 . Boston , Massachusetts 22 . El Paso , Texas 23 . Detroit , Michigan 24 . Nashville , Tennessee 25 . Memphis , Tennessee 26 . Portland , Oregon 27 . Oklahoma City , Oklahoma 28 . Las Vegas , Nevada 29 . Louisville , Kentucky 30 . Baltimore , Maryland 31 . Milwaukee , Wisconsin 32 . Albuquerque , New Mexico 33 . Tucson , Arizona 34 . Fresno , California 35 . Sacramento , California 36 . Mesa , Arizona 37 . Kansas City , Missouri 38 . Atlanta , Georgia 39 . Long Beach , California 40 . Omaha , Nebraska 41 . Raleigh , North Carolina 42 . Colorado Springs , Colorado 43 . Miami , Florida 44 . Virginia Beach , Virginia 45 . Oakland , California 46 . Minneapolis , Minnesota 47 . Tulsa , Oklahoma 48 . Arlington , Texas 49 . New Orleans , Louisiana 50 . Wichita , Kansas Puerto Rico Map this section 's coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML GPX 1 . San Juan , Puerto Rico The following table lists the five municipalities ( municipios ) of Puerto Rico with a population greater than 100,000 on July 1 , 2017 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau . The table below contains the following information : The municipio rank by population as of July 1 , 2017 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau The municipio The municipio population as of July 1 , 2017 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau The municipio population as of April 1 , 2010 , as enumerated by the 2010 United States Census The municipio percent population change from April 1 , 2010 , to July 1 , 2017 The municipio land area as of January 1 , 2016 The municipio population density as of July 1 , 2017 ( residents per land area ) The municipio latitude and longitude coordinates 2017 rank Municipio 2017 estimate 2010 Census Change <Th_colspan="2"> 2016 land area <Th_colspan="2"> 2017 population density Location San Juan 337,288 395,326 2998853189519535779 ♠ − 14.68 % 39.5 sq mi 102.3 km 8,539 / sq mi 3,297 / km 18 ° 24 ′ 23 '' N 66 ° 03 ′ 50 '' W / 18.4064 ° N 66.0640 ° W / 18.4064 ; - 66.0640 ( San Juan ) Bayamón 179,565 208,116 2998862812085567660 ♠ − 13.72 % 27.0 sq mi 69.9 km 6,651 / sq mi 2,568 / km 18 ° 22 ′ 48 '' N 66 ° 09 ′ 48 '' W / 18.3801 ° N 66.1633 ° W / 18.3801 ; - 66.1633 ( Bayamón ) Carolina 154,489 176,762 2998873994410563360 ♠ − 12.60 % 20.7 sq mi 53.6 km 7,463 / sq mi 2,881 / km 18 ° 24 ′ 43 '' N 65 ° 58 ′ 47 '' W / 18.4120 ° N 65.9798 ° W / 18.4120 ; - 65.9798 ( Carolina ) Ponce 140,859 166,327 2998846879941320410 ♠ − 15.31 % 30.7 sq mi 79.5 km 4,588 / sq mi 1,771 / km 17 ° 59 ′ 15 '' N 66 ° 36 ′ 35 '' W / 17.9874 ° N 66.6097 ° W / 17.9874 ; - 66.6097 ( Ponce ) 5 Caguas 129,604 142,893 2999070003429139289 ♠ − 9.30 % 10.9 sq mi 28.2 km 11,890 / sq mi 4,590 / km 18 ° 13 ′ 56 '' N 66 ° 02 ′ 20 '' W / 18.2321 ° N 66.0390 ° W / 18.2321 ; - 66.0390 ( Caguas ) Census - Designated places Map this section 's coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML GPX The following table lists U.S. census - designated places ( CDPs ) with populations of at least 100,000 according to the 2010 Census . A CDP is a concentration of population identified by the United States Census Bureau for statistical purposes . CDPs are delineated for each decennial census as the statistical counterparts of incorporated places such as cities , towns and villages . CDPs are populated areas that lack separate municipal government , but which otherwise physically resemble incorporated places . Unlike the incorporated cities in the main list , the US Census Bureau does not release annual population estimates for CDPs . The table below contains the following information : The city The state The city population as of April 1 , 2010 , as enumerated by the 2010 United States Census The city population as of April 1 , 2000 , as enumerated by the 2010 United States Census The city percent population change from April 1 , 2000 , to April 1 , 2010 The city land area as of January 1 , 2010 The city population density as of April 1 , 2010 ( residents per land area ) The city ANSI INCITS 446 -- 2008 geographic code The city latitude and longitude coordinates City State 2010 Census 2000 Census Change <Th_colspan="2"> 2010 land area <Th_colspan="2"> 2010 population density ANSI Location Paradise Nevada 223,167 186,070 + 19.94 % 46.717 sq mi 120.996 km 4,777 / sq mi 1,844 / km 02409023 36 ° 04 ′ 51 '' N 115 ° 08 ′ 12 '' W / 36.08073 ° N 115.1368 ° W / 36.08073 ; - 115.1368 ( Paradise ) Arlington Virginia 207,627 189,453 + 9.59 % 25.98 sq mi 67.288 km 7,992 / sq mi 3,086 / km 38 ° 52 ′ 48 '' N 77 ° 10 ′ 59 '' W / 38.880 ° N 77.183 ° W / 38.880 ; - 77.183 ( Arlington ) Sunrise Manor Nevada 189,372 156,120 + 21.30 % 33.352 sq mi 86.381 km 5,678 / sq mi 2,192 / km 02410035 36 ° 10 ′ 43 '' N 115 ° 02 ′ 56 '' W / 36.1785 ° N 115.0490 ° W / 36.1785 ; - 115.0490 ( Sunrise Manor ) Spring Valley Nevada 178,395 117,390 + 51.97 % 33.226 sq mi 86.055 km 5,369 / sq mi 2,073 / km 02408797 36 ° 05 ′ 55 '' N 115 ° 15 ′ 43 '' W / 36.0987 ° N 115.2619 ° W / 36.0987 ; - 115.2619 ( Spring Valley ) Metairie Louisiana 138,481 146,136 2999476172880056930 ♠ − 5.24 % 23.222 sq mi 60.145 km 5,963 / sq mi 2,302 / km 02403282 29 ° 59 ′ 52 '' N 90 ° 10 ′ 40 '' W / 29.9978 ° N 90.1779 ° W / 29.9978 ; - 90.1779 ( Metairie ) East Los Angeles California 126,496 124,283 + 1.78 % 7.448 sq mi 19.290 km 16,984 / sq mi 6,558 / km 02408711 34 ° 01 ′ 53 '' N 118 ° 10 ′ 07 '' W / 34.0315 ° N 118.1686 ° W / 34.0315 ; - 118.1686 ( East Los Angeles ) Enterprise Nevada 108,481 14,676 + 639.17 % 46.513 sq mi 120.468 km 2,332 / sq mi 900 / km 02408084 36 ° 01 ′ 06 '' N 115 ° 12 ′ 55 '' W / 36.0182 ° N 115.2154 ° W / 36.0182 ; - 115.2154 ( Enterprise ) Brandon Florida 103,483 77,895 + 32.85 % 33.101 sq mi 85.731 km 3,126 / sq mi 1,207 / km 02402711 27 ° 56 ′ 10 '' N 82 ° 17 ′ 57 '' W / 27.9360 ° N 82.2993 ° W / 27.9360 ; - 82.2993 ( Brandon ) Cities formerly over 100,000 people The following table lists U.S. cities that , in past censuses , have had populations of at least 100,000 but have since decreased beneath this threshold or have been consolidated with or annexed into a neighboring city . The table below contains the following information : Name of city Name of state The city population as of July 1 , 2017 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau The city 's peak population based on highest official enumeration recorded by the Census ( and the year of that particular Census ) The numeric decline in population from its peak Census count to the most recent Census estimate in 2017 . The percent decline in population from its peak Census count to the most recent Census estimate in 2017 . Any additional notes of significant importance . City State 2017 estimated population Peak population ( year ) Numeric decline from peak population Percent decline from peak population Notes Albany New York 7004982510000000000 ♠ 98,251 7005134995000000000 ♠ 134,995 ( 1950 ) - 36,744 - 27.22 % 2.30 % from 2000 to 2010 Allegheny Pennsylvania N / A 7005129896000000000 ♠ 129,896 ( 1900 ) -- -- annexed by Pittsburgh in 1907 Brooklyn New York N / A 7005806343000000000 ♠ 806,343 ( 1890 ) -- -- consolidated with New York City in 1898 Camden New Jersey 7004745320000000000 ♠ 74,532 7005124555000000000 ♠ 124,555 ( 1950 ) - 50,023 - 40.16 % Canton Ohio 7004709090000000000 ♠ 70,909 7005116912000000000 ♠ 116,912 ( 1950 ) - 46,003 - 39.35 % Dearborn Michigan 7004944910000000000 ♠ 94,491 7005112007000000000 ♠ 112,007 ( 1960 ) - 17,516 - 15.64 % 9.93 % from 1990 to 2010 Duluth Minnesota 7004860660000000000 ♠ 86,066 7005107312000000000 ♠ 107,312 ( 1960 ) - 21,246 - 19.80 % Erie Pennsylvania 7004973690000000000 ♠ 97,369 7005138440000000000 ♠ 138,440 ( 1960 ) - 41,071 - 29.67 % Fall River Massachusetts 7004894200000000000 ♠ 89,420 7005120485000000000 ♠ 120,485 ( 1920 ) - 31,065 - 25.78 % Flint Michigan 7004964480000000000 ♠ 96,448 7005196940000000000 ♠ 196,940 ( 1960 ) - 100,492 - 51.03 % Gary Indiana 7004760080000000000 ♠ 76,008 7005178320000000000 ♠ 178,320 ( 1960 ) - 102,312 - 57.38 % Hammond Indiana 7004766180000000000 ♠ 76,618 7005111698000000000 ♠ 111,698 ( 1960 ) - 35,080 - 31.41 % Kenosha Wisconsin 7004998770000000000 ♠ 99,877 7005100150000000000 ♠ 100,150 ( 2012 est ) * - 273 - 0.27 % * Only recorded instance of surpassing 100,000 was July 1 , 2012 estimate Livonia Michigan 7004941050000000000 ♠ 94,105 7005110109000000000 ♠ 110,109 ( 1970 ) - 16,004 - 14.53 % Lynn Massachusetts 7004940630000000000 ♠ 94,063 7005102320000000000 ♠ 102,320 ( 1930 ) - 8,257 - 8.07 % 15.11 % from 1980 to 2010 New Bedford Massachusetts 7004951200000000000 ♠ 95,120 7005121217000000000 ♠ 121,217 ( 1920 ) - 26,097 - 21.53 % 1.39 % from 2000 to 2010 Niagara Falls New York 7004484600000000000 ♠ 48,460 7005102394000000000 ♠ 102,394 ( 1960 ) - 53,934 - 52.67 % Parma Ohio 7004791670000000000 ♠ 79,167 7005100216000000000 ♠ 100,216 ( 1970 ) - 21,049 - 21.00 % Portsmouth Virginia 7004945720000000000 ♠ 94,572 7005114773000000000 ♠ 114,773 ( 1960 ) - 20,201 - 17.60 % Reading Pennsylvania 7004884230000000000 ♠ 88,423 7005111171000000000 ♠ 111,171 ( 1930 ) - 22,748 - 20.46 % 12.38 % from 1990 to 2010 Roanoke Virginia 7004998370000000000 ♠ 99,837 7005100220000000000 ♠ 100,220 ( 1980 ) - 383 - 0.38 % 2.23 % from 2000 to 2010 Scranton Pennsylvania 7004776050000000000 ♠ 77,605 7005143333000000000 ♠ 143,333 ( 1930 ) - 65,728 - 45.86 % 1.6 % from 2010 to 2016 Somerville Massachusetts 7004813600000000000 ♠ 81,360 7005103908000000000 ♠ 103,908 ( 1930 ) - 22,548 - 21.70 % St. Joseph Missouri 7004764420000000000 ♠ 76,442 7005102979000000000 ♠ 102,979 ( 1900 ) - 26,537 - 25.77 % 6.86 % from 1990 to 2010 Trenton New Jersey 7004849640000000000 ♠ 84,964 7005128009000000000 ♠ 128,009 ( 1950 ) - 43,045 - 33.63 % Utica New York 7004606350000000000 ♠ 60,635 7005101740000000000 ♠ 101,740 ( 1930 ) - 41,105 - 40.40 % 2.61 % from 2000 to 2010 Wilmington Delaware 7004711060000000000 ♠ 71,106 7005112504000000000 ♠ 112,504 ( 1940 ) - 41,398 - 36.80 % Youngstown Ohio 7004646040000000000 ♠ 64,604 7005170002000000000 ♠ 170,002 ( 1930 ) - 105,398 - 62.00 % Locations of 50 most populous cities New York Los Angeles Chicago Houston Philadelphia Phoenix San Antonio San Diego Dallas San Jose Austin Jacksonville San Francisco Indianapolis Columbus Fort Worth Charlotte Seattle Denver El Paso Detroit Washington Boston Memphis Nashville Portland Oklahoma City Las Vegas Baltimore Louisville Milwaukee Albuquerque Tucson Fresno Sacramento Kansas City Long Beach Mesa Atlanta Colorado Springs Virginia Beach Raleigh Omaha Miami Oakland Minneapolis Tulsa Wichita New Orleans Arlington Location of 50 largest cities by population in the United States See also Geography portal North America portal United States portal Demographics of the United States United States Census Bureau List of U.S. states and territories by population List of metropolitan areas in the United States List of United States counties and county equivalents United States Office of Management and Budget The OMB has defined 1098 statistical areas comprising 388 MSAs , 541 μSAs , and 169 CSAs Primary statistical area -- List of the 574 PSAs Combined Statistical Area -- List of the 169 CSAs Core Based Statistical Area -- List of the 929 CBSAs Metropolitan Statistical Area -- List of the 388 MSAs Micropolitan Statistical Area -- List of the 541 μSAs Largest cities in the United States by population by decade List of U.S. states ' largest cities by population List of cities proper by population ( most populous cities in the world ) List of United States cities by area List of United States cities by population density Lists of populated places in the United States Shrinking cities in the United States Largest cities in the United States by population by decade References Jump up ^ Towns in New England , while incorporated on a level similar to cities in other states , are considered minor civil divisions by the Census Bureau and are not included in its list of incorporated places . A detailed discussion on this subject can be found at New England town # Census treatment of the New England town system . ^ Jump up to : The State of Hawai ʻi has no incorporated municipalities other than the City and County of Honolulu , which comprises the entire Island of Oʻahu . In accordance with Hawaiian law , the United States Census Bureau defines the state 's `` cities '' and `` towns '' as Census Designated Places ( CDPs ) . The Census Bureau defines the Urban Honolulu CDP as the portion of the City and County of Honolulu that is coextensive with the Judicial District of Honolulu . The Urban Honolulu CDP is what is generally thought of as the `` city '' of Honolulu , and its population is used here and in other population comparisons . The Urban Honolulu CDP is currently the most populous Census Designated Place in the United States . The Honolulu , HI Metropolitan Statistical Area comprises the entire City and County of Honolulu . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places of 50,000 or More , Ranked by July 1 , 2017 Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2017 '' . United States Census Bureau , Population Division . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . U.S. Gazetteer Files . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Or federal district in the case of Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ Since 1898 , the City of New York , New York , has comprised five boroughs with consolidated borough -- county governments : The Borough of Brooklyn and Kings County ( pop . 2,648,771 ) The Borough of Queens and Queens County ( pop . 2,358,582 ) The Borough of Manhattan and New York County ( pop . 1,664,727 ) The Borough of the Bronx and Bronx County ( pop . 1,471,160 ) The Borough of Staten Island and Richmond County ( pop . 479,458 ) Jump up ^ City wins census appeal ; count adjusted -- Houston Chronicle . Chron.com ( December 3 , 2012 ) . Retrieved on July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The City of Philadelphia and Philadelphia County , are separate but coterminous entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . Jump up ^ The City of Jacksonville , Florida , and Duval County , Florida , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . The City of Jacksonville comprises all of Duval County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county . Jump up ^ The City and County of San Francisco , California has a consolidated city and county government . Jump up ^ The City of Indianapolis , Indiana , and Marion County , Indiana , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . The City of Indianapolis comprises all of Marion County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county . See Indianapolis ( balance ) . Jump up ^ The City and County of Denver , Colorado , has a consolidated city and county government . Jump up ^ The City of Washington was consolidated with the District of Columbia in 1871 . Jump up ^ Nashville is a consolidated city - county . The population given is for the entire city - county , excluding other incorporated places lying within the city - county limits . ( See Nashville - Davidson ( balance ) , Tennessee ) . As of 2010 , the population of the city - county including other incorporated places was 626,681 . Jump up ^ The City of Louisville , Kentucky , and Jefferson County , Kentucky , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . The City of Louisville comprises all of Jefferson County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county . See Louisville / Jefferson County metro government ( balance ) , Kentucky . ^ Jump up to : This is an independent city that is not part of any county . Jump up ^ The City of New Orleans , Louisiana , and Orleans Parish , Louisiana , are separate but coterminous entities with a single consolidated city -- parish government . Jump up ^ The City of Lexington , Kentucky , and Fayette County , Kentucky , are separate but coterminous entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . Jump up ^ The Municipality of Anchorage , Alaska , is a unified home rule municipality that functions as both a city and a borough . Jump up ^ The Town of Gilbert , Arizona , is currently the most populous incorporated town in the United States . Jump up ^ Officially listed in US Census Bureau records as Boise City Jump up ^ The City of Baton Rouge , Louisiana , and East Baton Rouge Parish , Louisiana , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- parish government . The City of Baton Rouge has retained its own city limits within East Baton Rouge Parish . Jump up ^ The City of Augusta , Georgia , and Richmond County , Georgia , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . The City of Augusta comprises all of Richmond County except the two other incorporated municipalities within the county . Jump up ^ The City of Columbus , Georgia , and Muscogee County , Georgia , are separate but coterminous entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . Jump up ^ The Town of Cary , North Carolina , is currently the second most populous incorporated town in the United States . Jump up ^ Kansas City , Kansas , and Wyandotte County , Kansas , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . Kansas City comprises all of Wyandotte County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county . Jump up ^ After approval by local voters in a 2012 referendum , the City of Macon , Georgia merged with most of unincorporated Bibb County , Georgia on January 1 , 2014 . The new consolidated government is officially `` Macon - Bibb County . '' Jump up ^ The City of Lafayette , Louisiana , and Lafayette Parish , Louisiana , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- parish government . The City of Lafayette comprises all of Lafayette Parish except the other incorporated municipalities within the parish . Jump up ^ The City of Athens , Georgia , and Clarke County , Georgia , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . The City of Athens comprises all of Clarke County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county . Jump up ^ Official name is San Buenaventura Jump up ^ Jurupa Valley was incorporated as a city on July 1 , 2011 from various portions of unincorporated territory in Riverside County , California . Because of this , there is no official 2010 Census population . Jump up ^ The Town of Davie , Florida , is currently the third most populous incorporated town in the United States . ^ Jump up to : In the state of New Jersey , townships are full - fledged municipalities on par with any town , city , borough , or village . `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions , by County : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2017 '' . 2017 Census Population Estimates . U.S. Census Bureau , Population Division . May 2018 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ In the state of Michigan , charter townships are municipalities on par with any other incorporated city . `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions , by County : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2017 '' . 2017 Census Population Estimates . U.S. Census Bureau , Population Division . May 2018 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Governments '' ( PDF ) . Government Organization . U.S. Census Bureau . December 2002 . Retrieved December 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2017 '' . 2017 Census Population Estimates . U.S. Census Bureau , Population Division . April 2018 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The population of all North Side neighborhoods of Pittsburgh ( 41,120 ) , plus Census Tract 4270 Blocks 2 & 3 , which are the sections of Millvale , Pennsylvania that were formally part of Allegheny City . ( an additional 2,301 ) , which totals to 43,421 . All data from the 2010 Census . Jump up ^ The population for Brooklyn in the 2010 Census was 2,504,700 . However , since Brooklyn is now a borough of the City of New York and thus no longer its own separate city , for the purposes of this chart , its current population will be regarded as negligible . External links Find more aboutUnited Statesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity United States Government United States Census Bureau 2010 United States Census USCB population estimates United States Office of Management and Budget Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_cities_by_population&oldid=865283822 '' Categories : Cities in the United States Lists of cities in the United States by population United States demography - related lists Demographics by city in the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from August 2014 Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Featured lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Ænglisc Azərbaycanca Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Seeltersk Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 59 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2018 , at 22 : 59 ( UTC ) . 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1. United States cities by population
2. Largest cities in the United States
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what channel is the national geographic channel on directv
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National Geographic ( U.S. TV channel ) - wikipedia National Geographic ( U.S. TV channel ) `` National Geographic Channel '' redirects here . For other uses , see National Geographic Channel ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> National Geographic <Td_colspan="2"> Launched January 12 , 2001 ; 17 years ago ( 2001 - 01 - 12 ) Owned by National Geographic Television & Film ( 25 % ) 21st Century Fox ( 75 % ) Picture format 480i , 576i ( SDTV ) 720p , 1080i ( HDTV ) Slogan Always wonder . ( 2001 -- 2005 ) Live Curious. ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Think again . ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Dare to Explore. ( 2009 -- 2012 ) This is Who We Are . ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Further . ( 2016 -- present ) Country United States Broadcast area Worldwide Headquarters Washington , D.C. Formerly called National Geographic Channel ( 2001 -- 2016 ) Sister channel ( s ) Nat Geo Wild Website Channel.NationalGeographic.com <Th_colspan="2"> Availability <Th_colspan="2"> Satellite DirecTV Channel 276 ( HD / SD ) Channel 1276 ( VOD ) Dish Network Channel 197 Channel 9429 DigitAlb 75 ( HD only ) <Th_colspan="2"> Cable Available on many cable providers Check local listings <Th_colspan="2"> IPTV Verizon FiOS Channel 621 ( HD ) Channel 121 ( SD ) AT&T U-verse Channel 265 Channel 1265 HuronTel Digital TV Channel 370 <Th_colspan="2"> Streaming media Sling TV Internet Protocol television PlayStation Vue Internet Protocol television DirecTV Now Internet Protocol television National Geographic ( formerly National Geographic Channel and also commercially abbreviated and trademarked as Nat Geo or Nat Geo TV ) is an American digital cable and satellite television network that is owned by National Geographic Partners , majority - owned by 21st Century Fox with the remainder owned by the National Geographic Society . The flagship channel airs non-fiction television programs produced by National Geographic and other production companies . Like History and Discovery Channel , the channel features documentaries with factual content involving nature , science , culture , and history , plus some reality and pseudo-scientific entertainment programming . Its primary sister network worldwide , including the United States , is Nat Geo Wild , which focuses on animal - related programming , including the popular Dog Whisperer with Cesar Millan . As of February 2015 , National Geographic is available to approximately 86,144,000 pay television households ( 74 % of households with television ) in the United States . Contents 1 Overview 2 TV shows 3 Theme fanfare music 4 Other National Geographic channels 4.1 Nat Geo Music 4.2 Nat Geo Junior 4.3 National Geographic Channel HD 4.4 Nat Geo People 4.5 Nat Geo Wild 4.6 Nat Geo Mundo 4.7 Nat Geo Kids 5 In the press 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Overview ( edit ) In September 1997 , the first National Geographic Channels were launched in the United Kingdom , Europe and Australia . In July 1998 , National Geographic Channel Asia was launched in partnership and distribution with STAR TV ( before replacing NBC Asia Channel ; the same happened after NBC Europe 's demise in 1998 ) . Today , the channel is available in over 143 countries , seen in more than 160 million homes and in 25 languages . Being the first country in Latin America to receive the channel , broadcasts from Brazil started substituting the independent channel Superstation channel on November 1 , 2000 released by FOX Latin American Channels . According to people connected to the channel , it was first launched in the country due to the sales success of the magazine National Geographic . In the United States , the National Geographic Channel , launched on January 12 , 2001 , is a joint venture of National Geographic Television & Film and Fox Cable Networks . National Geographic provides programming expertise and the Fox Networks Group provides its expertise on distribution , marketing , and advertising sales . In the same year a Latin American version of the channel was released . National Geographic Channel logo ( 2005 -- 2016 ) In Canada , the channel National Geographic ( Canada ) is owned by Corus Entertainment and National Geographic Channel U.S. , while the European versions are operated in partnership with Fox 's sister company , Sky plc , which had been partly sold to Fox in 2007 . This includes an English - language version for the UK , Iceland and Republic of Ireland , which is carried on Sky , Virgin Media and TalkTalk TV in the UK , Sky , Virgin Media , Magnet Networks , SCTV in the Republic of Ireland and Skjarin in Iceland . In Australia , National Geographic Channel is carried by Foxtel , Optus , Austar , Neighbourhood Cable , TransTV , and SelecTV . The Australian version includes Australian guest presenters of promotional material and to introduce certain programs , series and specials . In New Zealand , National Geographic Channel is broadcast on SKY Network Television and TelstraClear InHomeTV . In South Africa , the channel is carried by Digital Satellite Television ( also known as DStv ) MultiChoice 's multi-channel digital satellite television service in Africa . In the Middle East , an Arabic version is broadcasting free to air on Nilesat as National Geographic Abu Dhabi . It is co-owned by the National Geographic Society / Fox International Channels and Abu Dhabi Media Company . In India , the channel was launched on July 1 , 1998 , in a joint venture with STAR TV . The ' 90s : The Last Great Decade , a documentary series narrated by Rob Lowe , pulled in 1.10 million viewers , and was the second highest - rated July telecast in the National Geographic Channel rating history . The 2000s : A New Reality , also narrated by Lowe , premiered on July 12 , 2015 . On November 14 , 2016 , National Geographic Channel was rebranded as simply National Geographic , dropping the `` Channel '' from its name . On December 14 , 2017 , in a historic deal valued at over $52 billion , The Walt Disney Company announced it will buy the majority of 21st Century Fox . Disney would assume control of Fox 's stake in the National Geographic partnership . TV shows ( edit ) Main article : List of programs broadcast by National Geographic National Geographic Channel 's TV shows , in alphabetical order : Abandoned Access 360 ° World Heritage Air Crash Investigation Alaska State Troopers American Chainsaw American Colony : Meet the Hutterites American Genius American Gypsies American Weed America 's Lost Treasures Amish : Out of Order Ancient Secrets Apocalypse 101 Are You Tougher Than a Boy Scout ? Battleground Afghanistan Beast Hunter Bid & Destroy Big , Bigger , Biggest Big Picture with Kal Penn Bizarre Dinosaurs The Boonies Border Wars Brain Games Breakout Building Wild Cesar 911 Chasing UFOs Construction Zone Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey Crowd Control Diggers Dino Autopsy Dino Death Match Dino Death Trap Dinosaurs Decoded Dogs with Jobs Doomsday Castle Doomsday Preppers Drugged Drugs , Inc . Duck Quacks Do n't Echo Eat : The Story of Food Expedition Wild Week Explorer Eyewitness War Family Beef Family Guns Forecast : Disaster Genius Going Ape Hacking The System Hard Time Hell on the Highway Highway Thru Hell Inside the American Mob Inside Combat Rescue Inside : Secret America Inside : Thirumala Tirupathi Kentucky Justice Lawless Oceans The Legend of Mick Dodge Let it Ride Life After Dinosaurs Life Below Zero Life Hacker The Link Live Free or Die Locked Up Abroad Lords of War Mars Megastructures Meltdown Mountain Movers Mudcats The Numbers Game ' ' Origins : The Journey of Humankind '' One Strange Rock '' '' Polygamy , USA ' ' Port Protection Remote Survival Richard Hammond 's Engineering Connections Rocket City Rednecks Scam City Science of Stupid Seconds From Disaster Sky Monsters Snake Salvation Southern Justice StarTalk The Story of God with Morgan Freeman The Story of Us with Morgan Freeman Supercars SuperCroc Taboo To Catch A Smuggler The ' 80s : The Decade that Made Us The ' 90s : The Last Great Decade ? ( also entitled The ' 90s : The Decade that Connected Us ) The 2000s : The Decade We Saw It All The Truth Behind T - Rex Autopsy T - Rex Walks Ultimate Airport Dubai Ultimate Dino Survivor Ultimate Factories Ultimate Survival Alaska When Crocs Ate Dinosaurs Wicked Tuna Wicked Tuna : Outer Banks Wild Amazon Wild Justice Witness : Disaster WW2 Hell Under the sea You Ca n't Lick Your Elbow Yukon Gold Yukon River Run Theme fanfare music ( edit ) The National Geographic Channel 's signature theme fanfare music , which is played at the beginning of many of the channel 's television programs , was composed by Elmer Bernstein . It was originally written in 1964 for the Society 's television specials , which were broadcast on CBS , ABC , PBS and NBC from 1964 until the early 2000s . Other National Geographic Channels ( edit ) Nat Geo music ( edit ) Main article : Nat Geo Music Nat Geo Music is designed to offer an alternative music video channel for both international and smaller independent local labels with a focus on cultural lyrics and rhythms . It became available in Italy on October 15 , 2007 , and later it was broadcast around the world . Nat Geo Junior ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Nat Geo Junior Launched 22 March 2007 Closed 21 February 2015 Owned by National Geographic Society Picture format 16 : 9 Slogan ( 08.2007 - 04.2009 ) ( 04.2009 - 08.2014 ) ( 08.2014 - 22.10. 2014 ) ( 23.10. 2014.21. 02.2015 ) Country United States Language English Broadcast area United States Nat Geo Junior is available in Belgium , India , and the Netherlands and is formatted specifically for children . Nat Geo Junior is also featured as a programming block on the National Geographic Channel in Asia . National Geographic channel HD ( edit ) The United States 720p high definition simulcast of the National Geographic Channel launched in January 2006 . It is available on all major cable and satellite providers . In Canada , the Canadian version of NGC HD launched on December 19 , 2006 . It is available nationally via the country 's two satellite services , Shaw Direct on channel 276 , Bell TV on channel 828 , Videotron on channel 754 , as well as on various digital cable systems . In Australia , this channel has been available on the Foxtel HD+ service since July 1 , 2008 . In Asia Pacific , this channel was the first channel to support 1080i HD and 5.1 - channel surround sound . The channel was commercially available in Singapore via StarHub TV channel 457 on January 18 , 2007 , followed by Vietnam via Vietnam Multimedia Corporation ( VTC ) . It was also available exclusively on now TV channel 218 on December 19 , 2007 in Hong Kong . Two years later , it became available as part of the initial bouquet of HD channels on Astro B. yond in Malaysia . In India , this channel has been available since February 2010 . It is carried on Videocon d2h , Dish TV , Airtel Digital TV , Reliance Digital TV , Sun Direct HD , Hathway HD and TataSky + HD featuring multilingual support ( English , Hindi , Tamil , Telugu and Bengali ) , 1080i ( full HD ) and 5.1 surround sound . In Albania , this channel has been available since 2007 on DigitAlb platform , channel 75 , which is the biggest HD channel broadcaster in eastern Europe and Balkans , with 14 HD channels . In Malaysia , this channel is available on Astro ( Malaysian satellite television ) . In Sri Lanka , this channel is available in Dialog TV . In Poland , this channel is available as of mid-2007 on Cyfra Plus platform with Polish and English soundtrack . In Israel , this channel is available since late 2007 in HOT ( cable ) and yes ( satellite ) . In Slovakia , this channel is available since 2008 in digital TV product UPC Digital . In Czech Republic , this channel is available since the spring of 2008 on digital cable from UPC Digital , channel 54 . Both Czech and Slovak feeds of NGC HD were transmitted directly from the UK ( Sky+ HD ) and came with an English audio track only ( DD / AC3 ) . This was later changed and these countries now have the European feed , which was expected to be localized in the Czech language in the autumn of 2011 . Since July 20 , 2011 , this channel is also available in both countries in Skylink . In Turkey , this channel is available since 2008 on digital television provider Digiturk . In Romania , this channel is available since February 1 , 2010 on digital cable ( DVB - C ) from UPC Romania and since June 1 , 2010 from RCS - RDS . In Latin America , this channel started broadcasting from Miami in November 1 , 2001 . It 's divided into six feeds ( Mexico , Colombia , Argentinian / Rioplatense , Pan-American , Brasil and HD Pan-American ) . The National Geographic Channel 1080i simulcast was being broadcast along with the Fox HD channel from December 1 , 2008 til June 2014 , when the four - hour Fox programming block was picked up for an independent channel , leaving NatGeo HD with its own feed . In Greece , this channel has been available since December 22 , 2010 in NOVA Greece . Since May 8 , 2014 , this channel has been available for the second digital platform , OTE TV in Greece . In Latvia , this channel has been available since October 1 , 2011 . It can be viewed on Lattelecom and many cable networks . In Iran , this channel has been available since October 15 , 2011 . It can be viewed on W3A - 10721h - Vertical - FEC 2 / 4 . In Indonesia , this channel is available on Skynindo , Indovision and First Media . In the Philippines , National Geographic Channel HD can be seen on Cignal TV and other cable providers . In the Middle East and North Africa , National Geographic Abu Dhabi HD has been available since March 1 , 2015 and can be seen in free to air on nilesat . Nat Geo people ( edit ) Main article : Nat Geo People Nat Geo People , formerly known as National Geographic Adventure and Adventure One ( A1 ) , commonly known as Nat Geo Adventure , is a subscription TV channel part of National Geographic Channels International and 21st Century Fox . It is aimed at younger audiences , providing programming based around outdoor adventure , travel and stories involving people having fun while exploring the world . Nat Geo Wild ( edit ) Main article : Nat Geo Wild Nat Geo Wild ( stylized as Nat Geo WILD or abbreviated as NGW ) is a cable / satellite TV channel focused on animal - related programs . It is a sister network to National Geographic Channel and it is the latest channel to be jointly launched by the National Geographic Society and Fox Cable Networks . It first launched in Hong Kong on January 1 , 2006 , focusing primarily on wildlife and natural history programming . The channel later launched in the United Kingdom , Turkey , Ireland , Romania , India , Vietnam , and Poland replacing the now defunct Adventure One . The channel remains the world 's first bilingual wildlife service , available in English and Cantonese in the Hong Kong market as well as Tagalog in the Philippines . The channel launched in Latin America on November 1 , 2009 as a high definition channel . In 2010 , it launched in the United States . Nat Geo Mundo ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Nat Geo Mundo Launched 2011 ; 7 years ago ( 2011 ) Owned by National Geographic Society Slogan So easy and convenient Country United States Language Spanish Broadcast area Nationwide <Th_colspan="2"> Availability <Th_colspan="2"> Cable Available on most other U.S. cable systems Consult your local cable provider for channel availability <Th_colspan="2"> IPTV Verizon FiOS Channel 1584 <Th_colspan="2"> Streaming media PlayStation Vue Internet Protocol television Nat Geo Mundo is broadcast in American Spanish , and was launched in 2011 . It shares programming with the Nat Geo channel available in Hispanic American countries . Nat Geo Kids ( edit ) Main articles : Nat Geo Kids ( Latin American TV channel ) and Nat Geo Kids ( Brazilian TV channel ) Nat Geo Kids is a cable TV channel broadcasting for kids and was launched in Latin America on July 1 , 2017 and in Brazil on October 3 , 2017 . In the Press ( edit ) In 2013 , the network began airing the reality show Are You Tougher Than a Boy Scout ? . National Geographic Channel was criticized for their association with the Boy Scouts of America , an organization which , until a vote in May of that year that overturned its ban , had forbidden openly gay members . Archaeologists have protested that National Geographic shows such as Diggers and Nazi War Diggers promote the looting and destruction of archaeological sites by promoting the work of metal detecting souvenir hunters and collectable dealers . In 2013 the National Geographic Channel set off a firestorm of controversy with its reality show Diggers . Professional archaeologists from the Society for Historical Archaeology , the largest scholarly group concerned with the archaeology of the modern world ( A.D. 1400 -- present ) , roundly criticized the network for promoting the theft of cultural materials on public and private land . The show Nazi War Diggers was accused of showing unscientific and disrespectful handling of human remains . A promotional quote from a military relic dealer , `` I feel that by selling things that are Nazi - related and for lots of money , I am preserving things that museums do n't want to deal with , '' was removed from the channel 's website in March 2014 . National Geographic expressed regret for how the series was presented by its own website but maintained that many of the accusations against the series were based on misinformation . The program was subsequently pulled from the schedules while National Geographic reviewed allegations against the series . The show was repackaged , amid controversy , as Battlefield Recovery for air during 2016 on Channel 5 in the UK . See also ( edit ) List of documentary television channels List of programs broadcast by National Geographic Channel National Geographic Abu Dhabi National Geographic Channel ( Asia ) National Geographic ( Australia and New Zealand ) National Geographic ( Canadian TV channel ) National Geographic Channel ( France ) National Geographic Channel ( Germany ) National Geographic Channel ( Greece ) National Geographic Channel ( India ) National Geographic Channel ( Netherlands ) National Geographic Channel ( South Korea ) National Geographic Channel ( UK and Ireland ) National Geographic Farsi Nat Geo People References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 22 , 2015 ) . `` List of how many homes each cable network is in as of February 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` International Geographic '' . Television Business International . October 1 , 1997 . p. 172 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Débora ( September 20 , 2000 ) . `` NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC CHANNEL ESTRÉIA NO BRASIL EM NOVEMBRO PELA NET '' . Valor Econômico . Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gabrielle Pantera . `` Nat Geo Channel The 2000s , Rob Lowe Narrates the Naughties '' . HollywoodDailyStar.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Walt Disney Company To Acquire Twenty - First Century Fox , Inc. , After Spinoff Of Certain Businesses , For $52.4 Billion In Stock '' ( Press release ) . The Walt Disney Company . December 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2716082/?ref_=ttep_ep_tt Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2903156/?ref_=ttep_ep_tt Jump up ^ `` NGCI launches Nat Geo Music '' ( Press release ) . National Geographic Channels ( International ) . August 21 , 2007 . Retrieved September 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Indiantelevision.com > Breaking News > NGC to launch Nat Geo Junior from January 24 Jump up ^ National Geographic Channel Latvia Jump up ^ `` National Geographic Launches Nat Geo Mundo , New Network For Multi-Generational And Bicultural U.S. Latinos '' . April 4 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2011 . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Networks Group lanza NatGeo Kids '' . pensario.net ( in Spanish ) . 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Wong , Curtis ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Boy Scout Reality Series Deemed Anti-Gay ' Marketing Ploy ' By LGBT Activists '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` ' Diggers , ' ' American Digger ' TV Shows Said To Promote Looting Of Archaeological Sites , Huffington Post , March 2 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` National Geographic 's Diggers : is it better ? '' . Society for Historical Archaeology . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV Series is Criticized in Handling of Deceased '' , New York Times , March 28 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` ' Nazi War Diggers ' television show scrapped by National Geographic after furious viewers complain about insensitive historians excavating Second World War graves '' . Daily Mail Online . Jump up ^ Guy Walters , Katherine Rushton ( 8 January 2016 ) . `` Channel 5 accused of disrespecting war dead after showing TV series Nazi War Diggers that was already scrapped by other stations for being ' tasteless and ghoulish ' '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 4 August 2016 . External links ( edit ) National Geographic Channel U.S.A. 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when do new episodes of henry danger air
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List of Henry Danger episodes - Wikipedia List of Henry Danger episodes Jump to : navigation , search Henry Danger is an American sitcom created by Dan Schneider and Dana Olsen that premiered on Nickelodeon on July 26 , 2014 . The series stars Jace Norman , Cooper Barnes , Riele Downs , Sean Ryan Fox , and Ella Anderson . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 25 <Td_colspan="1"> July 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 26 ) May 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 16 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 <Td_colspan="1"> September 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 12 ) July 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 17 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 19 <Td_colspan="1"> September 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 17 ) October 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> TBA <Td_colspan="1"> October 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 21 ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` The Danger Begins '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Dana Olsen July 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 26 ) 999 - 60 1.94 <Td_colspan="8"> After finding an after - school job at Junk ' n ' Stuff , Henry Hart lands a job as a sidekick to his town 's superhero , Captain Man . Now he must keep his identity a secret at the time when The Toddler is planning to turn all the babies in Swellview into monsters . Meanwhile , Jasper hosts his birthday party , which is very boring until Captain Man and Kid Danger , Henry 's sidekick persona , arrive . `` Mo ' Danger , Mo ' Problems '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Dana Olsen September 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 13 ) 103 1.57 `` The Secret Gets Out '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Jake Farrow September 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 20 ) 104 1.74 <Td_colspan="8"> Charlotte figures out that Henry is Kid Danger and he confirms it , getting fired afterwards . At the same time , the villain Phone Shark is at large and Henry must catch him so that Captain Man rehires him . Meanwhile , Jasper must serve Piper so that she does n't upload the footage of him trying to sing The Cup Song . `` Tears of the Jolly Beetle '' Russ Reinsel Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak September 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 27 ) 105 1.53 <Td_colspan="8"> During an event held by Vice Mayor Willard , Captain Man becomes vulnerable to harm when someone sprays him with perfume containing tears of the jolly beetle . Henry traces the source of the jolly beetles to Dr. Minyak so that he and Captain Man can capture them and use the euphoric acid they release when they laugh to restore Captain Man 's powers . 5 5 `` Substitute Teacher '' Russ Reinsel Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff October 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 04 ) 106 1.79 6 6 `` Jasper Danger '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Dana Olsen October 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 18 ) 107 1.62 <Td_colspan="8"> Jasper dresses up as Kid Danger for Halloween to impress a girl named Monica since he had convinced her at school he was the real Kid Danger . After they finish trick - or - treating , Monica and Jasper spot someone breaking into a car . Jasper goes over to confront the criminal Jeff to stop him from stealing the car . Instead , Jeff takes him and Monica back to his house and refuses to let them go unless Captain Man brings him what he wants . 7 7 `` The Space Rock '' Russ Reinsel Dan Schneider & Jake Farrow November 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 01 ) 108 2.19 8 8 `` Birthday Girl Down '' Adam Weissman Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak November 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 08 ) 109 1.67 <Td_colspan="8"> Special guest star : Nathan Kress as himself 9 9 `` Too Much Game '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff November 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 15 ) 110 2.38 <Td_colspan="8"> When Coach Bix says his team is a team of losers , Henry believes that he was replaced on the Swellview Honey Badgers basketball team by a 14 year old boy named Shawn Corbit , who has been recruited by Coach Bix . After losing a one - on - one match that determines who will be point guard , Shawn reveals to Henry that he 's really 26 years old & Coach Bix is forcing Shawn to pretend he 's 14 years old because Coach Bix kidnaped Shawn 's Cockapoo hostage in order to get the team to win . Meanwhile , Ray is reluctant to call his former worker Schwoz when the Man Cave is on the fritz . Later , Henry tells Ray the bad news . So , Ray turns into Captain Man & goes to Coach Bix 's apartment with Shawn & gives his puppy back to him and the Man Cave becomes fixed by Schwoz & Ray befriends Schwoz again . Special guest star : Russell Westbrook as Shawn Corbit 10 10 `` Henry the Man - Beast '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Dana Olsen November 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 22 ) 111 2.03 <Td_colspan="8"> This episode needs an improved plot summary . ( June 2016 ) A device in the Man Cave meant to make men stronger , more powerful , and `` manlier '' strikes Henry when he accidentally pushes a button on the machine . The effect makes him grow facial hair and increases his adrenaline , making him angry and eventually turning him `` beastly '' . Captain Man , Schwoz , and Charlotte rush to find Henry before his crazy behavior ruins his date with Chloe Hartman . Guest star : Jade Pettyjohn as Chloe 11 11 `` Invisible Brad '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff January 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 10 ) 112 1.82 <Td_colspan="8"> Guest star : Jake Farrow as the voice of Brad 12 12 `` Spoiler Alert '' Russ Reinsel Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak January 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 24 ) 113 1.63 <Td_colspan="8"> This episode needs an improved plot summary . ( June 2016 ) Henry and Ray must deal with The Spoiler , an annoying new teenage super-villain that finds out the endings of TV shows and movies and tells people about it before they see it . Meanwhile , Piper tries to get into the Man Fans , a Captain Man fan club led by Paula Marikto , and goes through the initiation process with the latest one involving getting a selfie with Captain Man . Guest star : Noland Ammon as Spoiler 13 13 `` Let 's Make a Steal '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff January 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 31 ) 114 1.62 14 14 `` Super Volcano '' Russ Reinsel Dan Schneider & Dana Olsen February 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 07 ) 115 1.62 15 15 `` My Phony Valentine '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Jake Farrow February 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 14 ) 116 1.84 <Td_colspan="8"> When Henry asks his crush Bianca to be his valentine and go out with him to Club Soda , she rejects his offer since Mitch Bilsky already asked her out . In order to impress Bianca , Schwoz provides Henry an android which can be turned into any human form as a date . Meanwhile , Captain Man reluctantly has a date with Henry 's teacher Miss Shapen so that she will change Henry 's grade on a test that he failed . 16 16 `` Caved In '' Nathan Kress Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak February 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 28 ) 117 2.17 <Td_colspan="8"> This episode needs an improved plot summary . ( June 2016 ) Henry and Charlotte plan to take Ray to Six Poles Amusement Park to give Ray the childhood that he never had . When Jasper accidentally triggers the emergency lockdown mode for the Man Cave and Junk ' n ' Stuff , Henry , Charlotte and Ray are trapped in the Man Cave , spoiling the plans . At the same time , Jasper and Piper are trapped upstairs alone . 17 17 `` Elevator Kiss '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff March 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 07 ) 118 1.65 18 18 `` Man of the House '' Russ Reinsel Dan Schneider & Dana Olsen March 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 14 ) 119 1.76 19 19 `` Dream Busters '' Adam Weissman Dan Schneider & Jake Farrow March 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 21 ) 120 1.38 <Td_colspan="8"> Guest star : Baron Jay as Kanye West 20 20 `` Kid Grounded '' Russ Reinsel Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak April 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 04 ) 121 1.58 <Td_colspan="8"> After getting caught sneaking out by Piper late at night , his parents ground him alongside Piper , who watched a rated R movie . While Henry is indisposed , he gets upset when Charlotte fills in as Kid Danger , causing a rift between them . A deal is made by Henry 's parents in which if he and Piper can go 24 hours without arguing , then their grounding will be lifted . However , they will be grounded for a month if they fail . Meanwhile , Jasper tries to make life hack videos . 21 21 `` Captain Jerk '' Mike Caron Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff & Andrew Thomas April 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 11 ) 122 1.92 <Td_colspan="8"> Guest stars : Dave Fennoy as Kid Danger 's deep voice , Shayne Topp as Dennis 22 22 `` The Bucket Trap '' Nathan Kress Dan Schneider & Dana Olsen April 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 18 ) 123 1.42 23 23 `` Henry & the Bad Girl , Part 1 '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Jake Farrow May 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 02 ) 124 1.44 <Td_colspan="8"> This episode needs an improved plot summary . ( June 2016 ) While Captain Man and Kid Danger pursue the Van Del , the leader of a graffiti group known as the Wall Dogs , Kid Danger falls for Wall Dogs member Veronika . Meanwhile , Jasper , Sydney , Oliver , and Oliver 's cousin Krish work with Piper in order to get $10,000 rewarded to whoever finds the Wall Dogs so that Jasper can pay for foot - reduction surgery . Guest stars : Josh Fingerhut as Van Del , Madison Iseman as Veronika , Baron Jay as Kanye West 24 24 `` Henry & the Bad Girl , Part 2 '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff May 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 09 ) 125 1.87 <Td_colspan="8"> This episode needs an improved plot summary . ( June 2016 ) Following the fight against Captain Man near the Swellview sign , Veronika brings Kid Danger to her fellow Wall Dogs members Beyonspray , Spray - Z , Two Canz , and T Paint so that Van Del will welcome Henry into the Wall Dogs . At the same time , Captain Man searches for Kid Danger , while Piper , Jasper , Sydney , Oliver , and Krish continue looking for the Wall Dogs . Guest stars : Josh Fingerhut as Van Del , Madison Iseman as Veronika 25 25 `` Jasper 's Real Girlfriend '' David Kendall Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak May 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 16 ) 126 1.55 <Td_colspan="8"> This episode needs an improved plot summary . ( June 2016 ) Courtney Sham , Jasper 's girlfriend from summer camp , arrives from Fibberton and becomes jealous of Charlotte when she thinks she is dating Jasper . Meanwhile , Henry and Ray make a bet revolving around the loser of a ping - pong game having to clean the tube in ducky pajamas after Mexican food splattered over it following a visit from Schwoz ' sister . Guest star : Jada Facer as Courtney Sham Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 26 `` The Beat Goes On '' Adam Weissman Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak September 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 12 ) 201 2.13 <Td_colspan="8"> Special guest star : Benjamin Flores , Jr. as Li'l Biggie Guest stars : Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Amber Bela Muse as Nurse Cohort , Mike Ostroski as Dr. Minyak 27 `` One Henry , Three Girls : Part 1 '' Adam Weissman Dan Schneider & Jay Kogen September 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 19 ) 202 1.78 28 `` One Henry , Three Girls : Part 2 '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff September 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 26 ) 203 1.78 29 `` Henry & the Woodpeckers '' Mike Caron Dan Schneider & Avin Das October 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 03 ) 204 1.57 <Td_colspan="8"> Guest stars : Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Wendy Braun as Ms. Sherwood , Layla Crawford as Sophie , Rodney J. Hobbs as Mr. Berman , Mandy June Turpin as Ms. Weiner 30 5 `` Captain Man Goes on Vacation '' `` Captain Man : On Vacation '' Nathan Kress Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak October 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 10 ) 205 1.61 <Td_colspan="8"> Guest stars : Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Joe Kaprielian as Sidney , Matthew Zhang as Oliver , Ryan Grassmeyer as Jeff 31 6 `` The Time Jerker '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Jay Kogen November 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 07 ) 206 1.85 <Td_colspan="8"> Guest stars : Kelly Sullivan as Mrs. Hart , Jeffrey Nichols Brown as Mr. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Andrew Caldwell as Mitch Bilsky , Joe Kaprielian as Sidney , Joey Richter as The Time Jerker 32 7 `` Secret Beef '' Adam Weissman Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff November 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 14 ) 207 1.35 <Td_colspan="8"> Two weeks after Captain Man and Kid Danger captured the Time Jerker , Henry receives a gift basket . Henry finds a gift card to Swellview 's most exclusive steakhouse , Montego 's , inside . When his friends , family , neighbors , and Herb from Sam & Cat , who came to Swellview from Venice , Los Angeles as part of his vacation , want Henry to invite them as his guest , Henry decides to bring Ray , who has not yet been invited to Montego 's as Captain Man . Henry soon finds himself conflicted when he also invites Bianca as part of their one year `` Lockerversary '' . Ray and Schwoz try to pose as Henry and Bianca , but Henry and Bianca appear and catch them in the act . A dispute then ensures on who 's who , but it eventually ends with Bianca leaving since she is not into beef , but chicken instead . After having their steak , Henry and Ray notice petty criminals Ert and Bernie leaving the restaurant and end up fighting them , causing damage to the dining area . Following Ert and Bernie 's arrest , Captain Man and Kid Danger are told by the manager that they are n't on the reservation list and have the food confiscated . Upon returning to the Man Cave , Captain Man finds out that some of the steak fell into Kid Danger 's outfit and the two of them split it . Afterward , they head to Back Out Steakhouse . Guest stars : Jeffrey Nichols Brown as Mr. Hart , Kelly Sullivan as Mrs. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Carrie Barrett as Mary Gaperman , Jill Benjamin as Miss Shapen , Rob Locke as Turk , Joey Richter as The Time Jerker , Winston Story as Trent Overunder , Maeve Tomalty as Bianca Absent : Ella Anderson as Piper 33 8 `` Henry 's Jelly '' Adam Weissman Dan Schneider & Avin Das November 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 21 ) 208 1.52 <Td_colspan="8"> When Jasper stops a thief and becomes a big news hit , Henry becomes jealous because nobody gives him any credit as Henry . In an attempt to prove himself , he tries to stop an angry customer who 's taken hostages at an animal store as himself ; however , Captain Man shows up , causing Henry to become distracted and taken hostage . When the angry customer threatens to drop a poisonous spider on Henry 's face , Captain Man is forced to lock himself in a cage . Meanwhile , Jasper shows up at Henry 's house looking for Henry , where Mr. and Mrs. Hart are getting massages . When he discovers Henry is in danger , he runs off to rescue him . Jasper then shows up at the animal store and lets Captain Man out of his cage . The angry customer becomes aware and comes back out demanding answers , but Captain Man punches him and puts a stop to him . When Henry and the rest of the hostages are freed , Jasper mentions how Henry does n't need to thank him because they are best friends , causing Henry to feel bad for being jealous . To make up for it , Henry purchases the same poisonous spider that the angry customer threatened to drop onto Henry as an apology because Jasper saw it at the store and really wanted , but he could not afford it as it cost $150 . Guest stars : Jeffrey Nichols Brown as Mr. Hart , Kelly Sullivan as Mrs. Hart , Carrie Barrett as Mary Gaperman , Jill Benjamin as Miss Shapen , Zach Callison as Chet , Joe Kaprielian as Sidney , Matthew Zhang as Oliver , Winston Story as Trent Overunder , Toby Wilson as Dirk Absent : Ella Anderson as Piper 34 9 `` Christmas Danger '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak November 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 28 ) 209 1.62 <Td_colspan="8"> Guest stars : Jeffrey Nichols Brown as Mr. Hart , Kelly Sullivan as Mrs. Hart 35 10 `` Indestructible Henry , Part 1 '' Nathan Kress Dan Schneider & Jay Kogen March 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 19 ) 210 2.02 <Td_colspan="8"> After Kid Danger is nearly injured trying to help Captain Man stop a clock store from exploding , he decides to go through Dr. Carl Manchester 's trans - molecular densitizer that made Ray indestructable , located in the Man Cave 's storage room . Meanwhile , Piper wants to be on the TV show `` Junior Chefs '' much to the dismay of Mr. Hart after the last two times Piper had cooked for the family . Ray is hesitant to use the trans - molecular densitizer on Henry after some incidents that Dr. Manchester and his fellow scientists did on Dave McCallen who gained a face on his stomach , John Walker whose hands became feet , and Glenn Levit who gained arms that emerge from his ears . Schwoz theorizes that it worked well with Ray when he was a young boy and uses it on Henry . The experiment appears to work , but the next morning , Henry discovers that the densitizer gave him a side effect . Guest stars : Jeffrey Nichols Brown as Mr. Hart , Kelly Sullivan as Mrs. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz 36 11 `` Indestructible Henry , Part 2 '' Russ Reinsel Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff March 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 26 ) 211 2.12 <Td_colspan="8"> As a side effect of going through the trans - molecular densitizer , Henry breathes fire whenever he laughs . Upon examining Henry , Schwoz tells Ray and Charlotte that the machine mutated his throat muscles . Meanwhile , Piper has another attempt at making her parents dinner after the dogs that Jasper walked ate it . Jasper brings his comedian cousin Dex Dunlop to dinner as Henry tries not to laugh at his jokes . Piper eventually catches on to the family 's plan to avoid saying that her cooking is awful . Thanks to Piper declaring that dinner is over , Henry returns to the Man Cave , where Ray is used to conduct the two components of the trans - molecular densitizer in order to reverse the mutation to Henry 's throat muscles . Guest stars : Kelly Sullivan as Mrs. Hart , Jeffrey Nichols Brown as Mr. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Joshua Carlon as Dex 37 12 `` Text , Lies & Video '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Avin Das April 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 09 ) 212 1.65 <Td_colspan="8"> Henry and Ray want a video made to see what they would look like when they blow their bubbles and transform into their superhero personas . However , Henry accidentally sends the video to Piper . Henry must now get Piper 's phone and delete the video before Piper can see it . When Jasper brings the phone to Henry with Piper on his tail , it turns out that Jasper accidentally grabbed Mrs. Hart 's phone by mistake , and Henry then races home to get to Piper 's phone before Piper does . After much difficulty , Henry deletes the video from the phone and brings it to Junk ' n ' Stuff . Henry stalls Piper as Charlotte deletes the video from the Cloud . Piper then reclaims her phone and storms off . At the end , Henry and Ray discover that Charlotte videoed herself instead of them . Guest star : Jeffrey Nichols Brown as Mr. Hart 38 13 `` Opposite Universe '' Adam Weissman Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak April 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 16 ) 213 1.75 <Td_colspan="8"> Henry and Charlotte get caught in an electrical disturbance in the transport tubes during a thunderstorm and end up in an alternate dimension where Ray / Captain Man and Schwoz are evil and are planning to force the tickets for The Halkings ' concert from that reality 's version of Piper . To keep the alternate Piper from being eliminated , Henry and Charlotte must prevent the alternate Captain Man from succeeding . Meanwhile , Ray and Schowz deal with the alternate Henry and Charlotte that ended up in their universe . After Henry tells the alternate Captain Man the truth , a truce is held to get both versions of Henry and Charlotte back to their respectful dimensions . Guest stars : Jeffrey Nichols Brown as Mr. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Andrew Caldwell as Mitch Bilsky , Joe Kaprielian as Sidney , Matthew Zhang as Oliver 39 14 `` Grave Danger '' David Kendall Dan Schneider & Andrew Reese Thomas & Joe Sullivan April 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 23 ) 217 1.67 <Td_colspan="8"> When strange things have been happening to Ray , Charlotte and Schwoz find out that Ray 's old friend , Invisible Brad , survived being hit by a bus . While investigating his grave at the Swellview cemetery , Kid Danger and Captain Man exam Invisible Brad 's casket . However , they end up being ambushed by Invisible Brad , who traps them in the casket and buries them alive . Meanwhile , Jasper gets a pair of petite walkie - talkies and tries using different code names for Henry . At the same time , Piper gets a driver 's license from Swellview 's DMV . Invisible Brad then proceeds to enter the Man Cave and uses Ray 's power gum to become Captain Brad . With help from Piper , Jasper rescues Captain Man and Kid Danger from the casket . Back at the Man Cave , Invisible Brad reveals that he faked his death so that he could take over as Swellview 's hero , but when Henry and Ray return , they find him , and Henry uses bear spray to defeat him . Guest star : Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz 40 15 `` Ox Pox '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Samantha Martin April 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 30 ) 218 1.83 <Td_colspan="8"> Piper comes down with an illness called Ox Pox after unknowingly consuming one of the cookies that Schwoz made with comodium acetate due to him mistaking it for sugar . In order to get the feathers of the extinct Chica - Willow , Captain Man uses the Time Jerker 's confiscated time machine to go back to Prudhoe Bay , Alaska , in 1709 in order to obtain the Chica - Willow feathers so that he can make a cure for Piper . Meanwhile , Jasper wants Henry to play ultimate hide and seek with him by giving him clues . When Captain Man obtains the Chica - Willow , Scwhoz accidentally brings an elderly Ray from 50 years in the future by mistake . Henry , Charlotte , and Schwoz then work together to bring Captain Man back to the present and send the elderly Ray back to his own time , before Henry makes the cure for Piper . Guest stars : Jeffrey Nichols Brown as Mr. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz 41 16 `` Twin Henrys '' Russ Reinsel Dan Schneider & Avin Das May 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 07 ) 216 1.37 <Td_colspan="8"> Guest stars : Jeffrey Nichols Brown as Mr. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Steve Lewis as Mark 42 17 `` Danger & Thunder '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Jay Kogen & Dave Malkoff June 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 18 ) 995 2.24 <Td_colspan="8"> A crime wave has hit Swellview and Dr. Minyak has escaped from prison . In Hiddenville , Phoebe Thunderman sees the news and plans to help Captain Man and Kid Danger . After an unsuccessful robbery by the Three Muchachos , they learn from the Three Muchachos that Dr. Minyak has called a meeting with Swellview 's villains to discuss how to destroy Captain Man and Kid Danger . Meanwhile , Piper 's neck gets stiff , causing Jasper and Mr. Hart to work to unstiffen her neck . As Captain Man and Kid Danger work to pose as two of the Three Muchachos , Phoebe mistakes them for the real Three Muchachos and goes on the attack until Captain Man and Kid Danger clear things up . Meanwhile , Piper 's doctor diagnoses her condition as `` Text Neck '' and she must wear a cone until her neck recuperates . Phoebe joins Captain Man and Kid Danger and goes undercover where Dr. Minyak , Nurse Cohort , Drill Finger , Jeff , Van Del , and Time Jerker are assembled at the bottom of an underwater base beneath Lake Swellview by Toddler , who has Phoebe 's brother Max Thunderman working for them . Toddler explains to the assembled villains that he survived the bottomless ball pit by being blasted 100 feet beneath the Earth and had to dig himself out where he ended up emerging from the public sandbox . Toddler proposes to the assembled villains that if they combine their powers , they can destroy Captain Man and Kid Danger . When Phoebe makes herself known to Max , she learns that Max came to steal Dr. Minyak 's Heliometer . Meanwhile , Jasper helps Piper and ends up accidentally texting the wrong guy to sushi party causing Piper 's friends to get angry at her . As the villains work to come up with a plan to destroy Captain Man and Kid Danger , Max ends up giving Captain Man and Kid Danger away , causing Phoebe to come to their defense . Captain Man has Kid Danger get Phoebe away from the villains as he works to buy them some time until Toddler uses the Heliometer on Captain Man . With Captain Man trapped in a cement block on the train , Toddler and his henchmen state that the train will go over the Jandy Bridge and be thrown into the Jandy River as Max attempts to take the Heliometer . With help from Charlotte and Schwoz , Kid Danger and Phoebe locate Captain Man . Meanwhile , Piper 's friends show up at her house to express their anger toward Piper as her admits to the mistake , and the group takes their anger out on Jasper . Kid Danger and Phoebe catch up and face off against Toddler , Dr. Minyak , Van Del , and their henchmen as Charlotte unleashes the man - grenades to free Captain Man . With Captain Man free , the heroes fight the villains who are thrown off the train . Max is forgiven by Captain Man and Kid Danger , but is given a ride home dangling from Schwoz 's helicopter . Also starring : Jack Griffo , Kira Kosarin Guest stars : Jeffrey Nichols Brown as Mr. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Josh Fingerhut as Van Del , Ben Giroux as The Toddler , Ryan Grassmeyer as Jeff , Joey Richter as The Time Jerker , Amber Bela Muse as Nurse Cohort , Mike Ostroski as Dr. Minyak Note : This episode features crossover appearances from Phoebe and Max Thunderman of The Thundermans . 43 18 `` I Know Your Secret '' Russ Reinsel Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak July 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 17 ) 219 2.60 <Td_colspan="8"> Henry receives a note in his locker from an unknown person that they are aware of what he did on Wednesday and know his secret , and Henry immediately assumes that the person who sent the note knows he 's Kid Danger . He takes the note back to the Man Cave , where Schwoz tries to identify any DNA that could find the creator of the note ; however , nothing is found . Meanwhile , Piper tries to send back a spray tan gun when she believes she was sent the wrong item and later decides to operate a tanning salon from home . When Henry and Charlotte arrive home , Henry heads to his room where he finds Jasper waiting for him . Shocked , Henry tries to explain , but is unable to speak , assuming that Jasper knows he 's Kid Danger . Downstairs , Piper tells Charlotte that Jasper told her his secret . Charlotte asks what he told her and Piper says that Henry had promised to see Galaxy Wars 10 on Saturday with Jasper , but his mom wanted to see it on opening night , which was Wednesday , so Henry had gone with her . Meanwhile , Henry 's father is arrested on the misunderstanding that he was running an illegal tanning operation . Frazzled by the misunderstanding , Charlotte rushes to Henry 's room to tell him that Jasper does n't know his secret identity ; however , it 's too late as Henry has revealed to Jasper that he 's Kid Danger . Jasper faints in excitement , and Henry contacts Captain Man and asks him to come to his house . When Captain Man gets there , they get into an argument about Henry 's oath to never tell anyone he 's Kid Danger . Afterward , Captain Man decides they have to erase Jasper 's memory -- including memories of his best friend -- to prevent any more exposure . Henry contemplates and asks if he can spend a few minutes with Jasper before his memory is wiped . He and Jasper relapse on their past , with Jasper saying he is proud of Henry . Emotional by this and not willing to lose his best friend , Henry eventually resists wiping Jasper 's memory and begs Captain Man not to . He relents , but finally agrees and takes Jasper under his wing . Guest stars : Kelly Sullivan as Mrs. Hart , Jeffrey Nichols Brown as Mr. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Jill Benjamin as Miss Shapen , Joe Kaprielian as Sidney , Matthew Zhang as Oliver Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 44 `` A Fiñata Full of Death Bugs '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak September 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 17 ) 301 1.82 <Td_colspan="8"> When Jasper accidentally gives away a piñata full of killer bees to Piper for her friend 's birthday party , Henry and Ray must find a way to sneak in and remove it before harm can be done . They eventually dress up as clowns to infiltrate the house , but things do n't exactly go as planned , and the fiñata eventually breaks when Henry finally manages to get it down from the tree . Guest stars : Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Carrie Barrett as Mary Gaperman , Saylor Bell as Marla , Winston Story as Trent Overunder 45 `` Love Muffin '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Hayes Jackson September 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 24 ) 302 1.90 <Td_colspan="8"> A female criminal named Gwen uses special muffins to make Captain Man fall in love with her so that she can access the Man Cave . When Henry , Charlotte , and Schowz catch onto the plan , they must work to keep Captain Man from marrying her . Guest stars : Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Courtney Henggeler as Gwen 46 `` Scream Machine '' Nathan Kress Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff October 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 01 ) 303 1.60 <Td_colspan="8"> Guest stars : Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Tristen MacDonald as Ms. Tanner , Kayla Madison as Jana 47 `` Mouth Candy '' Adam Weissman Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak October 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 08 ) 305 1.78 <Td_colspan="8"> Guest stars : Jill Benjamin as Miss Shapen , Andrew Caldwell as Mitch Bilsky , Henry Dittman as Mr. Sugarman , Matthew Zhang as Oliver Absent : Ella Anderson as Piper 48 5 `` The Trouble with Frittles '' Adam Weissman Dan Schneider & Samantha Martin November 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 05 ) 304 1.60 <Td_colspan="8"> Guest stars : Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Carrie Barrett as Mary Gaperman , Saylor Bell as Marla , Jill Benjamin as Miss Shapen , Joe Kaprielian as Sidney , Alec Mapa as Jack , Winston Story as Trent Overunder , Matthew Zhang as Oliver 49 6 `` Hour of Power '' Steve Hoefer Russ Reinsel Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff Andrew Thomas November 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) 994 - 60 3.16 <Td_colspan="8"> Drex , a former sidekick of Captain Man - turned - supervillain , has escaped from prison when the daughter of the parole board 's chairman tampers with the prison computers during `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' which allowed Drex to get paroled . As part of his revenge , Drex traps Captain Man in an unbreakable box . After failing to free Captain Man , and subsequently being embarrassed by Drex , Henry turns to Schowz for help where he gains superspeed as a new superpower . Guest stars : Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Carrie Barrett as Mary Gaperman , Danielle Morrow as Kooschtello , Jeremy Rowley as Schwahbbit , Winston Story as Trent Overunder , Tommy Walker as Drex Absent : Ella Anderson as Piper 50 7 `` Dodging Danger '' Adam Weissman Dan Schneider & Hayes Jackson December 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 03 ) 311 2.50 <Td_colspan="8"> Guest stars : Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Andrew Caldwell as Mitch Bilsky , Matthew Zhang as Oliver 51 8 `` Double Date Danger '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Hayes Jackson February 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 11 ) 314 2.06 <Td_colspan="8"> Miss Shapen persuades Henry to let her niece Noelle stay at his house since she is allergic to the cats at her house . When wanting to date someone , Noelle chooses Jasper over Henry where they end up on a double date with Piper and Kale . Henry does n't know it yet , but Noelle is secretly working for Drill Finger in his plot to target people 's teeth where Jasper , Piper , and Kale end up being one of Drill Finger 's captives . Guest stars : Kelly Sullivan as Mrs. Hart . Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart , Jill Benjamin as Miss Shapen , Annalisa Cochrane as Noelle 52 9 `` Space Invaders , Part 1 '' Mike Caron Dan Schneider & Joe Sullivan March 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 11 ) 312 2.56 <Td_colspan="8"> When two astronauts are held hostage aboard a space station , Kid Danger and Captain Man must travel to space in order to rescue them . Upon reaching the space station , they shockingly discover who the person holding the astronauts captive is . Meanwhile , Piper is eager to see her own commercial premiere on television . Guest stars : Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Michael C. Alexander as Neil , Carrie Barrett as Mary Gaperman , Emma Shannon as Kelsey , Winston Story as Trent Overunder , Jeff Witzke as Jim 53 10 `` Space Invaders , Part 2 '' Mike Caron Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak March 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 18 ) 313 1.65 <Td_colspan="8"> On the space station , Captain Man and Kid Danger discover the reason why the two astronauts were taken hostage by the little girl , who is revealed to be Jim 's daughter Kelsey . She reveals that the astronauts are taking bunnies to the Moon for experiments . In the process of transporting the bunnies back , however , problems soon arise . Eventually , they all travel back to Earth on the Love Shuttle , with Captain Man having to cling onto the side of the shuttle , much to his dismay . Meanwhile , Piper is getting impatient from the multiple interruptions to her commercial , much to the dismay of her friends and father . Guest stars : Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Michael C. Alexander as Neil , Carrie Barrett as Mary Gaperman , Emma Shannon as Kelsey , Winston Story as Trent Overunder , Jeff Witzke as Jim 54 11 `` Gas or Fail '' David Kendall Dan Schneider & Hayes Jackson March 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 25 ) 306 1.79 <Td_colspan="8"> When a gas pipe bursts below Swellview 's nuclear plant , Henry and Ray must go fix it before the gas reaches the surface . However , Henry is stuck in school because of Achievement Test Day and is not allowed to leave . Eventually , Captain Man and Schwoz are able to devise a plan to sneak Henry out of school and into the shaft where they both successfully seal the pipe and eliminate the threat to Swellview . Guest stars : Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Carrie Barrett as Mary Gaperman , Jill Benjamin as Miss Shapen , Winston Story as Trent Overunder , Matthew Zhang as Oliver Absent : Ella Anderson as Piper 55 12 `` JAM Session '' Adam Weissman Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak April 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 08 ) 309 1.65 <Td_colspan="8"> Guest stars : Kelly Sullivan as Mrs. Hart , Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Carrie Barrett as Mary Gaperman , Winston Story as Trent Overunder 56 13 `` License to Fly '' David Kendall Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff April 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 15 ) 315 1.72 57 14 `` Green Fingers '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff April 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 22 ) 310 1.83 <Td_colspan="8"> Guest stars : Kelly Sullivan as Mrs. Hart , Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz 58 15 `` Stuck in Two Holes '' Harry Matheu Dan Schneider & Hayes Jackson April 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 29 ) 317 1.72 <Td_colspan="8"> Guest stars : Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Ryan Grassmeyer as Jeff 59 16 `` Live & Dangerous : Part 1 '' Adam Weissman Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak September 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 16 ) 319 1.57 <Td_colspan="8"> After Kid Danger and Captain Man are invited to a party that will be hosted by a huge webstar named Frankini , it is revealed that Frankini is using Kid Danger and Captain Man to break the world record for the most people watching a live stream . Meanwhile , Charlotte babysits Piper and both end up watching pimple popping videos . Guest stars : Frankie Grande as Frankini , Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Zoran Korach as Goomer 60 17 `` Live & Dangerous : Part 2 '' Russ Reinsel Dan Schneider & Hayes Jackson September 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 23 ) 320 2.22 <Td_colspan="8"> Charlotte , Jasper , Piper , and Schwoz must stop Kid Danger and Captain Man before they reveal their true identities to the world . With the help of Sydney and Oliver , Piper tries to take away viewers from Frankini 's live stream so that people can watch Piper popping Jasper 's big pimple . Meanwhile , Charlotte and Schwoz are back at the Man Cave and Schwoz comes up with the idea of turning off the power in all of Swellview . As Kid Danger and Captain Man are about to take off their masks , the power goes out and they return to their old selves . Later , Piper pops Jasper 's pimple which gets all over Frankini . Guest stars : Frankie Grande as Frankini , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Zoran Korach as Goomer , Joe Kaprielian as Sidney , Matthew Zhang as Oliver 61 18 `` Balloons of Doom '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff September 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 30 ) 318 1.61 <Td_colspan="8"> Piper is about to start a man fan meeting when Dr. Minyak and Nurse Cohort take her and the man fans hostage ; Henry and Ray must now find a way to rescue them . Schwoz comes up with the idea of using a background board so it looks like Henry and Ray are in the Man Cave so they can sneak out without Dr. Minyak being aware of their plan . If they are detected , Dr. Minyak will launch Piper into space . Later , Henry and Ray are able to rescue Piper and the man fans and send Dr. Minyak into space instead . Guest stars : Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Izabella Alvarez as Sharon , Amber Bela Muse as Nurse Cohort , Mike Ostroski as Dr. Minyak , Samuel Sadovnik as Benny 62 19 `` Swellview 's Got Talent '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak October 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 316 1.65 <Td_colspan="8"> Kid Danger and Captain Man are judges on the show `` Swellview 's Got Talent '' , which Piper and her friend , Carl ( William Simmons ) , are performing in . After the first performance goes awry due to Harry Hoagie ( Jay Tapaoan ) acting strangely and then passing out , it is Piper and Carl 's turn to perform their dance . Unfortunately , they too start to act strangely before passing out . Later in the backstage area , Jasper notices that champion Steven Sharp is making a big deal about having performers pet his ferret for good luck . Jasper searches on his phone and discovers that it is a Norwegian ferret and that it is dangerous and contact should be avoided because it secretes powerful oils that are capable of causing strange reactions , tongue - chewing , and loss of consciousness . Steven Sharp was having performers do this so he could win . Guest stars : Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Charlie Burg as Steven Sharp , Kevin Railsback as Danny Chest Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 63 `` Sick & Wired '' Adam Weissman Dan Schneider & Hayes Jackson October 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 21 ) 404 1.41 <Td_colspan="8"> Guest stars : Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Jake , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz 64 `` Brawl in the Hall '' TBA TBA November 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 04 ) 405 TBD 65 `` The Rock Box Dump '' TBA TBA November 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 11 ) 406 TBD References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Henry Danger Episode Listings '' . The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : `` Henry Danger Season 1 Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Jump up ^ Douglas Pucci ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Final Ratings '' . TV Media Insights . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 9.13. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 9.20. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Douglas Pucci ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Final Ratings '' . TV Media Insights . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Douglas Pucci ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Final Ratings '' . TV Media Insights . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Douglas Pucci ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Final Ratings '' . TV Media Insights . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2014 . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Amanda Kondolojy ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Douglas Pucci ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Final Ratings '' . TV Media Insights . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 11.15. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 11.22. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 1.10. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 1.24. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 1.31. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 2.7. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 2.14. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 2.28. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 3.7. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 3.14. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 3.21. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 4.4. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 4.11. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 4.18. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 5.2. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 5.9. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 5.16. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Henry Danger Season 2 Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 9.12. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 9.19. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 9.26. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 10.3. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 10.10. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 11.7. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 11.14. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 11.21. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 11.28. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 3.19. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 3.26. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 4.9. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 4.16. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 4.23. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 4.30. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 5.7. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 6.18. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 7.17. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Henry Danger Season 3 Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 9.17. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 9.24. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 10.1. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 10.8. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 11.5. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 11.11. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 12.3. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 2.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 3.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 3.18. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 3.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 4.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 4.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 4.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 4.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 9.16. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 9.23. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 9.30. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 10.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Henry Danger Season 4 Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 10.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Henry Danger episodes on IMDb Nickelodeon portal Television portal Comedy portal <Th_colspan="2"> Nickelodeon original programming Former 1970s debuts Pinwheel ( 1977 -- 90 ) America Goes Bananaz ( 1979 -- 80 ) Nickel Flicks ( 1979 -- 80 ) Hocus Focus ( 1979 -- 80 ) Video Comic Book ( 1979 -- 81 ) 1980s debuts First Row Features ( 1980 -- 82 ) Special Delivery ( 1980 -- 93 ) Standby ... Lights ! Camera ! Action ! ( 1982 -- 87 ) You Ca n't Do That on Television ( 1982 -- 90 ) The Third Eye ( 1983 ) Mr. Wizard 's World ( 1983 - 90 ) Nick Rocks ( 1984 - 89 ) Out of Control ( 1984 -- 85 ) Double Dare ( 1986 -- 93 ; 2000 ) Finders Keepers ( 1987 -- 88 ) Do n't Just Sit There ( 1988 -- 91 ) Think Fast ( 1989 -- 91 ) Make the Grade ( 1989 -- 91 ) Hey Dude ( 1989 -- 91 ) 1990s debuts Wild & Crazy Kids ( 1990 -- 92 ; 2002 ) Outta Here ! ( 1990 -- 91 ) Fifteen ( 1991 -- 93 ) Get the Picture ( 1991 ) Clarissa Explains It All ( 1991 -- 94 ) Welcome Freshmen ( 1991 -- 96 ) Salute Your Shorts ( 1991 -- 92 ) Doug ( 1991 -- 94 ) Nickelodeon Launch Box ( 1991 -- 94 ) Rugrats ( 1991 -- 2004 ) The Ren & Stimpy Show ( 1991 -- 96 ) What Would You Do ? ( 1991 -- 93 ) Are You Afraid of the Dark ? ( 1991 -- 2000 ) Nick Arcade ( 1992 ) Nick News with Linda Ellerbee ( 1992 -- 2015 ) Roundhouse ( 1992 -- 96 ) Nickelodeon Guts ( 1992 -- 96 ) Weinerville ( 1993 -- 97 ) Legends of the Hidden Temple ( 1993 -- 95 ) Rocko 's Modern Life ( 1993 -- 96 ) The Adventures of Pete & Pete ( 1993 -- 96 ) All That ( 1994 -- 2005 ) Nickelodeon All - Star Challenge ( 1994 ) The Secret World of Alex Mack ( 1994 -- 98 ) My Brother and Me ( 1994 -- 95 ) Aaahh ! ! ! Real Monsters ( 1994 -- 97 ) Space Cases ( 1996 -- 97 ) The Mystery Files of Shelby Woo ( 1996 -- 98 ) The Off - Beats ( 1996 -- 99 ) Kenan & Kel ( 1996 -- 2000 ) Hey Arnold ! ( 1996 -- 2004 ) KaBlam ! ( 1996 -- 2000 ) The Angry Beavers ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Figure It Out ( 1997 -- 2000 ; 2012 -- 13 ) The Journey of Allen Strange ( 1997 -- 2000 ) CatDog ( 1998 -- 2005 ) Oh Yeah ! Cartoons ( 1998 -- 2001 ) You 're On ! ( 1998 -- 99 ) Cousin Skeeter ( 1998 -- 2001 ) The Wild Thornberrys ( 1998 -- 2004 ) Rocket Power ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd ( 1999 -- 2002 ) The Amanda Show ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 2000s debuts Caitlin 's Way ( 2000 -- 02 ) The Brothers García ( 2000 -- 04 ) Pelswick ( 2000 -- 02 ) Noah Knows Best ( 2000 -- 01 ) As Told by Ginger ( 2000 -- 04 ) Taina ( 2001 -- 02 ) The Fairly OddParents ( 2001 -- 16 ; moved to Nicktoons ) Invader Zim ( 2001 -- 02 ) Action League Now ! ( 2001 -- 02 ) The Nick Cannon Show ( 2002 -- 03 ) Yakkity Yak ( 2002 -- 03 ) ChalkZone ( 2002 -- 08 ) The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius ( 2002 -- 06 ) Nickelodeon Robot Wars ( 2002 ) Scaredy Camp ( 2002 -- 03 ) All Grown Up ! ( 2003 -- 08 ) My Life as a Teenage Robot ( 2003 -- 09 ) Romeo ! ( 2003 -- 06 ) Drake & Josh ( 2004 -- 07 ) Danny Phantom ( 2004 -- 07 ) Ned 's Declassified School Survival Guide ( 2004 -- 07 ) Unfabulous ( 2004 -- 07 ) Nicktoons Film Festival ( 2004 -- 09 ) Zoey 101 ( 2005 -- 08 ) Avatar : The Last Airbender ( 2005 -- 08 ) Catscratch ( 2005 -- 07 ) The X 's ( 2005 -- 06 ) Mr. Meaty ( 2005 -- 07 ) Kappa Mikey ( 2006 -- 07 ) Just for Kicks ( 2006 ) Just Jordan ( 2007 -- 08 ) El Tigre : The Adventures of Manny Rivera ( 2007 -- 08 ) The Naked Brothers Band ( 2007 -- 09 ) Wayside ( 2007 -- 08 ) Tak and the Power of Juju ( 2007 -- 09 ) iCarly ( 2007 -- 12 ) Back at the Barnyard ( 2007 -- 11 ) Dance on Sunset ( 2008 ) The Mighty B ! ( 2008 -- 11 ) My Family 's Got Guts ( 2008 -- 09 ) Making Fiends ( 2008 ) Domo TV ( 2008 -- 09 ) True Jackson , VP ( 2008 -- 11 ) The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2008 -- 15 ) Rugrats Pre-School Daze ( 2008 ) The Troop ( 2009 -- 11 ) Fanboy & Chum Chum ( 2009 -- 14 ) BrainSurge ( 2009 -- 14 ) Big Time Rush ( 2009 -- 13 ) 2010s debuts Victorious ( 2010 -- 13 ) Planet Sheen ( 2010 -- 11 ) T.U.F.F. Puppy ( 2010 -- 13 ) House of Anubis ( 2011 -- 13 ) Power Rangers Samurai & Super Samurai ( 2011 -- 12 ) Supah Ninjas ( 2011 -- 13 ) Winx Club ( 2011 -- 15 ) Bucket & Skinner 's Epic Adventures ( 2011 -- 13 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2011 -- 16 ) Fred : The Show ( 2012 ) How to Rock ( 2012 ) The Legend of Korra ( 2012 -- 14 ) You Gotta See This ( 2012 -- 14 ) Marvin Marvin ( 2012 -- 13 ) Robot and Monster ( 2012 -- 15 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 - 17 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2013 -- 14 ) Power Rangers Megaforce & Super Megaforce ( 2013 -- 14 ) Sam & Cat ( 2013 -- 14 ) Sanjay and Craig ( 2013 -- 16 ) AwesomenessTV ( 2013 -- 15 ) The Haunted Hathaways ( 2013 -- 15 ) Rabbids Invasion ( 2013 -- 17 ) Every Witch Way ( 2014 -- 15 ) Breadwinners ( 2014 -- 16 ) Webheads ( 2014 -- 15 ) 100 Things to Do Before High School ( 2014 -- 16 ) Bella and the Bulldogs ( 2015 -- 16 ) Power Rangers Dino Charge & Dino Super Charge ( 2015 -- 16 ) Make It Pop ( 2015 -- 16 ) Talia in the Kitchen ( 2015 ) WITS Academy ( 2015 ) The Other Kingdom ( 2016 ) Legendary Dudas ( 2016 ) Current SpongeBob SquarePants ( since 1999 ) The Thundermans ( since 2013 ) Henry Danger ( since 2014 ) Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn ( since 2014 ) Harvey Beaks ( since 2015 ) Pig Goat Banana Cricket ( since 2015 ) Game Shakers ( since 2015 ) Paradise Run ( since 2016 ) All In with Cam Newton ( since 2016 ) School of Rock ( since 2016 ) The Loud House ( since 2016 ) Crashletes ( since 2016 ) Jagger Eaton 's Mega Life ( since 2016 ) Bunsen Is a Beast ( since 2017 ) Power Rangers Ninja Steel ( since 2017 ) Hunter Street ( since 2017 ) Welcome to the Wayne ( since 2017 ) The Dude Perfect Show ( since 2017 ) Mysticons ( since 2017 ) I Am Frankie ( since 2017 ) Massive Monster Mayhem ( since 2017 ) International Renford Rejects Genie in the House Summer in Transylvania Camp Orange ( UK & Ireland ) Upcoming Pinky Malinky ( 2018 ) Glitch Techs ( 2018 ) Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2018 ) The Adventures of Kid Danger and Captain Man ( 2018 ) Amusement Park ( 2019 ) Related SNICK TEENick Nicktoons Nick at Nite Gotta See Saturdays <Th_colspan="2"> Works by Dan Schneider TV series created Guys Like Us The Amanda Show What I Like About You Drake & Josh Zoey 101 iCarly Victorious Sam & Cat Henry Danger Game Shakers TV series produced All That Kenan & Kel Film screenplays Good Burger Big Fat Liar Related articles Schneider 's Bakery Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Henry_Danger_episodes&oldid=807313381 '' Categories : Lists of Nickelodeon television series episodes Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles using small message boxes Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Magyar Polski Português Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 05 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Henry Danger - American sitcom
2. List of episodes - Season 1, Season 2, Season 3, Season 4
3. Characters - Henry Hart, Captain Man, Kid Danger, Jasper, Piper
4. Plot summary - After-school job, secret identity, superhero adventures
5. Guest stars - Nathan Kress, Russell Westbrook, Jada Facer
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1,547,526,894,451,081,500 |
difference between middle class and upper middle class
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Upper middle class - wikipedia Upper middle class Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with France , United Kingdom , and United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article cites its sources but does not provide page references . You can help to improve it by introducing citations that are more precise . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Higher education is one of the most distinguishing features of the upper middle class . In sociology , the upper middle class is the social group constituted by higher status members of the middle class . This is in contrast to the term lower middle class , which is used for the group at the opposite end of the middle - class stratum , and to the broader term middle class . There is considerable debate as to how the upper middle class might be defined . According to sociologist Max Weber the upper middle class consists of well - educated professionals with postgraduate degrees and comfortable incomes . The American upper middle class is defined similarly using income , education and occupation as the predominant indicators . In the United States , the upper middle class is defined as consisting mostly of white - collar professionals who not only have above - average personal incomes and advanced educational degrees but also a higher degree of autonomy in their work . The main occupational tasks of upper - middle - class individuals tend to center on conceptualizing , consulting , and instruction . Contents ( hide ) 1 American upper middle class 1.1 Income 1.2 Values 2 British upper middle class 3 French upper middle class 4 See also 5 References 5.1 Citations 5.2 Bibliography 6 Further reading American upper middle class ( edit ) Main article : Upper middle class in the United States See also : American middle class § The professional / managerial middle class The American middle class ( and its subdivisions ) is not a strictly defined concept across disciplines , as economists and sociologists do not agree on defining the term . In academic models , the term `` upper middle class '' applies to highly - educated , salaried professionals whose work is largely self - directed . Many have postgraduate degrees , with educational attainment serving as the main distinguishing feature of this class . Household incomes commonly may exceed $100,000 , with some smaller one - income earners earning incomes in the high five figures . Typical professions for this class include lawyers , physicians , physician assistants , military officers , psychologists , nurse practitioners , certified public accountants , pharmacists , optometrists , financial planners , editors , dentists , engineers , professors , architects , school principals , urban planners , civil service executives , and civilian contractors . The upper middle class has grown ... and its composition has changed . Increasingly salaried managers and professionals have replaced individual business owners and independent professionals . The key to the success of the upper middle class is the growing importance of educational certification ... its lifestyles and opinions are becoming increasingly normative for the whole society . It is in fact a porous class , open to people ... who earn the right credentials . -- Dennis Gilbert , The American Class Structure , 1998 In addition to having autonomy in their work , above - average incomes , and advanced educations , the upper middle class also tends to be influential , setting trends and largely shaping public opinion . Overall , members of this class are also secure from economic down - turns and , unlike their counterparts in the statistical middle class , do not need to fear downsizing , corporate cost - cutting , or outsourcing -- an economic benefit largely attributable to their postgraduate degrees and comfortable incomes , likely in the top income quintile or top third . Income ( edit ) Further information : Affluence in the United States , Household income in the United States , and Personal income in the United States While many Americans cite income as the prime determinant of class , occupational status , educational attainment , and value systems are equally important variables . Income is in part determined by the scarcity of certain skill sets . An occupation that requires a scarce skill set which is attained through higher educational degree , and which involves higher autonomy , responsibility and influence , will usually offer higher economic compensation . Qualifying for such higher income often requires that individuals obtain the necessary skills ( e.g. , by attending law , medical , or postgraduate school ) and demonstrate the necessary competencies . There are also differences between household and individual income . In 2005 , 42 % of US households ( 76 % among the top quintile ) had two or more income earners ; as a result , 18 % of households but only 5 % of individuals had six - figure incomes . To illustrate , two nurses each making $55,000 per year can out - earn , in a household sense , a single attorney who makes a median of $95,000 annually . The sociologists Dennis Gilbert , Willam Thompsonm and Joseph Hickey estimate the upper middle class to constitute roughly 15 % of the population . Using the 15 % figure one may conclude that the American upper middle class consists , strictly in an income sense , of professionals with personal incomes in excess of $62,500 , who commonly reside in households with six - figure incomes . The difference between personal and household income can be explained by considering that 76 % of households with incomes exceeding $90,000 ( the top 20 % ) had two or more income earners . Income statistics Data Top third Top quarter Top quintile Top 15 % Top 10 % Top 5 % <Th_colspan="10"> Household income Lower threshold ( annual gross income ) $65,000 $80,000 $91,705 $100,000 $118,200 $166,200 Exact percentage of households 34.72 % 25.60 % 20.00 % 17.80 % 10.00 % 5.00 % <Th_colspan="10"> Personal income ( age 25 + ) Lower threshold ( annual gross income ) $37,500 $47,500 $52,500 $62,500 $75,000 $100,000 Exact percentage of individuals 33.55 % 24.03 % 19.74 % 14.47 % 10.29 % 5.63 % Note that the above income thresholds may vary greatly based on region due to significant differences in average income based on region and urban , suburban , or rural development . In more expensive suburbs , the threshold for the top 15 % of income earners may be much higher . For example , in 2006 the ten highest income counties had median household incomes of $85,000 compared to a national average of about $50,000 . The top 15 % of all US income earners nationally tend to be more concentrated in these richer suburban counties where the cost of living is also higher . If middle - class households earning between the 50th percentile ( $46,000 ) and the 85th percentile ( $62,500 ) tend to live in lower cost of living areas , then their difference in real income may be smaller than what the differences in nominal income suggest . Values ( edit ) Upper - middle - class people statistically highly value higher education for themselves and their children , favouring pursuit of undergraduate and postgraduate degrees . Political ideology is not found to be correlated with social class ; however , a statistical relationship is seen between the level of one 's educational attainment one 's likelihood of subscribing to a particular political ideology . In terms of income , liberals tend to be tied with pro-business conservatives . Most mass affluent households tend to be more right - leaning on fiscal issues but more left - leaning on social issues . The majority , between 50 % and 60 % , of households with incomes above $50,000 overall , not all of whom are upper middle class , supported the Republican Party in the 2000 , 2004 , and 2006 elections . Nevertheless , those with postgraduate degrees overall statistically favour the Democratic Party . In 2005 , 72 % of surveyed full - time faculty members at four - year institutions , the majority of whom would be considered upper middle class , identified themselves as liberal . The upper middle class is often the dominant group to shape society and bring social movements to the forefront . Movements such as the peace movement , the anti-nuclear movement , environmentalism , the anti-smoking movement , and even in the past with blue laws and the temperance movement have been in large part ( although not solely ) , products of the upper middle class . Some claim this is because this is the largest class ( and the lowest class ) with any true political power for positive change , while others claim some of the more restrictive social movements ( such as with smoking and drinking ) are based upon `` saving people from themselves . '' British upper middle class ( edit ) Further information : Social class in the United Kingdom § Upper middle class The upper middle class in Britain traditionally consists of the educated professionals who were born into higher income backgrounds , such as legal professionals or executives . This stratum , in England , traditionally uses received pronunciation natively . A typical Mosaic geodemographic type for this group would be cultural leadership . It is also usually assumed that this class is most predominant in the home counties of South East England and the more affluent boroughs of London . Children of this group are often educated at a preparatory school until about 13 years old and then at one of the `` major '' or `` minor '' British public schools which will typically charge fees of at least £ 11,500 per year per pupil ( as of 2013 ) followed by one of the most prestigious universities , often within the Russell Group . French upper middle class ( edit ) Further information : Social class in France This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2016 ) Monique Pinçon - Charlot and Michel Pinçon , sociologists at the French National Center for Scientific Research , suggest that members of the French upper middle class live off their estates , not their salaries . Nevertheless , Catherine Comet and Jean Finez , professors at Lille University of Science and Technology , argue that the French upper middle class is made up of business executives , high - ranking civil servants , surgeons , and the owners of large vineyards . See also ( edit ) Sociology portal Bildungsbürgertum Bourgeoisie Grand Burgher Hipster ( contemporary subculture ) Upper class Yuppie References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Thompson & Hickey 2005 . Jump up ^ Eichar 1989 . ^ Jump up to : Ehrenreich 1989 . Jump up ^ `` Middle class according to The Drum Major Institute for public policy '' . Retrieved 25 July 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert 1998 ; Thompson & Hickey 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Professional Occupations according to the US Department of Labor '' . Retrieved 26 July 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert 1998 . Jump up ^ Ehrenreich 1989 ; Gilbert 1998 . Jump up ^ Levine 1998 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Census Bureau , income quintile and top 5 % household income distribution and demographic characteristics , 2006 '' . Archived from the original on 4 January 2007 . Retrieved 28 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` US Department of Labor , median income of registered nurses '' . Retrieved 2 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Labor statistics data published by Monster.com , 20 highest paying jobs '' . Retrieved 27 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau , distribution of personal income , 2006 '' . Archived from the original on 23 December 2006 . Retrieved 9 December 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Census Bureau , overall household income distribution , 2006 '' . Archived from the original on 4 January 2007 . Retrieved 28 December 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Census Bureau , personal income distribution , age 25 + , 2006 '' . Archived from the original on 19 March 2007 . Retrieved 28 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Pew Research Center . ( 10 May 2005 ) . Beyond Red vs. Blue '' . Retrieved 12 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Arora , Raksha ; Saad , Lydia ( 9 December 2004 ) . `` Marketing to the Mass Affluent '' . Gallup Management Journal . Gallup Press . Retrieved 19 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` CNN . ( 2000 ) . Exit Poll '' . Archived from the original on 22 May 2008 . Retrieved 27 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` CNN . ( 2004 ) . Exit Poll '' . Retrieved 27 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Exit Polls '' , CNN.com , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CNN . ( 2006 ) . Exit Poll '' . Retrieved 11 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Kurtz , Howard ( 29 March 2005 ) . `` College Faculties a Most Liberal Lot , Study Finds '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Delingpole , James ( 17 December 2011 ) . `` Thank God I Do n't Have that Ghastly Sense of Entitlement that Eton Instils '' . The Spectator . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Byrnes , Sholto ( 20 April 2010 ) . `` Who 's Posher : Clegg or Cameron ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Farndale , Nigel ( 28 January 2013 ) . `` Is There a Private School Prejudice ? '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Trainor 2000 , p. 679 . Jump up ^ Pinçon - Charlot & Pinçon 2010 . Jump up ^ Comet & Finez 2010 , p. 57 : `` Concernant l'origine sociale , plus des deux tiers des dirigeants du cœur de l'élite sont issus de la haute bourgeoisie , contre deux cinquièmes des autres dirigeants . La profession du père la plus citée est `` dirigeant d'entreprise '' ... Parmi les autres professions que nous avons codées `` haute bourgeoisie '' , on compte principalement des hauts fonctionnaires , des chirurgiens et des viticulteurs propriétaires de grands domaines . '' Bibliography ( edit ) Comet , Catherine ; Finez , Jean ( 2010 ) . `` Le cœur de l'élite patronale '' . Sociologies pratiques ( in French ) . 2 ( 21 ) : 49 -- 66 . doi : 10.3917 / sopr. 021.0049 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7246 - 3205 - 7 . ISSN 2104 - 3787 . Ehrenreich , Barbara ( 1989 ) . Fear of Falling : The Inner Life of the Middle Class . New York : Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 097333 - 9 . Eichar , Douglas M. ( 1989 ) . Occupation and Class Consciousness in America . Contributions in Labor Studies . 27 . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 26111 - 4 . ISSN 0886 - 8239 . Gilbert , Dennis ( 1998 ) . The American Class Structure . New York : Wadsworth Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 534 - 50520 - 2 . Levine , Rhonda ( 1998 ) . Social Class and Stratification . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8476 - 8543 - 1 . Trainor , Richard ( 2000 ) . `` The Middle Class '' . In Daunton , Martin . The Cambridge Urban History of Britain . Volume 3 : 1840 -- 1950 . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 41707 - 5 . Pinçon - Charlot , Monique ; Pinçon , Michel ( 2010 ) . Interview with Bourdeau , Vincent ; Flory , Julienne ; Maric , Michel . `` Regard sociologique sur l'oligarchie : Entretien avec Monique Pinçon - Charlot et Michel Pinçon '' ( Sociological view on the oligarchy : Interview with Monique Pinçon - Charlot and Michel Pinçon ) . Mouvements ( in French ) . 4 ( 64 ) : 22 -- 40 . doi : 10.3917 / mouv. 064.0022 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7071 - 6653 - 1 . ISSN 1776 - 2995 . Thompson , William E. ; Hickey , Joseph V. ( 2005 ) . Society in Focus ( 5th ed . ) . Boston : Pearson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 41365 - 2 . Further reading ( edit ) Bagley , Bruce Michael ( 1990 ) . `` Middle Class '' . In Hanratty , Dennis M. ; Meditz , Sandra W. Colombia : A Country Study ( PDF ) ( 4th ed . ) . Washington : Government Printing Office . pp. 87 -- 90 . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Lamont , Michèle ( 2012 ) . Money , Morals , and Manners : The Culture of the French and the American Upper - Middle Class . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 92259 - 1 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Social class Status <Td_colspan="2"> Theories Gilbert model Marxian Mudsill theory New class Spoon class theory Weberian ( three - component ) Related topics Caste Chattering classes Class conflict Class discrimination Classicide Classless society Euthenics Nouveau riche / Parvenu Poverty Ranked society Snobbery Social exclusion Social mobility Social position Social stigma Subaltern <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> By demographic <Td_colspan="2"> By status Administrative detainee Alien illegal immigrant refugee Citizen dual or multiple native - born naturalized second - class Convicted Migrant worker Political prisoner Stateless By `` collar '' Blue Gold Green Grey Pink White By type Creative Bohemians Robber baron Russian oligarch Business magnate Overclass Superclass Middle Lower middle class Upper middle class Bourgeoisie Petite bourgeoisie Working Working poor Proletariat Lumpenproletariat Warrior Harii Kshatriya Yadav Nair Cossacks Hashashin Knight Vanniyar Samurai Cuāuh Ocēlōtl Spartiate Under Commoner Outcast Outlaw Peasant / Serf Slave Untouchable Upper Bourgeoisie Elite Gentry Global elite Nobility Old money Ruling Aristocracy Hanseaten Patrician Royal family Intellectual Clergy Knowledge worker <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> By country or region <Td_colspan="2"> United States <Td_colspan="2"> Affluence American Dream Conflict Social class in American history Classes Lower Middle ( Mexican - American , Black ) Upper Under Income Household Inequality Personal Poverty Standard of living Educational attainment Homelessness Home ownership Wealth Other countries or regions Africa Cambodia China Colombia Ecuador France Haiti India Iran Italy New Zealand Romania Sri Lanka Tibet United Kingdom Historic Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Aztec Ottoman Empire Soviet Union Pre-industrial East Asia Pre-industrial Europe <Td_colspan="2"> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upper_middle_class&oldid=824358458 '' Categories : Upper middle class Middle class Hidden categories : Articles with limited geographic scope from February 2016 France - centric United Kingdom - centric USA - centric Articles lacking page references from October 2017 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles to be expanded from November 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use British English Oxford spelling from October 2017 Use dmy dates from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 6 February 2018 , at 21 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Upper middle class definition
2. Characteristics of the upper middle class
3. Income and education of the upper middle class
4. Influence and societal impact of the upper middle class
5. Upper middle class in different countries
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-3,417,170,974,607,219,000 |
which would be considered a part of u.s. foreign policy
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Foreign relations of the United States - wikipedia Foreign relations of the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article is about bilateral relations with other countries . For other uses , see Foreign relations of the United States ( disambiguation ) . Diplomatic relations between world states and the United States United States Countries where the United States has an embassy Countries where the United States does not have an embassy Disputed territories Antarctica The United States has formal diplomatic relations with most nations . This includes all U.N. member states except for Bhutan , Iran , North Korea , and Syria . Additionally , the U.S. has diplomatic relations with the European Union , the Holy See and Kosovo . The United States federal statutes relating to foreign relations can be found in Title 22 of the United States Code . Contents ( hide ) 1 Oceania 2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean 3 Asia 3.1 East Asia 3.2 Southeast Asia 3.3 Central Asia 3.4 South Asia 3.5 West Asia 4 Europe 5 Africa 5.1 North Africa 5.2 Sub-Saharan Africa 6 Countries with visa services suspended 7 Countries with no U.S. embassy 8 Unrecognized countries with no relations with the United States 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Oceania ( edit ) Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) is an important partner for United States in both economic and geostrategic aspects . ASEAN 's geostrategic importance stems from many factors , including : the strategic location of member countries , the large shares of global trade that pass through regional waters , and the alliances and partnerships which the United States shares with ASEAN member states . In July 2009 , the United States signed ASEAN 's Treaty of Amity and Cooperation , which establishes guiding principles intended to build confidence among its signatories with the aim of maintaining regional peace and stability . Trade flows are robust and increasing between America and the ASEAN region . Country Formal Relations Began Notes Australia 1940 See Australia -- United States relations Australia 's relations with the United States are excellent , with Secretary of State Hillary Clinton stating that `` America does n't have a better friend in the world than Australia '' . Australia and the United States have long been close and strategic allies and have traditionally been aligned with the Commonwealth of Nations . The two countries have a shared history , both have previously been British Colonies and many Americans flocked to the Australian goldfields in the 19th century . At a strategic level , the relationship really came to prominence in World War II , when the two nations worked extremely closely in the Pacific War against Japan , with General Douglas MacArthur undertaking his role as Supreme Allied Commander based in Australia , effectively having Australian troops and resources under his command . During this period , the cultural interaction between Australia and the U.S. were elevated to a higher level as over 1 million U.S. military personnel moved through Australia during the course of the war . The relationship continued to evolve throughout the second half of the 20th Century , and today now involves strong relationships at the executive and mid levels of government and the military , leading Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs , Kurt M. Campbell to declare that `` in the last ten years , ( Australia ) has ascended to one of the closest one or two allies ( of the U.S. ) on the planet '' . It has also strengthened its relationship with the United States as Britain 's influence in Asia declined . At the governmental level , United - States - Australia relations are formalized by the ANZUS treaty and the Australia -- United States Free Trade Agreement . Fiji 1971 See Fiji -- United States relations Relations are currently poor , due to the United States ' opposition to Fiji 's unelected government , which came to power through a military coup in December 2006 . The United States suspended $2.5 million in aid money pending a review of the situation , following the 2006 coup . Kiribati 1980 See Kiribati -- United States relations Relations between Kiribati and the United States are excellent . Kiribati signed a treaty of friendship with the United States after independence in 1979 . The United States has no consular or diplomatic facilities in the country . Officers of the American Embassy in Suva , Fiji , are concurrently accredited to Kiribati and make periodic visits . The U.S. Peace Corps maintained a program in Kiribati from 1974 to 2008 . Marshall Islands 1986 See Marshall Islands -- United States relations The Marshall Islands is a sovereign nation in `` free association '' with the United States . The Marshall Islands and the United States maintain excellent relations . After more than a decade of negotiation , the Marshall Islands and the United States signed the Compact of Free Association on June 25 , 1983 . The Compact gives the U.S. full authority and responsibility over defense of the Marshall Islands . The Marshall Islands and the United States both lay claim to Wake Island . The Compact that binds the U.S. and the Marshall Islands is the same one that binds the United States and the Federated States of Micronesia and Palau Federated States of Micronesia 1986 See Federated States of Micronesia -- United States relations Reflecting a strong legacy of Trusteeship cooperation , over 25 U.S. federal agencies continue to maintain programs in the FSM . The United States and the FSM share very strong relations . Under the Amended Compact , the U.S. has full authority and responsibility for the defense of the FSM . This security relationship can be changed or terminated by mutual agreement . The Compact that binds the U.S. and the FSM is the same one that binds the United States to the Marshall Islands and to Palau . Nauru 1976 See Nauru -- United States relations Relations between Nauru and the United States are complicated . While the new U.S. Ambassador to Fiji has promised Nauru assistance in economic development , there have been disagreements about Cuba and Foreign policy of the United States , and the United States does not have an embassy in Nauru ; instead , the U.S. Embassy staff in Suva , Fiji make periodical visits New Zealand 1942 See New Zealand -- United States relations Relations are strong , but complex . The United States has historically assisted New Zealand in times of turmoil ; for instance , during World War II and with the 2010 Canterbury earthquake . New Zealand has reciprocated ; for example , by participating in the Vietnam War . However , the United States suspended its mutual defense obligations to New Zealand because of that state 's non-nuclear policies . Despite disagreements between the two countries , the bilateral trade and cultural relationship continued to flourish . New Zealand has continued to play a supportive role in international conflicts in Somalia , Bosnia , and the Persian Gulf . Following the September 11 , 2001 attack on the United States , New Zealand supported international counter-terrorism efforts and assisted the United States throughout the war in Afghanistan . Throughout the 2000s , the United States has remained New Zealand 's fourth - largest trading partner and third - largest source of visitors . Palau See Palau -- United States relations On October 1 , 1994 , after five decades of U.S. administration , the country of Palau became the last component of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands to gain its independence . In 1978 , Palau decided not to join the Federated States of Micronesia , due to culture and language differences , and instead sought independence . In 1986 , the Compact of Free Association agreement between Palau and the United States was approved , paving the way for Palau 's independence . Papua New Guinea See Papua New Guinea -- United States relations Samoa 1962 See Samoa -- United States relations Solomon Islands 1978 See Solomon Islands -- United States relations After independence in 1978 , the United States kept its close relations with the Solomon Islands . Both cooperate within regional organizations in the Pacific , and the United States has an embassy at Port Moresby . Tonga 1886 ; 1972 See Tonga -- United States relations Tuvalu 1978 See Tuvalu -- United States relations Relations between the two countries are generally amicable , or neutral , but there have been notable disagreements regarding the issues of climate change and the Kyoto Protocol . Vanuatu 1986 See United States -- Vanuatu relations The United States and Vanuatu established diplomatic relations on September 30 , 1986 - three months to the day after Vanuatu had established diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union . Relations were often tense in the 1980s , under the prime ministership of Father Walter Lini in Vanuatu , but eased after that . At present , bilateral relations consist primarily in U.S. aid to Vanuatu . Americas ( edit ) Country Formal Relations Began Notes Argentina 1823 See Argentina -- United States relations Argentina was integrated into the British international economy in the late 19th century ; there was minimal trade with the United States . When the United States began promoting the Pan American Union , some Argentines were suspicious that it was indeed a device to lure the country into the US economic orbit , but most businessmen responded favorably and bilateral trade grew briskly . The United States has a positive bilateral relationship with Argentina based on many common strategic interests , including non-proliferation , counternarcotics , counter-terrorism , the fight against human trafficking , and issues of regional stability , as well as the strength of commercial ties . Argentina is a participant in the Three - Plus - One regional mechanism ( Argentina , Brazil , Paraguay , and the U.S. ) , which focuses on coordination of counter-terrorism policies in the tri-border region . Argentina has endorsed the Proliferation Security Initiative , and has implemented the Container Security Initiative and the Trade Transparency Unit , both of which are programs administered by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security / Immigration and Customs Enforcement . Belize 1981 See Belize -- United States relations Bolivia 1849 See Bolivia -- United States relations Although President Evo Morales has been publicly critical of U.S. policies , the United States and Bolivia had a tradition of cordial and cooperative relations . Development assistance from the United States to Bolivia dates from the 1940s , and the U.S. remains a major partner for economic development , improved health , democracy , and the environment . In 1991 , the U.S. Government forgave all of the $341 million debt owed by Bolivia to the U.S. Agency for International Development ( USAID ) as well as 80 % ( $31 million ) of the amount owed to the U.S. Department of Agriculture for food assistance . The United States has also been a strong supporter of forgiveness of Bolivia 's multilateral debt under the HIPC initiatives . Brazil 1824 See Brazil -- United States relations The United States was the first country to recognize the independence of Brazil , doing so in 1808 . Brazil - United States relations have a long history , characterized by some moments of remarkable convergence of interests but also by sporadic and critical divergences on sensitive international issues . The United States has increasingly regarded Brazil as a significant power , especially in its role as a stabilizing force and skillful interlocutor in Latin America . As a significant political and economic power , Brazil has traditionally preferred to cooperate with the United States on specific issues rather than seeking to develop an all - encompassing , privileged relationship with the United States . Canada 1926 See Canada -- United States relations Relations between Canada and the United States span more than two centuries , marked by a shared British colonial heritage , conflict during the early years of the U.S. , and the eventual development of one of the most successful international relationships in the modern world . The most serious breach in the relationship was the War of 1812 , which saw an American invasion of then British North America and counter invasions from British - Canadian forces . The border was demilitarized after the war and , apart from minor raids , has remained peaceful . Military collaboration began during the World Wars and continued throughout the Cold War , despite Canadian doubts about certain American policies . A high volume of trade and migration between the U.S. and Canada has generated closer ties . The current bilateral relationship between Canada and the United States is of notable importance to both countries . About 75 -- 85 % of Canadian trade is with the United States , and Canada is the United States ' largest trading partner and chief supplier of oil . While there are disputed issues between the two nations , relations are close and the two countries share the `` world 's longest undefended border . '' The border was demilitarized after the War of 1812 and , apart from minor raids , has remained peaceful . A high volume of trade and migration between the United States and Canada since the 1850s has generated closer ties , despite continued Canadian fears of being culturally overwhelmed by its neighbor , which is nine times larger in terms of population and eleven times larger in terms of economy . The two economies have increasingly merged since the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) of 1994 , which also includes Mexico . Chile 1824 See Chile -- United States relations Relations between Chile and the United States have been better in the period 1988 to 2008 than any other time in history . In the late 1980s and early 1990s , the United States government applauded the rebirth of democratic practices in Chile , despite having facilitated the 1973 Chilean coup d'état , the build - up to which included destabilizing the country 's economy and politics . Regarded as one of the least corrupt and most vibrant democracies in South America , with a healthy economy , Chile is noted as being a valuable ally of the United States in the Southern Hemisphere . A prime example of cooperation includes the landmark 2003 Chile -- United States Free Trade Agreement . Colombia 1822 See Colombia -- United States relations Relations between Colombia and the United States have evolved from mutual cordiality during most of the 19th and early 20th centuries to a recent partnership that links the governments of both nations around several key issues , including fighting communism , the War on Drugs , and especially since 9 / 11 , the threat of terrorism . During the last fifty years , different American governments and their representatives have become involved in Colombian affairs through the implementation of policies concerned with the above issues . Some critics of current U.S. policies in Colombia , such as Law Professor John Barry , consider that U.S. influences have catalyzed internal conflicts and substantially expanded the scope and nature of human rights abuses in Colombia . Supporters , such as Under Secretary of State Marc Grossman , consider that the U.S. has promoted respect for human rights and the rule of law in Colombia , in addition to the fight against drugs and terrorism . Costa Rica 1851 See Costa Rica -- United States relations Ecuador 1832 See Ecuador -- United States relations El Salvador 1824 ; 1849 See El Salvador -- United States relations Guatemala 1824 ; 1844 See Guatemala -- United States relations Guyana 1966 See Guyana -- United States relations Honduras 1824 ; 1853 See Honduras -- United States relations Mexico 1822 See Mexico -- United States relations The United States of America shares a unique and often complex relationship with the United Mexican States . A history of armed conflict goes back to the Texas Revolution in the 1830s , the Mexican -- American War in the 1840s , and an American invasion in the 1910s . Important treaties include the Gadsden Purchase , and multilaterally with Canada , the North American Free Trade Agreement . The two countries have close economic ties , being each other 's first and third largest trading partners . They are also closely connected demographically , with over one million U.S. citizens living in Mexico and Mexico being the largest source of immigrants to the United States . Illegal immigration and illegal trade in drugs and firearms have been causes of differences but also of cooperation . Nicaragua 1824 ; 1849 See Nicaragua -- United States relations Nicaragua and the United States have had diplomatic relations since 1824 . Between 1912 - 1933 , the United States occupied Nicaragua ( see United States occupation of Nicaragua ) . Following the United States occupation of Nicaragua , in 1933 the Somoza family political dynasty came to power , and would rule Nicaragua until their ouster on July 19 , 1979 during the Nicaraguan Revolution . The era of Somoza family rule was characterized by rising inequality and political corruption , strong US support for the government and its military , as well as a reliance on US - based multinational corporations . This led to international condemnation of the regime and in 1977 the Carter Administration in the U.S. cut off aid to the Somoza regime due to its human rights violations . Then during the Reagan Administration the diplomatic relations escalated during the Iran - Contra affair and the United States embargo against Nicaragua . Then in 1990 after Violeta Chamorro won the Nicaraguan general election , 1990 the diplomatic relations began to improve greatly . The United States has promoted national reconciliation , encouraging Nicaraguans to resolve their problems through dialogue and compromise . In the Summer 2003 Nicaragua sent around 370 soldiers to the Iraq War as part of the U.S. coalition of countries that were engaging in war in this country . Immediately after April 2004 these troops were withdrawn by President Enrique Bolanos . Although President Daniel Ortega has been publicly critical of U.S. policies , the United States and Nicaragua have normal diplomatic relations . Panama 1903 See Panama -- United States relations Panama gained its independence in 1901 due in part to American interest in building the Panama Canal . Relations have been generally strong , with 25,000 U.S. citizens present in Panama and a mutual healthcare program . The U.S. invaded Panama in 1989 to remove then Panamanian leader Manual Noriega . Paraguay 1852 See Paraguay -- United States relations Peru 1826 See Peru -- United States relations Suriname See Suriname -- United States relations Uruguay 1836 See Uruguay - United States relations In 2002 , Uruguay and the U.S. created a Joint Commission on Trade and Investment ( JCTI ) to exchange ideas on a variety of economic topics . In March 2003 , the JCTI identified six areas of concentration until the eventual signing of the Free Trade Area of the Americas ( FTAA ) : customs issues , intellectual property protection , investment , labor , environment , and trade in goods . In late 2004 , Uruguay and the U.S. signed an Open Skies Agreement , which was ratified in May 2006 . In November 2005 , they signed a Bilateral investment treaty ( BIT ) , which entered into force on November 1 , 2006 . A Trade and Investment Framework Agreement ( TIFA ) was signed in January 2007 . More than 80 U.S. - owned companies operate in Uruguay , and many more market U.S. goods and services . Venezuela 1835 See Venezuela - United States relations Both countries maintained mutual diplomatic relationships since the early - 19th century traditionally been characterized by an important trade and investment relationship and cooperation in controlling the production and transit of illegal drugs . After the election of Presidents Hugo Chávez of Venezuela and George W. Bush of the United States and particularly after the Venezuelan failed coup attempt in 2002 against Chavez , tensions between the countries escalated , reaching a high in September 2008 when Venezuela broke off diplomatic relations with the U.S. Relations showed signs of improvement in 2009 with the election of the new U.S. President Barack Obama , including the re-establishment of diplomatic relations in June 2009 . Caribbean ( edit ) Country Formal Relations Began Notes Antigua and Barbuda 1981 See Antigua and Barbuda -- United States relations Aruba See Aruba -- United States relations Bahamas 1973 See Bahamas -- United States relations Barbados 1966 See Barbados -- United States relations Bermuda See Bermuda -- United States relations Cayman Islands See Cayman Islands -- United States relations Cuba 1902 ; 2015 See Cuba -- United States relations Following the Cuban Revolution of 1959 relations had deteriorated substantially , and until recently have been marked by tension and confrontation . The United States has initiated an embargo due to the Cuban regime refusal to move toward democratization and greater respect for human rights , hoping to see democratization that took place in Eastern Europe . Diplomatic relations between the United States and Cuba were formally re-established on July 20 , 2015 with the opening of embassies in both Havana and Washington , D.C. Dominican Republic 1866 See Dominican Republic -- United States relations Dominica 1978 See Dominica -- United States relations Grenada See Grenada -- United States relations Haiti 1862 See Haiti -- United States relations Jamaica 1962 See Jamaica -- United States relations Saint Kitts and Nevis See Saint Kitts and Nevis -- United States relations Saint Lucia 1979 See Saint Lucia -- United States relations Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1981 See Saint Vincent and the Grenadines -- United States relations Trinidad and Tobago 1962 See Trinidad and Tobago -- United States relations Asia ( edit ) East Asia ( edit ) Country Formal Relations Began Notes People 's Republic of China 1844 ( Qing ) 1979 ( PRC ) See China -- United States relations American relations with the People 's Republic of China are quite strong , yet complex . A great amount of trade between the two countries necessitates positive political relations , although occasional disagreements over tariffs , currency exchange rates and the Political status of Taiwan do occur . Nevertheless , the United States and China have an extremely extensive partnership . The U.S. criticizes China on human rights issues and in recent years , China has criticized the United States on human rights in return . The United States acknowledges the People 's Republic 's One - China policy . Republic of China ( Taiwan ) 1844 ( Qing ) 1911 ( ended 1979 ) 1979 ( Taiwan Relations Act - unofficial ) See Taiwan -- United States relations The U.S. recognized the Nationalist Government as the legitimate government of all of China throughout the Chinese Civil War . The U.S. continued to recognize the Republic of China until 1979 , when it shifted its recognition to the People 's Republic of China in accordance with the One China policy . The U.S. continued to provide Taiwan with military aid after 1979 , and continued informal relations through the American Institute in Taiwan , and is considered to be a strong Asian ally and supporter of the United States . Hong Kong Macau 1992 1999 See Hong Kong -- United States relations and Macau -- United States relations See United States -- Hong Kong Policy Act and United States -- Macau Policy Act Japan 1854 See Japan -- United States relations The relationship began in the 1850s as the U.S. was a major factor in forcing Japan to resume contacts with the outer world beyond a very restricted role . In the late 19th century the Japanese sent many delegations to Europe , and some to the U.S. , to discover and copy the latest technology and thereby modernize Japan very rapidly and allow it to build its own empire . There was some friction over control of Hawaii and the Philippines , but Japan stood aside as the U.S. annexed those lands in 1898 . Likewise the U.S. did not object when Japan took control of Korea . The two nations cooperated with the European powers in suppressing the Boxer Rebellion in China in 1900 , but the U.S. was increasingly troubled about Japan 's denial of the Open Door Policy that would ensure that all nations could do business with China on an equal basis . President Theodore Roosevelt admired Japan 's strength as it defeated a major European power , Russia . He brokered an end to the war between Russia and Japan in 1905 -- 6 . Anti-Japanese sentiment ( especially on the West Coast ) soured relations in the 1907 -- 24 era . In the 1930s the U.S. protested vehemently against Japan 's seizure of Manchuria ( 1931 ) , its war against China ( 1937 -- 45 ) , and its seizure of Indochina ( Vietnam ) 1940 -- 41 . American sympathies were with China and Japan rejected increasingly angry American demands that Japan pull out of China . The two nations fought an all - out war 1941 -- 45 ; the U.S. won a total victory , with heavy bombing ( including two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki ) that devastated Japan 's 50 largest industrial cities . The American army under Douglas MacArthur occupied and ruled Japan , 1945 -- 51 , with the successful goal of sponsoring a peaceful , prosperous and democratic nation . In 1951 , the U.S. and Japan signed Treaty of San Francisco and Security Treaty Between the United States and Japan , subsequently revised as Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan in 1960 , relations since then have been excellent . The United States considers Japan to be one of its closest allies , and it is both a Major Non-NATO ally and NATO contact country . The United States has several military bases in Japan including Yokosuka , which harbors the U.S. 7th Fleet . The JSDF , or Japanese Self Defense Force , cross train with the U.S. Military , often providing auxiliary security and conducting war games . When the U.S. President Barack Obama met with Japanese Prime Minister Taro Aso in 2009 , he said the relationship with Japan as the `` cornerstone of security in East Asia '' . After the several years of critical moment during Japan 's Democratic Party administration , President Obama and Prime Minister Shinzō Abe reconfirmed the importance of its alliance and currently the U.S. and Japan negotiating to participate Trans - Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership . Mongolia See Mongolia -- United States relations North Korea Never had relations See North Korea -- United States relations North Korea has no embassy in Washington , DC , but it is represented in the United States through its mission to the United Nations . For decades , the U.S. and North Korea have been locked in a stalemate over nuclear weapons . South Korea 1882 ( Joseon ) ; 1949 ( Republic ) See South Korea -- United States relations South Korea -- United States relations have been most extensive since 1945 , when the United States helped establish capitalism in South Korea and led the UN-sponsored Korean War against North Korea and China ( 1950 -- 53 ) . Stimulated by heavy American aid , South Korea 's rapid economic growth , democratization and modernization greatly reduced its U.S. dependency . Large numbers of U.S. forces remain in Korea . At the 2009 G - 20 London summit , U.S. President Barack Obama called South Korea `` one of America 's closest allies and greatest friends . '' Southeast Asia ( edit ) Country Formal Relations Began Notes Brunei 1984 See Brunei -- United States relations The U.S. welcomed Brunei Darussalam 's full independence from the United Kingdom on January 1 , 1984 , and opened an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan on that date . Brunei opened its embassy in Washington , D.C. in March 1984 . Brunei 's armed forces engage in joint exercises , training programs , and other military cooperation with the U.S. A memorandum of understanding on defense cooperation was signed on November 29 , 1994 . The Sultan of Brunei visited Washington in December 2002 . Burma 1948 See Burma -- United States relations The political relationship between the United States and Burma worsened after the 1988 military coup and violent suppression of pro-democracy demonstrations . Subsequent repression , including the brutal crackdown on peaceful protestors in September 2007 , further strained the relationship . After 2010 elections and reforms started by President Than Sein and subsequent endorsement of reforms by leader of National League for Democracy ( NLD ) Aung San Suu Kyi and participation in April 2012 by - elections to parliament has led to thawing of relationship with United States President Barack Obama visiting Burma . A first by a United States President . Cambodia 1950 See Cambodia -- United States relations East Timor 2002 See East Timor -- United States relations Indonesia 1949 See Indonesia -- United States relations As the largest ASEAN member , Indonesia has played an active and prominent role in developing the organization . For United States , Indonesia is important for dealing with certain issues ; such as terrorism , democracy , and how United States project its relations with Islamic world , since Indonesia has the world 's largest Islamic population , and one that honors and respects religious diversity . The U.S. eyes Indonesia as a potential strategic ally in Southeast Asia . During his stately visit to Indonesia , U.S. President Barack Obama has held up Indonesia as an example of how a developing nation can embrace democracy and diversity . Laos 1950 See Laos -- United States relations Malaysia 1957 See Malaysia -- United States relations Despite increasingly strained relations under the Mahathir Mohamad government , ties have been thawed under Najib Razak 's administration . Economic ties are particularly robust , with the United States being Malaysia 's largest trading partner and Malaysia is the tenth - largest trading partner of the U.S. Annual two - way trade amounts to $49 billion . The United States and Malaysia launched negotiations for a bilateral free trade agreement ( FTA ) in June 2006 . The United States and Malaysia enjoy strong security cooperation . Malaysia hosts the Southeast Asia Regional Center for Counterterrorism ( SEARCCT ) , where over 2000 officials from various countries have received training . The United States is among the foreign countries that has collaborated with the center in conducting capacity building programmes . The U.S. and Malaysia share a strong military - to - military relationship with numerous exchanges , training , joint exercises , and visits . Myanmar - See Myanmar -- United States relations Bilateral ties have generally been strained but are slowly improving . The United States has placed broad sanctions on Burma because of the military crackdown in 1988 and the military regime 's refusal to honour the election results of the 1990 People 's Assembly election . Similarly , the European Union has placed embargoes on Burma , including an arms embargo , cessation of trade preferences , and suspension of all aid with the exception of humanitarian aid . US and European government sanctions against the military government , alongside boycotts and other types direct pressure on corporations by western supporters of the Burmese democracy movement , have resulted in the withdrawal from Burma of most U.S. and many European companies . However , several Western companies remain due to loopholes in the sanctions . Asian corporations have generally remained willing to continue investing in Myanmar and to initiate new investments , particularly in natural resource extraction . Ongoing reforms have improved relations between Burma and the United States . Philippines 1946 See Philippines -- United States relations The Philippines and the United States have an extremely strong relationship with each other due to their long standing alliance . The Spanish government ceded the Philippines to the United States in the 1898 Treaty of Paris that ended the Spanish -- American War . The Philippines was a U.S. colony from 1898 - 1946 . The United States finally recognized Philippine independence on July 4 , 1946 in the Treaty of Manila . July 4 was observed in the Philippines as Independence Day until August 4 , 1964 when , upon the advice of historians and the urging of nationalists , President Diosdado Macapagal signed into law Republic Act No. 4166 designating June 12 as the country 's Independence Day . The U.S. and the Philippines have fought together in many conflicts such as World War I , World War II , the Korean War , Vietnam War , Islamic insurgency in the Philippines , Gulf War and the War on Terror . The Philippines and the United States still maintain close , friendly , diplomatic , political and military relations with 100,000 + U.S. citizens and nationals living in the Philippines and more than 2 million Filipinos living in the United States . Both countries actively cooperate in the trade , investment and financial sectors . The U.S. is also the largest investor in the Philippine economy with an estimated total worth of $63 billion . The United States and the Philippines conduct joint military exercises called the Balikatan that take place once a year to boost relations between the two countries . The U.S. military also conduct humanitarian and aid missions in the Philippines . The Philippines is one out of two major U.S. allies in South East Asia . Since 2003 the U.S. has designated the Philippines as a Major Non-NATO Ally . However , relations between the United States and the Philippines began to deteriorate in 2016 , under President Rodrigo Duterte , wanting to form an alliance with China and Russia and separating the country from all connections and ties with the United States , both economically and socially . Singapore 1965 See Singapore -- United States relations Thailand 1833 See Thailand -- United States relations Thailand and the U.S. are both former Southeast Asia Treaty Organization ( SEATO ) members , being close partners throughout the Cold War , and are still close allies . Since 2003 , the U.S. has designated Thailand as a Major Non-NATO Ally . Vietnam 1995 See United States -- Vietnam relations After a 20 - year hiatus of severed ties , President Bill Clinton announced the formal normalization of diplomatic relations with Vietnam on July 11 , 1995 . Subsequent to President Clinton 's normalization announcement , in August 1995 , both nations upgraded their Liaison Offices opened during January 1995 to embassy status . As diplomatic ties between the nations grew , the United States opened a consulate general in Ho Chi Minh City , and Vietnam opened a consulate in San Francisco . Today , the U.S. eyes Vietnam as a potential strategic ally in Southeast Asia . Central Asia ( edit ) Country Formal Relations Began Notes Kazakhstan See Kazakhstan -- United States relations Kyrgyzstan 1993 See Kyrgyzstan -- United States relations Tajikistan 1991 See Tajikistan -- United States relations Turkmenistan 1991 See Turkmenistan -- United States relations The U.S. Embassy , USAID , and the Peace Corps are located in Ashgabat , Turkmenistan . The United States and Turkmenistan continue to disagree about the country 's path toward democratic and economic reform . The United States has publicly advocated industrial privatization , market liberalization , and fiscal reform , as well as legal and regulatory reforms to open up the economy to foreign trade and investment , as the best way to achieve prosperity and true independence and sovereignty . Uzbekistan 1991 See United States -- Uzbekistan relations Relations improved slightly in the latter half of 2007 , but the U.S. continues to call for Uzbekistan to meet all of its commitments under the March 2002 Declaration of Strategic Partnership between the two countries . The declaration covers not only security and economic relations but political reform , economic reform , and human rights . Uzbekistan has Central Asia 's largest population and is vital to U.S. , regional , and international efforts to promote stability and security . South Asia ( edit ) Country Formal Relations Began Notes Afghanistan 1935 See Afghanistan -- United States relations Bangladesh 1972 See Bangladesh -- United States relations Today the relationship between the two countries is based on what is described by American diplomats as the `` three Ds '' , meaning Democracy , Development and Denial of space for terrorism . The United States is closely working with Bangladesh in combating Islamic extremism and terrorism and is providing hundreds of millions of dollars every year in economic assistance . Bhutan Never had formal , only informal relations See Bhutan -- United States relations While the U.S. has no formal diplomatic relations with Bhutan , it maintains informal contact through its embassy in New Delhi , India . The U.S. has offered to resettle 60,000 of the 107,000 alleged Bhutanese refugees of Nepalese origin now living in seven U.N. refugee camps in southeastern Nepal . India 1947 See India -- United States relations Maldives 1965 See Maldives -- United States relations Nepal 1947 See Nepal -- United States relations Pakistan 1947 See Pakistan -- United States relations Sri Lanka 1947 See Sri Lanka -- United States relations West Asia ( edit ) Main article : United States foreign policy in the Middle East The United States has many important allies in the Greater Middle East region . These allies are Turkey , Saudi Arabia , Morocco , Jordan , Afghanistan , Israel , Egypt , Kuwait , Bahrain and Qatar . Israel and Egypt are leading recipients of United States foreign aid , receiving $2.775 billion and 1.75 billion in 2010 . Turkey is an ally of the United States through its membership in NATO , while all of the other countries except Saudi Arabia and Qatar are major non-NATO allies . The United States toppled the government of Saddam Hussein during the 2003 invasion of Iraq . Turkey is host to approximately 90 B61 nuclear bombs at Incirlik Air Base . Other allies include Qatar , where 3,500 U.S. troops are based , and Bahrain , where the United States Navy maintains NSA Bahrain , home of NAVCENT and the Fifth Fleet . Country Formal Relations Began Notes Bahrain 1971 See Bahrain -- United States relations Iran 1883 ( ended 1980 ) See Iran -- United States relations The United States and the Kingdom of Persia recognized each other in 1850 . Diplomatic relations were established in 1883 and severed in 1980 . Iraq 1931 ; 1984 ; 2004 See Iraq -- United States relations Israel 1949 See Israel -- United States relations Jordan 1949 See Jordan -- United States relations Kuwait 1961 See Kuwait -- United States relations Lebanon 1944 See Lebanon -- United States relations Oman 1972 See Oman -- United States relations Qatar 1972 See Qatar -- United States relations Saudi Arabia 1940 See Saudi Arabia -- United States relations Syria 1944 ( ended 2012 ) The Syrian Arab Republic cut off relations with United States in 2012 in response to American support of the Syrian rebels . See Syria -- United States relations Turkey 1831 See Turkey -- United States relations United Arab Emirates 1972 See United Arab Emirates -- United States relations The United States was the third country to establish formal diplomatic relations with the UAE and has had an ambassador resident in the UAE since 1974 . The two countries have enjoyed friendly relations with each other and have developed into friendly government - to - government ties which include security assistance . UAE and U.S. had enjoyed private commercial ties , especially in petroleum . The quality of U.S. - UAE relations increased dramatically as a result of the U.S. - led coalition 's campaign to end the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait . UAE ports host more U.S. Navy ships than any port outside the U.S. Yemen 1946 See United States -- Yemen relations Traditionally , United States -- Yemen relations have been tepid , as the lack of strong military - to - military ties , commercial relations , and support of Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh has hindered the development of strong bilateral ties . During the early years of the George W. Bush administration , relations improved under the rubric of the War on Terror , though Yemen 's lack of policies toward wanted terrorists has stalled additional U.S. support . Europe ( edit ) American relations with Eastern Europe are influenced by the legacy of the Cold War . Since the collapse of the Soviet Union , former Communist - bloc states in Europe have gradually transitioned to democracy and capitalism . Many have also joined the European Union and NATO , strengthening economic ties with the broader Western world and gaining the military protection of the United States via the North Atlantic Treaty . Country Formal Relations Began Notes European Union See United States -- European Union relations Albania 1922 See Albania -- United States relations Andorra 1995 See Andorra -- United States relations Armenia 1920 ; 1991 See Armenia -- United States relations Austria 1921 See Austria -- United States relations Azerbaijan 1918 - 1928 , 1991 See Azerbaijan -- United States relations Belarus 1991 See Belarus -- United States relations The United States has tense relations with Belarus relating to Belarus ' human rights record and election irregularities . Belgium 1832 See Belgium -- United States relations Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992 See Bosnia and Herzegovina -- United States relations Bulgaria 1903 See Bulgaria -- United States relations Croatia 1992 See Croatia -- United States relations Cyprus 1960 See Cyprus -- United States relations Czech Republic 1993 See Czech Republic -- United States relations Denmark 1801 See Denmark -- United States relations Estonia 1922 ; 1991 See Estonia -- United States relations Finland 1919 See Finland -- United States relations France 1778 See France -- United States relations Georgia 1992 See Georgia -- United States relations Germany 1797 See Germany -- United States relations Greece 1868 See Greece -- United States relations Holy See 1984 See Holy See -- United States relations Hungary 1921 See Hungary -- United States relations Iceland 1944 See Iceland -- United States relations Ireland 1924 See Ireland -- United States relations Italy 1861 See Italy -- United States relations Kosovo 2008 See Kosovo -- United States relations The United States was one of the first countries to recognize Kosovo . The UN Security Council divided on the question of Kosovo 's declaration of independence . Kosovo declared its independence on February 17 , 2008 , whilst Serbia objected that Kosovo is part of its territory . Of the five members with veto power in the UN Security Council , the US , UK , and France recognized the declaration of independence , and China has expressed concern , while Russia considers it illegal . `` In its declaration of independence , Kosovo committed itself to the highest standards of democracy , including freedom and tolerance and justice for citizens of all ethnic backgrounds '' , President George W. Bush said on February 19 , 2008 . Latvia 1922 ; 1991 See Latvia -- United States relations Liechtenstein See Liechtenstein -- United States relations Lithuania 1922 ; 1991 See Lithuania -- United States relations Luxembourg 1903 See Luxembourg -- United States relations Malta 1964 See Malta -- United States relations Moldova 1992 See Moldova -- United States relations Monaco 2006 See Monaco -- United States relations Montenegro 1905 ; 2006 See Montenegro -- United States relations Netherlands 1781 See Netherlands -- United States relations The Dutch colony of Sint Eustatius was the first foreign state to recognize the independence of the United States , doing so in 1776 . However , the Dutch Republic neither authorized the recognition nor ratified it , therefore Morocco remains the first sovereign nation to officially recognize the United States . Norway 1905 See Norway -- United States relations Poland 1919 See Poland -- United States relations Portugal 1791 See Portugal -- United States relations Republic of Macedonia 1995 See Republic of Macedonia -- United States relations Romania 1880 See Romania -- United States relations Russia 1809 ; 1991 See Russia -- United States relations San Marino 1861 See San Marino -- United States relations Serbia 1882 ; 2000 See Serbia -- United States relations Slovakia 1993 See Slovakia -- United States relations Slovenia 1992 See Slovenia -- United States relations Spain 1783 See Spain -- United States relations Sweden 1818 See Sweden -- United States relations Switzerland 1853 See Switzerland -- United States relations Ukraine 1991 See Ukraine -- United States relations United Kingdom 1783 See United Kingdom -- United States relations 13 U.S. States declared independence from the United Kingdom in 1776 . Since World War II , the two countries have shared a Special Relationship as part of the Anglosphere . While both the United States and the United Kingdom maintain close relationships with many other nations around the world , the level of cooperation in military planning , execution of military operations , nuclear weapons technology , and intelligence sharing with each other has been described as `` unparalleled '' among major powers throughout the 20th and early 21st century . The United States and Britain share the world 's largest foreign direct investment partnership . American investment in the United Kingdom reached $255.4 billion in 2002 , while British direct investment in the United States totaled $283.3 billion . Africa ( edit ) North Africa ( edit ) Country Formal Relations Began Notes Algeria 1962 See Algeria -- United States relations The official U.S. presence in Algeria is expanding following over a decade of limited staffing , reflecting the general improvement in the security environment . During the past three years , the U.S. Embassy has moved toward more normal operations and now provides most embassy services to the American and Algerian communities . Arab League See Arab -- American relations The Arab League has an embassy , and several offices in the U.S. Egypt 1922 See Egypt -- United States relations After the 1973 Arab - Israeli War , Egyptian foreign policy began to shift as a result of the change in Egypt 's leadership from President Gamal Abdel - Nasser to Anwar Sadat and the emerging peace process between Egypt and Israel . Sadat realized that reaching a settlement of the Arab - Israeli conflict is a precondition for Egyptian development . To achieve this goal , Sadat ventured to enhance U.S. - Egyptian relations to foster a peace process with Israel . Libya 1951 See Libya -- United States relations In 2011 , the United States cut diplomatic relations with the Gaddafi regime . The United States recognized the National Transitional Council as the legitimate government of Libya on July 15 , 2011 . Morocco 1777 See Morocco -- United States relations Morocco was the first sovereign nation to recognize the United States of America in 1776 . American - Moroccan relations were formalized in a 1787 treaty , which is still in force and is the oldest unbroken bilateral treaty in American history . Sudan 1956 See Sudan -- United States relations Tunisia 1795 See Tunisia -- United States relations Sub-saharan Africa ( edit ) Country Formal Relations Began Notes Angola See Angola -- United States relations Relations were tense during the Angolan Civil War when the U.S. government backed UNITA rebels , but have warmed since the Angolan government renounced Marxism in 1992 . Benin 1960 See Benin -- United States relations The two nations have had an excellent history of relations in the years since Benin embraced democracy . The U.S. Government continues to assist Benin with the improvement of living standards that are key to the ultimate success of Benin 's experiment with democratic government and economic liberalization , and are consistent with U.S. values and national interest in reducing poverty and promoting growth . The bulk of the U.S. effort in support of consolidating democracy in Benin is focused on long - term human resource development through U.S. Agency for International Development ( USAID ) programs . Botswana 1966 See Botswana -- United States relations Burkina Faso 1960 See Burkina Faso -- United States relations Burundi 1962 See Burundi -- United States relations Cameroon 1960 See Cameroon -- United States relations Cape Verde See Cape Verde -- United States relations Central African Republic 1960 See Central African Republic -- United States relations Chad 1960 See Chad -- United States relations Comoros 1977 See Comoros -- United States relations Côte d'Ivoire 1960 See Côte d'Ivoire -- United States relations Democratic Republic of the Congo 1960 See Democratic Republic of the Congo -- United States relations Djibouti 1977 See Djibouti -- United States relations Equatorial Guinea 1968 See Equatorial Guinea -- United States relations Eritrea 1993 See Eritrea -- United States relations Ethiopia 1903 See Ethiopia -- United States relations Gabon 1960 See Gabon -- United States relations Ghana 1957 See Ghana -- United States relations Guinea 1959 See Guinea -- United States relations Guinea - Bissau See Guinea - Bissau -- United States relations Kenya 1964 See Kenya -- United States relations Lesotho 1966 See Lesotho -- United States relations Liberia 1864 See Liberia -- United States relations Madagascar 1874 See Madagascar -- United States relations Malawi 1964 See Malawi -- United States relations Mali 1960 See Mali -- United States relations Mauritania 1960 See Mauritania -- United States relations Mauritius 1968 See Mauritius -- United States relations Mozambique See Mozambique -- United States relations Namibia See Namibia -- United States relations Niger 1960 See Niger -- United States relations Nigeria 1960 See Nigeria -- United States relations Republic of the Congo 1960 See Republic of the Congo -- United States relations Rwanda 1962 See Rwanda -- United States relations São Tomé and Príncipe 1976 See São Tomé and Príncipe -- United States relations Senegal 1960 See Senegal -- United States relations Seychelles 1976 See Seychelles -- United States relations Sierra Leone 1961 See Sierra Leone -- United States relations Somalia 1960 See Somalia -- United States relations South Africa 1929 See South Africa -- United States relations South Sudan 2011 See South Sudan -- United States relations Swaziland 1968 See Swaziland -- United States relations Tanzania 1961 See Tanzania -- United States relations The Gambia 1965 See The Gambia -- United States relations Togo 1960 See Togo -- United States relations Uganda 1962 See Uganda -- United States relations Bilateral relations between the United States and Uganda have been good since Yoweri Museveni assumed power , and the United States has welcomed his efforts to end human rights abuses and to pursue economic reform . Uganda is a strong supporter of the Global War on Terror . The United States is helping Uganda achieve export - led economic growth through the African Growth and Opportunity Act and provides a significant amount of development assistance . At the same time , the United States is concerned about continuing human rights problems and the pace of progress toward the establishment of genuine political pluralism . Zambia 1964 See United States -- Zambia relations The diplomatic relationship between the United States and Zambia can be characterized as warm and cooperative . The United States works closely with the Zambian Government to defeat the HIV / AIDS pandemic that is ravaging Zambia , to promote economic growth and development , and to effect political reform needed to promote responsive and responsible government . The United States is also supporting the government 's efforts to root out corruption . Zambia is a beneficiary of the African Growth and Opportunity Act ( AGOA ) . The U.S. Government provides a variety of technical assistance and other support that is managed by the U.S. Department of State , U.S. Agency for International Development , Millennium Challenge Corporation ( MCC ) Threshold Program , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , U.S. Department of Treasury , U.S. Department of Defense , and Peace Corps . The majority of U.S. assistance is provided through the President 's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ( PEPFAR ) , in support of the fight against HIV / AIDS . Zimbabwe 1980 See United States -- Zimbabwe relations After Morgan Tsvangirai , Mugabe 's rival and leader of the Movement for Democratic Change , became Prime Minister of Zimbabwe under a power - sharing agreement , the Barack Obama administration extended its congratulations to Tsvangirai , but said that the U.S. would wait for evidence of Mugabe 's cooperation with the MDC before it would consider lifting its sanctions . In early March 2009 , Obama proclaimed that U.S. sanctions would be protracted provisionally for another year , because Zimbabwe 's political crisis is as yet unresolved . Countries with visa services suspended ( edit ) Belarus Libya Sudan Syria Yemen Countries with no U.S. embassy ( edit ) Andorra ( the U.S. Ambassador to Spain is also accredited to Andorra ; the U.S. Consul General in Barcelona is responsible for day - to - day relations . ) Antigua and Barbuda ( U.S. Embassy and consulates for Antigua and Barbuda are located in Barbados ) Bhutan ( Contact is made via the Government of India at the U.S. Embassy in New Delhi , and Bhutan consulates in New York City ) Comoros ( the U.S. Ambassador to Madagascar is also accredited to Comoros . ) Cook Islands ( The U.S. recognizes the Cook Islands as part of the Realm of New Zealand ) Dominica ( U.S. Embassy and consulates for Dominica are located in Barbados ) Grenada ( U.S. Embassy and consulates for Grenada are located in Barbados ) Guinea - Bissau ( Contact is made at the U.S. Embassy in Senegal and there is also a presence of the U.S. in Guinea - Bissau through a Liaison Office in Bissau and a virtual presence post online , there are currently no Guinea - Bissauan consulates for the U.S. , except for a Permanent mission to the UN in New York ) Iran ( inactive , U.S. Interests Section at the Swiss Embassy acts as a de facto embassy . Since December 2011 , the United States has also maintained a virtual embassy online . ) Kiribati ( the U.S. Ambassador to Fiji is also accredited to Kiribati . ) Liechtenstein ( the U.S. Ambassador to Switzerland is also accredited to Liechtenstein . ) Maldives ( the U.S. Ambassador to Sri Lanka is also accredited to Maldives . ) Monaco ( the U.S. Ambassador to France is also accredited to Monaco ; the U.S. Consul General in Marseilles is responsible for day - to - day relations . ) Nauru ( the U.S. Ambassador to Fiji is also accredited to Nauru . ) Niue ( The U.S. recognizes Niue as part of the Realm of New Zealand ) North Korea ( Contact is made via the Government of Sweden through its embassy in Pyongyang ) Saint Kitts and Nevis ( U.S. Embassy and consulates for Saint Kitts and Nevis are located in Barbados ) Saint Lucia ( U.S. Embassy and consulates for Saint Lucia are located in Barbados ) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ( U.S. Embassy and consulates for Saint Vincent and the Grenadines are located in Barbados ) Samoa ( the U.S. Ambassador to New Zealand is also accredited to Samoa . ) San Marino ( the U.S. Ambassador to Italy is also accredited to San Marino ; the U.S. Consul General in Florence is responsible for day - to - day relations . ) São Tomé and Príncipe ( the U.S. Ambassador to Gabon is also accredited to São Tomé and Príncipe . ) Seychelles ( the U.S. Ambassador to Mauritius is also accredited to Seychelles . ) Solomon Islands ( the U.S. Ambassador to Papua New Guinea is also accredited to the Solomon Islands . ) Tonga ( the U.S. Ambassador to Fiji is also accredited to Tonga . ) Tuvalu ( the U.S. Ambassador to Fiji is also accredited to Tuvalu . ) Vanuatu ( the U.S. Ambassador to Papua New Guinea is also accredited to Vanuatu . ) Unrecognized countries with no relations with the United States ( edit ) Abkhazia ( Georgian breakaway territory ) Nagorno - Karabakh ( de facto independent state ) Northern Cyprus ( only recognized by Turkey ) Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic ( claimed by Morocco ) Somaliland ( de facto independent state ) South Ossetia ( Georgian breakaway territory ) Transnistria ( de facto independent state ) See also ( edit ) Arctic policy of the United States Foreign policy of the United States List of diplomatic missions in the United States List of diplomatic missions of the United States Major non-NATO ally United States foreign aid Watching America References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Daniel Seah , `` The Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia : The Issue of Non-Intervention and its Accession by Australia and the USA , '' Chinese Journal of international Law and ( 2012 ) 11 # 4 pp. 785 -- 822 online Jump up ^ `` A Guide to the United States ' History of Recognition , Diplomatic , and Consular Relations , by Country , since 1776 : Australia '' . The United States recognized Australia on January 8 , 1940 , when the Governments of the United States and Australia announced the establishment of bilateral diplomatic relations . Jump up ^ `` Australia is America 's closest ally '' . `` The United States does not have a closer or better ally than Australia , '' Mr Obama said after the pair 's meeting . Jump up ^ Lyndal Curtis for The World Today ( 2009 - 03 - 25 ) . `` Rudd 's warm Washington welcome -- ABC News ( Australian Broadcasting Corporation ) '' . Abc.net.au . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Q + A : Guyon Espiner interviews Kurt Campbell '' . Television New Zealand . October 11 , 2009 . Retrieved September 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fiji - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . state.gov . Jump up ^ `` Fiji military stages coup , U.S. suspends aid '' . Reuters . December 5 , 2006 . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Kiribati - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . state.gov . 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Jump up ^ HUFFER , Elise , Grands hommes et petites îles : La politique extérieure de Fidji , de Tonga et du Vanuatu , Paris : Orstom , 1993 , ISBN 2 - 7099 - 1125 - 6 , p. 278 Jump up ^ `` Argentina - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Belize - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bolivia - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Developing a partnership with Brazil - An emerging power Bassoli , Douglas . U.S. Army War College . April 3 , 2004 . Jump up ^ http://www.wilsoncenter.org/news/docs/RL33456.pdf Archived July 10 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ US Congress Report on Brazil - U.S. Relations Archived July 10 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Canada - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Tim Padgett , `` Mexico 's Calderón Needs to Listen , Not Just Lecture U.S. '' TIME May 19 , 2010 online Jump up ^ Burton Kirkwood , The History of Mexico ( 2010 ) pp 97 -- 99 , 138 -- 52 , 216 Jump up ^ `` Nicaragua - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Panama - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paraguay - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Peru - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Suriname - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Venezuela - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Antigua and Barbuda - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Bahamas - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barbados - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cuba - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cuban Democracy Act of 1992 '' . State Department . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Scott , Eugene . `` Obama announces re-establishment of U.S. - Cuba diplomatic ties '' . CNN . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dominican Republic - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dominica - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grenada - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Haiti - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jamaica - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Kitts and Nevis - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Lucia - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Trinidad and Tobago - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` China - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Bernkopf Tucker , ed. , Dangerous Strait : The U.S. - Taiwan - China Crisis ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ `` U.S. Relations With Hong Kong '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Relations With Macau '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Foster Rhea Dulles , Yankees and Samurai : America 's Role in the Emergence of Modern Japan , 1791 -- 1900 ( 1965 ) Jump up ^ Walter LaFeber , The Clash : A History of US -- Japan Relations ( W.W. Norton , 1997 ) Jump up ^ Kessler , Glenn ( 2009 - 02 - 25 ) . `` Japanese Prime Minister Meets With Obama , Says Economy Complicates North Korea Talks '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Calmes , Jackie ( 2013 - 02 - 22 ) . `` Japan and United States Reaffirm Their Close Ties '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Joint Statement by the United States and Japan '' . whitehouse.gov . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mongolia - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` North Korea '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Korea - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ TREATY OF GENERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES . SIGNED AT MANILA , ON 4 JULY 1946 ( PDF ) , United Nations , archived from the original ( pdf ) on July 23 , 2011 , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 10 Jump up ^ REPUBLIC ACT NO . 4166 -- AN ACT CHANGING THE DATE OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE DAY FROM JULY FOUR TO JUNE TWELVE , AND DECLARING JULY FOUR AS PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC DAY , FURTHER AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE SECTION TWENTY - NINE OF THE REVISED ADMINISTRATIVE CODE , Chanrobles law library , August 4 , 1964 , retrieved 2008 - 06 - 11 Jump up ^ `` Singapore - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thailand - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kazakhstan - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Bush Hails Kosovo Independence Archived August 21 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , U.S. Department of State 's Bureau of International Information Programs Jump up ^ Bush insists Kosovo must be independent and receives hero 's welcome in Albania , The Guardian Jump up ^ `` Latvia - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Liechtenstein - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lithuania - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Malta - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Moldova - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monaco - Countries - Office of the Historian '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . 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where did they film turn washington's spies
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Turn : Washington 's Spies - Wikipedia Turn : Washington 's Spies Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Turn : Washington 's Spies <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Historical drama Based on Washington 's Spies : The Story of America 's First Spy Ring by Alexander Rose Developed by Craig Silverstein Starring Jamie Bell Seth Numrich Daniel Henshall Heather Lind Meegan Warner Burn Gorman Samuel Roukin Kevin R. McNally Angus Macfadyen JJ Feild Ksenia Solo Ian Kahn Owain Yeoman Nick Westrate Opening theme `` Hush '' performed by Joy Williams , Matt Berninger , and Charlie Peacock Composer ( s ) Marco Beltrami Brandon Roberts Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 40 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Henry Bronchtein Andrew Colville Michael Taylor Barry Josephson Craig Silverstein Producer ( s ) Larry Rapaport Mitchell Amstrad LaToya Morgan Alexander Rose Location ( s ) Richmond , Virginia , Williamsburg , Virginia , Yorktown , Virginia , Petersburg , Virginia Cinematography Lol Crawley ( `` Pilot '' ) Marvin V. Rush Scott Peck Editor ( s ) Andrew Seklir Harry B. Miller III David Lebowitz Ian E. Silverstein Running time 41 -- 47 minutes 54 minutes ( `` Washington 's Spies '' ) 64 minutes ( `` Pilot '' ) Production company ( s ) AMC Studios Sesfonstein Productions Josephson Entertainment <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network AMC Original release April 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 06 ) -- August 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 12 ) <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> www.amc.com/shows/turn Turn : Washington 's Spies ( formerly known as Turn and stylized as TURN : Washington 's Spies and TURИ : Washington 's Spies ) is an American period drama television series based on Alexander Rose 's book Washington 's Spies : The Story of America 's First Spy Ring ( 2007 ) , a history of the Culper Ring . The series originally aired on the AMC network for four seasons , from April 6 , 2014 , to August 12 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 3 Episodes 4 Production 5 Reception 5.1 Season 1 5.2 Season 2 5.3 Awards and nominations 6 Home media 7 Comics 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Taking place from 1776 to 1781 , a Setauket , New York , farmer and his childhood friends form an unlikely group of spies called the Culper Ring which eventually helps to turn the tide during the American Revolutionary War . The series begins in October 1776 , shortly after British victories recapture Long Island , Staten Island , and New York City for the Crown and leave General George Washington 's army in dire straits . The first episode 's introductory card titles read : `` Autumn 1776 . Insurgents have declared war against the Crown . Following a successful naval landing , His Majesty 's Army has forced Washington 's rebels into the wilderness . New York City serves as military base of operations for the British . The Loyalists of nearby Long Island keep vigilant watch out for sympathizers and spies . '' Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Jamie Bell as Abraham Woodhull Seth Numrich as Major Benjamin Tallmadge Daniel Henshall as Lieutenant Caleb Brewster Heather Lind as Anna Strong Meegan Warner as Mary Woodhull Burn Gorman as Major Edmund Hewlett Samuel Roukin as Lieutenant - Colonel John Graves Simcoe Kevin R. McNally as Judge Richard Woodhull Angus Macfadyen as Major Robert Rogers ( seasons 1 -- 3 ; special appearance 4 ) JJ Feild as Major John André ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Ksenia Solo as Peggy Shippen ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) Ian Kahn as General George Washington ( recurring season 1 , main seasons 2 -- 4 ) Owain Yeoman as General Benedict Arnold ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) Nick Westrate as Robert Townsend ( recurring season 2 , main seasons 3 -- 4 ) Recurring cast ( edit ) Idara Victor as Abigail Darren Alford as Cicero Andrew McKeough as John Carter Robert Beitzel as Selah Strong ( seasons 1 , 4 ) Jonny Coyne as Colonel Jonathan Cooke ( seasons 1 , 3 -- 4 ) Brian T. Finney as General Charles Lee ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) David Furr as Walter Havens ( seasons 1 , 4 ) Michael Gaston as General Charles Scott ( season 1 ) Amy Gumenick as Philomena Cheer ( season 1 , season 3 -- 4 ) Mark Halpern as Lt. Appleton ( seasons 1 -- ) Jamie Harris as John Robeson ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Aldis Hodge as Jordan / Akinbode ( seasons 1 -- 2 , 4 ) Thomas Keegan as Ensign Baker ( season 1 ) Alex Miller as Colonel Joseph Reed ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Taylor Roberts as Rachel Clark ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Stephen Root as Nathaniel Sackett ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) John Billingsley as Samuel Townsend ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) Stuart Greer as Officer Yates ( season 2 ) Josh Price as Freddy Morgan ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) Brian Wiles as Marquis de Lafayette ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) John Carroll Lynch as James Rivington ( seasons 3 -- 4 ) Sean Haggerty as Alexander Hamilton ( seasons 3 -- 4 ) Edward Akrout as Amos Parker ( season 4 ) Kelly AuCoin as Hercules Mulligan ( season 4 ) Chris Webster as John Champe ( season 4 ) Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Turn : Washington 's Spies episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> April 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 06 ) June 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 08 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> April 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 13 ) June 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 08 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> April 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 25 ) June 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 27 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> June 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 17 ) August 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 12 ) Production ( edit ) Turn : Washington 's Spies was renewed for a second 10 - episode season on June 23 , 2014 , which premiered on April 13 , 2015 , and for a third 10 - episode season on July 15 , 2015 , which premiered on April 25 , 2016 . On July 26 , 2016 , Turn : Washington 's Spies was renewed for a fourth and final 10 - episode season , which had a two - hour premiere on June 17 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) The first season of Turn : Washington 's Spies received mixed reviews . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes rated the season 52 % , based on 33 reviews , with an average rating of 6.3 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads , `` Turn 's uneven treatment of the American Revolution is more frustrating than exciting and memorable . '' On Metacritic , the first season scored 61 out of 100 , based on reviews from 29 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Season 2 ( edit ) The second season received positive reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has a rating of 80 % , based on 5 reviews , with an average rating of 7.2 / 10 . On Metacritic , the season has a score of 68 out of 100 , based on reviews from 4 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Awards and nominations ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The first season of TURN : Washington 's Spies was awarded the 2014 Media & Entertainment Award by the Daughters of the American Revolution . Year Award Recipient ( s ) Episode ( s ) Result 2014 Media & Entertainment Award -- -- -- Won 2015 Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in Period Television Tom Trigo and Becky Beckstoffer -- Nominated 2016 Golden Reel Award Best Sound Editing - Short Form Sound Effects and Foley in Television George Haddad , Chad J. Hughes , Angelo Palazzo , Darrin Mann , Gregg Baxter , Catherine Harper and Matthew Thomas Hall `` Gunpowder , Treason and Plot '' Nominated NAACP Image Award Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series LaToya Morgan `` False Flag '' Nominated SXSW Film Festival Excellence in Title Design Michael Riley , Bob Swensen , Aaron Bjork and Eddie Moreno -- Nominated 2017 NAACP Image Award Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series LaToya Morgan `` Benediction '' Nominated Home Media ( edit ) The first season of TURN : Washington 's Spies was released on DVD and Blu - ray on March 17 , 2015 ; it became available on Netflix on March 25 , 2015 . The second season was released on DVD on March 22 , 2016 and became available on Netflix on April 11 , 2016 . The third season was released on DVD on November 8 , 2016 . and became available on Netflix on June 4 , 2017 . Comics ( edit ) On March 26 , 2014 , AMC released the digital comic TURN : Origins , illustrated by award - winning comics artist Steve Ellis , that portrays childhood and adulthood events from the lives of several of the series ' main characters , including Abraham Woodhull , Benjamin Tallmadge , Anna Strong , and Caleb Brewster . On April 10 and April 15 , 2015 , AMC released the first and second chapters , respectively , of a second digital comic , TURN : Rivals , that portrays the past rivalry of George Washington and Robert Rogers . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Turn : Washington 's Spies '' . AMC . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AMC Revolutionary War Drama ' Turn : Washington 's Spies ' Begins Production on Season Two in Colonial Williamsburg '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( July 26 , 2014 ) . `` TCA : AMC Picks Up ' Halt & Catch Fire ' & ' Turn ' To Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dayton , Lee ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` TURN : Origins Comic Now Online '' . AMC . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 11 , 2014 ) . `` AMC Announces Premiere Dates for Final Season of ' Mad Men ' , ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Turn ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AMC Revolutionary War Drama ' Turn : Washington 's Spies ' Begins Production on Season Two in Colonial Williamsburg - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( June 23 , 2014 ) . `` AMC Renews ' Turn ' for a Second Season '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` AMC Expanding Monday Push , Sets Season 2 of ' Turn ' For Night '' . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` AMC Renews ' Turn ' for Third Season '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ AMC ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` First - Look Photo and Premiere Date Released for TURN : Washington 's Spies Season 3 '' . AMC . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ AMC ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` TURN : Washington 's Spies Renewed for Season 4 '' . AMC . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ AMC ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` TURN : Washington 's Spies Returns to `` Finish the Fight '' in Its Final Season on Saturday , June 17 `` . AMC . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Turn : Season 1 ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Turn : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Turn : Season 2 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Turn : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TURN 2014 DAR Media & Entertainment Award Ceremony '' . AMC . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Turn : Washington 's Spies - The Complete First Season Blu - ray '' . January 14 , 2015 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TURN : Washington 's Spies DVD Release Date '' . DVDs Release Dates . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Turn : Washington 's Spies : The Complete Third Season DVD '' . September 11 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Dayton ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` TURN : Origins Comic Now Online '' . AMC - TV . Jump up ^ Steve Ellis ( illustrator ) ( March 26 , 2014 ) . TURN : Origins . Jump up ^ Bell , Shavonne ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` 10 Ways to Get Ready for the TURN : Washington 's Spies Season 2 Premiere '' . AMC - TV . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Neuman , Clayton ( Producer ) & Morgan , LaToya ( Writer ) & Hunt , Chris ( Colors & Pencils & Ink ) & Colden , Kevin ( Inks & Letters ) & Plummer , Shay ( Colors ) & Lindemann , Karl ( Development ) ( April 10 , 2015 ) . Rivals ( Online comic book ed . ) . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) External links ( edit ) Official website Comics series : Steve Ellis ( illustrator ) ( March 26 , 2014 ) . TURN : Origins . Neuman , Clayton ( Producer ) & Morgan , LaToya ( Writer ) & Hunt , Chris ( Colors & Pencils & Ink ) & Colden , Kevin ( Inks & Letters ) & Plummer , Shay ( Colors ) & Lindemann , Karl ( Development ) ( April 2015 ) . TURN : Rivals ( Online comic book ed . ) . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Turn : Washington 's Spies on IMDb Turn : Washington 's Spies at TV Guide <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) AMC original programming Former 1980s debuts The Movie Masters ( 1989 -- 90 ) 1990s debuts The Lot ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Remember WENN ( 1996 -- 98 ) 2000s debuts Breaking Bad ( 2008 -- 13 ) Broken Trail ( 2006 ) DVD TV ( 2002 -- 08 ) Mad Men ( 2007 -- 15 ) Movies That Shook the World ( 2005 ) The Prisoner ( 2009 ) Shootout ( 2003 -- 08 ) 2010s debuts 4th and Loud ( 2014 ) The American West ( 2016 ) Feed the Beast ( 2016 ) Freakshow ( 2013 -- 14 ) Game of Arms ( 2014 ) Halt and Catch Fire ( 2014 -- 17 ) Hell on Wheels ( 2011 -- 16 ) The Killing ( 2011 -- 13 ) Low Winter Sun ( 2013 ) The Making of the Mob ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Night Manager ( 2016 ) Owner 's Manual ( 2013 ) The Pitch ( 2012 -- 13 ) Rubicon ( 2010 ) Small Town Security ( 2012 -- 14 ) Talking Bad ( 2013 ) TURN : Washington 's Spies ( 2014 -- 17 ) Current Better Call Saul ( since 2015 ) Comic Book Men ( since 2012 ) Fear the Walking Dead ( since 2015 ) Geeking Out ( since 2016 ) Humans ( since 2015 ) Into the Badlands ( since 2015 ) Preacher ( since 2016 ) Ride with Norman Reedus ( since 2016 ) The Son ( since 2017 ) Talking Dead ( since 2011 ) Talking Preacher ( since 2016 ) Talking Saul ( since 2016 ) Talking with Chris Hardwick ( since 2017 ) The Walking Dead ( since 2010 ) Upcoming Lodge 49 ( TBA ) McMafia ( 2018 ) The Spy Who Came in from the Cold ( TBA ) The Terror ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turn:_Washington%27s_Spies&oldid=807258835 '' Categories : 2010s American television series 2014 American television series debuts 2017 American television series endings AMC ( TV channel ) network shows American drama television series Cultural depictions of George Washington English - language television programs Espionage television series Historical television series Serial drama television series Television programs based on books Television series about the American Revolution Television series based on actual events Television series set in the 18th century Television shows set in Connecticut Television shows set in New Jersey Television shows set in New York City Television shows set in New York ( state ) Television shows set in Pennsylvania Television shows set in Virginia Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 21 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Turn: Washington's Spies - American period drama television series
2. Culper Ring - America's first spy ring during the Revolutionary War
3. Jamie Bell - Actor who stars in the series
4. Historical drama - Genre of the show
5. AMC - Original network that aired the series
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what is the significance of the supreme courts decision in gitlow v new york
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Gitlow v. New York - wikipedia Gitlow v. New York Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Gitlow v. New York <Td_colspan="2"> Supreme Court of the United States <Th_colspan="2"> Argued April 12 , 1923 Reargued November 23 , 1923 Decided June 8 , 1925 Full case name Benjamin Gitlow v. People of the State of New York Citations 268 U.S. 652 ( more ) 45 S. Ct. 625 ; 69 L. Ed . 1138 ; 1925 U.S. LEXIS 598 Prior history Defendant convicted , Supreme Court of New York County , 2 - 5 - 20 ; affirmed , 195 A.D. 773 ( N.Y. Sup. Ct. App. Div. 1921 ) ; affirmed , 136 N.E. 317 ( N.Y. 1923 ) Subsequent history None <Th_colspan="2"> Holding <Td_colspan="2"> The Fourteenth Amendment prohibits states from infringing free speech , but the defendant was properly convicted under New York 's Criminal Anarchy Law because he disseminated newspapers that advocated the violent overthrow of the government . <Th_colspan="2"> Court membership <Td_colspan="2"> Chief Justice William H. Taft Associate Justices Oliver W. Holmes , Jr . Willis Van Devanter James C. McReynolds Louis Brandeis George Sutherland Pierce Butler Edward T. Sanford Harlan F. Stone <Th_colspan="2"> Case opinions Majority Sanford , joined by Taft , Van Devanter , McReynolds , Sutherland , Butler , Stone Dissent Holmes , joined by Brandeis <Th_colspan="2"> Laws applied <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. Const . amends . I , XIV ; N.Y. Penal Law § § 160 , 161 Gitlow v. New York , 268 U.S. 652 ( 1925 ) , was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States holding that the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution had extended the reach of certain limitations on federal government authority set forth in the First Amendment -- specifically the provisions protecting freedom of speech and freedom of the press -- to the governments of the individual states . It was one of a series of Supreme Court cases that defined the scope of the First Amendment 's protection of free speech and established the standard to which a state or the federal government would be held when it criminalized speech or writing . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Background 1.2 Incorporation 2 Free speech 2.1 Aftermath 3 Footnotes 4 Further reading 5 External links History ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Following the Red Scare of 1919 -- 20 , a variety of leftists , either anarchists , sympathizers with the Bolshevik Revolution , labor activists , or members of a communist or socialist party , were convicted for violating the Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 on the basis of their writings or statements . Benjamin Gitlow , a member of the Socialist Party of America , who had served in the New York State Assembly , was charged with criminal anarchy under New York 's Criminal Anarchy Law of 1902 for publishing in July 1919 a document called `` Left Wing Manifesto '' in The Revolutionary Age , a newspaper for which he served as business manager . His trial lasted from January 22 to February 5 , 1920 . His defense contended that the Manifesto represented historical analysis rather than advocacy . He was convicted on February 11 and sentenced to 5 to 10 years in prison . He served more than two years at Sing Sing prison before his motion to appeal was granted and he was released on bail . State courts of appeal upheld his conviction . New York 's Criminal Anarchy Law was passed in 1902 following the assassination of President William McKinley by an anarchist in Buffalo , New York , in September 1901 . Gitlow was the first major First Amendment case that the American Civil Liberties Union argued before the Supreme Court . The Court had to consider whether it could review a challenge to a state law on the basis that it violated the federal constitution . If it determined that such a challenge lay within the scope of its authority , then it had to review the application of the law to the case at hand , the specific violation of the statute . It upheld Gitlow 's conviction 7 -- 2 , with Brandeis and Holmes dissenting . Incorporation ( edit ) The Supreme Court previously held , in Barron v. Baltimore , 32 U.S. 243 ( 1833 ) , that the Constitution 's Bill of Rights applied only to the federal government , that states were free to enforce statutes that restricted the rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights , and that the federal courts could not interfere with the enforcement of such statutes . Gitlow v. New York partly reversed that precedent and began a trend toward its nearly complete reversal . The Supreme Court now holds that almost every provision of the Bill of Rights applies to both the federal government and the states . The Supreme Court relied on the `` due process clause '' of the Fourteenth Amendment , which prohibits a state from depriving `` any person of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law . '' The Court stated that `` For present purposes we may and do assume that '' the rights of freedom of speech and freedom of the press were `` among the fundamental personal rights and ' liberties ' protected by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment from impairment by the states '' . The Court used the doctrine first enunciated in Gitlow in other cases , such as De Jonge v. Oregon , 299 U.S. 353 ( 1937 ) , Wolf v. Colorado , 338 U.S. 25 ( 1949 ) , and Gideon v. Wainwright , 372 U.S. 335 ( 1963 ) , to extend the reach of the Bill of Rights . Constitutional scholars refer to this as the `` incorporation doctrine , '' meaning that the Supreme Court has identified rights specified in the Bill of Rights and incorporated them into the liberties covered by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . Recently , the Supreme Court , see , McDonald v. Chicago , found the 2nd Amendment Right to `` ... keep and bear arms , '' for lawful purposes such as self - defense both a fundamental and individual right of all law - abiding Citizens over 21 years of age and of sound mind as self - defense is the `` central component '' of the 2nd Amendment , and these Rights are `` fully applicable '' in all of the 50 States . Free speech ( edit ) The Court upheld Gitlow 's conviction on the basis that the government may suppress or punish speech that directly advocates the unlawful overthrow of the government and it upheld the constitutionality of the state statute at issue , which made it a crime to advocate the duty , need , or appropriateness of overthrowing government by force or violence . Justice Edward Terry Sanford 's majority opinion attempted to define more clearly the `` clear and present danger '' test developed a few years earlier in Schenck v. United States , 249 U.S. 47 ( 1919 ) . He embraced `` the bad tendency test '' found in Shaffer v. United States , 255 F. 886 ( 1919 ) , which held that a `` State may punish utterances endangering the foundations of government and threatening its overthrow by unlawful means '' because such speech clearly `` present ( s ) a sufficient danger to the public peace and to the security of the State . '' According to Sanford , a `` single revolutionary spark may kindle a fire that , smoldering for a time , may burst into a sweeping and destructive conflagration . '' He said the Manifesto contained `` the language of direct incitement '' and was not `` the expression of philosophical abstraction . '' In his dissent , Holmes , the author of Schenck 's clear and present danger test , wrote that he believed it was still the appropriate test to employ in judging the limits of freedom of expression . Joined by Brandeis , he argued that Gitlow presented no present danger because only a small minority of people shared the views presented in the manifesto and because it directed an uprising at some `` indefinite time in the future . '' He responded to Sanford 's kindling metaphor that `` eloquence may set fire to reason , but , whatever may be thought of the redundant discourse before us , it had no chance of starting a present conflagration . '' Aftermath ( edit ) On November 9 , 1925 , Gitlow surrendered to New York Authorities for transportation back to Sing Sing Prison to finish his sentence . On December 11 , 1925 , New York Gov. Al Smith pardoned him , saying that while Gitlow had been `` properly and legally convicted '' , he needed to consider `` whether or not he has been sufficiently punished for a political crime . '' He concluded that `` no additional punishment would act as a deterrent to those who would preach an erroneous doctrine of Government . '' Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : New York Times : `` Gitlow Goes Back to Serve his Term , '' November 10 , 1925 , accessed June 17 , 2012 Jump up ^ Whipple , Leon ( 1927 ) . The Story of Civil Liberty in the United States . New York : Vanguard Press . p. 307 . Jump up ^ `` The Successes of the American Civil Liberties Union '' . ACLU. 17 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gitlow Loses Fight in Highest Court to Annul Anarchy Law '' . New York Times . 9 June 1925 . Jump up ^ `` Gitlow is Pardoned by Governor Smith as Punished Enough '' . New York Times . 12 December 1925 . Further reading ( edit ) Heberle , Klaus H. ( May 1972 ) . `` From Gitlow to Near : Judicial `` Amendment '' by Absent - Minded Incrementalism `` . Journal of Politics . 34 ( 2 ) : 458 -- 483 . JSTOR 2129363 . External links ( edit ) Text of Gitlow v. New York , 268 U.S. 652 ( 1925 ) is available from : Cornell CourtListener Findlaw Justia Oyez OpenJurist Google Scholar First Amendment Library entry for Gitlow v. New York Exploring Constitutional Conflicts : Clear and Present Danger <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) United States First Amendment case law <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Establishment Clause <Td_colspan="2"> Public funding Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) McCollum v. Board of Education ( 1948 ) Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York ( 1970 ) Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 ) Marsh v. Chambers ( 1983 ) Mueller v. Allen ( 1983 ) Aguilar v. Felton ( 1985 ) Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet ( 1994 ) Agostini v. Felton ( 1997 ) Mitchell v. Helms ( 2000 ) Zelman v. Simmons - Harris ( 2002 ) Locke v. Davey ( 2004 ) Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn ( 2011 ) Public displays Stone v. Graham ( 1980 ) Lynch v. Donnelly ( 1984 ) Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary ( 1985 ) County of Allegheny v. ACLU ( 1989 ) McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky ( 2005 ) Van Orden v. Perry ( 2005 ) Pleasant Grove City v. Summum ( 2009 ) School prayer Zorach v. Clauson ( 1952 ) Engel v. Vitale ( 1962 ) Abington School District v. Schempp ( 1963 ) Stone v. Graham ( 1980 ) Wallace v. Jaffree ( 1985 ) Lee v. Weisman ( 1992 ) Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe ( 2000 ) Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow ( 2004 ) Creationism Epperson v. Arkansas ( 1968 ) Edwards v. Aguillard ( 1987 ) Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District ( M.D. Pa. 2005 ) Legislature prayer Marsh v. Chambers ( 1983 ) Town of Greece v. Galloway ( 2014 ) Establishment Clause , Other McGowan v. Maryland ( 1961 ) Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York ( 1970 ) McDaniel v. Paty ( 1978 ) Estate of Thornton v. Caldor , Inc. ( 1985 ) Texas Monthly , Inc. v. Bullock ( 1989 ) Hosanna - Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( 2012 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Free Exercise Clause <Td_colspan="2"> Reynolds v. United States ( 1879 ) Davis v. Beason ( 1890 ) Schneider v. New Jersey ( 1939 ) Cantwell v. Connecticut ( 1940 ) Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) Murdock v. Pennsylvania ( 1943 ) United States v. Ballard ( 1944 ) Braunfeld v. Brown ( 1961 ) Torcaso v. Watkins ( 1961 ) Sherbert v. Verner ( 1963 ) Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church ( 1969 ) Wisconsin v. Yoder ( 1972 ) Harris v. McRae ( 1980 ) Thomas v. Review Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division ( 1981 ) United States v. Lee ( 1982 ) Bob Jones University v. United States ( 1983 ) Bowen v. Roy ( 1986 ) Goldman v. Weinberger ( 1986 ) Employment Division v. Smith ( 1990 ) Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah ( 1993 ) City of Boerne v. Flores ( 1997 ) Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton ( 2002 ) Cutter v. Wilkinson ( 2005 ) Gonzales v. UDV ( 2006 ) Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia , Inc. v. Comer ( 2017 ) Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission ( under consideration ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Freedom of speech ( portal ) <Td_colspan="2"> Sedition and imminent danger Alien and Sedition Acts ( 1798 ) Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten ( S.D.N.Y. 1917 ) Schenck v. United States ( 1919 ) Abrams v. United States ( 1919 ) Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) Whitney v. California ( 1927 ) Dennis v. United States ( 1951 ) Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board ( 1955 , 1961 ) Yates v. United States ( 1957 ) Bond v. Floyd ( 1966 ) Brandenburg v. Ohio ( 1969 ) Hess v. Indiana ( 1973 ) False speech Gertz v. Robert Welch , Inc. ( 1974 ) United States v. Alvarez ( 2012 ) Fighting words and the heckler 's veto Cantwell v. Connecticut ( 1940 ) Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire ( 1942 ) Terminiello v. Chicago ( 1949 ) Feiner v. New York ( 1951 ) Gregory v. Chicago ( 1969 ) National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie ( 1977 ) R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul ( 1992 ) Snyder v. Phelps ( 2011 ) Elonis v. United States ( 2015 ) Freedom of assembly and public forums Hague v. CIO ( 1939 ) Schneider v. New Jersey ( 1939 ) Thornhill v. Alabama ( 1940 ) Martin v. City of Struthers ( 1943 ) Marsh v. Alabama ( 1946 ) Niemotko v. Maryland ( 1951 ) Edwards v. South Carolina ( 1963 ) Cox v. Louisiana ( 1965 ) Brown v. Louisiana ( 1966 ) Adderley v. Florida ( 1966 ) Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne ( 1968 ) Coates v. Cincinnati ( 1971 ) Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe ( 1971 ) Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner ( 1972 ) Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins ( 1980 ) Widmar v. Vincent ( 1981 ) Hill v. Colorado ( 2000 ) McCullen v. Coakley ( 2014 ) Packingham v. North Carolina ( 2017 ) Symbolic speech Stromberg v. California ( 1931 ) United States v. O'Brien ( 1968 ) Cohen v. California ( 1971 ) Smith v. Goguen ( 1974 ) Texas v. Johnson ( 1989 ) United States v. Eichman ( 1990 ) Virginia v. Black ( 2003 ) Compelled speech Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ( 1943 ) Wooley v. Maynard ( 1977 ) Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth ( 2000 ) Davenport v. Washington Education Association ( 2007 ) Knox v. Service Employees International Union , Local 1000 ( 2012 ) Agency for International Development v. Alliance for Open Society International , Inc. ( 2013 ) Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission ( under consideration ) Loyalty oaths American Communications Association v. Douds ( 1950 ) Garner v. Board of Public Works ( 1951 ) Speiser v. Randall ( 1958 ) Keyishian v. Board of Regents ( 1967 ) Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb ( 1974 ) School speech Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ( 1943 ) Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District ( 1969 ) Island Trees School District v. Pico ( 1982 ) Bethel School District v. Fraser ( 1986 ) Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier ( 1988 ) Rosenberger v. University of Virginia ( 1995 ) Morse v. Frederick ( 2007 ) Obscenity Rosen v. United States ( 1896 ) United States v. One Book Called Ulysses ( S.D.N.Y. 1933 ) Roth v. United States ( 1957 ) One , Inc. v. Olesen ( 1958 ) Marcus v. Search Warrant ( 1961 ) MANual Enterprises v. Day ( 1962 ) Jacobellis v. Ohio ( 1964 ) Quantity of Books v. Kansas ( 1964 ) Freedman v. Maryland ( 1965 ) Ginzburg v. United States ( 1966 ) Memoirs v. Massachusetts ( 1966 ) Redrup v. New York ( 1967 ) Ginsberg v. New York ( 1968 ) Stanley v. Georgia ( 1969 ) Cohen v. California ( 1971 ) United States v. Thirty - seven Photographs ( 1971 ) Kois v. Wisconsin ( 1972 ) Miller v. California ( 1973 ) Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton ( 1973 ) United States v. 12 200 - ft . Reels of Film ( 1973 ) Jenkins v. Georgia ( 1974 ) Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville ( 1975 ) Young v. American Mini Theatres ( 1976 ) New York v. Ferber ( 1982 ) American Booksellers v. Hudnut ( 7th Cir. , 1985 ) Renton v. Playtime Theatres , Inc. ( 1986 ) Osborne v. Ohio ( 1990 ) United States v. X-Citement Video ( 1994 ) Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union ( 1997 ) United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group ( 2000 ) Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition ( 2002 ) Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union ( 2002 ) Nitke v. Gonzales ( S.D.N.Y. , 2005 ) United States v. Williams ( 2008 ) FCC v. Fox Televisions Stations - 2 cases ( 2009 and 2012 ) American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland ( 6th Cir. , 2009 ) United States v. Kilbride ( 9th Cir. , 2009 ) United States v. Stevens ( 2010 ) Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association ( 2011 ) Public employees Pickering v. Board of Education ( 1968 ) Perry v. Sindermann ( 1972 ) Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth ( 1972 ) Mt . Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle ( 1977 ) Givhan v. Western Line Consolidated School District ( 1979 ) Connick v. Myers ( 1983 ) Rankin v. McPherson ( 1987 ) Waters v. Churchill ( 1994 ) Garcetti v. Ceballos ( 2006 ) Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri ( 2011 ) Heffernan v. City of Paterson ( 2016 ) Hatch Act and similar laws Ex parte Curtis ( 1882 ) United Public Workers v. Mitchell ( 1947 ) United States Civil Service Commission v. National Association of Letter Carriers ( 1973 ) Broadrick v. Oklahoma ( 1973 ) Licensing and restriction of speech Mutual Film Corporation v. Industrial Commission of Ohio ( 1915 ) Joseph Burstyn , Inc. v. Wilson ( 1952 ) Freedman v. Maryland ( 1965 ) Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council ( 1976 ) Hoffman Estates v . The Flipside , Hoffman Estates , Inc. ( 1982 ) Walker v. Texas Division , Sons of Confederate Veterans ( 2015 ) Matal v. Tam ( 2017 ) Commercial speech Valentine v. Chrestensen ( 1942 ) Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept. ( 1970 ) Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations ( 1973 ) Bigelow v. Commonwealth of Virginia ( 1974 ) Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council ( 1976 ) Bates v. State Bar of Arizona ( 1977 ) Linmark Associates , Inc. v. Willingboro ( 1977 ) Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission ( 1980 ) Consol . Edison Co. v. Public Serv . Comm'n ( 1980 ) Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Commission of California ( 1986 ) Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico ( 1986 ) San Francisco Arts & Athletics , Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee ( 1987 ) 44 Liquormart , Inc. v. Rhode Island ( 1996 ) Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc. ( 2011 ) Campaign finance and political speech Buckley v. Valeo ( 1976 ) First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti ( 1978 ) Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley ( 1981 ) Brown v. Socialist Workers ' 74 Campaign Committee ( 1982 ) Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington ( 1983 ) FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life ( 1986 ) Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce ( 1990 ) McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission ( 1995 ) Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC ( 1996 ) Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC ( 2000 ) Republican Party of Minnesota v. White ( 2002 ) McConnell v. FEC ( 2003 ) Randall v. Sorrell ( 2006 ) FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life , Inc. ( 2007 ) Davis v. FEC ( 2008 ) Citizens United v. FEC ( 2010 ) McComish v. Bennett ( 2011 ) American Tradition Partnership v. Bullock ( 2012 ) McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission ( 2014 ) Williams - Yulee v . The Florida Bar ( 2015 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Freedom of the press <Td_colspan="2"> Prior restraints and censorship Near v. Minnesota ( 1931 ) Lovell v. City of Griffin ( 1938 ) Hannegan v. Esquire , Inc. ( 1946 ) New York Times Co. v. United States ( 1971 ) Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo ( 1974 ) Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart ( 1976 ) Landmark Communications , Inc. v. Virginia ( 1978 ) Tory v. Cochran ( 2005 ) Privacy Time , Inc. v. Hill ( 1967 ) Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn ( 1975 ) Florida Star v. B.J.F. ( 1989 ) Taxation and privileges Grosjean v. American Press Co. ( 1936 ) Branzburg v. Hayes ( 1972 ) Minneapolis Star Tribune Company v. Commissioner ( 1983 ) Defamation Beauharnais v. Illinois ( 1952 ) New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts ( 1967 ) Gertz v. Robert Welch , Inc. ( 1974 ) Time , Inc. v. Firestone ( 1976 ) Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States , Inc. ( 1984 ) Dun & Bradstreet , Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders , Inc. ( 1985 ) McDonald v. Smith ( 1985 ) Hustler Magazine v. Falwell ( 1988 ) Harte - Hanks Communications v. Connaughton ( 1989 ) Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. ( 1990 ) Obsidian Finance Group , LLC v. Cox ( 9th Cir. , 2014 ) Broadcast media Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC ( 1969 ) FCC v. Pacifica Foundation ( 1978 ) Turner Broadcasting v. FCC ( 1994 ) Bartnicki v. Vopper ( 2001 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Freedom of association <Td_colspan="2"> Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath ( 1951 ) Watkins v. United States ( 1957 ) NAACP v. Alabama ( 1958 ) Baggett v. Bullitt ( 1964 ) In re Primus ( 1978 ) Roberts v. United States Jaycees ( 1984 ) Hurley v. Irish - American Gay , Lesbian , & Bisexual Group of Boston ( 1995 ) Boy Scouts of America v. Dale ( 2000 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gitlow_v._New_York&oldid=816350353 '' Categories : 1925 in United States case law Incorporation case law United States Supreme Court cases United States Free Speech Clause case law American Civil Liberties Union litigation Legal history of New York ( state ) Socialist Party of America United States Supreme Court cases of the Taft Court Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 20 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Gitlow v. New York
2. First Amendment
3. Free speech
4. Fourteenth Amendment
5. Criminal Anarchy Law
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nas i can be what i wanna be
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I Can ( Nas song ) - wikipedia I Can ( Nas song ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` I Can '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Nas <Th_colspan="2"> from the album God 's Son Released February 11 , 2003 Format CD single Recorded 2002 Genre Conscious hip hop Length 4 : 13 Label Ill Will , Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Nasir Jones , Salaam Remi Producer ( s ) Salaam Remi <Th_colspan="2"> Nas singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Made You Look '' ( 2002 ) `` I Can '' ( 2003 ) `` Get Down '' ( 2003 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Made You Look '' ( 2002 ) `` I Can '' ( 2003 ) `` Get Down '' ( 2003 ) This article is incomplete . Please help to improve it , or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( January 2007 ) `` I Can '' is the second single from the Nas album , God 's Son . It was released internationally February 11 , 2003 . Unlike most of the album , this does not have the Parental Advisory ( or Explict and other labeling on digital stores ) label on the song , as it is aimed at children . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Music video 3 Reception 4 Track listing 5 References 6 External links Composition ( edit ) Boasting production from Salaam Remi , the song samples Ludwig van Beethoven 's `` Für Elise '' and The Honey Drippers ' `` Impeach the President '' . The lyrics are positive encouraging kids to stay drug - free and to pursue their dreams , pointing to examples of powerful icons in the African American community like Oprah Winfrey . Conversely , Nas raps about a friend who was moving up in the music scene , only to call victim to a debilitating drug addiction that took her career and her looks . Music video ( edit ) The music video , directed by Chris Robinson , was shot in Philadelphia , and contains footage of Nas rapping while children stand around him . The video starts out with the music from the introduction of `` Get Down , '' but it soon transitions into `` I Can . '' As the video starts , a young girl plays Beethoven on a piano in a vacant lot . Later in the video , children are jumping on a mattress in the same lot . The video also contains footage of break dancing and famous Egyptian structures . Reception ( edit ) The single received positive reviews . Christian Hoard of Rolling Stone magazine labels `` I Can '' as `` a silly stay - in - school ad attached to a Beethoven sample . '' This comment may be attributed to the `` singsongy '' call and response chorus featuring the voices of young children . Other reviewers appreciated `` I Can '' more : Jon Robinson of IGN.com claims that on his second single , `` Nas delivers some of his most inspiring lyrics to date . '' `` I Can '' charted at # 12 in Billboard Hot 100 , # 7 on the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Singles & Tracks , # 6 on the Hot Rap Tracks and # 58 on the Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 2003 . This is Nas 's highest charting single as a lead artist to date . Track listing ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : Writers . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2010 ) `` I Can '' ( Clean Version ) ( 4 : 13 ) `` I Can '' ( Instrumental ) ( 4 : 14 ) `` I Can '' ( Acappella ) ( 4 : 03 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ SamplesDB - Nas 's Tracks Jump up ^ Hoard , Christian . Review : God 's Son . Rolling Stone . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Kim , Serena . `` Review : God 's Son '' . Vibe : 135 -- 136 . February 2003 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Jon . `` God 's Son review at IGN '' . Retrieved February 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Nas ' Billboard singles chart positions at Allmusic '' . Retrieved January 17 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Nas singles discography Illmatic `` Halftime '' `` It Ai n't Hard to Tell '' `` Life 's a Bitch '' `` The World Is Yours '' `` One Love '' It Was Written `` If I Ruled the World ( Imagine That ) '' `` Street Dreams '' `` The Message '' The Firm : The Album `` Firm Biz '' `` Phone Tap '' I Am ... `` Nas Is Like '' `` Hate Me Now '' Nastradamus `` Nastradamus '' `` You Owe Me '' Stillmatic `` Rule '' `` Got Ur Self a Gun '' `` One Mic '' God 's Son `` Made You Look '' `` I Can '' `` Get Down '' Street 's Disciple `` Thief 's Theme '' `` Bridging the Gap '' `` Just a Moment '' Hip Hop Is Dead `` Hip Hop Is Dead '' `` Ca n't Forget About You '' Life Is Good `` Nasty '' `` The Don '' `` Daughters '' `` Cherry Wine '' Soundtrack singles `` Escobar ' 97 '' `` Less Than an Hour '' Collaborations `` Did You Ever Think '' `` Hot Boyz '' `` Oochie Wally '' `` Thugz Mansion '' `` Classic ( Better Than I 've Ever Been ) '' `` Too Many Rappers '' `` Ghetto Dreams '' `` Champion '' `` Something to Believe In '' Other songs `` N.Y. State of Mind '' `` One Time 4 Your Mind '' `` Ether '' `` Be a Nigger Too '' `` N.I.G.G.E.R. ( The Slave and the Master ) '' `` Let Nas Down '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can_(Nas_song)&oldid=803493910 '' Categories : 2003 singles Nas songs Music videos directed by Chris Robinson ( director ) Song recordings produced by Salaam Remi Songs written by Nas Songs about school Songs about drugs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Articles to be expanded from January 2007 Articles to be expanded from January 2010 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Português Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 21 : 37 . About Wikipedia
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1. "I Can" - Nas song
2. God's Son - Nas album
3. Salaam Remi - Producer of "I Can"
4. Positive lyrics and message in "I Can"
5. Music video for "I Can" directed by Chris Robinson
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Vidya Vox - wikipedia Vidya Vox Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Vidya Vox <Th_colspan="2"> Vidya Iyer Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India Nationality American Education George Washington University Residence Los Angeles , California , US Occupation Musician Actress Youtuber Vlogger Dancer Religion Hindu Website www.vidyavox.com <Th_colspan="2"> YouTube information Also known as VidyaVox Channel VidyaVox Years active 2015 -- present Genre vlogs Indian classical music Carnatic music classical rants western pop Subscribers 4.4 million ( April 8 , 2018 ) Total views 400 million ( December 31 , 2017 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> Play buttons 100,000 subscribers 2015 1,000,000 subscribers 2016 Vidya Iyer , better known by her stage name Vidya Vox , is an Indo - American YouTuber and singer . She was born in Chennai and immigrated with her family to the USA at the age of eight years . Her music has mix of Western pop , electronic dance music , and Indian classical music . Since beginning her channel in April 2015 , her videos have received over 400 million views , and her channel has accumulated over 4.2 million subscribers . Her mashup of Major Lazer 's Lean On with Punjabi folk song has 29 million hits on YouTube . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Career 3 Discography 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Personal life ( edit ) Vidya Iyer was born in Chennai , India and was raised in Virginia in the United States . She spoke Tamil at home , learnt Carnatic music from the age of 5 years and also enjoyed listening to English music . She confessed to having an identity crisis , being bullied for being Indian , and hiding her culture while growing up , but now feels proud of her culture . She was inspired by her grandmother to pursue Indian classical music . She became confident of her Indian roots in college , joined the Indian Student Association , and joined Indian folk dance teams . She studied psychology and biomedical sciences at George Washington University and graduated with a bachelor of science in biological sciences . She moved to India for two years to learn music . Her sister is Vandana Iyer and her boyfriend is composer - director - musician Shankar Tucker whom she met in college . All three collaborated in creating music . In 2017 she promoted her music , rehearsing bhangra and hip hop dance . Career ( edit ) Vidya regularly sings in a band organized by Shankar Tucker . she staged her performance in various parts of the world like White House , National Centre for the Performing Arts ( India ) , Webster Hall and her performance are staged at Festivals Des Artes in Reunion Island , INK Women , Suriname , Dubai and Meru Concert Series in Netherlands . Her most popular mashup was Closer / Kabira , which clocked in over 55 million views in 7 months . One of her mashups include , `` Lean On '' and `` Jind Mahi '' for which she had a collaboration with several other musicians , including Ricky Jatt , Raashi Kulkarni , and Roginder `` Violinder '' Momi . She released `` Kuttanadan Punjayile '' , a famous Kerala boat song , as a fusion along with an English song written by Shankar Tucker and herself , which was shot in Kerala with Mohiniyattam performed by Sreenidhi and Sreedevi . She just released her EP , Kuthu Fire , which is produced by Shankar Tucker , and co-written by Shankar Tucker and Vidya Iyer . Discography ( edit ) Ellie Goulding -- Love Me Like You Do Hosanna ( Mashup Cover ) ( 5 May 2015 ) Nico & Vinz Am I Wrong Yeh Duriya ( ft . Rohan Kymal ) ( Mashup Cover ) ( 20 May 2015 ) Tiaan -- Dive Deep Tujhme Rab Dikhta Hai ( Mashup Cover ) ( 29 May 2015 ) -- no longer available under Vidya Vox 's channel due to a copyright claim by Yash Raj Films Ed Sheeran -- I See Fire ( Cover ) ( 4 June 2015 ) Taylor Swift -- Blank Space Mental Manadhil ( Mashup Cover ) ( 13 June 2015 ) Sam Smith -- Lay Me Down Ennodu Nee Irundhaal ( Mashup Cover ) ( 24 June 2015 ) Major Lazer -- Lean On Jind Mahi ( ft . Ricky Jatt , Raashi Kulkarni , Raginder Momi ) ( Mashup Cover ) ( 5 July 2015 ) Come Alive ( Original ) Hasi ( Mashup Cover ) ( 5 August 2015 ) Calvin Harris -- How Deep Is Your Love Balam Pichkari ( Mashup Cover ) ( 25 August 2015 ) John Legend -- All Of Me Main Hoon Hero Tera ( Mashup Cover ) ( 5 September 2015 ) Jack Ü -- Where Are Ü Now Shankar Tucker ( Mashup Cover ) ( 28 September 2015 ) The Weeknd -- Prisoner Ang Laga De ( Mashup Cover ) ( 12 October 2015 ) Selena Gomez -- Same Old Love Mere Sapno Ki Rani ( Mashup Cover ) ( 30 October 2015 ) Justin Bieber -- Sorry Kandukondain Kandukondain ( Mashup Cover ) ( 7 December 2015 ) Kuttanadan Punjayile -- Kerala Boat Song ( English Remix ) ( 12 January 2016 ) Taal Se Taal Mila ( ft . Shankar Tucker and Jomy George ) ( Remix Cover ) ( 12 February 2016 ) Rihanna -- Work Sakhiya Cheliya ( Mashup Cover ) ( 15 March 2016 ) Zayn -- Like I Would Sun Saathiya ( Mashup Cover ) ( 7 April 2016 ) Adele -- When We Were Young Jashn E Bahaara ( Mashup Cover ) ( 13 April 2016 ) Nicki Minaj -- Truffle Butter Ambarsariya ( Mashup Cover ) ( 25 May 2016 ) -- no longer available under Vidya Vox 's channel due to a copyright claim by T - Series Calvin Harris and Rihanna -- This Is What You Came For ( ft . Jomy George ) ( Tabla Remix Cover ) ( 21 June 2016 ) Drake -- One Dance Gur Naalo Ishq Mitha Oye Hoye ( Mashup Cover ) ( 6 July 2016 ) -- no longer available under Vidya Vox 's channel due to a copyright claim by T - Series Cheap Thrills ( ft . Shankar Tucker and Akshaya Tucker ) ( Cover ) ( 26 July 2016 ) Cold Water ( Cover ) ( 12 August 2016 ) Let Me Love You Tum Hi Ho ( Mashup ) ( 23 September 2016 ) -- no longer available under Vidya Vox 's channel due to a copyright claim by T - Series Sandcastles ( Original ) Teri Khair Mangdi ( ft . Devender Pal Singh ) ( Mashup Cover ) ( 4 October 2016 ) Endless Summer Stars ( Original ) -- Live in San Francisco ( 27 October 2016 ) The Chainsmokers -- Closer Kabira ( ft . Casey Breves ) ( Vidya Vox Mashup Cover ) ( 8 November 2016 ) -- This video is no longer available under Vidya Vox 's channel due to a copyright claim by T - Series . Charlie Puth -- We Do n't Talk Anymore Pani Da Rang ( ft . Saili Oak ) ( Vidya Vox Mashup Cover ) ( 2 December 2016 ) Be Free ( Original ) Pallivaalu Bhadravattakam ( ft . Vandana Iyer ) ( 9 January 2017 ) Tove Lo -- Cool Girl Jiya Re ( Vidya Vox Mashup Cover ) ( 21 January 2017 ) -- no longer available under Vidya Vox 's channel due to a copyright claim by YRF Publishing Kuthu Fire -- Official Video ( Vidya Vox ) ( 1 March 2017 ) The Chainsmokers & Coldplay -- Something Just Like This Channa Mereya ( Vidya Vox Mashup Cover ) ( 30 March 2017 ) Ed Sheeran -- Shape Of You Cheez Badi Hai ( Mashup Cover ) ( 27 May 2017 ) - no longer available under Vidya Vox 's channel due to a copyright claim by T - Series Diamonds ft Arjun ( Original ) ( 8 July 2017 ) Kuthu Fire EP ( August 18 , 2017 ) Home ( Official Video ) ( October 19 , 2017 ) Show me your Light ( Official lyric video ) Minnale ( Official Video ) ( 29 March 2018 ) Tamil Born Killa ( Official Video ) ( 26 April 2018 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` About '' . Vidya Vox. 9 December 2015 . Archived from the original on 25 October 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Now , her music merges India and the United States : Vidya Vox 's `` Kuthu Fire '' extended play features influences from both her Indian and American identities , NBC News , 17 Nov 2017 . Jump up ^ Vidya Vox proud to be Indian in America , IANS , 22 Nov 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The mashup star '' . The Hindu . 21 August 2015 . Retrieved 21 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Singer Vidya Vox on Blending two Musical Worlds : East and West '' . India.com. 8 January 2016 . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Famous Kerala Boat Song ' Kuttanadan Punjayile ' Just Got A New Twist And It Sounds Awesome '' . The Huffington Post . 13 January 2016 . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vidya and Shankar Tucker gives Kerala 's favourite boat song ' Kuttanadan Punjayile ' a classic twist '' . India Today . 14 January 2016 . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stylish makeover for Malayalam folk song '' . Deccan Chronicle. 17 January 2016 . Retrieved 17 January 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) `` 6 Best Indian / English Song Mashups by Singer Vidya '' . India.com . `` Blend it like Vidya ! '' . The Times of India . 3 February 2016 . `` YouTube Star Vidya Iyer On Bollywood Dreams , Failure And Racial Tension In The US '' . The Huffington Post . 16 March 2017 . `` YouTube sensation , US - based fusion singer Vidya Iyer is headed to India '' . India Today . 9 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vidya_Vox&oldid=843088702 '' Categories : Living people American female singers of Indian descent George Washington University alumni American pop singers Indian YouTubers 1991 births Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 20 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Vidya Vox - Indo-American YouTuber and singer
2. Music genre - Western pop, electronic dance music, and Indian classical music
3. Mashup of Major Lazer's Lean On with Punjabi folk song
4. Personal life - Born in Chennai, raised in the United States, studied psychology and biomedical sciences
5. Collaborations with Shankar Tucker and Vandana Iyer
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1,412,893,311,184,622,600 |
which minority group was forbidden from becoming american citizens after the civil rights movement
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Racism in the United States - wikipedia Racism in the United States Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Part of a series of articles on Racial segregation <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> South Africa <Td_colspan="2"> Apartheid legislation Bantustan Bantu Education Act Group Areas Acts Pass laws <Th_colspan="2"> United States <Td_colspan="2"> Separate but equal Sundown town Black Codes Jim Crow laws Auto - segregation Residential segregation Housing segregation Blockbusting Racial steering Redlining School segregation Segregation academy Black school <Td_colspan="2"> Racism in the United States has been present since the colonial era . Legally or socially sanctioned privileges and rights were given to white Americans but denied to Native Americans , African Americans , Asian Americans , and Hispanic and Latino Americans . European Americans ( particularly the affluent White Anglo - Saxon Protestants ) were granted exclusive privileges in matters of education , immigration , voting rights , citizenship , land acquisition , and criminal procedure over periods of time extending from the 17th century to the 1960s . However , non-Protestant immigrants from Europe ; particularly Irish people , Poles , and Italians , suffered xenophobic exclusion and other forms of ethnicity - based discrimination in American society , were vilified as racially inferior , and were not considered fully white . In addition , Middle Eastern American groups like Jews and Arabs have faced continuous discrimination in the United States , and as a result , some people belonging to these groups do not identify as white . East and South Asians have similarly faced racism in America . Major racially and ethnically structured institutions included slavery , segregation , the American Indian Wars , Native American reservations , Native American boarding schools , immigration and naturalization law and internment camps . Formal racial discrimination was largely banned in the mid-20th century , and came to be perceived as socially unacceptable and / or morally repugnant as well . Racial politics remains a major phenomenon , and racism continues to be reflected in socioeconomic inequality . Racial stratification continues to occur in employment , housing , education , lending , and government . In the view of the U.S. Human Rights Network , a network of scores of U.S. civil rights and human rights organizations , `` Discrimination in the United States permeates all aspects of life and extends to all communities of color '' . While the nature of the views held by average Americans have changed much over the past several decades , surveys by organizations such as ABC News have found that , even recently , large sections of Americans self - admit to holding discriminatory viewpoints ; for example , a 2007 article by the organization stated that about one in ten admitted to holding prejudices against Hispanic and Latino Americans and about one in four did so regarding Arab - Americans . Contents ( hide ) 1 African Americans 1.1 Pre-Civil War 1.1. 1 Atlantic slave trade 1.1. 2 Steps toward abolition of slavery 1.2 Reconstruction Era to World War II 1.2. 1 Reconstruction Era 1.2. 2 Post-Reconstruction Era 1.2. 3 The Great Migration 1.3 World War II to Civil Rights Era 1.4 Present 2 Asian Americans 3 Non-Anglo Europeans 4 Latin Americans 5 Middle Eastern and South Asian Americans 5.1 Arab Americans 5.2 Iranian Americans 5.3 Antisemitism 5.3. 1 New antisemitism 5.4 Antiziganism 6 Native Americans 6.1 Reservation marginalization 6.2 Assimilation 7 Consequences 7.1 Developmental 7.2 Societal 7.2. 1 Schemas and stereotypes 7.2. 2 Formal discrimination 7.2. 3 Minority - minority racism 7.2. 4 Interpersonal discrimination 7.3 Institutional 7.3. 1 Immigration 7.3. 2 Wealth 7.3. 3 Health care 7.3. 4 Politics 7.3. 5 Justice system 8 Contemporary issues in American racism 8.1 Hate crimes 8.2 Hateful views from Americans 9 Alleviation 10 See also 11 References African Americans ( edit ) Main article : African - American history Pre-civil War ( edit ) Atlantic slave trade ( edit ) Reproduction of a handbill advertising a slave auction in Charleston , South Carolina , in 1769 . While the existence of slavery is arguably the root of subsequent conceptualizations of African - Americans , the origins of African enslavement have a large economic foundation . Among the European elite who structured national policy throughout the age of the Atlantic system of trade , there existed a popular ideology called mercantilism , or the belief that policy pursuits were centralized around military power and economic wealth . Colonies were sources of mineral wealth and crops , to be used to the home country 's advantage . Using Europeans for labor proved unsustainably expensive , as well as harmful to the supply of labor in the home countries . However , African slaves were `` available in large numbers at prices that made plantation agriculture in the Americas profitable '' . It is also argued that , along with the economic motives underlying slavery in the Americas , European world schemas played a large role in the enslavement of Africans . According to this view , the European in - group for humane behavior included the sub-continent , while African and American Indian cultures had a more localized definition of `` an insider '' . While neither schema has inherent superiority , the technological advantage of Europeans became a resource to disseminate the conviction that underscored their schemas , that non-Europeans could be enslaved . With the capability to spread their schematic representation of the world , Europeans could impose a social contract , morally permitting three centuries of African slavery . While the disintegration of this social contract by the eighteenth century led to abolitionism , it is argued that the removal of barriers to `` insider status '' is a very slow process , uncompleted even today ( 2015 ) . As a result of the above , the Atlantic slave trade prospered . According to estimates in the Trans - Atlantic Slave Trade Database , between 1626 and 1860 more than 470,000 slaves were forcibly transported from Africa to what is now the United States . Prior to the Civil War , eight serving presidents owned slaves , a practice protected by the U.S. Constitution . Providing wealth for the white elite , approximately one Southern family in four held slaves prior to the Civil War . According to the 1860 U.S. census , there were about 385,000 slaveowners out of a white population in the slave states of approximately 7 million . Steps toward abolition of slavery ( edit ) Scars of a whipped slave , April 2 , 1863 , Baton Rouge , Louisiana In the early part of the 19th century , a variety of organizations were established advocating the movement of black people from the United States to locations where they would enjoy greater freedom ; some endorsed colonization , while others advocated emigration . During the 1820s and 1830s the American Colonization Society ( A.C.S. ) was the primary vehicle for proposals to return black Americans to greater freedom and equality in Africa , and in 1821 the A.C.S. established the colony of Liberia , assisting thousands of former African - American slaves and free black people ( with legislated limits ) to move there from the United States . The colonization effort resulted from a mixture of motives with its founder Henry Clay stating , `` unconquerable prejudice resulting from their color , they never could amalgamate with the free whites of this country . It was desirable , therefore , as it respected them , and the residue of the population of the country , to drain them off '' . Advertisement by a slave trader offering various amounts for slaves in Lexington , Kentucky , 1853 Although in 1820 the Atlantic slave trade was equated with piracy , punishable by death , the practice of chattel slavery existed for the next half century . The domestic slave trade was a major economic activity in the U.S. which lasted until the 1860s . Enslaved family members would be split up never to see each other again . Between 1830 and 1840 nearly 250,000 slaves were taken across state lines . In the 1850s more than 193,000 were transported , and historians estimate nearly one million in total took part in the forced migration . Ashley 's Sack is a cloth that recounts a slave sale separating a mother and her daughter . The sack belonged to a nine - year - old girl Ashley which was a parting gift from her mother , Rose , after Ashley had been sold . Rose filled the sack with a dress , braid of her hair , pecans , and `` my love always '' The historian Ira Berlin called this forced migration of slaves the `` Second Middle Passage '' , because it reproduced many of the same horrors as the Middle Passage ( the name given to the transportation of slaves from Africa to North America ) . These sales of slaves broke up many families , with Berlin writing that whether slaves were directly uprooted or lived in fear that they or their families would be involuntarily moved , `` the massive deportation traumatized black people . '' Individuals lost their connection to families and clans . Added to the earlier colonists combining slaves from different tribes , many ethnic Africans lost their knowledge of varying tribal origins in Africa . Most were descended from families who had been in the U.S. for many generations . Slaves Waiting for Sale : Richmond , Virginia . 1853 All slaves in only the areas of the Confederate States of America that were not under direct control of the United States government were declared free by the Emancipation Proclamation , which was issued on January 1 , 1863 , by President Abraham Lincoln . While personally opposed to slavery , Lincoln believed that the Constitution did not give Congress the power to end slavery , stating in his first Inaugural Address that he `` had no objection to ( this ) being made express and irrevocable '' via the Corwin Amendment . On social and political rights for blacks , Lincoln stated , `` I am not , nor ever have been in favor of making voters or jurors of negroes , nor of qualifying them to hold office , nor to intermarry with white people , I as much as any man am in favor of the superior position assigned to the white race . '' The Emancipation Proclamation did not apply to areas loyal to , or controlled by , the Union . Slavery was not actually abolished in the U.S. until the passage of the 13th Amendment which was declared ratified on December 6 , 1865 . About four million black slaves were freed in 1865 . Ninety - five percent of blacks lived in the South , comprising one third of the population there as opposed to one percent of the population of the North . Consequently , fears of eventual emancipation were much greater in the South than in the North . Based on 1860 census figures , 8 % of males aged 13 to 43 died in the civil war , including 6 % in the North and 18 % in the South . Reconstruction Era to World War II ( edit ) Main articles : Nadir of American race relations and Mass racial violence in the United States Reconstruction Era ( edit ) The mob - style lynching of Will James , Cairo , Illinois , 1909 . A crowd of ten thousand watched the lynching . After the Civil War , the 13th amendment in 1865 , formally abolishing slavery , was ratified . Furthermore , Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 , which broadened a range of civil rights to all persons born in the United States . Despite this , the emergence of `` Black Codes '' , sanctioned acts of subjugation against blacks , continued to bar African - Americans from due civil rights . The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U.S. citizenship to whites only , and in 1868 the effort toward civil rights was underscored with the 14th amendment which granted citizenship to blacks . The Civil Rights Act of 1875 followed , which was eliminated in a decision that undermined federal power to thwart private racial discrimination . Nonetheless , the last of the Reconstruction Era amendments , the 15th amendment promised voting rights to African - American men ( previously only white men of property could vote ) , and these cumulative federal efforts , African - Americans began taking advantage of enfranchisement . African - Americans began voting , seeking office positions , utilizing public education . Yet by the end of Reconstruction in the mid 1870s , violent white supremacists came to power via paramilitary groups such as the Red Shirts and the White League and imposed Jim Crow laws that deprived African - Americans of voting rights and instituted systemic discriminatory policies through policies of unequal racial segregation . Segregation , which began with slavery , continued with Jim Crow laws , with signs used to show blacks where they could legally walk , talk , drink , rest , or eat . For those places that were racially mixed , non whites had to wait until all white customers were dealt with . Segregated facilities extended from white only schools to white only graveyards . Post-reconstruction Era ( edit ) During the 1921 Tulsa race riot thousands of whites rampaged through the black community , killing men and women , burning and looting stores and homes . Up to 300 blacks were killed . The new century saw a hardening of institutionalized racism and legal discrimination against citizens of African descent in the United States . Throughout this post Civil War period , racial stratification was informally and systemically enforced , in order to solidify the pre-existing social order . Although technically able to vote , poll taxes , pervasive acts of terror such as lynching in the United States ( often perpetrated by groups such as the reborn Ku Klux Klan , founded in the Reconstruction South ) , and discriminatory laws such as grandfather clauses kept black Americans ( and many poor whites ) disenfranchised particularly in the South . Furthermore , discrimination extended to state legislation that `` allocated vastly unequal financial support '' for black and white schools . In addition to this , county officials sometimes redistributed resources earmarked for blacks to white schools , further undermining educational opportunities . In response to de jure racism , protest and lobbyist groups emerged , most notably , the NAACP ( National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ) in 1909 . This time period is sometimes referred to as the nadir of American race relations because racism , segregation , racial discrimination , and expressions of white supremacy all increased . So did anti-black violence , including race riots such as the Atlanta Race Riot of 1906 and the Tulsa race riot of 1921 . The Atlanta riot was characterized by the French newspaper Le Petit Journal as a `` racial massacre of negroes '' . The Charleston News and Courier wrote in response to the Atlanta riots : `` Separation of the races is the only radical solution of the negro problem in this country . There is nothing new about it . It was the Almighty who established the bounds of the habitation of the races . The negroes were brought here by compulsion ; they should be induced to leave here by persuasion . '' The Great Migration ( edit ) A group of white men pose for a 1919 photograph as they stand over the black victim Will Brown who had been lynched and had his body mutilated and burned during the Omaha race riot of 1919 in Omaha , Nebraska . Photographs and postcards of lynchings were popular souvenirs in the U.S. In addition , racism which had been viewed primarily as a problem in the Southern states , burst onto the national consciousness following the Great Migration , the relocation of millions of African Americans from their roots in the Southern states to the industrial centers of the North after World War I , particularly in cities such as Boston , Chicago , and New York ( Harlem ) . Within Chicago , for example , between 1910 and 1970 , the percentage of African - Americans leapt from 2.0 percent to 32.7 percent . The demographic patterns of black migrants and external economic conditions are largely studied stimulants regarding the Great Migration . For example , migrating blacks ( between 1910 and 1920 ) were more likely to be literate than blacks that remained in the South . Known economic push factors played a role in migration , such as the emergence of a split labor market and agricultural distress from the boll weevil destruction of the cotton economy . White tenants seeking to prevent blacks from moving into the housing project erected this sign . Detroit , 1942 . Southern migrants were often treated in accordance with pre-existing racial stratification . The rapid influx of blacks into the North disturbed the racial balance within cities , exacerbating hostility between both black and white Northerners . Stereotypic schemas of Southern blacks were used to attribute issues in urban areas , such as crime and disease , to the presence of African - Americans . Overall , African - Americans in Northern cities experienced systemic discrimination in a plethora of aspects of life . Within employment , economic opportunities for blacks were routed to the lowest - status and restrictive in potential mobility . Within the housing market , stronger discriminatory measures were used in correlation to the influx , resulting in a mix of `` targeted violence , restrictive covenants , redlining and racial steering '' . A white gang looking for blacks during the Chicago race riot of 1919 Throughout this period , racial tensions exploded , most violently in Chicago , and lynchings -- mob - directed hangings , usually racially motivated -- increased dramatically in the 1920s . Urban riots -- whites attacking blacks -- became a northern problem . Many whites defended their space with violence , intimidation , or legal tactics toward African Americans , while many other whites migrated to more racially homogeneous suburban or exurban regions , a process known as white flight . Elected in 1912 , President Woodrow Wilson ordered segregration throughout the federal government . In World War I , blacks served in the United States Armed Forces in segregated units . Black soldiers were often poorly trained and equipped , and were often put on the frontlines in suicide missions . The U.S. military was still heavily segregated in World War II . The air force and the marines had no blacks enlisted in their ranks . There were blacks in the Navy Seabees . In addition , no African - American would receive the Medal of Honor during the war , and black soldiers had to sometimes give up their seats in trains to the Nazi prisoners of war . World War II to Civil Rights Era ( edit ) A black youth at a segregated drinking fountain in Halifax , North Carolina , in 1938 . The Jim Crow Laws were state and local laws enacted in the Southern and border states of the United States and enforced between 1876 and 1965 . They mandated `` separate but equal '' status for black Americans . In reality , this led to treatment and accommodations that were almost always inferior to those provided to white Americans . The most important laws required that public schools , public places and public transportation , like trains and buses , have separate facilities for whites and blacks . State - sponsored school segregation was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1954 in Brown v. Board of Education . One of the first federal court cases to challenge segregation in schools was Mendez v. Westminster in 1946 . Emmett Till before and after the lynching on August 28 , 1955 . He was a fourteen - year - old boy in Chicago who went to spend the summer together with his uncle Moses Wright in Money , Mississippi , and was massacred by white men for a whistle of appreciation to a white woman . By the 1950s , the Civil Rights Movement was gaining momentum . Membership in the NAACP increased in states across the U.S. A 1955 lynching that sparked public outrage about injustice was that of Emmett Till , a 14 - year - old boy from Chicago . Spending the summer with relatives in Money , Mississippi , Till was killed for allegedly having wolf - whistled at a white woman . Till had been badly beaten , one of his eyes was gouged out , and he was shot in the head before being thrown into the Tallahatchie River , his body weighed down with a 70 - pound ( 32 kg ) cotton gin fan tied around his neck with barbed wire . David Jackson writes that Mamie Till , Emmett 's Mother , `` brought him home to Chicago and insisted on an open casket . Tens of thousands filed past Till 's remains , but it was the publication of the searing funeral image in Jet , with a stoic Mamie gazing at her murdered child 's ravaged body , that forced the world to reckon with the brutality of American racism . '' News photographs circulated around the country , and drew intense public reaction . The visceral response to his mother 's decision to have an open - casket funeral mobilized the black community throughout the U.S. Vann R. Newkirk wrote `` the trial of his killers became a pageant illuminating the tyranny of white supremacy '' . The state of Mississippi tried two defendants , but they were speedily acquitted by an all - white jury . The Little Rock Nine black students being escorted up the steps of the desegregated Little Rock Central High School by the Army after the Arkansas National Guard had prevented them from entering . The ordeal of 15 year old Elizabeth Eckford was captured in a photo on the morning of September 4 , 1957 where she was followed and threatened by angry white protesters In response to heightening discrimination and violence , non-violent acts of protest began to occur . For example , in February 1960 , in Greensboro , North Carolina , four young African - American college students entered a Woolworth store and sat down at the counter but were refused service . The men had learned about non-violent protest in college , and continued to sit peacefully as whites tormented them at the counter , pouring ketchup on their heads and burning them with cigarettes . After this , many sit - ins took place in order to non-violently protest against racism and inequality . Sit - ins continued throughout the South and spread to other areas . Eventually , after many sit - ins and other non-violent protests , including marches and boycotts , places began to agree to desegregate . Due to threats and violence against her U.S. Marshals escorted 6 year old Ruby Bridges to and from the previously whites only William Frantz Elementary School in New Orleans , 1960 . As soon as Bridges entered the school , white parents pulled their children out . The 16th Street Baptist Church bombing marked a turning point during the Civil Rights Era . On Sunday , September 15 , 1963 with a stack of dynamite hidden on an outside staircase , Ku Klux Klansmen destroyed one side of the Birmingham church . The bomb exploded in proximity to twenty - six children who were preparing for choir practice in the basement assembly room . The explosion killed four black girls , Carole Robertson ( 14 ) , Cynthia Wesley ( 14 ) , Denise McNair ( 11 ) and Addie Mae Collins ( 14 ) . Rosa Parks being fingerprinted by Deputy Sheriff D.H. Lackey after being arrested for not giving up her seat on the bus to a white person With the bombing occurring only a couple of weeks after Martin Luther King Jr. 's March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom , it became an integral aspect of transformed perceptions of conditions for blacks in America . It influenced the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ( that banned discrimination in public accommodations , employment , and labor unions ) and Voting Rights Act of 1965 which overruled remaining Jim Crow laws . Nonetheless , neither had been implemented by the end of the 1960s as civil rights leaders continued to strive for political and social freedom . Bayard Rustin ( left ) and Cleveland Robinson ( right ) , organizers of the March , on August 7 , 1963 Many U.S. states banned interracial marriage . In 1967 , Mildred Loving , a black woman , and Richard Loving , a white man , were sentenced to a year in prison in Virginia for marrying each other . Their marriage violated the state 's anti-miscegenation statute , the Racial Integrity Act of 1924 , which prohibited marriage between people classified as white and people classified as `` colored '' ( persons of non white ancestry ) . In the Loving v. Virginia case in 1967 , the Supreme Court invalidated laws prohibiting interracial marriage in the U.S. `` We Cater to White Trade Only '' sign on a restaurant window in Lancaster , Ohio in 1938 . In 1964 Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested and spent a night in jail for attempting to eat at a white - only restaurant in St. Augustine , Florida Segregation continued even after the demise of the Jim Crow laws . Data on house prices and attitudes toward integration from suggest that in the mid-20th century , segregation was a product of collective actions taken by whites to exclude blacks from their neighborhoods . Segregation also took the form of redlining , the practice of denying or increasing the cost of services , such as banking , insurance , access to jobs , access to health care , or even supermarkets to residents in certain , often racially determined , areas . Although in the U.S. informal discrimination and segregation have always existed , redlining began with the National Housing Act of 1934 , which established the Federal Housing Administration ( FHA ) . The practice was fought first through passage of the Fair Housing Act of 1968 ( which prevents redlining when the criteria for redlining are based on race , religion , gender , familial status , disability , or ethnic origin ) , and later through the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 , which requires banks to apply the same lending criteria in all communities . Although redlining is illegal some argue that it continues to exist in other forms . Up until the 1940s , the full revenue potential of what was called `` the Negro market '' was largely ignored by white - owned manufacturers in the U.S. with advertising focused on whites . Blacks were also denied commercial deals . On his decision to take part in exhibition races against racehorses in order to earn money , Olympic champion Jesse Owens stated , `` People say that it was degrading for an Olympic champion to run against a horse , but what was I supposed to do ? I had four gold medals , but you ca n't eat four gold medals . '' On the lack of opportunities , Owens added , `` There was no television , no big advertising , no endorsements then . Not for a black man , anyway . '' In the reception to honor his Olympic success Owens was not permitted to enter through the main doors of the Waldorf Astoria New York and instead forced to travel up to the event in a freight elevator . The first black Academy Award recipient Hattie McDaniel was not permitted to attend the premiere of Gone with the Wind with Georgia being racially segregated , and at the Oscars ceremony in Los Angeles she was required to sit at a segregated table at the far wall of the room ; the hotel had a strict no - blacks policy , but allowed McDaniel in as a favor . Present ( edit ) The Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church where nine blacks , including the pastor , were killed in the 2015 Charleston church shooting . The church had been rebuilt after one of the church 's co-founders , Denmark Vesey , was suspected of planning a slave rebellion in Charleston in 1822 ; 35 people , including Vesey , were hanged and the church was burned down . While substantial gains were made in the succeeding decades through middle class advancement and public employment , black poverty and lack of education continued in the context of de-industrialization . Despite gains made after the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing , some violence against black churches has also continued -- 145 fires were set to churches around the South in the 1990s , and a mass shooting in Charleston was perpetrated in 2015 at the historic Mother Emanuel Church . From 1981 to 1997 , the United States Department of Agriculture discriminated against tens of thousands of black American farmers , denying loans that were provided to white farmers in similar circumstances . The discrimination was the subject of the Pigford v. Glickman lawsuit brought by members of the National Black Farmers Association , which resulted in two settlement agreements of $1.25 billion in 1999 and of $1.15 billion in 2009 . During the 1980s and ' 90s a number of riots occurred that were related to longstanding racial tensions between police and minority communities . The 1980 Miami riots were catalyzed by the killing of an African - American motorist by four white Miami - Dade Police officers . They were subsequently acquitted on charges of manslaughter and evidence tampering . Similarly , the six - day 1992 Los Angeles riots erupted after the acquittal of four white LAPD officers who had been filmed beating Rodney King , an African - American motorist . Khalil Gibran Muhammad , the Director of the Harlem - based Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture has identified more than 100 instances of mass racial violence in the United States since 1935 and has noted that almost every instance was precipitated by a police incident . Politically , the `` winner - take - all '' structure that applies to 48 out of 50 states in the electoral college benefits white representation , as no state has voters of color as the majority of the electorate . This has been described as structural bias and often leads voters of colors to feel politically alienated , and therefore not vote . The lack of representation in congress has also led to lower voter turn out . As of 2016 , African Americans only made up 8.7 % of Congress , and Latinos 7 % . Many cite the United States presidential election , 2008 as a step forward in race relations : white Americans played a role in electing Barack Obama , the country 's first black president . In fact , Obama received a greater percentage of the white vote ( 43 % ) , than did the previous Democratic candidate , John Kerry ( 41 % ) . Racial divisions persisted throughout the election ; wide margins of Black voters gave Obama an edge during the presidential primary , where 8 out of 10 African - Americans voted for him in the primaries , and an MSNBC poll found that race was a key factor in whether a candidate was perceived as being ready for office . In South Carolina , for instance , `` Whites were far likelier to name Clinton than Obama as being most qualified to be commander in chief , likeliest to unite the country and most apt to capture the White House in November . Blacks named Obama over Clinton by even stronger margins -- two - and three - to one -- in all three areas . '' With the election of 2016 being a pivotal point in the discussion of race relations , President Donald Trump has insinuated that much of the discourse and violence surrounding race relations in the United States has been prompted by increasingly vocal Black activist groups , such as Black Lives Matter , as reported by CNN . Sociologist Russ Long stated in 2013 that there is now a more subtle racism that associates a specific race with a specific characteristic . In a 1993 study conducted by Katz and Braly , it was presented that `` blacks and whites hold a variety of stereotypes towards each other , often negative '' . The Katz and Braley study also found that African - Americans and whites view the traits that they identify each other with as threatening , interracial communication between the two is likely to be `` hesitant , reserved , and concealing '' . Interracial communication is guided by stereotypes ; stereotypes are transferred into personality and character traits which lead to have an effect on communication . Multiple factors go into how stereotypes are established , such as age and the setting in which they are being applied . For example , in a study done by the Entman - Rojecki Index of Race and Media in 2014 , 89 % of black women in movies are shown swearing and acting in offensive behavior while only 17 % of white women are portrayed in this manner . Asian Americans ( edit ) A World War II anti-Japanese propaganda poster utilizing the `` Jap '' slur and depicting the Japanese as rats , after they conquered parts of Alaska . The Naturalization Act of 1790 made Asians ineligible for citizenship , with citizenship limited to whites only . Asian Americans , including those of East Asian , Southeast Asian , and South Asian descent , have experienced racism since the first major groups of Chinese immigrants arrived in America . First - generation immigrants , children of immigrants , and Asians adopted by non-Asian families have all been impacted . A political cartoon from 1882 ridiculing the Chinese Exclusion Act , showing a Chinese man , surrounded by benefits of Chinese immigration , being barred entry to the `` Golden Gate of Liberty '' , while other groups , including Communists and `` hoodlums '' , are allowed to enter . The caption reads sarcastically , `` We must draw the line somewhere , you know . '' In the 19th century , America was undergoing rapid industrialization , leading to labor shortages in the mining and rail industries . Chinese immigrant labor was often used to fill this gap , most notably with the construction of the First Transcontinental Railroad , leading to large - scale Chinese immigration . These Chinese immigrants were despised because they took the jobs of whites for cheaper pay , and the phrase Yellow Peril , which predicted the demise of Western Civilization as a result of Chinese immigrants , gained popularity . This discrimination apexed with the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act , which banned Chinese immigration to the United States . This was the first time that a law was passed to exclude a major group from the nation that was based on ethnicity and class . Local discriminatory laws were also enacted to stifle Chinese business and job opportunities ; for example , in the 1886 Supreme Court case of Yick Wo v. Hopkins , a San Francisco city ordinance requiring permits for laundries ( which were mostly Chinese - owned ) was struck down , as it was clear the law solely targeted Chinese Americans . When the law was in effect , the city issued permits to virtually all non-Chinese permit applicants , while only granting one permit out of two hundred applications from Chinese laundry owners . When the Chinese laundries continued to operate , the city tried to fine the owners . In 1913 , California , home to many Chinese immigrants , enacted an Alien Land Law , which significantly restricted land ownership by Asian immigrants , and extended it in 1920 , ultimately banning virtually all land ownership by Asians . In 1907 , Japanese immigrants , which were unaffected by the Exclusion Act , began to enter the United States , filling labor shortages that were once filled by Chinese workers . This influx also led to discrimination and was stymied when President Theodore Roosevelt restricted Japanese immigration . Later , Japanese immigration was closed when Japan entered into the Gentlemen 's Agreement of 1907 to stop issuing passports to Japanese workers intending to move to the U.S. During World War II , the Republic of China was an ally of the United States , and the federal government praised the resistance of the Chinese against Japan in the Second Sino - Japanese War , attempting to reduce anti-Chinese sentiment . In 1943 , the Magnuson Act was passed by Congress , repealing the Chinese Exclusion Act and reopening Chinese immigration . However , at the time , the United States was actively fighting the Empire of Japan , which was a member of the Axis powers . Anti-Japanese racism , which spiked after the attack on Pearl Harbor , was tacitly encouraged by the government , which used slurs such as `` Jap '' in propaganda posters and even interned Japanese Americans , citing possible security threats . Soldiers in the Pacific theater seem often dehumanized their enemy leading to American mutilation of Japanese war dead . The racist nature of this dehumanization is apparent in the inconsistency of the treatment of corpses in the Pacific and the European theaters . Apparently some soldiers mailed home Japanese skulls as souvenirs , while none mailed home German or Italian skulls . This prejudice continued for some time after the war , and Asian racism affected U.S. policy in the Korean and Vietnam Wars , even though Asians were on both sides of those wars as well as World War II . Some historians have alleged that a climate of racism , with unofficial rules like the `` mere gook rule '' , allowed for a pattern in which South Vietnamese civilians were treated as less than human and war crimes became common . Prior to 1965 , Indian immigration to the U.S. was small and isolated , with fewer than fifty thousand Indian immigrants in the country . The Bellingham riots in Bellingham , Washington on September 5 , 1907 epitomized the low tolerance in the U.S. for Indians and Hindus . While anti-Asian racism was embedded in U.S. politics and culture in the early 20th century , Indians were also racialized for their anticolonialism , with U.S. officials , casting them as a Hindu menace , pushing for Western imperial expansion abroad . In the 1923 case , United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind , the Supreme Court ruled that high caste Hindus were not `` white persons '' and were therefore racially ineligible for naturalized citizenship . The Court argued that the racial difference between Indians and whites was so great that the `` great body of our people '' would reject assimilation with Indians . It was after the Luce -- Celler Act of 1946 that a quota of 100 Indians per year could immigrate to the U.S. and become citizens . The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 dramatically opened entry to the U.S. to immigrants other than traditional Northern European and Germanic groups , and as a result would significantly , and unintentionally , alter the demographic mix in the U.S. On the U.S. immigration laws prior to 1965 , sociologist Stephen Klineberg states the law `` declared that Northern Europeans are a superior subspecies of the white race . '' In 1990 , Asian immigration was encouraged when nonimmigrant temporary working visas were given to help with the shortage of skilled labor within the United States . In modern times , Asians have been perceived as a `` model minority '' . They are seen as more educated and successful , and are stereotyped as intelligent and hard - working , but socially inept . Asians may experience expectations of natural intelligence and excellence from whites as well as other minorities . This has led to discrimination in the workplace , as Asian Americans may face unreasonable expectations because of the `` model minority '' stereotype . In 2000 , out of 1,218 adult Asian Americans , 92 percent of those who experienced personal discrimination believed that the unfair treatment was due to their ethnicity . Asian American stereotypes can also obstruct career paths ; because Asians are seen as better skilled in engineering , computing , and mathematics , they are often encouraged to pursue technical careers . They are also discouraged from pursuing non-technical occupations or executive occupations requiring more social interaction , since Asians are expected to have poor social skills . In the 2000 study , forty percent of those surveyed who experienced discrimination believed that they had lost hiring or promotion opportunities . In 2007 , the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission reported that Asians make up 10 percent of professional jobs , while 3.7 percent of them held executive , senior level , or manager positions . Other forms of discrimination include racial profiling and hate crimes . Research shows that discrimination has led to more use of informal mental health services by Asian Americans . Asian Americans who feel discriminated against also tend to smoke more . Non-anglo Europeans ( edit ) See also : Anti-Catholicism , Anti-German sentiment , Anti-Irish sentiment , Anti-Italianism , Anti-Polish sentiment , and Anti-Russian sentiment Various European American immigrant groups have been subject to discrimination either on the basis of their immigrant status ( known as `` Nativism '' ) or on the basis of their ethnicities ( country of origin ) . Philadelphia Nativist Riots . New York Times , 1854 ad , reading `` No Irish need apply . '' In the 19th century , this was particularly true of anti-Irish prejudice , which was partly anti-Catholic sentiment , partly anti-Irish as an ethnicity . This was especially true for Irish Catholics who immigrated to the U.S. in the mid-19th century ; the large number of Irish ( both Catholic and Protestant ) who settled in America in the 18th century had largely ( but not entirely ) escaped such discrimination and eventually blended into the American white population . During the 1830s in the U.S. , riots for control of job sites broke out in rural areas among rival labour teams from different parts of Ireland , and between Irish and local American work teams competing for construction jobs . The Native American Party , commonly called the Know Nothing movement was a political party , whose membership was limited to Protestant men , that operated on a national basis during the mid-1850s and sought to limit the influence of Irish Catholics and other immigrants , thus reflecting nativism and anti-Catholic sentiment . There was widespread anti-Irish job discrimination in the United States and `` No Irish need apply '' signs were common . Ku Klux Klan members march down Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington , D.C. in 1928 . The second era Klan was a large nationwide movement with between four to six million members . The second era Ku Klux Klan was a very large nationwide organization in the 1920s , consisting of between four to six million members ( 15 % of the nation 's eligible population ) that especially opposed Catholics . The revival of the Klan was spurred by the release of the 1915 film The Birth of a Nation . The second and third incarnations of the Ku Klux Klan made frequent references to America 's `` Anglo - Saxon '' blood . Anti-Catholic sentiment , which appeared in North America with the first Pilgrim and Puritan settlers in New England in the early 17th century , remained evident in the U.S. up to the presidential campaign of John F. Kennedy , who went on to become the first Catholic ( and first non-Protestant ) U.S. president in 1961 . Further information : Nordic race § Nordicism in the United States The 20th century saw discrimination against immigrants from southern and eastern Europe ( notably Italian Americans and Polish Americans ) , partly from anti-Catholic sentiment ( as well as discrimination against Irish - Americans ) , and partly from Nordicism , which considered all non-Germanic immigrants as racially inferior . `` Biological laws tell us that certain divergent people will not mix or blend . The Nordics propagate themselves successfully . With other races , the outcome shows deterioration on both sides . '' <Td_colspan="3"> -- Future US president Calvin Coolidge , 1921 . An advocate of the U.S. immigration laws that favored Northern Europeans , the Klansman Lothrop Stoddard wrote primarily on the alleged dangers posed by `` colored '' peoples to white civilization , with his most famous book The Rising Tide of Color Against White World - Supremacy in 1920 . Nordicism led to the reduction in Southern European , along with Slavic Eastern European and Russian immigrants in the National Origins Formula of the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 and the Immigration Act of 1924 , whose goal was to maintain the status quo distribution of ethnicity by limiting immigration of non-Northern Europeans . According to the U.S. Department of State the purpose of the act was `` to preserve the ideal of American homogeneity '' . The racial term Untermensch originates from the title of Stoddard 's 1922 book The Revolt Against Civilization : The Menace of the Under - man . It was later adopted by the Nazis ( and its chief racial theorist Alfred Rosenberg ) from that book 's German version Der Kulturumsturz : Die Drohung des Untermenschen ( 1925 ) . There was also discrimination against German Americans and Italian Americans due to Germany and Italy being enemy countries during World War I ( Germany ) and World War II ( Germany and Italy ) . This resulted in a sharp decrease in German - American ethnic identity and a sharp decrease in the use of German in the United States following World War I , which had hitherto been significant , and to German American internment and Italian American internment during World War II ; see also World War I anti-German sentiment . Beginning in World War I , German Americans were sometimes accused of having political allegiances to Germany , and thus not to the United States . The Justice Department attempted to prepare a list of all German aliens , counting approximately 480,000 of them , more than 4,000 of whom were imprisoned in 1917 -- 18 . The allegations included spying for Germany , or endorsing the German war effort . Thousands were forced to buy war bonds to show their loyalty . The Red Cross barred individuals with German last names from joining in fear of sabotage . One person was killed by a mob ; in Collinsville , Illinois , German - born Robert Prager was dragged from jail as a suspected spy and lynched . Questions of German American loyalty increased due to events like the German bombing of Black Tom island and the U.S. entering World War I , many German Americans were arrested for refusing allegiance to the U.S. War hysteria led to the removal of German names in public , names of things such as streets , and businesses . Schools also began to eliminate or discourage the teaching of the German language . Years later during the Second World War , German Americans were once again the victims of war hysteria discrimination . Following its entry into the Second World War , the US Government interned at least 11,000 American citizens of German ancestry . The last to be released , a German - American , remained imprisoned until 1948 at Ellis Island , three and a half years after the cessation of hostilities against Germany . Specific European - American ethnicities significantly diminished as a political issue in the 1930s , being replaced by a bi-racialism of black / white , as described and predicted by Lothrop Stoddard , due to numerous causes . The National Origins Formula significantly reduced inflows of non-Nordic ethnicities ; the Great Migration ( of African - Americans out of the South ) displaced anti-white immigrant racism with anti-black racism . Latin Americans ( edit ) Americans of Latin American ancestry ( often categorized as `` Hispanic '' ) come from a wide variety of racial and ethnic backgrounds . Latinos are not all distinguishable as a racial minority . After the Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 1848 ) , the U.S. annexed much of the current Southwestern region from Mexico . Mexicans residing in that territory found themselves subject to discrimination . It is estimated that at least 597 Mexicans were lynched between 1848 and 1928 ( this is a conservative estimate due to lack of records in many reported lynchings ) . Mexicans were lynched at a rate of 27.4 per 100,000 of population between 1880 and 1930 . This statistic is second only to that of the African American community during the same period , which suffered an average of 37.1 per 100,000 of population . Between 1848 and 1879 , Mexicans were lynched at an unprecedented rate of 473 per 100,000 of population . Hispanic protest against California immigration policy . Todos somos ilegales -- We are all Illegals . Also , The land we stand on , every inch of it stolen . During The Great Depression , the U.S. government sponsored a Mexican Repatriation program which was intended to encourage Mexican immigrants to voluntarily return to Mexico , however , many were forcibly removed against their will . In total , up to one million persons of Mexican ancestry were deported , approximately 60 percent of those individuals were actually U.S. citizens . The Zoot Suit Riots were vivid incidents of racial violence against Latinos ( e.g. , Mexican - Americans ) in Los Angeles in 1943 . Naval servicemen stationed in a Latino neighborhood conflicted with youth in the dense neighborhood . Frequent confrontations between small groups and individuals had intensified into several days of non-stop rioting . Large mobs of servicemen would enter civilian quarters looking to attack Mexican American youths , some of whom were wearing zoot suits , a distinctive exaggerated fashion popular among that group . The disturbances continued unchecked , and even assisted , by the local police for several days before base commanders declared downtown Los Angeles and Mexican American neighborhoods off - limits to servicemen . Many public institutions , businesses , and homeowners associations had official policies to exclude Mexican Americans . School children of Mexican American descent were subject to racial segregation in the public school system . In many counties , Mexican Americans were excluded from serving as jurors in court cases , especially in those that involved a Mexican American defendant . In many areas across the Southwest , they lived in separate residential areas , due to laws and real estate company policies . During the 1960s , Mexican American youth formed the Chicano Civil Rights Movement . Middle Eastern and South Asian Americans ( edit ) See also : Anti-Arabism , Islamophobia in the United States , Anti-Iranian sentiment , and Antisemitism in the United States An Assyrian church vandalized in Detroit ( 2007 ) . Assyrians , although not Arabs and mostly Christians , often face backlash in the US for their Middle Eastern background . People of Middle Eastern and South Asian descent historically occupied an ambiguous racial status in the United States . Middle Eastern and South Asian immigrants were among those who sued in the late 19th and early 20th century to determine whether they were `` white '' immigrants as required by naturalization law . By 1923 , courts had vindicated a `` common - knowledge '' standard , concluding that `` scientific evidence '' , including the notion of a `` Caucasian race '' including Middle Easterners and many South Asians , was incoherent . Legal scholar John Tehranian argues that in reality this was a `` performance - based '' standard , relating to religious practices , education , intermarriage and a community 's role in the United States . Arab Americans ( edit ) See also : Anti-Arabism in the United States Racism against Arab Americans and racialized Islamophobia against Muslims has risen concomitantly with tensions between the American government and the Islamic world . Following the September 11 , 2001 attacks in the United States , discrimination and racialized violence has markedly increased against Arab Americans and many other religious and cultural groups . Scholars , including Sunaina Maira and Evelyn Alsultany , argue that in the post-September 11 climate , Muslim Americans have been racialized within American society , although the markers of this racialization are cultural , political , and religious rather than phenotypic . Arab Americans in particular were most demonized which led to hatred towards Middle Easterners living in the United States and elsewhere in the Western world . There have been attacks against Arabs not only on the basis of their religion ( Islam ) , but also on the basis of their ethnicity ; numerous Christian Arabs have been attacked based on their appearances . In addition , other Middle Eastern peoples ( Iranians , Assyrians , Armenians , Jews , Turks , Yezidis , Kurds , etc . ) who are mistaken for Arabs because of perceived similarities in appearance have been collateral victims of anti-Arabism . Non-Arab and non-Muslim Middle Eastern people , as well as South Asians of different ethnic / religious backgrounds ( Hindus , Muslims and Sikhs ) have been stereotyped as `` Arabs '' . The case of Balbir Singh Sodhi , a Sikh who was murdered at a Phoenix gas station by a white supremacist for `` looking like an Arab terrorist '' ( because of the turban that is a requirement of Sikhism ) , as well as that of Hindus being attacked for `` being Muslims '' have achieved prominence and criticism following the September 11 attacks . Those of Middle Eastern descent who are in the United States military sometimes face racism from fellow soldiers . Army Spc Zachari Klawonn endured numerous instances of racism during his enlistment at Fort Hood , Texas . During his basic training he was made to put cloth around his head and play the role of terrorist . His fellow soldiers had to take him down to the ground and draw guns on him . He was also called things such as `` raghead '' , `` sand monkey '' , and `` Zachari bin Laden '' . According to a 2004 study , although official parameters encompass Arabs as part of the `` white American '' racial category , some Arab Americans from places other than the Levant feel they are not white and are not perceived as white by American society . Iranian Americans ( edit ) See also : Anti-Iranian sentiment A man holding a sign that reads `` deport all Iranians '' and `` get the hell out of my country '' during a protest of the Iran hostage crisis in Washington , D.C. in 1979 . The November 1979 Iranian hostage crisis of the U.S. embassy in Tehran precipitated a wave of anti-Iranian sentiment in the United States , directed both against the new Islamic regime and Iranian nationals and immigrants . Even though such sentiments gradually declined after the release of the hostages at the start of 1981 , they sometimes flare up . In response , some Iranian immigrants to the U.S. have distanced themselves from their nationality and instead identify primarily on the basis of their ethnic or religious affiliations . Since the 1980s and especially since the 1990s , it has been argued , Hollywood 's depiction of Iranians has gradually shown signs of vilifying Iranians . Hollywood network productions such as 24 , John Doe , On Wings of Eagles ( 1986 ) , Escape from Iran : The Canadian Caper ( 1981 ) , and JAG almost regularly host Persian speaking villains in their storyline . Antisemitism ( edit ) Main article : Antisemitism in the United States Antisemitism has also played a role in the United States . During the late 19th and early 20th centuries , hundreds of thousands of ethnic Jews were escaping the pogroms in Europe . They boarded boats from ports on the Baltic Sea and in Northern Germany , and largely arrived at Ellis Island , New York . It is suggested by Leo Rosten , in his book The Joys of Yiddish , that as soon as they left the boat , they were subject to racism from the port immigration authorities . The derogatory term kike was adopted when referring to Jews ( because they often could not write so they may have signed their immigration papers with circles -- or kikel in Yiddish ) . Efforts were also made by the Asiatic Exclusion League to bar Jewish immigrants ( along with other Middle Eastern ethnic groups , like Arabs , Assyrians , and Armenians ) from naturalization , but they ( along with Assyrians and Armenians ) were nevertheless granted US citizenship , despite being classified as Asian . From the 1910s , the Southern Jewish communities were attacked by the Ku Klux Klan , who objected to Jewish immigration , and often used `` The Jewish Banker '' in their propaganda . In 1915 , Leo Frank was lynched in Georgia after being convicted of rape and sentenced to death ( his punishment was commuted to life imprisonment ) . This event was a catalyst in the re-formation of the new Ku Klux Klan . The events in Nazi Germany also attracted attention from the United States . Jewish lobbying for intervention in Europe drew opposition from the isolationists , amongst whom was Father Charles Coughlin , a well known radio priest , who was known to be critical of Jews , believing that they were leading the United States into the war . He preached in weekly , overtly anti-Semitic sermons and , from 1936 , began publication of a newspaper , Social Justice , in which he printed anti-Semitic accusations such as The Protocols of the Elders of Zion . A number of Jewish organizations , Christian organizations , Muslim organizations , and academics consider the Nation of Islam to be anti-Semitic . Specifically , they claim that the Nation of Islam has engaged in revisionist and antisemitic interpretations of the Holocaust and exaggerates the role of Jews in the African slave trade . The Anti-Defamation League ( ADL ) alleged that the NOI 's Health Minister , Dr. Abdul Alim Muhammad , accused Jewish doctors of injecting blacks with the AIDS virus , an allegation that Muhammad and The Washington Post have refuted . Although Jews are often perceived as white in the American mainstream , the relationship of Jews to whiteness remains complex , with some preferring not to identify as white . Prominent activist and rabbi Michael Lerner argues , in a 1993 Village Voice article , that `` in America , to be ' white ' means to be the beneficiary of the past 500 years of European exploration and exploitation of the rest of the world '' and that `` Jews can only be deemed white if there is massive amnesia on the part of non-Jews about the monumental history of anti-Semitism '' . African - American activist Cornel West , in an interview with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum , has explained : Even if some Jews do believe that they 're white , I think that they 've been duped . I think that antisemitism has proven itself to be a powerful force in nearly every post of Western civilization where Christianity has a presence . And so even as a Christian , I say continually to my Jewish brothers and sisters : do n't believe the hype about your full scale assimilation and integration into the mainstream . It only takes an event or two for a certain kind of anti-Jewish , antisemitic sensibility to surface in places that you would be surprised . But I 'm just thoroughly convinced that America is not the promised land for Jewish brothers and sisters . A lot of Jewish brothers say , `` No , that 's not true . We finally ... '' Yeah -- they said that in Alexandria . You said that in Weimar Germany . New antisemitism ( edit ) Main article : New antisemitism In recent years some scholars have advanced the concept of New antisemitism , coming simultaneously from the Far Left , the far right , and radical Islam , which tends to focus on opposition to the creation of a Jewish homeland in the State of Israel , and argue that the language of Anti-Zionism and criticism of Israel are used to attack Jews more broadly . In this view , the proponents of the new concept believe that criticisms of Israel and Zionism are often disproportionate in degree and unique in kind , and attribute this to antisemitism . Yehuda Bauer , Professor of Holocaust Studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem , has argued that the concept of a `` new antisemitism '' is essentially false since it is in fact an alternative form of the old antisemitism of previous decades , which he believes remains latent at times but recurs whenever it is triggered . In his view , the current trigger is the Israeli situation ; if a compromise making ground in the Arab - Israeli peace process were achieved , he believes that antisemitism would decline but not disappear . Noted critics of Israel , such as Noam Chomsky and Norman Finkelstein , question the extent of new antisemitism in the United States . Chomsky has written in his work Necessary Illusions that the Anti-Defamation League casts any question of pro-Israeli policy as antisemitism , conflating and muddling issues as even Zionists receive the allegation . Finkelstein has stated that supposed `` new antisemitism '' is a preposterous concept advanced by the ADL to combat critics of Israeli policy . Anti-ziganism ( edit ) See also : Antiziganism The Roma population in America has blended more - or-less seamlessly into the rest of society . In the U.S. , the term `` Gypsy '' has come to be associated with a trade , profession , or lifestyle more than with the Romani ethnic / racial group . Some Americans , especially those self - employed in the fortune - telling and psychic reading business , use the term `` Gypsy '' to describe themselves or their enterprise , despite having no ties to the Roma people . This can be chalked up to misperception and ignorance regarding the term rather than any bigotry or even anti-ziganism . Native Americans ( edit ) Main article : Genocide of indigenous peoples Members of the Muscogee ( Creek ) Nation in Oklahoma around 1877 . Notice the members with European and African ancestry . The Creek were originally from the Alabama region . Native Americans , who have lived on the North American continent for at least 10,000 years , had an enormously complex impact on American history and racial relations . During the colonial and independent periods , a long series of conflicts were waged , often with the objective of obtaining resources of Native Americans . Through wars , forced displacement ( such as in the Trail of Tears ) , and the imposition of treaties , land was taken . The loss of land often resulted in hardships for Native Americans . In the early 18th century , the English had enslaved nearly 800 Choctaws . After the creation of the United States , the idea of Indian removal gained momentum . However , some Native Americans chose or were allowed to remain and avoided removal whereafter they were subjected to official racism . The Choctaws in Mississippi described their situation in 1849 , `` we have had our habitations torn down and burned , our fences destroyed , cattle turned into our fields and we ourselves have been scourged , manacled , fettered and otherwise personally abused , until by such treatment some of our best men have died . '' Joseph B. Cobb , who moved to Mississippi from Georgia , described Choctaws as having `` no nobility or virtue at all , '' and in some respect he found blacks , especially native Africans , more interesting and admirable , the red man 's superior in every way . The Choctaw and Chickasaw , the tribes he knew best , were beneath contempt , that is , even worse than black slaves . In the 1800s , conflicts were spurred by ideologies such as Manifest Destiny , which held that the United States was destined to expand from coast to coast on the North American continent . In the years leading up to the Indian Removal Act of 1830 there were many armed conflicts between settlers and Native Americans . A justification for the policy of conquest and subjugation of the indigenous people emanated from the stereotyped perceptions of all Native Americans as `` merciless Indian savages '' ( as described in the United States Declaration of Independence ) . Simon Moya - Smith , culture editor at Indian Country Today , states , `` Any holiday that would refer to my people in such a repugnant , racist manner is certainly not worth celebrating . ( July Fourth ) is a day we celebrate our resiliency , our culture , our languages , our children and we mourn the millions -- literally millions -- of indigenous people who have died as a consequence of American imperialism . '' In 1861 , residents of Mankato , Minnesota , formed the Knights of the Forest , with a goal of ' eliminating all Indians from Minnesota . ' An egregious attempt occurred with the California gold rush , the first two years of which saw the deaths of thousands of Native Americans . Under Mexican rule in California , Indians were subjected to de facto enslavement under a system of peonage by the white elite . While in 1850 , California formally entered the Union as a free state , with respect to the issue of slavery , the practice of Indian indentured servitude was not outlawed by the California Legislature until 1863 . The 1864 deportation of the Navajos by the U.S. government occurred when 8,000 Navajos were forced to an internment camp in Bosque Redondo , where , under armed guards , more than 3,500 Navajo and Mescalero Apache men , women , and children died from starvation and disease . The Ghost Dance ritual . The Natives believed the dance would reunite the living with spirits of the dead , bring the spirits of the dead to fight on their behalf , make the white invaders vanish , and bring peace , prosperity , and unity to Indian peoples throughout the region Native American nations on the plains in the west continued armed conflicts with the U.S. throughout the 19th century , through what were called generally Indian Wars . Notable conflicts in this period include the Dakota War , Great Sioux War , Snake War and Colorado War . In the years leading up to the Wounded Knee Massacre the U.S. government had continued to seize Lakota lands . A Ghost Dance ritual on the Northern Lakota reservation at Wounded Knee , South Dakota , led to the U.S. Army 's attempt to subdue the Lakota . The dance was part of a religion founded by Wovoka that told of the return of the Messiah to relieve the suffering of Native Americans and promised that if they would live righteous lives and perform the Ghost Dance properly , the European American invaders would vanish , the bison would return , and the living and the dead would be reunited in an Edenic world . On December 29 , 1890 at Wounded Knee , gunfire erupted , and U.S. soldiers killed up to 300 Indians , mostly old men , women and children . Mass grave for the dead Lakota following the Wounded Knee Massacre During the period surrounding the 1890 Wounded Knee Massacre , author L. Frank Baum wrote two editorials about Native Americans . Five days after the killing of the Lakota Sioux holy man , Sitting Bull , Baum wrote , `` The proud spirit of the original owners of these vast prairies inherited through centuries of fierce and bloody wars for their possession , lingered last in the bosom of Sitting Bull . With his fall the nobility of the Redskin is extinguished , and what few are left are a pack of whining curs who lick the hand that smites them . The Whites , by the law of conquest , by a justice of civilization , are masters of the American continent , and the best safety of the frontier settlements will be secured by the total annihilation of the few remaining Indians . Why not annihilation ? Their glory has fled , their spirit broken , their manhood effaced ; better that they die than live the miserable wretches that they are . '' Following the December 29 , 1890 , massacre , Baum wrote , `` The Pioneer has before declared that our only safety depends upon the total extermination ( sic ) of the Indians . Having wronged them for centuries we had better , in order to protect our civilization , follow it up by one more wrong and wipe these untamed and untamable creatures from the face of the earth . In this lies safety for our settlers and the soldiers who are under incompetent commands . Otherwise , we may expect future years to be as full of trouble with the redskins as those have been in the past . '' Military and civil resistance by Native Americans has been a constant feature of American history . So too have a variety of debates around issues of sovereignty , the upholding of treaty provisions , and the civil rights of Native Americans under U.S. law . Reservation marginalization ( edit ) Once their territories were incorporated into the United States , surviving Native Americans were denied equality before the law and often treated as wards of the state . See also : Native American reservations Many Native Americans were moved to reservations -- constituting 4 % of U.S. territory . In a number of cases , treaties signed with Native Americans were violated . Tens of thousands of American Indians and Alaska Natives were forced to attend a residential school system which sought to reeducate them in white settler American values , culture and economy . The treatment of the Native Americans was admired by the Nazis . Nazi expansion eastward was accompanied with invocation of America 's colonial expansion westward under the banner of Manifest Destiny , with the accompanying wars on the Native Americans . In 1928 , Hitler praised Americans for having `` gunned down the millions of Redskins to a few hundred thousand , and now kept the modest remnant under observation in a cage '' in the course of founding their continental empire . On Nazi Germany 's expansion eastward , Hitler stated , `` Our Mississippi ( the line beyond which Thomas Jefferson wanted all Indians expelled ) must be the Volga , and not the Niger . '' Further dispossession of various kinds continues into the present , although these current dispossessions , especially in terms of land , rarely make major news headlines in the country ( e.g. , the Lenape people 's recent fiscal troubles and subsequent land grab by the State of New Jersey ) , and sometimes even fail to make it to headlines in the localities in which they occur . Through concessions for industries such as oil , mining and timber and through division of land from the Allotment Act forward , these concessions have raised problems of consent , exploitation of low royalty rates , environmental injustice , and gross mismanagement of funds held in trust , resulting in the loss of $10 -- 40 billion . The Worldwatch Institute notes that 317 reservations are threatened by environmental hazards , while Western Shoshone land has been subjected to more than 1,000 nuclear explosions . Assimilation ( edit ) Caricature showing Uncle Sam lecturing four children labeled Philippines , Hawaii , Puerto Rico and Cuba . A black boy is washing windows , a Native American sits separate from the class , and a Chinese boy is outside the door . The caption reads : School Begins . Uncle Sam ( to his new class in Civilization ) ! The government appointed agents , like Benjamin Hawkins , to live among the Native Americans and to teach them , through example and instruction , how to live like whites . America 's first president , George Washington , formulated a policy to encourage the `` civilizing '' process . The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited citizenship to whites only . The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 granted U.S. citizenship to all Native Americans . Prior to the passage of the act , nearly two - thirds of Native Americans were already U.S. citizens . The earliest recorded date of Native Americans becoming U.S. citizens was in 1831 when the Mississippi Choctaw became citizens after the United States Legislature ratified the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek . Under article XIV of that treaty , any Choctaw who elected not to move to Native American Territory could become an American citizen when he registered and if he stayed on designated lands for five years after treaty ratification . While formal equality has been legally recognized , American Indians , Alaska Natives , Native Hawaiians , and Pacific Islanders remain among the most economically disadvantaged groups in the country , and according to National mental health studies , American Indians as a group tend to suffer from high levels of alcoholism , depression and suicide . Consequences ( edit ) Developmental ( edit ) Using The Schedule of Racist Events ( SRE ) , an 18 - item self - report inventory that assesses the frequency of racist discrimination , Hope Landrine and Elizabeth A. Klonoff found that racist discrimination is rampant in the lives of African Americans and is strongly related to psychiatric symptoms . A study on racist events in the lives of African American women found that lifetime experiences of racism were positively related to lifetime history of both physical disease and frequency of recent common colds . These relationships were largely unaccounted for by other variables . Demographic variables such as income and education were not related to experiences of racism . The results suggest that racism can be detrimental to African American 's well being . The physiological stress caused by racism has been documented in studies by Claude Steele , Joshua Aronson , and Steven Spencer on what they term `` stereotype threat . '' Quite similarly , another example of the psychosocial consequences of discrimination have been observed in a study sampling Mexican - origin participants in Fresno , California . It was found that perceived discrimination is correlated with depressive symptoms , especially for those less acculturated in the United States , like Mexican immigrants and migrants . Along the vein of somatic responses to discrimination , Kennedy et al. found that both measures of collective disrespect were strongly correlated with black mortality ( r = 0.53 to 0.56 ) , as well as with white mortality ( r = 0.48 to 0.54 ) . These data suggest that racism , measured as an ecologic characteristic , is associated with higher mortality in both blacks and whites . Some researchers also suggest that racial segregation may lead to disparities in health and mortality . Thomas LaVeist ( 1989 ; 1993 ) tested the hypothesis that segregation would aid in explaining race differences in infant mortality rates across cities . Analyzing 176 large and midsized cities , LaVeist found support for the hypothesis . Since LaVeist 's studies , segregation has received increased attention as a determinant of racial disparities in mortality . Studies have shown that mortality rates for male and female African Americans are lower in areas with lower levels of residential segregation . Mortality for male and female whites was not associated in either direction with residential segregation . Researchers Sharon A. Jackson , Roger T. Anderson , Norman J. Johnson and Paul D. Sorlie found that , after adjustment for family income , mortality risk increased with increasing minority residential segregation among Blacks aged 25 to 44 years and non-Blacks aged 45 to 64 years . In most age / race / gender groups , the highest and lowest mortality risks occurred in the highest and lowest categories of residential segregation , respectively . These results suggest that minority residential segregation may influence mortality risk and underscore the traditional emphasis on the social underpinnings of disease and death . Rates of heart disease among African Americans are associated with the segregation patterns in the neighborhoods where they live ( Fang et al. 1998 ) . Stephanie A. Bond Huie writes that neighborhoods affect health and mortality outcomes primarily in an indirect fashion through environmental factors such as smoking , diet , exercise , stress , and access to health insurance and medical providers . Moreover , segregation strongly influences premature mortality in the US . As early as 1866 , the Civil Rights Act provided a remedy for intentional race discrimination in employment by private employers and state and local public employers . The Civil Rights Act of 1871 applies to public employment or employment involving state action prohibiting deprivation of rights secured by the federal constitution or federal laws through action under color of law . Title VII is the principal federal statute with regard to employment discrimination prohibiting unlawful employment discrimination by public and private employers , labor organizations , training programs and employment agencies based on race or color , religion , gender , and national origin . Title VII also prohibits retaliation against any person for opposing any practice forbidden by statute , or for making a charge , testifying , assisting , or participating in a proceeding under the statute . The Civil Rights Act of 1991 expanded the damages available in Title VII cases and granted Title VII plaintiffs the right to a jury trial . Title VII also provides that race and color discrimination against every race and color is prohibited . Societal ( edit ) Schemas and stereotypes ( edit ) This racist postcard from the 1900s shows the casual denigration of black women . It states `` I know you 're not particular to a fault / Though I 'm not sure you 'll never be sued for assault / You 're so fond of women that even a wench / Attracts your gross fancy despite her strong stench '' Media See also : Stereotypes of African Americans , Stereotypes of East Asians in the Western world , Stereotypes of Native Americans , and Stereotypes of West and Central Asians in the United States Popular culture ( songs , theater ) for European American audiences in the 19th century created and perpetuated negative stereotypes of African Americans . One key symbol of racism against African Americans was the use of blackface . Directly related to this was the institution of minstrelsy . Other stereotypes of African Americans included the fat , dark - skinned `` mammy '' and the irrational , hypersexual male `` buck '' . In recent years increasing numbers of African - American activists have asserted that rap music videos commonly utilize scantily clothed African - American performers posing as thugs or pimps . The NAACP and the National Congress of Black Women also have called for the reform of images on videos and on television . Julian Bond said that in a segregated society , people get their impressions of other groups from what they see in videos and what they hear in music . In 1899 Uncle Sam balances his new possessions which are depicted as `` savage '' children . The figures are Puerto Rico , Hawaii , Cuba , Philippines and `` Lad robes '' ( the Mariana Islands ) . In a similar vein , activists protested against the BET show , Hot Ghetto Mess , which satirizes the culture of working - class African - Americans . The protests resulted in the change of the television show name to We Got to Do Better . It is understood that representations of minorities in the media have the ability to reinforce or change stereotypes . For example , in one study , a collection of white subjects were primed by a comedy skit either showing a stereotypical or neutral portrayal of African - American characters . Participants were then required to read a vignette describing an incident of sexual violence , with the alleged offender either white or black , and assign a rating for perceived guilt . For those shown the stereotypical African - American character , there was a significantly higher guilt rating for black alleged offender in the subsequent vignette , in comparison to the other conditions . While schemas have an overt societal consequence , the strong development of them have lasting effect on recipients . Overall , it is found that strong in - group attitudes are correlated with academic and economic success . In a study analyzing the interaction of assimilation and racial - ethnic schemas for Hispanic youth found that strong schematic identities for Hispanic youth undermined academic achievement . Additional stereotypes attributed to minorities continue to influence societal interactions . For example , a 1993 Harvard Law Review article states that Asian - Americans are commonly viewed as submissive , as a combination of relative physical stature and Western comparisons of cultural attitudes . Furthermore , Asian - Americans are depicted as the model minority , unfair competitors , foreigners , and indistinguishable . These stereotypes can serve to dehumanize Asian - Americans and catalyze hostility and violence . Formal discrimination ( edit ) Formal discrimination against minorities has been present throughout American history . Leland T. Saito , Associate Professor of Sociology and American Studies & Ethnicity at the University of Southern California , writes , `` Political rights have been circumscribed by race , class and gender since the founding of the United States , when the right to vote was restricted to white men of property . Throughout the history of the United States race has been used by whites -- a category that has also shifted through time -- for legitimizing and creating difference and social , economic and political exclusion . '' Within education , a survey of black students in sixteen majority white universities found that four of five African - Americans reported some form of racial discrimination . For example , in February 1988 , the University of Michigan enforced a new anti discrimination code following the distribution of fliers saying blacks `` do n't belong in classrooms , they belong hanging from trees '' . Other forms of reported discrimination were refusal to sit next to black in lecture , ignored input in class settings , and informal segregation . While the penalties are imposed , the psychological consequences of formal discrimination can still manifest . Black students , for example , reported feelings of heightened isolation and suspicion . Furthermore , studies have shown that academic performance is stunted for black students with these feelings as a result of their campus race interactions . Minority - minority racism ( edit ) Main article : Interminority racism in the United States Minority racism is sometimes considered controversial because of theories of power in society . Some theories of racism insist that racism can only exist in the context of social power to impose it upon others . Yet discrimination and racism between racially marginalized groups has been noted . For example , there has been ongoing violence between African American and Mexican American gangs , particularly in Southern California . There have been reports of racially motivated attacks against Mexican Americans who have moved into neighborhoods occupied mostly by African Americans , and vice versa . According to gang experts and law enforcement agents , a longstanding race war between the Mexican Mafia and the Black Guerilla Family , a rival African American prison gang , has generated such intense racial hatred among Mexican Mafia leaders , or shot callers , that they have issued a `` green light '' on all blacks . This amounts to a standing authorization for Latino gang members to prove their mettle by terrorizing or even murdering any blacks sighted in a neighborhood claimed by a gang loyal to the Mexican Mafia . There have been several significant riots in California prisons where Mexican American inmates and African Americans have targeted each other particularly , based on racial reasons . There has also been noted conflict between recent immigrant groups and their established ethnic counterparts within the United States . Rapid growth in African and Caribbean immigrants has come into conflict with American blacks . Interaction and cooperation between black immigrants and American blacks are , ironically , debatable . One can argue that racial discrimination and cooperation is not ordinarily based on color of skin but more on shared common , cultural experiences , and beliefs . Furthermore , conflict between Chinese immigrants and Japanese Americans are known to have occurred in the San Gabriel Valley of the Los Angeles area in the 1980s . Interpersonal discrimination ( edit ) In a manner that defines interpersonal discrimination in the United States , Darryl Brown of the Virginia Law Review states that while `` our society has established a consensus against blatant , intentional racism and in decades since Brown v Board of Education has developed a sizeable set of legal remedies to address it '' , our legal system `` ignores the possibility that ' race ' is structural or interstitial , that it can be the root of injury even when not traceable to a specific intention or action '' Interpersonal discrimination is defined by its subtlety . Unlike formal discrimination , interpersonal discrimination is often not an overt or deliberate act of racism . For example , in an incident regarding a racial remark from a professor at Virginia Law , a rift was created by conflicting definitions of racism . For the students that defended the professor 's innocence , `` racism was defined as an act of intentional maliciousness . '' Yet for African Americans , racism was broadened to a detrimental influence on `` the substantive dynamics of the classroom '' . As an effect , it is argued that the `` daily repetition of subtle racism and subordination in the classroom and on campus can ultimately be , for African Americans , more productive of stress , anxiety and alienation than even blatant racists acts . '' Moreover , the attention to these acts of discrimination diverts energy from academics , becoming a distraction that white students do not generally face . Institutional ( edit ) Institutional racism is the theory that aspects of the structure , pervasive attitudes , and established institutions of society disadvantage some racial groups , although not by an overtly discriminatory mechanism . There are several factors that play into institutional racism , including but not limited to : accumulated wealth / benefits from racial groups that have benefited from past discrimination , educational and occupational disadvantages faced by non-native English speakers in the United States , ingrained stereotypical images that still remain in the society ( e.g. black men are likely to be criminals ) . In his article , Peter Kaufman describes three instances in which institutional racism has contributed to current views of race . These are : The mis - and Missing Education of Race , in which he describes problems the educational system has in discussing `` slavery , race , racism , and topics such as white privilege . '' He goes on to say that schools are still segregated based on class and race , which also contributes to race relations Residential Racial Segregation . According to Kaufman , the reason that schools are still segregated is due to towns and cities being largely segregated still . Media Monsters . This describes the role in which the media has in the portrayal of race . Mass media tends to play on `` depictions of racialized stereotypes in the mass media ( which are ) ubiquitous , and such caracaturized images shape our perceptions of various racial groups . '' An example of this is the stereotyping of Blacks as criminals . Immigration ( edit ) See also : Immigration to the United States Access to United States citizenship was restricted by race , beginning with the Naturalization Act of 1790 which excluded `` non-whites '' from citizenship . Institutionalized prejudice existed against white followers of Roman Catholicism who immigrated from countries such as Ireland , Germany , Italy and France . Other efforts include the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act and the 1924 National Origins Act . The Immigration Act of 1924 was aimed at further restricting the Southern Europeans and Russians who had begun to enter the country in large numbers beginning in the 1890s . By limiting immigration of non-Northern Europeans , according to the U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian the purpose of the 1924 act was `` to preserve the ideal of American homogeneity '' . German praise for America 's institutional racism , previously found in Hitler 's Mein Kampf , was continuous throughout the early 1930s , and radical Nazi lawyers were advocates of the use of American models . U.S. citizenship laws and anti-miscegenation laws directly inspired the two principal Nuremberg Laws -- the Citizenship Law and the Blood Law . In conjunction with immigration reform in the late 1980s ( seen with the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 ) , there have been noted IRCA - related discriminatory behavior toward Hispanics within employment . As the measure made it unlawful to hire without authorization to work in the United States , avoidant treatment toward `` foreign - appearing workers '' increased to bypass the required record - keeping or risk of sanctions . Wealth ( edit ) See also : Wealth inequality in the United States Massive racial differentials in account of wealth remain in the United States : between whites and African Americans , the gap is a factor of twenty . An analyst of the phenomenon , Thomas Shapiro , professor of law and social policy at Brandeis University argues , `` The wealth gap is not just a story of merit and achievement , it 's also a story of the historical legacy of race in the United States . '' Differentials applied to the Social Security Act ( which excluded agricultural workers , a sector that then included most black workers ) , rewards to military officers , and the educational benefits offered returning soldiers after World War II . Pre-existing disparities in wealth are exacerbated by tax policies that reward investment over waged income , subsidize mortgages , and subsidize private sector developers . Health care ( edit ) Main article : Race and health in the United States There are major racial differences in access to health care and in the quality of health care provided . A study published in the American Journal of Public Health estimated that : `` over 886,000 deaths could have been prevented from 1991 to 2000 if African Americans had received the same care as whites . '' The key differences they cited were lack of insurance , inadequate insurance , poor service , and reluctance to seek care . A history of government - sponsored experimentation , such as the notorious Tuskegee Syphilis Study has left a legacy of African American distrust of the medical system . Inequalities in health care may also reflect a systemic bias in the way medical procedures and treatments are prescribed for different ethnic groups . A University of Edinburgh Professor of Public Health , Raj Bhopal , writes that the history of racism in science and medicine shows that people and institutions behave according to the ethos of their times and warns of dangers to avoid in the future . A Harvard Professor of Social Epidemiology contended that much modern research supported the assumptions needed to justify racism . Racism she writes underlies unexplained inequities in health care , including treatment for heart disease , renal failure , bladder cancer , and pneumonia . Bhopal writes that these inequalities have been documented in various studies and that there are consistent findings that black Americans receive less health care than white Americans -- particularly where this involves expensive new technology . Politics ( edit ) It is argued that racial coding of concepts like crime and welfare has been used to strategically influence public political views . Racial coding is implicit ; it incorporates racially primed language or imagery to allude to racial attitudes and thinking . For example , in the context of domestic policy , it is argued that Ronald Reagan implied linkages between concepts like `` special interests '' and `` big government '' with ill - perceived minority groups in the 1980s , using the conditioned negativity toward the minority groups to discredit certain policies and programs during campaigns . In a study analyzing how political ads prime attitudes , Valentino compares the voting responses of participants after being exposed to narration of a George W. Bush advertisement paired with three different types of visuals with different embedded racial cues to create three conditions : neutral , race comparison , and undeserving blacks . For example , as the narrator states `` Democrats want to spend your tax dollars on wasteful government programs '' , the video shows an image of a black woman and child in an office setting . Valentino found that the undeserving blacks condition produced the largest primed effect in racialized policies , like opposition to affirmative action and welfare spending . Ian Haney - López , Professor of Law at the University of California , Berkeley , refers to this phenomenon as dog - whistle politics , which has pushed , he argues , middle class white Americans to vote against their economic self - interest in order to punish `` undeserving minorities '' who , they believe , are receiving too much public assistance at their expense . According to López , conservative middle - class whites , convinced that minorities are the enemy by powerful economic interests , supported politicians who promised to curb illegal immigration and crack down on crime , but inadvertently they also voted for policies that favor the extremely rich , such as slashing taxes for top income brackets , giving corporations more regulatory control over industry and financial markets , busting unions , cutting pensions for future public employees , reducing funding for public schools , and retrenching the social welfare state . He argues that these same voters can not link rising inequality which has impacted their lives to the policy agendas they support , which resulted in a massive transfer of wealth to the top 1 % of the population since the 1980s . Justice system ( edit ) Main article : Race and crime in the United States Racial disparities have been noted in all levels of the U.S. justice system . According to 2009 congressional testimony from Marc Mauer ; while African Americans comprise 13 % of the US population and 14 % of monthly drug users they are 37 % of the people arrested for drug offenses ; as well as 56 % of the people in state prisons for drug offenses . The U.S. Sentencing Commission reported in March 2010 that in the federal system black offenders receive sentences that are 10 % longer than white offenders for the same crimes . A July 2009 report by the Sentencing Project found that two - thirds of the people in the U.S. with life sentences are non-white . Contemporary issues in American racism ( edit ) Hate crimes ( edit ) Main article : Hate crime In the United States , most crimes that target victims on the basis of their race or ethnicity are considered hate crimes . ( For federal law purposes , crimes targeting Hispanics because of their identity are considered hate crimes based on ethnicity . ) Leading forms of bias cited in the FBI 's Uniform Crime Reporting ( UCR ) Program , based on law enforcement agency filings are : anti-black , anti-Jewish , anti-white , anti-homosexual , and anti-Hispanic bias in that order in both 2004 and 2005 . According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics , whites , blacks , and Hispanics had similar rates of violent hate crime victimization between 2007 -- 2011 . However , from 2011 to 2012 , violent hate crimes against Hispanic people increased by 300 % . When considering all hate crimes , and not just violent ones , African Americans are far more likely to be victims than other racial groups . The New Century Foundation , a white nationalist organization founded by Jared Taylor , argues that blacks are more likely than whites to commit hate crimes , and that FBI figures inflate the number of hate crimes committed by whites by counting Hispanics as `` white '' . Other analysts are sharply critical of the NCF 's findings , referring to the mainstream criminological view that `` Racial and ethnic data must be treated with caution . Existing research on crime has generally shown that racial or ethnic identity is not predictive of criminal behavior with data which has been controlled for social and economic factors . '' NCF 's methodology and statistics are further sharply criticized as flawed and deceptive by anti-racist activists Tim Wise and the Southern Poverty Law Center . The first post-Jim Crow era hate crime to make sensational media attention was the murder of Vincent Chin , an Asian American of Chinese descent in 1982 . He was attacked by two white assailants who were recently laid off from a Detroit area auto factory job and blamed the Japanese for their individual unemployment . Chin was not of Japanese descent , but the assailants testified at the criminal court case that he `` looked like a Jap '' , an ethnic slur used to describe Japanese and other Asians , and that they were angry enough to beat him to death . Hateful views from Americans ( edit ) Continuing antisemitism in the United States has remained an issue as the 2011 Survey of American Attitudes Toward Jews in America , released by the Anti-Defamation League ( ADL ) , has found that the recent world economic recession increased some antisemitic viewpoints among Americans . Most people express pro-Jewish sentiments , with 64 % of those surveyed agreeing that Jews have contributed much to U.S. social culture . Yet the polling found that 19 % of Americans answered `` probably true '' to the antisemitic canard that `` Jews have too much control / influence on Wall Street '' while 15 % concurred with the related statement that Jews seem `` more willing to use shady practices '' in business . Reflecting on the lingering antisemitism of about one in five Americans , Abraham H. Foxman , ADL national director , has argued , `` It is disturbing that with all of the strides we have made in becoming a more tolerant society , anti-Semitic beliefs continue to hold a vice-grip on a small but not insubstantial segment of the American public . '' An ABC News report in 2007 recounted that past ABC polls across several years have tended to find that `` six percent have self - reported prejudice against Jews , 27 percent against Muslims , 25 percent against Arabs , '' and `` one in 10 concedes harboring at least some such feelings '' against Hispanic Americans . The report also remarked that a full 34 % of Americans reported `` some racist feelings '' in general as a self - description . An Associated Press and Yahoo News survey of 2,227 adult Americans in 2008 found that 10 % of white respondents stated that `` a lot '' of discrimination against African - Americans exists while 45 % answered `` some '' compared to 57 % of black respondents answering that `` a lot '' exists . In the same poll , more whites applied positive attributes to black Americans than negative ones , with blacks describing whites even more highly , but a significant minority of whites still called their fellow Americans `` irresponsible '' , `` lazy '' , or other such things . In 2008 , Stanford University political scientist Paul Sniderman remarked that , in the modern U.S. , racism and prejudices are `` a deep challenge , and it 's one that Americans in general , and for that matter , political scientists , just have n't been ready to acknowledge fully . '' Alleviation ( edit ) There is a wide plethora of societal and political suggestions to alleviate the effects of continued discrimination in the United States . For example , within universities , it has been suggested that a type of committee could respond to non-sanctionable behavior . It is also argued that there is a need for `` white students and faculty to reformulate white - awareness toward a more secure identity that is not threatened by black cultural institutions and that can recognize the racial non-neutrality of the institutions whites dominate '' ( Brown , 334 ) . Paired with this effort , Brown encourages the increase in minority faculty members , so the embedded white normative experience begins to fragment . Within media , it is found that racial cues prime racial stereotypic thought . Thus , it is argued that `` stereotype inconsistent cues might lead to more intentioned thought , thereby suppressing racial priming effects . '' See also ( edit ) United States portal Affirmative action in the United States Anti-Americanism Category : Anti-black racism in the United States Anti-French sentiment in the United States Anti-Italianism in the United States Antisemitism in the United States Black Lives Matter Constitutional colorblindness Environmental racism in the United States Eugenics in the United States Illegal immigration to the United States List of race riots in the United States Native American mascot controversy Nativism in the United States Post-racial America Racial equality proposal Racial profiling in the United States Racism by country Racism in early American film Racism in horror films Racism in United States politics Reverse discrimination Scientific racism in the United States U.S. Commission on Civil Rights White privilege in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Internment camps are particularly associated with World War II , but also occurred during World War I. Most significant was the Japanese American internment of 120,000 Japanese Americans during World War II . There was also internment of almost 11,000 German Americans in German American internment during World War II , and some Italian American internment . Jump up ^ In his 2009 visit to the US , the ( UN ) Special Rapporteur on Racism noted that `` Socio - economic indicators show that poverty and race and ethnicity continue to overlap in the United States . This reality is a direct legacy of the past , in particular slavery , segregation , the forcible resettlement of Native Americans , which was confronted by the United States during the civil rights movement . However , whereas the country managed to establish equal treatment and non-discrimination in its laws , it has yet to redress the socioeconomic consequences of the historical legacy of racism . '' CERD Task Force of the US Human Rights Network ( August 2010 ) . `` From Civil Rights to Human Rights : Implementing US Obligations Under the International Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Racial Discrimination ( ICERD ) '' . Universal Periodic Review Joint Reports : United States of America . p. 44 . Jump up ^ Henry , P.J. , David O. Sears . Race and Politics : The Theory of Symbolic Racism . University of California , Los Angeles . 2002 . Jump up ^ U.S. Human Rights Network ( August 2010 ) . `` The United States of America : Summary Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review '' . Universal Periodic Review Joint Reports : United States of America . p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aquí Se Habla Español -- and Two - Thirds Do n't Mind '' ( PDF ) . ABC News . Oct 8 , 2007 . Retrieved Dec 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Darity Jr. , William ( 2005 ) . African Americans in the U.S. Economy ( Africa , Europe , and the Origins of Uneven Development : The Role of Slavery ) ( PDF ) . Lanham , Md. : Rowman and Littlefield . pp. 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ `` Darity Jr. , 2005 '' Jump up ^ Eltis , David ( December 1993 ) . `` Europeans and the Rise and Fall of African Slavery in the Americas : An Interpretation '' . The American Historical Review . 98 ( 5 ) : 1402 -- 1422 . JSTOR 2167060 . doi : 10.2307 / 2167060 . Jump up ^ Eltis , David ( 2008 ) . Extending the Frontiers : Essays on the New Transatlantic Slave Trade Database . United States of America : Yale University Press . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 13436 - 0 . Jump up ^ Eltis , David . `` Estimates '' . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2013 . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Calore , Paul ( 2008 ) . The Causes of the Civil War : The Political , Cultural , Economic and Territorial Disputes between North and South . McFarland . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Teaching about Slavery '' . Foreign Policy Research Institute . Jump up ^ Alonzo L. Hamby , George Clack , and Mildred Sola Neely . `` Outline of US History '' . US Department of State . Jump up ^ `` Background on conflict in Liberia '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Maggie Montesinos Sale ( 1997 ) . The slumbering volcano : American slave ship revolts and the production of rebellious masculinity . p. 264 . Duke University Press , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1992 - 6 Jump up ^ `` The legal and diplomatic background to the seizure of foreign vessels '' . Pdavis.nl . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Marcyliena H. Morgan ( 2002 ) . Language , Discourse and Power in African American Culture , p. 20 . Cambridge University Press , 2002 . Jump up ^ Berlin , Generations of Captivity , pp. 161 -- 62 . Jump up ^ `` Emancipation Proclamation ( 1863 ) '' . Ourdocuments.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Walter , Michael ( 2003 ) . `` Ghost Amendment : The Thirteenth Amendment That Never Was '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abraham Lincoln , `` Speeches and Writings 1832 -- 1858 : Speeches , Letters , and Miscellaneous Writings : the Lincoln - Douglas Debates , Volume 1 '' . p. 638 . Library of America , 1989 Jump up ^ XIII -- Slavery Abolished The Avalon Project Jump up ^ James McPherson , Drawn with the Sword , page 15 Jump up ^ `` The Deadliest War '' . Harvardmagazine.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Arnold P. Powers ( 2013 ) . `` Devour us Not '' . p. 119 . Xlibris Corporation ^ Jump up to : Schultz , Jeffrey D. ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics : African Americans and Asian Americans . p. 284 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Estreicher , Samuel ( 1974 ) . `` Federal Power to Regulate Private Discrimination : The Revival of the Enforcement Clauses of the Reconstruction Era Amendments '' . Columbia Law Review . 74 ( 3 ) : 452 -- 454 . JSTOR 112176 . Jump up ^ Klarman , Michael ( 1998 ) . `` The Plessy Era '' . The Supreme Court Review : 307 -- 308 . JSTOR 3109701 . ^ Jump up to : Leon Litwack , Jim Crow Blues , Magazine of History ( OAH Publications , 2004 ) Jump up ^ `` Barack Obama legacy : Did he improve US race relations ? '' . BBC . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 Jump up ^ Oklahoma Commission ( February 28 , 2001 ) , `` Final Report '' ( PDF ) , Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 ( PDF ) format = requires url = ( help ) , Tulsa , Oklahoma , retrieved April 10 , 2016 Jump up ^ Beck , E.M. ; Tolnay , Stewart ( 1990 ) . `` Black Flight : Lethal Violence and the Great Migration , 1900 -- 1930 '' . Social Science History . 14 ( 3 ) : 354 . JSTOR 1171355 . doi : 10.2307 / 1171355 . Jump up ^ Kwame Anthony Appiah , Henry Louis Gates , Jr. , eds . Africana : The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience , in articles `` Civil Rights Movement '' by Patricia Sullivan ( pp 441 - 455 ) and `` National Association for the Advancement of Colored People '' by Kate Tuttle ( pp 1,388 - 1,391 ) . ISBN 0 - 465 - 00071 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Un lynchage monstre '' ( September 24 , 1906 ) Le Petit Journal Jump up ^ `` DEPORTING THE NEGROES '' ( September 30 , 1906 ) New York Times Jump up ^ Moyers , Bill . `` Legacy of Lynching '' . PBS . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 Jump up ^ Tolnay , Stewart ( 2003 ) . `` The African American ' Great Migration ' and Beyond '' . Annual Review of Sociology. 29 : 221 . JSTOR 30036966 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. soc. 29.010202. 100009 . Jump up ^ Tolnay , Stewart ( 2003 ) . `` The African American ' Great Migration ' and Beyond '' . Annual Review of Sociology. 29 : 213 . JSTOR 30036966 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. soc. 29.010202. 100009 . Jump up ^ Beck , E.M. ; Tolnay , Stewart ( 1990 ) . `` Black Flight : Lethal Violence and the Great Migration , 1900 -- 1930 '' . Social Science History . 14 ( 3 ) : 351 -- 352 . JSTOR 1171355 . doi : 10.2307 / 1171355 . Jump up ^ Tolnay , Stewart ( 2003 ) . `` The African American ' Great Migration ' and Beyond '' . Annual Review of Sociology. 29 : 218 -- 221 . JSTOR 30036966 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. soc. 29.010202. 100009 . Jump up ^ Michael O. Emerson , Christian Smith ( 2001 ) . `` Divided by Faith : Evangelical Religion and the Problem of Race in America '' . p. 42 . Oxford University Press ^ Jump up to : Seligman , Amanda ( 2005 ) . Block by block : neighborhoods and public policy on Chicago 's West Side . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . pp. 213 -- 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 74663 - 0 . Jump up ^ Michael Kazin , Rebecca Edwards , Adam Rothman ( 2009 ) . `` The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History '' . p. 245 . Princeton University Press Jump up ^ `` Forgotten ' details heroism of black soldiers in WWII '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` How The Horrific Photograph Of Emmett Till Helped Energize The Civil Rights Movement '' . 100 Photographs The Most Influential Images of All Time . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : II , Vann R. Newkirk . `` How ' The Blood of Emmett Till ' Still Stains America Today '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Whitfield , Stephen ( 1991 ) . A Death in the Delta : The story of Emmett Till . pp 41 - 42 . JHU Press . Jump up ^ Carol Berkin , Christopher Miller , Robert Cherny , James Gormly ( 2011 ) . `` Making America : A History of the United States , Volume 2 : From 1865 '' . p. 749 . Cengage Learning Jump up ^ Ravitz , Jessica . `` Siblings of the bombing : Remembering Birmingham church blast 50 years on '' . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham Church Bombed '' . L.A. Rebellion : Film & Television Archive . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Walker , Dionne ( 2007 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Pioneer of interracial marriage looks back '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Racial Integrity Act of 1924 , Full Text at Wikisource.org Jump up ^ Lawing , Charles B. `` Loving v. Virginia and the Hegemony of `` Race '' '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ The Rise and Decline of the American Ghetto David M. Cutler , Edward L. Glaeser , Jacob L. Vigdor The Journal of Political Economy , Vol. 107 , No. 3 ( Jun. , 1999 ) , pp. 455 - 506 Jump up ^ `` Racial Discrimination and Redlining in Cities '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ See : Race and health Jump up ^ In poor health : Supermarket redlining and urban nutrition , Elizabeth Eisenhauer , GeoJournal Volume 53 , Number 2 , February 2001 Jump up ^ How East New York Became a Ghetto by Walter Thabit . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 8267 - 1 . Page 42 . Jump up ^ Comeback Cities : A Blueprint for Urban Neighborhood Revival By Paul S. Grogan , Tony Proscio . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 3952 - 9 . 2002 . p. 114 . `` The goal was not to relax lending restrictions but rather to get banks to apply the same criteria in the inner - city as in the suburbs . '' Jump up ^ `` How Pepsi Opened Door to Diversity '' . Wall Street Journal . January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Larry . `` Owens Pierced a Myth '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Entine , Jon ( 2000 ) . Taboo : Why Black Athletes Dominate Sports and why We are Afraid to Talk about it . PublicAffairs . p. 187 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Larry ( 2007 ) . `` Owens pierced a myth '' . Jump up ^ Abramovitch , Seth ( 19 February 2015 ) . `` Oscar 's First Black Winner Accepted Her Honor in a Segregated ' No Blacks ' Hotel in L.A. '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard C. Wade , `` The Vesey Plot : A Reconsideration '' , The Journal of Southern History , Vol. 30 , No. 2 , May 1964 , accessed 5 November 2014 ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` JBHE Statistical Shocker of the Year '' . Jbhe.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Ronald Takaki , A Different Mirror : A History of Multicultural America ( New York : Little , Brown & Co. , 1993 ) , 400 - 414 . Jump up ^ Booth , William ( 1996 - 06 - 19 ) . `` In Church Fires , a Pattern but No Conspiracy '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Whitman . `` Charleston Church Shooting : South Carolina Racism Will Not Change After Killings , Black Residents Say '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ Southall , Ashley ( 2010 - 05 - 25 ) . `` Bias Payments Come Too Late for Some Farmers '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Hannah - Jones , Nikole ( 2015 - 03 - 04 ) . `` Yes , Black America Fears the Police . Here 's Why . '' . ProPublica . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College : Frequently Asked Questions '' . www.archives.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Deric. , Shannon , ( 2011 - 01 - 01 ) . Political sociology : oppression , resistance , and the state . Sage ( u.a. ) ISBN 9781412980401 . OCLC 815880812 . Jump up ^ Manning , Jennifer ( 2016 ) . `` Membership of the 114th Congress : A Profile '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Jump up ^ White Americans play major role in electing the first black president , Los Angeles Times Jump up ^ `` Inside Obama 's Sweeping Victory '' . Pew Research Center . November 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. President : National : Exit Poll '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` Strong black vote gives Obama big boost '' . MSNBC. 2008 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ CNN , Jeremy Diamond . `` Trump : BLM has helped instigate police killings '' . CNN . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Long , Russ . `` How to Think about Racial and Ethnic Inequality '' . ^ Jump up to : Leonard , Rebecca ; Locke , Don C ( 1993 ) . `` Communication Stereotypes : Is Interracial Communication Possible ? '' . Journal of Black Studies . 23 ( 3 ) : 332 -- 343 . doi : 10.1177 / 002193479302300303 . Jump up ^ Orbe , Mark P. , and Tina M. Harris . `` Interracial Communication : Theory Into Practice . '' Google Books . Sage Publications , n.d. Web . 02 Feb. 2014 Jump up ^ Schultz , Jeffrey D. ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics : African Americans and Asian Americans . p. 284 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Eguchi , Shinsuke ( 2013 ) . `` Revisiting Asiacentricity : Toward Thinking Dialectically about Asian American Identities and Negotiation '' . Howard Journal of Communications . 24 ( 1 ) : 95 -- 115 . doi : 10.1080 / 10646175.2013. 748556 . Jump up ^ Chin , Philip ( 2013 ) . `` The Chinese Exclusion Act : Ten Year Exclusion Act Debates and Passage -- Part 3 ''. `` . Chinese American Forum. 29 ( 1 ) : 24 -- 31 . ^ Jump up to : Sakamoto , Taylor ( 2007 ) . `` The Triumph and Tragedies of Japanese Women in America : A View Across Four Generations '' . History Teacher. 41 ( 1 ) : 97 -- 122 . Jump up ^ Eguchi , Shinsuke ( 2013 ) . `` Revisiting Asia centricity : Toward Thinking Dialectically about Asian American Identities and Negotiation '' . Howard Journal of Communications . 24 ( 1 ) : 95 -- 115 . doi : 10.1080 / 10646175.2013. 748556 . Jump up ^ `` Trophies of War , US Troops and the Mutilation of Japanese War Dead , 1941 - 1945 - James J Weingartner - PHR Vol 61 No 1 Feb 1992. pdf '' . Google Docs . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Simon , Harrison , ( 2016 - 12 - 07 ) . `` Skull trophies of the Pacific War : transgressive objects of remembrance '' . uir.ulster.ac.uk . p. 826 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Chomsky , Noam ; Herman , Edward S. ( 1979 - 01 - 01 ) . The Washington Connection and Third World Fascism . South End Press . p. 31 . ISBN 9780896080904 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret History of the Vietnam War VICE United States '' . VICE. 2013 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Turse , Nick ( 2013 - 01 - 15 ) . Kill Anything That Moves : The Real American War in Vietnam . Macmillan . ISBN 9780805086911 . Jump up ^ Seema Sohi ( 2014 ) . Echoes of Mutiny : Race , Surveillance , and Indian Anticolonialism in North America . Oxford University Press . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 937625 - 4 . Indians in North America , nearly 90 percent of whom where Sikhs from the state of Punjab , were also racialized through colonial gendered discourses . During the early decades of the twentieth century , US Immigration , Justice , and State Department officials cast Indian anticolonialists as a `` Hindu '' menace ^ Jump up to : Zhao , X . & Park , E.J.W. ( 2013 ) . Asian Americans : An Encyclopedia of Social , Cultural , Economic , and Political History . Greenwood . pp. 1142 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 239 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Roots in the Sand -- the Archives '' . PBS . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Jennifer Ludden. `` 1965 immigration law changed face of America '' . NPR . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Lai , Lei ; Babcock , Linda C. ( 2013 ) . `` Asian Americans and Workplace Discrimination : The Interplay between Sex of Evaluators and the Perception of Social Skills '' . Journal of Organizational Behavior . 34 ( 3 ) : 310 -- 26 . doi : 10.1002 / job. 1799 . Jump up ^ Kim , Isok ( 2014 ) . `` The Role of Critical Ethnic Awareness and Social Support in the discrimination -- depression Relationship among Asian Americans : Path Analysis '' . Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology . 20 ( 1 ) : 52 -- 60 . doi : 10.1037 / a0034529 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Michael S. ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Discrimination and Mental Health - Related Service use in a National Study of Asian Americans '' . American Journal of Public Health . 100 ( 12 ) : 2410 -- 7 . PMC 2978178 . PMID 20299649 . doi : 10.2105 / ajph. 2009.176321 . Jump up ^ Chae , David H. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Unfair Treatment , Racial / Ethnic Discrimination , Ethnic Identification , and Smoking among Asian Americans in the National Latino and Asian American Study '' . American Journal of Public Health . 98 ( 3 ) : 485 -- 92 . PMC 2253562 . PMID 18235073 . doi : 10.2105 / ajph. 2006.102012 . Jump up ^ Prince , Carl E. ( 1985 ) `` The Great ' Riot Year ' : Jacksonian Democracy and Patterns of Violence in 1834 . '' Journal of the Early Republic 5 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 19 . ISSN 0275 - 1275 examines 24 episodes including the January labor riot at the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal , the New York City election riot in April , the Philadelphia race riot in August , and the Baltimore & Washington Railroad riot in November . Jump up ^ Fried , Rebecca A. ( 2015 ) `` No Irish Need Deny : Evidence for the Historicity of NINA Restrictions in Advertisements and Signs '' Journal of Social History 48 . Accessed 17 July 2015 . doi : 10.1093 / jsh / shv066 . In addition to job postings , the article also surveys evidence relevant to several of Jensen 's subsidiary arguments , including lawsuits involving NINA publications , NINA restrictions in housing solicitations , Irish - American responses to NINA advertisements , and the use of NINA advertisements in Confederate propaganda `` , and concludes ( per the abstract ) that `` Jensen 's thesis about the highly limited extent of NINA postings requires revision '' , and that `` the earlier view of historians generally accepting the widespread reality of the NINA phenomenon is better supported by the currently available evidence . '' Jump up ^ `` The New York Herald '' . XXVIII ( 186 ) . 7 July 1863 . p . Page 11 . Jump up ^ Young , Patrick ( July 19 , 2015 ) . `` High School Student Proves Professor Wrong When He Denied `` No Irish Need Apply '' Signs Existed `` . Long Island Wins . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mattias Gardell ( 2003 ) . `` Gods of the Blood : The Pagan Revival and White Separatism '' . p. 80 . Duke University Press Jump up ^ `` A Painful Present as Historians Confront a Nation 's Bloody Past '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 Jump up ^ Newton , Michael ( 2001 ) . The Invisible Empire : The Ku Klux Klan in Florida . Jump up ^ `` America 's dark and not - very - distant history of hating Catholics '' . The Guardian . February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Coolidge , Calvin ( 1921 ) . `` Whose Country is This ? '' . Good Housekeeping : 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Immigration Act of 1924 ( The Johnson - Reed Act ) '' . U.S Department of State Office of the Historian . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Stoddard , Lothrop ( 1922 ) . The Revolt Against Civilization : The Menace of the Under Man . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . Jump up ^ Losurdo , Domenico ( 2004 ) . Translated by Marella & Jon Morris . `` Toward a Critique of the Category of Totalitarianism '' ( PDF , 0.2 MB ) . Historical Materialism . Brill. 12 ( 2 ) : 25 -- 55 , here p. 50 . ISSN 1465 - 4466 . doi : 10.1163 / 1569206041551663 . Jump up ^ Hugo Münsterberg 's obituary . Jump up ^ The War Department : Keeper of Our Nation 's Enemy Aliens During World War I by Mitchel Yockelson. 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Get the Rope ! Anti-German Violence in World War I - era Wisconsin '' , History Matters , George Mason University , retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 Jump up ^ Hickey , Donald R. ( Summer 1969 ) , `` The Prager Affair : A Study in Wartime Hysteria '' , Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society : 126 -- 127 Jump up ^ `` How Eyewitnesses Survived Explosion : Police and Men on Craft Dodged Death on Land and Water to Save Themselves and Others '' . The New York Times . 1916 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Jim ( 2006 - 05 - 03 ) . `` Silence Broken , Pardons Granted 88 Years After Crimes of Sedition '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Kathleen Doane . `` Anti-German hysteria swept Cincinnati in 1917 '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer , June 6 , 2012 . Accessed February 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Guardian 2009 Annual Report , p. 2 ; Anita Rapone , The Guardian Life Insurance Company , 1860 -- 1920 : A History of a German - American Enterprise ( New York : New York University Press , 1987 ) ; Robert E. Wright and George David Smith , Mutually Beneficial : The Guardian and Life Insurance in America ( New York : New York University Press , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ CCNY Archival Finding Aid , p. 81 . Jump up ^ `` German American Internee Coalition '' . Gaic.info . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Matt S. Meier ; Margo Gutierrez ( 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement . Greenwood Publishing Group . Jump up ^ `` The lynching of persons of Mexican origin or descent in the United States , 1848 to 1928 Journal of Social History Find Articles at BNET.com '' . Findarticles.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Richard Griswold del Castillo , `` The Los Angeles `` Zoot Suit Riots '' Revisited : Mexican and Latin American Perspectives , '' Mexican Studies / Estudios Mexicanos , Vol. 16 , No. 2 . ( Summer , 2000 ) , pp. 367 - 391 . Jump up ^ Arthur C. Verge , `` The Impact of the Second World War on Los Angeles , '' The Pacific Historical Review , Vol. 63 , No. 3 , Fortress California at War : San Francisco , Los Angeles , Oakland , and San Diego , 1941 -- 1945 . ( Aug. , 1994 ) , pp. 306 -- 07 . Jump up ^ `` Teachers ' Domain : Mendez v. Westminster : Desegregating California 's Schools '' . Teachersdomain.org. 2004 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Handbook of Texas Online -- HERNANDEZ V. STATE OF TEXAS '' . Tshaonline.org. 1927 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` RACE -- History -- Post-War Economic Boom and Racial Discrimination '' . Understandingrace.org. 1956 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Black , Brown , Yellow , and Left : Radical Activism in Los Angeles -- Laura Pulido -- Google Boeken . Books.google.com. 2005 - 12 - 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 93889 - 2 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Arab American Institute Still Deliberately Claiming Assyrians Are Arabs '' . Assyrian International News Agency . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ John Tehranian , `` Performing Whiteness : Naturalization Litigation and the Construction of Racial Identity in America , '' The Yale Law Journal , Vol. 109 , No. 4 . ( Jan. , 2000 ) , pp. 817 -- 848 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Karen . University of California , Irvine . Western Knight Center . `` American Muslims : South Asian Contributions to the Mix '' . 2005 . July 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Netton , Ian Richard ; Evelyn Alsultany ( 2006 ) . `` From ambiguity to abjection : Iraqi - Americans negotiating race in the United States '' . In Zahia Smail Salhi ( ed . ) . The Arab diaspora : Voices of an anguished scream . Taylor & Francis . pp. 140 -- 43 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 37542 - 9 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` United States '' . Hrw.org. 2001 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` While African - Americans , Asians , and Native Americans are racialized according to phenotype , Arab - Americans are often racialized according to religion and politics . Religious racialization conflates Arabs and Islam , and consequently positions all Arabs as Muslim ; represents Islam as a monolithic religion erasing diversity among Arabs and Muslims ; and marks Islam as a backwards , fanatical , uncivilized , and a terroristic belief system '' ( p. 127 ) . `` Whereas before September 11 , Arab - and Muslim - Americans were not included in discourses on race and racism in the United States , a public discourse emerged after September 11 on whether Arabs and Muslims were being treated fairly or being subjected to racism with the rise in hate crimes and government measures targeting Arabs and Muslims '' ( p. 141 ) . Alsultany , Evelyn ( 2006 ) . `` From ambiguity to abjection : Iraqi - Americans negotiating race in the United States '' . In Zahia Smail Salhi , Ian Richard Netton ( eds . ) . The Arab diaspora : Voices of an anguished scream . Taylor & Francis . p. 127 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 37542 - 9 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ' Muslim ' identity has certainly congealed as a marker of exclusion and marginalization , in relation to white or mainstream America , which is subjected to similar processes of racialization , and racism , that operate for racial minority groups . '' Maira , Sunaina ( January 2009 ) . Missing : youth , citizenship , and empire after 9 / 11 . Duke University Press . p. 229 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 4409 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Independent News Media -- War in Iraq '' . Columbus Free Press . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Abdul Malik Mujahid . `` Demonization of Muslims Caused the Iraq Abuse '' . Soundvision.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Attacks on Arab Americans ( PBS ) Jump up ^ Murphy , Jarrett ( 2009 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Hindu Beaten Because He 's Muslim , Mistaken Anti-Islam Thugs Pummel , Hogtie And Stab Deliveryman '' . CBS News . Associated Press . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` ADL Condemns Hate Crime Against Hindu '' . Anti-Defamation League . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Bradley Blackburn & Margaret Aro ( April 14 , 2010 ) . `` Muslim - American Soldier Claims Harassment in the Army '' . ABC World News with Diane Sawyer . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` An American Soldier , who happens to be Muslim -- The Documentary ( 51 : 36 ) '' . YouTube . January 28 , 2011 . Retrieved March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ajrouch , Kristine J. ( Winter 2004 ) . `` Gender , Race , and Symbolic Boundaries : Contested Spaces of Identity Among Arab American Adolescents '' . Sociological Perspectives . University of California Press . 47 ( 4 ) : 371 -- 391 . JSTOR 10.1525 / sop. 2004.47. 4.371 . doi : 10.1525 / sop. 2004.47. 4.371 . Jump up ^ Bozorgmehr , Mehdi ( 2001 - 05 - 02 ) . `` No solidarity : Iranians in the U.S '' . The Iranian . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ See detailed analysis in : The U.S. Media and the Middle East : Image and Perception . Praeger , 1997 ; Greenwood , 1995 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times : Essay : Iranians moving past negative depictions in pop culture : `` Iranians , left outside of the 9 / 11 conversation , began to leak fairly seamlessly into the best and worst of pop culture . In 2003 , veteran Iranian actress Shohreh Aghadashloo starred in The House of Sand and Fog , for which she became the first Iranian nominated for an Academy Award ( although two years later the pendulum swung back when she played a member of a terrorist family on the hit TV show 24 ) . '' June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John J. ( 1986 - 05 - 18 ) . `` Tv View ; ' On Wings Of Eagles ' Plods To Superficial Heights '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Richard Maurer ( ram - 30 ) ( 17 May 1981 ) . `` Escape from Iran : The Canadian Caper ( TV Movie 1981 ) '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ Ronald Takaki , A Different Mirror : A History of Multicultural America ( New York : Little , Brown & Co. , 1993 ) , 277 - 283 . Jump up ^ Rosten , Leo ( 1968 ) The Joys of Yiddish Jump up ^ `` Proceedings of the Asiatic Exclusion League '' Asiatic Exclusion League . San Francisco : April 1910 . Pg. 7 . `` To amend section twenty - one hundred and sixty - nine of the Revised Statutes of the United States . Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled , that section twenty - one hundred and sixty - nine of the Revised Statutes of the United States be , and the same is hereby , amended by adding thereto the following : And Mongolians , Malays , and other Asiatics , except Armenians , Assyrians , and Jews , shall not be naturalized in the United States . '' Jump up ^ Phagan , 1987 , p. 27 , states that `` everyone knew the identity of the lynchers '' ( putting the words in her father 's mouth ) . Oney , 2003 , p. 526 , quotes Carl Abernathy as saying , `` They 'd go to a man 's office and talk to him or ... see a man on the job and talk to him , '' and an unidentified lyncher as saying `` The organization of the body was more open than mysterious . '' Jump up ^ `` The Various Shady Lives of the Ku Klux Klan '' . Time magazine . April 9 , 1965 . An itinerant Methodist preacher named William Joseph Simmons started up the Klan again in Atlanta . On Thanksgiving Eve 1915 , Simmons took 15 friends to the top of Stone Mountain , near Atlanta , built an altar on which he placed an American flag , a Bible and an unsheathed sword , set fire to a crude wooden cross , muttered a few incantations about a `` practical fraternity among men , '' and declared himself Imperial Wizard of the Invisible Empire of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan . Jump up ^ Father Charles Edward Coughlin ( 1891 -- 1971 ) By Richard Sanders , Editor , Press for Conversion ! Jump up ^ Mary Christine Athans , `` A New Perspective on Father Charles E. Coughlin , '' Church History , Vol. 56 , No. 2 . ( June 1987 ) , pp. 224 -- 235 , American Society of Church History Jump up ^ `` H - ANTISEMITISM OCCASIONAL PAPERS , NO . 1M '' . H-net.msu.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Nation of Islam '' . Anti-Defamation League . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2006 . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Amy ( September 27 , 1993 ) . `` A D.C. Clinic 's Controversial Rx for AIDS '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . His critics , including the Anti-Defamation League , contend that Muhammad 's speeches contain antisemitic slurs . The critics have provided evidence of such remarks made by ( NOI leader Louis ) Farrakhan but not by Muhammad . In his several taped speeches , Muhammad has named Israel among the countries in what he calls the genocidal AIDS conspiracy , but he does not single out Jews for criticism . Jump up ^ Seth Korelitz , `` The Menorah Idea : From Religion to Culture , From Race to Ethnicity , '' American Jewish History 1997 85 ( 1 ) : 75 -- 100 . 0164 -- 0178 Jump up ^ Peter Novick , The Holocaust in American Life ( 1999 ) ; Hilene Flanzbaum , ed . The Americanization of the Holocaust ( 1999 ) ; Monty Noam Penkower , `` Shaping Holocaust Memory , '' American Jewish History 2000 88 ( 1 ) : 127 -- 132 . 0164 -- 0178 Jump up ^ Steve Siporin , `` Immigrant and Ethnic Family Folklore , '' Western States Jewish History 1990 22 ( 3 ) : 230 -- 242 . 0749 -- 5471 ^ Jump up to : Lerner , Michael ( May 18 , 1993 ) . `` Jews Are Not White '' . The Village Voice . XXXVIII ( 20 ) . pp. 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ `` Voices on Antisemitism Podcast '' . USHMM . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2007 . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sources for the following are : Bauer , Yehuda . `` '' Problems of Contemporary Anti-Semitism `` '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2003 . Retrieved 2003 - 07 - 05 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , 2003 , retrieved April 22 , 2006 . Chesler , Phyllis . The New Anti-Semitism : The Current Crisis and What We Must Do About It , Jossey - Bass , 2003 , pp. 158 -- 159 , 181 . Doward , Jamie . Jews predict record level of hate attacks : Militant Islamic media accused of stirring up new wave of anti-semitism , The Guardian , August 8 , 2004 . Kinsella , Warren . The New anti-Semitism Archived 2007 - 10 - 14 at the Wayback Machine. , accessed March 5 , 2006 . Sacks , Jonathan . `` The New Antisemitism '' Archived 2008 - 06 - 07 at the Wayback Machine. , Ha'aretz , September 6 , 2002 , retrieved on January 10 , 2007 . Strauss , Mark . `` Antiglobalism 's Jewish Problem '' in Rosenbaum , Ron ( ed ) . Those who forget the past : The Question of Anti-Semitism , Random House 2004 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Noam Chomsky , Necessary Illusions , Appendix V , Segment 20 Jump up ^ `` Congressmember Weiner Gets It Wrong On Palestinian Group He Tried To Bar From U.S. '' . Democracy Now ! . 2006 - 08 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Real Stories From Victims Who 've Been Scammed '' . gypsypsychicscams.com . Archived from the original on 26 August 2007 . Retrieved 26 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , Anne ( 1986 ) . Gypsies : The Hidden Americans . Waveland Press . p. 86 . ISBN 0 - 88133 - 235 - 6 ISBN 978 - 0 - 88133 - 235 - 3 Jump up ^ Mann , Charles C. , 1491 : New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus , Vintage Books , 2006 , c. 2005 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Brescia , William ( Bill ) ( 1982 ) . `` Chapter 2 , French - Choctaw Contact , 1680s - 1763 '' . Tribal Government , A New Era . Philadelphia , Mississippi : Choctaw Heritage Press . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Walter , Williams ( 1979 ) . `` Three Efforts at Development among the Choctaws of Mississippi '' . Southeastern Indians : Since the Removal Era . Athens , Georgia : University of Georgia Press . Jump up ^ Hudson , Charles ( 1971 ) . `` The Ante - Bellum Elite '' . Red , White , and Black ; Symposium on Indians in the Old South . University of Georgia Press . p. 80 . SBN 820303089 . Jump up ^ Worlds Together , Worlds Apart , Robert Tignor , Jeremy Adelman , Stephen Aron , Stephen Kotkin , Suzanne Marchand , Gyan Prakash , Michael Tsin , W.W. Norton & Company , New York , 2000 , p. 274 . Jump up ^ Out West . University of Nebraska Press . 2000 . p. 96 . Jump up ^ `` Millions of Americans Have Nothing to Celebrate on the Fourth of July '' . Mic . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ Castillo , Edward D. ( 1998 ) . `` Short Overview of California Indian History '' Archived December 14 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , California Native American Heritage Commission . ^ Jump up to : M. Annette Jaimes ( 1992 ) . The State of Native America : Genocide , Colonization , and Resistance . p. 34 . South End Press Jump up ^ Thornton , Russell ( 1990 ) . American Indian Holocaust and Survival : A Population History since 1492 . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 2220 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Plains Humanities : Wounded Knee Massacre '' . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Plains Humanities : Wounded Knee Massacre '' . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' L. Frank Baum 's Editorials on the Sioux Nation `` '' . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . Full text of both , with commentary by professor A. Waller Hastings Jump up ^ Professor Robert Venables , Senior Lecturer Rural Sociology Department , Cornell University , `` Looking Back at Wounded Knee 1890 '' , Northeast Indian Quarterly , Spring 1990 Jump up ^ `` Our Daily Bleed ... '' . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Ward Churchill , Kill the Indian , Save the Man , 2006 . The basis for this theory was that inside every native person , there was a repressed white person screaming to come to the surface . Abuse both physical and psychological was common in these schools , and often their objective of ' compulsory whiteness ' was not even ultimately achieved , with many of the Indians who later returned to the reservations afterwards not at all ' becoming white ' , but instead simply becoming heavy alcoholics and displaying signs of permanent psychological distress , and even mental illness . Further , these individuals were often either totally unemployable or only marginally employed , as it was sensed by those around them that on the one hand , they had not successfully assimilated into ' white society ' , nor were they any longer acceptable to the Indian societies from which they had originated . Jump up ^ Strasser , Franz ; Carpenter , Sharon ( November 22 , 2010 ) . `` Native Americans battle teenage suicide '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` American laws against ' coloreds ' influenced Nazi racial planners '' . Times of Israel . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Westermann , Edward . B. ( 2016 ) . Hitler 's Ostkrieg and the Indian Wars : Comparing Genocide and Conquest . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Whitman , James Q. ( 2017 ) . Hitler 's American Model : The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law . Princeton University Press . p. 47 . Jump up ^ United States Senate , Oversight Hearing on Trust Fund Litigation , Cobell v. Kempthorne . See also , Cobell v. Norton . Jump up ^ Winona LaDuke , All Our Relations : Native Struggles for Land and Life , 1999 , p. 2 - 3 . Jump up ^ Perdue , Theda ( 2003 ) . `` Chapter 2 `` Both White and Red '' `` . Mixed Blood Indians : Racial Construction in the Early South . The University of Georgia Press . p. 51 . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 2731 - X . Jump up ^ Remini , Robert ( 1977 ) . `` '' The Reform Begins `` '' . Andrew Jackson . History Book Club . p. 201 . ISBN 0 - 9650631 - 0 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kappler , Charles ( 1904 ) . `` Indian affairs : laws and treaties Vol. IV , Treaties '' . Government Printing Office . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Substance Abuse and Mental Health Publications SAMHSA Store '' . Mentalhealth.samhsa.gov. 2011 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ The Schedule of Racist Events : A Measure of Racial Discrimination and a Study of Its Negative Physical and Mental Health Consequences Journal of Black Psychology , Vol. 22 , No. 2 , 144 - 168 ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Kwate NO , Valdimarsdottir HB , Guevarra JS , Bovbjerg DH ( June 2003 ) . `` Experiences of racist events are associated with negative health consequences for African American women '' . J Natl Med Assoc. 95 ( 6 ) : 450 -- 60 . PMC 2594553 . PMID 12856911 . Jump up ^ Blascovich J , Spencer SJ , Quinn D , Steele C ( May 2001 ) . `` African Americans and high blood pressure : the role of stereotype threat '' . Psychol Sci. 12 ( 3 ) : 225 -- 9 . PMID 11437305 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 9280.00340 . Jump up ^ Finch , Brian ( 2000 ) . `` Perceived Discrimination and Depression among Mexican - Origin Adults in California '' . Journal of Health and Social Behavior . 41 ( 3 ) : 309 . JSTOR 2676322 . doi : 10.2307 / 2676322 . Jump up ^ Kennedy BP , Kawachi I , Lochner K , Jones C , Prothrow - Stith D ( 1997 ) . `` ( Dis ) respect and black mortality '' . Ethn Dis. 7 ( 3 ) : 207 -- 14 . PMID 9467703 . Jump up ^ Hart KD , Kunitz SJ , Sell RR , Mukamel DB ( March 1998 ) . `` Metropolitan governance , residential segregation , and mortality among African Americans '' . Am J Public Health . 88 ( 3 ) : 434 -- 8 . PMC 1508338 . PMID 9518976 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 88.3. 434 . Jump up ^ Jackson SA , Anderson RT , Johnson NJ , Sorlie PD ( April 2000 ) . `` The relation of residential segregation to all - cause mortality : a study in black and white '' . Am J Public Health . 90 ( 4 ) : 615 -- 7 . PMC 1446199 . PMID 10754978 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 90.4. 615 . Jump up ^ THE CONCEPT OF NEIGHBORHOOD IN HEALTH AND MORTALITY RESEARCH Jump up ^ Cooper RS , Kennelly JF , Durazo - Arvizu R , Oh HJ , Kaplan G , Lynch J ( 2001 ) . `` Relationship between premature mortality and socioeconomic factors in black and white populations of US metropolitan areas '' . Public Health Rep. 116 ( 5 ) : 464 -- 73 . PMC 1497360 . PMID 12042610 . doi : 10.1016 / S0033 - 3549 ( 04 ) 50074 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Felicia R. Lee , `` Protesting Demeaning Images in Media '' New York Times November 5 , 2007 Jump up ^ Marissa Newhall , `` Channeling Their Discontent , 500 Gather at Executive 's D.C. Home to Protest Stereotypes , '' Washington Post , September 16 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Enough is Enough ! Campaign '' . Enough is Enough ! Campaign. 2011 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` What About Our Daughters ? '' . Whataboutourdaughters.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Ford , Thomas ( 1997 ) . `` Effects of Stereotypical Television Portrayals of African - Americans on Person Perception '' . Social Psychology Quarterly . 60 ( 3 ) : 266 . JSTOR 2787086 . doi : 10.2307 / 2787086 . Jump up ^ Altschul , Inna ; Daphna Oyserman ; Deborah Bybee ( September 2008 ) . `` Racial - Ethnic Self - Schemas and Segmented Assimilation : Identity and the Academic Achievement of Hispanic Youth '' . Social Psychology Quarterly . 71 ( 3 ) : 303 . JSTOR 20141842 . doi : 10.1177 / 019027250807100309 . Jump up ^ `` Racial Violence against Asian Americans '' . Harvard Law Review . 106 ( 8 ) . 1993 . JSTOR 1341790 . Jump up ^ Leland T. Saito ( 1998 ) . `` Race and Politics : Asian Americans , Latinos , and Whites in a Los Angeles Suburb '' . p. 154 . University of Illinois Press Jump up ^ Wilkerson , Isabel ( 17 April 1988 ) . `` Campus Blacks Feel Racism 's Nuances '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 November 2013 . Jump up ^ For example , Catherine A. Hansman , Leon Spencer , Dale Grant , Mary Jackson , `` Beyond Diversity : Dismantling Barriers in Education , '' Journal of Instructional Psychology , March 1999 Jump up ^ Andrew Blankstein And Joel Rubin . L.A. 's top cops at odds : William Bratton , Lee Baca disagree on role of race in gang violence . Los Angeles Times , June 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Race relations Where black and brown collide '' . Economist.com. 2007 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Riot Breaks Out At Calif . High School , Melee Involving 500 People Erupts At Southern California School '' . Cbsnews.com. 2009 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` California Prisons on Alert After Weekend Violence '' . NPR. 2006 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Paul Harris ( 2007 - 03 - 18 ) . `` A bloody conflict between Black and Hispanic gangs is spreading across Los Angeles '' . Observer.guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ The Hutchinson Report : Thanks to Latino Gangs , There 's a Zone in L.A. Where Blacks Risk Death if They Enter Archived May 13 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived October 11 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ JURIST -- Paper Chase : Race riot put down at California state prison Archived 2010 - 03 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Racial segregation continues in California prisons Archived August 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` African immigrants face bias from blacks '' . Post-gazette.com. 1969 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Racism not always black and white '' . Abcnews.go.com. 2008 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Darryl ( March 1990 ) . `` Racism and Race Relations in the University '' . Virginia Law Review . 76 ( 2 ) . JSTOR 1073204 . Jump up ^ What is Institutional and Structural Racism ? ERASE RACISM Jump up ^ Bullock , III ; Rodgers , Jr. ( 1976 ) . `` Institutional Racism : Prerequisites , Freezing , and Mapping '' . Phylon. 37 ( 3 ) : 212 -- 223 . doi : 10.2307 / 274450 . ^ Jump up to : `` Everyday Sociology Blog : Michael Brown , Ferguson , Missouri , and the Invisibility of Race '' . www.everydaysociologyblog.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Roman Catholics and Immigration in Nineteenth - Century America by Julie Byrne , Dept. of Religion , Duke University , National Humanities Center Jump up ^ `` Chinese Exclusion Act ( 1882 ) '' . Ourdocuments.gov. 1968 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Immigration Act of 1924 HistoricalDocuments.com Jump up ^ `` The Immigration Act of 1924 ( The Johnson - Reed Act ) '' . U.S Department of State Office of the Historian . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Whitman , James Q. ( 2017 ) . Hitler 's American Model : The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law . Princeton University Press . pp. 37 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Lowell , Lindsay ( November 1995 ) . `` Unintended Consequences of Immigration Reform : Discrimination and HIspanic Employment '' . Demography. 32 ( 4 ) : 617 . JSTOR 2061678 . doi : 10.2307 / 2061678 . Jump up ^ `` Wealth gap widens : Whites ' net worth is 20 times that of blacks '' . CSMonitor.com. 2011 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Census report : Broad racial disparities persist '' , November 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ George Lipsitz , `` The Possessive Investment in Whiteness : Racialized Social Democracy and the `` White '' Problem in American Studies , '' American Quarterly , Vol. 47 , No. 3 . ( September 1995 ) , pp. 369 - 387 . Jump up ^ Woolf SH , Johnson RE , Fryer GE , Rust G , Satcher D ( December 2004 ) . `` The health impact of resolving racial disparities : an analysis of US mortality data '' . Am J Public Health . 94 ( 12 ) : 2078 -- 81 . PMC 1448594 . PMID 15569956 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 94.12. 2078 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Black ' Paranoia ' '' , ch. 3 of Alexander Cockburn and Jeffrey St. Clair , Whiteout : The CIA , Drugs , and the Press , London : Verso , 1998 . Jump up ^ Bhopal R ( June 1998 ) . `` Spectre of racism in health and health care : lessons from history and the United States '' . BMJ. 316 ( 7149 ) : 1970 -- 3 . PMC 1113412 . PMID 9641943 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 316.7149. 1970 . Jump up ^ Oberman A , Cutter G ( September 1984 ) . `` Issues in the natural history and treatment of coronary heart disease in black populations : surgical treatment '' . Am. Heart J. 108 ( 3 Pt 2 ) : 688 -- 94 . PMID 6332513 . doi : 10.1016 / 0002 - 8703 ( 84 ) 90656 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kjellstrand CM ( June 1988 ) . `` Age , sex , and race inequality in renal transplantation '' . Arch . Intern . Med. 148 ( 6 ) : 1305 -- 9 . PMID 3288159 . doi : 10.1001 / archinte. 148.6. 1305 . Jump up ^ Mayer WJ , McWhorter WP ( June 1989 ) . `` Black / white differences in non-treatment of bladder cancer patients and implications for survival '' . Am J Public Health . 79 ( 6 ) : 772 -- 5 . PMC 1349641 . PMID 2729474 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 79.6. 772 . Jump up ^ Yergan J , Flood AB , LoGerfo JP , Diehr P ( July 1987 ) . `` Relationship between patient race and the intensity of hospital services '' . Med Care . 25 ( 7 ) : 592 -- 603 . PMID 3695664 . doi : 10.1097 / 00005650 - 198707000 - 00003 . Jump up ^ , ( May 1990 ) . `` Black - white disparities in health care '' . JAMA. 263 ( 17 ) : 2344 -- 6 . PMID 2182918 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 263.17. 2344 . ^ Jump up to : Valentino , Nicholas ( March 2002 ) . `` Cues that Matter : How Political Ads Prime Racial Attitudes during Campaigns '' . The American Political Science Review . 96 ( 1 ) : 83 . JSTOR 3117811 . doi : 10.1017 / s0003055402004240 . Jump up ^ Full Show : Ian Haney López on the Dog Whistle Politics of Race , Part I. Moyers & Company , February 28 , 2014 . See also : Ian Haney - López . Dog Whistle Politics : How Coded Racial Appeals Have Reinvented Racism and Wrecked the Middle Class Archived 2014 - 12 - 18 at the Wayback Machine ... Oxford University Press , 2014 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 996427 - 0 Jump up ^ Bill Quigley ( 2010 - 07 - 26 ) . `` Fourteen Examples of Racism in Criminal Justice System '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hate Crime Statistics , 2004 . Hate Crime Statistics , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Hate Crime Victimization , 2003 -- 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Justice Statistics . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2015 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Hate Crime Reported by Victims and Police , Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report , November 2005 , NCJ 209911 . Jump up ^ `` Highlights from Hate Crime Victimization , 2004 - 2012 - Statistical Tables '' . Bureau of Justice Statistics . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FBI - Incidents and Offenses '' . Criminal Justice Information Services . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Sreenivasan , Hari ( 20 June 2015 ) . `` FBI : Blacks most often targeted in hate crimes '' . PBS . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ The Color of Crime , 1999 . Jump up ^ Preface to Minnesota 's official crime data reports , quoted in Southern Poverty Law Center , Coloring Crime . Jump up ^ Tim Wise , `` The Color of Deception : Race , Crime and Sloppy Social Science , '' 2004 . Jump up ^ Southern Poverty Law Center , Coloring Crime . Jump up ^ `` ADL poll : Anti-Semitic attitudes on rise in USA '' . The Jerusalem Post . November 3 , 2011 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Babington , Charles ( September 22 , 2008 ) . `` Poll : Views still differ sharply by race '' . Fox News Channel . Retrieved January 16 , 2010 . ( A ) new Associated Press - Yahoo News poll , conducted with Stanford University , shows ... that a substantial portion of white Americans still harbor negative feelings toward blacks . <Th_colspan="3"> Racism in the Americas <Td_colspan="3"> North America South America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands French Guiana Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands <Th_colspan="2"> Life in the United States <Td_colspan="2"> Crime Culture Economic issues affluence home - 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List of DARLING in the Franxx episodes - wikipedia List of DARLING in the Franxx episodes Darling in the Franxx ( Japanese : ダーリン ・ イン ・ ザ ・ フランキス , Hepburn : Dārin In Za Furankisu ) is a 24 - episode anime series co-produced by Studio Trigger and CloverWorks , directed by Atsushi Nishigori , with Nishigori and Naotaka Hayashi handling series composition , Masayoshi Tanaka designing the characters , Shigeto Koyama acting as mechanical designer , Hiroyuki Imaishi serving as action animation director and Asami Tachibana composing the music . The opening theme song , titled `` Kiss of Death '' , is sung by Mika Nakashima and produced by Hyde , while the several ending themes titled `` Torikago '' ( トリカゴ ) ( ep 1 - 6 ) , `` Manatsu no Setsuna '' ( 真夏 の セツナ ) ( ep 7 ) , `` Beautiful World '' ( ep 8 - 12 , 14 ) , `` Hitori '' ( ひとり ) ( ep 13 ) and `` Escape '' ( ep 16 - 20 ) are performed by XX : me ( read as `` Kiss Me '' ) , a unit consisting of the series ' main female casts -- Haruka Tomatsu ( Zero Two ) , Kana Ichinose ( Ichigo ) , Nanami Yamashita ( Miku ) , Saori Hayami ( Kokoro ) , and Shizuka Ishigami ( Ikuno ) . Crunchyroll is simulcasting the series , while Funimation has licensed the series and is streaming it with an English dub . Aniplus Asia is simulcasting the series in South East Asia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Notes 3 References 4 External links Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Director Writer Studio Original air date Ref . `` Alone and Lonesome '' `` Hitori to Hitori '' ( 独り と ヒトリ ) Atsushi Nishigori Toshifumi Akai Atsushi Nishigori A-1 Pictures January 13 , 2018 <Td_colspan="7"> In the distant future , humanity is forced to reside in massive fortress cities due to fear of attack by giant monsters called Klaxosaurs . Klaxosaurs can only be fought by Franxx , giant robots that can only be operated by a male and female pilot working in unison . Dr. Franxx and Zero Two arrive in one such city to develop his latest Franxx . Hiro , meanwhile , is left depressed after failing his test to become a Franxx pilot and encounters Zero Two by chance , who briefly flirts with him when he shows no fear of her horns . As Hiro 's classmates attend the welcoming ceremony to become official Franxx pilots , Hiro debates leaving the city when a Mohorovičić class Klaxosaur attacks . Zero Two deploys in her Franxx , Strelizia , to fight it , but ends up getting injured and her partner is mortally wounded . Hiro volunteers to become Zero Two 's partner and she kisses him response , activating Strelizia 's true form . Strelizia effortlessly defeats the Klaxosaur , and it is revealed that 002 is a human - Klaxosaur hybrid who has a reputation for killing her partners . `` What It Means to Connect '' `` Tsunagaru to Iu Koto '' ( 繋がる という こと ) Shōko Nakamura Naotaka Hayashi A-1 Pictures January 20 , 2018 <Td_colspan="7"> Despite being able to pilot Strelizia with 002 , Hiro has no memories of what happened in the cockpit , leading some of his fellow pilots to be skeptical about what really happened , since it is rumored Zero Two is capable of piloting a Franxx on her own . Hiro 's fellow pilots are also wary of Zero Two due to her reputation , especially Ichigo who is concerned about Hiro 's safety . Meanwhile , the leadership of APE decide to further test Hiro 's abilities and instruct him to participate in a mock Franxx battle , though he is forbidden from partnering with Zero Two or using Strelizia . Ichigo volunteers to partner with him in Delphinium . Zorome and Miku volunteer to be their opponents . During the mock battle , Hiro is briefly able to connect with Ichigo and pilot Delphinium , but suddenly loses his connection with her and is unable to restart Delphinium . This breaks Hiro 's confidence in himself and leaves Ichigo frustrated that she ca n't do anything to help Hiro . `` Fighting Puppet '' `` Tatakau Ningyō '' ( 戦う 人形 ) Toshifumi Akai Masahiko Ōtsuka A-1 Pictures January 27 , 2018 <Td_colspan="7"> Following the mock battle , Hiro 's fellow pilots are assigned to their first sortie , with the task of defeating a Klaxosaur under the city , but as they are about to leave , Ikuno and Mitsuru 's connection falters , thus the pilots of Delphinum , Argenta and Genista proceed without them . However , the situation turns to the worst when they end up surrounded by a horde of Klaxosaurs and are forced to flee . Zero Two asks to assist them on Strelizia , but she is not allowed to sortie with Hiro , until Mitsuru , determined to prove he is a better pilot than Hiro , offers himself to pair up with Zero Two . Together , Mitsuru and Zero Two defeat the enemies with ease and rescue the others , but when they return , they find a heavily wounded Mitsuru , as a consequence of pairing up with 002 , who reaffirms her claim that Hiro is the only pilot compatible with her . `` Flap Flap '' `` Frappu Frappu '' ( フラップ ・ フラップ ) Yuichi Shimohira Naotaka Hayashi Trigger February 3 , 2018 <Td_colspan="7"> Mitsuru begins to recover , but it traumatized with his experience with Zero Two . In fear of what happened in the last battle , Zero Two is called back by the authorities to return to the front lines . As Zero Two is escorted to a transport with Strelizia , a Klaxosaur appears and attacks . The other pilots are dispatched to face it , but are overpowered by the enemy . Seeing Zero Two being taken away , Hiro finally makes his mind and urges her not to leave and become his partner instead . Zero Two then disobeys her orders and boards Strelizia with Hiro , which he manages to successfully pilot . The two then help the others to defeat the klaxosaur . Afterwards , Plantation 13 lifts off to rendezvous with Plantation 26 , and Hiro resolves that he will pilot Strelizia with Zero Two , even if it kills him . `` Your Thorn , My Badge '' `` Kimi no Toge , Boku no Shirushi '' ( キミ の 棘 、 ボク の しるし ) Noriko Takao Naotaka Hayashi A-1 Pictures February 10 , 2018 <Td_colspan="7"> Plantation 13 links up with Plantation 26 in order to transfer much needed magma fuel . However , the process is sure to attract klaxosaurs , requiring the Franxx pilots of both Plantations to work together . Meanwhile , Hiro becomes an accepted member of the squad but Goro notices that Hiro 's health has been declining significantly , with a blue tumor - like growth growing on his chest ever since he rode with Zero Two . Hiro manages to convince Goro to keep quiet about his condition . Klaxosaurs are detected heading for the Plantation and a plan to defend against them is made , though the pilots of Plantation 26 express their misgivings about Zero Two and Strelizia being involved due to them suffering losses in a past mission due to Zero Two 's actions . That night , Ichigo confronts Zero Two in an attempt to convince her not to put too much of a burden on Hiro 's body , but fails . Ichigo and Goro are then both left feeling frustrated over how neither of them can help Hiro . Hiro meets Zero Two the next morning , and despite her warning that this would be his third ride with her , which may result in his death , Hiro reaffirms his desire to ride with her . 6 `` DARLING in the FRANXX '' `` Dārin in za Furankusu '' ( ダーリン ・ イン ・ ザ ・ フランクス ) Yoshihiro Miyajima Naotaka Hayashi Trigger February 17 , 2018 <Td_colspan="7"> As the horde of Conrad class Klaxosaurs , accompanied by a massive structure approach the Plantations , the Parasites make a line of defense with Squad 26 on the front , Squad 13 on the middle , and Strelizia on the rear guard . After the minor Klaxosaurs are defeated , the structure reveals itself as a giant Gutenberg class Klaxosaur that overpowers Squad 26 . Squad 13 then rescues them and join for a combined attack to give an opening for Strelizia to give the final blow . However , Strelizia fails to destroy the enemy and Hiro collapses from exhaustion . He then accepts his death until seeing Zero Two fighting back desperately and decides to not give up , recovering from his tumor and joining with his companions to destroy the Gutenberg Klaxosaur . As the pilots celebrate , Dr. Franxx rejoices upon the prospect that Hiro may one day realize Zero Two 's wish . Zero Two on the other hand , affirms that there are many more Klaxosaurs for her to kill in order to attain it . 7 `` Shooting Star Moratorium '' `` Ryūsei Moratoriamu '' ( 流星 モラトリアム ) Tōko Yatabe Rino Yamazaki A-1 Pictures February 24 , 2018 <Td_colspan="7"> Due to their achievements in the previous battle , Zero Two is permanently assigned to Squad 13 and Hiro is officially recognized as a Franxx pilot . Squad 13 is then rewarded with a vacation to a nearby beach . As Squad 13 plays around , they observe Hiro 's relationship with Zero Two and begin wondering what exactly a `` kiss '' and `` love '' are . They then stumble upon the ruins of a town nearby and begin exploring them . They are perplexed at the existence of the town since they initially believed civilization only existed in the Plantations . Zero Two explains to them that humans used to live on the surface but were forced to abandon it for the Plantations . Later that night , Zero Two decides to go for a swim while Hiro and Ichigo walk on the beach and admire the stars , catching sight of a rain of shooting stars . 8 `` Boys × Girls '' `` Otokonoko × Onnanoko '' ( 男の子 × 女の子 ) Tensai Okamura Naotaka Hayashi Trigger March 3 , 2018 <Td_colspan="7"> The female pilots get into a fallout with the males after a battle where the females ' clothes were destroyed by the enemy Klaxosaur 's acid , much to the boys ' enjoyment . The females then set a line across the dorms and forbids the boys from crossing over . Zero Two ignores the fight at all and willingly crosses back and forth to get close to Hiro and even sets up a trap for the boys who end up seeing the girls naked in the bath by accident . With the situation out of control , Nana steps in and reprimands the pilots for their behavior , and while the boys and the girls discuss the situation in separate , Miku decides to flee . When the others become worried and decide to look for her , they find her in one of the sealed off rooms in the dorm , where they discover items related to the previous members of Squad 13 , which were possibly killed in battle long ago . After that , the boys and the girls finally make amends and resume their duties together . 9 `` Triangle Bomb '' `` Toraianguru Bomu '' ( トライアングル ・ ボム ) Ryūta Ono Rino Yamazaki A-1 Pictures March 10 , 2018 <Td_colspan="7"> Squad 13 is dispatched to take down another Gutenberg class Klaxosaur en route of collision with the Plantation . During the battle , Delphinium is caught by the enemy and Goro ejects Ichigo to save her , but becomes trapped in side the creature while the others are ordered to retreat . Once back at the base , the others contact Goro who affirms that he has a plan to take down the creature himself , while the other pilots are informed that despite Goro 's situation , they will fire on the Klaxosaur should it approaches the Plantation . The others then decide to fight the enemy again , but Ichigo insists to come with them , fearing for Goro 's safety . Just as Goro is about to activate the self - destruct sequence to Delphinum 's energy tank , sacrificing himself to destroy the enemy core , Ichigo dives inside the creature and reaches him , allowing Delphinum to escape to a safe distance as the energy tank destroys the creature . After the battle , Goro confesses his feelings for Ichigo , but claims that he is not in a hurry to hear an answer from her . 10 `` The City of Eternity '' `` Eien no Machi '' ( 永遠 の 街 ) Masato Nakazono Masahiko Ōtsuka Trigger March 17 , 2018 <Td_colspan="7"> The Seven Sages decide to reward the members of Squad 13 for their numerous victories against the Klaxosaurs and they are briefly allowed into the city to be awarded with medals . The ceremony is short and sweet , but on the way back , Zorome drifts away from the rest and falls after seeing one of the few residents . When Zorome awakes , he is greeted by the woman who saved him and he questions her about adult life . Her life seems worlds away from his experience and it is implied that the parasites will never become adults as their physiology is completely different because she had to use diagnostic instruments for animals to analyze his injuries . As they talk , Zorome ca n't shake the feeling that they have met before , but the woman denies it . The authorities arrive to pick him up , and treat him as if he carries an infection , then they quickly send him back to the dorm . He spends the following days wondering why the woman was so familiar to him , but immersed in his activities his memory of her gradually fades . 11 `` Partner Shuffle '' `` Pātonā Shaffuru '' ( パートナー シャッフル ) Takahiro Shikama Hiroshi Seko A-1 Pictures March 24 , 2018 <Td_colspan="7"> Squad 13 guards one of the facilities for the top secret S - Planning , when Mitsuru collapses in the mid of battle . As he is treated it is revealed that he underwent a dangerous procedure with only 15 % of survival rate to become a parasite . Later , Nana asks the Parasites if they want to switch partners . Ikuno asks Ichigo to partner with her , but the two girls fail to synchronize . Kokoro offers to partner with Mitsuru , breaking a promise she made to Futoshi to stay together , much to Futoshi 's despair . When a massive Klaxosaur appears , the Parasites dispatch with Mitsuru and Kokoro piloting Genista and Futoshi piloting Chlorophytum with Ikuno . During the battle , the pilots decide to use Genista 's close range attack to open a break for them , but can not reach the core . Mitsuru gives up , still disheartened about Hiro forgetting the promise he made to Mitsuru in the past , so Kokoro attempts to cheer him up before unsuccessfully and dangerously trying to pilot Genista by herself . Regaining control , Mitsuru and Kokoro manage to synchronize and open a big hole in the enemy to expose the core for Strelizia to destroy it . After the battle , Futoshi reprimands Mitsuru for his behaviour , but Mitsuru promises that he will protect Kokoro in future . 12 `` The Garden Where It All Began '' `` Gāden / Hajimari no Niwa '' ( ガーデン / 始まり の 庭 ) Yoshihiro Miyajima Naotaka Hayashi Trigger March 31 , 2018 <Td_colspan="7"> Squad 13 is sent back to The Garden to undergo some tests , the place where they were raised . They are greeted by the Nines , Zero Two 's former squad , and their leader Nine Alpha who wonders what Zero Two , formerly coded Nine Iota , saw in them . Disobeying orders , Hiro and the others visit the old facilities where they used to live hoping to meet Naomi again , but she is nowhere to be seen and the adults refuse to tell them where she is . They also discover that the children from Garden are being developed into Parasites at a much earlier age , in response to the increased number of Klaxosaur attacks . When a group of Klaxosaurs attack the Garden , Squad 13 is dispatched , and Hiro notes that Zero Two 's horns and canines grew further . During the battle , a desperate Zero Two ignores orders and attacks alone , claiming that she must kill more Klaxosaurs in order to become truly human . After the battle , Hiro asks the meaning of her words , but she refuses to answer . Meanwhile , Ichigo eavesdrops on a conversation between Nana and Hachi in which they affirm that the Saurification process in Zero Two and Hiro is intensifying , much to her horror . When a second wave of Klaxosaurs attacks , Squad 13 sorties again and once more Zero Two turns rogue . She starts attacking Hiro when he attempts to stop her , causing Hiro to have visions of a past he has long forgotten . 13 `` The Beast and the Prince '' `` Mamono to Ōji - sama '' ( ま もの と 王子 様 ) Manabu Okamoto Naotaka Hayashi CloverWorks April 7 , 2018 <Td_colspan="7"> Hiro and Zero Two recall their childhoods in the Garden . Hiro was a successful subject of the Parasite program who easily became friends with his peers , giving them names instead of numbers and promising Mitsuru that they would pilot together prior to his Elixir injection . However Hiro was plagued by unanswered questions . Zero Two was an experimental subject with animal features undergoing painful research into her regenerative abilities , her only comfort being a picture book of `` The Beast and the Prince '' . After encountering Zero Two , Hiro was horrified when he discovered her tortured treatment and eventually broke her out of her cell and convinced her to escape with him . Unable to comprehend language , Zero Two saw a parallel in the storybook and her time with Hiro , vowing to become human and be with him . They are eventually hunted down and captured by security forces . Their memories were erased , including Hiro 's memory of his promise to Mitsuru , leading to his anger at Hiro . Back in the present , Ichigo in Delphinium warns Hiro to get away from Zero Two as she will consume his energy , but Hiro suddenly remembers that Zero Two is the girl from his past . 14 `` Punishment and Confession '' `` Tsumi to Kokuhaku '' ( 罪 と 告白 ) Hiroyuki Kaneko Hiroshi Seko Trigger April 14 , 2018 <Td_colspan="7"> After the battle , Zero Two also remembers her childhood experience with Hiro . Meanwhile , Hiro is hospitalized while Ichigo and her friends forbid Zero Two from seeing him . As Hiro rests , Squad 13 is informed that they will take part in a large scale operation involving the Nines and squads from various Plantations , and that Zero Two will be transferred back to the Nines . Before the operation begins , Squad 13 works to prevent Hiro and Zero Two meeting . She finally convinces them to let her see him , but Hiro left his room to meet her so they discover his room empty . Believing that she is being deceived by the others , Zero Two attacks them . When Hiro returns to his room and sees Zero Two 's behavior , he reprimands her , calling her a monster . Contrite , Zero Two believes that this is her punishment for her past deeds , and accepts that she must leave his side . As the operation is about to begin , Zero Two leaves the dorm to rejoin the Nines , but just when Hiro decides to go after her , Ichigo holds him back with a kiss and confesses her feelings for him . 15 `` Jian '' `` Hiyoku no Tori '' ( 比翼 の 鳥 ) Toshifumi Akai Hiroshi Seko CloverWorks April 21 , 2018 <Td_colspan="7"> Hiro stays behind while the rest of Squad 13 take part in the operation against the massive Klaxosaur horde on the Grand Crevasse . Led by the Nines , the human forces appear to be defeating the Klaxosaurs until a gigantic , Super-Lehmann class Klaxosaur emerges and completely destroys Plantation 26 . In an attempt to halt its progress , the members of Squad 26 are ordered to make a suicide assault on the creature but fail , and the monster starts towards Plantation 13 . It stops and disgorges a hoard of small Conrad Class Klaxosaurs which Ichigo and the others begin fighting until Hiro in a training unit joins them . With Ichigo 's help , he reaches Zero Two aboard Strelizia , but finds her almost losing her sanity from operating alone , until he confesses his love for her and they synchronize . Together , they power up Strelizia to the point of single - handedly destroying the Super-Lehmann Klaxosaur and breaking open the doorway to the Grand Crevasse with help from the Nines . However , the Super-Lehmann's cores are still active and about to explode , when a colossal hand emerges from the Grand Crevasse and retrieves the cores , astonishingly sparing the lives of Squad 13 and the residential area of Plantation 13 . 16 `` Days of Our Lives '' `` Bokutachi no Hibi '' ( ぼく たち の 日々 ) Yuuki Itoh Rino Yamazaki CloverWorks May 5 , 2018 <Td_colspan="7"> After the battle at the Grand Crevasse , the members of Squad 13 are left by themselves on standby at Mistilteinn in the ruins of Plantation 13 . They do not realize that their new environment is part of an experiment by Dr. Franxx . Most of the services are suspended except for a weekly delivery of supplies and they have no external contact , forcing the Parasites to manage by themselves . Despite their new responsibilities and hardships , they enjoy their new life together ; especially Zero Two who is more relaxed and warmly welcomed back into the Squad . Kokoro gives Mitsuru a haircut and then unexpectedly kisses him . Later , Hiro and Zero Two share a quiet moment together , but then Zero Two has a foreboding of something lurking outside the plantation . 17 `` Eden '' `` Rakuen '' ( 楽園 ) Ryōji Masuyama Naotaka Hayashi CloverWorks May 12 , 2018 <Td_colspan="7"> The Nines visit Squad 13 on Mistilteinn causing them to feel less abandoned . Meanwhile , Hiro has started growing horns making him more like his beloved . The Nines discover a book about human reproduction which Kokoro was hiding . Meanwhile , Kokoro makes a pass at Mitsuru which confuses him . Later , when the Nines question Kokoro about possessing forbidden knowledge , she expresses the desire to bear a child . She suggests that they may not be creations of Papa and exist for more than fighting Klaxosaurs . Later , while Hachi and Nana interview Kokoro , Nana collapses which Nine Alpha claims is a symptom of a regression into puberty . Hachi then informs Dr. Franxx who decides to terminate the experiment of leaving the parasites alone . Meanwhile , members from APE meet with the Princess of the Klaxosaurs , demanding her surrender , but she slays them instead , calling them `` human wannabes '' . Back in Mistilteinn , Squad 13 debate Kokoro 's ideas . That night , Mitsuru visits Kokoro , and after he expresses affection for her , they spend the night together . Meanwhile at APE , Papa discusses his plans to wipe out all Klaxosaurs when the Nines appear with news from their visit to Mistilteinn . 18 `` When the Sakura Blooms '' `` Sakura no Hanagasaku - goro ni '' ( 桜の 花 が 咲く 頃 に ) Shigeki Kawai Naotaka Hayashi A-1 Pictures May 19 , 2018 <Td_colspan="7"> Ichigo is informed by Hachi that Squad 13 is about to be transferred from Mistilteinn to a special facility where the rest of the Parasites are stationed . Upon returning , she pays a visit to Ikuno who is recovering from a fever and Ikuno then confesses her love for Ichigo . Before their depart , Hiro and the others hold a wedding celebration for Mitsuru and Kokoro but during the ceremony , the Nines invade Mistilteinn with a team of soldiers and take both into custody . In a flashback , Nana is shown emotionally distraught at the death of her partner in a Franxx . Weeks later , at the Birds Nest camp for children , Mitsuru and Kokoro are reunited with Squad 13 , but the others are shocked to see that they have no recollection of each other . Both Zero Two and Hiro realize that Mitsuru and Kokoro have had their memories erased , similar to what happened to Zero Two and Hiro in the past . 19 `` Inhumanity '' `` Hito Narazaru Mono - tachi '' ( 人 なら ざる モノ たち ) Takahiro Harada Masahiko Otsuka CloverWorks May 26 , 2018 <Td_colspan="7"> The APE supreme commanders justify wiping the memories of Mitsuru and Kokoro in the interests of achieving their objectives . Dr. Franxx remembers in 2025 when , as the scientist Werner Frank , he was hired by APE to research human immortality and his success , although at the cost of human reproductive processes . He recalls how heavy mining of the magma energy on the planet led to the appearance of the Klaxosaurs and consequent creation of the autonomous Plantations . He developed the Franxx units to combat the Klaxosaurs , but at a considerable loss of life for their human pilots , including his wife Karina Milsa . Sometime later , an expedition including Werner Frank was sent to meet the Princess of Klaxosaurs . The humanoid princess captivated him , but she then tore off his arm as punishment for destroying her Klaxosaurs . However , he returned to APE with a sample of her hair from which which he extracted DNA to create Zero Two . Back in the present , Hiro and the others demand that Papa restore Kokoro and Mitsuru 's memories , but are told that their memories were erased and restoring them is impossible . When Squad 13 realize that they will never become `` adults '' , Papa agrees to release them from duty once their next mission against the Klaxosaurs is over . 20 `` A New World '' `` Atarashī Sekai '' ( 新しい 世界 ) Miyoki Kuroki Naotaka Hayashi CloverWorks June 9 , 2018 <Td_colspan="7"> The Parasites gather at the site of the Grand Crevasse for the final battle against the Klaxosaurs . As the others confront a huge army of Klaxosaurs attacking the base , Hiro and Zero Two are tasked to use Strelizia to control the `` Star Entity '' , a massive weapon stored inside the Grand Crevasse . Amidst the battle , the Princess of Klaxosaurs sneaks past security and assumes control of Strelizia by dragging Zero Two out of the cockpit and synchronizing with Hiro by force . Suddenly , an armada of spaceships appear on Earth 's orbit and the Klaxosaurs stop fighting the Parasites to attack it . Papa then reveals that he and his companions are actually members of `` VIRM '' , an alien race who once attacked Earth in the past but was defeated by the Klaxosaurs , and all of APE 's actions were part of their plan to use mankind against them . Having predicted the princess ' attempt to take control of the Star Entity , the VIRM trigger a self - destruct mechanism installed on it to wipe out all the Klaxosaurs , along with Earth . 21 `` For You , My Love '' `` Daisukina Anata no Tame ni '' ( 大好き な あなた の ため に ) Manabu Okamoto Naotaka Hayashi CloverWorks June 16 , 2018 <Td_colspan="7"> As the VIRM use their powers to upload the consciousness of the humans from the Plantation into their system , Hiro uses his connection with the Princess to delay the explosion of the Star Entity , while the rest of Squad 13 rushes back to the Grand Crevasse to help their friends . Meanwhile a wounded Zero Two meets with Dr. Franxx , who explains that she and the rest of the Nines were created by cloning the Princess ' cells , but she was the only of them who inherited her powers . Determined to rescue Hiro , Zero Two then rushes back to Strelizia , assisted by Dr. Franxx and her friends . Upon reuniting with Hiro , Zero Two and the Princess use all their energy to restore him and take back the control of the Star Entity , which transforms into the gigantic Strelizia Apath and defeats the invaders . The VIRM then decide to retreat , promising to return with their entire armada to wipe out Earth . Just as Hiro celebrates their victory , he finds that Zero Two is not responding . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ All English titles are taken from Crunchyroll . Jump up ^ The first half of the anime was produced by Trigger and A-1 Pictures ' Kōenji Studio , while the second half is produced by Trigger and CloverWorks , A-1 Pictures ' subsidiary studio , rebranded from Kōenji Studio . Jump up ^ Wannabe : a person who tries to be like someone else or to fit in with a particular group of people References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Studio Trigger , A-1 Pictures ' DARLING in the FRANKXX Anime Reveals Video , Visual , Staff '' . Anime News Network . July 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DARLING in the FRANXX Anime 's Promo Video , TV Ads Streamed '' . Anime News Network . November 8 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DARLING in the FRANXX Anime Reveals January 13 Premiere , Opening Theme Song '' . Anime News Network . December 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Music '' . darli-fra.jp ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll , Funimation Announce 7 Anime for Winter 2018 Simulcast Season '' . Anime News Network . December 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ANIPLUS Asia to Simulcast DARLING in the FRANXX '' . Anime News Network . January 14 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` STORY '' . darli-fra.jp ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A-1 Pictures ' Kōenji Studio Rebrands as CloverWorks '' . Anime News Network . April 2 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2018 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Paul ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` A-1 Pictures Rebrands Their Kōenji Studio as CloverWorks '' . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2018 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 放送 情報 '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo MX . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 第 1 話 独り と ヒトリ '' ( Episode 1 - `` Alone and Lonesome '' ) . darli-fra.jp ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2018 . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 第 2 話 繋がる という こと '' ( Episode 2 - `` What It Means to Connect '' ) . darli-fra.jp ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 第 3 話 戦う 人形 '' ( Episode 3 - `` Fighting Puppet '' ) . darli-fra.jp ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 第 4 話 フラップ ・ フラップ '' ( Episode 4 - `` Flap Flap '' ) . darli-fra.jp ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2018 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 第 5 話 キミ の 棘 、 ボク の しるし '' ( Episode 5 - `` Your Thorn , My Badge '' ) . darli-fra.jp ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 第 6 話 ダーリン ・ イン ・ ザ ・ フランクス '' ( Episode 6 - `` DARLING in the FRANXX '' ) . darli-fra.jp ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 第 7 話 流星 モラトリアム '' ( Episode 7 - `` Shooting Star Moratorium '' ) . darli-fra.jp ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 第 8 話 男の子 × 女の子 '' ( Episode 8 - `` Boys × Girls '' ) . darli-fra.jp ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2018 . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 第 9 話 トライアングル ・ ボム '' ( Episode 9 - `` Triangle Bomb '' ) . darli-fra.jp ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2018 . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 第 10 話 永遠 の 街 '' ( Episode 10 - `` The City of Eternity '' ) . darli-fra.jp ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 第 11 話 パートナー シャッフル '' ( Episode 11 - `` Partner Shuffle '' ) . darli-fra.jp ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 第 12 話 ガーデン / 始まり の 庭 '' ( Episode 12 - `` The Garden Where It All Began '' ) . darli-fra.jp ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2018 . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 第 13 話 ま もの と 王子 様 '' ( Episode 13 - `` The Beast and the Prince '' ) . darli-fra.jp ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2018 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 第 14 話 罪 と 告白 '' ( Episode 14 - `` Punishment and Confession '' ) . darli-fra.jp ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 第 15 話 比翼 の 鳥 '' ( Episode 15 - `` Jian '' ) . darli-fra.jp ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2018 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 第 16 話 ぼく たち の 日々 '' ( Episode 16 - `` Days of Our Lives '' ) . darli-fra.jp ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 第 17 話 楽園 '' ( Episode 17 - `` Eden '' ) . darli-fra.jp ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 第 18 話 桜の 花 が 咲く 頃 に '' ( Episode 18 - `` When the Sakura Blooms '' ) . darli-fra.jp ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 第 19 話 人 なら ざる モノ たち '' ( Episode 19 - `` Inhumanity '' ) . darli-fra.jp ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2018 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 第 20 話 新しい 世界 '' ( Episode 20 - `` A New World '' ) . darli-fra.jp ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2018 . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 第 21 話 大好き な あなた の ため に '' ( Episode 21 - `` For You , My Love '' ) . darli-fra.jp ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Anime and Manga portal Official website ( in Japanese ) Darling in the Franxx ( anime ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Crunchyroll 's Darling in the Franxx Page <Th_colspan="3"> hide Darling in the Franxx Related articles Characters Episodes Studio A-1 Pictures CloverWorks Trigger Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Darling_in_the_Franxx_episodes&oldid=846346730 '' Categories : Darling in the Franxx Lists of anime episodes Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles containing Japanese - language text Official website not in Wikidata Articles with Japanese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 04 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. DARLING in the Franxx anime series
2. Franxx robots and Klaxosaurs
3. Hiro and Zero Two's partnership
4. Squad 13 and their battles against Klaxosaurs
5. The Garden and the secrets it holds
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1,283,835,128,313,000,700 |
when did watermarks start on 100 dollar bills
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United States ten - dollar bill - wikipedia United States ten - dollar bill Ten dollars <Th_colspan="2"> ( United States ) Value $10 Width 156 mm Height 66.3 mm Weight Approx. 1 g Security features Security fibers , security thread , watermark , color shifting ink , microprinting , raised printing , EURion constellation Paper type Cotton - linen Years of printing 1861 -- present <Th_colspan="2"> Obverse <Td_colspan="2"> Design Alexander Hamilton Design date 2006 <Th_colspan="2"> Reverse <Td_colspan="2"> Design U.S. Treasury Design date 2006 The United States ten - dollar bill ( $10 ) is a denomination of U.S. currency . The obverse of the bill features the portrait of Alexander Hamilton , who served as the first U.S. Secretary of the Treasury . The reverse features the U.S. Treasury Building . All $10 bills issued today are Federal Reserve Notes . As of December 2013 , the average life of a $10 bill is 4.5 years , or about 54 months , before it is replaced due to wear . Ten - dollar bills are delivered by Federal Reserve Banks in yellow straps . 1805 portrait of Hamilton by John Trumbull The source of the portrait on the $10 bill is John Trumbull 's 1805 painting of Hamilton that belongs to the portrait collection of New York City Hall . The $10 bill is unique in that it is the only denomination in circulation in which the portrait faces to the left . It also features one of two non-presidents on currently issued U.S. bills , the other being Benjamin Franklin on the $100 bill . Hamilton is also the only person not born in the continental United States or British America ( he was from the West Indies ) currently depicted on U.S. paper currency ; three others have been depicted in the past : Albert Gallatin , Switzerland ( $500 1862 / 63 Legal Tender ) ; George Meade , Spain ( $1,000 1890 / 91 Treasury Note ) ; and Robert Morris , England ( $1,000 1862 / 63 Legal Tender ; $10 1878 / 80 Silver Certificate ) . In 2015 , the Treasury Secretary announced that the obverse portrait of Hamilton would be replaced by the portrait of an as - yet - undecided woman , starting in 2020 . However , this decision was reversed in 2016 due to the surging popularity of Hamilton , a hit Broadway musical based on Hamilton 's life ; Hamilton will remain on the $10 bill , and instead Harriet Tubman will appear on the face of the $20 bill , with Andrew Jackson 's portrait moving to the reverse . Contents 1 Large size note history 2 Small size note history 3 Rejected redesign and new 2020 bill 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources 7 External links Large size Note History ( edit ) ( approximately 7.4218 × 3.125 in ≅ 189 × 79 mm ) 1863 $10 Legal Tender note 1880 $10 Legal Tender 1861 : The first $10 bill was issued as a Demand Note with a small portrait of Abraham Lincoln on the left side of the obverse and an allegorical figure representing art on the right . 1862 : The first $10 United States Note was issued with a face design similar to the 1861 Demand Note ; the reverse , however , was somewhat revised . The Roman numeral `` X '' may represent the origin of the slang term `` sawbuck '' to mean a $10 bill . 1863 : Interest Bearing Notes , featuring a portrait of Salmon P. Chase and vignette of liberty , were issued that could be redeemed one year after the date printed on the bill for $10 plus 5 % interest . The notes could also be spent for exactly $10 . 1864 : Compound Interest Treasury Notes , with a face design similar to the 1863 Interest Bearing Note , were issued that grew in face value 6 % compounded semi-annually . It is unknown if the note could actually be spent for $10 plus interest . 1869 : A new $10 United States Note was issued with a portrait of Daniel Webster on the left and an allegorical representation of Pocahontas being presented to the Royal Court of England on the right side of the obverse . This note is nicknamed a `` jackass note '' because the eagle on the front looks like a donkey when the note is turned upside down . 1870 : National Gold Bank Notes , featuring a vignette of Benjamin Franklin flying a kite on the left and liberty and an eagle on the right , were issued specifically for payment in gold coin by participating national banks . The back of the bill featured a vignette of U.S. gold coins . Series 1880 $10 silver certificate . 1875 : The 1869 United States Note was revised . The blue and green tinting that was present on the obverse was removed and the design on the reverse was completely changed . 1878 : The first $10 silver certificate was issued with a portrait of Robert Morris on the left side of the obverse . The reverse , unlike any other federally issued note , was printed in black ink and featured the word SILVER in large block letters . 1879 : Refunding Certificates were issued that paid 4 % interest annually . 1886 : A new $10 silver certificate with a portrait of Thomas A. Hendricks was issued . 1890 : Ten - dollar Treasury or `` Coin Notes '' were issued and given for government purchases of silver bullion from the silver mining industry . The note featured a portrait of General Philip Sheridan . The reverse featured an ornate design that took up almost the entire note . 1891 : The reverse of the 1890 Treasury Note was redesigned because the treasury felt that it was too `` busy '' which would make it too easy to counterfeit . Series 1901 $10 Legal Tender depicting military explorers Meriwether Lewis , William Clark , and an American bison . 1901 : The famous United States Note featuring portraits of Meriwether Lewis on the left , William Clark on the right , and an American bison which is sometimes erroneously noted as being Black Diamond , the Bison which was depicted on the reverse of the Indian Head Nickel . This United States Note was the only one to mention the legal provision that authorized its issuance . The reverse featured an allegorical figure representing Columbia between two Roman - styled pillars . 1907 : Congress officially ended the interest paid on Refunding Certificates , forever making their face value $21.30 . 1907 : The first $10 gold certificate with a portrait of Michael Hillegas on the front and orange - colored back was issued . 1914 : The first $10 Federal Reserve Note was issued with a portrait of Andrew Jackson on the obverse and vignettes of farming and industry on the reverse . The note initially had a red treasury seal and serial numbers ; however , they were changed to blue . 1914 $10 Federal Reserve Note 1915 : Federal Reserve Bank Notes ( not to be confused with Federal Reserve Notes ) were issued by 4 individual Federal Reserve banks . The obverse was similar to the 1914 Federal Reserve notes except for large wording in the middle of the bill and a portrait with no border on the left side of the bill . Each note was an obligation of the issuing bank and could only be redeemed at the corresponding bank . 1918 : The 1915 Federal Reserve Bank Note was re-issued under series of 1918 by 4 Federal Reserve banks . 1923 : The $10 United States Note was redesigned with a portrait of Andrew Jackson . Some of the design aspects of this note , such as the bottom border and numeral 10 overprinted with the word TEN , were transferred over to the series of 1928 $10 bill . Small size Note History ( edit ) Series 1928 $10 Gold Certificate 1934 A Federal Reserve $10 Note Hawaii overprint note . The first 1953 $10 Silver Certificate printed ( Smithsonian ) . ( 6.14 × 2.61 in ≅ 156 × 66 mm ) 1929 : Under the Series of 1928 , all U.S. currency was changed to its current size . All variations of the $10 bill would carry the same portrait of Alexander Hamilton , same border design on the obverse , and the same reverse with a vignette of the U.S. Treasury building . The $10 bill was issued as a Federal Reserve Note with a green seal and serial numbers and as a gold certificate with a golden seal and serial numbers . The car parked outside of the Treasury Department building is based on a number of different cars manufactured at the time and was the creation of the Bureau designer who developed the artwork that served as a model for the engraving , because government agencies were prohibited from endorsing any specific manufacturer or product , according to a bureau of engraving and printing pamphlet . The tiny building to the right rear of the treasury building is the American Security and Trust Company Building , which for some years advertised itself as `` right on the money '' . 1933 : As an emergency response to the Great Depression , additional money was pumped into the American economy through Federal Reserve Bank Notes . This was the only small - sized $10 bill that had a different border design on the obverse . The serial numbers and seal on it were brown . 1933 : The first small sized $10 silver certificates were issued with a blue seal and serial numbers . The obverse had a similar design style to the 1928 $1 Silver Certificates ; however , phrasing on the $10 bill was different from the $1 bill . This issue , with the series date of 1933 , was not widely released into general circulation . Surviving examples of these notes usually sell for $10,000 to $30,000 in the numismatic community depending on the condition of the paper . 1934 : The redeemable in gold clause was removed from Federal Reserve Notes due to the U.S. withdrawing from the gold standard . 1934 : The $10 Silver Certificate was redesigned with a blue numeral 10 on the left side of the obverse and the treasury seal printed over the gray word TEN on the right . Phrasing on the certificate was changed to reflect the Silver Purchase Act of 1934 . 1942 : Special World War II currency was issued . HAWAII was overprinted on the front and back of the $10 Federal Reserve Note , and the seal and serial numbers were changed to brown . This was done so that the currency could be declared worthless in case of Japanese invasion . A $10 Silver Certificate was printed with a yellow instead of blue treasury seal ; these notes were given to U.S. troops in North Africa . These notes , too , could be declared worthless if seized by the enemy . 1950 : Many minor aspects on the obverse of the $10 Federal Reserve Note were changed . Most noticeably , the treasury seal , gray word TEN , and the Federal Reserve Seal were made smaller , the words WASHINGTON , D.C. were added between them and the serial number ; also , the Federal Reserve seal had spikes added around it . 1953 : The $10 silver certificate had several design changes analogous to the 1950 Federal Reserve Note design changes ; also , the blue numeral 10 on the left side of the bill was changed to gray . 1963 : WILL PAY TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND was removed from the obverse and IN GOD WE TRUST was added to the reverse of the $10 Federal Reserve Notes . Also , the obligation was shortened to its current wording , THIS NOTE IS LEGAL TENDER FOR ALL DEBTS , PUBLIC AND PRIVATE . 1969 : The $10 bill began using the new treasury seal with wording in English that simply says , `` The Department of the Treasury , '' instead of Latin `` THESAUR . AMER . SEPTENT . SIGIL. , '' `` Seal of the Treasury of North America . '' 1981 : During production of Series 1977A , a few star notes from the Richmond FRB were made on experimental Natick paper , in the only experimental note series not involving the $1 bill . 1992 : The first modern anti-counterfeiting measures were introduced with microscopic printing around Hamilton 's portrait and a plastic security strip on the left side of the bill . Even though the notes read Series 1990 , the first bills were printed in July 1992 . 1995 : The first notes ( for Series 1995 ) at the Western Currency Facility begin printing in November . May 24 , 2000 : To combat evolving counterfeiting , a new $10 bill was issued under series 1999 whose design was similar in style to the $100 , $50 , $20 , and $5 bills that had all undergone previous design changes . The major changes were a revised portrait of Hamilton and a revised vignette of the U.S. Treasury building , now facing front . The plastic security strip reads `` USA TEN '' and now glows orange under a black light . Like the new $5 , the bills were first printed in December 1999 . March 2 , 2006 : In addition to design changes introduced in 2000 , the obverse features red background images of the Statue of Liberty 's torch , the phrase WE THE PEOPLE from the United States Constitution , a smaller metallic representation of the Statue of Liberty 's torch , orange and yellow background color , a borderless portrait of Hamilton , and to the left of Hamilton small yellow 10s whose zeros form the EURion constellation . The reverse features small yellow EURion 10s and have the fine lines removed from around the vignette of the United States Treasury building . These notes were issued in series 2004A with Cabral - Snow signatures . The first notes were printed in July 2005 . Rejected redesign and new 2020 bill ( edit ) On June 17 , 2015 , Treasury Secretary Jack Lew announced that a woman 's portrait would be featured on a redesigned ten - dollar bill by 2020 . The Department of Treasury was seeking the public 's input on who should appear on the new bill during the design phase . Removal of Hamilton was controversial . Many believed that Hamilton , as the first Secretary of the Treasury , should remain on U.S. Currency in some form , all the while acknowledging that U.S. Currency was long overdue to feature a female historical figure -- names that had been raised included Eleanor Roosevelt , Harriet Tubman , Susan B. Anthony and Rosa Parks . This led to the Treasury Department stating that Hamilton would remain on the bill in some way . The $10 bill was chosen because it was scheduled for a regular security redesign , a years - long process . The redesigned ten - dollar bill will be the first U.S. note to incorporate tactile features to assist those with visual disabilities . On April 20 , 2016 , it was announced that Alexander Hamilton would remain the primary face on the $10 bill , due in part to the sudden popularity of the first Treasury Secretary after the success of the Broadway musical Hamilton . It was simultaneously announced that Harriet Tubman 's likeness would appear on the $20 bill while Andrew Jackson would now appear on the reverse with the White House . The design for the reverse of the new $10 bill was set to feature the heroines of the Women 's Suffrage Movement in the United States , including Susan B. Anthony , Alice Paul , Sojourner Truth , Elizabeth Cady Stanton , Lucretia Mott , and the participants of the 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession who marched in Washington D.C. in favor of full voting rights for American women . On August 31 , 2017 , Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin said that he would not commit to putting Tubman on the twenty - dollar bill , explaining `` People have been on the bills for a long period of time . This is something we 'll consider ; right now we have a lot more important issues to focus on . '' According to a Bureau of Engraving and Printing spokesperson , the next redesigned bill will be the ten - dollar bill , not set to be released into circulation until at least 2026 . Because of this , it appears that a redesigned twenty - dollar bill featuring Tubman might not be released until years after the original 2020 release date . See also ( edit ) Ten Dollar Bill ( Roy Lichtenstein ) References ( edit ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( July 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jump up ^ U.S. Currency Education Program . `` Weight of a US Banknote '' . uscurrency.gov . US Federal Reserve . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FRB : How long is the lifespan of U.S. paper money ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Secretary Lew Announces Historic Decision To Feature A Woman On The Newly Redesigned Ten Dollar Note '' ( Press release ) . U.S. Treasury Department . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Change for a $20 : Tubman Ousts Jackson '' . The New York Times . 21 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Currency NOTES '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of engraving and Printing . Jump up ^ Fodor 's Washington DC . Random House . 1991 . p. 76 . American Security Bank likes to boast in its commercials that it 's `` Right on the money '' -- `` the money '' in this case being a $10 bill . If you look on the back of one you 'll see the Treasury Building and to its right the tiny American Security bank building . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Trademark search details for `` Right on the money '' `` . Boliven . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` USPaperMoney.Info : Series 1990 $10 '' . Jump up ^ `` USPaperMoney.Info : Series 1999 $10 '' . Jump up ^ `` USPaperMoney.Info : Series 2004A $10 '' . Jump up ^ Calmes , Jackie ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Woman 's Portrait Will Appear on the $10 Bill '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Woman 10 bill redesign update '' . CNN . 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Meaningful Access White Paper '' ( PDF ) . B of Engraving and Printing. 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Women Currency Harriet Tubman '' . The New York Times . 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The New $10 Note '' . US Department of the Treasury . 2016 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Temple - West , Patrick ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Mnuchin dismisses question about putting Harriet Tubman on $20 bill '' . Politico . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ What Happened to the Plan to Put Harriet Tubman on the $20 Bill ? Jump up ^ The Harriet Tubman $20 Bill Plan Has Been Put on the Back Burner Sources ( edit ) Wilhite , Robert ( 1998 ) . Standard Catalog of United States Paper Money ( 17th ed ) . Krause Pubns Inc . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 653 - 8 . Hudgeons , Thomas ( 2005 ) . The Official Blackbook Price Guide to U.S. Paper Money 2006 , Edition # 38 . House of Collectibles . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4845 - 1 . Friedberg , Arthur ; Ira Friedberg ; David Bowers ( 2005 ) . A Guide Book Of United States Paper Money : Complete Source for History , Grading , and Prices ( Official Red Book ) . Whitman Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7948 - 1786 - 6 . External links ( edit ) The 2006 edition ( 2004 Series ) of the 10 dollar bill <Th_colspan="2"> Alexander Hamilton <Td_colspan="2"> Senior Officer of the United States Army , 1799 -- 1800 1st Secretary of the Treasury , 1789 -- 1795 Delegate , Congress of the Confederation , 1782 -- 1783 , 1788 -- 1789 United States founding events A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress ( 1774 ) The Farmer Refuted ( 1775 ) Delegate , 1786 Annapolis Convention Delegate , 1787 Constitutional Convention Initiated , main author , The Federalist Papers written by Hamilton Founding Father Secretary of the Treasury First Bank of the United States Revenue Marine ( U.S. Coast Guard ) U.S. Customs Service Hamiltonian economic program Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Funding Act of 1790 Tariff of 1790 Tariff of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 U.S. Mint Whiskey Rebellion Jay Treaty Reports `` First Report on the Public Credit '' `` Second Report on Public Credit '' `` Report On Manufactures '' `` Report on a Plan for the Further Support of Public Credit '' Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures Military career New York Provincial Company of Artillery Washington 's aide - de-camp In the Revolutionary War Battle of Harlem Heights White Plains Trenton Princeton Brandywine Germantown Monmouth Siege of Yorktown Other events Burr -- Hamilton duel Founder , Federalist Party Federalist Era Founder , Bank of New York Bank of North America Advisor , George Washington 's Farewell Address President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Founder , New - York Evening Post Hamilton -- Reynolds affair Rutgers v. Waddington Relationship with slavery Depictions Trumbull portrait Ceracchi bust Conrads statue Fraser statue Partridge statue U.S. postage stamps U.S. $10 bill Memorials Alexander Hamilton Bridge Alexander Hamilton High School ( Los Angeles ) Fort Hamilton Hamilton Grange National Memorial Hamilton Hall ( Columbia Univ . ) Hamilton Hall ( Salem , Mass . ) Hamilton Heights , Manhattan Hamilton , Ohio Hamilton - Oneida Academy Trinity Church Cemetery Popular culture Hamilton ( 1917 play ) Alexander Hamilton ( 1931 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Hamilton : An American Musical ( 2015 ) Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society Liberty Hall ( N.J. ) New York Manumission Society African Free School `` American System '' economic plan American School American Revolution patriots Family Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton ( wife ) Schuyler family Philip Hamilton ( oldest son ) Angelica Hamilton ( daughter ) Alexander Hamilton Jr. ( son ) James Alexander Hamilton ( son ) John Church Hamilton ( son ) William S. Hamilton ( son ) Eliza Hamilton Holly ( daughter ) Philip Hamilton ( youngest son ) Schuyler Hamilton ( grandson ) Alexander Hamilton Jr. ( grandson ) Allan McLane Hamilton ( grandson ) Robert Ray Hamilton ( great - grandson ) <Td_colspan="2"> Portal <Th_colspan="3"> Alice Paul Initiated and co-strategized 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage The Suffragist National Woman 's Party Silent Sentinels Night of Terror Equal Rights Amendment Women 's rights in the 1964 Civil Rights Act Main associates Alva Belmont Lucy Burns Crystal Eastman Inez Haynes Irwin Dora Lewis Inez Milholland Doris Stevens Mabel Vernon Life Paulsdale Women 's Social and Political Union Legacy Belmont - Paul Women 's Equality National Monument 2012 ten - dollar coin 2020 United States ten - dollar bill Iron Jawed Angels ( 2004 film ) Related 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution Women 's suffrage in the United States <Th_colspan="2"> United States currency and coinage Topics Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Note U.S. dollar U.S. Mint Philadelphia San Francisco Denver West Point Bureau of Engraving and Printing Mutilated currency Current coinage Penny ( 1 ¢ ) Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Quarter ( 25 ¢ ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Dollar ( $1 ) Bullion coinage America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins American Buffalo American Gold Eagle American Platinum Eagle American Silver Eagle American Palladium Eagle Current paper money $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 See also Bicentennial coinage Commemoratives Early Commemoratives Modern Commemoratives Confederate dollar Large denominations Obsolete denominations Promotional fake denominations Counterfeit United States currency Mill Coin production In God We Trust E pluribus unum Annuit cœptis Nicknames Replacement banknote Sales tax token Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_ten-dollar_bill&oldid=865847852 '' Categories : Currency introduced in 1861 Cultural depictions of Alexander Hamilton Banknotes of the United States Ten - base - unit banknotes Cultural depictions of Susan B. Anthony Alice Paul Elizabeth Cady Stanton Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles lacking in - text citations from July 2008 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 15 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. United States ten-dollar bill
2. Alexander Hamilton
3. U.S. Treasury Building
4. Redesign of U.S. currency
5. Harriet Tubman on the $20 bill
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1,000,776,418,219,787,400 |
who took the initiative to form the warsaw pact
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Warsaw Pact - wikipedia Warsaw Pact Not to be confused with Warsaw Convention or Treaty of Warsaw . For other uses , see Agreement of Friendship , Cooperation and Mutual Assistance ( disambiguation ) . Treaty of Friendship , Cooperation , and Mutual Assistance <Td_colspan="2"> Russian : Договор о дружбе , сотрудничестве и взаимной помощи <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Member states in 1990 ( dark green ) Former member states ( light green ) Formation 14 May 1955 in Warsaw , Poland Dissolved 1 July 1991 Type Military alliance Headquarters Moscow , Russian SFSR , Soviet Union Membership Albania ( withdrew in 1968 ) Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary Poland Romania Soviet Union Supreme Commander Petr Lushev ( last ) Chief of Combined Staff Vladimir Lobov ( last ) Eastern Bloc Soviet Socialist Republics ( show ) Armenia Azerbaijan Byelorussia Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kirghizia Latvia Lithuania Moldavia Russian SFSR Tajikistan Turkmenia Ukraine Uzbekistan Allied states ( show ) Hungarian People 's Republic Polish People 's Republic Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Socialist Republic of Romania German Democratic Republic People 's Republic of Bulgaria Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( to 1948 ) People 's Socialist Republic of Albania ( to 1961 ) Republic of Cuba People 's Revolutionary Government of Grenada People 's Republic of Benin People 's Republic of the Congo People 's Republic of Angola People 's Republic of Mozambique People 's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Somali Democratic Republic ( to 1977 ) People 's Democratic Republic of Yemen Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Mongolian People 's Republic People 's Republic of China ( to 1961 ) Democratic People 's Republic of Korea Socialist Republic of Vietnam Lao People 's Democratic Republic People 's Republic of Kampuchea Related organizations ( show ) Cominform COMECON Warsaw Pact World Federation of Trade Unions ( WFTU ) World Federation of Democratic Youth ( WFDY ) Dissent and opposition ( show ) Forest Brothers in Lithuania in Latvia in Estonia Operation `` Jungle '' Ukrainian Insurgent Army Goryani movement ( Bulgaria ) Romanian anti-communism Polish Cursed Soldiers 1953 uprisings in Plzeň in East Germany 1956 protests in Georgia in Poznań Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Novocherkassk massacre ( Russia ) 1968 events Prague Spring Invasion of Czechoslovakia Red Square demonstration Charter 77 ( Czechoslovakia ) Solidarity ( Poland ) Jeltoqsan ( Kazakhstan ) Braşov Rebellion ( Romania ) January Events ( Lithuania ) The Barricades ( Latvia ) April 9 tragedy ( Georgia ) Black January ( Azerbaijan ) Cold War events ( show ) Marshall Plan 1948 Czechoslovak coup Tito -- Stalin split Berlin Blockade 1961 Berlin Wall crisis Cuban Missile Crisis 1980 Moscow Olympics Decline ( show ) Singing Revolution Polish Round Table Agreement Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall January 1991 in Lithuania in Latvia Breakup of Yugoslavia Yugoslav Wars End of the Soviet Union Fall of communism in Albania The Warsaw Pact , formally known as the Treaty of Friendship , Cooperation and Mutual Assistance , was a collective defence treaty signed in Warsaw , Poland among the Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe during the Cold War . The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ( CoMEcon ) , the regional economic organization for the socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe . The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the London and Paris Conferences of 1954 , but it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe . The Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO ; there was no direct confrontation between them . Instead , the conflict was fought on an ideological basis and in proxy wars . Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs . Its largest military engagement was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 ( with the participation of all Pact nations except Albania , Romania and East Germany ) , which , in part , resulted in Albania withdrawing from the pact less than a month later . The Pact began to unravel in its entirety with the spread of the Revolutions of 1989 through the Eastern Bloc , beginning with the Solidarity movement in Poland and its electoral success in June 1989 . East Germany withdrew from the Pact following reunification with West Germany in 1990 . On 25 February 1991 , the Pact was declared at an end at a meeting of defence and foreign ministers from the six remaining member states in Hungary . The USSR itself was dissolved in December 1991 , although most of the former Soviet republics formed the Collective Security Treaty Organization shortly thereafter . Throughout the following 20 years , the seven Warsaw Pact countries outside the USSR each joined NATO ( East Germany through its reunification with West Germany ; and the Czech Republic and Slovakia as separate countries ) , as did the three Baltic states ( Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania ) that had been part of the Soviet Union . Contents 1 Nomenclature 2 Structure 3 Strategy 4 History 4.1 Beginnings 4.2 Members 4.3 During Cold War 4.4 End of the Cold War 5 Central and Eastern Europe after the Warsaw Treaty 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Works cited 9 Further reading 9.1 Other languages 9.2 Memoirs 10 External links Nomenclature ( edit ) A Soviet philatelic commemoration of the 20th anniversary of the Warsaw Pact in 1975 stating that it remains `` On guard for Peace and Socialism '' . In the Western Bloc , the Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship , Cooperation and Mutual Assistance is often called the Warsaw Pact military alliance -- abbreviated WAPA , Warpac and WP . Elsewhere , in the former member states , the Warsaw Treaty is known as : Albanian : Pakti i miqësisë , bashkëpunimit dhe i ndihmës së përbashkët Belarusian : Дагавор аб дружбе , супрацоўніцтве і ўзаемнай дапамозе Romanized Belarusian : Dagavor ab druzhe , supratsoŭnitstve i ŭzaemnaŭ dapamoze Bulgarian : Договор за дружба , сътрудничество и взаимопомощ Romanized Bulgarian : Dogovor za druzhba , satrudnichestvo i vzaimopomosht Czech : Smlouva o přátelství , spolupráci a vzájemné pomoci Slovak : Zmluva o priateľstve , spolupráci a vzájomnej pomoci German : Vertrag über Freundschaft , Zusammenarbeit und gegenseitigen Beistand Hungarian : Barátsági , együttműködési és kölcsönös segítségnyújtási szerződés Polish : Układ o przyjaźni , współpracy i pomocy wzajemnej Romanian : Tratatul de prietenie , cooperare și asistență mutuală Russian : Договор о дружбе , сотрудничестве и взаимной помощи Romanized Russian : Dogovor o druzhbe , sotrudnichestve i vzaimnoy pomoshchi Ukrainian : Договір про дружбу , співробітництво і взаємну допомогу Romanized Ukrainian : Dogovir pro druzhbu , spivrobitnitstvo i vzaêmnu dopomogu Structure ( edit ) The Warsaw Treaty 's organization was two-fold : the Political Consultative Committee handled political matters , and the Combined Command of Pact Armed Forces controlled the assigned multi-national forces , with headquarters in Warsaw , Poland . Furthermore , the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization which commanded and controlled all the military forces of the member countries was also a First Deputy Minister of Defence of the USSR , and the Chief of Combined Staff of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization was also a First Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR . Therefore , although ostensibly an international collective security alliance , the USSR dominated the Warsaw Treaty armed forces . Strategy ( edit ) The strategy behind the formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by the desire of the Soviet Union to dominate Central and Eastern Europe . The Soviets wanted to keep their part of Europe theirs and not let the Americans take it from them . This policy was driven by ideological and geostrategic reasons . Ideologically , the Soviet Union arrogated the right to define socialism and communism and act as the leader of the global socialist movement . A corollary to this idea was the necessity of intervention if a country appeared to be violating core socialist ideas and Communist Party functions , which was explicitly stated in the Brezhnev Doctrine . Geostrategic principles also drove the Soviet Union with the desire to create a buffer zone to prevent invasion of its territory by Western European powers . History ( edit ) Beginnings ( edit ) The Presidential Palace in Warsaw , Poland , where the Warsaw Pact was established and signed on 14 May 1955 Before the creation of the Warsaw Pact , Czechoslovak leadership , fearful of a rearmed Germany , sought to create a security pact with East Germany and Poland . These states protested strongly against the re-militarization of West Germany . The Warsaw Pact was primarily put in place as a consequence of the rearming of West Germany inside NATO . Soviet leaders , like many European countries on both sides of the Iron Curtain , feared Germany being once again a military power and a direct threat . The terrible consequences of German militarism remained a fresh memory among the Soviets and Eastern Europeans . As the Soviet Union already had bilateral treaties with all of its eastern satellites , the Pact has been long considered ' superfluous ' , and because of the rushed way in which it was conceived , NATO officials labeled it as a ' cardboard castle ' . Previously , in March 1954 , the USSR , fearing the restoration of German militarism in West Germany , requested admission to NATO . The Soviet request to join NATO arose in the aftermath of the Berlin Conference of January -- February 1954 . Soviet foreign minister Molotov made proposals to have Germany reunified and elections for a pan-German government , under conditions of withdrawal of the four powers ' armies and German neutrality , but all were refused by the other foreign ministers , Dulles ( USA ) , Eden ( UK ) and Bidault ( France ) . Proposals for the reunification of Germany were nothing new : earlier on 20 March 1952 , talks about a German reunification , initiated by the so - called ' Stalin Note ' , ended after the United Kingdom , France and the United States insisted that a unified Germany should not be neutral and should be free to join the European Defence Community and rearm . James Dunn ( USA ) , who met in Paris with Eden , Adenauer and Robert Schuman ( France ) , affirmed that `` the object should be to avoid discussion with the Russians and to press on the European Defense Community '' . According to John Gaddis `` there was little inclination in Western capitals to explore this offer '' from USSR . While historian Rolf Steininger asserts that Adenauer 's conviction that `` neutralization means sovietization '' was the main factor in the rejection of the Soviet proposals , Adenauer also feared that German unification might have resulted in the end of the CDU 's dominance in the West German Bundestag . NATO ( blue ) against the Warsaw Pact ( red ) combined forces in 1973 during the Cold War Consequently , Molotov , fearing that the EDC would be directed in the future against the USSR and `` seeking to prevent the formation of groups of European States directed against other European States '' , made a proposal for a General European Treaty on Collective Security in Europe `` open to all European States without regard as to their social systems '' which would have included the unified Germany ( thus making the EDC -- perceived by the USSR as a threat -- unusable ) . But Eden , Dulles and Bidault opposed the proposal . One month later , the proposed European Treaty was rejected not only by supporters of the EDC but also by Western opponents of the European Defence Community ( like French Gaullist leader Palewski ) who perceived it as `` unacceptable in its present form because it excludes the USA from participation in the collective security system in Europe '' . The Soviets then decided to make a new proposal to the governments of the USA , UK and France to accept the participation of the USA in the proposed General European Agreement . And considering that another argument deployed against the Soviet proposal was that it was perceived by Western powers as `` directed against the North Atlantic Pact and its liquidation '' , the Soviets decided to declare their `` readiness to examine jointly with other interested parties the question of the participation of the USSR in the North Atlantic bloc '' , specifying that `` the admittance of the USA into the General European Agreement should not be conditional on the three Western powers agreeing to the USSR joining the North Atlantic Pact '' . Warsaw Pact `` Big Seven '' threats displaying the equipment of the communist forces Again all proposals , including the request to join NATO , were rejected by the UK , US and French governments shortly after . Emblematic was the position of British General Hastings Ismay , a fierce supporter of NATO expansion . He opposed the request to join NATO made by the USSR in 1954 saying that `` the Soviet request to join NATO is like an unrepentant burglar requesting to join the police force '' . In April 1954 Adenauer made his first visit to the USA meeting Nixon , Eisenhower and Dulles . Ratification of EDC was delaying but the US representatives made it clear to Adenauer that EDC would have to become a part of NATO . Memories of the Nazi occupation were still strong , and the rearmament of Germany was feared by France too . On 30 August 1954 French Parliament rejected the EDC , thus ensuring its failure and blocking a major objective of US policy towards Europe : to associate Germany militarily with the West . The US Department of State started to elaborate alternatives : Germany would be invited to join NATO or , in the case of French obstructionism , strategies to circumvent a French veto would be implemented in order to obtain a German rearmament outside NATO . A typical Soviet military jeep UAZ - 469 , used by most countries of the Warsaw Pact On 23 October 1954 -- only nine years after Allies ( UK , USA and USSR ) defeated Nazi Germany ending World War II in Europe -- the admission of the Federal Republic of Germany to the North Atlantic Pact was finally decided . The incorporation of West Germany into the organization on 9 May 1955 was described as `` a decisive turning point in the history of our continent '' by Halvard Lange , Foreign Affairs Minister of Norway at the time . In November 1954 , the USSR requested a new European Security Treaty , in order to make a final attempt to not have a remilitarized West Germany potentially opposed to the Soviet Union , with no success . On 14 May 1955 , the USSR and other seven European countries `` reaffirming their desire for the establishment of a system of European collective security based on the participation of all European states irrespective of their social and political systems '' established the Warsaw Pact in response to the integration of the Federal Republic of Germany into NATO , declaring that : `` a remilitarized Western Germany and the integration of the latter in the North - Atlantic bloc ( ... ) increase the danger of another war and constitutes a threat to the national security of the peaceable states ; ( ... ) in these circumstances the peaceable European states must take the necessary measures to safeguard their security '' . One of the founding members , East Germany was allowed to re-arm by the Soviet Union and the National People 's Army was established as the armed forces of the country to counter the rearmament of West Germany and vice versa . Members ( edit ) Meeting of seven representatives of the Warsaw Pact countries in May 1987 . From left to right : Gustáv Husák , Todor Zhivkov , Erich Honecker , Mikhail Gorbachev , Nicolae Ceaușescu , Wojciech Jaruzelski and János Kádár The eight member countries of the Warsaw Pact pledged the mutual defence of any member who would be attacked . Relations among the treaty signatories were based upon mutual non-intervention in the internal affairs of the member countries , respect for national sovereignty , and political independence . However , almost all governments of those member states were indirectly controlled by the Soviet Union . The founding signatories to the Treaty of Friendship , Cooperation and Mutual Assistance consisted of the following communist governments : Albania ( withheld support in 1961 because of the Soviet - Albanian split , formally withdrew in 1968 ) Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany ( withdrew on 2 October 1990 after dissolution of state ) Hungary Poland Romania Soviet Union Mongolia : In July 1963 the Mongolian People 's Republic asked to join the Warsaw Pact under Article 9 of the treaty . Due to the emerging Sino - Soviet split , Mongolia remained on observer status . The Soviet Government agreed to station troops in Mongolia in 1966 . During Cold War ( edit ) Main article : Cold War Soviet tanks on the streets of Prague during the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia , 1968 For 36 years , NATO and the Warsaw Pact never directly waged war against each other in Europe ; the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies implemented strategic policies aimed at the containment of each other in Europe , while working and fighting for influence within the wider Cold War on the international stage . These included the Korean War , Vietnam War , Bay of Pigs invasion , Dirty War , Cambodian -- Vietnamese War and the others . In 1956 , following the declaration of the Imre Nagy government of withdrawal of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact , Soviet troops entered the country and removed the government . Soviet forces crushed the nationwide revolt , leading to the death of an estimated 2,500 Hungarian citizens . The multi-national Communist armed forces ' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 . All member countries , with the exception of the Socialist Republic of Romania and the People 's Republic of Albania , participated in the invasion . The German Democratic Republic provided only minimal support , however . End of the Cold War ( edit ) Beginning at the Cold War 's conclusion , in late 1989 , popular civil and political public discontent forced the Communist governments of the Warsaw Treaty countries from power , while independent national politics made feasible with the perestroika and glasnost induced institutional collapse of Communist government in the USSR . Between 1989 and 1991 , Communist governments were overthrown in Albania , Poland , Hungary , Czechoslovakia , East Germany , Romania , Bulgaria and the Soviet Union . As the last acts of the Cold War were playing out , several Warsaw Pact states ( Poland , Czechoslovakia and Hungary ) participated in the U.S. - led coalition effort to liberate Kuwait in the Gulf War . On 25 February 1991 , the Warsaw Pact was declared disbanded at a meeting of defence and foreign ministers from remaining Pact countries meeting in Hungary . On 1 July 1991 , in Prague , the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship , Cooperation and Mutual Assistance and so disestablished the Warsaw Treaty after 36 years of military alliance with the USSR . The USSR disestablished itself in December 1991 . Central and Eastern Europe after the Warsaw Treaty ( edit ) Expansion of NATO before and after the collapse of communism throughout Central and Eastern Europe On 12 March 1999 , the Czech Republic , Hungary and Poland joined NATO ; Bulgaria , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Romania and Slovakia joined in March 2004 ; Albania joined on 1 April 2009 . Russia and some other post-USSR states joined the Collective Security Treaty Organization ( CSTO ) in 1992 , or the Shanghai Five in 1996 , which was renamed the Shanghai Cooperation Organization ( SCO ) after Uzbekistan 's addition in 2001 . In November 2005 , the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance , which published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006 . Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents , pending their military declassification . Eventually , 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published ; 70 remained secret and unpublished . Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty 's nuclear war plan , Seven Days to the River Rhine -- a short , swift counter-attack capturing Austria , Denmark , Germany and Netherlands east of River Rhine , using nuclear weapons , in self - defence , after a NATO first strike . The plan originated as a 1979 field training exercise war game and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine , until the late 1980s -- which is why the Polish People 's Republic was a nuclear weapons base , first , to 178 , then , to 250 tactical - range rockets , though these numbers may differ . Doctrinally , as a Soviet - style ( offensive ) battle plan , Seven Days to the River Rhine gave commanders few defensive - war strategies for fighting NATO in Warsaw Treaty territory . Gallery ( edit ) Badge Warsaw Pact . Union of peace and socialism Badge Warsaw Pact . Brothers in arms ( 1970 ) Badge A participant in joint exercises of Warsaw Pact `` STIT '' ( 1972 ) Badge 25 years Warsaw Pact ( 1980 ) Badge Air Forces Warsaw Pact Badge Warsaw Pact . The participants of the joint exercises in Bulgaria ( 1982 ) Jubilee badge 30 years of the Warsaw Pact ( 1985 ) See also ( edit ) Collective Security Treaty Organization ( CSTO ) -- Modern military alliance between former Soviet states . Shanghai Cooperation Organization ( SCO ) -- Modern Eurasian political , economic and military organization . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Text of Warsaw Pact '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Treaty Collection . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Yost , David S. ( 1998 ) . NATO Transformed : The Alliance 's New Roles in International Security . Washington , DC : U.S. Institute of Peace Press . p. 31 . ISBN 1 - 878379 - 81 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Formation of Nato and Warsaw Pact '' . History Channel . Retrieved 22 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Warsaw Pact is formed '' . History Channel . Retrieved 22 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` In reaction to West Germany 's NATO accession , the Soviet Union and its Eastern European client states formed the Warsaw Pact in 1955 . '' Citation from : NATO website . `` A short history of NATO '' . nato.int . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Broadhurst , Arlene Idol ( 1982 ) . The Future of European Alliance Systems . Boulder , Colorado : Westview Press . p. 137 . ISBN 0 - 86531 - 413 - 6 . Jump up ^ Christopher Cook , Dictionary of Historical Terms ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ The Columbia Enclopedia , fifth edition ( 1993 ) p. 2926 ^ Jump up to : The Warsaw Pact Reconsidered : International Relations in Eastern Europe , 1955 -- 1969 Laurien Crump Routledge , p. 21 -- 22 , 11.02. 2015 Jump up ^ The Oder - Neisse Line : The United States , Poland , and Germany in the Cold War Debra J. Allen page 158 `` Treaties approving Bonn 's participation in NATO were ratified in May 1955 ... shortly thereafter Soviet Union ... created the Warsaw Pact to counter the perceived threat of NATO '' Jump up ^ `` Warsaw Pact : Wartime Status - Instruments of Soviet Control '' . Wilson Center . Retrieved 5 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Amos Yoder ( 1993 ) . Communism in Transition : The End of the Soviet Empires . Taylor & Francis . p. 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8448 - 1738 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Bob Reinalda ( 11 September 2009 ) . Routledge History of International Organizations : From 1815 to the Present Day . Routledge . p. 369 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 02405 - 6 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Cover Story : The Holy Alliance By Carl Bernstein Sunday , June 24 , 2001 Jump up ^ Fes'kov , V.I. ; Kalashnikov , K.A. ; Golikov , V.I. ( 2004 ) . Sovetskai͡a Armii͡a v gody `` kholodnoĭ voĭny , '' 1945 -- 1991 ( The Soviet Army in the Cold War Years ( 1945 -- 1991 ) ) . Tomsk : Tomsk University Publisher . p. 6 . ISBN 5 - 7511 - 1819 - 7 . Jump up ^ ' ' The Review of Politics Volume ' ' , 34 , No. 2 ( April 1972 ) , pp. 190 -- 209 Jump up ^ Europa Antoni Czubiński Wydawn . Poznańskie , 1998 , p. 298 Jump up ^ World Politics : The Menu for Choice page 87 Bruce Russett , Harvey Starr , David Kinsella -- 2009 The Warsaw Pact was established in 1955 as a response to West Germany 's entry into NATO ; German militarism was still a recent memory among the Soviets and East Europeans . Jump up ^ `` When the Federal Republic of Germany entered NATO in early May 1955 , the Soviets feared the consequences of a strengthened NATO and a rearmed West Germany '' . Citation from : United States Department of State , Office of the Historian . `` The Warsaw Treaty Organization , 1955 '' . Office of the Historian . history.state.gov . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1955 : After objecting to Germany 's admission into NATO , the Soviet Union joins Albania , Bulgaria , Czechoslovakia , East Germany , Hungary , Poland and Romania in forming the Warsaw Pact . '' . See chronology in : `` Fast facts about NATO '' . CBC News . 6 April 2009 . Retrieved 16 July 2011 . Jump up ^ The Warsaw Pact Reconsidered : International Relations in Eastern Europe , 1955 -- 1969 Laurien Crump Routledge , pp. 17 , 11.02. 2015 Jump up ^ The Warsaw Pact Reconsidered : International Relations in Eastern Europe , 1955 -- 1969 Laurien Crump Routledge , p. 1 , 11.02. 2015 Jump up ^ `` Soviet Union request to join NATO '' ( PDF ) . Nato.int . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 : Soviet Union suggests it should join NATO to preserve peace in Europe . U.S. and U.K. reject this '' . See chronology in : `` Fast facts about NATO '' . CBC News . 6 April 2009 . Retrieved 16 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Proposal of Soviet adherence to NATO as reported in the Foreign Relations of the United States Collection '' . UWDC FRUS Library . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Molotov 1954a , pp. 197,201 . Jump up ^ Molotov 1954a , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Molotov 1954a , pp. 197 -- 198 , 203 , 212 . Jump up ^ Molotov 1954a , pp. 211 -- 212 , 216 . Jump up ^ Steininger , Rolf ( 1991 ) . The German Question : The Stalin Note of 1952 and the Problem of Reunification . Columbia Univ Press . p. 56 . Jump up ^ Gaddis , John ( 1997 ) . We Know Now : Rethinking Cold War History . Clarendon Press . p. 126 . Jump up ^ Steininger , Rolf ( 1991 ) . The German Question : The Stalin Note of 1952 and the Problem of Reunification . Columbia Univ Press . p. 80 . Jump up ^ Steininger , Rolf ( 1991 ) . The German Question : The Stalin Note of 1952 and the Problem of Reunification . Columbia Univ Press . p. 103 . ^ Jump up to : `` Draft general European Treaty on collective security in Europe -- Molotov proposal ( Berlin , 10 February 1954 ) '' ( PDF ) . CVCE . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Molotov 1954a , p. 214 . ^ Jump up to : `` MOLOTOV 'S PROPOSAL THAT THE USSR JOIN NATO , MARCH 1954 '' . Wilson Center . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Molotov 1954a , p. 216 , . Jump up ^ `` Final text of tripartite reply to Soviet note '' ( PDF ) . Nato website . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Ian Traynor . `` Soviets tried to join Nato in 1954 '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Memo by Lord Ismay , Secretary General of NATO '' ( PDF ) . Nato.int . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Adenauer 1966a , p. 662 . Jump up ^ `` The refusal to ratify the EDC Treaty '' . CVCE . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Debates in the French National Assembly on 30 August 1954 '' . CVCE . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` US positions on alternatives to EDC '' . United States Department of State / FRUS collection . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` US positions on german rearmament outside NATO '' . United States Department of State / FRUS collection . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Germany accepted into Nato '' . BBC News . 9 May 1955 . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indivisible Germany : Illusion or Reality ? '' James H. Wolfe Springer Science & Business Media , 06.12. 2012 page 73 ^ Jump up to : `` Text of the Warsaw Security Pact ( see preamble ) '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No shooting please , we 're German '' . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How the Russians Used the Warsaw Pact '' . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Warsaw Pact is formed - May 14 , 1955 - HISTORY.com '' . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mastny , Vojtech ; Byrne , Malcolm ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` A Cardboard Castle ? : An Inside History of the Warsaw Pact , 1955 - 1991 '' . Central European University Press . Retrieved 23 August 2018 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Reuters ( 3 March 1990 ) . `` Soviet Troops to Leave Mongolia in 2 Years '' . Retrieved 23 August 2018 -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ `` America Was n't the Only Foreign Power in the Vietnam War '' . 2 October 2013 . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Crisis Points of the Cold War - Boundless World History '' . courses.lumenlearning.com . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Hungarian Uprising of 1956 - History Learning Site '' . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ CNN , Matthew Percival , . `` Recalling the Hungarian revolution , 60 years on '' . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Soviets Invade Czechoslovakia - Aug 20 , 1968 - HISTORY.com '' . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Nosowska , Agnieszka . `` Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia '' . www.enrs.eu . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought , third edition , 1999 , pp. 637 -- 8 Jump up ^ `` Warsaw Pact and Comecon To Dissolve This Week '' . Csmonitor.com. 26 February 1991 . Retrieved 4 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Greenhouse , Steven . `` DEATH KNELL RINGS FOR WARSAW PACT '' . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Havel , Václav ( 2007 ) . To the Castle and Back . Trans . Paul Wilson . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26641 - 5 . Jump up ^ https://www.nato.int/docu/comm/1999/9904-wsh/pres-eng/03acce.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.nato.int/docu/update/2004/03-march/e0329a.htm Jump up ^ 宋 薇 . `` SCO from the Uzbekistan perspective : Expectations and reality - Opinion - Chinadaily.com.cn '' . www.chinadaily.com.cn . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's how the USSR planned to conquer Europe in an all - out nuclear war '' . 29 October 2016 . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Catcher , Redd ( 11 July 2013 ) . `` DECODED : The Cold War in Europe 1945 - 1995 : Nuclear War in the West : Seven Days to the River Rhine '' . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Mizokami , Kyle ( 2 July 2016 ) . `` Revealed : How the Warsaw Pact Planned to Win World War Three in Europe '' . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ http://eastviewpress.com/Files/SS_FROM%20THE%20ARCHIVES_No.%202_2012.pdf Jump up ^ `` 7 Days to the Rhine '' . 2 January 2017 . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Works cited ( edit ) Adenauer , Konrad ( 1966a ) . Memorie 1945 -- 1953 ( in Italian ) . Arnoldo Mondadori Editore . Molotov , Vyacheslav ( 1954a ) . La conferenza di Berlino ( in Italian ) . Ed . di cultura sociale . This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ . Further reading ( edit ) Faringdon , Hugh . Confrontation : the strategic geography of NATO and the Warsaw Pact . ( London : Routledge & Kegan Paul , 1986 . ) Heuser , Beatrice ( 1998 ) . `` Victory in a Nuclear War ? A Comparison of NATO and WTO War Aims and Strategies '' . Contemporary European History . 7 ( 3 ) : 311 -- 327 . doi : 10.1017 / S0960777300004264 . Mackintosh , Malcolm . The evolution of the Warsaw Pact ( International Institute for Strategic Studies , 1969 ) Kramer , Mark N. `` Civil - military relations in the Warsaw Pact , The East European component , '' International Affairs , Vol. 61 , No. 1 , Winter 1984 -- 85 . Lewis , William Julian ( 1982 ) . The Warsaw Pact : Arms , Doctrine , and Strategy . Cambridge , Mass. : Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 031746 - 8 . Mastny , Vojtech ; Byrne , Malcolm ( 2005 ) . A Cardboard Castle ? : An Inside History of the Warsaw Pact , 1955 -- 1991 . Budapest : Central European University Press . ISBN 978 - 963 - 7326 - 07 - 3 . A. James McAdams , `` East Germany and Detente . '' Cambridge University Press , 1985 . McAdams , A. James . `` Germany Divided : From the Wall to Reunification . '' Princeton University Press , 1992 and 1993 . Other Languages ( edit ) Umbach , Frank ( 2005 ) . Das rote Bündnis : Entwicklung und Zerfall des Warschauer Paktes 1955 bis 1991 ( in German ) . Berlin : Ch . Links Verlag . ISBN 978 - 3 - 86153 - 362 - 7 . Wahl , Alfred ( 2007 ) . La seconda vita del nazismo nella Germania del dopoguerra ( in Italian ) . Torino : Lindau . ISBN 978 - 88 - 7180 - 662 - 4 . -- Original Ed. : Wahl , Alfred ( 2006 ) . La seconde histoire du nazisme dans l'Allemagne fédérale depuis 1945 ( in French ) . Paris : Armand Colin . ISBN 2 - 200 - 26844 - 0 . Memoirs ( edit ) Adenauer , Konrad ( 1966b ) . Konrad Adenauer Memoirs 1945 -- 53 . Henry Regnery Company . Molotov , Vyacheslav ( 1954b ) . Statements at Berlin Conference of Foreign Ministers of U.S.S.R. , France , Great Britain and U.S.A. , January 25 -- February 18 , 1954 . Foreign Languages Publishing House . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Warsaw Pact . `` What was the Warsaw Pact ? '' . North Atlantic Treaty Organization . The Woodrow Wilson Center Cold War International History Project 's Warsaw Pact Document Collection Parallel History Project on Cooperative Security Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Soviet Union / Appendix C : The Warsaw Pact ( 1989 ) Map of Russia and the Warsaw Pact ( omniatlas.com ) Map of Europe and the Warsaw Pact ( omniatlas.com ) The Warsaw Pact , 1955 -- 1968 . by Hugh Collins Embry . Contain extensive documentation of the Pacts first 13 years . <Th_colspan="2"> Cold War <Td_colspan="2"> USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Jamaican conflict Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Algerian War 1952 Egyptian coup d'état 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Ifni War Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis Simba rebellion 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis El Porteñazo Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order ( Indonesia ) Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Nigerian Civil War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution 1969 Libyan coup d'état Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 Communist insurgency in Bangladesh NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état German Autumn Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Gulf of Sidra incident Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - 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Hungarian alliance ( 1526 ) Treaty of Nagyvárad ( 1538 ) Treaty of Gyalu ( 1541 ) Confessio Pentapolitana ( 1549 ) Treaty of Speyer ( 1570 ) Treaty of Szatmár ( 1711 ) <Td_colspan="2"> 1526 - 1848 ( Royal Hungary to Independence ) <Td_colspan="2"> Truce of Adrianople ( 1547 ) Treaty of Adrianople ( 1568 ) Treaty of Vienna ( 1606 ) Peace of Zsitvatorok ( 1606 ) Peace of Vasvár ( 1664 ) Holy League ( 1684 ) Treaty of Karlowitz ( 1699 ) Treaty of Passarowitz ( 1718 ) Pragmatic Sanction ( 1723 ) Treaty of Belgrade ( 1739 ) Treaty of Aix - la - Chapelle ( 1748 ) First Partition of Poland ( 1772 ) Treaty of Sistova ( 1791 ) Treaty of Campo Formio ( 1797 ) Treaty of Schönbrunn ( 1809 ) Congress of Vienna ( 1815 ) <Td_colspan="2"> ( 1570 -- 1711 ) ( Principality of Transylvania ) <Td_colspan="2"> Peace of Nikolsburg ( 1621 ) Treaty of Pressburg ( 1626 ) Treaty of Nymwegen ( 1679 ) Austria - Hungary to the end of World War I ( 1848 -- 1922 ) Austro - Hungarian Compromise of 1867 Croatian -- Hungarian Settlement ( 1868 ) League of the Three Emperors ( 1873 ) Treaty of Bern ( 1874 ) Reichstadt Agreement ( 1876 ) Budapest Convention of 1877 ( 1877 ) Treaty of Berlin ( 1878 ) Dual Alliance ( 1879 ) Triple Alliance ( 1882 ) Boxer Protocol ( 1901 ) Treaty of London ( 1913 ) Armistice of Focșani ( 1917 ) Treaty of Brest - Litovsk with Ukraine ( 1918 ) Treaty of Brest - Litovsk ( 1918 ) Treaty of Bucharest ( 1918 ) Armistice of Villa Giusti ( 1918 ) Treaty of Trianon ( 1920 ) Armistice with Romania ( 1920 ) Bill of dethronement ( 1921 ) U.S. -- Hungarian Peace Treaty ( 1921 ) Covenant of the League of Nations ( 1922 ) Modern age ( 1922 -- ) Treaties of the Kingdom of Hungary ( 1922 -- 46 ) Paris Peace Treaties , 1947 Treaties of the Hungarian People 's Republic ( 1949 -- 89 ) Treaties of the Third Republic of Hungary ( 1989 -- ) BNF : cb11865226c ( data ) GND : 14767 - 9 ISNI : 0000 0001 2158 1586 LCCN : n50002351 NDL : 00574154 NKC : kn20030519006 SUDOC : 026397188 VIAF : 130896299 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warsaw_Pact&oldid=856614533 '' Categories : Warsaw Pact Eastern Bloc 1991 in politics 20th - century military alliances Bulgaria -- Soviet Union relations Cold War treaties Communism Foreign relations of the Soviet Union Former international organizations Germany -- Soviet Union relations History of Poland ( 1989 -- present ) History of Warsaw International military organizations International political organizations Military alliances involving Bulgaria Military alliances involving Czechoslovakia Military alliances involving Hungary Military alliances involving Poland Military alliances involving Romania Military alliances involving the Soviet Union Modern Europe Organizations established in 1955 Organizations disestablished in 1991 Poland -- Soviet Union relations Treaties concluded in 1955 Treaties entered into force in 1955 Treaties of East Germany Treaties of the People 's Republic of Bulgaria Treaties of the Hungarian People 's Republic Treaties of the Polish People 's Republic Treaties of the People 's Socialist Republic of Albania Treaties of the Socialist Republic of Romania Czechoslovakia -- Soviet Union relations Hungary -- Soviet Union relations Treaties establishing intergovernmental organizations Cold War terminology 1955 establishments in Poland Hidden categories : Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Albanian - language text Articles containing Belarusian - language text Articles containing Bulgarian - language text Articles containing Czech - language text Articles containing Slovak - language text Articles containing German - language text Articles containing Hungarian - language text Articles containing Polish - language text Articles containing Romanian - language text Articles containing Ukrainian - language text CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2016 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Library of Congress Country Studies CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from September 2015 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 83 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 13 : 29 ( UTC ) . 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where did the beatles walk across the road
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Abbey Road , London - wikipedia Abbey Road , London Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Abbey Road ( disambiguation ) . Abbey Road <Td_colspan="2"> The crossing in 2004 Length 0.9 mi ( 1.4 km ) Location St. John 's Wood , London Postal code NW8 Nearest Tube station St. John 's Wood 51 ° 31 ′ 55 '' N 0 ° 10 ′ 38 '' W / 51.532006 ° N 0.177331 ° W / 51.532006 ; - 0.177331 South end Quex Road , Kilburn East end Grove End Road , St. John 's Wood <Th_colspan="2"> Other Known for Abbey Road Studios Abbey Road is a thoroughfare in the borough of Camden and the City of Westminster in London , running roughly northwest to southeast through St. John 's Wood , near Lord 's Cricket Ground . It is part of the B507 road . This road is best known for the Abbey Road Studios and the 1969 album , Abbey Road , by The Beatles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Location 2 History 3 References 4 External links Location ( edit ) The north - western end of Abbey Road begins in Kilburn , at the junction with Quex Road and West End Lane . The road was once a track leading to Kilburn Priory and its associated Abbey Farm , and was developed in the early 19th century . It continues south - east for roughly a mile , crossing Belsize Road , Boundary Road , and Marlborough Place , ending at the junction of Grove End Road and Garden Road . History ( edit ) The Abbey National Building Society ( now Santander UK ) was founded in 1874 as The Abbey Road & St John 's Wood Permanent Benefit Building Society in a Baptist church on Abbey Road . The Beatles ' album , Abbey Road , features the Beatles walking across the northwestern zebra crossing on the intersection of Abbey Road and Grove End Road . EMI 's Abbey Road Studios are located at the south - eastern end , at 3 Abbey Road , St John 's Wood . The Beatles and many other famous popular music performers have recorded at this studio , and The Beatles named their last studio LP after this street . The album 's cover photograph shows the four group members walking across the zebra crossing just outside the studio entrance . As a result of its association with The Beatles , since 1969 this part of Abbey Road has been featured on the London tourism circuit . In December 2010 the crossing was given Grade II Listed Building status by English Heritage despite its age not being contemporary to that era . The zebra crossing featured on the Beatles cover , as well as the crossing directly north of it , have become popular photo - opportunity areas , despite the road still being a busy thoroughfare for traffic . The Beatles album cover has been parodied many times over the years on the crossing . Abbey Road street sign The tin street sign on the corner of Grove End Road and Abbey Road is now mounted high on the building on the corner , to save the local council the expense of cleaning and replacing the sign , which was frequently defaced and stolen . The council repaints the wall next to the zebra crossing every three months to cover fans ' graffiti . Abbey Road is also a ward of the City of Westminster . At the 2011 Census this ward had a population of 11,250 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Google ( 30 October 2015 ) . `` Abbey Road , London '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Mills , A.D. ( 2010 ) . A Dictionary of London Place - Names . Oxford University Press . p. 1 . ISBN 9780199566785 . Jump up ^ `` Beatles ' Abbey Road zebra crossing given listed status '' . BBC Online . 22 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 30 December 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Pollard , Lawrence ( 7 August 2009 ) . `` Revisiting Abbey Road 40 Years On '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` City of Westminster Ward population 2011 '' . Neighbourhood Statistics . Office for National Statistics . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Abbey Road . Route map : Google KML file ( edit help ) Display on Google Maps Template : Attached KML / Abbey Road , London KML is from Wikidata Abbey Road London , QuickTime VR Abbey Road webcam Satellite View of Crosswalk / Zebra crossing Google Street View of Crosswalk / Zebra crossing <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) The Beatles <Td_colspan="2"> John Lennon Paul McCartney George Harrison Ringo Starr Stuart Sutcliffe Pete Best History The Quarrymen In Hamburg At The Cavern Club Decca audition Beatlemania in the United Kingdom North American releases In the United States More popular than Jesus In Bangor In India Breakup Murder of John Lennon Anthology Love ( Cirque du Soleil ) The Beatles : Rock Band Line - ups Religious views Timeline Live performances 1960 Johnny Gentle Tour Winter 1963 Helen Shapiro UK Tour 1963 Roy Orbison Tour 1964 world tour 1965 European tour 1965 US tour 1965 UK tour 1966 tour of Germany , Japan and the Philippines 1966 US tour Rooftop concert List of live performances Associated places 34 Montagu Square , Marylebone Abbey Road , London Abbey Road Studios The Bag O'Nails Beatlemania Hamburg Beatles - Platz Blue Angel The Casbah Coffee Club Candlestick Park The Cavern Club Kaiserkeller Kinfauns 3 Savile Row The Scotch of St. James Shea Stadium Stanley Street Star - Club Strawberry Field Tittenhurst Park The Top Ten Club Wigmore Street Yellow Submarine sculpture Associated companies Apple Corps Apple Records Harrisongs Lingasong Records Northern Songs Phillips ' Sound Recording Services Seltaeb Startling Music Influence Artists who have covered the Beatles Beatlemania Beatlesque British Invasion Cultural impact The Fest for Beatles Fans The Rutles Tributes Lists Awards and nominations Bootlegs Cover songs Discography Instruments Performers Post-breakup collaborations Recording sessions Songs Sgt . Pepper cover Related media Around the Beatles Beat Bugs The Beatles ( TV series ) The Beatles Anthology ( book ) The Beatles at Abbey Road The Beatles Channel The Beatles Illustrated Lyrics The Beeb 's Lost Beatles Tapes The Beatles Tapes from the David Wigg Interviews Everyday Chemistry In My Life Let It Be ( musical ) Rain : A Tribute to the Beatles Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( film ) The Twelfth Album Up Against It Other topics Apple Corps v Apple Computer Apple scruffs Beatle boots Beatles Day Fifth Beatle Lennon -- McCartney Jeff Lynne and the Beatles Paul is dead Recording technology <Td_colspan="2"> Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abbey_Road,_London&oldid=809022928 '' Categories : Streets in the City of Westminster Streets in the London Borough of Camden Grade II listed buildings in the City of Westminster English Heritage sites in London Tourist attractions in the City of Westminster St John 's Wood Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2015 Use British English from November 2010 Articles using KML from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Dansk Español Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 17 : 47 . About Wikipedia
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1. Abbey Road Studios
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who played lando calrissian in the empire strikes back
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Billy Dee Williams - wikipedia Billy Dee Williams <Th_colspan="2"> Billy Dee Williams <Td_colspan="2"> Williams , 2016 . William December Williams Jr . ( 1937 - 04 - 06 ) April 6 , 1937 ( age 81 ) New York City , New York , U.S. Residence Los Angeles , California , U.S. Education Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art Occupation Actor artist singer Years active 1959 -- present Known for Lando Calrissian -- Star Wars Spouse ( s ) Audrey Sellers ( m . 1959 ; div. 1963 ) Marlene Clark ( m . 1968 ; div. 1971 ) Teruko Nakagami ( m . 1972 ) Children William December `` Billy Dee '' Williams Jr. ( born April 6 , 1937 ) is an American actor , artist , and singer . Williams is best known for his role as Lando Calrissian in the Star Wars film franchise , first appearing in The Empire Strikes Back in 1980 . Williams has also appeared in critically acclaimed films like Brian 's Song ( 1971 ) , Lady Sings the Blues ( 1972 ) , Mahogany ( 1975 ) , Nighthawks ( 1981 ) , and Batman ( 1989 ) , in which he portrayed Harvey Dent . Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 Stage 2.2 Film and Television 3 Other ventures 3.1 Music 3.2 Video games 3.3 Internet 3.4 Art 4 Personal life 4.1 Marriages and family 4.2 Legal problems 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Video games 5.4 Recorded musical work 6 Books 6.1 Further reading 7 References 8 External links Early Life and education ( edit ) Williams was born in New York City , the son of Loretta Anne ( 1915 -- 2016 ) , a West Indian - born elevator operator from Montserrat , and William December Williams , Sr. ( 1910 -- 2008 ) , an African - American caretaker from Texas . He has a twin sister , Loretta , and grew up in Harlem , where he was raised by his maternal grandmother while his parents worked at several jobs . Williams graduated from The High School of Music & Art ( later merged with the High School of Performing Arts to become the Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art ) in Manhattan , where he was a classmate of Diahann Carroll , who would later play the wife of his character Brady Lloyd on the 1980s prime - time soap opera Dynasty . Career ( edit ) Stage ( edit ) Williams first appeared on Broadway in 1945 in The Firebrand of Florence . He returned to Broadway as an adult in 1960 in the adaptation of The Cool Word . He appeared in A Taste of Honey in 1961 . A 1976 Broadway production , I Have a Dream , was directed by Robert Greenwald and starred Williams as Martin Luther King Jr . His most recent Broadway appearance was in August Wilson 's Fences , as a replacement for James Earl Jones in the role of Troy Maxson in 1988 . Film and television ( edit ) Williams at the Phoenix Comicon , 2011 . Williams made his film debut in 1959 in The Last Angry Man , opposite Paul Muni , in which he portrayed a delinquent young man . He rose to stardom after starring in the critically lauded blockbuster biographical television movie , Brian 's Song ( 1971 ) , in which he played Chicago Bears star football player Gale Sayers , who stood by his friend Brian Piccolo ( played by James Caan ) , during Piccolo 's struggle with terminal cancer . The film was so popular that it was given a theatrical release . Both Williams and Caan were nominated for Emmy Awards for best actor for their performances . Having broken through , Williams became one of America 's most well - known black film actors of the 1970s , after starring in a string of critically acclaimed and popular movies , many of them in the `` blaxploitation '' genre . In 1972 , he starred as Billie Holiday 's husband Louis McKay in Motown Productions ' Holiday biopic Lady Sings the Blues . The film was a box office blockbuster , becoming one of the highest - grossing films of the year and received five Academy Award nominations . Diana Ross starred in Lady Sings the Blues opposite Williams ; Motown paired the two of them again three years later in the successful follow - up project Mahogany . Beginning in 1980 , Williams portrayed Lando Calrissian in The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi . Calrissian 's charm proved to be popular with audiences . He reprised the role when he lent his voice for the character in the 2002 video game Star Wars Jedi Knight II : Jedi Outcast , as well as the audio dramatisation of Dark Empire , the National Public Radio adaptation of The Empire Strikes Back , two productions for the Star Wars : Battlefront series : Star Wars : Battlefront II and Star Wars Battlefront : Elite Squadron , in two episodes of the animated TV series Star Wars : Rebels and will reprise the role again on the big screen in the as yet untitled Star Wars : Episode IX . Between his appearances in the Star Wars films , he starred alongside Sylvester Stallone as a cop in the 1981 thriller Nighthawks . He co-starred in 1989 's Batman as district attorney Harvey Dent , a role that was planned to develop into Dent 's alter - ego , the villain Two - Face , in sequels . However , that never came to pass ; he was set to reprise the role in the sequel Batman Returns , but his character was deleted and replaced with villain Max Shreck . When Joel Schumacher stepped in to direct Batman Forever , where Two - Face was to be a secondary villain , Schumacher decided to hire Tommy Lee Jones for the role . There was a rumor that Schumacher had to pay Williams a fee in order to hire Jones , but Williams said that it was not true : `` You only get paid if you do the movie . I had a two - picture deal with Star Wars . They paid me for that , but I only had a one picture deal for Batman . '' Williams eventually voiced Two - Face in the 2017 film The Lego Batman Movie . After The Walt Disney Company acquired ownership of Lucasfilm in 2012 , plans for a sequel trilogy to the Star Wars films were announced . On April 29 , 2014 , Disney announced a cast list for Star Wars : The Force Awakens , set 30 years after Return of the Jedi . Some fans were disappointed with Calrissian 's absence . However , it was announced in July 2018 that he was cast in Episode IX . Williams 's television work included a recurring guest - starring role on the short - lived show Gideon 's Crossing . He is also well known for his appearance in advertisements for Colt 45 ( a brand of malt liquor ) in the 1980s and early 1990s , for which he received much criticism . Williams responded indifferently to the criticism of his appearances in the liquor commercials . When questioned about his appearances , he allegedly replied by saying , `` I drink , you drink . Hell , if marijuana was legal , I 'd appear in a commercial for it . '' In the 1984 -- 1985 season of Dynasty , he played Brady Lloyd opposite Diahann Carroll . Williams was paired with actress Marla Gibbs on three situation comedies : The Jeffersons ( Gibbs 's character , Florence , had a crush on Williams and challenged him on everything because she thought he was an imposter ) ; 227 ( her character , Mary , pretending to be royalty , met Williams at a banquet ) ; and The Hughleys ( Gibbs and Williams portrayed Darryl 's parents ) . In 1992 , he portrayed Berry Gordy in The Jacksons : An American Dream . In 1993 , Williams had a guest appearance on the spin - off to The Cosby Show , A Different World , as Langston Paige , a grumpy landlord , in a backdoor pilot for his own series . He appeared as himself on Martin where he provided Martin with advice on getting back together with Gina . Williams made a special guest appearance on the hit sketch comedy show In Living Color in 1990 . He portrayed Pastor Dan in an episode of That ' 70s Show . In this episode entitled `` Baby Do n't You Do It '' ( 2004 ) , his character is obsessed with Star Wars , and uses this to help counsel Eric Forman ( himself a Star Wars fan ) and Donna Pinciotti about their premarital relationship . Williams made a cameo appearance as himself on the television series Lost in the episode `` Exposé '' . He also appears regularly on short clips on the Jimmy Kimmel Live ! as a semi-parody of himself . In February 2006 , he guest starred as himself in the season 5 episode `` Her Story II '' of Scrubs , where he plays the godfather of Julie ( Mandy Moore ) . Turk hugs him , calling him `` Lando '' , even though he prefers to be called Billy Dee . Williams played Toussaint Dubois for General Hospital : Night Shift in 2007 and 2008 . Williams reprised his role as Toussaint on General Hospital beginning in June 2009 . Also in 2009 , he took on the role of the voice of Admiral Bitchface , the head of the military on the planet Titan in the Adult Swim animated series Titan Maximum . In July 2010 , Williams appeared in the animated series The Boondocks , where he voiced a fictionalized version of himself in the episode `` The Story of Lando Freeman '' . In February 2011 , Williams appeared as a guest star on USA Network 's White Collar as Ford , an old friend of Neal Caffrey 's landlady June , played by Diahann Carroll . In February 2012 , Williams was the surprise guest during a taping of The Oprah Winfrey Show spotlighting Diana Ross . Ross and Williams were reunited after having not seen each other in 29 years . In October 2012 , Williams appeared as a guest star on NCIS in Season 10 Episode 5 titled `` Namesake '' , as Gibbs ' namesake and his father 's former best friend , Leroy Jethro Moore . On January 9 , 2013 , Williams appeared as himself in a cameo role on Modern Family , Season 4 / Episode 11 `` New Year 's Eve '' . It was announced on March 4 , 2014 that Williams would be competing on the 18th season of Dancing with the Stars . He partnered with professional dancer Emma Slater . The couple had to withdraw from the competition on the third week due to an injury to Williams 's back . In spite of his absence from Episode VII , Williams returned to the role of Lando Calrissian in a 2015 episode of Star Wars Rebels . Other ventures ( edit ) Music ( edit ) In 1961 , Williams ventured into the music industry when he recorded a jazz LP produced by Prestige Records entitled Let 's Misbehave , on which he sang several swing standards . The album , which was a commercial success at the time , made Williams eligible for an appearance in the legendary Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever ( 1983 ) . Video games ( edit ) Williams voiced Lando Calrissian in the video game Star Wars Jedi Knight II : Jedi Outcast and Star Wars Battlefront as well as the spin - off Star Wars Battlefront : Elite Squadron ( however , the Battlefront appearances were archive footage and his voice - appearance in Elite Squadron is left uncredited or unknown ) . He also played a live - action character , GDI Director Redmond Boyle , in the game Command & Conquer 3 : Tiberium Wars , which was released in March 2007 . This made him the second former Star Wars actor to appear in a Command & Conquer game , with the first being James Earl Jones as GDI General James Solomon in Command & Conquer : Tiberian Sun . Williams voiced Lando Calrissian in 2015 's Star Wars : Battlefront for the DLC pack Bespin . In the 2016 game Let It Die , Williams voices Colonel Jackson , who acts as the 2nd major boss players face . Internet ( edit ) In 2008 , Williams reprised his role as Lando Calrissian to appear in a video on Funny or Die in a mock political ad defending himself for leader of the Star Wars galaxy against vicious attack ads from Emperor Palpatine . Williams is currently a cast member of Diary of a Single Mom , a web based original series directed by award - winning filmmaker Robert Townsend . The series debuted on PIC.tv in 2009 . Art ( edit ) Before he began acting , Williams attended the National Academy of Fine Arts and Design in New York . In the late 1980s , he resumed painting . Some of his work can be seen at his online gallery BDW World Art . He has had solo exhibitions in various galleries around the United States , and his work hangs in the National Portrait Gallery , the Smithsonian Institution and the Schomburg Museum . The covers of the Thelonious Monk Competition programs since 1990 are by him . Personal Life ( edit ) Marriages and Family ( edit ) Williams has been married three times . His first marriage was to Audrey Sellers in 1959 . They were divorced some years later , after which he apparently became quite depressed : `` ( ... ) there was a period when I was very despondent , broke , depressed , my first marriage was on the rocks . '' They have a son , Corey Williams . In 1968 , Williams married model and actress Marlene Clark in Hawaii . Their marriage lasted only two years and they divorced in 1971 . Williams married Teruko Nakagami on December 27 , 1972 . She brought a daughter , Miyako ( b . 1962 ) , from her previous marriage to musician Wayne Shorter . They have a daughter Hanako ( b . 1973 ) . They filed for divorce in 1993 , but were reported to have reconciled in 1997 . Legal problems ( edit ) Williams was arrested on January 30 , 1996 after allegedly beating his live - in girlfriend , whom the police did not identify . He was freed from custody the following day after posting a US $50,000 bail . Williams stated through his attorney that he expected to be fully exonerated of the charges . The Los Angeles city attorney 's office filed misdemeanor charges of spousal battery and dissuading a witness against Williams . The woman , identified only as `` Patricia '' , later stated the incident was her fault and that she hoped the police would drop the case . In a plea bargain agreement to dismiss the charges , Williams was ordered to undergo 52 counseling sessions . Filmography ( edit ) Main article : Billy Dee Williams filmography Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1959 The Last Angry Man Josh Quincy 1970 The Out - of - Towners Lost & Found - Boston 1972 The Final Comedown Johnny Johnson 1972 Lady Sings the Blues Louis McKay 1973 Hit ! Nick Allen The Take Sneed Mahogany Brian Walker 1976 The Bingo Long Traveling All - Stars & Motor Kings Bingo Long 1980 The Empire Strikes Back Lando Calrissian 1981 Nighthawks Sergeant Matthew Fox Marvin & Tige Richard Davis Return of the Jedi Lando Calrissian 1984 Fear City Al Wheeler 1984 Terror in the Aisles Sergeant Matthew Fox Number One with a Bullet Detective Hazeltine Deadly Illusion Hamberger Batman Harvey Dent 1990 Secret Agent OO Soul Secret Agent Zero 1991 Driving Me Crazy Max 1991 Trabbi Goes to Hollywood Max 1992 Giant Steps Slate Thompson 1993 Alien Intruder Commander Skyler Video Steel Sharks Admiral Jim Perry The Prince Jamie Hicks Mask of Death Agent Jeffries 1997 Moving Target Detective Don Racine 1998 The Contract Senator Harmon 1998 Woo Himself Uncredited 1999 Fear Runs Silent Sheriff Hammond Video 2000 The Visit Henry 2000 The Ladies Man Lester 2001 Good Neighbor Sergeant Paul Davidson 2001 Very Heavy Love Dante Brown Short 2002 The Last Place on Earth Dr Davis 2002 Undercover Brother General Warren Boutwell 2003 Today will be Yesterday Tomorrow Godot The Maintenance Man Melven Video Oedipus Bartender ( voice ) Short 2005 Constellation Helms Boxer 2006 Hood of Horror Pastor Charlie 2008 iMurders Robert Delgado 2009 Fanboys Judge Reinhold 2009 The Perfect Age of Rock ' n ' Roll Ace Millstone Barry Munday Lonnie Green 2012 This Bitter Earth Joe Watkins 2013 Blondie : The Florence Ballard Story Rev. C.L. Franklin 2014 Bloodlines Judge Devi 2014 The Lego Movie Lando Calrissian ( voice ) 2015 The Man in 3B Cain 2017 The Lego Batman Movie Harvey Dent / Two - Face ( voice ) 2017 Best Fiends : Visit Minutia Pilot Slug ( voice ) Short 2019 Star Wars : Episode IX Lando Calrissian Filming Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1959 Look Up and Live 2 episodes 1964 The Defenders Private Austin George Episode : `` Survivor '' 1964 Another World Assistant D.A. 1965 The Doctors and the Nurses Patrolman Cash Episode : `` The Witnesses '' 1966 Guiding Light Dr. Jim Frazier 1967 Coronet Blue Second Technician Episode : `` Six Months to Mars '' 1968 Premiere Dan Gardner / David Arnold Appeared in `` Crisis '' and Dan Gardner and `` Higher and Higher , Attorneys at Law '' as Dan Gardner 1969 NBC Experiment in Television Big Sur 1969 The New People Heath Episode : `` The Prisoner of Bomano '' 1970 Lost Flight Merle Barnaby 1970 Carter 's Army Pvt . Lewis TV movie 1969 -- 1970 The F.B.I. James Borden / Nate Phelps / Edward Tobin Three episodes 1970 The Most Deadly Game Claude Miles One episode 1970 Carter 's Army Private Lewis TV movie 1971 Dan August Steve MacAdams `` The Manufactured Man '' 1971 Mod Squad Dr. Joe Goodson `` The Medicine Men '' 1971 Mission Impossible Hank Benton Guest starred in `` The Miracle '' episode 1971 Brian 's Song Gale Sayers TV movie 1972 The Glass House Lennox TV movie 1977 Scott Joplin Scott Joplin TV movie 1978 The Jeffersons Himself Episode : `` Me and Billy Dee '' 1979 Christmas Lilies of the Field Homer Smith TV movie 1980 The Hostage Tower Clarence Whitlock TV movie 1980 Children of Divorce Walter Williams TV movie Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever Himself Shooting Stars Douglas Hawk TV movie Chiefs Tyler Watts ( aka Joshua Cole ) 3 episodes TV miniseries 1984 Time Bomb Wes Tanner TV movie 1984 The Imposter Matthew Raines TV movie 1984 -- 85 Dynasty Brady Lloyd 5 episodes 1985 Double Dare Billy Diamond Canceled after 6 episodes 1986 Blood , Sweat and Tears Unsold pilot 1986 The Right of the People Mike Trainor TV movie 1986 Oceans of Fire Jim McKinley TV movie 1986 Courage Bobby Jay TV movie Diana Ross : Red Hot Rhythm & Blues Himself The Return of Desperado Daniel Lancaster TV movie 1990 Dangerous Passion Lou TV movie 1990 Wiseguy Jesse Hains Episode : `` Changing Houses '' 1990 In Living Color Himself Episode : `` Laquita Meets Billy Dee '' 1992 The Jacksons : An American Dream Berry Gordy TV movie 1993 Marked for Murder Captain Jack Reilly TV movie 1993 A Different World Langston Paige Episode : `` College Kid '' 1993 Martin Himself Episode : `` The Break Up : Part 3 '' 1993 Percy & Thunder Ralph Tate TV movie 1993 Message from Nam Felix TV movie 1994 Heaven & Hell : North & South , Book III Francis Cardozo 3 episodes TV miniseries 1994 Lonesome Dove : The Series Aaron Grayson 3 episodes 1995 Triplecross Oscar TV movie 1995 Falling for You Lieutenant Frank TV movie 1997 The Fourth King Gasparre TV movie 1998 Hard Time Leo Barker TV movie 1999 Promised Land Lennie Trebant Episode : `` Darkness Visible '' 1999 -- 2001 The Hughleys Jerry Rose Episodes : `` Roots : Part 2 '' & `` Forty Acres and a Fool '' 2000 Code Name : Eternity Dr. Jim Graham Episode : `` Never Go Home '' 2000 -- 2001 18 Wheels of Justice Burton Hardesty 2000 -- 2001 Epoch : Evolution Ferguson 2003 Street Time Charles White 2 episodes That 70s Show Pastor Dan Episode : `` Baby Do n't You Do It '' Half & Half Otis ' Omar Funk ' Wright Episode : `` The Big Fetish What You Started Episode '' 2005 Clubhouse Billy Beaumont Episode : `` Old Timers Day '' 2005 Weekends at the DL God # 1.16 2006 Scrubs Himself Episode : `` Her Story II '' 2007 -- 2008 General Hospital : Night Shift Toussaint DuBois 2007 Lost Himself Episode : `` Exposé '' 2007 -- 2014 Robot Chicken Various 3 episodes Voice only 2008 Private Practice Henry Episode : `` Serving Two Masters '' 2008 Bring Back ... Star Wars Himself TV documentary 2009 General Hospital Toussaint DuBois 5 episodes 2009 Titan Maximum Admiral Bitchface 5 episodes Jimmy Kimmel Live : Game Night Himself Episode : `` Samuel L. Jackson / Minnie Driver / Pitbull '' The Boondocks Himself Episode : `` The Story of Lando Freeman '' Voice only Robot Chicken : Star Wars Episode III Lando Calrissian TV movie Voice only 2009 -- 2011 Diary of a Single Mom Uncle Bo 2011 White Collar Ford / Bradford Toman Episode : `` Countermeasures '' 2011 The Cleveland Show Lando Calrissian Episode : `` Back to Cool '' Voice only 2012 The Life & Times of Tim Himself Episode : `` A Tale of Two Rodneys / Keith to the Rescue '' Voice only 2012 Mad Lando Calrissian Episode : `` Potions 11 / Moves Like Jabba '' Voice only 2012 -- 2014 NCIS Leroy Jethro Moore 2012 The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange Old Carrot Voice only 2013 Modern Family Himself Episode : `` New Year 's Eve '' 2013 Lego Star Wars : The Yoda Chronicles - The Phantom Clone Lando Calrissian TV movie ; voice only 2013 Lego Star Wars : The Yoda Chronicles - Attack of the Jedi 2014 The Rebels Coach Paysinger One episode 2014 Dancing with the Stars Himself Season 18 2014 Glee Andy Collins Season 5 ; one episode 2015 Star Wars Rebels Lando Calrissian ( voice ) 2 episodes 2015 Lego Star Wars : Droid Tales 2 episodes 2016 - 2017 Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures 2 episodes 2017 Dirty Dancing Tito Suarez Television film Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2002 Star Wars Jedi Knight II : Jedi Outcast Lando Calrissian 2005 Star Wars : Battlefront II Lando Calrissian Archive footage 2007 Command & Conquer 3 : Tiberium Wars GDI Director Redmond Boyle 2009 Star Wars Battlefront : Elite Squadron Lando Calrissian Archive footage 2015 Star Wars Battlefront Lando Calrissian Bespin DLC 2016 Let It Die 2017 Star Wars Battlefront II Lando Calrissian Recorded musical work ( edit ) Let 's Misbehave LP ( 1961 ) Books ( edit ) PSI / Net ( 1999 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 86766 - 9 JUST / In Time ( 2001 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8125 - 7240 - 7 Further reading ( edit ) Nishikawa , Kinohi . `` Billy Dee Williams . '' The Greenwood Encyclopedia of African American Literature . Ed . Hans Ostrom and J. David Macey Jr . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press , 2005 . 1742 -- 43 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Billy Dee Williams - Interview '' . African American Literature Book Club . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SWAD - Williams , Billy Dee '' . nerf-herders-anonymous.net . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Billy Dee Williams at the Internet Broadway Database Jump up ^ `` The Theater : A King in Darkness '' , Time , October 4 , 1976 , retrieved January 3 , 2009 Jump up ^ Falkner , David ( February 7 , 1988 ) , `` The Actor as Athlete : Subtle and Complex Portrait '' , New York Times , retrieved January 3 , 2009 Jump up ^ Bentley , David ( July 2008 ) . `` Aaron Eckhart on creating the new face of Two Face '' . Coventry Telegraph . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Dee Williams Talks Two - Face , Did Not Get Paid For Batman Forever '' . Comicbook.com . November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Dee Williams on Secret ' Star Wars ' Lunch with Donald Glover and Finally Playing Two - Face '' . Hollywood Reporter . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars 7 cast : Where is Lando Calrissian ? '' . The Independent . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars ' : Billy Dee Williams Reprising Role as Lando Calrissian '' . Hollywood Reporter . July 9 , 2018 . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( July 27 , 2018 ) . `` BREAKING : Star Wars : Episode IX Cast Officially Announced ! '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kiefaber , David ( July 20 , 2007 ) . `` Billy Dee 's charisma still works every time '' . AdWeek Blogs . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing With the Stars Cast Revealed ! Cody Simpson , Nene Leakes and James Maslow Are Among the Names -- See the Full List ! '' . E ! Online . March 4 , 2014 . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Writer - Producer Simon Kinberg Talks STAR WARS REBELS , His Duties on the Show , and the Thrill of Writing for Original Trilogy Characters '' . Collider . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vote for Lando Calrissian ! w / BILLY DEE WILLIAMS '' . Funny or Die . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About the show - Robert Townsend 's Diary of a Single Mom '' . PIC.tv . June 9 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2014 . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( October 26 , 1975 ) . `` Interview with Billy Dee Williams '' . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldweber , David Elroy ( 2014 ) . Claws & Saucers : Science Fiction , Horror , and Fantasy Film 1902 - 1982 : A Complete Guide . Lulu Press , Inc . ISBN 9781312288034 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Lois ( July 7 , 1980 ) . `` Out of this World '' . People . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` At Home With Billy Dee '' . Jet . January 18 , 1979 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sanders , Charles L. ( June 1983 ) . `` Billy Dee Williams : The Serious Side of a Sex Symbol '' . Ebony . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gates Jr. , Henry Louis ; Appiah , Kwame Anthony ( 2005 ) . Africana : The Encyclopedia of the African and African - American Experience 5 - Volume Set . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195170559 . Jump up ^ McCann , Bob ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of African American Actresses in Film and Television . McFarland . ISBN 9780786458042 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Ponchitta ( April 1974 ) . `` A Look Into The Private Life of Billy Dee Williams '' . Ebony . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jet , July 5 , 1993 Archived March 11 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Billy Dee Williams '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Dee Williams Biography ( 1937 - ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Merril , Laurie C ( February 1 , 1996 ) . `` COPS NAB BILLY DEE WILLIAMS IN BEATING '' . Daily News . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Dee Williams Arrested '' . Chicago Tribune . January 31 , 1996 . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Billy Dee Williams Is Freed in Domestic Violence Case '' . Los Angeles Times . February 1 , 1996 . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Dee Williams Charged in Spousal Battery Case '' . Los Angeles Times . February 8 , 1996 . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Benza , A.J. ; Lewittes , Michael ( February 20 , 1996 ) . `` GAL PAL 'S BILLY DEE - FENSE '' . Daily News . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Billy Dee Williams charged with slapping girlfriend ; ordered to undergo counseling '' . Jet. April 15 , 1996 . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Visit Minutia - A Best Fiends Animation Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Jedi Knight II -- Jedi Outcast '' . Allgame . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the deadly cast of Suda51 's new PS4 action game , Let It Die : Mark Hamill , Verne Troyer , Billy Dee Williams and Traci Lords provide voices '' . PlayStation . November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Billy Dee Williams . Billy Dee Williams on IMDb Billy Dee Williams at the Internet Broadway Database Billy Dee Williams at Internet Off - Broadway Database Billy Dee Williams at the TCM Movie Database Billy Dee Williams at AllMovie Billy Dee Williams ( Aveleyman ) <Th_colspan="2"> NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture 1967 - 1979 Raymond St. Jacques ( 1969 ) Jim Brown ( 1970 ) Donald Sutherland ( 1971 ) Billy Dee Williams ( 1972 ) Bernie Casey ( 1974 ) James Earl Jones ( 1975 ) Bill Cosby ( 1976 ) Billy Dee Williams ( 1977 ) Paul Winfield ( 1978 ) Michael Jackson ( 1979 ) 1980 - 1989 LeVar Burton ( 1980 ) Richard Pryor ( 1981 ) Louis Gossett Jr. ( 1982 ) Eddie Murphy ( 1983 ) Prince ( 1984 ) Adolph Caesar ( 1985 ) Gregory Hines ( 1986 ) Danny Glover ( 1987 ) Denzel Washington ( 1988 ) Morgan Freeman ( 1989 ) 1990 - 1999 Morgan Freeman ( 1990 ) Wesley Snipes ( 1992 ) Denzel Washington ( 1993 ) Denzel Washington ( 1994 ) Denzel Washington ( 1996 ) Denzel Washington ( 1997 ) Djimon Hounsou ( 1998 ) Danny Glover ( 1999 ) 2000 - 2009 Denzel Washington ( 2000 ) Denzel Washington ( 2001 ) Denzel Washington ( 2002 ) Denzel Washington ( 2003 ) Cuba Gooding , Jr. ( 2004 ) Jamie Foxx ( 2005 ) Samuel L. Jackson ( 2006 ) Forest Whitaker ( 2007 ) Denzel Washington ( 2008 ) Will Smith ( 2009 ) 2010 - 2019 Morgan Freeman ( 2010 ) Denzel Washington ( 2011 ) Laz Alonso ( 2012 ) Denzel Washington ( 2013 ) Forest Whitaker ( 2014 ) David Oyelowo ( 2015 ) Michael B. Jordan ( 2016 ) Denzel Washington ( 2017 ) Daniel Kaluuya ( 2018 ) BNE : XX1536540 BNF : cb14001751s ( data ) GND : 139087087 ISNI : 0000 0000 7839 2148 LCCN : n91100420 MusicBrainz : 62ba65a0 - e05b - 4170 - 83b9 - 0314742bad87 SNAC : w65h84jd SUDOC : 084286857 VIAF : 32194483 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy_Dee_Williams&oldid=856650565 '' Categories : 1937 births 20th - century American novelists 21st - century American novelists Male actors from New York City American male film actors African - American novelists American male novelists American male video game actors American male voice actors American people of African descent American people of Montserratian descent The High School of Music & Art alumni Living people People from Manhattan Twin people from the United States 20th - century American male actors African - American male actors American male television actors 21st - century American male actors Writers from New York City People from Harlem 20th - century American male writers 21st - century American male writers Novelists from New York ( state ) Hidden categories : Internet Broadway Database person ID same as Wikidata Articles with IBDb links Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from December 2015 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu تۆرکجه Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Italiano Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 18 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Billy Dee Williams - American actor, artist, and singer
2. Lando Calrissian - Star Wars character portrayed by Billy Dee Williams
3. Film career - includes critically acclaimed movies like Brian's Song, Lady Sings the Blues, and Batman
4. Personal life - marriages, family, and legal problems
5. Other ventures - music, video games, internet presence, and art
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what are some of the characteristics of states in the international system
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Anarchy ( international relations ) - wikipedia Anarchy ( international relations ) In international relations theory , anarchy is the idea that the world lacks any supreme authority or sovereign . In an anarchic state , there is no hierarchically superior , coercive power that can resolve disputes , enforce law , or order the system of international politics . In international relations , anarchy is widely accepted as the starting point for international relations theory . While some political scientists use the term `` anarchy '' to signify a world in chaos , in disorder , or in conflict , others view it simply as a reflection of the order of the international system : independent states with no central authority above them . Anarchy provides foundations for realist , liberal , neorealist , and neoliberal paradigms of international relations . Constructivist theory disputes that anarchy is a fundamental condition of the international system . The constructivist Alexander Wendt argued , `` anarchy is what states make of it '' . In Wendt 's opinion , while the international system is anarchical , anarchy does not determine state behaviour in the way in which other schools of international relations theory envision it , but rather it is a construct of the states in the system . Contents 1 Etymology 2 Origin and history of term 3 Schools of thought 3.1 Realism 3.2 Neorealism 3.3 Liberalism 3.4 Neoliberalism 3.5 Constructivism 3.6 Critiques , syntheses , and extensions 4 See also 5 References Etymology ( edit ) The word anarchy literally means `` without a leader '' . The word combines the Greek prefix `` an - '' meaning without , with the Indo - European root arkh meaning `` begin '' or `` take the lead '' . It is adapted from the ancient Greek ( ἀναρχία - anarchia ) meaning `` absence of a leader '' . In common usage anarchy has come to signify both the absence of a ruler and the disorder that some anticipate is bound up with the absence of a ruler . Origin and history of term ( edit ) The British pacifist G. Lowes Dickinson has often been credited with coining `` Anarchy '' as a term of art in political science in his books : The European Anarchy ( 1916 ) , War : Its Nature , Cause and Cure ( 1923 ) and The International Anarchy ( 1926 ) . Some argue that Dickinson used anarchy in a context that is inconsistent with modern IR theorists . Jack Donnelly argues that Philip Kerr 's book Pacifism is Not Enough ( 1935 ) was first to ascribe the same meaning and context to term anarchy that modern IR theorists do . Kenneth Waltz set off a fundamental discursive transformation in international relations with Theory of International Politics ( 1979 ) . One study finds that the term `` anarchy '' occurred on average 6.9 times in IR books prior to 1979 but 35.5 times in IR books after 1979 . A special issue of World Politics in 1985 and Robert Keohane 's edited collection Neorealism and Its Critics ( 1986 ) focused extensively on Kenneth Waltz 's usage of anarchy in explaining international politics . Anarchy has subsequently become fundamentally important in International Relations scholarship . Schools of thought ( edit ) While the three classic schools of thought in international relations theory and their neo-counterparts ( Realism , Neorealism , Liberalism , Neoliberalism and Constructivism ) agree that the world system is anarchic , they differ in their explanations of how they believe states should , and do , deal with this problem . Realism ( edit ) The Realist theory of international relations asserts that states are the main power players in international politics . Realists respond to the anarchic world system by assuming a `` self - help '' doctrine , believing they can rely on no one but themselves for security . They believe that in the anarchical system , the basic motive of a state 's behavior is survival , which they see in relative terms ; holding that the increased security of one state will necessarily lead to a decrease in security of others . Thus , states are forced to constantly take into account that others might have more power than them or are planning to gain more power and are so forced to do the same , leading to competition and balancing . According to the classic realist thinker Niccolò Machiavelli , the desire for more power is rooted in the flawed nature of humanity , which extends itself into the political world , and leads states to continuously struggle to increase their capabilities . Another traditional realist , Hans Morgenthau , claimed `` international politics is struggle for power '' elaborating , that `` the struggle for power is universal in time and space '' . Key to the realist belief is the conviction that power must be defined in military terms . Realism asserts that stronger military power will lead states to their ultimate goals , being either a hegemon for Offensive Realists or to a balance of power for defensive realists . In his 1988 article `` Anarchy and the Limits of Cooperation '' , Joseph Grieco wrote : `` for realists , international anarchy fosters competition and conflict among states and inhibits their willingness to cooperate even when they share common interests '' . Therefore , realists see no reason to believe that states can ever trust each other , and must rely on themselves ( the self - help doctrine ) in the anarchic world system . In the course of providing for one 's own security , the state in question will automatically be fueling the insecurity of other states . This spiral of insecurity is known as the `` security dilemma '' . Neorealism ( edit ) The realist concept of self - help as a result of anarchy is also the foundation for structural realism or neorealism . Neorealists are often referred to as structuralists as they believe that much of the important subject matter of international politics can be explained by the structure of the international system , and its central feature , anarchy . While classic realists such as Machiavelli and Morgenthau attributed power politics primarily to human nature , neorealists emphasize anarchy . This idea was first advanced by Kenneth Waltz , in his neorealist text , Man , the State and War , and expanded on in his Theory of International Politics . For Waltz , the absence of a higher authority than states in the international system means that states can only rely on themselves for their own survival , requiring paranoid vigilance and constant preparation for conflict . In Man , the State , and War , Waltz describes anarchy as a condition of possibility or a `` permissive '' cause of war . He argues that `` wars occur because there is nothing to prevent them '' . Similarly , American political scientist John Herz argues that international anarchy assures the centrality of the struggle for power `` even in the absence of aggressivity or similar factors '' , emphasizing that a state 's interests and actions are determined by the anarchic structure of the international system itself . Liberalism ( edit ) Realism and liberalism both agree that the international system is anarchic , and the self - interested state is the starting point for both theories . However , unlike realism , liberalist theories argue that international institutions are able to mitigate anarchy 's constraining effects on interstate cooperation . This is where the two theories diverge . While liberalist theory acknowledges that the international system is anarchic , it contends that this anarchy can be regulated with various tools , most importantly : liberal democratization , liberal economic interdependence and liberal institutionalism . The basic liberal goal is a completely interdependent world . Liberalist theory asserts that the existence and spread of free trade reduces the likelihood of conflict , as `` economically interdependent states are reluctant to become involved in militarized disputes out of fear that conflict disrupts trade and foreign investment and thus induces costs on the opponents '' . Liberalists contend that it is not in a country 's interest to go to war with a state with which its private economic agents maintain an extensive exchange of goods and capital . Thus , for liberals , there is hope for world peace even under anarchy , if states seek common ground , forming alliances and institutions for policing the world powers . Realists tend to believe that power is gained through war or the threat of military action , and assert that due to this power - grabbing system there is no such thing as lasting alliances or peace . Liberal thought however , attributes more power to common institutions than to states , and takes into account the individual attributes that states possess , allowing for the idea of lasting alliances based on common beliefs and ideas . Rather than focusing solely on the military survival of states , liberals believe that common ideas can lead states into interdependence , and so remove allies as threats to sovereignty . Liberalism emphasizes that the real power for states comes from mutually held ideas like religion , language , economies , and political systems that will lead states to form alliances and become interdependent . This sentiment is summed up nicely by Norman Angell , a classical London School of Economics liberal , who claimed : `` We can not ensure the stability of the present system by the political or military preponderance of our nation or alliance by imposing its will on a rival '' . Neoliberalism ( edit ) Neoliberalism , the process of implementing liberalism 's political ideology , seeks to counter the neorealist claim that institutions are unable to `` mitigate anarchy 's constraining effects on inter-state cooperation '' . Neoliberalism argues that even in an anarchic system of states , cooperation can emerge through the building of norms , regimes , and institutions . Neoliberal thought contends that the `` importance and effect '' of the anarchic nature of the international system has been exaggerated , and asserts that nation - states are , or at least should be , concerned first and foremost with absolute gains rather than relative gains to other nation - states . For example , realists and neorealists assume that security is a competitive and relative concept , whereby the `` gain of security for any one state means the loss of security for another '' . However , neoliberals argue that states should recognize that security can be cooperative or collective , whereby states can increase their security without decreasing the security of others , or recognizing that the security of other states can in fact be valuable to themselves . Therefore , while both neoliberal and neorealist theories consider the state and its interests as the central subject of analysis , the neoliberal argument is focused on what it perceives as the neorealists ' underestimation of `` the varieties of cooperative behavior possible within ... a decentralized system '' . Constructivism ( edit ) While the concept of anarchy is the foundation for realist , liberal , neorealist , and neoliberal international relations theories , constructivist theory disputes that anarchy is a fundamental condition of the international system . Alexander Wendt , the most influential modern constructivist thinker , is often quoted for writing , `` Anarchy is what states make of it '' . That is to say , anarchy is not inherent in the international system in the way in which other schools of IR theory envision it , but rather it is a construct of the states in the system . At the core of constructivist thought is the idea that , contrary to the assumptions of neorealism and neoliberalism , many core aspects of international relations are socially constructed ( they are given their form by ongoing processes of social practice and interaction ) , rather than inherent . Wendt lists the two basic tenets of constructivism as : The structures of human association are determined primarily by shared ideas rather than material forces The identities and interests of purposive actors are constructed by these shared ideas rather than given by nature Moreover , borrowing from the ideas of sociologist Anthony Giddens , Wendt suggests that agents ( in this case states ) can influence the content and effects of a particular structure ( in this case anarchy ) through the way they act . Constructivism 's formative period in the 1980s came at a time when neorealism was the dominant international relations discourse . As such , constructivism 's initial theoretical work focuses on challenging basic neorealist assumptions . For example , while neorealists argue that anarchy forces states to act in certain ways , constructivism challenges this assumption by arguing that the emphasis neorealists assign to structure is misplaced , and that the attributes of anarchy are not inherent , but constructed by `` social practice '' . Constructivists , namely Wendt , assert that neorealism 's `` structure '' in fact fails to predict `` whether two states will be friends or foes , will recognize each other 's sovereignty , will have dynastic ties , will be revisionist or status quo powers , and so on '' . Wendt expands on this core constructivist idea by asserting that anarchy is not intrinsically a self - help system , and the way states react to anarchy depends on the way in which they perceive it . If , Wendt argues , states can recognize that security can be co-operative or collective , whereby states can increase their security without decreasing the security of others , or recognizing that the security of other states can in fact be valuable to themselves , anarchy would not lead to self - help at all . Thus , constructivists assert that through their practices , states can either maintain this culture of anarchy or disrupt it , in turn either validating or questioning the normative basis of the international system itself . For constructivists it is even possible that some as yet unknown way of looking at the situation could emerge as people adjust their ideas about war and socially acceptable reactions to different situations . The constructivist sentiment is summed up in the following extract from Wendt 's seminal constructivist text , Anarchy is what states make of it : `` I argue that self - help and power politics do not follow either logically or casually from anarchy and that if today we find ourselves in a self - help world , this is due to process , not structure . There is no `` logic '' of anarchy apart from the practices that create and instantiate one structure of identities and interests rather than another ; structure has no existence or casual powers apart from process . Self - help and power politics are institutions , not essential features , of anarchy . Anarchy is what states make of it `` . Critiques , syntheses , and extensions ( edit ) Many scholars have found the traditional paradigms of international relations to be either fundamentally problematic or too simplistic to be of use . David Lake , for example , argues that the `` - isms '' have impeded theoretical progress rather than enhancing it and that they should be discarded . Gideon Rose coined the term `` neoclassical realism '' to describe scholars who sought to enrich neorealism with insights from traditional or classical realism . John H. Herz sought to synthesize realism and liberalism into what he called `` realist liberalism . '' Bear F. Braumoeller derived and tested a theory that combines realism and liberalism and showed that neither was sufficient to explain Great Power behavior without the other . See also ( edit ) International law Amity - enmity complex Power politics Power Politics ( Wight book ) State collapse References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Helen Milner. ( 1991 ) The assumption of anarchy international relations theory . Source : https://www.jstor.org/stable/20097244?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents ^ Jump up to : Wendt , Alexander , `` Anarchy is what States Make of It : the Social Construction of Power Politics '' , International Organization 46 , number 2 ( Spring 1992 ) : 391 -- 425 . Jump up ^ Roberts , James , `` Anarchy '' , in The Internet Encyclopaedia of International Relations , Towson University Jump up ^ `` Sign In '' . doi : 10.1177 / 0047117806063851 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Osiander , Andreas ( 1998 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Rereading Early Twentieth - Century IR Theory : Idealism Revisited '' . International Studies Quarterly . 42 ( 3 ) : 409 -- 432 . doi : 10.1111 / 0020 - 8833.00090 . ISSN 1468 - 2478 . ^ Jump up to : Donnelly , Jack ( 2015 - 11 - 01 ) . `` The discourse of anarchy in IR '' . International Theory . 7 ( 3 ) : 393 -- 425 . doi : 10.1017 / S1752971915000111 . ISSN 1752 - 9727 . Jump up ^ `` Oye , K.A. : Cooperation under Anarchy ( Paperback ) . '' press.princeton.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Milner , Helen ( 1991 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The assumption of anarchy in international relations theory : a critique '' . Review of International Studies . 17 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 85 . doi : 10.1017 / S026021050011232X . ISSN 1469 - 9044 . Jump up ^ Lake , David A. ( 2009 - 06 - 26 ) . Hierarchy in International Relations . Cornell Studies in Political Economy . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 7715 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` When Opponents Cooperate '' . The University of Michigan Press . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Elman , Colin , `` Realism '' , in Paul Williams ( ed . ) , Security Studies : An Introduction , Routledge : New York , 2008 , pp. 15 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Hans Morgenthau , Politics Among Nations : The Struggle for Power and Peace , Fifth Edition , ( New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 1978 ) pp. 4 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Grieco , Joseph , `` Anarchy and the Limits of Cooperation : A Realist Critique of the Newest Liberal Institutionalism '' , International Organization , 1988 , 42 ( 3 ) , 485 -- 507 . ^ Jump up to : Waltz , Kenneth ( 1954 ) . Man , the State , and War : A Theoretical Analysis . New York , NY : Columbia University Press . ISBN 9780231125376 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , Jack , Realism and International Relations ( Cambridge University Press , 2000 ) , p. 12 Jump up ^ Grieco , Joseph , `` Anarchy and the Limits of Cooperation : A Realist Critique of the Newest Liberal Institutionalism '' , International Organization , 1988 , 42 ( 3 ) , 485 -- 507 . Jump up ^ Dunne , Timothy , `` Liberalism '' , in The Globalization of World Politics : An Introduction to International Relations , eds . Baylis , John and Steve Smith , ( Oxford University Press , Oxford , 1997 ) p. 150 Jump up ^ Margit Bussmann , `` Foreign Direct Investment and Militarized International Conflict '' , Journal of Peace Research 47 , no . 2 ( 2010 ) : 143 -- 153 . Jump up ^ Russett , Bruce ; Oneal , John R. ( 2000 ) . Triangulating Peace : Democracy , Interdependence , and International Organizations . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0393976847 . Jump up ^ Norman Angell , The Great Illusion , ( New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons , 1909 ) p. 137 . Jump up ^ Wendt , Alexander , Social Theory of International Politics , ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1999 ) Jump up ^ Lake , David A. ( 2011 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Why `` isms '' Are Evil : Theory , Epistemology , and Academic Sects as Impediments to Understanding and Progress1 `` . International Studies Quarterly . 55 ( 2 ) : 465 -- 480 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 2478.2011. 00661. x . ISSN 1468 - 2478 . Jump up ^ Rose , Gideon ( 1998 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy '' . World Politics . 51 ( 1 ) : 144 -- 172 . doi : 10.1017 / S0043887100007814 . ISSN 1086 - 3338 . Jump up ^ Herz , John H. ( 1959 ) . Political Realism and Political Idealism . University of Chicago Press . Jump up ^ Braumoeller , Bear ( 2013 ) . The Great Powers and the International System : Systemic Theory in Empirical Perspective . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 1107659183 . <Th_colspan="2"> International relations theory Realism Classical realism Liberal realism Neoclassical realism Neorealism Offensive realism Defensive realism Relative gains Absolute gains Strategic realism Liberalism Idealism Democratic peace theory Republican liberalism Institutionalism Neoliberalism Interdependence liberalism Sociological liberalism Institutional liberalism Constructivism Modern constructivism Post-modern constructivism Feminist constructivism Marxism Neo-Gramscianism Critical security studies Critical theory World - systems theory Other theories Anarchy International political economy Feminism Green theory Hegemonic stability theory The Copenhagen School Functionalism ( Neofunctionalism ) Postmodernism Postcolonialism Classifications Dependency theory Postpositivism Rationalism Reflectivism `` Great Debates '' Inter-paradigm debate Other approaches International ethics Historical sociology Regime theory State cartel theory Geopolitics <Td_colspan="2"> International relations portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchy_(international_relations)&oldid=838361247 '' Categories : International relations theory Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Lietuvių Português Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 14 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Anarchy in international relations
2. Realism, liberalism, and constructivism in international relations
3. Neorealism and neoliberalism
4. The role of power and cooperation in international politics
5. The influence of shared ideas and social constructs in international relations
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A clockwork orange - wikipedia A clockwork orange Jump to : navigation , search Look up clockwork orange or queer as a clockwork orange in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . A Clockwork Orange may refer to : A Clockwork Orange ( novel ) , a 1962 novel by Anthony Burgess A Clockwork Orange ( film ) , a 1971 film directed by Stanley Kubrick based on the novel A Clockwork Orange ( soundtrack ) , the film 's official soundtrack A Clockwork Orange : Wendy Carlos 's Complete Original Score , a 1972 album by Wendy Carlos featuring music composed for the film A Clockwork Orange : A Play with Music , a 1987 theatrical adaptation by Anthony Burgess Clockwork Orange ( plot ) , a supposed 1970s operation to discredit British politicians `` Clockwork Orange '' , a nickname for the Glasgow Subway in Glasgow , Scotland `` Clockwork Orange '' , a nickname for the Dutch national football team in the early 1970s See also ( edit ) `` A Clockwork Origin '' , an episode of the US TV series Futurama This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title A Clockwork Orange . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Clockwork_Orange&oldid=777874654 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories : All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی 한국어 Íslenska Italiano Кыргызча Lëtzebuergesch Português Română Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 29 April 2017 , at 21 : 09 . About Wikipedia
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1. A Clockwork Orange (novel)
2. A Clockwork Orange (film)
3. A Clockwork Orange (soundtrack)
4. Clockwork Orange (plot)
5. Clockwork Orange (Glasgow Subway nickname)
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Foundation Stone - wikipedia Foundation Stone Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Cornerstone ( disambiguation ) . This article has an unclear citation style . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Foundation Stone in the floor of the Dome of the Rock shrine in Jerusalem . The round hole at upper left penetrates to a small cave , known as the Well of Souls , below . The cage - like structure just beyond the hole covers the stairway entrance to the cave ( south is towards the top of the image ) . Foundation stone ( 2018 ) The bottom of the Foundation Stone , photo taken from the Well of Souls The Foundation Stone ( Hebrew : אבן השתייה Even ha - Shtiyya or Hebrew : סֶּלַע Selā ‛ , Arabic : صخرة Sakhrah `` Rock '' ) is the name of the rock at the centre of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem . It is also known as the Pierced Stone because it has a small hole on the southeastern corner that enters a cavern beneath the rock , known as the Well of Souls . There is a difference of opinion in classical Jewish sources as to whether this was the location of the Holy of Holies or of the Outer Altar . According to those that hold it was the site of the Holy of Holies , that would make this the holiest site in Judaism ( Tanhuma , chapter 10 ) . Jewish tradition views the Holy of Holies as the spiritual junction of Heaven and Earth , the axis mundi , and is therefore the direction that Jews face when praying the Amidah . The other view , that this was the site of the Outer Altar , would explain the holes in the stone which served various sacrificial purposes in the Outer Altar . From a classical Jewish textual standpoint , there is no conclusive opinion on the matter . Contents ( hide ) 1 Location 2 Description 3 Jewish significance 3.1 Role in the Temple 3.2 Commemoration in Jewish law 3.3 Liturgical references 4 Islamic significance 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Location ( edit ) The rock is located towards the centre of the Temple Mount , an artificial platform built and expanded over many centuries . The current shape is the result of an expansion by Herod the Great on top of vaults over a summit called Mount Moriah which three millennia ago was the highest elevation in early Jerusalem 's proximity to the City of David . There is some controversy among secular scholars about equating Mount Moriah , the Temple Mount and the Foundation Stone as the location where events occurred according to the Biblical narrative . Early Jewish writings assist in confirming that the Dome of the Rock , completed in 691 , is the site of the Holy of Holies and therefore the location of the Foundation Stone . Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer , a midrashic narrative of the more important events of the Torah believed to have been compiled in Italy shortly after 833 CE , writes : `` Rabbi Ishmael said : In the future , the sons of Ishmael ( the Arabs ) will do fifteen things in the Land of Israel ... They will fence in the breaches of the walls of the Temple and construct a building on the site of the sanctuary '' . Rabbis have discussed the precise location of the rock . David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra was convinced that `` under the dome on the Temple Mount , which the Arabs call El - Sakhrah , without a doubt is the location of the Foundation Stone '' . The Travels of Petachia of Ratisbon , c. 1180 , The Travels of Benjamin of Tudela and The Travels of the Student of the Ramban all equally state that `` on the Temple Mount stands a beautiful sanctuary which an Arab king built long ago , over the place of the Temple sanctuary and courtyard '' . Obadiah ben Abraham Bartenura , who wrote a letter from Jerusalem in 1488 , says that `` I sought the place of the Foundation Stone where the Ark of the Covenant was placed , and many people told me it is under a tall and beautiful dome which the Arabs built in the Temple precinct '' . Other traditional sources disagreed ; operating under the belief that the Southern Wall of the Temple Mount as it stood in their time was the Southern Wall of the Biblical era , they argued that the measurements given in the Talmud do not reconcile . The Holy of Holies ends up being too far north and they therefore locate the Foundation Stone as being directly opposite the current exposed section of the Western Wall , where no building currently stands . This is the view of Isaac Luria and the Maharsha , who state the prophecy that `` Zion will become a ploughed field '' indicates that no dwelling will be established there until the time of the Redemption . It therefore follows that the footprint of the Temple courtyard and Holy of Holies is situated in the unbuilt area between the Dome of the Rock and al - Aqsa Mosque . Some believe the position is north of the Dome of the Rock , opposite the Gate of Mercy , which Emmanuel Hai Ricci identifies as the Shushan Gate mentioned in the Talmud . This gate was described as being opposite the opening of the sanctuary . Modern Jewish academics list four possible locations of the Foundation Stone : The stone that was located beneath the Ark of the Covenant is the one under the Dome of the Rock . The stone that was located beneath the altar is now the one that is under the Dome of the Rock . The stone that was located beneath the Ark of the Covenant is now near El Kas fountain to the South of the Dome of the Rock . The stone that was located beneath the Ark of the Covenant is now inside the Spirits Dome situated to the North of the Dome of the Rock . Description ( edit ) Although the rock is part of the surrounding 90 - million - year - old , Upper Turonian Stage , Late Cretaceous karsted limestone , the southern side forms a ledge , with a gap between it and the surrounding ground ; a set of steps currently uses this gap to provide access from the Dome of the Rock to the Well of Souls beneath it . The rock has several artificial cuts in its surface generally attributed to the Crusaders whose frequent damage to the rock was so severe that the Christian kings of Jerusalem placed a protective marble slab over the rock . The marble slab was removed by Saladin . More recently , there has been speculation that several artificial features of the rock 's surface may substantially predate the Crusades . Archaeologist Leen Ritmeyer reports that there are sections of the rock cut completely flat , which north - to - south have a width of 6 cubits , precisely the width that the Mishnah credits to the wall of the Holy of Holies , and hence Ritmeyer proposed that these flat sections constitute foundation trenches on top of which the walls of the original temple were laid . However , according to Josephus there were 31 steps up to the Holy of Holies from the lower level of the Temple Mount , and the Mishnah identifies 29 steps in total , and each step was half a cubit in height ( according to the Mishnah ) ; this is a height of at least 22 feet -- the height of the Sakhra is 21 feet above the lower level of the Temple Mount , and should therefore have been under the floor . Measuring the flat surface as the position of the southern wall of a square enclosure , the west and north sides of which are formed by the low clean - cut scarp at these edges of the rock , at the position of the hypothetical centre is a rectangular cut in the rock that is about 2.5 cubits ( min . 120.4 cm SI ) long and 1.5 cubits ( min . 72.24 cm SI ) wide , which are the dimensions of the Ark of the Covenant ( according to the Book of Exodus ) . The Mishnah gives the height of the rock as three thumb - breadths ( min . 6 cm SI ) above the ground . Radbaz discusses the apparent contradiction of the Mishnah 's measurements and the actual measurement of the rock within the Dome he estimates as a `` height of two men '' above the ground . He concluded that many changes in the natural configuration of the Temple Mount have taken place which can be attributed to excavations made by the various occupiers of Jerusalem since the Second Temple construction . Jewish significance ( edit ) Main article : Temple in Jerusalem This is the holiest site in Judaism . Jews all over the world pray towards the Foundation Stone . The Roman - Era midrash Tanhuma sums up the centrality of and holiness of this site in Judaism : As the navel is set in the centre of the human body , so is the land of Israel the navel of the world ... situated in the centre of the world , and Jerusalem in the centre of the land of Israel , and the sanctuary in the centre of Jerusalem , and the holy place in the centre of the sanctuary , and the ark in the centre of the holy place , and the Foundation Stone before the holy place , because from it the world was founded . According to the sages of the Talmud , it was from this rock that the world was created , itself being the first part of the Earth to come into existence . In the words of the Zohar , `` The world was not created until God took a stone called Even haShetiya and threw it into the depths where it was fixed from above till below , and from it the world expanded . It is the centre point of the world and on this spot stood the Holy of Holies . '' According to the Talmud , it was close to here , on the site of the altar , that God gathered the earth that was formed into Adam . It was on this rock that Adam -- and later Cain and Abel and Noah -- offered sacrifices to God . Jewish sources identify this rock as the place of the Binding of Isaac mentioned in the Bible , where Abraham fulfilled God 's test to see if he would be willing to sacrifice his son . The mountain is identified as Moriah in Genesis 22 . It is also identified as the rock upon which Jacob dreamt about angels ascending and descending on a ladder and consequently consecrating and offering a sacrifice upon . When , according to the Bible , King David purchased a threshing floor owned by Araunah the Jebusite , it is believed that it was upon this rock that he offered the sacrifice mentioned in the verse . He wanted to construct a permanent temple there , but as his hands were `` bloodied '' , he was forbidden to do so himself . The task was left to his son Solomon , who completed the Temple in c. 950 BCE . The Mishnah in tractate Yoma mentions a stone situated in the Holy of Holies that was called Shetiya and had been revealed by the early prophets ( i.e. David and Samuel . ) . An early Christian source noting Jewish attachment to the rock may be found in the Itinerarium Burdigalense , written between 333 -- 334 CE when Jerusalem was under Roman rule , which describes a `` perforated stone to which the Jews come every year and anoint it , bewail themselves with groans , rend their garments , and so depart . '' Role in the Temple ( edit ) Situated inside the Holy of Holies , this was the rock upon which the Ark of the Covenant was placed in Solomon 's Temple . During the Second Temple period when the Ark of the Covenant was not present , the stone was used by the High Priest who offered up the incense and sprinkled the blood of the sacrifices on it during the Yom Kippur service . Commemoration in Jewish law ( edit ) The Jerusalem Talmud states : `` נשייא דנהגן דלא למי שתייה עמרא מן דאב עליל מנהג -- שבו פסקה אבן שתייה '' . Women are accustomed not to prepare or attach warp threads to a weaving loom from Rosh Chodesh Av onwards ( till after Tisha B'Av ) , because during the month of Av the Foundation Stone ( and the Temple ) was destroyed . Citing this , the Mishnah Berurah rules that not only are women not to prepare or attach warp threads to a weaving loom , but it is forbidden for anyone to make , buy or wear new clothes or shoes from the beginning of the week in which Tisha B'Av falls until after the fast , and that people should ideally not do so from the beginning of Av . In further commemoration of the Foundation Stone , it is also forbidden to eat meat or drink wine from the beginning of the week in which Tisha B'av falls until after the fast . Some have the custom to refrain from these foodstuffs from Rosh Chodesh Av , while others do so from the Seventeenth of Tammuz . Liturgical references ( edit ) In the days when Selichot are recited , in the days leading up to Rosh Hashanah until Yom Kippur , the supplications include the following references : טענתנו גפי קרת נתונים , ישבתנו שן סלע איתנים You carried us and placed us on the ( Holy ) City 's height , You settled us on the Patriarch 's rocky peak . רבוצה עליו אבן שתית חטובים ... שמה בתוך לפני מזיב מאשנבים Upon it lying the stone from which the foundation was hewn ... Who gives ear from which the waters flow ( i.e. the foundation stone `` from which flow all the waters of the world '' ) . During Sukkot , the following references to the Foundation Stone are mentioned in the Hoshanot recital : הושענא ! -- אבן שתיה -- הושענא Please save ! -- Foundation Stone -- Please save ! הושענא ! -- תאדרנו באבן תלולה -- הושענא Please save ! -- Adorn us with the elevated Stone -- Please save ! Islamic significance ( edit ) The Temple Mount , where the Foundation Stone is located , is thought by commentators of the Qur'an to be the place to which Muhammad traveled in the Night Journey . Although the Qur'an does not specifically mention Jerusalem in name as the ascension site , labelling the site as the Al - Aqsa Mosque , the Hadith , the recorded sayings of Muhammad , specify that the site is indeed the Foundation Stone in Jerusalem . According to Islamic belief , angels visited the site 2,000 years before the creation of Adam . It is also thought to be the place where Israfil , the angel of the trumpet , will sound his horn on Resurrection Day . Beneath the Foundation Stone is a cavern known as the Well of Souls . It is sometimes thought of as the traditional hiding place of the Ark of the Covenant . See also ( edit ) Islam portal Judaism portal Black Stone Navel of the World Jerusalem in Judaism Jerusalem in Islam Mount Gerizim References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Friedlander , Gerald , Pirkê de rabbi Eliezer , Kegan Paul , Trench , Trubner & co. Ltd. , London , 1916 , p. 221 Jump up ^ Responsa 691 . Jump up ^ A. Benisch , Travels of Petachia of Ratisbon ( with English translation ) , London 1856 . Jump up ^ The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela : Travels in the Middle Ages ; ( English translation originally published by Joseph Simon / Pangloss Press in 1993 , ISBN 0 - 934710 - 07 - 4 ) . Jump up ^ Avraham Ya'ari , Igrot Eretz Yisrael , Ramat Gan 1971 . Jump up ^ Rav lshtori HaParchi ( 14th Century ) , Kaftor VeFerach , Provence , France . Jump up ^ Emek HaMelech , Preface , paragraph 9 . Jump up ^ End of Makkot . ^ Jump up to : `` Fig. 6 . The Southern System ( 237 K ) '' . Templemount.org . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Aderes Eliyahu . ^ Jump up to : `` Fig. 5 . The Northern System ( 63K ) '' . Templemount.org . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Hidden Secrets of the Temple Mount '' . Templemount.org . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fig 4 The Middle System ( 124 K ) '' . Templemount.org . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fig. 3 . The Central System ( 42 K ) '' . Templemount.org . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Ritmeyer , Leen , The Quest ( 2006 ) , pp. 263 - 268 . Jump up ^ Tractate Middot 4.7 Jump up ^ Exodus 25 : 10 Jump up ^ Tractate Yoma 5 : 3 . Jump up ^ Responsa ( 639 ) . Jump up ^ Kedoshim Ch. 10 . Jump up ^ Tractate Yoma 54b . Jump up ^ Vayechi 1 : 231 . Jump up ^ 1 Chronicles 21 : 25 , and 2 Samuel 24 : 18 - 25 . Jump up ^ Tractate Yoma 5 : 2 . Jump up ^ Tractate Sotah 48b . Jump up ^ `` Bordeaux Pilgrim - Text : 7a . Jerusalem ( first part ) '' . Christusrex.org . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Zohar Vayechi 1 : 231 ; Midrash Tanchuma Acharei Ch. 3 ( see Etz Yosef commentary ) ; Maimonides , Beis HaBechirah 4 : 1 . Jump up ^ Pesachim 4 : 1 . Jump up ^ 551 : 7 , 8 . Jump up ^ This is derived from the fact that another version of the same piece of Talmud reads : `` למישתייה חמרא '' `` ( to refrain ) from drinking wine '' . This follows the version recorded by Hai Gaon . It is brought down by the Kolbo , Halakha Tisha B'Av , and Machzor Vitri 263 . Jump up ^ ArtScroll Selichot , Second day , Selicha 5 . Jump up ^ ArtScroll Selichot , Fast of Gedalia , Selicha 46 . Jump up ^ `` Sahih Bukhari Hadith Volume 5 , Book 58 , Number 226 : '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Foundation Stone ( Temple Mount ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Temple Mount Al - Aqsa Mosque Al - Qibli Chapel Fountain of Qasim Pasha Murabitat Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Walls Western Wall Little Western Wall Dung Gate Heritage Foundation Modesty guard Mughrabi Bridge Paratroopers at the Western Wall Placing notes Platoon of the Wall Pro -- Wailing Wall Committee Western Stone Western Wall camera Wilson 's Arch Women for the Wall Western Wall Tunnel Other walls Eastern Wall Southern Wall Hall of Hewn Stones Temples Solomon 's Temple Second Temple Third Temple The Temple Institute Archaeological remnants Dome of the Rock Dome of al - Khalili Dome of the Ascension Dome of the Chain Dome of the Prophet Dome of the Rock Dome of Yusuf Fountain of Qayt Bay Antiquities Foundation Stone Acra Antonia Fortress Birket Israel Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount Excavations Hasmonean Baris Minarets Monastery of the Virgins Pool of Raranj Ptolemaic Baris Robinson 's Arch Royal Stoa Solomon 's Stables Struthion Pool Temple Mount Sifting Project Gates Al - Mawazin Golden Gate Huldah Gates Warren 's Gate Conflicts Assassination of Abdullah I 1990 Temple Mount riots 2009 Temple Mount riots 2017 Temple Mount crisis 2017 Temple Mount shooting See also Status quo of Holy Land sites Hashemite custodianship of Jerusalem holy sites Islamic Museum Islamization Jerusalem Islamic Waqf Temple Mount and Eretz Yisrael Faithful Movement Entry restrictions Templum Domini Temple Denial Well of Souls <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Holy sites in Judaism Temple in Jerusalem Foundation Stone Holy of Holies Temple Mount Western Wall Tombs of biblical figures Israel Benjamin David Matriarchs Judea and Samaria ( West Bank ) Joseph Patriarchs Rachel Samuel Other countries Esther and Mordechai Holy Land Land of Israel Application of religious law Four Holy Cities Jerusalem Holiness Hebron Safed Tiberias Coordinates : 31 ° 46 ′ 41 '' N 35 ° 14 ′ 07 '' E / 31.7780 ° N 35.2354 ° E / 31.7780 ; 35.2354 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foundation_Stone&oldid=823768245 '' Categories : Islamic holy places Jewish holy places Sacred rocks Temple Mount Hidden categories : Wikipedia references cleanup from October 2014 All articles needing references cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from October 2014 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Arabic - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia עברית Basa Jawa Русский தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 February 2018 , at 08 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Foundation Stone in Jerusalem
2. Dome of the Rock
3. Jewish significance of the Foundation Stone
4. Islamic significance of the Foundation Stone
5. Location and description of the Foundation Stone
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who did clint from the block play footy for
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Clint Amos - Wikipedia Clint Amos Jump to : navigation , search Clint Amos <Th_colspan="2"> Nickname Mossy ( 1983 - 09 - 02 ) 2 September 1983 ( age 34 ) Ballina , New South Wales , Australia <Th_colspan="2"> Playing information Height 183 cm ( 6 ft 0 in ) Weight 94 kg ( 14 st 11 lb ) Position Hooker , Lock <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="7"> Club Years Team Pld FG 2006 North Queensland Cowboys 6 0 0 0 0 2007 -- 08 Gold Coast Titans 21 0 0 0 2009 -- 11 North Queensland Cowboys 10 0 0 0 0 Total 37 0 0 0 <Td_colspan="2"> Source : Clint Amos ( born 2 September 1983 in Ballina , New South Wales ) is a former Australian professional rugby league player . He played for the North Queensland Cowboys and the Gold Coast Titans in the Australian National Rugby League ( NRL ) competition . He primarily played as a hooker . Amos played junior football for the Burleigh Bears and moved to the North Queensland Cowboys , where he made his first - grade debut in 2006 . He then signed for the Gold Coast Titans for its inaugural season in 2007 , where he was a regular member of the first - grade team . However , he fell out of the squad in 2008 as Nathan Friend became the side 's preferred hooker . He returned to the Cowboys for the 2009 season , signing a two - year deal . He played for the Northern Pride in the 2011 Queensland Cup . At the end of the 2011 season he retired from playing to become the Cowboys ' business development manager . In 2017 , Amos and his wife Hannah will be contestants on the thirteenth season of Australian reality series The Block . Career highlights ( edit ) First grade debut : North Queensland v Manly - Warringah Sea Eagles , 18 March 2006 ( Round 2 ) at Dairy Farmers Stadium References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rugby League Project Jump up ^ Herald Sun Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Marshall , Matt ( 3 July 2008 ) . `` Gold Coast Titans hooker Clint Amos may go to Cowboys '' . The Courier - Mail . Retrieved 6 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Josh Alston ( 12 Nov 2008 ) . `` Cowboys glad to be back '' . Townsville Courier . Retrieved 16 Nov 2008 . Jump up ^ Round 1 Queensland Intrust Super Cup Preview Archived 3 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine . rleague.com , 18 March 2011 Jump up ^ Badel , Peter ( 27 September 2011 ) . `` North Queensland Cowboys prepare to make raid on NRL player market '' . The Courier - Mail . Retrieved 6 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Block 2017 teams '' . news.com.au. 22 June 2017 . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . <Th_colspan="2"> Inaugural Gold Coast Titans side <Td_colspan="2"> v St George Illawarra Dragons , Suncorp Stadium , 18 March 2007 <Td_colspan="2"> 1 . Preston Campbell 2 . Lelea Paea 3 . Mat Rogers 4 . Jake Webster 5 . Chris Walker 6 . Matt Hilder 7 . Scott Prince ( c ) 8 . Luke Bailey ( c ) 9 . Clint Amos 10 . Kris Kahler 11 . Anthony Laffranchi 12 . Gavin Cooper 13 . Luke Swain 14 . Michael Henderson 15 . James Stosic 16 . Mark Minichiello 19 . Nathan Friend Coach : John Cartwright Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clint_Amos&oldid=808707604 '' Categories : 1983 births Australian rugby league players North Queensland Cowboys players Gold Coast Titans players Northern Pride RLFC players Burleigh Bears players Rugby league hookers Rugby league locks Living people Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from July 2013 Use Australian English from July 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Infobox rugby league biography templates needing updating All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 16 : 43 . About Wikipedia
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1. Clint Amos - Australian rugby league player
2. North Queensland Cowboys - rugby league team
3. Gold Coast Titans - rugby league team
4. Hooker position in rugby league
5. The Block - Australian reality series
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2,318,746,760,322,895,000 |
where does the last name bartlett come from
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Bartlett ( surname ) - wikipedia Bartlett ( surname ) Jump to : navigation , search Bartlett is a surname . Notable people with the surname include : Contents ( hide ) 1 Disambiguation of common given names with this surname 2 Arts and letters 3 Politics and government 4 Sciences 5 Sports 6 Other Disambiguation of common given names with this surname ( edit ) Edward Bartlett ( disambiguation ) , several people Jason Bartlett ( disambiguation ) , several people John Bartlett ( disambiguation ) , several people Kevin Bartlett ( disambiguation ) , several people Neil Bartlett ( disambiguation ) , several people Thomas Bartlett ( disambiguation ) , several people William Bartlett ( disambiguation ) , several people Arts and letters ( edit ) Alicia Giménez Bartlett ( b . 1951 ) Spanish writer Basil Bartlett ( 1905 -- 1985 ) , British screenwriter Bonnie Bartlett ( b . 1929 ) , American television and film actor Charles W. Bartlett ( 1860 -- 1940 ) , English painter Craig Bartlett ( b . 1956 ) , American animator Eugene Monroe Bartlett ( 1885 -- 1941 ) , American singer , songwriter and music producer Ellis Ashmead - Bartlett ( 1881 -- 1931 ) , British war correspondent during World War I Erinn Bartlett ( b . 1973 ) , American actor Gray Bartlett ( b . 1942 ) , New Zealand guitarist Jennifer Bartlett ( born 1941 ) , American artist Mike Bartlett ( playwright ) ( b . 1980 ) , English playwright and theatre director Murray Bartlett ( b . 1971 ) , Australian actor Paul Wayland Bartlett ( 1865 -- 1925 ) , American sculptor Peter Bartlett ( actor ) ( b . 1942 ) , American actor Rob Bartlett ( b . 1957 ) , American comedian and actor Ron Bartlett , sound mixer Sy Bartlett ( 1900 -- 1977 ) , American author and screenwriter Vernon Bartlett ( 1894 -- 1983 ) , English journalist and politician Politics and government ( edit ) Andrew Bartlett ( b . 1964 ) , senator in the Australian Parliament Ann Bartlett ( 1920 -- 2013 ) , American politician Bailey Bartlett ( 1750 -- 1830 ) , U.S. Representative from Massachusetts Bob Bartlett ( 1904 -- 1968 ) , U.S. Senator from Alaska Dan Bartlett ( b . 1971 ) , Counselor to the President in the George W. Bush administration David Bartlett ( b . 1968 ) , premier of Tasmania , Australia Dewey F. Bartlett ( 1919 -- 1979 ) , American politician Ellis Ashmead - Bartlett ( politician ) ( 1849 -- 1902 ) , American - born British Conservative politician Harry Bartlett ( Australian politician ) ( 1835 -- 1915 ) , South Australian parliamentarian Joseph J. Bartlett ( 1834 -- 1893 ) , American Civil War general and diplomat Joseph R. Bartlett ( b . 1969 ) , Maryland politician Josiah Bartlett ( 1729 -- 1795 ) , 6th New Hampshire governor Kerry Bartlett ( b . 1949 ) , Australian politician Louis Bartlett ( 1873 -- 1951 ) , American attorney and mayor Manuel Bartlett ( b . 1936 ) , Mexican politician Patricia Bartlett ( 1928 -- 2000 ) , New Zealand Catholic activist Roscoe Bartlett ( b . 1926 ) , Maryland politician Steve Bartlett ( b . 1947 ) , former U.S. congressman and mayor of Dallas , Texas Washington Bartlett ( 1824 -- 1887 ) , mayor of San Francisco Sciences ( edit ) Abraham Dee Bartlett ( 1812 -- 1897 ) , British zoologist Albert Allen Bartlett ( 1923 -- 2013 ) , American professor of physics Albert Charles Bartlett , electronics engineer Francis A. Bartlett , American arborist Frederic Bartlett ( 1886 -- 1969 ) , British psychologist Harley Harris Bartlett ( 1886 -- 1960 ) , American botanist Katharine Bartlett ( 1907 -- 2001 ) , American physical anthropologist M.S. Bartlett ( 1910 -- 2002 ) , British statistician Paul Doughty Bartlett ( 1907 -- 1997 ) , American chemist Rodney J. Bartlett ( b . 1944 ) , American professor of chemistry and physics Sports ( edit ) Don Bartlett ( b . 1960 ) , Canadian curler Earl Bartlett ( 1908 -- 1987 ) , American football player Gary Bartlett ( b . 1941 ) , New Zealand cricketer Hugh Bartlett ( 1914 -- 1988 ) , English cricketer Mike Bartlett ( ice hockey ) ( b . 1985 ) , American ice hockey player Nicholas Bartlett ( b . 1979 ) , Australian kendo player Shaun Bartlett ( b . 1972 ) , South African football player Other ( edit ) Bruce Bartlett ( b . 1951 ) , American historian Dana W. Bartlett ( 1860 -- ? ? ) , American Congregationalist minister Robert Bartlett ( explorer ) ( 1875 -- 1946 ) , Newfoundland captain and Arctic explorer Robert Bartlett ( historian ) ( b . 1950 ) , British historian and medievalist Samuel Colcord Bartlett , president of Dartmouth College Willard Bartlett ( 1848 -- 1925 ) , Chief Judge of the NY Court of Appeals This page lists people with the surname Bartlett . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bartlett_(surname)&oldid=785954711 '' Categories : Surnames English - language surnames Hidden categories : All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2017 , at 11 : 52 . About Wikipedia
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1. Notable people with the surname Bartlett
2. Disambiguation of common given names with the surname Bartlett
3. Arts and letters
4. Politics and government
5. Sciences and sports
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6,372,728,480,917,871,000 |
where are the oldest rocks found at the mid ocean ridge
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Mid-ocean ridge - wikipedia Mid-ocean ridge Jump to : navigation , search For a broader coverage related to this topic , see Undersea mountain range . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mid-oceanic ridge , including a black smoker A mid-ocean ridge ( MOR ) is an underwater mountain system formed by plate tectonics . It consists of various mountains linked in chains , typically having a valley known as a rift running along its spine . This type of oceanic mountain ridge is characteristic of what is known as an ' oceanic spreading center ' , which is responsible for seafloor spreading . The production of new seafloor results from mantle upwelling in response to plate spreading ; this isentropic upwelling solid mantle material eventually exceeds the solidus and melts . The buoyant melt rises as magma at a linear weakness in the oceanic crust , and emerges as lava , creating new crust upon cooling . A mid-ocean ridge demarcates the boundary between two tectonic plates , and consequently is termed a divergent plate boundary . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 Volcanism 1.2 Morphology 2 Formation processes 3 Global system 4 Seawater Chemistry 5 History 5.1 Discovery 5.2 Impact 6 List of oceanic ridges 6.1 List of ancient oceanic ridges 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Description ( edit ) Graphic shows a mid-ocean ridge , with magma rising from a chamber below , forming new ocean plate that spreads away from the ridge . Mid-ocean ridge in Þingvellir National Park , Iceland . Volcanism ( edit ) Mid-ocean ridges are geologically active , with continuing volcanism and seismicity . New magma steadily emerges onto the ocean floor and intrudes into the ocean crust at and near rifts along the ridge axes . The crystallized magma forms new crust of basalt ( known as MORB for mid-ocean ridge basalt ) and below it ( in the lower oceanic crust ) , gabbro . MORs are formed by two oceanic plates moving away from each other . Hydrothermal vents are a common feature at oceanic spreading centers . The rocks making up the crust below the seafloor are youngest along the axis of the ridge and age with increasing distance from that axis . New magma of basalt composition emerges at and near the axis because of decompression melting in the underlying Earth 's mantle . The oceanic crust is made up of rocks much younger than the Earth itself . Most oceanic crust in the ocean basins is less than 200 million years old . The crust is in a constant state of `` renewal '' at the ocean ridges . Moving away from the mid-ocean ridge , ocean depth progressively increases ; the greatest depths are in ocean trenches . As the oceanic crust moves away from the ridge axis , the peridotite in the underlying mantle cools and becomes more rigid . The crust and the relatively rigid peridotite below it make up the oceanic lithosphere . Morphology ( edit ) See also : Seafloor spreading § Sea floor global topography : half - space model The bathymetry , or profile of a MOR is largely determined by the seafloor spreading rate at the ridge . Slow spreading ridges ( < 5 cm / yr ) like the Mid-Atlantic Ridge ( MAR ) generally have large , wide rift valleys , sometimes as wide as 10 -- 20 km ( 6.2 -- 12.4 mi ) , and very rugged terrain at the ridge crest that can have relief of up to a 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) . By contrast , fast spreading ridges ( > 8 cm / yr ) like the East Pacific Rise ( EPR ) are narrow , sharp incisions surrounded by generally flat topography that slopes away from the ridge over many hundreds of miles . Ultra-slow spreading ridges ( < 2 cm / yr ) , like the Southwest India and the Arctic Ridges form both magmatic and amagmatic ridge segments without transform faults . The spreading center or axis , commonly connects to a transform fault oriented at right angles to the axis . The flanks of Mid-coean ridges are in many places marked by the inactive scars of transform faults called fracture zones . At faster spreading rates the axes often display Overlapping Spreading Centers that lack connecting transform faults . The depth of the seafloor ( or the height of a location on a mid-ocean ridge above a baselevel ) is closely correlated with its age ( age of the lithosphere where depth is measured ) . The age - depth relation can be modeled by the cooling of a lithosphere plate or mantle half - space in areas without significant subduction . The overall shape of ridges results from Pratt isostacy : close to the ridge axis there is hot , low - density mantle supporting the oceanic crust . As the oceanic plates cool , away from the ridge axes , the oceanic mantle lithosphere ( the colder , denser part of the mantle that , together with the crust , comprises the oceanic plates ) thickens and the density increases . Thus older seafloor is underlain by denser material and is deeper . The width of the ridge is hence a function of spreading rate -- slow ridges like the MAR have spread much less far ( shower a narrower profile ) than faster ridges like the EPR ( wider profile ) for the same amount of cooling and consequent bathymetric deepening . Formation processes ( edit ) Further information : Plate tectonics Oceanic crust is formed at an oceanic ridge , while the lithosphere is subducted back into the asthenosphere at trenches . Two processes , ridge - push and slab pull , are thought to be responsible for the spreading seen at mid-ocean ridges , and there is some uncertainty as to which is dominant . Ridge - push occurs when the growing bulk of the ridge pushes the rest of the tectonic plate away from the ridge , often towards a subduction zone . At the subduction zone , `` slab - pull '' comes into effect . This is simply the weight of the tectonic plate being subducted ( pulled ) below the overlying plate dragging the rest of the plate along behind it . The slab pull mechanism is considered to be contributing more than the ridge push . The other process proposed to contribute to the formation of new oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges is the `` mantle conveyor '' ( see image ) . However , there have been some studies which have shown that the upper mantle ( asthenosphere ) is too plastic ( flexible ) to generate enough friction to pull the tectonic plate along . Moreover , unlike in the image above , mantle upwelling that causes magma to form beneath the ocean ridges appears to involve only its upper 400 km ( 250 mi ) , as deduced from seismic tomography and from studies of the seismic discontinuity at about 400 km ( 250 mi ) . The relatively shallow depths from which the upwelling mantle rises below ridges are more consistent with the `` slab - pull '' process . On the other hand , some of the world 's largest tectonic plates such as the North American Plate are in motion , yet are nowhere being subducted . The rate at which the mid-ocean ridge creates new material is known as the spreading rate , and is typically measured in mm / yr . As a general rule , fast ridges have spreading ( opening ) rates of more than 90 mm / year . Intermediate ridges have a spreading rate of 50 -- 90 mm / year while slow spreading ridges have a rate less than 50 mm / year . The spreading rate of the North Atlantic Ocean is ~ 25 mm / yr , while in the Pacific region , it is 80 -- 120 mm / yr . Ridges that spread at rates < 20 mm / yr are referred to as ultraslow spreading ridges ( e.g. , the Gakkel Ridge in the Arctic Ocean and the Southwest Indian Ridge ) and they provide a much different perspective on crustal formation than their faster spreading brethren . The mid-ocean ridge systems form new oceanic crust . As crystallized basalt extruded at a ridge axis cools below Curie points of appropriate iron - titanium oxides , magnetic field directions parallel to the Earth 's magnetic field are recorded in those oxides . The orientations of the field in the oceanic crust preserve a record of directions of the Earth 's magnetic field with time . Because the field has reversed directions at irregular intervals throughout its history , the pattern of geomagnetic reversals in the ocean crust can be used as an indicator of age . Likewise , the pattern of reversals together with age measurements of the crust is used to help establish the history of the Earth 's magnetic field . Global system ( edit ) World distribution of mid-oceanic ridges ; USGS The mid-ocean ridges of the world are connected and form the Ocean Ridge , a single global mid-oceanic ridge system that is part of every ocean , making it the longest mountain range in the world . The continuous mountain range is 65,000 km ( 40,400 mi ) long ( several times longer than the Andes , the longest continental mountain range ) , and the total length of the oceanic ridge system is 80,000 km ( 49,700 mi ) long . Increased rates of sea - floor spreading ( i.e. the expansion of the mid-ocean ridge ) has caused global ( eustatic ) sea - level to rise over very long timescales ( millions of years ) . The high sea levels that occurred during the Cretaceous period ( 144 -- 65 Ma ) can only be attributed to plate tectonics since thermal expansion and the absence of ice sheets by themselves can not account for the fact that sea levels were 100 -- 170 meters higher than today . Increased sea - floor spreading means that the hot young crust at the mid-ocean ridge will form at a faster rate than it can be destroyed at subduction zones . The mid-ocean ridge will then expand and form a broader ridge , taking up more space in the ocean basin and causing sea levels to rise . Sea - level change can be attributed to other factors ( thermal expansion , ice melting ) . Over very long timescales , however , it is the result of changes in the volume of the ocean basins which are , in turn , affected by rates of sea - floor spreading along the mid-ocean ridges . Seawater chemistry ( edit ) Mg / Ca Ratio Changes at Mid-Ocean Ridges Mid-ocean ridges are global scale ion - exchange systems . Rapid spreading rates will expand the mid-ocean ridge causing basalt reactions with seawater to happen faster . The Magnesium / Calcium ratio will be lower because more magnesium ions are being removed from seawater and consumed by the rock , and more calcium ions are being removed from the rock and released to seawater . A lower Mg / Ca ratio favors the precipitation of Low - Mg calcite polymorphs of calcium carbonate ( calcite seas ) . Slow spreading at mid-ocean ridges has the opposite effect and will result in a higher Mg / Ca ratio favoring the precipitation of aragonite and High - Mg calcite polymorphs of calcium carbonate ( aragonite seas ) . Experiments show that most modern High - Mg calcite organisms would have been Low - Mg calcite in past calcite seas , meaning that the Mg / Ca ratio in an organism 's skeleton varies with the Mg / Ca ratio of the seawater in which it was grown . The mineralogy of reef - building and sediment - producing organisms is thus regulated by chemical reactions occurring along the mid-ocean ridge , the rate of which is controlled by sea - floor spreading . History ( edit ) Discovery ( edit ) Main article : Plate tectonics § Historical context Mid-ocean ridges are generally submerged deep in the ocean . It was not until the 1950s , when the ocean floor was surveyed in detail , that their full extent became known . The Vema , a ship of the Lamont - Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University , traversed the Atlantic Ocean , recording data about the ocean floor from the ocean surface . A team led by Marie Tharp and Bruce Heezen analyzed the data and concluded that there was an enormous mountain chain running up the middle . Scientists named it the `` Mid-Atlantic Ridge '' . At first , the ridge was thought to be a phenomenon specific to the Atlantic Ocean . However , as surveys of the ocean floor continued around the world , it was discovered that every ocean contains parts of the mid-ocean ridge system . Although the ridge system runs down the middle of the Atlantic Ocean , the ridge is located away from the center of other oceans . Impact ( edit ) Alfred Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift in 1912 . He stated : `` the Mid-Atlantic Ridge ... zone in which the floor of the Atlantic , as it keeps spreading , is continuously tearing open and making space for fresh , relatively fluid and hot sima ( rising ) from depth '' . However , Wegener did not pursue this observation in his later works and his theory was dismissed by geologists because there was no mechanism to explain how continents could plow through ocean crust , and the theory became largely forgotten . Following the discovery of the worldwide extent of the mid-ocean ridge in the 1950s , geologists faced a new task : explaining how such an enormous geological structure could have formed . In the 1960s , geologists discovered and began to propose mechanisms for seafloor spreading . The discovery of mid-ocean ridges and the process of seafloor spreading allowed for Wegner 's theory to be expanded so that it included the movement of oceanic crust as well as the continents . Plate tectonics was a suitable explanation for seafloor spreading , and the acceptance of plate tectonics by the majority of geologists resulted in a major paradigm shift in geological thinking . It is estimated that 20 volcanic eruptions occur each year along earth 's mid-ocean ridges and that every year 2.5 km ( 0.97 sq mi ) of new seafloor is formed by this process . With a crustal thickness of 1 to 2 km ( 0.62 to 1.24 mi ) , this amounts to about 4 km ( 0.96 cu mi ) of new ocean crust formed every year . Oceanic ridge and deep sea vent chemistry Age of oceanic crust . The red is most recent , and blue is the oldest . Plates in the crust of the earth , according to the plate tectonics theory Seafloor magnetic striping A demonstration of magnetic striping List of oceanic ridges ( edit ) Main category : Oceanic ridges Aden Ridge Cocos Ridge Explorer Ridge Gorda Ridge Juan de Fuca Ridge American - Antarctic Ridge Chile Rise East Pacific Rise East Scotia Ridge Gakkel Ridge ( Mid-Arctic Ridge ) Nazca Ridge Pacific - Antarctic Ridge Central Indian Ridge Carlsberg Ridge Southeast Indian Ridge Southwest Indian Ridge Mid-Atlantic Ridge Kolbeinsey Ridge ( North of Iceland ) Mohns Ridge Knipovich Ridge ( between Greenland and Spitsbergen ) Reykjanes Ridge ( South of Iceland ) List of ancient oceanic ridges ( edit ) Aegir Ridge Alpha Ridge Kula - Farallon Ridge Pacific - Farallon Ridge Pacific - Kula Ridge Phoenix Ridge See also ( edit ) Afar Triangle Geography of Iceland List of oceanic landforms Petrological Database of the Ocean Floor Slab window Submarine volcano References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Searle , , Roger ( 2013 ) . Mid-ocean ridges . New York : Cambridge . ISBN 9781107017528 . OCLC 842323181 . Jump up ^ Faulting and Magmatism at Mid ‐ Ocean Ridges Geophysical Monograph Series . doi : 10.1029 / gm106 . Jump up ^ Michael , Peter ; Cheadle , Michael ( February 20 , 2009 ) . `` Making a Crust '' . Science . 323 : 1017 -- 18 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1169556 . Jump up ^ Martin , William ; Baross , John ; Kelley , Deborah ; Russell , Michael J. ( 2008 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Hydrothermal vents and the origin of life '' . Nature Reviews Microbiology. 6 ( 11 ) : 805 -- 814 . doi : 10.1038 / nrmicro1991 . ISSN 1740 - 1526 . Jump up ^ Marjorie Wilson ( 1993 ) . Igneous petrogenesis . London : Chapman & Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 412 - 53310 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Macdonald , K.C. ( 1982 ) . `` Mid-Ocean Ridges : Fine Scale Tectonic , Volcanic and Hydrothermal Processes Within the Plate Boundary Zone '' . Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences . 10 ( 1 ) : 155 -- 190 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ea. 10.050182. 001103 . Jump up ^ Dick , Henry J.B. ; Lin , Jian ; Schouten , Hans ( November 2003 ) . `` An ultraslow - spreading class of ocean ridge '' . Nature . 426 ( 6965 ) : 405 -- 412 . doi : 10.1038 / nature02128 . ISSN 1476 - 4687 . Jump up ^ Macdonald , Ken C. ; Fox , P.J. ( 1983 ) . `` Overlapping spreading centres : new accretion geometry on the East Pacific Rise '' . Nature . 302 ( 5903 ) : 55 -- 58 . doi : 10.1038 / 302055a0 . ISSN 1476 - 4687 . Jump up ^ Sclater , John G. ; Anderson , Roger N. ; Bell , M. Lee ( 1971 - 11 - 10 ) . `` Elevation of ridges and evolution of the central eastern Pacific '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 76 ( 32 ) : 7888 -- 7915 . doi : 10.1029 / jb076i032p07888 . ISSN 2156 - 2202 . Jump up ^ Parsons , Barry ; Sclater , John G. ( 1977 - 02 - 10 ) . `` An analysis of the variation of ocean floor bathymetry and heat flow with age '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 82 ( 5 ) : 803 -- 827 . doi : 10.1029 / jb082i005p00803 . ISSN 2156 - 2202 . Jump up ^ Davis , E.E ; Lister , C.R.B. ( 1974 ) . `` Fundamentals of Ridge Crest Topography '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters . North - Holland Publishing Company . 21 : 405 -- 413 . Bibcode : 1974E&PSL ... 21 ... 405D . doi : 10.1016 / 0012 - 821X ( 74 ) 90180 - 0 . Jump up ^ Harff , Jan ; Meschede , Martin ; Petersen , Sven ; Thiede , Jörn . Driving Forces : Slab Pull , Ridge Push ( 2014 ed . ) . Springer Netherlands . pp. 1 -- 6 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 007 - 6644 - 0_105 - 1 . ISBN 978 - 94 - 007 - 6644 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Searle , Roger ( 2013 ) . Mid-ocean ridges . New York : Cambridge . p. 2 . ISBN 9781107017528 . OCLC 842323181 . Jump up ^ Puetz , Stephen ; et al. ( January 2017 ) . `` Quantifying the evolution of the continental and oceanic crust '' . Earth - Science Reviews . 164 : 63 -- 83 . doi : 10.1016 / j. earscirev. 2016.10. 011 . Jump up ^ `` What is the longest mountain range on earth ? '' . Ocean Facts . NOAA . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Church , J.A. ; Gregory , J.M. Sea Level Change . pp. 2599 -- 2604 . doi : 10.1006 / rwos. 2001.0268 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Kenneth G. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Paleoclimatology and Ancient Environments . Springer , Dordrecht . pp. 879 -- 887 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4020 - 4411 - 3_206 . Jump up ^ Kominz , M.A. Sea Level Variations Over Geologic Time . pp. 2605 -- 2613 . doi : 10.1006 / rwos. 2001.0255 . ^ Jump up to : Hardie , Lawrence ; Stanley , Steven ( February 1999 ) . `` Hypercalcification : Paleontology Links Plate Tectonics and Geochemistry to Sedimentology '' ( PDF ) . GSA TODAY. 9 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Ries , Justin B. ( 2004 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Effect of ambient Mg / Ca ratio on Mg fractionation in calcareous marine invertebrates : A record of the oceanic Mg / Ca ratio over the Phanerozoic '' . Geology. 32 ( 11 ) . doi : 10.1130 / g20851. 1 . ISSN 0091 - 7613 . Jump up ^ Jacoby , W.R. ( January 1981 ) . `` Modern concepts of earth dynamics anticipated by Alfred Wegener in 1912 '' . Geology. 9 : 25 -- 27 . Bibcode : 1981Geo ... 9 ... 25J . doi : 10.1130 / 0091 - 7613 ( 1981 ) 9 < 25 : MCOEDA > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Society , National Geographic ( 2015 - 06 - 08 ) . `` seafloor spreading '' . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 14 . External Links ( edit ) An explanation of relevant tectonic forces Mid-Oceanic ridge , like baseball seam ( The Dynamic Earth , USGS ) Ridge2000 , Studying Mid-Ocean Ridges from Mantle to Microbe <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Mid-ocean ridges Present Central Indian Chile East Pacific Explorer Gakkel Gorda Juan de Fuca Mid-Atlantic Pacific - Antarctic South American - Antarctic Southeast Indian Southwest Indian Former Aegir Alpha Kula - Farallon Pacific - Farallon Pacific - Kula Phoenix <Th_colspan="3"> Physical oceanography Waves Airy wave theory Ballantine scale Benjamin -- Feir instability Boussinesq approximation Breaking wave Clapotis Cnoidal wave Cross sea Dispersion Edge wave Equatorial waves Fetch Gravity wave Green 's law Infragravity wave Internal wave Iribarren number Kelvin wave Kinematic wave Longshore drift Luke 's variational principle Mild - slope equation Radiation stress Rogue wave Rossby wave Rossby - gravity waves Sea state Seiche Significant wave height Soliton Stokes boundary layer Stokes drift Stokes wave Swell Trochoidal wave Tsunami megatsunami Undertow Ursell number Wave action Wave base Wave height Wave power Wave radar Wave setup Wave shoaling Wave turbulence Wave -- current interaction Waves and shallow water one - dimensional Saint - Venant equations shallow water equations Wind wave model Circulation Atmospheric circulation Baroclinity Boundary current Coriolis force Coriolis -- Stokes force Craik -- Leibovich vortex force Downwelling Eddy Ekman layer Ekman spiral Ekman transport El Niño -- Southern Oscillation General circulation model Geochemical Ocean Sections Study Geostrophic current Global Ocean Data Analysis Project Gulf Stream Halothermal circulation Humboldt Current Hydrothermal circulation Langmuir circulation Longshore drift Loop Current Modular Ocean Model Ocean dynamics Ocean gyre Princeton ocean model Rip current Subsurface currents Sverdrup balance Thermohaline circulation shutdown Upwelling Whirlpool World Ocean Circulation Experiment Tides Amphidromic point Earth tide Head of tide Internal tide Lunitidal interval Perigean spring tide Rip tide Rule of twelfths Slack water Tidal bore Tidal force Tidal power Tidal race Tidal range Tidal resonance Tide gauge Tideline Landforms Abyssal fan Abyssal plain Atoll Bathymetric chart Coastal geography Cold seep Continental margin Continental rise Continental shelf Contourite Guyot Hydrography Oceanic basin Oceanic plateau Oceanic trench Passive margin Seabed Seamount Submarine canyon Submarine volcano Plate tectonics Convergent boundary Divergent boundary Fracture zone Hydrothermal vent Marine geology Mid-ocean ridge Mohorovičić discontinuity Vine -- Matthews -- Morley hypothesis Oceanic crust Outer trench swell Ridge push Seafloor spreading Slab pull Slab suction Slab window Subduction Transform fault Volcanic arc Ocean zones Benthic Deep ocean water Deep sea Littoral Mesopelagic Oceanic Pelagic Photic Surf Swash Sea level Deep - ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis Future sea level Global Sea Level Observing System North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System Sea - level curve Sea level rise World Geodetic System Acoustics Deep scattering layer Hydroacoustics Ocean acoustic tomography Sofar bomb SOFAR channel Underwater acoustics Satellites Jason - 1 Jason - 2 ( Ocean Surface Topography Mission ) Jason - 3 Related Argo Benthic lander Color of water DSV Alvin Marginal sea Marine energy Marine pollution Mooring National Oceanographic Data Center Ocean Ocean exploration Ocean observations Ocean reanalysis Ocean surface topography Ocean thermal energy conversion Oceanography Pelagic sediment Sea surface microlayer Sea surface temperature Seawater Science On a Sphere Thermocline Underwater glider Water column World Ocean Atlas <Td_colspan="3"> Commons GND : 4317501 - 6 NDL : 00575264 VIAF : 236956031 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mid-ocean_ridge&oldid=837770721 '' Categories : Oceanic ridges Coastal and oceanic landforms Physical oceanography Basalt Geological processes Plate tectonics Volcanic landforms Oceanographical terminology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2007 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - 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who has played in the most super bowls as a player
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List of Super Bowl records - wikipedia List of Super Bowl records Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of Super Bowl records , which includes performances of the highest and lowest caliber throughout the history of the Super Bowl . The list of records is separated by individual players and teams . Players and teams , along with their records , are noted with the Super Bowl game played . All records can be referenced at the National Football League ( NFL ) 's official website , NFL.com . Contents ( hide ) 1 Individual player records 1.1 Service 1.2 Scoring 1.3 Touchdowns 1.4 Passing 1.5 Rushing 1.6 Receiving 1.7 Combined yardage 1.8 Fumbles 1.9 Defense 1.10 Special teams 1.10. 1 Kickoff returns 1.10. 2 Kickoffs 1.10. 3 Punting 1.10. 4 Punt returns 1.10. 5 Field goals 1.10. 6 Points after touchdown 2 Team records 2.1 Scoring 2.1. 1 Points 2.1. 1.1 Single team 2.1. 1.2 Both teams 2.1. 2 Touchdowns 2.1. 2.1 Single team 2.1. 2.2 Both teams 2.1. 3 Points after touchdown 2.1. 3.1 Single team 2.1. 3.2 Both teams 2.1. 4 Field goals 2.1. 4.1 Single team 2.1. 4.2 Both teams 2.1. 5 Safeties 2.2 Offense 2.2. 1 Net yards gained 2.2. 1.1 Single team 2.2. 1.2 Both teams 2.2. 2 Rushing 2.2. 2.1 Single team 2.2. 2.2 Both teams 2.2. 3 Passing 2.2. 3.1 Single team 2.2. 3.2 Both teams 2.2. 4 First downs 2.2. 4.1 Single team 2.2. 4.2 Both teams 2.3 Defense 2.3. 1 Single team 2.3. 2 Both teams 2.4 Fumbles 2.4. 1 Single team 2.4. 2 Both teams 2.5 Turnovers 2.5. 1 Single team 2.5. 2 Both teams 2.6 Kickoff returns 2.6. 1 Single team 2.6. 2 Both teams 2.7 Punting 2.7. 1 Single team 2.7. 2 Both teams 2.8 Punt returns 2.8. 1 Single team 2.8. 2 Both teams 2.9 Penalties 2.9. 1 Single team 2.9. 2 Both teams 3 Time 4 Coaching 5 Popularity 6 Non-occurrences 7 References 8 External links Individual player records ( edit ) A complete list of Super Bowl records can be found in the 2017 Official NFL Record & Fact Book beginning at page 654 . Records can also be found at Pro Football Reference.com . Service ( edit ) Most Super Bowl MVP awards , career , 4 Tom Brady -- quarterback , New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XLIX , LI Most games , winning team , 5 Tom Brady -- quarterback , New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLIX , LI Charles Haley -- defensive end / linebacker , San Francisco XXIII , XXIV , Dallas XXVII , XXVIII , XXX Most games , losing team , 5 Glenn Parker -- offensive line , Buffalo XXV , XXVI , XXVII , XXVIII , N.Y. Giants XXXV Cornelius Bennett -- linebacker , Buffalo XXV , XXVI , XXVII , XXVIII , Atlanta XXXIII Gale Gilbert -- quarterback , Buffalo XXV , XXVI , XXVII , XXVIII , San Diego XXIX Most consecutive championships as a player , 3 Ken Norton Jr . -- Dallas XXVII , XXVIII , San Francisco XXIX Back to back championships with different teams Ken Norton Jr. , Dallas XXVII , XXVIII , San Francisco XXIX Deion Sanders , XXIX with the 49ers and XXX with the Cowboys Chris Long , LI with the Patriots and LII with the Eagles LeGarrette Blount , LI with the Patriots and LII with the Eagles Win a Super Bowl with one team and then defeat that same team in the Super Bowl the following season Chris Long , LI , Patriots and LII , Eagles LeGarrette Blount , LI , Patriots and LII , Eagles Longest time span between Super Bowl championships as a player , 12 seasons Ray Lewis -- Baltimore Ravens XXXV , Baltimore Ravens XLVII Most appearances as either a player or coach , 11 Bill Belichick -- assistant coach New York XXI , XXV , New England XXXI , head coach New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLII , XLVI , XLIX , LI , LII Most games played , 8 Tom Brady -- quarterback , New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLII , XLVI , XLIX , LI , LII Most games started , 8 Tom Brady -- quarterback , New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLII , XLVI , XLIX , LI , LII Most consecutive appearances , 5 Gale Gilbert -- quarterback , Buffalo XXV , XXVI , XXVII , XXVIII , San Diego XXIX Most starts at quarterback , 8 Tom Brady -- quarterback , New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLII , XLVI , XLIX , LI , LII Most wins as starting quarterback , 5 Tom Brady -- New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLIX , LI Wins as starting quarterback for two different teams Peyton Manning -- Indianapolis XLI , Denver 50 Most games as a kicker , 5 Adam Vinatieri -- New England XXXI , XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , Indianapolis XLI Stephen Gostkowski -- New England XLII , XLVI , XLIX , LI , LII Most wins as a kicker , 4 Adam Vinatieri -- New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , Indianapolis XLI Oldest player , 42 years and 11 days Matt Stover , kicker -- Indianapolis XLIV Youngest player to start , 21 years and 322 days Bryan Bulaga , offensive lineman -- Green Bay XLV Quarterbacks to both throw and catch a touchdown pass Nick Foles - Philadelphia LII Oldest quarterback to win , 39 years and 320 days Peyton Manning -- Denver 50 Oldest quarterback to start , 40 years and 185 days Tom Brady - New England LII Youngest quarterback to start and to win , 23 years and 340 days Ben Roethlisberger -- Pittsburgh XL Scoring ( edit ) Most points scored , career , 48 Jerry Rice -- San Francisco XXIII , XXIV , XXIX , and Oakland XXXVII Most points scored , single game , 20 James White -- New England vs. Atlanta , LI - 3 TD , 1 ( 2 - point ) conversion Longest scoring play , 108 yard kickoff return Jacoby Jones -- Baltimore Ravens vs. San Francisco , XLVII Most Touchdowns , plays of 50 - or - more yards , game , 2 Ricky Sanders -- Washington vs. Denver , XXII Jacoby Jones -- Baltimore Ravens vs. San Francisco , XLVII Touchdowns ( edit ) 00 In this category R = rushing touchdown ( TD ) ; P = pass reception TD ; KR = kickoff return TD Most touchdowns , career , 8 Jerry Rice -- San Francisco XXIII , XXIV , XXIX , and Oakland XXXVII ( 8 - P ) Most touchdowns , single game , 3 ( accomplished six times by five players ) Roger Craig -- San Francisco vs. Miami , XIX ( 1 - R , 2 - P ) Jerry Rice -- San Francisco vs. Denver , XXIV ( 3 - P ) Jerry Rice -- San Francisco vs. San Diego , XXIX ( 3 - P ) Ricky Watters -- San Francisco vs. San Diego , XXIX ( 1 - R , 2 - P ) Terrell Davis -- Denver vs. Green Bay , XXXII ( 3 - R ) James White - New England vs. Atlanta , LI ( 2 - R , 1 - P ) Most touchdowns , plays of 50 - or - more yards , game , 2 Ricky Sanders -- Washington , XXII ( 2 - P ) Jacoby Jones -- Baltimore Ravens , XLVII ( 1 - P , 1 - KR ) Touchdowns scored for two different teams , 3 players Jerry Rice -- San Francisco XXIII , Oakland XXXVII Ricky Proehl -- St. Louis Rams XXXVI , Carolina XXXVIII Muhsin Muhammad -- Carolina XXXVIII , Chicago XLI Longest play , 108 yards Jacoby Jones -- KR , Baltimore Ravens vs. San Francisco , XLVII Passing ( edit ) Highest passer rating , career , ( 40 attempts ) , 127.83 Joe Montana -- 4 games , San Francisco XVI , XIX , XXIII , XXIV Highest passer rating , game , 150.92 Phil Simms -- New York Giants vs. Denver , XXI Lowest passer rating to win game , 22.6 Ben Roethlisberger -- Pittsburgh vs. Seattle , XL Most attempts , career , 357 Tom Brady -- 8 games , New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLII , XLVI , XLIX , LI , LII Most attempts , game , 62 Tom Brady -- New England vs Atlanta , LI Fewest attempts by winning QB , game , 7 Bob Griese -- Miami vs. Minnesota , VIII Most completions , career , 235 Tom Brady -- 8 games , New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLII , XLVI , XLIX , LI , LII Most completions to start a game , 9 Eli Manning -- New York Giants vs. New England , XLVI Most consecutive completions , game , 16 Tom Brady -- New England vs. New York Giants , XLVI Most completions , game , 43 Tom Brady -- New England vs. Atlanta , LI Most completions , both quarterbacks , 63 Drew Brees -- New Orleans ( 32 ) vs. Peyton Manning Indianapolis ( 31 ) , XLIV Fewest completions by winning QB , game , 6 Bob Griese -- Miami vs. Minnesota , VIII Highest completion percentage , career , ( 40 attempts ) , 70 % Troy Aikman -- Dallas , 3 games ( 80 -- 56 ) XXVII , XXVIII , XXX Highest completion percentage , game , ( 20 attempts ) , 88 % Phil Simms -- New York Giants vs. Denver , XXI ( 25 -- 22 ) Highest completion percentage , both teams , 75 % ( 84 -- 63 ) Drew Brees , New Orleans vs. Peyton Manning , Indianapolis XLIV Most passing yards , career , 2,576 Tom Brady -- 8 games , New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLII , XLVI , XLIX , LI , LII Most passing yards , game , 505 Tom Brady -- New England vs. Philadelphia , LII Most passing yards , quarter , 228 ( second ) Doug Williams -- Washington vs. Denver , XXII Longest pass , 85 yards ( TD ) Jake Delhomme ( to Muhsin Muhammad ) -- Carolina vs. New England , XXXVIII Fewest passing yards by a Super Bowl MVP , 119 Roger Staubach -- Dallas vs. Miami , VI Highest average gain , career ( 40 attempts ) , 11.10 yards Terry Bradshaw -- Pittsburgh , 4 games ( 84 -- 932 ) , IX , X , XIII , XIV Highest average gain , game ( 20 attempts ) , 14.71 yards Terry Bradshaw -- Pittsburgh vs. Los Angeles Rams , XIV ( 21 -- 309 ) Most touchdown passes , career , 18 Tom Brady -- 8 games , New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLII , XLVI , XLIX , LI , LII Most touchdown passes , half , 4 Doug Williams , first half -- Washington vs. Denver , XXII Steve Young , first half -- San Francisco vs. San Diego , XXIX Most touchdown passes , quarter , 4 ( second ) Doug Williams -- Washington vs. Denver , XXII Most touchdown passes , game , 6 Steve Young - San Francisco vs. San Diego , XXIX Lowest percentage , passes had intercepted , career , ( 40 attempts ) , 0.00 % Jim Plunkett , Oakland / Los Angeles Raiders , 2 games ( 46 -- 0 ) , XV , XVIII Joe Montana , San Francisco , 4 games ( 122 -- 0 ) , XVI , XIX , XXIII , XXIV Most attempts , without interception , game , 48 Tom Brady -- New England vs. New York Giants , XLII , New England vs. Philadelphia Eagles , LII Most interceptions thrown , career , 8 John Elway -- Denver 5 games XXI , XXII , XXIV , XXXII , XXXIII Most interceptions thrown , game , 5 Rich Gannon -- Oakland vs. Tampa Bay , XXXVII Rushing ( edit ) Most attempts , career , 101 Franco Harris -- Pittsburgh IX , X , XIII , and XIV Most attempts , game , 38 John Riggins -- Washington vs. Miami , XVII Most rushing yards , career , 354 Franco Harris -- Pittsburgh IX , X , XIII , and XIV Most rushing yards , game , 204 Timmy Smith -- Washington vs. Denver , XXII Longest run from scrimmage , 75 yards ( TD ) Willie Parker -- Pittsburgh vs. Seattle , XL Most rushing touchdowns , career , 5 Emmitt Smith -- Dallas XXVII , XXVIII , and XXX Most rushing touchdowns , game , 3 Terrell Davis -- Denver vs. Green Bay , XXXII Highest average gain , career ( 20 attempts ) , 9.6 yards Marcus Allen -- Los Angeles Raiders , 1 game ( 20 -- 191 ) XVIII Highest average gain , game ( 10 attempts ) , 10.5 yards Tom Matte -- Baltimore Colts vs. New York Jets , III ( 11 -- 116 ) Longest Touchdown Run , Quarterback , 15 yards Colin Kaepernick -- San Francisco vs. Baltimore Ravens , XLVII Most rushing yards , game , Quarterback , 64 yards Steve McNair -- Tennessee vs. St. Louis , XXXIV Receiving ( edit ) Most receptions , career , 33 Jerry Rice -- San Francisco XXIII , XXIV , XXIX ; Oakland XXXVII Most receptions , game , 14 James White -- New England vs. Atlanta , LI Most receiving yards , career , 589 Jerry Rice -- San Francisco XXIII , XXIV , XXIX ; Oakland XXXVII Most receiving yards , game , 215 Jerry Rice -- San Francisco vs. Cincinnati , XXIII Most receiving yards , game , tight end , 116 Rob Gronkowski -- New England vs. Philadelphia , LII Most receiving yards , game , running back , 110 James White -- New England vs. Atlanta , LI Longest reception , 85 yards ( TD ) Muhsin Muhammad -- ( from Delhomme ) , Carolina vs. New England , XXXVIII ( TD ) Highest average gain , career ( 8 receptions ) , 24.4 yards John Stallworth -- Pittsburgh , 4 games ( 11 -- 268 ) Highest average gain , game ( 3 receptions ) , 40.33 yards John Stallworth -- Pittsburgh vs. Los Angeles Rams , XIV ( 3 -- 121 ) Most receiving touchdowns , career , 8 Jerry Rice -- San Francisco XXIII , XXIV , XXIX ; Oakland XXXVII Most receiving touchdowns , game , 3 Jerry Rice -- San Francisco vs. Denver , XXIV Jerry Rice -- San Francisco vs. San Diego , XXIX Most receiving touchdowns , game , Quarterback , 1 Nick Foles -- New England vs. Philadelphia , LII Combined yardage ( edit ) This category includes rushing , receiving , interception returns , punt returns , kickoff returns , and fumble returns . Most Attempts , career , 108 Franco Harris -- Pittsburgh 4 games IX , X , XIII , XIV Most Attempts , game , 39 John Riggins -- Washington vs. Miami , XVII Most yards gained , career , 604 Jerry Rice -- 4 games San Francisco XXIII , XXIV , XXIX ; Oakland XXXVII Most yards gained , game , 290 Jacoby Jones -- Baltimore Ravens vs. San Francisco , XLVII Fumbles ( edit ) Most fumbles , career , 5 Roger Staubach -- Dallas 4 games VI , X , XII , XIII Most fumbles , game , 3 Roger Staubach -- Dallas vs. Pittsburgh , X Jim Kelly -- Buffalo vs. Washington , XXVI Frank Reich -- Buffalo vs. Dallas , XXVII Most fumbles recovered , career , 2 Jake Scott , Miami , 3 games ( 1 own , 1 opponent ) Fran Tarkenton , Minnesota , 3 games ( 2 own ) Franco Harris , Pittsburgh , 4 games ( 2 own ) Roger Staubach , Dallas , 4 games ( 2 own ) Bobby Walden , Pittsburgh , 2 games ( 2 own ) John Fitzgerald , Dallas , 4 games ( 2 own ) Randy Hughes , Dallas , 3 games ( 2 opponent ) Butch Johnson , Dallas , 2 games ( 2 own ) Mike Singletary , Chicago , 1 game ( 2 opponent ) John Elway , Denver , 5 games ( 2 own ) Jimmie Jones , Dallas , 2 games ( 2 opponent ) Kenneth Davis , Buffalo , 4 games ( 2 own ) Kurt Warner , St. Louis Rams -- Arizona , 3 games ( 2 own ) Danny Trevathan , Denver , 2 games ( 1 own , 1 opponent ) Most fumbles recovered , game , 2 Jake Scott -- Miami vs. Minnesota , VIII ( 1 own , 1 opponent ) Roger Staubach -- Dallas vs. Pittsburgh , X ( 2 own ) Randy Hughes -- Dallas vs. Denver , XII ( 2 opponent ) Butch Johnson -- Dallas vs. Denver , XII ( 2 own ) Mike Singletary -- Chicago vs. New England , XX ( 2 opponent ) Jimmie Jones -- Dallas vs. Buffalo , XXVII ( 2 opponent ) Danny Trevathan -- Denver vs. Carolina , 50 ( 1 own , 1 opponent ) Most fumble return yards , game , 64 yards Leon Lett -- Dallas vs. Buffalo , XXVII Longest fumble return , 64 yards Leon Lett -- Dallas vs. Buffalo , XXVII Longest fumble return for touchdown , 49 yards Mike Bass -- Washington vs. Miami , VII Most fumble returns for touchdowns , game , 1 Mike Bass -- Washington vs. Miami , VII ( opponent 49 yards ) Mike Hegman -- Dallas vs. Pittsburgh , XIII ( opponent 37 yards ) Jimmie Jones -- Dallas vs. Buffalo , XXVII ( opponent 2 yards ) Ken Norton , Jr . -- Dallas vs. Buffalo , XXVII ( opponent 9 yards ) James Washington -- Dallas vs. Buffalo , XXVIII ( opponent 46 yards ) Malik Jackson -- Denver vs. Carolina , 50 ( opponent end zone ) Defense ( edit ) Most interceptions , career , 3 Chuck Howley -- Dallas 2 games , V , VI Rod Martin -- Oakland / Los Angeles Raiders 2 games XV , XVIII Larry Brown -- Dallas 3 games XXVII , XXVIII , XXX Most interceptions , game , 3 Rod Martin -- Oakland vs. Philadelphia , XV Most interception yards gained , career , 108 Darrien Gordon -- 4 games San Diego XXIX , Denver XXXII , XXXIII , Oakland XXXVII Most interception yards gained , game , 108 Darrien Gordon -- Denver vs. Atlanta , XXXIII Longest interception return , 100 yards , TD James Harrison -- Pittsburgh vs. Arizona , XLIII Most interceptions returned for a touchdown , game , 2 Dwight Smith -- Tampa Bay vs. Oakland , XXXVII Most tackles , game , 13 Gary Brackett -- Indianapolis vs. New Orleans , XLIV Keanu Neal -- Atlanta vs. New England Most tackles , career , 22 Bobby Wagner -- Linebacker Seattle 2 games XLVIII , XLIX Most tackles plus assists , game , 18 ( 11 tackles , 7 assists ) Dan Morgan -- Carolina vs. New England , XXXVIII Most sacks , career , 5 ( Sacks an official statistic since XVII by the NFL , sacks for all games shown by Pro Football Reference.com ) L.C. Greenwood -- 4 games Pittsburgh IX , X , XIII , XIV Most sacks , game , 4 L.C. Greenwood -- Pittsburgh vs. Dallas , X Most safeties , game , 1 Defensive , tackle in end zone Dwight White -- Pittsburgh vs. Minnesota , IX ( Was first score of game ) Henry Waechter -- Chicago vs. New England , XX George Martin -- New York Giants vs. Denver , XXI Bruce Smith -- Buffalo vs. New York Giants , XXV Cliff Avril -- Seattle vs. Denver , XLVIII ( Was first score of game ) Special teams Blocked punts Reggie Harrison -- Pittsburgh vs. Dallas , X Punter ran out of end zone Chris Culliver credited for safety -- San Francisco vs. Baltimore Ravens , XLVII Offensive penalties in end zone Justin Hartwig ( holding penalty ) -- center , Pittsburgh vs. Arizona , XLIII Tom Brady ( intentional grounding penalty ) -- quarterback , New England vs. New York Giants , XLVI ( Was first score of game ) Special teams ( edit ) Kickoff returns ( edit ) Longest kickoff return , 108 yards , TD Jacoby Jones -- Baltimore Ravens vs. San Francisco , XLVII Most kickoff returns , career , 10 Ken Bell -- Denver 3 games XXI , XXII , XXIV Most kickoff returns , game , 8 Andre Coleman -- San Diego vs. San Francisco , XXIX Marcus Knight -- Oakland vs. Tampa Bay XXXVII Most kickoff return yards , career , 283 Fulton Walker -- Miami 2 games XVII , XIX Most kickoff return yards , game , 244 Andre Coleman -- San Diego vs. San Francisco , XXIX Highest kickoff return average , career ( 4 returns ) , 42.0 yards Tim Dwight , Atlanta , 1 game ( 5 -- 210 ) XXXIII Highest kickoff return average , game ( 3 returns ) , 47.5 yards Fulton Walker , Miami vs. Washington , ( 4 -- 190 ) XVII Opening kickoff returned for touchdown , 1 time Devin Hester -- Chicago vs. Indianapolis , XLI Most kickoff returns for touchdowns , game , 1 Fulton Walker -- Miami vs. Washington , XVII Stanford Jennings -- Cincinnati vs. San Francisco , XXIII Andre Coleman -- San Diego vs. San Francisco , XXIX Desmond Howard -- Green Bay vs. New England , XXXI Tim Dwight -- Atlanta vs. Denver , XXXIII Ron Dixon -- New York Giants vs. Baltimore Ravens , XXXV Jermaine Lewis -- Baltimore Ravens vs. New York Giants XXXV Devin Hester -- Chicago vs. Indianapolis , XLI Jacoby Jones -- Baltimore Ravens vs. San Francisco , XLVII Percy Harvin -- Seattle vs. Denver , XLVIII Kickoffs ( edit ) Most kickoffs for touchback , 5 Lin Elliott -- 9 kickoffs , 5 touchbacks -- Dallas vs. Buffalo XXVII Stephen Gostkowski -- 5 kickoffs , 5 touchbacks -- New England vs. Seattle XLIX Punting ( edit ) Longest punt , 64 yards Ryan Allen -- New England vs. Seattle XLIX Most punts inside 10 yard line , game , 3 Steve Weatherford -- New York Giants vs. New England XLVI Most punts , game , 11 Brad Maynard -- New York Giants vs. Baltimore Ravens XXXV Most punts , career , 17 Mike Eischeid -- 3 games Oakland II , Minnesota VIII , IX Mike Horan -- 4 games Denver XXI , XXII , XXIV , St. Louis Rams XXXIV Highest punting average , career ( 10 punts ) , 46.5 yards Jerrel Wilson , Kansas City 2 games ( 11 -- 511 ) -- I , IV Highest punting average , game ( 4 punts ) , 50.2 yards Tom Rouen , Seattle vs. Pittsburgh , ( 6 -- 301 ) -- XL Punt returns ( edit ) Most punt returns , career , 8 Troy Brown -- New England 3 games XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX Most punt returns , game , 6 Mike Nelms -- Washington vs. Miami , XVII Desmond Howard -- Green Bay vs. New England , XXXI Most fair catches , game , 4 Jermaine Lewis -- Baltimore Ravens vs. New York Giants , XXXV Karl Williams -- Tampa Bay vs. Oakland , XXXVII Most punt return yards gained , career , 94 John Taylor -- San Francisco 3 games XXIII , XXIV , XXIX Most punt return yards gained , game , 90 Desmond Howard -- Green Bay vs. New England , XXXI Longest punt return , 61 yards Jordan Norwood -- Denver vs. Carolina , 50 Highest average , punt return yardage , career ( 4 returns ) , 15.7 yards John Taylor , 3 games ( 6 -- 94 ) San Francisco XXIII , XXIV , XXIX Highest average , punt return yardage , game ( 3 returns ) , 18.7 yards John Taylor , San Francisco vs. Cincinnati , ( 3 -- 56 ) XXIII Most punt returns for touchdowns , game , 0 none Field goals ( edit ) Most field goals attempted , career , 10 Adam Vinatieri -- 5 games New England XXXI , XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , Indianapolis XLI Most field goals attempted , game , 5 Jim Turner -- New York Jets vs. Baltimore Colts , III Efren Herrera -- Dallas vs. Denver , XII Most field goals , career , 7 Adam Vinatieri -- 5 games New England XXXI , XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , Indianapolis XLI Game winning field goals Jim O'Brien 0 : 05 time left -- Baltimore Colts vs. Dallas , V Adam Vinatieri 0 : 00 time left -- New England vs. St. Louis Rams , XXXVI Adam Vinatieri 0 : 04 time left -- New England vs. Carolina , XXXVIII Most field goals , game , 4 Don Chandler -- Green Bay vs. Oakland , II Ray Wersching -- San Francisco vs. Cincinnati , XVI Most 40 - plus yard field goals , game , 3 Garrett Hartley -- New Orleans Saints vs. Indianapolis XLIV Longest field goal , 54 yards Steve Christie -- Buffalo vs. Dallas , XXVIII Shortest field goal , 9 yards Jim Turner -- Baltimore Colts vs. New York Jets III Mike Clark -- Dallas vs. Miami VI Note : The goal posts were moved to the back of the end zone in 1974 . As such , this record can not be broken without another change to the layout of the field . Standard field goal protocol does not currently allow a kick 17 yards or shorter . Points after touchdown ( edit ) Most ( one point ) PATs , career , 13 Adam Vinatieri -- 5 games New England XXXI , XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , Indianapolis XLI Most ( one point ) extra points , game , 7 Mike Cofer -- San Francisco vs. Denver , ( 8 attempts ) XXIV Lin Elliot -- Dallas vs. Buffalo , ( 7 attempts ) XXVII Doug Brien -- San Francisco vs. San Diego , ( 7 attempts ) XXIX Most 2 point conversions , game , 1 Mark Seay -- San Diego vs. San Francisco XXIX Alfred Pupunu -- San Diego vs. San Francisco XXIX Mark Chmura -- Green Bay vs. New England XXXI Kevin Faulk -- New England vs. Carolina XXXVIII Lance Moore -- New Orleans vs. Indianapolis XLIV Antwaan Randle El -- Pittsburgh vs. Green Bay XLV Wes Welker -- Denver vs. Seattle XLVIII Bennie Fowler -- Denver vs. Carolina 50 James White - New England vs. Atlanta LI Danny Amendola - New England vs. Atlanta LI Team records ( edit ) All records can be referenced at NFL.com . Most Super Bowl appearances , 10 New England Patriots XX , XXXI , XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLII , XLVI , XLIX , LI , LII Most consecutive Super Bowl appearances , 4 Buffalo Bills XXV , XXVI , XXVII , XXVIII Most Super Bowl victories , 6 Pittsburgh Steelers IX , X , XIII , XIV , XL , XLIII Most consecutive Super Bowl victories , 2 ( occurred 8 times ) Green Bay Packers I , II Miami Dolphins VII , VIII Pittsburgh Steelers IX , X Pittsburgh Steelers XIII , XIV San Francisco 49ers XXIII , XXIV Dallas Cowboys XXVII , XXVIII Denver Broncos XXXII , XXXIII New England Patriots XXXVIII , XXXIX Most Super Bowl losses , 5 Denver Broncos XII , XXI , XXII , XXIV , XLVIII New England Patriots XX , XXXI , XLII , XLVI , LII Most consecutive Super Bowl losses , 4 Buffalo Bills XXV , XXVI , XXVII , XXVIII Super Bowl win with no home playoff games Green Bay Packers I -- 2 playoff games Kansas City Chiefs IV -- 3 playoff games Pittsburgh Steelers XL -- 4 playoff games New York Giants XLII -- 4 playoff games Green Bay Packers XLV -- 4 playoff games Most Super Bowl wins without a loss , 2 Baltimore Ravens -- XXXV , XLVII Longest Super Bowl win streak , 5 games San Francisco 49ers -- XVI , XIX , XXIII , XXIV , XXIX Most Super Bowl appearances without a win , 4 Minnesota Vikings IV , VIII , IX , XI Buffalo Bills XXV , XXVI , XXVII , XXVIII Most common matchup , 3 Pittsburgh Steelers vs. Dallas Cowboys X , XIII , XXX Scoring ( edit ) Points ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most points , game , 55 San Francisco vs. Denver , XXIV Most consecutive points , game , 42 Washington vs. Denver , XXII Most points by a losing team , game , 33 New England vs. Philadelphia , LII Fewest points , game , 3 Miami vs. Dallas , VI Fewest points by winning team , game , 14 Miami vs. Washington , VII Largest margin of victory , 45 points San Francisco 49ers vs. Denver , ( 55 -- 10 ) XXIV Smallest margin of victory , 1 point New York Giants vs. Buffalo , ( 20 -- 19 ) , XXV Most points scored , first half of play , 35 Washington vs. Denver , XXII Most points , second half of play , 30 New York Giants vs. Denver , XXI Most points scored in any quarter of play , 35 Washington vs. Denver , ( second quarter ) , XXII Most points , first quarter , 14 ( by 7 teams ) Miami vs. Minnesota , VIII Oakland vs. Philadelphia , XV Dallas vs. Buffalo , XXVII San Francisco vs. San Diego , XXIX New England vs. Green Bay , XXXI Chicago vs. Indianapolis , XLI Green Bay vs. Pittsburgh , XLV Most points , second quarter , 35 Washington vs. Denver , XXII Most points , third quarter , 21 Chicago vs. New England , XX Most points , fourth quarter , 21 Dallas vs. Buffalo , XXVII Most points , overtime , 6 New England vs. Atlanta , LI Largest lead , end of first quarter , 14 points Miami vs. Minnesota , ( 14 -- 0 ) , VIII Oakland vs. Philadelphia , ( 14 -- 0 ) , XV Green Bay vs. Pittsburgh , ( 14 -- 0 ) , XLV Largest halftime margin , 25 points Washington vs. Denver , ( 35 -- 10 ) , XXII Largest halftime lead with a shutout , 22 points Seattle vs. Denver , XLVIII Largest lead , end of 3rd quarter , 41 points Chicago vs. New England , ( 44 -- 3 ) , XX Largest comeback , 25 points New England vs. Atlanta , LI Patriots behind 28 -- 3 . Won 34 -- 28 ( OT ) Largest 4th quarter comeback , 19 points New England vs. Atlanta , LI Patriots behind 28 -- 9 . Won 34 -- 28 ( OT ) Largest halftime comeback , 18 points New England vs. Atlanta , LI Patriots behind 21 -- 3 . Won 34 -- 28 ( OT ) Fewest points , first half , 0 ( 12 times ) Baltimore Colts vs. New York Jets , III Minnesota 4 times - vs. Kansas City , IV , vs. Miami , VIII , vs. Pittsburgh , IX , vs. Oakland , XI Washington vs. Miami , VII Denver 2 times - vs. Dallas , XII , vs. Seattle , XLVIII Cincinnati vs. San Francisco , XVI Buffalo vs. Washington , XXVI Tennessee vs. St. Louis Rams , XXXIV New York Giants vs. Baltimore Ravens , XXXV Fewest points , second half , 0 ( 8 times ) Kansas City vs. Green Bay , I Dallas vs. Baltimore Colts , V Miami 4 times -- vs. Dallas , VI , vs. Washington , VII , vs. Washington , XVII , vs. San Francisco , XIX Super Bowl VII was the only time that a team failed to score in the second half and won . Denver vs. Washington , XXII Buffalo vs. Dallas , XXVIII Both teams ( edit ) Most points , game , 75 San Francisco ( 49 ) vs. San Diego ( 26 ) , XXIX Fewest points , game , 21 Miami ( 14 ) vs. Washington ( 7 ) , VII Most points , first half , 45 Washington ( 35 ) vs. Denver ( 10 ) , XXII Most points , second half , 46 Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 28 ) vs. Oakland Raiders ( 18 ) , XXXVII Fewest points , first half , 2 Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2 ) vs. Minnesota Vikings ( 0 ) , IX Fewest points , second half , 7 Miami Dolphins ( 0 ) vs. Washington ( 7 ) , VII Washington ( 7 ) vs. Denver ( 0 ) , XXII Most points , first quarter , 24 Green Bay ( 10 ) vs. New England ( 14 ) , XXXI Most points , second quarter , 35 Washington ( 35 ) vs. Denver ( 0 ) , XXII Most points , third quarter , 24 Washington ( 14 ) vs. Buffalo ( 10 ) , XXVI Baltimore Ravens ( 7 ) vs. San Francisco ( 17 ) , XLVII Most points , fourth quarter , 37 New England ( 18 ) vs. Carolina ( 19 ) , XXXVIII Most points , overtime , 6 New England ( 6 ) vs. Atlanta ( 0 ) , LI Most lead changes , game , 7 Pittsburgh vs. Los Angeles Rams , XIV Most lead changes in the fourth quarter , 3 New England vs. New York Giants , XLII Both teams scoring over 30 points , 3 Pittsburgh ( 35 ) vs. Dallas ( 31 ) , XIII Baltimore Ravens ( 34 ) vs. San Francisco ( 31 ) , XLVII Philadelphia ( 41 ) vs. New England ( 33 ) , LII Touchdowns ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most touchdowns , game , 8 San Francisco vs. Denver , XXIV Most touchdowns , losing team , game , 4 Dallas vs. Pittsburgh , XIII Carolina vs. New England , XXXVIII Atlanta vs. New England , LI New England vs. Philadelphia , LII Fewest touchdowns , winning team , game , 1 New York Jets vs. Baltimore Colts , III Fewest touchdowns , game , 0 Miami vs. Dallas , VI Longest touchdown scoring drive , 96 yards Chicago vs. New England , XX Indianapolis vs. New Orleans , XLIV New England vs. New York Giants , XLVI Both teams ( edit ) Most touchdowns , game , 10 San Francisco ( 7 ) vs. San Diego ( 3 ) , XXIX Fewest touchdowns , game , 2 New York Jets ( 1 ) vs. Baltimore Colts ( 1 ) , III Points after touchdown ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most ( one point ) PATs , game , 7 San Francisco vs. Denver , ( 8 attempts ) XXIV Dallas vs. Buffalo , ( 7 attempts ) XXVII San Francisco vs. San Diego , ( 7 attempts ) XXIX Most two point conversions , game , 2 San Diego vs. San Francisco , XXIX New England vs. Atlanta , LI Most missed PATs , game , 3 Oakland ( 3 2pt tries ) vs. Tampa Bay , XXXVII Philadelphia ( 1 K , 2 2pt tries ) vs. New England , LII Both teams ( edit ) Most ( one point ) PATs , game , 9 Pittsburgh ( 5 ) vs. Dallas ( 4 ) , XIII Dallas ( 7 ) vs. Buffalo ( 2 ) ( XXVII ) Fewest ( one point ) PATs , game , 2 Baltimore Colts ( 1 ) vs. New York Jets ( 1 ) , III Baltimore Colts ( 1 ) vs. Dallas ( 1 ) , V Minnesota ( 0 ) vs. Pittsburgh ( 2 ) , IX Denver ( 1 ) vs. Carolina ( 1 ) , 50 Most two point conversions , game , 2 San Diego ( 2 ) vs. San Francisco ( 0 ) , XXIX New England ( 2 ) vs. Atlanta ( 0 ) , LI Most total PATs , game , 10 San Diego ( 2 2 pt , 1 k ) vs. San Francisco ( 7 k ) , XXIX Most missed PATs , game , 4 New England ( 1 K ) vs. Philadelphia ( 1 K , 2 2pt tries ) , LII Field goals ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most field goals attempted , game , 5 New York Jets vs. Baltimore Colts , III Dallas vs. Denver , XII Most field goals , game , 4 Green Bay vs. Oakland , II San Francisco vs. Cincinnati , XVI Most fake field goals attempted , game , 1 Baltimore Ravens vs. San Francisco 49ers , XLVII Both teams ( edit ) Most field goals attempted , game , 7 New York Jets ( 5 ) vs. Baltimore Colts ( 2 ) , III San Francisco ( 4 ) vs. Cincinnati ( 3 ) , XXIII St. Louis ( 4 ) vs. Tennessee ( 3 ) , XXXIV Denver ( 4 ) vs. Atlanta ( 3 ) , XXXIII Fewest field goals attempted , game , 1 Minnesota ( 0 ) vs. Miami ( 1 ) , VIII San Francisco ( 0 ) vs. Denver ( 1 ) , XXIV Philadelphia ( 0 ) vs. New England ( 1 ) , XXXIX New England ( 0 ) vs. New York Giants ( 1 ) , XLII New England ( 0 ) vs. Seattle ( 1 ) , XLIX Most field goals , game , 5 Cincinnati ( 3 ) vs. San Francisco ( 2 ) , XXIII Dallas ( 3 ) vs. Buffalo ( 2 ) , XXVIII Baltimore Ravens ( 2 ) vs. San Francisco ( 3 ) , XLVII New England ( 2 ) vs. Philadelphia ( 3 ) , LII Most field goals without miss , game , 5 Dallas ( 3 ) vs. Buffalo ( 2 ) , XXVIII Baltimore Ravens ( 2 ) vs. San Francisco ( 3 ) , XLVII Fewest field goals , game , 0 Miami vs. Washington , VII Pittsburgh vs. Minnesota , IX Safeties ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most safeties , game , 1 Pittsburgh vs. Minnesota , IX Pittsburgh vs. Dallas , X Chicago vs. New England , XX New York Giants vs. Denver , XXI Buffalo vs. New York Giants , XXV Arizona vs. Pittsburgh , XLIII New York Giants vs. New England , XLVI San Francisco vs. Baltimore Ravens , XLVII Seattle vs. Denver , XLVIII Offense ( edit ) Net yards gained ( edit ) Combined rushing and passing Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most net yards , rushing and passing , game , 613 New England vs. Philadelphia , LII Fewest net yards , rushing and passing , game , 119 Minnesota vs. Pittsburgh , IX Fewest Total Yards , Winning Team , game , 194 Denver vs. Carolina , 50 Most offensive plays , game , 93 New England vs. Atlanta , LI Both teams ( edit ) Most net yards , rushing and passing , game , 1,151 New England ( 613 ) vs. Philadelphia ( 538 ) , LII -- all - time NFL record for any game , whether regular - season or postseason Fewest net yards , rushing and passing , game , 396 New York Giants ( 152 ) vs. Baltimore Ravens ( 244 ) , XXXV Rushing ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most rushing attempts , game , 57 Pittsburgh vs. Minnesota , IX Fewest rushing attempts , winning team , game , 13 St. Louis Rams vs. Tennessee , XXXIV Green Bay vs. Pittsburgh XLV Fewest rushing attempts , game , 9 Miami vs. San Francisco , XIX Most yards rushing , game , 280 Washington vs. Denver , XXII Fewest rushing yards , winning team , game , 29 St. Louis Rams vs. Tennessee , XXXIV Fewest yards rushing , game , 7 New England vs. Chicago , XX Highest average gain per rush attempt , game , 7.00 yards Los Angeles Raiders vs. Washington , ( 33 -- 231 ) , XVIII Washington vs. Denver , ( 40 -- 280 ) , XXII Lowest average gain per rush attempt , game , 0.64 yards New England vs. Chicago , ( 11 -- 7 ) XX Most rushing touchdowns , game , 4 Chicago vs. New England , XX Denver vs. Green Bay , XXXII Fewest rushing touchdowns , game , 0 ( 34 teams ) 2 times -- Minnesota , Denver , Green Bay , New York Giants 3 times -- Oakland , Dallas , Miami 4 times -- New England Kansas City vs. Green Bay , I Oakland vs. Green Bay , II Dallas vs. Baltimore Colts V Miami vs. Dallas VI Washington vs. Miami VII Minnesota vs. Pittsburgh , IX Dallas vs. Pittsburgh , X Pittsburgh vs. Dallas , X Minnesota vs. Oakland , XI Dallas vs. Steelers , XIII Oakland vs. Philadelphia , XV Philadelphia vs. Oakland , XV Miami vs. Washington , XVII Miami vs. San Francisco , XIX New England vs. Chicago , XX Denver vs. Washington XXII Cincinnati vs. San Francisco , XXIII San Francisco vs. Cincinnati , XXIII Green Bay vs. Denver , XXXII Atlanta vs. Denver , XXXIII St. Louis Rams vs. Tennessee , XXXIV New York Giants vs. Baltimore Ravens , XXXV New England vs. St. Louis Rams , XXXVI Oakland vs. Tampa Bay , XXXVII Seattle vs. Pittsburgh , XL Chicago vs. Indianapolis , XLI New York Giants vs. New England , XLII Arizona vs. Pittsburgh , XLIII New Orleans vs. Indianapolis , XLIV Green Bay vs. Pittsburgh , XLV New England vs. New York Giants , XLVI Baltimore Ravens vs. San Francisco , XLVII Denver vs. Seattle , XLVIII New England vs. Seattle , XLIX Both teams ( edit ) Most rushing attempts , game , 81 Washington ( 52 ) vs. Miami ( 29 ) , XVII Fewest rushing attempts , game , 36 Green Bay ( 13 ) vs. Pittsburgh ( 23 ) , XLV Most yards rushing , game , 377 Washington ( 280 ) vs. Denver ( 97 ) , XXII Fewest yards rushing , game , 91 Arizona ( 33 ) vs. Pittsburgh ( 58 ) , XLIII Most rushing touchdowns , game , 4 Miami ( 3 ) vs. Minnesota ( 1 ) , VIII Chicago ( 4 ) vs. New England ( 0 ) , XX San Francisco ( 3 ) vs. Denver ( 1 ) , XXIV Denver ( 4 ) vs. Green Bay ( 0 ) , XXXII Fewest rushing touchdowns , game , 0 Pittsburgh vs. Dallas , X Oakland vs. Philadelphia , XV Cincinnati vs. San Francisco , XXIII Passing ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most passing attempts , game , 63 New England vs. Atlanta , LI Fewest passing attempts , game , 7 Miami vs. Minnesota , VIII Most passes completed , game , 43 New England vs. Atlanta LI Fewest passes completed , game , 4 Miami vs. Washington , XVII Highest completion percentage , game ( 20 attempts ) , 88.0 % New York Giants vs. Denver , ( 25 -- 22 ) , XXI Lowest completion percentage , game ( 20 attempts ) , 32.0 % Denver vs. Dallas , ( 25 -- 8 ) , XII Most yards passing , game , 500 New England vs. Philadelphia , LII Fewest yards passing , game , 35 Denver vs. Dallas , XII Highest average yards gained per pass attempt , game , 14.7 yards Pittsburgh vs. Los Angeles Rams ( 309 -- 21 ) , XIV Lowest average yards gained per pass attempt , game , 1.4 yards Denver vs. Dallas ( 35 -- 25 ) , XII Most times intercepted , game , 5 Oakland vs. Tampa Bay , XXXVII Most times sacked , game , 7 Dallas vs. Pittsburgh , X New England vs. Chicago , XX Carolina vs. Denver , 50 Fewest times sacked , game , 0 ( 13 teams ) 2 times -- Denver , Philadelphia 3 times -- Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts Baltimore Colts vs. New York Jets , III Baltimore Colts vs. Dallas , V Minnesota vs. Pittsburgh , IX Pittsburgh vs. Los Angeles Rams , XIV Philadelphia vs. Oakland , XV Washington vs. Buffalo , XXVI Denver vs. Green Bay , XXXII Denver vs. Atlanta , XXXIII Tampa Bay vs. Oakland , XXXVII New England vs. Carolina , XXXVIII Indianapolis vs. New Orleans , XLIV Seattle vs. Denver , XLVIII Philadelphia vs. New England , LII Most passing touchdowns , game , 6 San Francisco vs. San Diego , XXIX Fewest passing touchdowns , game , 0 ( 21 teams ) 2 times -- Miami , Washington , Buffalo 3 times -- Minnesota 4 times -- Denver New York Jets vs. Baltimore Colts , III Baltimore Colts vs. New York Jets , III Minnesota vs. Kansas City IV Miami vs. Dallas VI Washington vs. Miami VII Minnesota vs. Miami , VIII Miami vs. Minnesota , VIII Minnesota vs. Pittsburgh , IX Denver vs. Dallas , XII Washington vs. Los Angeles Raiders , XVIII Chicago vs. New England , XX Cincinnati vs. San Francisco , XXIII Denver vs. San Francisco , XXIV Buffalo vs. New York Giants , XXV Buffalo vs. Dallas , XXVIII Dallas vs. Buffalo , XXVIII Denver vs. Green Bay , XXXII Tennessee vs. St. Louis Rams , XXXIV New York Giants vs. Baltimore Ravens , XXXV Carolina vs. Denver , 50 Denver vs. Carolina , 50 Most players , 100 - or - more receiving yards , game , 3 New England vs. Philadelphia , LII ( Danny Amendola 152 , Chris Hogan 128 , Rob Gronkowski 116 ) Both teams ( edit ) Most passes attempted , game , 93 San Diego ( 55 ) vs. San Francisco ( 38 ) , XXIX New England ( 49 ) vs. Philadelphia ( 44 ) , LII Fewest passes attempted , game , 35 Miami ( 7 ) vs. Minnesota ( 28 ) , VIII Most passes completed , game , 63 New Orleans ( 32 ) vs. Indianapolis ( 31 ) , XLIV Fewest passes completed , game , 19 Miami ( 4 ) vs. Washington ( 15 ) , XVII Highest completion percentage , game , 75.0 % New Orleans ( 82.1 % ) vs. Indianapolis ( 68.9 % ) , XLIV Most yards passing , game , 874 New England ( 500 ) vs. Philadelphia ( 374 ) , LII Fewest yards passing , game , 156 Miami ( 69 ) vs. Washington ( 87 ) , VII Most times sacked , game , 12 Carolina ( 7 ) vs. Denver ( 5 ) , 50 Fewest times sacked , game , 1 Philadelphia ( 0 ) vs. Oakland ( 1 ) , XV Denver ( 0 ) vs. Green Bay ( 1 ) , XXXII New Orleans ( 1 ) vs. Indianapolis ( 0 ) , XLIV Seattle ( 0 ) vs. Denver ( 1 ) , XLVIII Philadelphia ( 0 ) vs. New England ( 1 ) , LII Most passing touchdowns , game , 7 Pittsburgh ( 4 ) vs. Dallas ( 3 ) , XIII San Francisco ( 6 ) vs. San Diego ( 1 ) , XXIX New England ( 3 ) vs. Philadelphia ( 4 ) , LII Fewest passing touchdowns , game , 0 New York Jets vs. Baltimore Colts , III Miami vs. Minnesota , VIII Buffalo vs. Dallas , XXVIII Carolina vs. Denver , 50 First downs ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most first downs , game , 37 New England vs. Atlanta , LI Fewest first downs , game , 9 Minnesota vs. Pittsburgh , IX Miami vs. Washington , XVII Most first downs rushing , game , 16 San Francisco vs. Miami , XIX Fewest first downs , rushing , game , 1 New England vs. Chicago , XX St. Louis vs. Tennessee , XXXIV Oakland vs. Tampa Bay , XXXVII New England vs. Seattle XLIX Most first downs , passing , game , 26 New England vs. Atlanta , LI Fewest first downs , passing , game , 1 Denver vs. Dallas , XII Most first downs , penalty , game , 4 Baltimore Colts vs. Dallas , V Miami vs. Minnesota , VIII Cincinnati vs. San Francisco , XVI Buffalo vs. Dallas , XXVII St. Louis vs. Tennessee , XXXIV Pittsburgh vs. Arizona , XLIII New England vs. Atlanta , LI Both teams ( edit ) Most first downs , game , 54 New England ( 37 ) vs. Atlanta ( 17 ) , LI New England ( 29 ) vs. Philadelphia ( 25 ) , LII Fewest first downs , game , 24 Dallas ( 10 ) vs. Baltimore Colts ( 14 ) , V New York Giants ( 11 ) vs. Baltimore Ravens ( 13 ) , XXXV Most first downs , rushing , game , 21 Washington ( 14 ) vs. Miami ( 7 ) , XVII Fewest first downs , rushing , game , 6 Arizona ( 2 ) vs. Pittsburgh ( 4 ) , XLIII Most first downs , passing , game , 42 New England ( 23 ) vs. Philadelphia ( 19 ) , LII Fewest first downs , passing , game , 9 Denver ( 1 ) vs. Dallas ( 8 ) , XII Most first downs , penalty , game , 6 Cincinnati ( 4 ) vs. San Francisco ( 2 ) , XVI St. Louis ( 4 ) vs. Tennessee ( 2 ) , XXXIV Fewest first downs , penalty , game , 0 Dallas vs. Miami , VI Miami vs. Washington , VII Dallas vs. Pittsburgh , X Miami vs. San Francisco , XIX Pittsburgh vs. Seattle , XL Pittsburgh vs. Green Bay XLV Lowest 3rd down conversion rate , game , 13.8 % Denver ( 1 -- 14 ) vs. Carolina ( 3 -- 15 ) , 50 Defense ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most Interceptions by , game , 5 Tampa Bay vs. Oakland , XXXVII Most yards gained by interception return , game , 172 Tampa Bay vs. Oakland , XXXVII Most touchdowns scored by interception return , game , 3 Tampa Bay vs. Oakland , XXXVII Most sacks , game , 7 Pittsburgh vs. Dallas , X Chicago vs. New England , XX Denver vs. Carolina , 50 Fewest yards allowed , 119 Pittsburgh vs. Minnesota , IX Most yards allowed , 613 Philadelphia vs. New England , LII Most yards allowed in a win , 613 Philadelphia vs. New England , LII Both teams ( edit ) Most Interceptions by , game , 6 Baltimore Colts ( 3 ) vs. Dallas ( 3 ) , V Tampa Bay ( 5 ) vs. Oakland ( 1 ) , XXXVII Fewest Interceptions by , game , 0 Buffalo vs. New York Giants XXV St. Louis Rams vs. Tennessee XXXIV Fewest yards allowed , 396 Baltimore Ravens ( 152 ) vs. New York Giants ( 244 ) , XXXV Most yards allowed , 1151 Philadelphia ( 613 ) vs. New England ( 538 ) , LII Most yards gained by interception return , game , 184 Tampa Bay ( 172 ) vs. Oakland Raiders ( 12 ) , XXXVII Most sacks by , game , 12 Denver ( 7 ) vs. Carolina ( 5 ) , 50 Fewest sacks by , game , 1 Philadelphia ( 1 ) vs. New England ( 0 ) , LII Fumbles ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most fumbles , game , 8 Buffalo vs. Dallas , XXVII Most fumbles lost , game , 5 Buffalo vs. Dallas , XXVII Most fumbles recovered , game , 8 Dallas vs. Denver , XII ( 4 own , 4 opponent ) Both teams ( edit ) Most fumbles , both teams , game , 12 Buffalo ( 8 ) vs. Dallas ( 4 ) , XXVII Fewest fumbles , both teams , game , 0 Los Angeles Rams vs. Pittsburgh , XIV Green Bay vs. New England , XXXI Pittsburgh vs. Seattle , XL New Orleans vs. Indianapolis , XLIV New England vs. Seattle XLIX Most fumbles lost , both teams , game , 7 Buffalo ( 5 ) vs. Dallas ( 2 ) , XXVII Fewest fumbles lost , both teams , game , 0 ( 15 times ) 2 times -- Green Bay , Dallas , Los Angeles / St. Louis Rams , Denver , Seattle 3 times -- New York Giants , New England 4 times -- Pittsburgh Green Bay vs. Kansas City , I Dallas vs. Pittsburgh , X Los Angeles Rams vs. Pittsburgh , XIV Denver vs. New York Giants , XXI Denver vs. Washington , XXII Buffalo vs. New York Giants , XXV San Diego vs. San Francisco , XXIX Dallas vs. Pittsburgh , XXX Green Bay vs. New England , XXXI St. Louis Rams vs. Tennessee , XXXIV Oakland vs. Tampa Bay , XXXVII Pittsburgh vs. Seattle , XL New Orleans vs. Indianapolis , XLIV New York Giants vs. New England , XLVI New England vs. Seattle XLIX Turnovers ( edit ) Turnovers are defined as the number of times losing the ball on interceptions and fumbles . Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most turnovers , game , 9 Buffalo vs. Dallas , XXVII Fewest turnovers , game , 0 ( 20 teams ) 2 times -- Oakland , San Francisco 3 times -- Green Bay , New York Giants Green Bay vs. Oakland , II Miami vs. Minnesota , VIII Pittsburgh vs. Dallas , X Oakland vs. Minnesota , XI Oakland vs. Philadelphia XV New York Giants vs. Denver , XXI San Francisco vs. Denver , XXIV Buffalo vs. New York Giants , XXV New York Giants vs. Buffalo , XXV San Francisco vs. San Diego , XXIX Dallas vs. Pittsburgh , XXX Green Bay vs. New England , XXXI St. Louis Rams vs. Tennessee , XXXIV Tennessee vs. St. Louis Rams , XXXIV Baltimore Ravens vs. New York Giants , XXXV New England vs. St. Louis Rams , XXXVI New Orleans vs. Indianapolis , XLIV Green Bay vs. Pittsburgh , XLV New York Giants vs. New England , XLVI Seattle vs. Denver , XLVIII Both teams ( edit ) Most turnovers , game , 11 Baltimore Colts ( 7 ) vs. Dallas ( 4 ) , V Buffalo ( 9 ) vs. Dallas ( 2 ) , XXVII Fewest turnovers , game , 0 Buffalo vs. New York Giants , XXV St. Louis Rams vs. Tennessee , XXXIV Kickoff returns ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most kickoff returns , game , 9 Denver vs. San Francisco , XXIV Oakland vs. Tampa Bay , XXXVII Fewest kickoff returns , game , 0 Seattle vs. New England XLIX Most yards gained , game , 244 San Diego vs. San Francisco , XXIX Fewest yards gained , game , 0 Seattle vs. New England XLIX Highest average gain , game ( 3 returns ) , 44.0 yards Cincinnati vs. San Francisco , XXIII ( 3 -- 132 ) Most touchdowns , game , 1 Miami vs. Washington , XVII Cincinnati vs. San Francisco , XXIII San Diego vs. San Francisco , XXIX Green Bay vs. New England , XXXI Atlanta vs. Denver , XXXIII Baltimore Ravens vs. New York Giants , XXXV New York Giants vs. Baltimore Ravens , XXXV Chicago vs. Indianapolis , XLI Baltimore Ravens vs. San Francisco , XLVII Seattle vs. Denver , XLVIII Both teams ( edit ) Most kickoff returns , game , 13 Oakland ( 9 ) vs. Tampa Bay ( 4 ) , XXXVII Fewest kickoff returns , game , 3 New England ( 3 ) vs. Seattle ( 0 ) , XLIX Most yards gained , game , 312 Baltimore Ravens ( 206 ) vs. San Francisco ( 106 ) , XLVII Fewest yards gained , game , 49 New England ( 49 ) vs. Seattle ( 0 ) , XLIX Most touchdowns , game , 2 Baltimore Ravens ( 1 ) vs. New York Giants ( 1 ) , XXXV Punting ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most punts , game , 11 New York Giants vs. Baltimore Ravens , XXXV Fewest punts , game , 0 New England vs. Philadelphia , LII Highest average , game ( 4 punts ) , 50.17 yards Seattle vs. Pittsburgh , ( 6 -- 301 ) , XL Lowest average , game ( 4 punts ) , 31.00 yards Tampa Bay vs. Oakland ( 4 -- 124 ) , XXXVII Most punts inside the 10 yard line , 3 NY Giants vs. New England , XLVI Both teams ( edit ) Most punts , game , 21 New York Giants ( 11 ) vs. Baltimore Ravens ( 10 ) , XXXV Fewest punts , game , 1 Philadelphia ( 1 ) vs. New England ( 0 ) , LII Punt returns ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most punt returns , game , 6 Washington vs. Miami , XVII Green Bay vs. New England , XXXI Fewest punt returns , game , 0 Minnesota vs. Miami , VIII Buffalo vs. New York Giants , XXV Washington vs. Buffalo , XXVI Denver vs. Green Bay , XXXII Green Bay vs. Denver , XXXII Atlanta vs. Denver , XXXIII Denver vs. Atlanta , XXXIII New England vs. New York Giants , XLVI Seattle vs. Denver , XLVIII New England vs. Philadelphia , LII Philadelphia vs. New England , LII Most yards gained , game , 90 Green Bay vs. New England , XXXI Fewest yards gained , game , -- 1 Dallas vs. Miami , VI Tennessee vs. St. Louis Rams , XXXIV Highest average return yardage , game ( 3 returns ) , 18.7 yards San Francisco vs. Cincinnati , ( 3 -- 56 ) , XXIII Both teams ( edit ) Most punt returns , game , 10 Green Bay ( 6 ) vs. New England ( 4 ) , XXXI Fewest punt returns , game , 0 Denver vs. Green Bay XXXII Atlanta vs. Denver , XXXIII Philadelphia vs. New England , LII Most yards gained , game , 120 Green Bay ( 90 ) vs. New England ( 30 ) , XXXI Fewest yards gained , game , 0 Denver vs. Green Bay , XXXII Atlanta vs. Denver , XXXIII Philadelphia vs. New England , LII Penalties ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most penalties , game , 12 Dallas vs. Denver , XII Carolina vs. New England , XXXVIII Carolina vs. Denver , 50 Fewest penalties , game , 0 Miami vs. Dallas , VI Pittsburgh vs. Dallas , X Denver vs. San Francisco , XXIV Atlanta vs. Denver , XXXIII Most yards penalized , game , 133 yards Dallas vs. Baltimore Colts , V Fewest yards penalized , game , 0 Miami vs. Dallas , VI Pittsburgh vs. Dallas , X Denver vs. San Francisco , XXIV Atlanta vs. Denver , XXXIII Both teams ( edit ) Most penalties , game , 20 Dallas ( 12 ) vs. Denver ( 8 ) , XII Carolina ( 12 ) vs. New England ( 8 ) , XXXVIII Fewest penalties , game , 2 Pittsburgh ( 0 ) vs. Dallas ( 2 ) , X Most yards penalized , game , 164 yards Dallas ( 133 ) vs. Baltimore Colts ( 31 ) , V Fewest yards penalized , game , 15 yards Miami ( 0 ) vs. Dallas ( 15 ) , VI Time ( edit ) Fastest score from start of game , ( 12 seconds ) Seattle Seahawks , safety ( XLVIII ) Least Playing Time In The Lead by winning team , ( 0 minutes , 0 seconds ) New England Patriots vs. Atlanta Falcons ( LI ) Most Playing Time In The Lead by losing team , ( 41 minutes , 18 seconds ) Atlanta Falcons vs. New England Patriots ( LI ) Most Playing Time In The Lead , ( 59 minutes , 48 seconds ) Seattle Seahawks ( XLVIII ) Longest time before first score , team , ( 57 minutes , 53 seconds ) Washington Redskins ( VII ) Longest time before either team scores , ( 26 minutes , 55 seconds ) Carolina Panthers vs. New England Patriots ( XXXVIII ) Time of Possession , ( 40 minutes , 33 seconds ) New York Giants ( XXV ) Longest drive , ( 9 minutes , 59 seconds ) New York Giants ( XLII ) Longest Super Bowl , elapsed time between kickoff and end of game , 4 hours , 14 minutes ( includes 34 minute power outage in the 3rd quarter ) Baltimore Ravens vs. San Francisco ( XLVII ) Longest Super Bowl , amount of playing time , 63 minutes , 58 seconds ( overtime game ) New England Patriots vs. Atlanta Falcons ( LI ) Longest drought without repeat World Champions 13 years ( the 2004 New England Patriots remain the last repeat World Champions ) Coaching ( edit ) Most games as head coach , 8 Bill Belichick : New England Patriots ( XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLII , XLVI , XLIX , LI , and LII ) Most Super Bowl wins as head coach , 5 Bill Belichick : New England Patriots ( XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLIX and LI ) Most appearances as a coach , 11 Bill Belichick -- assistant coach New York Giants XXI , XXV , New England XXXI , head coach New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLII , XLVI , XLIX , LI , LII Most Super Bowl losses , 4 Bud Grant : Minnesota ( IV , VIII , IX , and XI ) Don Shula : Baltimore Colts ( III ) , Miami Dolphins ( VI , XVII , and XIX ) Marv Levy : Buffalo Bills ( XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII ) Dan Reeves : Denver Broncos ( XXI , XXII and XXIV ) , Atlanta Falcons ( XXXIII ) Won as a Player and a Coach Tom Flores : Kansas City ( IV ) , Oakland / Los Angeles Raiders ( XV , XVIII ) Mike Ditka : Dallas ( VI ) , Chicago ( XX ) Tony Dungy : Pittsburgh ( XIII ) , Indianapolis ( XLI ) Doug Pederson : Green Bay ( XXXI ) , Philadelphia ( LII ) Played and Coached for the same team in a Super Bowl Gary Kubiak : Denver Broncos ( player XXI , XXII , XXIV , coach 50 ) Most teams as head coach , 2 Don Shula : Baltimore Colts , Miami Dolphins Dick Vermeil : Philadelphia Eagles , St. Louis Rams Dan Reeves : Denver Broncos , Atlanta Falcons Bill Parcells : New York Giants , New England Patriots Mike Holmgren : Green Bay Packers , Seattle Seahawks John Fox : Carolina Panthers , Denver Broncos Youngest to win , 36 years , 341 days Mike Tomlin : Pittsburgh Steelers ( XLIII ) Oldest to win , 65 years , 158 days Tom Coughlin : New York Giants ( XLVI ) Most seasons between appearances , 19 Dick Vermeil : Philadelphia Eagles , St. Louis Rams ( XV and XXXIV ) Most Super Bowl wins with a different starting quarterback , 3 Joe Gibbs : Washington Redskins XVII ( Joe Theismann ) , XXII , ( Doug Williams ) , XXVI ( Mark Rypien ) Teams winning with 3 different head coaches Dallas Cowboys : Tom Landry ( VI , XII ) , Jimmy Johnson ( XXVII , XXVIII ) , Barry Switzer ( XXX ) Pittsburgh Steelers : Chuck Noll ( IX , X , XIII , XIV ) , Bill Cowher ( XL ) , Mike Tomlin ( XLIII ) Green Bay Packers : Vince Lombardi ( I , II ) , Mike Holmgren ( XXXI ) , Mike McCarthy ( XLV ) Popularity ( edit ) Most - Watched Television Broadcast , 114.5 million viewers XLIX Seattle vs. New England - Highest rated broadcast of all time . Highest stadium audience attendance , 103,985 XIV Los Angeles Rams vs. Pittsburgh Steelers Non-occurrences ( edit ) In the history of the Super Bowl , the following firsts have yet to occur : An all - wild card matchup ( teams who failed to win their divisions ) -- Ten wild card teams have won conference titles since the AFL -- NFL merger , but never two in the same season . In the 2010 -- 11 NFL playoffs wild card team the New York Jets reached the AFC Championship game where they played Pittsburgh Steelers . The Pittsburgh Steelers beat the New York Jets 24 -- 19 . In the Super Bowl the Pittsburgh Steelers faced another wild card team the Green Bay Packers . The Green Bay Packers won 31 -- 25 . Every Super Bowl has had either one or two seed team . A shutout -- Every Super Bowl participant to date has scored . In five cases , the offenses have failed to score a touchdown . In four of those cases , the special teams scored the only touchdown : Super Bowl VI : The Miami Dolphins finished with 3 points , the fewest by a single team in a Super Bowl to date ( and the only team to date to fail to score a touchdown ) . Super Bowl VII : The Washington Redskins , after blocking a field goal attempt , returned a fumble on an attempted pass by the Dolphins kicker , Garo Yepremian , for a touchdown and converted the extra point with 2 : 07 remaining in the game . Super Bowl IX : The Minnesota Vikings recovered a blocked punt in the end zone but did not convert the extra point with 10 : 33 left in the game . Super Bowl XXIII : The Cincinnati Bengals scored on a 93 - yard kickoff return with extra point in the third quarter and kicked 3 field goals throughout the game . Super Bowl XXXV : The New York Giants scored on a 97 - yard kickoff return and converted the extra point in the third quarter . A punt return for a touchdown . There have been 3 blocked punts returned for touchdowns , however . Home field advantage ( playing in one 's own home stadium ) -- No team has ever played in a Super Bowl hosted in its home stadium . On two occasions a team has played in a Super Bowl hosted in its metropolitan area but in a different stadium : The Los Angeles Rams played in Super Bowl XIV at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , which is about 30 miles from their then - home stadium , the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , and the San Francisco 49ers played in Super Bowl XIX at Stanford Stadium in Palo Alto , which is about 25 miles south of the former site of their then - home stadium , Candlestick Park , in San Francisco . The Minnesota Vikings are currently the only team to have come within one win of playing in a Super Bowl in their home stadium , as they lost in the NFC Championship Game in 2017 when their home field , US Bank Stadium , was scheduled to host Super Bowl LII . The Vikings , however , would have remained designated as the `` road team '' had they advanced to the Super Bowl , in keeping with the NFC team being scheduled to be so designated . Two teams from the same metropolitan area : Two cities currently have two franchises : New York hosts both the Giants and the Jets . Beginning with the 2017 NFL season , Los Angeles hosts both the Chargers and the Rams . Also two pairs of teams share a common metropolitan area , although they are based in different cities : the Baltimore Ravens and the Washington Redskins ; as well as the San Francisco 49ers and Oakland Raiders . All of the teams mentioned above except for the Chargers have won a Super Bowl , but never against their neighbor . Super Bowl XLI between the Indianapolis Colts and Chicago Bears represents the geographically closest teams , separated by only 164 miles . One game involved teams from the same state : Super Bowl XXIX involved the San Francisco 49ers and the San Diego Chargers . Super Bowl XXV involved the Buffalo Bills of New York and the New York Giants , who also historically and nominally represented the state but were by this point based in New Jersey . An appearance by every team -- Four teams have yet to reach their first Super Bowl : the Cleveland Browns , Detroit Lions , Houston Texans and Jacksonville Jaguars . The Lions and Browns both won NFL championships in the pre-Super Bowl era , most recently in 1957 and 1964 , respectively . The Jaguars and Texans are post-merger expansion teams that began play in 1995 and 2002 , respectively . Every team winning -- 12 teams have yet to win their first Super Bowl : the Arizona Cardinals , Atlanta Falcons , Buffalo Bills , Carolina Panthers , Cincinnati Bengals , Los Angeles Chargers , Minnesota Vikings , and Tennessee Titans , along with the four that have not appeared in a Super Bowl . The Chargers , the Titans ( known as the Houston Oilers in the 1960s ) , and the Bills all won American Football League ( AFL ) championships in the pre-Super Bowl era . The Cardinals both won NFL championships in the pre-Super Bowl era . The Vikings won the 1969 NFL Championship Game , the last NFL Championship Game before the AFL -- NFL merger , but lost Super Bowl IV to the AFL champs , the Kansas City Chiefs . Since the merger , the Vikings have appeared in the Super Bowl three more times ( Super Bowl VIII , Super Bowl IX , and most recently in Super Bowl XI ) but lost all three of them . Thus the Jaguars , Texans , Bengals , Falcons , and Panthers have yet to win their first league championship . Every team losing -- The Baltimore Ravens , New Orleans Saints , New York Jets , Tampa Bay Buccaneers , and the four teams that have never reached a Super Bowl have yet to lose a Super Bowl . No touchdowns scored -- In every Super Bowl to date , there have been at least two touchdowns scored ( Fewest combined -- 2 , in Super Bowl III ) . A three - peat . Two teams ( the New England Patriots and the Dallas Cowboys ) won three Super Bowl titles in four years and the Pittsburgh Steelers won 4 Super Bowl titles in 6 years , which included back to back championships twice . The Miami Dolphins appeared in three consecutive Super Bowls from 1971 -- 1973 , winning the final two , making them the team having come closest to a three - peat . The Green Bay Packers were the 1965 NFL Champions and won the first two Super Bowls following their victories in the 1966 and 1967 NFL Championship Games . The Buffalo Bills appeared in four consecutive Super Bowls , but lost every time . Fair catch kick -- A fair catch kick has never been attempted in the Super Bowl . The only scenario in which a fair catch kick was seriously considered was at the end of regulation in Super Bowl LI , when Patriots head coach Bill Belichick considered a 75 - yard fair catch kick attempt . Belichick decided against it , however , since the kick would not have had a realistic chance of success and could have been returned by the Atlanta Falcons for a game - winning touchdown . A head coach leading two different teams to Super Bowl victories . Four Super Bowl - winning coaches also coached another team but lost : Don Shula , Bill Parcells , Mike Holmgren and Dick Vermeil . References ( edit ) General `` Super Bowl History '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . Specific ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl Records '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl History '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weinfuss , Josh ( January 31 , 2014 ) . `` Cards broadcaster lost 5 Super Bowls '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` best - of - super-bowl - lii '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Jhabvala , Nicky ( February 7 , 2016 ) . `` Super Bowl 50 : Records , stats from Broncos ' victory '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Foles caught TD on same trick play Brady once used against Philly '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : SI Wire ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Every Super Bowl record set or tied in Super Bowl 50 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records set / tied in Super Bowl XLVII '' . Fox Sports . February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/198801310den.htm Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLVII -- Records Set and Tied '' . National Football League . February 4 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records set in Super Bowl XLIV '' . The Times - Picayune . February 7 , 2010 . Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : - All 17 records broken in Eagles - Patriots - CBSSports.com ^ Jump up to : Bergman , Jeremy ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` At least 30 records set or tied in Super Bowl LI '' . National Football League . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/records/superbowls/player/combined ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XIII statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl X statistics '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` Seattle Seahawks stomp Broncos for Super Bowl win '' . National Football League . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/records/superbowls/player/safeties Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/records/superbowls/player/kickreturns Jump up ^ `` Records set / tied in Super Bowl XLVIII '' . Fox Sports . February 2 , 2014 . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sando , Mike ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Offenses set records for futility in Super Bowl 50 '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Super Bowl XLIX is most - watched show in U.S. history '' . National Football League . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busbee , Jay ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Yahoo ! Sports : Super Bowl XLIX was the most - watched television program in history '' . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DeCosta - Klipa , Nick ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Bill Belichick passed up an opportunity to end Super Bowl 51 in the weirdest possible way '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . 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First University in the United States - wikipedia First University in the United States Jump to : navigation , search First university in the United States is a status asserted by more than one U.S. university . Historically , when the Philippines was still a United States territory , the University of Santo Tomas ( established in 1611 ) was considered as the oldest university under the American flag . Presently in the United States , there is no official definition of what entitles an institution to be considered a university versus a college , and the common understanding of university has evolved over time . The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica tells the story of the gradual emergence of U.S. `` universities '' thus : In the United States the word university has been applied to institutions of the most diverse character , and it is only since 1880 or thereabouts that an effort has been seriously made to distinguish between collegiate and university instruction ; nor has that effort yet completely succeeded . Harvard , William and Mary , and Yale ... were organized ... on the plans of the English colleges which constitute the universities of Oxford and Cambridge . Graduates of Harvard and Yale carried these British traditions to other places , and similar colleges grew up in New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , New Hampshire and Rhode Island ... Around or near these nuclei , during the course of the 19th century , one or more professional schools were frequently attached , and so the word university was naturally applied to a group of schools associated more or less closely with a central school or college . Harvard , for example , most comprehensive of all , has seventeen distinct departments , and Yale has almost as many . Columbia and Penn have a similar scope . In the latter part of the 19th century Yale , Columbia , Princeton and Brown , in recognition of their enlargement , formally changed their titles from colleges to universities . The issue is further confused by the fact that at time of founding of many of the institutions in question , the United States did n't exist as a sovereign nation . Moreover , questions of institutional continuity sometimes make it difficult to determine the true `` age '' of any institution . Contents ( hide ) 1 Claimants and potential claimants 2 Facts that have been used to support claims of being `` the first university in the United States '' 2.1 Institutional age 2.2 Official designation as a `` university '' 2.2. 1 University of Pennsylvania 2.2. 2 William and Mary 2.2. 3 Harvard 2.3 Establishment of quaternary - education schools , issuance of any kind of `` doctoral '' degree 2.3. 1 Harvard University 2.3. 2 Columbia University 2.3. 3 University of Pennsylvania 2.3. 4 Yale University 2.3. 5 Georgetown University 2.4 Issuance of Ph . D. degree 2.4. 1 Yale University 3 See also 4 References Claimants and potential claimants ( edit ) Several universities claim to be the first university in the United States : Harvard University , founded in 1636 , claims itself to be ( v.i. ) `` the oldest institution of higher education in the United States '' . The claim of being `` the first university '' has been made on its behalf by others . An early official mention of Harvard as `` the University '' is found in the Massachusetts Constitution , first submitted on October 28 , 1779 by James Bowdoin , Samuel Adams , and John Adams . The University of Pennsylvania considers itself to be America 's first university , a title it claims on its website and in other published materials . The university has published a book about being the first university in America , and its website contains numerous instances of the phrase `` America 's First University '' . The College of William and Mary 's website states , `` The College of William and Mary was the first college to become a university ( 1779 ) . '' Additionally , Johns Hopkins University opened in 1876 and claims to be `` America 's first research university '' ( emphasis added ) . Facts that have been used to support claims of being `` the first University in the United States '' ( edit ) Institutional age ( edit ) Harvard University calls itself `` the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States '' and this claim is rarely challenged . It is possible to disagree what year should be taken as Harvard 's `` real '' founding date ( Harvard uses the earliest possible one , 1636 , when the institution was chartered by the Massachusetts Bay Colony ) . However , Harvard has operated since 1650 under the same corporation , the `` President and Fellows of Harvard College '' ; it thus has an unbroken institutional history dating back to the mid seventeenth century ( an official Harvard web page for the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences claims , `` Founded in 1636 , Harvard is America 's oldest university '' ) . William & Mary calls itself `` America 's second - oldest college '' , acknowledging Harvard 's claim but adding that William & Mary itself is the nation 's oldest college in its `` antecedents , '' the College of Henricopolis or University of Henrico established by the Virginia Company near Richmond , Virginia . This institution received a royal charter in 1618 and operated a school for several years before being destroyed with the town during the Indian Massacre of 1622 , but it never offered college - level instruction . The following year , King James I dissolved the Virginia Company , converting the Colony of Virginia to a crown colony . William and Mary was founded under a new charter in 1693 . Official designation as a `` University '' ( edit ) University of Pennsylvania ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The founding date of the University of Pennsylvania is associated with more subjectivity and institutional debate than the more straightforward dates used by the eight other colonial era colleges . Harvard University uses as its founding date 1636 , the year in which the legislature of the Massachusetts Bay Colony formally voted to budget funds for the creation of a college in Newtowne , later called Cambridge . The seven remaining colonial era colleges consider their founding dates to be the year in which they were first granted charters and thus became legal corporations . Penn 's claim as the first university in the United States is three-fold : the 1765 founding of the first medical school in America made Penn the first institution to offer both `` undergraduate '' and professional education ; the 1779 charter made it the first American institution of higher learning to take the name of `` University '' ; and existing colleges were established as seminaries ( although , as detailed in its own article , Penn adopted a traditional seminary curriculum as well ) . Harvard and Yale were officially affiliated with the Congregational Church . Although officially nonsectarian , Princeton was founded by Presbyterians . Similarly , though Penn was officially nonsectarian , it was established by a board composed of Church of England and Methodist members , with a curriculum consistent with those religions . The first charter for an institution of higher learning in Philadelphia was granted in 1755 to the College of Philadelphia , a new undertaking of the Academy of Philadelphia , which had previously taught only secondary students . In 1779 , a charter was granted to a separate institution called the `` University of the State of Pennsylvania '' which in 1791 was merged with the College of Philadelphia and issued a new charter as the `` University of Pennsylvania '' . Despite the three charter dates of 1755 , 1779 and 1791 , the University used for more than a century the founding date of 1749 , the year in which founder Benjamin Franklin first convened a board of trustees to organize the new institution . In 1899 , the University 's board of trustees voted to change the founding date by nine years to 1740 , the year in which a group of Philadelphia citizens established a trust for a charity school requested by traveling evangelist George Whitefield . A frame of a building was erected , but the citizens discovered that they lacked the funds to furnish the interior chapel or open the charity school . The unfinished edifice lay vacant for roughly a decade until Franklin 's nascent Academy of Philadelphia was looking for space to begin operations and purchased the still unused building in 1750 . The Academy of Philadelphia operated a charity school for a few years and this brief period was the basis for the trustees ' claims of institutional continuity to the earlier date , as the Academy had assumed the trust of the charity school for local orphans planned but not begun by the original fundraisers of the building . Parenthetically , the University of Pennsylvania calls itself the fourth oldest institution of higher learning in the United States , comparing the legal charter dates of Princeton University ( 1746 ) and Columbia University ( 1754 ) with the 1740 date in which the trust had been established and fundraising had begun for the building it would ultimately purchase in 1750 . Perhaps not surprisingly , Princeton University and Columbia University do not follow the same train of thought in their own institutional histories . Princeton and Columbia consider themselves the fourth and fifth oldest institutions of higher learning in the country , respectively , comparing the three collegiate charter dates of 1746 , 1754 and 1755 . This seemingly minor difference of opinion assumes greater importance in the world of academia . Formal academic processions such as those at graduation ceremonies place visiting dignitaries and other officials in the order of their institution 's founding dates , explaining why universities have sometimes used strained rationales to claim and defend dates as early as possible . The University of Pennsylvania changed its founding date in 1899 , four years after elite universities in the United States agreed that academic processions would follow this age - based hierarchy . The revision in founding date was the result of a three - year campaign initiated by the University 's `` Alumni Register '' magazine to make it older than Princeton for these processions . The argument used is that it is the common legal practice to date the founding of an institution from the date of founding for the oldest trust it administers . In this case , the oldest trust that the University of Pennsylvania administers was established in 1740 . Historian Edward Potts Cheyney states that , `` it might be considered a lawyer 's date ; it is a familiar legal practice in considering the date of any institution to seek out the oldest trust it administers . '' ( The University still administers this trust in the funding of the Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander University of Pennsylvania Partnership School . ) He also points out that Harvard 's founding date is merely the year in which the Massachusetts General Court resolved to establish a fund in a year 's time for a `` School or College '' . As well , Princeton claims its founding date as 1746 -- the date of its first charter . However , the exact words of the charter are unknown , the number and names of the trustees in the charter are unknown , and no known copy is extant . Though it is a common practice to use the dates of charter as the official date , the majority of the American Colonial Colleges do not have clear - cut dates of foundation . In brief , in 1779 the College of Philadelphia was directed by provost William Smith . One might have expected it to evolve into the `` University of the State of Pennsylvania '' but this did not occur . `` Since the Revolutionary state legislature felt that the board of trustees led by Provost Smith contained too many suspected loyalist sympathizers , they created a new board of trustees . '' Thus , the University of the State of Pennsylvania was created de novo . A schism occurred , with an attenuated College of Philadelphia continuing under Dr. Smith 's direction . In 1791 Pennsylvania adopted a new state constitution which merged the College of Philadelphia and the University of the State of Pennsylvania into the `` University of Pennsylvania , '' with a board of trustees made up of twelve men from each of the two parent institutions . `` It is this institution and this board of trustees that has continued to this day . '' William and Mary ( edit ) On December 4 , 1779 , just seven days after the founding of the `` University of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania '' , an event occurred which William and Mary describes thus : Under the leadership of Thomas Jefferson , then governor of Virginia and a member of the Board of Visitors , William and Mary became a university . The grammar and divinity schools were discontinued , and a professorship of anatomy and medicine , and the first American chairs of law and police and modern languages were established . The elective system of studies was introduced at this time , the first such program in the United States . ( For historical reasons , The College of William and Mary , like Dartmouth College and Boston College , has continued to use `` college '' rather than `` university '' in its official name . ) William and Mary has a published list of its first graduates ( by Swem ) available through its library . Harvard ( edit ) The Constitution of Massachusetts , submitted by James Bowdoin , Samuel Adams , and John Adams to the full Convention on October 28 , 1779 and ratified on June 15 , 1780 , contains this language : Chapter V . The University at Cambridge , and Encouragement of Literature , etc . Section I . The University . Art . I. -- Whereas our wise and pious ancestors , so early as the year one thousand six hundred and thirty six , laid the foundation of Harvard - College , in which University many persons of great eminence have , by the blessing of GOD , been initiated in those arts and sciences , which qualified them for public employments , both in Church and State : And whereas the encouragement of Arts and Sciences , and all good literature , tends to the honor of God , the advantage of the christian religion , and the great benefit of this , and the other United States of America -- It is declared , That the PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD - COLLEGE , in their corporate capacity , and their successors in that capacity , their officers and servants , shall have , hold , use , exercise and enjoy , all the powers , authorities , rights , liberties , privileges , immunities and franchises , which they now have , or are entitled to have , hold , use , exercise and enjoy : And the same are hereby ratified and confirmed unto them , the said President and Fellows of Harvard - College , and to their successors , and to their officers and servants , respectively , forever . The word `` university '' is used a total of five times in reference to Harvard in the Massachusetts Constitution . ( It is not clear from context , either above or in the paragraphs that follow , that the constitution meant to draw any semantic distinction between `` college '' and `` university . '' ) In George Washington 's honorary Doctor of Laws degree , conferred by Harvard on April 30 , 1776 , the text of the degree refers to Harvard twice as `` our University '' . Establishment of quaternary - education schools , issuance of any kind of `` doctoral '' degree ( edit ) If a university is defined as an institution that awards doctoral degrees , then there are a number of contenders for the title of oldest United States university based on that criteria , as well . Among the conflicting interpretations is whether the date the first doctoral degree is awarded should be the determining factor , or the date a doctoral program was first attempted is the determinant . Harvard University ( edit ) Harvard has awarded honorary `` doctorates '' since the 17th century , such as the Doctor of Sacred Theology degree to Increase Mather in 1692 ( the first honorary degree in the New World ) . Columbia University ( edit ) King 's College ( now Columbia University ) organized a medical faculty in 1767 , and in 1769 became the first institution in the North American Colonies to confer the degree of Doctor of Medicine , according to the College of Physicians and Surgeons . University of Pennsylvania ( edit ) Penn founded the first medical school in America in 1765 , according to Penn 's archivist . Yale University ( edit ) Yale 's website refers to the establishment of `` the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences '' in 1847 . Georgetown University ( edit ) Georgetown 's website references 1820 as the year it first established its graduate school , issuing its first advanced degree in 1820 . Issuance of Ph. . D. degree ( edit ) Yale University ( edit ) Yale 's website states that in 1861 , Yale `` awarded the first Ph. D. in the United States '' . See also ( edit ) Colonial colleges List of oldest universities in continuous operation Oldest public university in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McSweeney , Quentin . `` SANTO TOMAS DE MANILA The First University of the Philippines '' ( PDF ) . Dominicana Journal . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilman , Daniel Coit ( 1911 ) . `` Universities '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 27 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 776 . Jump up ^ For example , Bush , George Gary ( 1886 ) . Harvard , the First American University . Cupples , Upham and Company , Boston ... Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the Constitution of 1780 and a Narrated Timeline '' . Social Law Library . 1999 . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ University of Pennsylvania Jump up ^ Building America 's First University : An Historical and Architectural Guide to the University of Pennsylvania . Pennsylvania University Press . 2000 . ( ISBN 0 - 8122 - 3515 - 0 ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ http://www.google.com/search?rls=en&q=site:www.upenn.edu+%22america's+first+university%22&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8 Jump up ^ The Pennsylvania university closely followed in 1781 The College of William and Mary Archived February 20 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Johns Hopkins Fact Book : Everything you wanted to know about America 's first research university '' ( PDF ) . Johns Hopkins University . 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved October 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jazkarta . `` About Our School -- Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences '' . Deas.harvard.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The University of Pennsylvania : America 's First University '' . University Archives and Records Center , University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Penn : Office of the University Secretary : Statutes of the Trustees '' . Upenn.edu. 1997 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Edward Potts Cheyney , `` History of the University of Pennsylvania : 1740 - 1940 '' , Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , 1940 . 45 - 52 Jump up ^ The College of William & Mary . `` William & Mary - Historical Chronology of William and Mary '' . Wm.edu . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter V : The University at Cambridge , and encouragement of literature , etc . '' . Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . The General Court of Massachusetts . September 1 , 1779 . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fundamental Documents : Massachusetts Constitution '' . Press-pubs.uchicago.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` THE NEW - ENGLAND CHRONICLE , Boston , April 25 , 1776 '' . Samuel Hall . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Honorary Degrees at Harvard '' . Harvard University Archives . 2014 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` HONORARY DEGREES : A SHORT HISTORY '' . Brandeis University . 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ About the College of Physicians and Surgeons . Accessed 06 / 10 / 2009 . Jump up ^ `` America 's First University , University of Pennsylvania University Archives '' . Archives.upenn.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : http://world.yale.edu/about/ Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20070814014532/http://grad.georgetown.edu/pages/history.cfm Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_university_in_the_United_States&oldid=814939067 '' Categories : History of the Thirteen Colonies History of United States colleges and universities Lists of universities and colleges in the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from August 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 20 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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List of Federal Reserve branches - Wikipedia List of Federal Reserve branches Jump to : navigation , search There are 24 Federal Reserve branches . As late as 2008 , there were 25 branches , but in October 2008 the Federal Reserve Bank of New York Buffalo Branch was closed . List of Federal Reserve branches Map of the twelve Federal Reserve Districts , with the twelve Federal Reserve Banks marked as black squares , and all Branches within each district ( 24 total ) marked as red circles . The Washington DC Headquarters is marked with a star . ( Also , a 25th branch in Buffalo , NY had been closed in 2008 . ) Boston New York Federal Reserve Bank of New York Buffalo Branch ( closed ) Philadelphia Cleveland Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Cincinnati Branch Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Pittsburgh Branch Richmond Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Baltimore Branch Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Charlotte Branch Atlanta Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Birmingham Branch Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Jacksonville Branch Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Miami Branch Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Nashville Branch Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta New Orleans Branch Chicago Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Detroit Branch St Louis Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Little Rock Branch Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Louisville Branch Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Memphis Branch Minneapolis Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Helena Branch Kansas City Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Denver Branch Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Oklahoma City Branch Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Omaha Branch Dallas Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas El Paso Branch Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas Houston Branch Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas San Antonio Branch San Francisco Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Los Angeles Branch Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Portland Branch Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Salt Lake City Branch Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Seattle Branch See also ( edit ) Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Act Federal Reserve Districts United States Mint References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Branches '' . The Federal Reserve . The Federal Reserve Board . February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Officers of the Banks and Branches '' . Federal Reserve System Organization . Federal Reserve . July 18 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Bank of Boston '' . The Federal Reserve . Federal Reserve Bank of Boston . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Bank of New York '' . The Federal Reserve . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Bank of New York '' . The Federal Reserve . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Bank of New York '' . The Federal Reserve . Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati Branch '' . The Federal Reserve . Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Branch '' . The Federal Reserve . Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond '' . The Federal Reserve . Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Locations > Baltimore '' . The Federal Reserve . Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 19 . External links ( edit ) List of Federal Reserve Branches and contact details Directors of Federal Reserve Banks and Branches When the branches were founded <Th_colspan="3"> Federal Reserve System <Td_colspan="3"> Federal Open Market Committee Chair Governors Federal Reserve Bank Banknotes Federal Reserve Note Federal Reserve Bank Note Reports Beige Book Federal Reserve Statistical Release Monetary Policy Report to the Congress Fedspeak Federal funds Discount window Federal funds Federal funds rate History of Federal Open Market Committee actions Primary dealer History Aldrich -- Vreeland Act Bloomberg v. Federal Reserve Board of Governors , FRS v. Investment Co . Institute Federal Reserve Act Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act History of central banking in the United States <Th_colspan="2"> Federal Reserve Banks Federal Reserve Banks Boston New York Philadelphia Cleveland Richmond Atlanta Chicago St. Louis Minneapolis Kansas City Dallas San Francisco New York Branches Buffalo ( closed ) East Rutherford Operations Center Cleveland Branches Cincinnati Pittsburgh Richmond Branches Baltimore Charlotte Atlanta Branches Birmingham Jacksonville Miami Nashville New Orleans Chicago Branches Detroit St Louis Branches Little Rock Louisville Memphis Minneapolis Branches Helena Kansas City Branches Denver Oklahoma City Omaha Dallas Branches El Paso Houston San Antonio San Francisco Branches Los Angeles Portland Salt Lake City Seattle This United States bank - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This United States government -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . 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where was picnic at hanging rock tv series filmed
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Picnic at Hanging Rock ( TV series ) - Wikipedia Picnic at Hanging Rock ( TV series ) For the 1975 film adaptation of the novel , see Picnic at Hanging Rock ( film ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Picnic at Hanging Rock <Td_colspan="2"> Amazon Video promotional poster Genre Mystery Romance Drama Based on Picnic at Hanging Rock by Joan Lindsay Written by Beatrix Christian Alice Addison Directed by Michael Rymer Larysa Kondracki Amanda Brotchie Composer ( s ) Cezary and Jan Skubiszewski Country of origin Australia Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 6 <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Jo Porter Anthony Ellis Penny Win Producer ( s ) Brett Popplewell Antonia Barnard Jo Porter Editor ( s ) Geoff Hitchins Anne Carter Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) FremantleMedia Australia Distributor FremantleMedia <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Showcase Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release 6 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 06 ) -- present ( present ) <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Showcase - Picnic at Hanging Rock Picnic at Hanging Rock is an Australian mystery romantic drama television series that premiered on Foxtel 's Showcase on 6 May 2018 . The series was adapted from Joan Lindsay 's 1967 novel of the same name about a group of schoolgirls who , while on an outing to Hanging Rock , mysteriously disappear . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Supporting cast 3 Production 4 Episodes 5 Broadcast 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Hester Appleyard purchases an isolated mansion out in the Australian bush to transform into a school for young ladies , and six years later , Appleyard College is a success . On Valentine 's Day , 1900 , when students and staff go for a picnic to Hanging Rock , three of the school 's star students and their governess mysteriously vanish . Their disappearance leaves a devastating impact on the students and staff of Appleyard College , their enigmatic and formidable headmistress and the township at large . Theories abound , secrets are exposed and hysteria sets in , until eventually , the lives of our characters unravel . Cast and characters ( edit ) Natalie Dormer as Mrs Hester Appleyard , headmistress Lily Sullivan as Miranda Reid Lola Bessis as Mademoiselle Dianne de Poitiers , mistress of French Conversation Harrison Gilbertson as Michael Fitzhubert Samara Weaving as Irma Leopold Madeleine Madden as Marion Quade Inez Curro as Sara Waybourne Ruby Rees as Edith Horton Yael Stone as Miss Dora Lumley , mistress of Deportment and Bible Studies Philip Quast as Arthur Appleyard , Hester 's late husband Supporting cast ( edit ) Anna McGahan as Miss Greta McCraw , mistress of Geography and Mathematics Sibylla Budd as Mrs Valange , mistress of Art and Literature Randall Berger Kate Bradford as Rose Kenton Mark Coles Smith as Tom Ines English Kaarin Fairfax as Cook John Flaus as Mr. Whitehead , the gardener Mayah Fredes as Rosamund Swift Roslyn Gentle as Mrs. Fitzhubert Marcus Graham as Tomasetti Emily Gruhl as Minnie Kym Gyngell as Charlie Seymour - Baker Don Hany as Dr. Mackenzie Huw Higginson as Jasper Cosgrove James Hoare as Albert Crundall Rob Jacobson Felix Johnson as Trooper Nolan Markella Kavenagh as Myrtle Julie Nihill as Mrs. Horton Jonny Pasvolsky as Sgt . Bumpher Alyssa Tuddenham as Lily Kenton Bethany Whitmore as Blanche Gifford Production ( edit ) Filming commenced in February 2017 at Labassa , Caulfield , Mandeville Hall , Toorak , Rippon Lea , Elsternwick , Werribee Park , as well as Lysterfield Park and on Fraser St in the Victorian goldfields town of Clunes . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date `` Episode One '' Larysa Kondracki Beatrix Christian 6 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 06 ) `` Episode Two '' Larysa Kondracki Beatrix Christian 6 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 06 ) `` Episode Three '' Larysa Kondracki Alice Addison & Beatrix Christian 6 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 06 ) `` Episode Four '' Amanda Brotchie Alice Addison 6 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 06 ) 5 `` Episode Five '' Michael Rymer Alice Addison 6 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 06 ) 6 `` Episode Six '' Michael Rymer Beatrix Christian 6 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 06 ) Broadcast ( edit ) The series premiered in Australia on Showcase in 2018 . The program was acquired by the BBC in the United Kingdom , Canal+ in France , RTÉ in Ireland and Amazon Video in the United States . The series was also broadcast in Greece by ERT . See also ( edit ) Picnic at Hanging Rock , a 1975 film adaptation Picnic at Hanging Rock , the novel References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Picnic at Hanging Rock '' . screenaustralia.gov.au . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 15 February 2018 ) . `` Airdate : Picnic at Hanging Rock '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Picnic at Hanging Rock '' . Foxtel . Retrieved 3 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Picnic at Hanging Rock '' . Showcase. 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Stewart ( 7 December 2017 ) . `` Picnic at Hanging Rock for 2018 TV debut '' . The West Australian . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . External links ( edit ) Picnic at Hanging Rock - Foxtel Picnic at Hanging Rock on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Picnic_at_Hanging_Rock_(TV_series)&oldid=855911617 '' Categories : 1900 in fiction 2018 Australian television series debuts 2010s Australian drama television series 2010s mystery television series English - language television programs Showcase Australia shows Television shows set in Victoria ( Australia ) Television programs based on Australian novels Television series by FremantleMedia Television series set in the 1900s Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2017 Use Australian English from May 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 17 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Picnic at Hanging Rock TV series
2. Australian mystery romantic drama
3. Adaptation of Joan Lindsay's novel
4. Disappearance of schoolgirls at Hanging Rock
5. Cast and characters of the series
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a procedure in which the amniotic sac is punctured and fluid is withdrawn is called
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Amniocentesis - wikipedia Amniocentesis Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Amniocentesis ICD - 9 - CM 75.1 MeSH D000649 MedlinePlus 003921 <Td_colspan="2"> ( edit on Wikidata ) Amniocentesis ( also referred to as amniotic fluid test or AFT ) is a medical procedure used in prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities and fetal infections , and also for sex determination , in which a small amount of amniotic fluid , which contains fetal tissues , is sampled from the amniotic sac surrounding a developing fetus , and then the fetal DNA is examined for genetic abnormalities . The most common reason to have an `` amnio '' is to determine whether a baby has certain genetic disorders or a chromosomal abnormality , such as Down syndrome . Amniocentesis ( or another procedure , called chorionic villus sampling ( CVS ) ) can diagnose these problems in the womb . Amniocentesis is performed when a woman is between 14 and 16 weeks gestation . Women who choose to have this test are primarily those at increased risk for genetic and chromosomal problems , in part because the test is invasive and carries a small risk of miscarriage . This process can be used for prenatal sex discernment and hence this procedure has legal restrictions in some countries . Amniocentesis was first introduced by American obstetrician Fritz Friedrich Fuchs and Danish gastroenterologist Polv Riis in 1956 for fetal sex determination and up to mid 1970s amniocentesis were done ' blind ' . Doctors Jens Bang and Allen Northeved from Denmark were the first to report amniocentesis done with the guide of an ultrasound in 1972 . Chorionic Villus Sampling ( CVS ) was first performed by Italian biologist Giuseppe Simoni in 1983 . Now real - time ultrasound is used during all invasive procedures because it provides for the safety of the fetus and accuracy of results . Contents ( hide ) 1 Procedure 2 Indications and results 2.1 Genetic diagnosis 2.2 Lung maturity 2.3 Other 3 Risks and drawbacks 3.1 Social implications 4 Amniocentesis and stem cells 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Procedure ( edit ) Amniocentesis . Before the start of the procedure , a local anesthetic can be given to the mother in order to relieve the pain felt during the insertion of the needle used to withdraw the fluid . After the local anesthetic is in effect , a needle is usually inserted through the mother 's abdominal wall , then through the wall of the uterus , and finally into the amniotic sac . With the aid of ultrasound - guidance , a physician punctures the sac in an area away from the fetus and extracts approximately 20ml of amniotic fluid . If used for prenatal genetic diagnosis , fetal cells are separated from the extracted sample . The cells are grown in a culture medium , then fixed and stained . Under a microscope the chromosomes are examined for abnormalities . The most common abnormalities detected are Down syndrome ( trisomy 21 ) , Edwards syndrome ( trisomy 18 ) , and Turner syndrome ( monosomy X ) . In regard to the fetus , the puncture seals and the amniotic sac replenishes the liquid over the next 24 -- 48 hours . Indications and results ( edit ) Genetic diagnosis ( edit ) Early in pregnancy , amniocentesis is used for diagnosis of chromosomal and other fetal problems such as : Down syndrome ( trisomy 21 ) Trisomy 13 Trisomy 18 Fragile X Rare , inherited metabolic disorders Neural tube defects ( anencephaly and spina bifida ) by alpha - fetoprotein levels . Lung maturity ( edit ) Amniocentesis can predict fetal lung maturity , which is inversely correlated to the risk of infant respiratory distress syndrome . In pregnancies of greater than 30 weeks , the fetal lung maturity may be tested by sampling the amount of surfactant in the amniotic fluid . Several tests are available that correlate with the production of surfactant . These include the lecithin - sphingomyelin ratio ( `` L / S ratio '' ) , the presence of phosphatidylglycerol ( PG ) , and more recently , the surfactant / albumin ( S / A ) ratio . For the L / S ratio , if the result is less than 2 : 1 , the fetal lungs may be surfactant deficient . The presence of PG usually indicates fetal lung maturity . For the S / A ratio , the result is given as mg of surfactant per gm of protein . An S / A ratio < 35 indicates immature lungs , between 35 - 55 is indeterminate , and > 55 indicates mature surfactant production ( correlates with an L / S ratio of 2.2 or greater ) . Other ( edit ) Amniocentesis can also be used to detect problems such as : Infection , in which amniocentesis can detect a decreased glucose level , a Gram stain showing bacteria or an abnormal differential count of white blood cells . Rh incompatibility Decompression of polyhydramnios An emerging indication for amniocentesis is in the management of preterm rupture of membranes where measurement of certain amniotic fluid inflammatory markers may be helpful . If amniotic fluid IL - 6 , a marker of inflammation , is elevated , the fetus is at high risk and delivery should be considered . Risks and drawbacks ( edit ) Amniocentesis is performed between the 15th and 20th week of pregnancy ; performing this test earlier may result in fetal injury . The term `` early amniocentesis '' is sometimes used to describe use of the process between weeks 11 and 13 . Complications of amniocentesis include preterm labor and delivery , respiratory distress , postural deformities , chorioamnionitis , fetal trauma and alloimmunisation of the mother ( rhesus disease ) . Studies from the 1970s originally estimated the risk of amniocentesis - related miscarriage at around 1 in 200 ( 0.5 % ) . Three more recent studies from 2000 - 2006 estimated the procedure - related pregnancy loss at 0.6 - 0.86 % . A more recent study ( 2006 ) has indicated this may actually be much lower , perhaps as low as 1 in 1,600 ( 0.06 % ) . Unlike the previous studies , the number in this study only reflects the loss that resulted from amniocentesis complications and excluded the cases when parents decided for an abortion following the test results . In contrast to amniocentesis , the risk of miscarriage from chorionic villus sampling ( CVS ) is believed to be approximately 1 in 100 , although CVS may be done up to four weeks earlier , and may be preferable if the possibility of genetic defects is thought to be higher . Amniotic fluid embolism has been described as a possible risk . Social implications ( edit ) The prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities can have social drawbacks as technology changes the way people think about disability and kinship . There is potential for intensification of attitudes of discrimination towards those with a disability , whose births could have been prevented through technology such as amniocentesis . In one sense , amniocentesis offers a window of control and in another , an anxiety - provoking responsibility to make rational decisions about complex , emotional and culturally contingent issues . Amniocentesis and stem cells ( edit ) Recent studies have discovered that amniotic fluid can be a rich source of multipotent mesenchymal , hematopoietic , neural , epithelial , and endothelial stem cells . A potential benefit of using amniotic stem cells over those obtained from embryos is that they side - step ethical concerns among pro-life activists by obtaining pluripotent lines of undifferentiated cells without harm to a fetus or destruction of an embryo . These stem cells would also , if used to treat the same individual they came from , sidestep the donor / recipient issue which has so far stymied all attempts to use donor - derived stem cells in therapies . Artificial heart valves , working tracheas , as well as muscle , fat , bone , heart , neural and liver cells have all been engineered through use of amniotic stem cells . Tissues obtained from amniotic cell lines show promise for patients suffering from congenital diseases / malformations of the heart , liver , lungs , kidneys , and cerebral tissue . The first amniotic stem cells bank in the US is active in Boston , Massachusetts . See also ( edit ) Chorionic villus sampling Percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling Prenatal diagnosis Amniotic stem cells Amniotic fluid References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The word amniocentesis itself indicates precisely the procedure in question , Gr . ἀμνίον amníon being the `` inner membrane round the foetus '' and κέντησις kéntēsis meaning `` pricking '' , i.e. its puncture in order to retrieve some amniotic fluid . Jump up ^ `` Diagnostic Tests -- Amniocentesis '' . Harvard Medical School . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Carlson , Laura M. ; Vora , Neeta L. ( June 2017 ) . `` Prenatal Diagnosis : Screening and Diagnostic Tools '' . Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America . 44 ( 2 ) : 245 -- 256 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ogc. 2017.02. 004 . ISSN 1558 - 0474 . PMC 5548328 . PMID 28499534 . Jump up ^ Dungan , Jeffrey S. ; Elias , Sherman ( November 2008 ) . `` Prenatal Diagnostic Testing '' . The Merck Manuals Online Medical Library . Archived from the original on 4 August 2010 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Medina , T.M. ; Hill , D.A. ( 2006 ) . `` Preterm premature rupture of membranes : Diagnosis and management '' . American Family Physician. 73 ( 4 ) : 659 -- 664 . PMID 16506709 . Jump up ^ Kenyon , Anna P ; Abi - Nader , Khalil N ; Pandya , Pranav P ( 2010 ) . `` Pre-Term Pre-Labour Rupture of Membranes and the Role of Amniocentesis '' . Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review . 21 ( 2 ) : 75 -- 88 . doi : 10.1017 / S096553951000001X . Jump up ^ Seeds , JW ( August 2004 ) . `` Diagnostic mid trimester amniocentesis : how safe ? '' . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 191 ( 2 ) : 607 -- 15 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ajog. 2004.05. 078 . PMID 15343248 . Jump up ^ Sundberg K ; Bang J ; Smidt - Jensen S ; et al. ( September 1997 ) . `` Randomised study of risk of fetal loss related to early amniocentesis versus chorionic villus sampling '' . Lancet . 350 ( 9079 ) : 697 -- 703 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 97 ) 02449 - 5 . PMID 9291904 . Jump up ^ Amniocentesis Risk Overrated ? . Webmd.com ( 2006 - 11 - 01 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 11 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) . Committee opinion , Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada . Jump up ^ Eddleman , Keith A. ; Malone , Fergal D. ; Sullivan , Lisa ; Dukes , Kim ; Berkowitz , Richard L. ; Kharbutli , Yara ; Porter , T Flint ; Luthy , David A. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Pregnancy loss rates after midtrimester amniocentesis '' . Obstet Gynecol. 108 ( 5 ) : 1067 -- 72 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. AOG. 0000240135.13594. 07 . PMID 17077226 . Jump up ^ Rhoads , George G. ; Jackson , Laird G. ; Schlesselman , Sarah E. ; De La Cruz , Felix F. ; Desnick , Robert J. ; Golbus , Mitchell S. ; Ledbetter , David H. ; Lubs , Herbert A. ; et al. ( 1989 ) . `` The safety and efficacy of chorionic villus sampling for early prenatal diagnosis of cytogenetic abnormalities '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 320 ( 10 ) : 609 -- 17 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM198903093201001 . PMID 2645520 . Jump up ^ Dodgson J , Martin J , Boswell J , Goodall HB , Smith R ( May 1987 ) . `` Probable amniotic fluid embolism precipitated by amniocentesis and treated by exchange transfusion '' . Br Med J ( Clin Res Ed ) . 294 ( 6583 ) : 1322 -- 3 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 294.6583. 1322 . PMC 1246486 . PMID 3109636 . Jump up ^ Lock , M & Nguyen , V 2010 , An Anthropology of Biomedicine , Wiley - Blackwell , Oxford . Jump up ^ Rapp , R 1998 , ' Refusing Prenatal Diagnosis : The Meanings of Bioscience in a Multicultural World ' , Science , Technology , & Human Values , vol. 23 , no. 1 . pp. 45 - 70 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Rick ( 2007 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Scientists See Potential In Amniotic Stem Cells '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ De Coppi P , Bartsch G , Siddiqui MM , et al. ( January 2007 ) . `` Isolation of amniotic stem cell lines with potential for therapy '' . Nat . Biotechnol. 25 ( 1 ) : 100 -- 6 . doi : 10.1038 / nbt1274 . PMID 17206138 . Jump up ^ `` Stem Cells -- BiocellCenter '' . Archived from the original on 11 January 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Stem cells scientific updates -- BiocellCenter '' . Archived from the original on 11 January 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` European Biotech Company Biocell Center Opens First united state Facility for Preservation of Amniotic Stem Cells in Medford , Massachusetts Reuters '' . 2009 - 10 - 22 . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Europe 's Biocell Center opens Medford office -- Daily Business Update -- The Boston Globe '' . 2009 - 10 - 22 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Ticker - BostonHerald.com '' . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Biocell partner with largest New England 's hospital group to preserve amniotic stem cell '' . Archived from the original on 14 March 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Amniodex is an interactive decision support intervention designed for women faced with the decision of whether to undergo amniocentesis . The Amniocentesis Report A Decision Guide for Expectant Parents and Health Care Professionals . http://www.sutherlandhealth.com/companies/condomania/product-range/vision/amniotic-leak-detector <Th_colspan="2"> Obstetrical surgery and other procedures ( ICD - 9 - CM V3 72 -- 75 , ICD - 10 - PCS 1 ) Diagnostic <Td_colspan="2"> Pregnancy test <Td_colspan="2"> Leopold 's maneuvers <Td_colspan="2"> Cardiotocography Fetoscopy Fetal scalp blood testing Fetal scalp stimulation test sampling : fetal tissue Chorionic villus sampling Amniocentesis blood Triple test Percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling Apt test Kleihauer -- Betke test lung maturity Lecithin -- sphingomyelin ratio Lamellar body count Fetal fibronectin test obstetric ultrasonography : Nuchal scan Anomaly scan antenatal testing : Fetal movement counting Contraction stress test Nonstress test Vibroacoustic stimulation Biophysical profile Amniotic fluid index Intervention Fetal surgery Fetendo Podalic version External cephalic version Amnioinfusion Delivery Vaginal delivery Induction Artificial rupture of membranes Episiotomy Symphysiotomy Forceps in childbirth Ventouse in childbirth Odón Device Dystocia management McRoberts maneuver Woods ' screw maneuver Zavanelli maneuver Third stage of labor Manual placenta removal Caesarean section Elective On maternal request EXIT procedure Resuscitative hysterotomy Postpartum hemorrhage Hysterectomy B - Lynch suture Sengstaken -- Blakemore tube <Th_colspan="2"> Pregnancy and childbirth Planning Birth control Natural family planning Pre-conception counseling Conception Assisted reproductive technology Artificial insemination Fertility medication In vitro fertilisation Fertility awareness Unintended pregnancy Testing 3D ultrasound Obstetric ultrasonography Pregnancy test Home testing Prenatal diagnosis Prenatal Anatomy Amniotic fluid Amniotic sac Endometrium Placenta Development Fundal height Gestational age Human embryogenesis Maternal physiological changes Postpartum physiological changes Care Nutrition Environmental toxicants In pregnancy Prenatal Concomitant conditions Drinking Diabetes mellitus Smoking Vaping SLE Sexual activity during pregnancy Procedures Amniocentesis Cardiotocography Chorionic villus sampling Nonstress test Abortion Childbirth Preparation Adaptation to extrauterine life Bradley method Hypnobirthing Lamaze Nesting instinct Roles Doula Men 's roles Midwife Obstetrician Perinatal nurse Delivery Bloody show Childbirth positions Home birth Multiple birth Natural childbirth Pelvimetry / Bishop score Cervical dilation Cervical effacement Position Presentation Breech Cephalic Shoulder Rupture of membranes Unassisted childbirth Uterine contraction Water birth Postpartum Child care Congenital disorders Sex after pregnancy Obstetric history Gravidity Parity TPAL Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amniocentesis&oldid=814175914 '' Categories : Prenatal sex discernment Tests during pregnancy Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 08 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Amniocentesis procedure
2. Prenatal diagnosis
3. Genetic abnormalities
4. Risks and drawbacks of amniocentesis
5. Amniotic stem cells
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4,367,652,368,790,503,400 |
how did the police respond to the panic caused by the radio version of the war of the worlds
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The War of the Worlds ( radio drama ) - wikipedia The War of the Worlds ( radio drama ) For the 1968 radio remake , see The War of the Worlds ( radio 1968 ) . For other uses , see The War of the Worlds ( disambiguation ) . The War of the Worlds <Td_colspan="2"> Orson Welles tells reporters that no one connected with the broadcast had any idea it would cause panic ( October 31 , 1938 ) Genre Radio drama , science fiction Running time 60 minutes Home station CBS Radio Hosted by The Mercury Theatre on the Air Starring Orson Welles Frank Readick Kenny Delmar Ray Collins Announcer Dan Seymour Written by H.G. Wells ( novel ) Howard E. Koch ( adaptation ) Directed by Orson Welles Paul Stewart ( rehearsal director ) Produced by John Houseman Orson Welles Paul Stewart ( associate producer ) Executive producer ( s ) Davidson Taylor ( for CBS ) Narrated by Orson Welles Recording studio Columbia Broadcasting Building , 485 Madison Avenue , New York Original release October 30 , 1938 ( 1938 - 10 - 30 ) , 8 -- 9 pm ET Opening theme Piano Concerto No. 1 , by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky The War of the Worlds The complete radio play <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` The War of the Worlds '' is an episode of the American radio drama anthology series The Mercury Theatre on the Air . It was performed as a Halloween episode of the series on Sunday , October 30 , 1938 , and aired over the Columbia Broadcasting System radio network . Directed and narrated by actor and future filmmaker Orson Welles , the episode was an adaptation of H.G. Wells ' novel The War of the Worlds ( 1898 ) . It became famous for allegedly causing mass panic , although the scale of the panic is disputed as the program had relatively few listeners . The program began with the theme music for the Mercury Theater on the Air and an announcement that the evening 's show was an adaption of The War of the Worlds . This was followed by a prologue read by Orson Welles which was closely based on the opening of H.G. Wells ' novel . The next half hour of the one - hour broadcast was presented as typical evening radio programming being interrupted by a series of news bulletins . The first few updates interrupt a program of dance music and describe a series of odd explosions observed on Mars . This is followed soon thereafter by a seemingly unrelated report of an unusual object falling on a farm in Grover 's Mill , New Jersey . Another brief musical interlude is interrupted by a live report from Grover 's Mill , where police officials and a crowd of curious onlookers have surround the strange cylindrical object . The situation quickly escalates when Martians emerge from the cylinder and attack using a heat - ray , abruptly cutting off the panicked reporter at the scene . This is followed by a rapid series of increasingly alarming news bulletins detailing a devastating alien invasion taking place across the United States and the world , climaxing with another live report describing giant Martian war machines releasing clouds of poisonous smoke across New York City . After a short break , the program shifts to a more conventional radio drama format and follows a survivor dealing with the aftermath of the invasion and ultimately discovering that the Martians have been defeated not by humans , but by microbes . The illusion of realism was furthered because the Mercury Theatre on the Air was a sustaining show without commercial interruptions , and the first break in the program came almost 30 minutes after the introduction . Popular legend holds that some of the radio audience may have been listening to Edgar Bergen and tuned in to `` The War of the Worlds '' during a musical interlude , thereby missing the clear introduction that the show was a drama , but research in the 2010s suggests that happened only in rare instances . In the days after the adaptation , widespread outrage was expressed in the media . The program 's news - bulletin format was described as deceptive by some newspapers and public figures , leading to an outcry against the perpetrators of the broadcast and calls for regulation by the Federal Communications Commission . The episode secured Welles 's fame as a dramatist . Contents 1 Production 1.1 Cast 2 Broadcast 2.1 Plot summary 2.2 Announcements 3 Public reaction 3.1 Causes 3.2 Extent 3.3 Newspaper coverage and response 3.4 Research 3.5 Meeting of Welles and Wells 4 Authorship 5 Legacy 5.1 Awards 5.2 Notable re-airings and adaptations 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Production ( edit ) `` The War of the Worlds '' was the 17th episode of the CBS Radio series The Mercury Theatre on the Air , which was broadcast at 8 pm ET on Sunday , October 30 , 1938 . H.G. Wells ' original novel tells the story of a Martian invasion of Earth . The novel was adapted for radio by Howard E. Koch , who changed the primary setting from 19th - century England to the contemporary United States , with the landing point of the first Martian spacecraft changed to rural Grover 's Mill , an unincorporated village in West Windsor Township , New Jersey . The program 's format was a simulated live newscast of developing events . The first two - thirds of the hour - long play is a contemporary retelling of events of the novel , presented as news bulletins interrupting programs of dance music . `` I had conceived the idea of doing a radio broadcast in such a manner that a crisis would actually seem to be happening , '' Welles later said , `` and would be broadcast in such a dramatized form as to appear to be a real event taking place at that time , rather than a mere radio play . '' This approach was similar to Ronald Knox 's radio hoax Broadcasting the Barricades , about a riot overtaking London , that was broadcast by the BBC in 1926 , which Welles later said gave him the idea for `` The War of the Worlds '' . A 1927 drama aired by Adelaide station 5CL depicted an invasion of Australia via the same techniques and inspired reactions similar to those of the Welles broadcast . He was also influenced by the Columbia Workshop presentations `` The Fall of the City '' , a 1937 radio play in which Welles played the role of an omniscient announcer , and `` Air Raid '' , a vibrant as - it - happens drama starring Ray Collins that aired October 27 , 1938 . Welles had previously used a newscast format for `` Julius Caesar '' ( September 11 , 1938 ) , with H.V. Kaltenborn providing historical commentary throughout the story . `` The War of the Worlds '' broadcast used techniques similar to those of The March of Time , the CBS news documentary and dramatization radio series . Welles was a member of the program 's regular cast , having first performed on The March of Time in March 1935 . The Mercury Theatre on the Air and The March of Time shared many cast members , as well as sound effects chief Ora D. Nichols . Welles discussed his fake newscast idea with producer John Houseman and assistant director Paul Stewart ; together , they decided to adapt a work of science fiction . They considered adapting M.P. Shiel 's The Purple Cloud and Arthur Conan Doyle 's The Lost World before purchasing the radio rights to The War of the Worlds . Houseman later wrote that he suspected Welles had never read it . Howard Koch had written the first drafts for the Mercury Theatre broadcasts `` Hell on Ice '' ( October 9 ) , `` Seventeen '' ( October 16 ) , and `` Around the World in 80 Days '' ( October 23 ) . Monday , October 24 , he was assigned to adapt The War of the Worlds for broadcast the following Sunday night . Tuesday night , 36 hours before rehearsals were to begin , Koch telephoned Houseman in what the producer characterized as `` deep distress '' . Koch said he could not make The War of the Worlds interesting or credible as a radio play , a conviction echoed by his secretary Anne Froelick , a typist and aspiring writer whom Houseman had hired to assist him . With only his own abandoned script for Lorna Doone to fall back on , Houseman told Koch to continue adapting the Wells fantasy . He joined Koch and Froelick and they worked on the script throughout the night . On Wednesday night , the first draft was finished on schedule . On Thursday , associate producer Paul Stewart held a cast reading of the script , with Koch and Houseman making necessary changes . That afternoon , Stewart made an acetate recording , with no music or sound effects . Welles , immersed in rehearsing the Mercury stage production of Danton 's Death scheduled to open the following week , played the record at an editorial meeting that night in his suite at the St. Regis Hotel . After hearing `` Air Raid '' on the Columbia Workshop earlier that same evening , Welles viewed the script as dull . He stressed the importance of inserting news flashes and eyewitness accounts into the script to create a sense of urgency and excitement . Houseman , Koch , and Stewart reworked the script that night , increasing the number of news bulletins and using the names of real places and people whenever possible . Friday afternoon , the script was sent to Davidson Taylor , executive producer for CBS , and the network legal department . Their response was that the script was ' too ' credible and its realism had to be toned down . As using the names of actual institutions could be actionable , CBS insisted upon some 28 changes in phrasing . `` Under protest and with a deep sense of grievance we changed the Hotel Biltmore to a nonexistent Park Plaza , Trans - America to Inter-Continent , the Columbia Broadcasting Building to Broadcasting Building , '' Houseman wrote . `` The United States Weather Bureau in Washington , D.C. '' was changed to `` The Government Weather Bureau , '' `` Princeton University Observatory '' to `` Princeton Observatory , '' `` McGill University '' in Montreal to `` Macmillan University '' in Toronto , `` New Jersey National Guard '' to `` State Militia , '' `` United States Signal Corps '' to `` Signal Corps , '' `` Langley Field '' to `` Langham Field , '' and `` St. Patrick 's Cathedral '' to `` the cathedral . '' On Saturday , Stewart rehearsed the show with the sound effects team , giving special attention to crowd scenes , the echo of cannon fire , and the sound of the boat horns in New York Harbor . Early Sunday afternoon , Bernard Herrmann and his orchestra arrived in the studio , where Welles had taken over production of that evening 's program . To create the role of reporter Carl Phillips , actor Frank Readick went to the record library and played the recording of Herbert Morrison 's radio report of the Hindenburg disaster over and over . Working with Bernard Herrmann and the orchestra that had to sound like a dance band fell to Paul Stewart , the person Welles would later credit as being largely responsible for the quality of `` The War of the Worlds '' broadcast . Welles wanted the music to play for unbearably long stretches of time . The studio 's emergency fill - in , a solo piano playing Debussy and Chopin , was heard several times . `` As it played on and on , '' Houseman wrote , `` its effect became increasingly sinister -- a thin band of suspense stretched almost beyond endurance . That piano was the neatest trick of the show . '' Dress rehearsal was scheduled for 6 pm . `` Our actual broadcasting time , from the first mention of the meteorites to the fall of New York City , was less than forty minutes , '' wrote Houseman . `` During that time , men travelled long distances , large bodies of troops were mobilized , cabinet meetings were held , savage battles fought on land and in the air . And millions of people accepted it -- emotionally if not logically . '' Cast ( edit ) The cast of characters of `` The War of the Worlds '' appears in order as first heard in the broadcast . Announcer ... Dan Seymour Narrator ... Orson Welles First studio announcer ... Paul Stewart Meridian Room announcer ... William Alland Reporter Carl Phillips ... Frank Readick Professor Richard Pierson ... Orson Welles Second studio announcer ... Carl Frank Mr. Wilmuth ... Ray Collins Policeman at Wilmuth farm ... Kenny Delmar Brigadier General Montgomery Smith ... Richard Wilson Mr. Harry McDonald , vice president in charge of radio operations ... Ray Collins Captain Lansing of the Signal Corps ... Kenny Delmar Third studio announcer ... Paul Stewart Secretary of the Interior ... Kenny Delmar 22nd Field Artillery Officer ... Richard Wilson Field artillery gunner ... William Alland Field artillery observer ... Stefan Schnabel Lieutenant Voght , bombing commander ... Howard Smith Bayonne radio operator ... Kenny Delmar Langham Field radio operator ... Richard Wilson Newark radio operator ... William Herz 2X2L radio operator ... Frank Readick 8X3R radio operator ... William Herz Fourth studio announcer , from roof of Broadcasting Building ... Ray Collins Fascist stranger ... Carl Frank Himself ... Orson Welles Broadcast ( edit ) Plot summary ( edit ) `` The War of the Worlds '' begins with a paraphrase of the beginning of the novel , updated to contemporary times . The announcer introduces Orson Welles : We know now that in the early years of the 20th century , this world was being watched closely by intelligences greater than man 's and yet as mortal as his own . We know now that as human beings busied themselves about their various concerns , they were scrutinized and studied , perhaps almost as narrowly as a man with a microscope might scrutinize the transient creatures that swarm and multiply in a drop of water . With infinite complacence , people went to and fro over the earth about their little affairs , serene in the assurance of their dominion over this small spinning fragment of solar driftwood which by chance or design man has inherited out of the dark mystery of Time and Space . Yet across an immense ethereal gulf , minds that are to our minds as ours are to the beasts in the jungle , intellects vast , cool and unsympathetic , regarded this earth with envious eyes and slowly and surely drew their plans against us . In the 39th year of the 20th century came the great disillusionment . It was near the end of October . Business was better . The war scare was over . More men were back at work . Sales were picking up . On this particular evening , October 30th , the Crossley service estimated that 32 million people were listening in on radios ... The radio program begins as a simulation of a normal evening radio broadcast featuring a weather report and music by `` Ramon Raquello and His Orchestra '' live from a local hotel ballroom . After a few minutes , the music begins to be interrupted by several news flashes about strange gas explosions on Mars . An interview is arranged with reporter Carl Phillips and Princeton - based Professor of Astronomy Richard Pierson , who dismisses speculation about life on Mars . The musical program returns temporarily but is interrupted again by news of a strange meteorite landing in Grover 's Mill , New Jersey . Phillips and Pierson are dispatched to the site , where a large crowd has gathered . Philips describes the chaotic atmosphere around the strange cylindrical object , and Pierson admits that he does not know exactly what it is , but that it seems to be made of an extraterrestrial metal . The cylinder unscrews , and Phillips describes the tentacled , horrific `` monster '' that emerges from inside . Police officers approach the Martian waving a flag of truce , but the invaders respond by firing a heat ray , which incinerates the delegation and ignites the nearby woods and cars as the crowd screams . Phillips 's shouts about incoming flames are cut off mid-sentence , and after a moment of dead air , an announcer explains that the remote broadcast was interrupted due to `` some difficulty with our field transmission . '' After a brief `` piano interlude '' , regular programming breaks down as the studio struggles with casualty and fire - fighting updates . A shaken Pierson speculates about Martian technology . The New Jersey state militia declares martial law and attacks the cylinder ; a captain from their field headquarters lectures about the overwhelming force of properly - equipped infantry and the helplessness of the Martians , until a tripod rises from the pit . The tripod obliterates the militia , and the studio returns , now describing the Martians as an invading army . Emergency response bulletins give way to damage and evacuation reports as thousands of refugees clog the highways . Three Martian tripods from the cylinder destroy power stations and uproot bridges and railroads , reinforced by three others from a second cylinder that landed in the Great Swamp near Morristown , as gas explosions continue . The Secretary of the Interior addresses the nation . A live connection is established to a field artillery battery in the Watchung Mountains . Its gun crew damages a machine , resulting in a release of poisonous black smoke , before fading into the sound of coughing . The lead plane of a wing of bombers from Langham Field broadcasts its approach and remains on the air as their engines are burned by the heat ray and the plane dives on the invaders . Radio operators go active and fall silent . Although the bombers manage to destroy one machine , the remaining five are spreading black smoke across the Jersey Marshes into Newark . Eventually , a news reporter , broadcasting from atop the Broadcasting Building , describes the Martian invasion of New York City -- `` five great machines '' wading the Hudson `` like ( men ) wading through a brook '' , black smoke drifting over the city , people diving into the East River `` like rats '' , others in Times Square `` falling like flies '' . He reads a final bulletin stating that Martian cylinders have fallen all over the country , then describes the smoke approaching down the street until he has a coughing fit and falls silent , leaving only the sounds of the city under attack in the background . Finally , a ham radio operator is heard calling , `` 2X2L calling CQ , New York . Is n't there anyone on the air ? Is n't there anyone on the air ? Is n't there ... anyone ? '' After a period of silence comes the voice of announcer Dan Seymour : You are listening to a CBS presentation of Orson Welles and the Mercury Theatre of the Air , in an original dramatization of The War of the Worlds by H.G. Wells . The performance will continue after a brief intermission . The last third of the program is a monologue and dialogue . Professor Pierson , having survived the attack on Grover 's Mill , attempts to make contact with other humans . In Newark , he encounters an opportunistic militiaman who holds fascist ideals in regards to man 's relationship with the Martians , and intends to use Martian weaponry to take control of both species . Declaring that he wants no part of `` his world '' , Pierson leaves the stranger with his delusions . His journey takes him to the ruins of New York , where he discovers that the Martians have died -- as with the novel , they fell victim to earthly pathogenic germs , to which they had no immunity . Life eventually returns to normal , and Pierson finishes writing his recollections of the invasion and its aftermath . After the conclusion of the play , Welles reassumed his role as host and told listeners that the broadcast was a Halloween concoction : the equivalent , he says , `` of dressing up in a sheet , jumping out of a bush and saying , ' Boo ! ' '' Popular mythology holds the disclaimer was hastily added to the broadcast at the insistence of CBS executives , as they became aware of panic inspired by the program . In fact , at the station break , network executive Davidson Taylor had attempted to prevent Welles , who had added the speech at the last minute , from reading it on air for fear of allowing the network to legal liability , but Welles delivered it anyway . Announcements ( edit ) Radio programming charts in Sunday newspapers listed the CBS drama , `` The War of the Worlds '' . The New York Times for October 30 , 1938 , also included the show in its `` Leading Events of the Week '' ( `` Tonight -- Play : H.G. Wells 's ' War of the Worlds ' '' ) and published a photograph of Welles with some of the Mercury players , captioned , `` Tonight 's show is H.G. Wells ' ' War of the Worlds ' '' . Announcements that `` The War of the Worlds '' is a dramatization of a work of fiction were made on the full CBS network at four points during the broadcast October 30 , 1938 : at the beginning , before the middle break , after the middle break , and at the end . The middle break was delayed 10 minutes to accommodate the dramatic content . Another announcement was repeated on the full CBS network that same evening at 10 : 30 pm , 11 : 30 pm , and midnight : `` For those listeners who tuned in to Orson Welles 's Mercury Theatre on the Air broadcast from 8 to 9 pm Eastern Standard Time tonight and did not realize that the program was merely a modernized adaptation of H.G. Wells 's famous novel War of the Worlds , we are repeating the fact which was made clear four times on the program , that , while the names of some American cities were used , as in all novels and dramatizations , the entire story and all of its incidents were fictitious . '' Public reaction ( edit ) The New York Times headline from October 31 , 1938 Producer John Houseman noticed that at about 8 : 32 pm . ET , CBS supervisor Davidson Taylor received a telephone call in the control room . Creasing his lips , Taylor left the studio and returned four minutes later , `` pale as death '' , as he had been ordered to interrupt `` The War of the Worlds '' broadcast immediately with an announcement of the program 's fictional content . However , by the time the order was given , the program was already less than a minute away from its first scheduled break , and the fictional news reporter played by actor Ray Collins was choking on poison gas as the Martians overwhelmed New York . Actor Stefan Schnabel recalled sitting in the anteroom after finishing his on - air performance . `` A few policemen trickled in , then a few more . Soon , the room was full of policemen and a massive struggle was going on between the police , page boys , and CBS executives , who were trying to prevent the cops from busting in and stopping the show . It was a show to witness . '' During the signoff theme , the phone began ringing . Houseman picked it up and the furious caller announced he was mayor of a Midwestern town , where mobs were in the streets . Houseman hung up quickly : `` For we were off the air now and the studio door had burst open . '' The following hours were a nightmare . The building was suddenly full of people and dark - blue uniforms . Hustled out of the studio , we were locked into a small back office on another floor . Here we sat incommunicado while network employees were busily collecting , destroying , or locking up all scripts and records of the broadcast . Finally , the Press was let loose upon us , ravening for horror . How many deaths had we heard of ? ( Implying they knew of thousands . ) What did we know of the fatal stampede in a Jersey hall ? ( Implying it was one of many . ) What traffic deaths ? ( The ditches must be choked with corpses . ) The suicides ? ( Have n't you heard about the one on Riverside Drive ? ) It is all quite vague in my memory and quite terrible . Paul White , head of CBS News , was quickly summoned to the office , `` and there bedlam reigned '' , he wrote : The telephone switchboard , a vast sea of light , could handle only a fraction of incoming calls . The haggard Welles sat alone and despondent . `` I 'm through , '' he lamented , `` washed up . '' I did n't bother to reply to this highly inaccurate self - appraisal . I was too busy writing explanations to put on the air , reassuring the audience that it was safe . I also answered my share of incessant telephone calls , many of them from as far away as the Pacific Coast . After `` The War of the Worlds '' broadcast , photographers lay in wait for Welles at the all - night rehearsal for Danton 's Death at the Mercury Theatre ( October 31 , 1938 ) Because of the crowd of newspaper reporters , photographers , and police , the cast left the CBS building by the rear entrance . Aware of the sensation the broadcast had made , but not its extent , Welles went to the Mercury Theatre where an all - night rehearsal of Danton 's Death was in progress . Shortly after midnight , one of the cast , a late arrival , told Welles that news about `` The War of the Worlds '' was being flashed in Times Square . They immediately left the theatre , and standing on the corner of Broadway and 42nd Street , they read the lighted bulletin that circled the New York Times building : ORSON WELLES CAUSES PANIC . Some listeners heard only a portion of the broadcast and , in the tension and anxiety prior to World War II , mistook it for a genuine news broadcast . Thousands of those people rushed to share the false reports with others or called CBS , newspapers , or the police to ask if the broadcast was real . Many newspapers assumed that the large number of phone calls and the scattered reports of listeners rushing about or even fleeing their homes proved the existence of a mass panic , but such behavior was never widespread . Future Tonight Show host Jack Paar had announcing duties that night for Cleveland CBS affiliate WGAR . As panicked listeners called the studio , Paar attempted to calm them on the phone and on air by saying : `` The world is not coming to an end . Trust me . When have I ever lied to you ? '' When the listeners started charging Paar with `` covering up the truth '' , he called WGAR 's station manager for help . Oblivious to the situation , the manager advised Paar to calm down and said that it was `` all a tempest in a teapot '' . In a 1975 interview with radio historian Chuck Schaden , radio actor Alan Reed recalled being one of several actors recruited to answer phone calls at CBS 's New York headquarters . In Concrete , Washington , phone lines and electricity suffered a short circuit at the Superior Portland Cement Company 's substation . Residents were unable to call neighbors , family , or friends to calm their fears . Reporters who heard of the coincidental blackout sent the story over the newswire , and soon , Concrete was known worldwide . Welles takes questions from reporters at a press conference the day after the broadcast , on October 31 , 1938 Welles continued with the rehearsal of Danton 's Death ( scheduled to open November 2 ) , leaving shortly after dawn October 31 . He was operating on three hours of sleep when CBS called him to a press conference . He read a statement that was later printed in newspapers nationwide and took questions from reporters : Question : Were you aware of the terror such a broadcast would stir up ? Welles : Definitely not . The technique I used was not original with me . It was not even new . I anticipated nothing unusual . Question : Should you have toned down the language of the drama ? Welles : No , you do n't play murder in soft words . Question : Why was the story changed to put in names of American cities and government officers ? Welles : H.G. Wells used real cities in Europe , and to make the play more acceptable to American listeners we used real cities in America . Of course , I 'm terribly sorry now . In its editions of October 31 , 1938 , the Tucson Citizen reported that three Arizona affiliates of CBS ( KOY in Phoenix , KTUC in Tucson and KSUN in Bisbee ) had originally scheduled a delayed broadcast of `` The War of the Worlds '' that night ; CBS had shifted The Mercury Theater on the Air from Monday nights to Sunday nights on September 11 , but the three affiliates preferred to keep the series in its original Monday slot so that it would not compete with NBC 's top - rated Chase and Sanborn Hour . However , late on that Sunday night , CBS contacted KOY and KTUC owner Burridge Butler and instructed him not to air the program the following night . Within three weeks , newspapers had published at least 12,500 articles about the broadcast and its impact , but the story dropped from the front pages after a few days . Adolf Hitler referenced the broadcast in a speech in Munich on November 8 , 1938 . Welles later remarked that Hitler cited the effect of the broadcast on the American public as evidence of `` the corrupt condition and decadent state of affairs in democracy '' . CAUSES ( edit ) Radio Digest reprinted the script of `` The War of the Worlds '' `` as a commentary on the nervous state of our nation after the Pact of Munich '' -- prefaced by an editorial cartoon by Les Callan of The Toronto Star ( February 1939 ) Later studies indicate that many missed the repeated notices about the broadcast being fictional , partly because The Mercury Theatre on the Air , an unsponsored CBS cultural program with a relatively small audience , ran at the same time as the NBC Red Network 's popular Chase and Sanborn Hour featuring ventriloquist Edgar Bergen . At the time , many Americans assumed that a significant number of Chase and Sanborn listeners changed stations when the first comic sketch ended and a musical number by Nelson Eddy began and then tuned in `` The War of the Worlds '' after the opening announcements , but historian A. Brad Schwartz , after studying hundreds of letters from people who heard `` The War of the Worlds '' , as well as contemporary audience surveys , concluded that very few people frightened by Welles 's broadcast had tuned out Bergen 's program . `` All the hard evidence suggests that The Chase & Sanborn Hour was only a minor contributing factor to the Martian hysteria , '' he wrote . `` ... in truth , there was no mass exodus from Charlie McCarthy to Orson Welles that night . '' Because the broadcast was unsponsored , Welles and company could schedule breaks at will , rather than arranging them around advertisements . As a result , the only notices that the broadcast was fictional came at the start of the broadcast and about 40 and 55 minutes into it . A study by the Radio Project discovered that fewer than one third of frightened listeners understood the invaders to be aliens ; most thought that they were listening to reports of a German invasion or of a natural catastrophe . `` People were on edge '' , wrote Welles biographer Frank Brady . `` For the entire month prior to ' The War of the Worlds ' , radio had kept the American public alert to the ominous happenings throughout the world . The Munich crisis was at its height ... For the first time in history , the public could tune into their radios every night and hear , boot by boot , accusation by accusation , threat by threat , the rumblings that seemed inevitably leading to a world war . '' CBS News chief Paul White wrote that he was convinced that the panic induced by the broadcast was a result of the public suspense generated before the Munich Pact . `` Radio listeners had had their emotions played upon for days ... Thus they believed the Welles production even though it was specifically stated that the whole thing was fiction '' . Extent ( edit ) Historical research suggests the panic was far less widespread than newspapers had indicated at the time . `` ( T ) he panic and mass hysteria so readily associated with ' The War of the Worlds ' did not occur on anything approaching a nationwide dimension '' , American University media historian W. Joseph Campbell wrote in 2003 . He quotes Robert E. Bartholomew , an authority on mass panic outbreaks , as having said that `` there is a growing consensus among sociologists that the extent of the panic ... was greatly exaggerated '' . That position is supported by contemporary accounts . `` In the first place , most people did n't hear ( the show ) , '' said Frank Stanton , later president of CBS . Of the nearly 2,000 letters mailed to Welles and the Federal Communications Commission after `` The War of the Worlds , '' currently held by the University of Michigan and the National Archives and Records Administration , roughly 27 % came from frightened listeners or people who witnessed any panic . After analyzing those letters , A. Brad Schwartz concluded that although the broadcast briefly misled a significant portion of its audience , very few of those listeners fled their homes or otherwise panicked . The total number of protest letters sent to Welles and the FCC is also low in comparison with other controversial radio broadcasts of the period , further suggesting the audience was small and the fright severely limited . Five thousand households were telephoned that night in a survey conducted by the C.E. Hooper company , the main radio ratings service at the time . Only 2 % of the respondents said they were listening to the radio play , and no one stated they were listening to a news broadcast . About 98 % of respondents said they were listening to other radio programming ( The Chase and Sanborn Hour was by far the most popular program in that timeslot ) or not listening to the radio at all . Further shrinking the potential audience , some CBS network affiliates , including some in large markets such as Boston 's WEEI , had pre-empted The Mercury Theatre on the Air , in favor of local commercial programming . Ben Gross , radio editor for the New York Daily News , wrote in his 1954 memoir that the streets were nearly deserted as he made his way to the studio for the end of the program . Producer John Houseman reported that the Mercury Theatre staff was surprised when they were finally released from the CBS studios to find life going on as usual in the streets of New York . The writer of a letter that The Washington Post published later likewise recalled no panicked mobs in the capital 's downtown streets at the time . `` The supposed panic was so tiny as to be practically immeasurable on the night of the broadcast '' , media historians Jefferson Pooley and Michael Socolow wrote in Slate on its 75th anniversary in 2013 ; `` Almost nobody was fooled '' . According to Campbell , the most common response said to indicate a panic was calling the local newspaper or police to confirm the story or seek additional information . That , he writes , is an indicator that people were not generally panicking or hysterical . `` The call volume perhaps is best understood as an altogether rational response ... '' Some New Jersey media and law enforcement agencies received up to 40 % more telephone calls than normal during the broadcast . Newspaper coverage and response ( edit ) Publicity photo of Welles distributed after the radio scare ( 1938 ) What a night . After the broadcast , as I tried to get back to the St. Regis where we were living , I was blocked by an impassioned crowd of news people looking for blood , and the disappointment when they found I was n't hemorrhaging . It was n't long after the initial shock that whatever public panic and outrage there was vanished . But , the newspapers for days continued to feign fury . -- Orson Welles to friend and mentor Roger Hill , February 22 , 1983 As it was late on a Sunday night in the Eastern Time Zone , where the broadcast originated , few reporters and other staff were present in newsrooms . Most newspaper coverage thus took the form of Associated Press stories , which were largely anecdotal aggregates of reporting from its various bureaus , giving the impression that panic had indeed been widespread . Many newspapers led with the Associated Press 's story the next day . The Twin City Sentinel of Winston - Salem , North Carolina pointed out that the situation could have been even worse if most people had not been listening to Edgar Bergen 's show : `` Charlie McCarthy last night saved the United States from a sudden and panicky death by hysteria . '' On November 2 , 1938 , the Australian newspaper The Age characterized the incident as `` mass hysteria '' and stated that `` never in the history of the United States had such a wave of terror and panic swept the continent '' . Unnamed observers quoted by The Age commented that `` the panic could have only happened in America . '' Editorialists chastised the radio industry for allowing that to happen . The response may have reflected newspaper publishers ' fears that radio , to which they had lost some of the advertising revenue that was scarce enough during the Great Depression , would render them obsolete . In `` The War of the Worlds , '' they saw an opportunity to cast aspersions on the newer medium : `` The nation as a whole continues to face the danger of incomplete , misunderstood news over a medium which has yet to prove that it is competent to perform the news job , '' wrote Editor & Publisher , the newspaper industry 's trade journal . William Randolph Hearst 's papers called on broadcasters to police themselves , lest the government step in , as Iowa Senator Clyde L. Herring proposed a bill that would have required all programming to be reviewed by the FCC prior to broadcast ( he never actually introduced it ) . Others blamed the radio audience for its credulity . Noting that any intelligent listener would have realized the broadcast was fictional , the Chicago Tribune opined , `` it would be more tactful to say that some members of the radio audience are a trifle retarded mentally , and that many a program is prepared for their consumption . '' Other newspapers took pains to note that anxious listeners had called their offices to learn whether Martians were really attacking . Few contemporary accounts exist outside newspaper coverage of the mass panic and hysteria supposedly induced by the broadcast . Justin Levine , a producer at KFI - AM in Los Angeles , wrote in a 2000 history of the FCC 's response to hoax broadcasts that `` the anecdotal nature of such reporting makes it difficult to objectively assess the true extent and intensity of the panic . Bartholomew sees this as yet more evidence that the panic was predominantly a creation of the newspaper industry . Research ( edit ) In a study published in book form as The Invasion from Mars ( 1940 ) , Princeton professor Hadley Cantril calculated that some six million people heard `` The War of the Worlds '' broadcast . He estimated that 1.7 million listeners believed the broadcast was an actual news bulletin and , of those , 1.2 million people were frightened or disturbed . Media historians Jefferson Pooley and Michael Socolow have since concluded , however , that Cantril 's study has serious flaws . Its estimate of the program 's audience is more than twice as high as any other at the time . Cantril himself conceded that but argued that unlike Hooper , his estimate had attempted to capture the significant portion of the audience that did not have home telephones at that time . Since those respondents were contacted only after the media frenzy , Cantril allowed that their recollections could have been influenced by what they read in the newspapers . Claims that Chase and Sanborn listeners who missed the disclaimer at the beginning when they turned to CBS during a commercial break or musical performance on that show and thus mistook `` The War of the Worlds '' for a real broadcast inflated the show 's audience and the ensuing alleged panic are impossible to substantiate . Apart from his admittedly - imperfect methods of estimating the audience and assessing the authenticity of their response , Pooley and Socolow found , Cantril made another error in typing audience reaction . Respondents had indicated a variety of reactions to the program , among them `` excited '' , `` disturbed '' , and `` frightened '' . However , he included all of them with `` panicked '' , failing to account for the possibility that despite their reaction , they were still aware the broadcast was staged . `` ( T ) hose who did hear it , looked at it as a prank and accepted it that way , '' recalled researcher Frank Stanton . Bartholomew grants that hundreds of thousands were frightened , but calls evidence of people taking action based on their fear `` scant '' and `` anecdotal '' . Indeed , contemporary news articles indicate that police were swamped with hundreds of calls in numerous locations , but stories of people doing anything more than calling authorities involved mostly only small groups . Such stories were often reported by people who were panicking themselves . Later investigations found much of the alleged panicked responses to have been exaggerated or mistaken . Cantril 's researchers found that contrary to what had been claimed , no admissions for shock were made at a Newark hospital during the broadcast ; hospitals in New York City similarly reported no spike in admissions that night . A few suicide attempts seem to have been prevented when friends or family intervened , but no record of a successful one exists . A Washington Post claim that a man died of a heart attack brought on by listening to the program could not be verified . One woman filed a lawsuit against CBS , but it was soon dismissed . The FCC also received letters from the public that advised against taking reprisals . Singer Eddie Cantor urged the commission not to overreact , as `` censorship would retard radio immeasurably . '' The FCC not only chose not to punish Welles or CBS but also barred complaints about `` The War of the Worlds '' from being brought up during license renewals . `` Janet Jackson 's 2004 ' wardrobe malfunction ' remains far more significant in the history of broadcast regulation than Orson Welles ' trickery , '' wrote media historians Jefferson Pooley and Michael Socolow . Meeting of Welles and Wells ( edit ) H.G. Wells and Orson Welles met for the first and only time in late October 1940 , shortly before the second anniversary of the Mercury Theatre broadcast , when they both happened to be lecturing in San Antonio , Texas . On October 28 , 1940 , the two men visited the studios of KTSA radio for an interview by Charles C. Shaw , who introduced them by characterizing the panic generated by `` The War of the Worlds '' : `` The country at large was frightened almost out of its wits '' . H.G. Wells expressed good - natured skepticism about the actual extent of the panic caused by `` this sensational Halloween spree . Are you sure there was such a panic in America or was n't it your Halloween fun ? '' Orson Welles appreciated the comment : `` I think that 's the nicest thing that a man from England could say about the men from Mars . Mr. Hitler made a good deal of sport of it , you know ... It 's supposed to show the corrupt condition and decadent state of affairs in democracy , that ' The War of the Worlds ' went over as well as it did . I think it 's very nice of Mr. Wells to say that not only I did n't mean it , but the American people did n't mean it . '' When Shaw interjected that there was `` some excitement '' that he did not wish to belittle , Welles asked him , `` What kind of excitement ? Mr. H.G. Wells wants to know if the excitement was n't the same kind of excitement that we extract from a practical joke in which somebody puts a sheet over his head and says ' Boo ! ' I do n't think anybody believes that that individual is a ghost , but we do scream and yell and rush down the hall . And that 's just about what happened . '' `` That 's a very excellent description , '' Shaw said . `` You are n't quite serious in America , yet , '' said Wells . `` You have n't got the war right under your chins . And the consequence is you can still play with ideas of terror and conflict ... It 's a natural thing to do until you 're right up against it . '' `` Until it ceases to be a game , '' Welles said , a phrase that Wells repeated . Britain and France had then been at war with Nazi Germany for more than a year . Authorship ( edit ) As the Mercury 's second theatre season began in 1938 , Orson Welles and John Houseman were unable to write the Mercury Theatre on the Air broadcasts on their own . They hired Howard E. Koch , whose experience in having a play performed by the Federal Theatre Project in Chicago led him to leave his law practice and move to New York to become a writer . Koch was put to work at $50 a week , raised to $60 after he proved himself . The Mercury Theatre on the Air was a sustaining show , so in lieu of a more substantial salary , Houseman gave Koch the rights to any script he worked on . A condensed version of the script for `` The War of the Worlds '' appeared in the debut issue of Radio Digest magazine ( February 1939 ) , in an article on the broadcast that credited `` Orson Welles and his Mercury Theatre players '' . The complete script appeared in The Invasion from Mars : A Study in the Psychology of Panic ( 1940 ) , the book publication of a Princeton University study directed by psychologist Hadley Cantril . Welles strongly protested Koch being listed as sole author since many others contributed to the script , but by the time the book was published , he had decided to end the dispute . Welles did seek legal redress after the CBS TV series Studio One presented its top - rated broadcast , `` The Night America Trembled '' , on September 9 , 1957 . Hosted by Edward R. Murrow , the live presentation of Nelson S. Bond 's documentary play recreated the 1938 performance of `` The War of the Worlds '' in the CBS studio , using the script as a framework for a series of factual narratives about a cross-section of radio listeners . No member of the Mercury Theatre is named . The courts ruled against Welles , who was found to have abandoned any rights to the script after it was published in Cantril 's book . Koch had granted CBS the right to use the script in its program . `` As it developed over the years , Koch took some cash and some credit , '' wrote biographer Frank Brady . `` He wrote the story of how he created the adaptation , with a copy of his script being made into a paperback book enjoying large printings and an album of the broadcast selling over 500,000 copies , part of the income also going to him as copyright owner . '' The book , The Panic Broadcast , was first published in 1970 . The best - selling album was a sound recording of the broadcast titled Orson Welles ' War of the Worlds , `` released by arrangement with Manheim Fox Enterprises , Inc . '' The source discs for the recording are unknown . Welles told Peter Bogdanovich that it was a poor - quality recording taken off the air at the time of broadcast -- `` a pirated record which people have made fortunes of money and have no right to play . '' Welles received no compensation . Legacy ( edit ) Plaque commemorating the radio broadcast in Township of West Windsor Play media Welles often invokes `` The War of the Worlds '' as host of Who 's Out There ? ( 1973 ) , an award - winning NASA documentary short film by Robert Drew about the likelihood of life on other planets Initially apologetic about the supposed panic his broadcast had caused ( and privately fuming that newspaper reports of lawsuits were either greatly exaggerated or totally fabricated ) , Welles later embraced the story as part of his personal myth . `` Houses were emptying , churches were filling up ; from Nashville to Minneapolis there was wailing in the streets and the rending of garments , '' he told Peter Bogdanovich years later . CBS , too , found reports ultimately useful in promoting the strength of its influence . It presented a fictionalized account of the panic in a 1957 episode of the television series Studio One , and included it prominently in its 2003 celebrations of CBS 's 75th anniversary as a television broadcaster . `` The legend of the panic , '' according to Jefferson and Socolow , `` grew exponentially over the following years ... ( It ) persists because it so perfectly captures our unease with the media 's power over our lives . '' The New Jersey Township of West Windsor , where Grover 's Mill is located , commemorated the 50th anniversary of the broadcast in 1988 with four days of festivities including art and planetarium shows , a panel discussion , a parade , burial of a time capsule , a dinner dance , film festivals devoted to H.G. Wells and Orson Welles , and the dedication of a bronze monument to the fictional Martian landings . Howard Koch , an author of the original radio script , attended the 49th anniversary celebration as an honored guest . The 75th anniversary of `` The War of the Worlds '' was marked by an international rebroadcast with an introduction by George Takei , and an episode of the PBS documentary series American Experience . Awards ( edit ) On January 27 , 2003 , the Mercury Theatre broadcast of `` The War of the Worlds '' was one of the first 50 recordings made part of the National Recording Registry of the Library of Congress . Notable re-airings and adaptations ( edit ) See also : List of works based on The War of the Worlds Since the original Mercury Theatre on the Air broadcast of `` The War of the Worlds '' , many re-airings , remakes , re-enactments , parodies , and new dramatizations have occurred . Many American radio stations , particularly those that regularly air old - time radio programs , re-air the original program as a Halloween tradition . Some notable examples include : A Spanish - language version produced in February 1949 by Leonardo Paez and Eduardo Alcaraz for Radio Quito in Quito , Ecuador , reportedly set off panic in the city . Police and fire brigades rushed out of town to engage the supposed alien invasion force . After it was revealed that the broadcast was fiction , the panic transformed into a riot . Hundreds attacked Radio Quito and El Comercio , a local newspaper that had participated in the hoax by publishing false reports of unidentified objects in the skies above Ecuador in the days preceding the broadcast . The riot resulted in at least seven deaths , including those of Paez 's girlfriend and nephew . Paez moved to Venezuela after the incident . An updated version of the radio drama aired several times between 1968 and 1975 on WKBW radio in Buffalo , New York . On the 50th anniversary of the radio play in 1988 , National Public Radio aired a remake directed by David Ossman ( who updated Howard W. Koch 's original script with Koch 's approval ) and starring Jason Robards , Steve Allen , Hector Elizondo , René Auberjonois , Philip Proctor , Douglas Edwards , Scott Simon , and Terry Gross . It was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word or Nonmusical Recording . In 1994 , L.A. Theatre Works and Santa Monica , California public radio station KCRW broadcast the original play before a live audience . Most of the cast for this production had appeared in one of more incarnation of Star Trek , including Leonard Nimoy , John de Lancie , Dwight Schultz , Wil Wheaton , Gates McFadden , Brent Spiner , Armin Shimerman , Jerry Hardin , and Tom Virtue . De Lancie directed . It was accompanied by an original sequel called `` When Welles Collide '' co-written by de Lancie and Nat Segaloff featuring the same cast as themselves . On October 30 , 2002 , XM Satellite Radio collaborated with conservative talk - show host Glenn Beck for a live recreation of the broadcast , using Koch 's original script and airing on October 30 . The remake aired on the Buzz XM channel , as well as on Beck 's AM / FM affiliates . See also ( edit ) Jafr alien invasion Jovian -- Plutonian gravitational effect Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Welles said , `` I got the idea from a BBC show that had gone on the year before ( sic ) when a Catholic priest told how some Communists had seized London and a lot of people in London believed it . And I thought that 'd be fun to do on a big scale , let 's have it from outer space -- that 's how I got the idea . '' Jump up ^ Biographer Frank Brady claims that Welles had read the story in 1936 in The Witch 's Tales , a pulp magazine of `` weird - dramatic and supernatural stories '' that reprinted it from Pearson 's Magazine . However , there is no evidence that The Witch 's Tales , which only ran for two issues , or its accompanying radio series ever featured The War of the Worlds . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Welles , Orson ; Bogdanovich , Peter ; Rosenbaum , Jonathan ( 1992 ) . This is Orson Welles . New York : HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 0 - 06 - 016616 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Houseman , John ( 1972 ) . Run - Through : A Memoir . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 21034 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Pooley , Jefferson ; Socolow , Michael ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` The Myth of the War of the Worlds Panic '' . Slate . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , A. Brad ( 2015 ) . Broadcast Hysteria : Orson Welles 's War of the Worlds and the Art of Fake News ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Hill and Wang . ISBN 0 - 8090 - 3161 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , A. Brad ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` The Infamous ' War of the Worlds ' Radio Broadcast Was a Magnificent Fluke '' . Smithsonian.com . Smithsonian . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The BBC Radio Panic ( 1926 ) '' . The Museum of Hoaxes . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Wilkes , David ( October 12 , 2011 ) . `` ' Bolsheviks are attacking the Palace and Big Ben has been destroyed ' : The fake BBC radio bulletin that terrified listeners in 1926 '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Welles , Orson , and Peter Bogdanovich , This is Orson Welles . HarperAudio , September 30 , 1992 . ISBN 1 - 55994 - 680 - 6 Audiotape 4A 6 : 25 -- 6 : 42 . Jump up ^ Invasion Panic This Week ; Martians Coming Next , Radio Recall , April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Brady , Frank , Citizen Welles : A Biography of Orson Welles . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1989 ISBN 0 - 385 - 26759 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Wood , Bret , Orson Welles : A Bio-Bibliography . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press , 1990 ISBN 0 - 313 - 26538 - 0 Jump up ^ Fielding , Raymond ( 1978 ) . The March of Time , 1935 -- 1951 . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 13 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 502212 - 2 . Jump up ^ Ashley , Mike ; Parnell , Frank H. ( 1985 ) . `` The Witch 's Tales '' . In Tymn , Marshall B. ; Ashley , Mike . Science fiction , fantasy , and weird fiction magazines . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press . pp. 742 -- 743 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 21221 - X . Jump up ^ Ashley , Mike ( 2000 ) . The time machines : the story of the science - fiction pulp magazines from the beginning to 1950 : the history of the science - fiction magazine . Liverpool : Liverpool University Press . pp. 104 -- 105 . ISBN 0 - 85323 - 855 - 3 . Jump up ^ Gosling , John ( 2009 ) . Waging The war of the worlds : a history of the 1938 radio broadcast and resulting panic , including the original script . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland & Co . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 4105 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` For the Heart at Fire 's Center -- Paul Stewart '' . The Bernard Herrmann Society . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ McBride , Joseph , What Ever Happened to Orson Welles ? A Portrait of an Independent Career . Lexington , Kentucky : University Press of Kentucky , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 8131 - 2410 - 7 Jump up ^ Leaming , Barbara , Orson Welles , A Biography . New York : Viking , 1985 ISBN 0 - 670 - 52895 - 1 Jump up ^ `` The Mercury Theatre '' . RadioGOLDINdex . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celebrating the 70th Anniversary of Orson Welles 's panic radio broadcast The War of the Worlds '' . Wellesnet , October 26 , 2008 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Treaster , Joseph B. `` Dan Seymour , Ex-Announcer And Advertising Leader , Dies '' , The New York Times , July 29 , 1982 . Accessed December 3 , 2017 . `` Mr. Seymour was the announcer who , in Orson Welles 's famous 1938 radio broadcast of War of the Worlds , terrified listeners with realistic bulletins on Martian invaders . '' Jump up ^ Koch , Howard ( 1970 ) . The Panic Broadcast : Portrait of an Event . Boston : Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 0 - 316 - 50060 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Cantril , Hadley , Hazel Gaudet , and Herta Herzog , The Invasion from Mars : A Study in the Psychology of Panic : with the Complete Script of the Famous Orson Welles Broadcast . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press , 1940 . Jump up ^ Vallance , Tom ( March 25 , 1999 ) . `` Obituary : Stefan Schnabel '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : White , Paul W. , News on the Air . New York : Harcourt , Brace and Company , 1947 Jump up ^ Brinkley , Alan ( 2010 ) . `` Chapter 23 -- The Great Depression '' . The Unfinished Nation . p. 615 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 338552 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , A. Brad ( April 27 , 2015 ) . `` Orson Welles and History 's First Viral - Media Event '' . VanityFair.com . Conde Nast . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Listeners in Panic , Taking War Drama as Fact '' ( reprint ) . New York Times . October 31 , 1938 . In Newark , in a single block at Heddon Terrace and Hawthorne Avenue , more than 20 families rushed from their houses with wet handkerchiefs and towels over their faces to flee what they believed a gas raid . Some began moving household furniture . Throughout New York , families left their homes , some to near - by parks . Thousands of persons called the police , newspapers , and radio stations here and in other cities of the United States and Canada , seeking advice on protective measures against the raids . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , W. Joseph . ( 2010 ) . Getting it wrong : ten of the greatest misreported stories in American Journalism . Berkeley : University of California Press . pp. 26 -- 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 26209 - 6 . Jump up ^ Bloomfield , Gary ( 2004 ) . Duty , Honor , Applause : America 's Entertainers in World War II , Part 810 . Globe Pequot . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59228 - 550 - 1 . Jump up ^ Yabba Dabba Doo ! by Alan Reed and Ben Ohmart , page 58 ; BearManor Media , 2009 Jump up ^ KIRO listeners responsible for most famous War of the Worlds panic Archived November 2 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . MyNorthwest.com . Accessed 10 - 31 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` George Orson Welles apologizes for the The War of the Worlds broadcast ( October 31 , 1938 ) '' . Dailymotion . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Tucson Citizen , edition of October 31 , 1938 , accessed on microfilm at the Tucson Public Library . Jump up ^ `` War of the Worlds Gallery '' ( PDF ) . The Mercury Theatre Radio Programs , Digital Deli . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 12 . Representative news headlines from October 31 , 1938 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orson Welles and H.G. Wells '' . YouTube . October 28 , 1940 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` When Orson Welles Met HG Wells '' . Transcript . Ross Lawhead ( blog ) , September 17 , 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Adam Conover 's Adam Ruins Everything episode Adam Ruins Halloween Jump up ^ Bartholomew , Robert E. ( November -- December 1998 ) . `` The Martian Panic Sixty Years Later : What Have We Learned ? '' . Skeptical Inquirer . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tarbox , Todd ( 2013 ) . Orson Welles and Roger Hill : A Friendship in Three Acts . Albany , Georgia : BearManor Media . p. 53 . ISBN 1 - 59393 - 260 - X . Jump up ^ Clodfelter , Tim ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Winston - Salem citizens among those fooled by radio broadcast '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mass Hysteria in U.S.A. Radio Broadcast Panic '' . The Age ( Melbourne : 1854 -- ) . Vic. : Fairfax . November 2 , 1938 . p. 8 . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mass Communication Theory : Foundations , Ferment , and Future , by Stanley J. Baran , Dennis K. Davis ^ Jump up to : Levine , Justin ; `` A History and Analysis of the Federal Communication Commission 's Response to Radio Broadcast Hoaxes '' ; 52 Fed Comm LJ 2 , 273 -- 320 , 278n28 ; March 1 , 2000 ; retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bartholomew , Robert ; Radford , Benjamin ( 2012 ) . The Martians Have Landed ! : A History of Media - driven Panics and Hoaxes . Jefferson , NC : McFarland . p. 21 . ISBN 9780786464982 . Retrieved November 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bartholomew , Robert E. ( 2001 ) . Little Green Men , Meowing Nuns and Head - Hunting Panics : A Study of Mass Psychogenic Illness and Social Delusion . Jefferson , North Carolina : Macfarland & Company . pp. 217ff . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0997 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` I did not hear the Martians rapping on my chamber door '' . Letters of Note , September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Potter , Lee Ann ( Fall 2003 ) . `` '' Jitterbugs '' and `` Crack - pots '' : Letters to the FCC about the `` War of the Worlds '' Broadcast `` . Prologue. 35 ( 3 ) . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ France , Richard , The Theatre of Orson Welles . Lewisburg , Pennsylvania : Bucknell University Press , 1977 . ISBN 0 - 8387 - 1972 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Help -- Men From Mars '' . Radio Digest . February 1939 , pp. 113 -- 127 . Jump up ^ `` Sentence of death , The night America trembled ( DVD , 2002 ) '' . WorldCat . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Night America Trembled '' . Studio One , September 8 , 1957 , at YouTube . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Orson Welles , Appellant , v. Columbia Broadcasting System , Inc. , et al. , Appellees , No. 17518 '' ( PDF ) . United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit , October 3 , 1962 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Koch , Howard , The Panic Broadcast : Portrait of an Event . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1970 . The radio play Invasion from Mars was now copyrighted in Koch 's name ( Catalog of Copyright Entries : Third Series ; Books and Pamphlets , Title Index , January -- June 1971 , page 1866 ) . Hadley Cantril 's The Invasion from Mars , including the radio play ( titled The Broadcast ) , was copyrighted in 1940 by Princeton University Press . Jump up ^ `` War of the Worlds '' . WorldCat . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Orson Welles -- War of the Worlds '' . Discogs . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 28 . The jacket front of the 1968 Longines Symphonette Society LP reads , `` The Actual Broadcast by The Mercury Theatre on the Air as heard over the Columbia Broadcasting System , Oct. 30 , 1938 . The most thrilling drama ever broadcast from the famed HOWARD KOCH script ! An authentic first edition ... never before released ! Complete , not a dramatic word cut ! Script by Howard Koch from the famous H.G. Wells novel ... featuring the most famous performance from The Mercury Theatre on the Air ! '' Jump up ^ `` Radio 's War of the Worlds Broadcast ( 1938 ) '' . Miller , Jeff , History of American Broadcasting . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Welles , Orson , and Peter Bogdanovich , This is Orson Welles . HarperAudio , September 30 , 1992 . ISBN 1559946806 Audiotape 4A 7 : 08 -- 7 : 42 . Jump up ^ Drew , Robert ( 1973 ) . `` Who 's Out There ? '' . Drew Associates . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Out There -- Orson Welles narrates a NASA show on intelligent life in the Universe '' . Wellesnet . February 10 , 2008 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ War of the Worlds -- News Stories , Township of West Windsor , Mercer County , New Jersey ; Delany , Don , `` West Windsor Celebrates ' The War of the Worlds ' '' ( PDF ) , Mercer Business , October 1988 , pp. 14 -- 17 Jump up ^ `` ' The War of the Worlds ' at 75 : Listen to it again on KPCC along with George Takei '' . Off - Ramp . KPCC . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` PBS fall season offers an array of new series , specials and returning favorites '' . PBS press release , May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` War of the Worlds '' . American Experience , WGBH PBS . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ The National Recording Registry 2002 , National Recording Preservation Board ( Library of Congress ) ; retrieved June 17 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` War of the Worlds '' . Radio Lab . Season 4 . Episode 3 . March 7 , 2008 . In 1949 , when Radio Quito decided to translate the Orson Welles stunt for an Ecuadorian audience , no one knew that the result would be a riot that would burn down the radio station and kill at least 7 people . Jump up ^ `` War of the Worlds radio broadcast , Quito ( 1949 ) '' . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2008 . Retrieved April 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The War of the Worlds panic was a myth '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Koshinski , Bob . `` WKBW 's 1968 ' War of the Worlds ' '' . Buffalo Broadcasters Association . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Lawrence M. ( October 29 , 1988 ) . `` Orson Welles 's ' 38 Shocker Remade '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Awards and Nominations for 1989 '' . Tribune Company . 1989 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` War of the Worlds & The Lost World '' . L.A. Theatre Works . August 31 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` XM to Host Live `` War of the Worlds '' Re-enactment with Glenn Beck on Oct. 30 `` . siriusxm.com . October 28 , 2002 . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Bulgatz , Joseph ( 1992 ) . Ponzi Schemes , Invaders from Mars & More : Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds . New York : Three Rivers Press . ISBN 0 - 517 - 58830 - 7 . Estrin , Mark W. ; Welles , Orson ( 2002 ) . Orson Welles Interviews . Jackson ( Miss . ) : University of Mississippi . Gosling , John ( 2009 ) . Waging The War of the Worlds : A History of the 1938 Radio Broadcast and Resulting Panic . Jefferson , NC : McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 4105 - 4 . Holmsten , Brian ; Lubertozzi , Alex , eds. ( 2001 ) . The Complete War of the Worlds : Mars ' Invasion of Earth from H.G. Wells to Orson Welles . Naperville , IL : Sourcebooks MediaFusion . ISBN 1 - 570 - 71714 - 1 . Schwartz , A. Brad ( 2015 ) . Broadcast Hysteria : Orson Welles 's War of the Worlds and the Art of Fake News . New York : Hill and Wang . ISBN 0 - 8090 - 3161 - 2 . The Martian Panic Sixty Years Later : What Have We Learned ? from CSICOP The Martian Invasion at the Wayback Machine ( archived July 21 , 2011 ) describes instances of panic , outcry over the panic and the responses by the FCC and CBS BBC report on the 1926 Knox riot hoax External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The War of the Worlds ( radio drama ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The War of the Worlds ( radio drama ) . `` The War of the Worlds '' ( October 30 , 1938 ) on The Mercury Theatre on the Air ( Indiana University Bloomington ) Mp3 download from the Internet Archive War of the Worlds Invasion : The Complete War of the Worlds Website ( John Gosling ) mp3 of King Daevid MacKenzie 's Echoes of a Century 2005 program which contains sections of the Chase & Sanborn and Mercury Theatre broadcasts of October 30 , 1938 , edited together in a manner approximating the sequence believed to have generated the reported panic The War of the Worlds - A Radio Program and A Film Score Who 's Out There ? NASA film with commentary on the 1938 broadcast and extraterrestrial life ( 1975 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Orson Welles <Td_colspan="2"> Filmography Radio credits Theatre credits Discography Bibliography Awards and nominations Feature films Citizen Kane ( 1941 ) The Magnificent Ambersons ( 1942 ) The Stranger ( 1946 ) The Lady from Shanghai ( 1947 ) Macbeth ( 1948 ) Othello ( 1951 ) Mr. Arkadin ( 1955 ) Touch of Evil ( 1958 ) The Trial ( 1962 ) Chimes at Midnight ( 1965 ) The Immortal Story ( 1968 ) F for Fake ( 1973 ) Filming Othello ( 1978 ) The Other Side of the Wind ( 2018 ) Shorts Twelfth Night ( 1933 ) The Hearts of Age ( 1934 ) The Green Goddess ( lost film ) ( 1939 ) Citizen Kane trailer ( 1940 ) Around the World ( lost film ) ( 1946 ) The Miracle of St. Anne ( lost film ) ( 1950 ) Magic Trick ( 1953 ) The Dominici Affair ( 1955 ) Portrait of Gina ( 1958 ) An Evening with Orson Welles ( 1970 ) Orson 's Bag ( 1968 -- 69 ) incorporating Vienna ( 1968 ) The Merchant of Venice ( 1969 ) One Man Band , aka London ( 1968 -- 1971 ) Moby Dick ( 1971 ) Orson Welles ' Magic Show ( 1976 -- 1985 ) The Spirit of Charles Lindbergh ( 1984 ) Unfinished films Too Much Johnson ( 1938 ) It 's All True ( 1942 ) Don Quixote ( 1957 -- 1969 ) The Heroine ( lost film ) ( 1967 ) The Deep ( 1967 -- 1970 ) Filming ' The Trial ' ( 1981 ) The Dreamers ( 1980 -- 82 ) Films in which Welles directed some scenes Journey into Fear ( 1943 ) Follow the Boys ( 1944 ) Black Magic ( 1949 ) Three Cases of Murder ( 1955 ) David and Goliath ( 1960 ) The Southern Star ( 1969 ) Films derived from Welles screenplays Monsieur Verdoux ( 1947 ) Cyrano de Bergerac ( 1950 ) Treasure Island ( 1972 ) Cradle Will Rock ( 1999 ) The Big Brass Ring ( 1999 ) Television Orson Welles ' Sketch Book ( 1955 ) Around the World with Orson Welles ( 1955 ) Orson Welles and People ( lost ) ( 1956 ) The Fountain of Youth ( 1958 ) In the Land of Don Quixote ( 1964 ) The Orson Welles Show ( 1979 ) Theatre Marching Song ( 1932 ) Bright Lucifer Voodoo Macbeth ( 1936 ) Horse Eats Hat ( 1936 ) Caesar ( 1937 -- 38 ) Too Much Johnson ( 1938 ) Native Son ( 1941 ) The Mercury Wonder Show ( 1943 ) Around the World ( musical ) ( 1946 ) Othello ( 1951 ) The Lady in the Ice ( ballet ) ( 1953 ) Moby Dick -- Rehearsed ( 1955 ) Rhinoceros ( 1960 ) Radio Les Misérables ( 1937 ) The Shadow ( 1937 -- 38 ) The Mercury Theatre on the Air ( including `` Dracula '' and `` The War of the Worlds '' ) ( 1938 ) The Campbell Playhouse ( 1938 -- 1940 ) The Orson Welles Show ( 1941 -- 42 ) Ceiling Unlimited ( 1942 -- 43 ) Hello Americans ( 1942 -- 43 ) The Orson Welles Almanac ( 1944 ) This Is My Best ( 1945 ) Orson Welles Commentaries ( 1945 -- 46 ) The Mercury Summer Theatre of the Air ( 1946 ) The Adventures of Harry Lime ( 1951 -- 52 ) The Black Museum ( 1951 -- 52 ) Spoken - word recordings The Happy Prince ( 1946 ) The Airborne Symphony ( 1966 ) The Begatting of the President ( 1970 ) Books This is Orson Welles ( 1992 ) Les Bravades ( 1996 ) Related Mercury Theatre Paola Mori ( third wife ) Beatrice Welles ( daughter ) Oja Kodar Frozen Peas Orson Welles Paul Masson adverts It 's All True : Based on an Unfinished Film by Orson Welles ( 1993 documentary ) Magician : The Astonishing Life and Work of Orson Welles ( 2014 documentary ) Orson Welles ( crater ) <Th_colspan="2"> H.G. Wells 's The War of the Worlds ( 1897 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Related texts : `` The Crystal Egg '' Star Begotten Concepts Black smoke Embankment machine Fighting machine Flying machine Handling machine HMS Thunder Child Heat - Ray Red weed Characters Doctor Clayton Forrester Martians Derivative works Novels Fighters from Mars Edison 's Conquest of Mars Sherlock Holmes 's War of the Worlds The Space Machine War of the Worlds : New Millennium The Martian War War of the Worlds : Retaliation The Massacre of Mankind Radio The War of the Worlds ( 1938 ) The War of the Worlds ( 1968 ) Films The War of the Worlds ( 1953 ) The Night That Panicked America The War of the Worlds : Next Century H.G. Wells ' The War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) H.G. Wells ' War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) War of the Worlds 2 : The Next Wave War of the Worlds : Goliath Comics Killraven Superman : War of the Worlds The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen , Volume II Scarlet Traces H.G. Wells ' The War of the Worlds Music Jeff Wayne 's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds `` Forever Autumn '' Highlights from Jeff Wayne 's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds Jeff Wayne 's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds -- The New Generation Television `` The Night America Trembled '' The Great Martian War 1913 -- 1917 War of the Worlds episodes Mor - Tax Mor - Taxans Video games War of the Worlds ( 1982 ) The War of the Worlds ( 1984 ) Jeff Wayne 's The War of the Worlds ( 1998 ) Jeff Wayne 's The War of the Worlds ( 1999 ) Short fiction War of the Worlds : Global Dispatches `` Mars : The Home Front '' `` To Mars and Providence '' Rainbow Mars Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_War_of_the_Worlds_(radio_drama)&oldid=851280715 '' Categories : Orson Welles Mass hysteria in the United States Scares American radio dramas CBS Radio programs 1930s American radio programs 1938 radio dramas Science fiction radio programs Works based on The War of the Worlds 1938 in the United States United States National Recording Registry recordings Halloween fiction Radio programmes based on novels West Windsor Township , New Jersey October 1938 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from September 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles prone to spam from November 2012 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Čeština Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2018 , at 07 : 15 ( UTC ) . 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1. The War of the Worlds radio drama
2. Orson Welles
3. Panic and controversy
4. Adaptation of H.G. Wells' novel
5. Realism and impact of the broadcast
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a picture book differs from an illustrated book for this reason
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Picture book - wikipedia Picture book Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Picture Book ( disambiguation ) . Peter Rabbit with his family , from The Tale of Peter Rabbit by Beatrix Potter , 1902 A picture book combines visual and verbal narratives in a book format , most often aimed at young children . The images in picture books use a range of media such as oil paints , acrylics , watercolor , and pencil , among others . Two of the earliest books with something like the format picture books still retain now were Heinrich Hoffmann 's Struwwelpeter from 1845 and Beatrix Potter 's The Tale of Peter Rabbit from 1902 . Some of the best - known picture books are Robert McCloskey 's Make Way for Ducklings , Dr. Seuss ' The Cat In The Hat , and Maurice Sendak 's Where the Wild Things Are . The Caldecott Medal ( established 1938 ) and Kate Greenaway Medal ( established 1955 ) are awarded annually for illustrations in children 's literature . From the mid-1960s several children 's literature awards include a category for picture books . Contents ( hide ) 1 Target audiences 2 Subgenres 3 Early picture books 4 Early to mid 20th century 5 Mid to late 20th century 6 Awards 7 References 8 Sources 9 External links Target audiences ( edit ) Picture books are most often aimed at young children , and while some may have very basic language especially designed to help children develop their reading skills , most are written with vocabulary a child can understand but not necessarily read . For this reason , picture books tend to have two functions in the lives of children : they are first read to young children by adults , and then children read them themselves once they begin learning to read . Some picture books are published with content aimed at older children or even adults . Tibet : Through the Red Box , by Peter Sis , is one example of a picture book aimed at an adult audience . Subgenres ( edit ) There are several subgenres among picture books , including alphabet books , concept books , counting books , early readers , calendar books , nursery rhymes , and toy books . Board books - picture books published on a hard cardboard - are often intended for small children to use and play with ; cardboard is used for the cover as well as the pages , and is more durable than paper . Another category is movable books , such as pop - up books , which employ paper engineering to make parts of the page pop up or stand up when pages are opened . The Wheels on the Bus , by Paul O. Zelinsky , is one example of a bestseller pop - up picture book . Early picture books ( edit ) A reprint of the 1658 illustrated Orbis Pictus Orbis Pictus from 1658 by John Amos Comenius was the earliest illustrated book specifically for children . It is something of a children 's encyclopedia and is illustrated by woodcuts . A Little Pretty Pocket - Book from 1744 by John Newbery was the earliest illustrated storybook marketed as pleasure reading in English . The German children 's books Struwwelpeter ( literally `` Shaggy - Peter '' ) from 1845 by Heinrich Hoffmann , and Max and Moritz from 1865 by Wilhelm Busch , were among the earliest examples of modern picturebook design . Collections of Fairy tales from early nineteenth century , like those by the Brothers Grimm or Hans Christian Andersen were sparsely illustrated , but beginning in the middle of the century , collections were published with images by illustrators like Gustave Doré , Fedor Flinzer , George Cruikshank , Vilhelm Pedersen , Ivan Bilibin and John Bauer . Andrew Lang 's twelve Fairy Books published between 1889 and 1910 were illustrated by among others Henry J. Ford and Lancelot Speed . Lewis Carroll 's Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland , illustrated by John Tenniel in 1866 was one of the first highly successful entertainment books for children . Alice from Lewis Carroll 's Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland , illustration by John Tenniel , 1866 Toy books were introduced in the latter half of the 19th century , small paper bound books with art dominating the text . These had a larger proportion of pictures to words than earlier books , and many of their pictures were in color . The best of these were illustrated by the triumvirate of English illustrators Randolph Caldecott , Walter Crane , and Kate Greenaway whose association with colour printer and wood engraver Edmund Evans produced books of great quality . In the late 19th and early 20th century a small number of American and British artists made their living illustrating children 's books , like Rose O'Neill , Arthur Rackham , Cicely Mary Barker , Willy Pogany , Edmund Dulac , W. Heath Robinson , Howard Pyle , or Charles Robinson . Generally , these illustrated books had eight to twelve pages of illustrated pictures or plates accompanying a classic children 's storybook . Cover of Babes in the Wood , illustrated by Randolph Caldecott Beatrix Potter 's The Tale of Peter Rabbit was published in 1902 to immediate success . Peter Rabbit was Potter 's first of many The Tale of ... , including The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin , The Tale of Benjamin Bunny , The Tale of Tom Kitten , and The Tale of Jemima Puddle - Duck , to name but a few which were published in the years leading up to 1910 . Swedish author Elsa Beskow wrote and illustrated some 40 children 's stories and picture books between 1897 -- 1952 . Andrew Lang 's twelve Fairy Books published between 1889 and 1910 were illustrated by among others Henry J. Ford and Lancelot Speed . In the US , illustrated stories for children appeared in magazines like Ladies Home Journal , Good Housekeeping , Cosmopolitan , Woman 's Home Companion intended for mothers to read to their children . Some cheap periodicals appealing to the juvenile reader started to appear in the early 20th century , often with uncredited illustrations . Helen Bannerman 's Little Black Sambo was published in 1899 , and went through numerous printings and versions during the first decade of the 20th century . Little Black Sambo was part of a series of small - format books called The Dumpy Books for Children , published by British publisher Grant Richards between 1897 and 1904 . Early to mid 20th century ( edit ) Title page from The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum from 1900 L. Frank Baum 's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz was published in 1900 , and Baum created a number of other successful Oz - oriented books in the period from 1904 to 1920 . Frank Baum wanted to create a modern - day fairy tale since he loved fairy tales as a child . In 1910 , American illustrator and author Rose O'Neill 's first children 's book was published , The Kewpies and Dottie Darling . More books in the Kewpie series followed : The Kewpies Their Book in 1912 and The Kewpie Primer 1916 . In 1918 , Johnny Gruelle wrote and illustrated Raggedy Ann and in 1920 followed up with Raggedy Andy Stories . Other Gruelle books included Beloved Belinda , Eddie Elephant , and Friendly Fairies . In 1913 , Cupples & Leon published a series of 15 All About books , emulating the form and size of the Beatrix Potter books , All About Peter Rabbit , All About The Three Bears , All About Mother Goose , and All About Little Red Hen . The latter , along with several others , was illustrated by Johnny Gruelle . Wanda Gág 's Millions of Cats was published in 1928 and became the first picture book to receive a Newbery Medal runner - up award . Wanda Gág followed with The Funny Thing in 1929 , Snippy and Snappy in 1931 , and then The ABC Bunny in 1933 , which garnered her a second Newbery runner - up award . In 1931 , Jean de Brunhoff 's first Babar book , The Story Of Babar was published in France , followed by The Travels of Babar then Babar The King . In 1930 , Marjorie Flack authored and illustrated Angus and the Ducks , followed in 1931 by Angus And The Cats , then in 1932 , Angus Lost . Flack authored another book in 1933 , The Story about Ping , illustrated by Kurt Wiese . The Elson Basic Reader was published in 1930 and introduced the public to Dick and Jane . In 1930 The Little Engine That Could was published , illustrated by Lois Lenski . In 1954 it was illustrated anew by George and Doris Hauman . It spawned an entire line of books and related paraphernalia and coined the refrain `` I think I can ! I think I can ! '' . In 1936 , Munro Leaf 's The Story of Ferdinand was published , illustrated by Robert Lawson . Ferdinand was the first picture book to crossover into pop culture . Walt Disney produced an animated feature film along with corresponding merchandising materials . In 1938 to Dorothy Lathrop was awarded the first Caldecott Medal for her illustrations in Animals of the Bible , written by Helen Dean Fish . Thomas Handforth won the second Caldecott Medal in 1939 , for Mei Li , which he also wrote . Ludwig Bemelmans ' Madeline was published in 1939 and was selected as a Caldecott Medal runner - up , today known as a Caldecott Honor book . In 1942 , Simon & Schuster began publishing the Little Golden Books , a series of inexpensive , well illustrated , high quality children 's books . The eighth book in the series , The Poky Little Puppy , is the top selling children 's book of all time . Many of the books were bestsellers , including The Poky Little Puppy , Tootle , Scuffy the Tugboat , The Little Red Hen . Several of the illustrators for the Little Golden Books later became staples within the picture book industry . Corinne Malvern , Tibor Gergely , Gustaf Tenggren , Feodor Rojankovsky , Richard Scarry , Eloise Wilkin , and Garth Williams . In 1947 Goodnight Moon written by Margaret Wise Brown and illustrated by Clement Hurd was published . By 1955 , such picture book classics as Make Way for Ducklings , The Little House , Curious George , and Eloise , had all been published . In 1955 the first book was published in the Miffy series by Dutch author and illustrator Dick Bruna . In 1937 , Dr. Seuss ( Theodor Seuss Geisel ) , at the time a successful graphic artist and humorist , published his first book for children , And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street . It was immediately successful , and Seuss followed up with The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins in 1938 , followed by The King 's Stilts in 1939 , and Horton Hatches the Egg in 1940 , all published by Random House . From 1947 to 1956 Seuss had twelve children 's picture books published . Dr. Seuss created The Cat in the Hat in reaction to a Life magazine article by John Hersey in lamenting the unrealistic children in school primers books . Seuss rigidly limited himself to a small set of words from an elementary school vocabulary list , then crafted a story based upon two randomly selected words -- cat and hat . Up until the mid-1950s , there was a degree of separation between illustrated educational books and illustrated picture books . That changed with The Cat in the Hat in 1957 . Because of the success of The Cat In The Hat an independent publishing company was formed , called Beginner Books . The second book in the series was nearly as popular , The Cat in the Hat Comes Back , published in 1958 . Other books in the series were Sam and the Firefly ( 1958 ) , Green Eggs and Ham ( 1960 ) , Are You My Mother ? ( 1960 ) , Go , Dog . Go ! ( 1961 ) , Hop on Pop ( 1963 ) , and Fox in Socks ( 1965 ) . Creators in the Beginner Book series were Stan and Jan Berenstain , P.D. Eastman , Roy McKie , and Helen Palmer Geisel ( Seuss ' wife ) . The Beginner Books dominated the children 's picture book market of the 1960s . Between 1957 and 1960 Harper & Brothers published a series of sixteen `` I Can Read '' books . Little Bear was the first of the series . Written by Else Holmelund Minarik and illustrated by a then relatively unknown Maurice Sendak , the two collaborated on three other `` I Can Read '' books over the next three years . From 1958 to 1960 , Syd Hoff wrote and illustrated four `` I Can Read '' books : Danny and the Dinosaur , Sammy The Seal , Julius , and Oliver . Mid to late 20th century ( edit ) In 1949 American writer and illustrator Richard Scarry began his career working on the Little Golden Books series . His Best Word Book Ever from 1963 has sold 4 million copies . In total Scarry wrote and illustrated more than 250 books and more than 100 million of his books have been sold worldwide . In 1963 , Where The Wild Things Are by American writer and illustrator Maurice Sendak was published . It has been adapted into other media several times , including an animated short in 1973 , a 1980 opera , and , in 2009 , a live - action feature film adaptation directed by Spike Jonze . By 2008 it had sold over 19 million copies worldwide . American illustrator and author Gyo Fujikawa created more than 50 books between 1963 and 1990 . Her work has been translated into 17 languages and published in 22 countries . Her most popular books , Babies and Baby Animals , have sold over 1.7 million copies in the U.S. Fujikawa is recognized for being the earliest mainstream illustrator of picture books to include children of many races in her work . Most of the Moomin books by Finnish author Tove Jansson were novels , but several Moomin picture books were also published between 1952 and 1980 , like Who Will Comfort Toffle ? ( 1960 ) and The Dangerous Journey ( 1977 ) . The Barbapapa series of books by Annette Tison and Talus Taylor was published in France in the 1970s . They feature the shapeshifting pink blob Barbapapa and his numerous colorful children . The Mr. Men series of 40 - some books by English author and illustrated Roger Hargreaves started in 1971 . The Snowman by Raymond Briggs was published in Britain in 1978 and was entirely wordless . It was made into an Oscar nominated animated cartoon that has been shown every year since on British television . Japanese author and illustrator Mitsumasa Anno has published a number of picture books beginning in 1968 with Mysterious Pictures . In his `` Journey '' books a tiny character travels through depictions of the culture of various countries . Everyone Poops was first published in Japan in 1977 , written and illustrated by the prolific children 's author Tarō Gomi . It has been translated into several languages . Australian author Margaret Wild has written more than 40 books since 1984 and won several awards . In 1987 the first book was published in the Where 's Wally ? ( known as Where 's Waldo ? in the United States and Canada ) series by the British illustrator Martin Handford . The books were translated into many languages and the franchise also spawned a TV series , a comic strip and a series of video games . Since 1989 over 20 books have been created in the Elmer the Patchwork Elephant series by the British author David McKee . They have been translated in 40 languages and adapted into a children 's TV series . Awards ( edit ) In 1938 , the American Library Association ( ALA ) began presenting annually the Caldecott Medal to the most distinguished children 's book illustration published in the year . The Caldecott Medal was established as a sister award to the ALA 's Newbery Medal , which was awarded to a children 's books `` for the most distinguished American children 's book published the previous year '' and presented annually beginning in 1922 . During the mid-forties to early - fifties honorees included Marcia Brown , Barbara Cooney , Roger Duvoisin , Berta and Elmer Hader , Robert Lawson , Robert McCloskey , Dr. Seuss , Maurice Sendak , Ingri and Edgar Parin d'Aulaire , Leo Politi , Tasha Tudor , and Leonard Weisgard . The Kate Greenaway Medal was established in the United Kingdom in 1955 in honour of the children 's illustrator , Kate Greenaway . The medal is given annually to an outstanding work of illustration in children 's literature . It is awarded by Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals ( CILIP ) . Since 1965 the Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis ( German Youth literature prize ) includes a category for picture books . The IBBY Hans Christian Andersen Award for Illustration has been awarded since 1966 . The Boston Globe - Horn Book Award , first presented in 1967 , includes a category for picture books . In 2006 , the ALA started awarding the Geisel Award , named after Dr. Seuss , to the most distinguished beginning reader book . The award is presented to both the author and illustrator , in `` literary and artistic achievements to engage children in reading . '' The Golden Pinwheel Young Illustrators Award was established in China in 2015 . It received almost 1000 submitted works , from over 250 illustrators from around the world . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hunt , p. 217 Jump up ^ Hunt , p. 668 Jump up ^ Hunt , p. 221 Jump up ^ Whalley , p . Jump up ^ Hunt , p. 674 ^ Jump up to : Diane Roback , editor ; compiled by Debbie Hochman Turvey . `` All - Time Bestselling Children 's Books : A listing of hardcovers that have sold 750,000 copies and paperbacks that have topped the one million copy mark over the years , '' Publishers Weekly ( Dec 17 , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ New York Times obituary of Richard Scarry Jump up ^ Thornton , Matthew ( February 4 , 2008 ) `` Wild Things All Over '' . Publishers Weekly Jump up ^ Publishers Weekly . Retrieved 23 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Gyo Fujikawa , a Children 's Illustrator Forging the Way , Dr. Andrea Wyman . Versed , Sept. 2005 . URL accessed 21 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Penguin Group Diversity . URL accessed 23 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Ask Art : Gyo Fujikawa . URL accessed 23 April 2007 . Sources ( edit ) Kiefer , Barbara Z. ( 2010 ) . Charlotte Huck 's Children 's Literature. New York , McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 337856 - 5 Ray , Gordon Norton ( 1991 ) . The Illustrator and the book in England from 1790 to 1914 . New York : Dover . ISBN 0 - 486 - 26955 - 8 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 28 . Hunt , Peter ; Sheila Ray ( 1996 ) . International Companion Encyclopedia of Children 's Literature . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 203 - 16812 - 7 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 01 . Zielinski , Linda & Stan ; `` Children 's Picture book Price Guide '' , Chap. 1 : Today 's Golden Era Of Picture books ; Flying Moose Books ; 2006 . ISBN 0 - 9779394 - 0 - 5 External links ( edit ) Library resources about Picture book Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Children 's Picture Book Database at Miami University Children 's Picture Book Collection in Malaysia GND : 4006604 - 6 NDL : 00561769 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Picture_book&oldid=787525320 '' Categories : Art media Books by type Children 's picture books Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Boarisch Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Français Frysk 한국어 Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська Walon 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 June 2017 , at 22 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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List of longest - running United States television series - Wikipedia List of longest - running United States television series Jump to : navigation , search This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( September 2017 ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . This is a list of the longest - running United States television series , ordered by number of years the show has been aired . This list includes only first - run series originating in North America and available throughout the United States via national broadcast networks , U.S. cable networks , or syndication . Series continuations ( with name changes and / or changes in network ) are noted , but series ' revivals are treated as separate from the originals ( see The People 's Court and Jeopardy ! ) . Series broadcast within the U.S. but produced in other countries , such as Coronation Street ( 50 + years ) and Doctor Who are not included ( see : List of longest - running UK television series ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Legend 2 60 -- 69 years 3 50 -- 59 years 4 40 -- 49 years 5 35 -- 39 years 6 30 -- 34 years 7 25 -- 29 years 8 20 -- 24 years 9 15 -- 19 years 10 10 -- 14 years 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading Legend ( edit ) Series shaded in light blue are currently in production . 60 -- 69 years ( edit ) Length Number of seasons Series Network First broadcast Last broadcast Number of episodes Notes 69 years 69 Meet the Press ( NBC News ) NBC November 6 , 1947 present 3,600 + ( weekly ) Longest - running show . 69 years 68 CBS Evening News ( CBS News ) CBS May 3 , 1948 present 16,400 + Longest - running network newscast . 68 years 67 Music & the Spoken Word Syndicated October 1949 present 4,500 + 65 years 65 Hallmark Hall of Fame NBC December 24 , 1951 * December 17 , 1978 243 + Not broadcast on a regular schedule , with only a limited number of productions per year . CBS November 14 , 1979 April 30 , 1980 PBS February 9 , 1981 May 6 , 1981 CBS December 1 , 1981 January 29 , 1989 ABC April 30 , 1989 April 23 , 1995 CBS December 10 , 1995 April 24 , 2011 ABC November 27 , 2011 April 20 , 2014 Hallmark Channel November 30 , 2014 present 65 years 65 Today ( NBC News ) NBC January 14 , 1952 present 15,785 + Longest - running morning show . 64 years 63 ABC World News Tonight ( ABC News ) ABC September 1953 present 15,722 + 63 years 62 The Tonight Show NBC September 27 , 1954 present 12,000 World 's longest - running talk show 62 years 62 Face the Nation ( CBS News ) CBS November 7 , 1954 present 61 years 61 It Is Written Syndicated March 1 , 1956 present Longest - running religious television program to broadcast in color . 61 years 60 The Open Mind Syndicated May 1956 present 50 -- 59 years ( edit ) Length Number of seasons Series Network First broadcast Last broadcast Number of episodes Notes 57 years 57 NFL on CBS CBS September 30 , 1956 January 23 , 1994 5,000 + September 6 , 1998 present 57 years 57 Guiding Light ( CBS Daytime ) CBS June 30 , 1952 * September 18 , 2009 15,762 Longest - running dramatic series of any genre . Longest - running daytime drama . * While its television debut was on June 30 , 1952 , The Guiding Light 's first incarnation was as a radio show , which premiered on January 25 , 1937 . 56 years 55 It 's Academic NBC , CBS October 7 , 1961 present 55 years 55 Professional Bowlers Tour ABC January 27 , 1962 June 21 , 1997 ESPN airs some of the tours on ABC . CBS 1998 1999 Fox Sports Net 1999 2000 ESPN 2000 present 54 years 54 As the World Turns ( CBS Daytime ) CBS April 2 , 1956 September 17 , 2010 13,858 54 years 53 General Hospital ( ABC Daytime ) ABC April 1 , 1963 present 13,600 + As of July 12 , 2016 54 years 53 The Wonderful World of Disney ABC October 27 , 1954 June 11 , 1961 1,224 Anthology Television series featuring wide variety of topics . Ranging from Disney Animation to Live - action and Documentaries . Walt Disney was the original host from show 's inception until his death . NBC September 24 , 1961 August 16 , 1981 CBS September 26 , 1981 May 3 , 1983 ABC February 2 , 1986 May 22 , 1988 NBC October 9 , 1988 August 26 , 1990 Disney Channel September 23 , 1990 August 25 , 1996 ABC September 28 , 1997 December 24 , 2008 53 years 53 Sábado Gigante Univision August 8 , 1962 September 19 , 2015 2,800 + Longest - running imported TV show 51 years 51 Days of Our Lives ( NBC Daytime ) NBC November 8 , 1965 present 12,818 + As of April 5 , 2016 50 years 50 Washington Week NET , PBS February 23 , 1967 present 2,000 + Longest continuous running Public Television show on PBS , having started on its predecessor NET and carrying over to PBS , along with Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood , Sesame Street and others . 50 years 48 NFL Films Presents Syndicated September 17 , 1967 January 26 , 1997 ESPN August 31 , 1997 present NFL Network November 4 , 2003 present 40 -- 49 years ( edit ) Length Number of seasons Series Network First broadcast Last broadcast Number of episodes Notes 49 years 48 Day of Discovery Syndicated May 5 , 1968 present 49 years 48 60 Minutes ( CBS News ) CBS September 24 , 1968 present 48 years 27 Scooby - Doo CBS September 13 , 1969 October 27 , 1973 350 Longest - running Hanna - Barbera television franchise ABC September 11 , 1976 August 17 , 1991 The WB September 14 , 2002 April 16 , 2005 The CW September 23 , 2006 March 15 , 2008 Cartoon Network April 5 , 2010 present 46 years 46 Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon Syndicated September 4 , 1966 August 31 , 2014 46 Annual broadcast 47 years 46 Sesame Street NET November 10 , 1969 October 4 , 1970 4,386 Longest - running children 's show . While Sesame Street remains on the PBS schedule , new episodes now premiere on HBO and become available to PBS nine months later . PBS October 5 , 1970 present HBO January 16 , 2016 present 47 years 47 Hour of Power Syndicated February 1970 present 2,000 + 47 years 46 Monday Night Football ABC September 21 , 1970 December 26 , 2005 641 + ESPN September 11 , 2006 present 47 years 46 NBC Nightly News ( NBC News ) NBC August 3 , 1970 present NBC has had an evening broadcast since 1948 , starting with Camel News Caravan , lasting until 1956 , when it was replaced by Nightly News ' predecessor the Huntley - Brinkley Report . 46 years 46 Masterpiece Theatre PBS January 10 , 1971 present 45 years 45 Wide World of Sports ( ABC Sports ) ABC April 29 , 1961 August 2006 45 years 36 NASCAR on ABC ABC February 26 , 1961 August 5 , 2000 March 10 , 2007 October 11 , 2014 45 years 45 Agronsky & Co. / Inside Washington Syndicated 1969 December 20 , 2013 45 years 46 One Life to Live ( ABC Daytime ) ABC July 15 , 1968 January 13 , 2012 11,096 While the show had ceased airing as a television series it was still in production for a brief time after . On April 29 , 2013 the show had resumed airing now as a web series on the internet and could be seen through Hulu , iTunes and YouTube until August 19 , 2013 before being confirmed as being discontinued again on September 3 , 2013 . 45 years 44 The Price Is Right ( CBS Daytime ) CBS September 4 , 1972 present 8,000 + Longest - running game show . 44 years 44 Great Performances PBS November 4 , 1972 present 44 years 43 The Young and the Restless ( CBS Daytime ) CBS March 26 , 1973 present 10,400 + 41 years 41 Romper Room / Romper Room & Friends Syndicated February 9 , 1953 September 1994 41 years 42 All My Children ( ABC Daytime ) ABC January 5 , 1970 September 23 , 2011 10,712 While the show had ceased airing as a television series it was still in production for a brief time after . On April 29 , 2013 the show had resumed airing now as a web series on the internet and could be seen through Hulu , iTunes and YouTube until September 2 , 2013 before being confirmed as being discontinued again on November 11 , 2013 . 43 years 43 Nova PBS March 3 , 1974 present 698 42 years 41 The Victory Garden PBS April 16 , 1975 present 42 years 43 Saturday Night Live NBC October 11 , 1975 present 829 The longest - running sketch comedy show on American television , as well as the longest - running variety show in U.S. history . 41 years 41 PBS NewsHour PBS October 20 , 1975 present 41 years 41 Good Morning America ABC November 3 , 1975 present 9,914 + 41 years 41 Austin City Limits PBS 1976 present 41 years 41 Creative Living with Sheryl Borden Syndicated 1976 present 41 years 41 Live from Lincoln Center PBS January 30 , 1976 present 40 years 40 NASCAR on CBS CBS February 12 , 1960 July 15 , 2000 35 -- 39 years ( edit ) Length Number of seasons Series Network First broadcast Last broadcast Number of episodes Notes 37 years 38 The 700 Club Syndicated 1966 present ABC Family 1977 present 37 years 38 Inside the NFL HBO 1977 February 6 , 2008 Showtime September 10 , 2008 present 39 years 38 20 / 20 ABC June 6 , 1978 present 38 years 38 Nightly Business Report PBS January 22 , 1979 present 38 years 38 CBS News Sunday Morning CBS January 28 , 1979 present 37 years 38 This Old House PBS 1979 present 900 + 37 years 38 The Woodwright 's Shop PBS 1979 present 429 + 38 years 37 SportsCenter ESPN , ESPN2 , ESPNEWS September 7 , 1979 present 90,000 + More episodes than any other television series . 37 years 36 Nightline ABC March 24 , 1980 present 37 years 36 Washington Journal C - SPAN October 7 , 1980 present 35 years 35 Search for Tomorrow ( CBS and NBC Daytime ) CBS September 3 , 1951 March 23 , 1982 9,130 NBC March 26 , 1982 December 26 , 1986 35 years 35 Another World ( NBC Daytime ) NBC May 4 , 1964 June 25 , 1999 8,891 Longest - running continuous title sequences on television 35 years 35 Bobby Jones Gospel BET January 27 , 1980 July 31 , 2016 35 years 35 Soul Train Syndicated October 2 , 1971 March 25 , 2006 1,117 35 years 35 Wall Street Week with Louis Rukeyser PBS November 20 , 1970 June 24 , 2005 36 years 35 Noticiero Univision Univision June 1 , 1981 present 36 years 35 Entertainment Tonight Syndicated September 14 , 1981 present 10,211 + Longest - running entertainment news program . 35 years 36 MotorWeek PBS October 15 , 1981 present 35 years 35 This Week ABC November 15 , 1981 present 35 years 34 Late Night NBC February 1 , 1982 June 21 , 1993 1,819 ... with David Letterman September 13 , 1993 February 20 , 2009 2,725 ... with Conan O'Brien March 2 , 2009 February 7 , 2014 977 ... with Jimmy Fallon February 24 , 2014 present 592 ... with Seth Meyers 30 -- 34 years ( edit ) Length Number of seasons Series Network First broadcast Last broadcast Number of episodes Notes 35 years 34 Nature PBS October 10 , 1982 present 440 + 34 years 34 Frontline PBS January 17 , 1983 present 520 + 34 years 34 Evening at Pops PBS July 12 , 1970 August 29 , 2004 34 years 35 The McLaughlin Group Syndicated January 1 , 1982 August 12 , 2016 33 years 33 Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood NET February 19 , 1968 October 4 , 1970 895 PBS October 5 , 1970 August 31 , 2001 33 years 33 Firing Line Syndicated April 4 , 1966 1971 1,504 Longest - running public affairs program to have a single host . PBS 1971 December 26 , 1999 34 years 33 Wheel of Fortune ( prime time ) Syndicated September 19 , 1983 present 6,000 + 2nd Longest Running Game Show 33 years 32 Jeopardy ! ( revival ) Syndicated September 10 , 1984 present 6,600 + 3rd Longest Running Game Show 33 years 32 Real Videos TBN , JCTV October 4 , 1984 present 900 + 31 years 31 Faith for Today ABC May 21 , 1950 1955 Syndicated 1955 1981 31 years 31 Lamp Unto My Feet CBS 1948 1979 30 years 31 Gilad 's Bodies in Motion ESPN 1994 Fox Sports Net 1994 1995 Discovery Health 1995 FitTV 2011 Discovery Fit & Health 2011 present 32 years 31 Grand Ole Opry Live TNN April 20 , 1985 August 2001 CMT August 2001 2003 GAC 2003 present 30 years 30 NASCAR on ESPN ESPN , ESPN2 , ABC 1981 2002 2007 2014 30 years 29 Biography A&E April 6 , 1987 August 2006 Biography Channel August 2006 present 25 -- 29 years ( edit ) Length Number of seasons Series Network First broadcast Last broadcast Number of episodes Notes 29 years 29 Captain Kangaroo CBS October 3 , 1955 December 8 , 1984 29 years 29 Lou Dobbs Tonight CNN June 1 , 1980 November 11 , 2009 29 years 29 Hometime PBS November 1 , 1986 January 30 , 2016 29 years 15 CBS This Morning CBS November 30 , 1987 October 29 , 1999 3,110 January 9 , 2012 present 620 + 28 years 29 National Geographic Explorer Nickelodeon 1985 1986 WTBS / TBS 1986 1999 CNBC 1999 2001 MSNBC 2001 2005 National Geographic 2005 present 29 years 29 48 Hours CBS January 2 , 1988 present 28 years 29 The Edge of Night CBS April 2 , 1956 November 28 , 1975 7,420 ABC December 1 , 1975 December 28 , 1984 28 years 29 Love of Life CBS September 24 , 1951 February 1 , 1980 7,316 29 years 28 Live with Kelly and Ryan Syndicated September 5 , 1988 present 7,700 + 28 years 28 WCW Saturday Night WTBS / TBS December 25 , 1971 August 19 , 2000 28 years 28 ESPN SpeedWorld ESPN 1979 2006 28 years 28 Mystery ! PBS February 5 , 1980 2008 27 years 27 The Lawrence Welk Show ABC July 2 , 1955 September 4 , 1971 1065 Syndicated 1971 February 1982 29 years 29 The Phil Donahue Show Syndicated 1969 5,515 26 years 26 The David Susskind Show Syndicated 1961 26 years 27 College GameDay ( football series ) ESPN September 1987 present 26 years 27 NFL Primetime ESPN present 26 years 27 Showtime at the Apollo Syndicated present 28 years 27 Inside Edition Syndicated January 9 , 1989 present 28 years 27 Cops Fox March 11 , 1989 2013 903 + Spike 2013 present 29 years 27 American Experience PBS October 1 , 1988 present 230 + 29 years 27 The Sports Reporters ESPN October 9 , 1988 present 28 years 27 NBA on TNT TNT October 30 , 1988 present 27 years 28 The Simpsons Fox December 17 , 1989 present 620 Longest - running animated American series , longest running American sitcom , and longest running scripted prime - time series ( currently airing ) 27 years 28 America 's Funniest Home Videos ABC November 26 , 1989 present 500 27 years 27 ESPN Major League Baseball ESPN , ESPN2 April 15 , 1990 present 25 years 25 What 's My Line ? CBS February 16 , 1950 September 3 , 1967 2,191 Syndicated September 1968 September 1975 25 years 25 Insight Syndicated October 2 , 1960 January 21 , 1985 25 years 25 Camera Three CBS January 22 , 1956 1979 PBS 1979 July 1 , 1980 25 years 25 Mutual of Omaha 's Wild Kingdom NBC January 6 , 1963 April 11 , 1971 Syndicated 1971 25 years The Jetsons ABC September 23 , 1962 March 17 , 1963 75 Syndicated September 16 , 1985 November 12 , 1987 25 years 25 Larry King Live CNN June 3 , 1985 December 16 , 2010 25 years 25 The Oprah Winfrey Show Syndicated September 8 , 1986 May 25 , 2011 4,561 26 years 25 E ! News E ! September 1 , 1991 present 26 years 25 The Jerry Springer Show Syndicated September 20 , 1991 present 5,084 + 26 years 25 Investigative Reports A&E September 27 , 1991 present 26 years 25 Charlie Rose PBS September 30 , 1991 present 20 -- 24 years ( edit ) Length Number of seasons Series Network First broadcast Last broadcast Number of episodes Notes 24 years 24 CBS Morning News CBS September 2 , 1963 January 9 , 1987 24 years 24 Hee Haw CBS June 15 , 1969 July 17 , 1971 Syndicated 1971 1992 24 years 24 Truth or Consequences CBS September 7 , 1950 May 1951 NBC 1952 1952 NBC May 18 , 1954 September 24 , 1965 Syndicated 1966 24 years 24 At the Movies Syndicated September 18 , 1986 August 14 , 2010 PBS January 2011 December 2011 23 years 24 Crossfire CNN 1982 June 3 , 2005 CNN September 9 , 2013 October 15 , 2014 23 years 24 Baseball Tonight ESPN March 19 , 1990 present 23 years 24 NBA Inside Stuff NBC 1990 2002 ABC 2002 present 23 years 24 Outside the Lines ESPN 1990 present 25 years 24 Dateline NBC NBC March 31 , 1992 present 1,700 + 25 years 24 Reliable Sources CNN March 7 , 1992 present 25 years 31 The Real World MTV May 21 , 1992 present 532 + Longest - running MTV reality series . 24 years 24 WWE Raw USA Network January 11 , 1993 September 18 , 2000 1,200 + Longest running professional wrestling program on national television . TNN / Spike TV September 25 , 2000 September 26 , 2005 USA Network October 3 , 2005 present 23 years 24 Nick News with Linda Ellerbee Nickelodeon April 18 , 1992 December 15 , 2015 178 24 years 24 Power Rangers FOX August 28 , 1993 September 7 , 2002 832 + Longest - running United States Tokusatsu series . ABC Family March 3 , 2002 August 31 , 2006 Toon Disney February 14 , 2004 February 12 , 2009 ABC September 14 , 2002 August 28 , 2010 The CW August 25 , 2012 January 12 , 2013 Nickelodeon February 7 , 2011 present Nicktoons February 11 , 2011 present 24 years 23 Monday Night Countdown ESPN September 6 , 1993 present 24 years 23 NFL Matchup ESPN , ESPN2 September 5 , 1993 present 23 years 23 Death Valley Days Syndicated March 1 , 1952 August 1 , 1975 558 23 years 23 The Ed Sullivan Show CBS June 20 , 1948 June 6 , 1971 1,087 23 years 23 The George Michael Sports Machine NBC September 2 , 1984 September 8 , 1991 Syndicated September 15 , 1991 March 25 , 2007 23 years 23 America 's Most Wanted Fox February 7 , 1988 April 21 , 2012 1149 Lifetime December 2 , 2011 October 12 , 2012 23 years 23 Lilias , Yoga and You PBS 1976 1999 23 years 23 Reading Rainbow PBS June 6 , 1983 November 10 , 2006 155 22 years 22 The Original Amateur Hour DuMont January 18 , 1948 October 1949 NBC October 1949 September 1954 ABC October 1955 June 1957 NBC July 1957 October 1958 CBS May 1959 October 1959 ABC March 1960 September 26 , 1960 CBS October 2 , 1960 September 27 , 1970 22 years 22 The Merv Griffin Show NBC October 1962 March 1963 Syndicated 1965 1969 CBS August 18 , 1969 February 11 , 1972 Syndicated 1972 September 1986 22 years 22 Late Show with David Letterman CBS August 30 , 1993 May 20 , 2015 4,263 22 years 22 NFL on NBC NBC 1997 23 years 22 Inside the Actors Studio Bravo August 14 , 1994 present 21 years 22 Kickin ' It with Byron Allen Syndicated 1994 present 23 years 22 Extra Syndicated September 5 , 1994 present 4,000 + 23 years 22 Fox NFL Sunday Fox September 18 , 1994 present 21 years 22 Entertainers with Byron Allen Syndicated September 1994 present 22 years 22 Modern Marvels History Channel January 1 , 1995 present 529 + 22 years 22 The Late Late Show CBS January 9 , 1995 present 3,468 + 22 years 22 Golf Talk Golf Channel January 17 , 1995 present 22 years 22 Golf Central Golf Channel January 18 , 1995 present 21 years 21 Issues and Answers ABC 1960 1981 21 years 21 Mike Douglas Show Syndicated 1961 1982 6,000 + 21 years 21 Sneak Previews PBS 21 years 21 This Week in Baseball Syndicated 1977 1998 21 years 21 Style with Elsa Klensch CNN June 1 , 1980 January 2001 21 years 21 Cookin ' Cheap PBS 1981 2002 21 years 21 The New Yankee Workshop PBS January 1988 June 27 , 2009 22 years 21 Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel HBO April 2 , 1995 present 22 years 21 Squawk Box CNBC August 7 , 1995 present 21 years 21 Private Screenings TCM January 1 , 1996 present 20 years 20 The Red Skelton Show NBC September 30 , 1951 June 21 , 1953 CBS September 22 , 1953 June 23 , 1970 NBC September 14 , 1970 August 29 , 1971 20 years 20 Gunsmoke CBS September 10 , 1955 September 1 , 1975 635 Tied longest - running prime - time drama . 20 years 20 Law & Order NBC September 13 , 1990 May 24 , 2010 456 Tied longest - running prime - time drama . 20 years 20 The Secret Storm CBS February 1 , 1954 February 8 , 1974 5,195 20 years 20 Evans and Novak CNN September 1982 November 9 , 2002 20 years 20 My Classic Car Velocity , MAVTV 1997 present 390 + 20 years 20 The Doctors NBC April 1 , 1963 December 31 , 1982 5,280 21 years 20 The Daily Show Comedy Central July 22 , 1996 present 3,001 21 years 20 Arthur PBS September 2 , 1996 present 229 Longest - running animated series on PBS , longest - running animated kid 's series on U.S. television , and second longest - running animated series on U.S. television . 21 years 20 Access Hollywood Syndicated September 9 , 1996 present 3,265 + 21 years 20 Judge Judy Syndicated September 16 , 1996 present Longest - running reality courtroom show . 15 -- 19 years ( edit ) Length Number of seasons Series Network First broadcast Last broadcast Number of episodes Notes 21 years 20 MoneyTV with Donald Baillargeon Syndicated October 1 , 1996 present 950 + 21 years 20 Your World with Neil Cavuto Fox News Channel October 6 , 1996 present 20 years 20 The O'Reilly Factor Fox News Channel October 6 , 1996 April 21 , 2017 Final three episodes ( April 19 - 21 , 2017 ) were simply titled The Factor , with guest hosts Dana Perino ( April 19 - 20 ) and Greg Gutfeld ( April 21 ) , following Bill O'Reilly's termination due to sexual assault allegations . 18 years 19 Gardening by the Yard HGTV present 18 years 19 E ! True Hollywood Story E ! present 500 + 18 years 19 Fox News Sunday Fox present 18 years 19 A Wedding Story TLC present 18 years 19 Denise Austin 's Daily Workout Lifetime 1997 present 18 years 19 Hardball with Chris Matthews CNBC 1997 1999 MSNBC 1999 present 18 years 19 WNBA on ESPN ESPN 1997 present 20 years 19 Antiques Roadshow PBS January 9 , 1997 present 20 years 19 ¡ Despierta América ! Univision April 14 , 1997 present 20 years 19 The View ABC August 11 , 1997 present 3,953 + 20 years 20 South Park Comedy Central August 13 , 1997 present 280 Longest - running Comedy Central series and the third longest - running animated series in American television . 20 years 19 The People 's Court ( revival ) Syndicated September 8 , 1997 present 1,500 + 19 years 19 Lassie CBS September 12 , 1954 May 1971 571 Syndicated September 1971 March 24 , 1973 19 years 19 The Porter Wagoner Show Syndicated 1960 1979 19 years 19 The NFL Today ( original series ) CBS January 23 , 1994 19 years 19 Computer Chronicles PBS June 25 , 2002 19 years 19 Friday Night Videos NBC July 29 , 1983 May 24 , 2002 19 years 19 ESPN Sunday Night Football ESPN November 8 , 1987 January 1 , 2006 19 years 18 Fox & Friends Fox News Channel February 1 , 1998 present 19 years 27 Real World / Road Rules Challenge MTV June 1 , 1998 present 18 years 12 Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ABC August 5 , 1998 September 4 , 2004 173 ABC Family January 17 , 2005 December 15 , 2007 46 The CW July 16 , 2013 present 77 18 years 18 Art Linkletter 's House Party CBS September 1 , 1952 September 5 , 1969 NBC December 29 , 1969 September 25 , 1970 18 years 18 NASCAR on TBS TBS 2000 18 years 18 WWF Superstars syndication 1984 924 USA 2000 TNN 2000 2001 18 years 15 Family Guy Fox January 31 , 1999 November 9 , 2003 291 Fox 's second longest - running American animated series and the fourth longest - running animated series on American television & Seth MacFarlane 's longest - running Show . May 1 , 2005 present 18 years 10 SpongeBob SquarePants Nickelodeon May 1 , 1999 present Longest - running Nickelodeon series , longest - running Nicktoon , the only remaining ' 90s series on Nickelodeon currently on the air and in production , the second longest - running animated kid 's series on U.S. television , and fifth longest - running animated series on U.S. television . 18 years 17 Divorce Court ( revival reality show ) Syndicated / Fox Twentieth Television September 15 , 1999 Present 2,076 18 years 17 Family Feud Syndicated September 20 , 1999 present 2,390 + 18 years 18 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit NBC September 20 , 1999 present 410 The longest running currently - running scripted non-animated U.S. prime - time television series , longest running television spinoff . 17 years 17 Cheaters Syndicated / The CW November 26 , 1999 present 264 18 years 17 WWE SmackDown UPN April 29 , 1999 September 15 , 2006 900 + The CW September 22 , 2006 September 26 , 2008 MyNetworkTV October 3 , 2008 September 24 , 2010 Syfy October 1 , 2010 December 31 , 2015 USA January 7 , 2016 present 18 years 15 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ABC August 16 , 1999 June 27 , 2002 2,300 + Syndicated September 16 , 2002 present 17 years 18 Big Brother ( U.S. ) CBS July 5 , 2000 present 627 Although Big Brother has multiple versions known around the world , the U.S. version is the longest running . 17 years 33 Survivor ( U.S. series ) CBS May 31 , 2000 present 485 Features two seasons per year . 17 years 17 NBA on CBS CBS October 20 , 1973 June 14 , 1990 17 years 17 Showbiz Today CNN October 29 , 1984 2001 17 years 17 USA Tuesday Night Fights USA March 30 , 1982 1998 17 years 17 The Capital Gang CNN September 7 , 1988 2005 17 years 17 The Montel Williams Show Syndicated June 24 , 1991 May 16 , 2008 3,000 + 17 years 9 Rick Steves ' Europe PBS September 1 , 2000 present 115 16 years 16 MTV Unplugged MTV November 26 , 1989 March 2 , 2007 108 16 years 16 Booknotes C - SPAN April 2 , 1989 December 5 , 2004 16 years 16 Wheel of Fortune ( daytime ) NBC January 6 , 1975 June 30 , 1989 CBS July 17 , 1989 January 11 , 1991 NBC January 14 , 1991 September 20 , 1991 16 years 16 Fight Back ! with David Horowitz Syndicated 1976 1992 16 years 16 Forensic Files TruTV April 21 , 1996 June 17 , 2011 410 + 16 years 14 The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet ABC October 10 , 1952 September 3 , 1966 435 The longest running U.S. live - action sitcom . 16 years 16 America 's Test Kitchen Syndication January 4 , 2001 present 16 years 16 NASCAR on Fox FOX February 18 , 2001 present 16 years 10 The Fairly OddParents Nickelodeon March 30 , 2001 November 25 , 2006 161 Second longest - running Nickelodeon animated series , the only remaining 2000s ' series on Nickelodeon on the air and in production , and the first Nickelodeon 's animated show to get a tenth season . February 18 , 2008 July 26 , 2017 15 years 15 Jack Hanna 's Animal Adventures Syndicated September 1 , 1993 May 24 , 2008 15 years 15 Sportsworld NBC 1978 1992 15 years 11 Aqua Teen Hunger Force Adult Swim December 30 , 2000 August 30 , 2015 139 Longest - running Adult Swim series . The episode `` Boston '' was never released . 15 years 13 Barney & Friends PBS April 5 , 1992 September 18 , 2009 248 15 years 15 For Your Home PBS 2011 15 years 15 I 've Got a Secret CBS June 19 , 1952 April 3 , 1967 350 + 15 years 15 Concentration NBC August 25 , 1958 March 23 , 1973 3,770 15 years 15 The Jack Benny Program CBS October 29 , 1950 September 15 , 1964 343 NBC September 25 , 1964 September 10 , 1965 15 years 15 That Good Ole Nashville Music Syndicated 1970 1985 15 years 15 Scientific American Frontiers PBS October 1 , 1990 October 19 , 2005 97 15 years 15 Newton 's Apple PBS 1998 15 years 15 ER NBC September 19 , 1994 April 2 , 2009 331 15 years 16 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation CBS October 6 , 2000 September 27 , 2015 337 16 years 29 The Amazing Race ( U.S. series ) CBS September 5 , 2001 present 270 Two seasons per year 16 years 15 Don Francisco Presenta Univision October 10 , 2001 present 10 -- 14 years ( edit ) Length Number of seasons Series Network First broadcast Last broadcast Number of episodes Notes 16 years 15 BET 's Top 25 BET September 22 , 2001 present 15 years 15 Last Call with Carson Daly NBC January 8 , 2002 present 1,700 + 15 years 15 Closing Bell CNBC February 4 , 2002 present 14 years 15 On the Record Fox News Channel February 12 , 2002 September 6 , 2016 ... with Greta Van Susteren September 7 , 2016 November 11 , 2016 ... with Brit Hume 14 years 15 Ryan 's Hope ABC July 7 , 1975 January 13 , 1989 3,515 14 years 5 Davey and Goliath Syndication February 25 , 1961 June 29 , 1975 73 14 years 15 An Evening at the Improv A&E February 3 , 1982 January 1 , 1996 14 years 15 MythBusters Discovery Channel , TLC January 23 , 2003 March 5 , 2016 282 14 years 7 Futurama Fox March 28 , 1999 August 10 , 2003 140 Comedy Central March 23 , 2008 September 4 , 2013 14 years 14 Dora the Explorer Nickelodeon August 14 , 2000 June 5 , 2014 172 Longest - running Nick Jr. series , cancelled due to Dora and Friends : Into the City ! spin - off show . 14 years 14 Watch Mr. Wizard ( original series ) NBC May 26 , 1951 June 27 , 1965 547 14 years 14 The Jack LaLanne Show Syndicated 1956 1970 13 years , 4 months 14 Bonanza NBC September 12 , 1959 January 16 , 1973 430 13 years 10 Cyberchase PBS January 21 , 2002 November 13 , 2015 104 Second longest - running PBS animated show 14 years 14 Hollywood Squares NBC October 17 , 1966 June 20 , 1980 3,536 14 years 14 Knots Landing CBS December 27 , 1979 May 13 , 1993 344 14 years 14 The Bugs Bunny and Tweety Show ABC September 13 , 1986 September 2 , 2000 387 + 14 years 14 Marty Stouffer 's Wild America PBS 1982 120 14 years 14 Speed Week ESPN 1997 14 years 14 Video Soul BET June 26 , 1983 1997 14 years 14 MADtv FOX October 14 , 1995 May 16 , 2009 321 Longest running rival sketch show to Saturday Night Live ; longest - running FOX sketch show . 14 years 14 X-Play G4 July 4 , 1998 January 23 , 2013 1,000 + 14 years 14 NASCAR on TNT TNT July 22 , 2001 July 13 , 2014 15 years 14 Illegal Knowledge Access Tucson March 24 , 2002 present 66 + 15 years 14 Barefoot Contessa Food Network March 25 , 2002 present 111 + 15 years 14 Monday Night Baseball ESPN April 7 , 2002 present 15 years 15 American Idol FOX June 11 , 2002 April 7 , 2016 557 15 years 14 The Daily Buzz Syndicated , The CW Plus September 16 , 2002 present 15 years 14 Dr. Phil Syndicated September 16 , 2002 present 1,671 14 years 14 Around the Horn ESPN November 4 , 2002 present 2,310 + 14 years 14 NBA Countdown ESPN December 25 , 2002 present 14 years 14 NBA Shootaround ESPN October 25 , 2002 present 14 years 14 ESPN 's coverage of the NBA on ABC ABC December 25 , 2002 present Originally known as NBA on ABC 14 years 14 NBA on ESPN ESPN and ESPN2 December 25 , 2002 present 15 years 14 Recipe TV Featuring the World 's Greatest Chefs Syndicated September 30 , 2002 present 14 years 5 Scared ! Staten Island Community Television September 12 , 2002 present 19 14 years 6 The Venture Bros . Adult Swim February 16 , 2003 present 71 13 years 14 Good Eats Food Network July 7 , 1999 April 29 , 2010 220 Cooking Channel May 27 , 2010 February 10 , 2012 23 13 years 13 Let 's Make a Deal NBC December 30 , 1963 December 27 , 1968 ABC December 30 , 1968 July 9 , 1976 13 years 13 Howdy Doody NBC December 27 , 1947 September 24 , 1960 13 years 13 Armstrong Circle Theatre NBC June 6 , 1950 June 1957 CBS October 1957 August 28 , 1963 13 years 13 The 20th Century CBS October 20 , 1957 January 4 , 1970 13 years 13 Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids CBS September 9 , 1972 October 24 , 1981 110 Syndicated September 1 , 1984 August 10 , 1985 13 years 14 Dallas CBS April 2 , 1978 May 3 , 1991 357 13 years 13 PM Magazine Syndicated September 1978 January 1 , 1991 13 years 13 Later NBC August 22 , 1988 February 1 , 2001 15 years 14 Unsolved Mysteries NBC January 20 , 1987 September 5 , 1997 580 CBS November 13 , 1997 June 11 , 1999 Lifetime July 2 , 2001 September 20 , 2002 Spike TV October 13 , 2008 April 27 , 2010 13 years 13 Tim Russert CNBC 1994 2008 13 years 13 King of the Hill FOX January 12 , 1997 May 6 , 2010 259 Third longest running Fox animated series . 13 years 13 Hannity & Colmes Fox News Channel October 6 , 1996 January 9 , 2009 13 years 9 Rugrats Nickelodeon August 11 , 1991 August 1 , 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 01 ) 172 Third longest - running Nickelodeon animated series . 14 years 13 The Ellen DeGeneres Show Syndicated September 8 , 2003 present 2,054 14 years 14 NCIS CBS September 23 , 2003 present 330 12 years 13 Shepard Smith Reporting Fox News Channel August 2002 present Originally titled Studio B with Shepard Smith 12 years 13 Road Rules MTV July 19 , 1995 May 9 , 2007 12 years 12 NASCAR on Speed Speed February 11 , 2002 August 16 , 2013 12 years 12 The Joker 's Wild CBS September 3 , 1962 June 13 , 1975 3,026 Syndicated September 1977 May 23 , 1986 12 years 12 Star Search Syndicated September 10 , 1983 May 20 , 1995 12 years 12 American Sports Cavalcade TNN 1995 12 years 12 To Tell the Truth CBS December 18 , 1956 September 6 , 1968 12 years 12 The Joy of Painting PBS 1995 12 years 12 Divorce Court ( original series ) Syndicated 1957 1969 12 years 12 CBS Reports CBS October 27 , 1959 September 7 , 1971 12 years 12 The People 's Court ( original series ) Syndicated September 1981 1993 2,484 12 years 12 My Three Sons ABC September 29 , 1960 September 2 , 1965 380 CBS September 16 , 1965 August 24 , 1972 12 years 12 NYPD Blue ABC September 21 , 1993 March 1 , 2005 261 11 years , 8 months 12 Murder , She Wrote CBS September 30 , 1984 May 19 , 1996 264 11 years , 7 months 12 Hawaii Five - O ( original series ) CBS September 26 , 1968 April 26 , 1980 284 12 years 12 Loving ABC June 27 , 1983 November 10 , 1995 3,169 12 years 12 Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous Syndicated January 1984 September 1996 12 years 12 House of Style MTV January 1 , 1989 2000 12 years 12 The Jenny Jones Show Syndicated September 16 , 1991 September 12 , 2003 1,500 12 years 12 Room by Room HGTV December 31 , 1994 2006 12 years 12 NBA on NBC NBC 1990 2002 12 years 12 American Dad ! Fox February 6 , 2005 September 21 , 2014 219 Fourth longest - running Fox animated series and Second longest - running Seth MacFarlane show . TBS October 20 , 2014 present 10 years 11 NFL Total Access NFL Network 2003 present 12 years 8 Robot Chicken Adult Swim February 20 , 2005 present 159 12 years 25 Lockup MSNBC June 4 , 2005 February 11 , 2017 238 11 years 20 Ben 10 ( franchise ) Cartoon Network December 27 , 2005 present 278 Longest - running Cartoon Network franchise . 11 years 13 Grey 's Anatomy ABC March 27 , 2005 present 293 11 years , 5 months 12 Two and a Half Men CBS September 22 , 2003 February 19 , 2015 262 11 years 11 The Chris Matthews Show Syndicated September 22 , 2002 July 21 , 2013 11 years 11 Kraft Television Theatre NBC May 7 , 1947 October 1 , 1958 650 11 years 11 Homes Across America HGTV December 1994 October 12 , 2005 11 years 11 The Voice of Firestone NBC September 5 , 1949 June 1954 ABC June 1954 June 1959 ABC September 1962 June 16 , 1963 11 years 11 You Bet Your Life NBC October 5 , 1950 June 29 , 1961 429 11 years 11 The Andy Williams Show CBS 1957 1959 NBC 1962 1971 11 years 11 Beat the Clock ( original series ) CBS March 23 , 1950 September 12 , 1958 ABC October 13 , 1958 January 30 , 1961 11 years 11 Jeopardy ! ( original NBC series ) NBC March 30 , 1964 January 3 , 1975 2,753 11 years 11 The General Electric College Bowl CBS January 4 , 1959 1963 NBC 1963 June 14 , 1970 11 years 11 The Wilburn Brothers Show Syndicated 1998 354 11 years 11 The Carol Burnett Show CBS September 11 , 1967 March 29 , 1978 278 10 years , 5 months 11 M * A * S * H CBS September 17 , 1972 February 28 , 1983 251 11 years 11 The Howard Stern Show E ! June 18 , 1994 July 8 , 2005 11 years 11 Geraldo Syndicated 1998 11 years 11 Love Connection Syndicated September 12 , 1983 July 1 , 1994 2,425 11 years 11 The Danny Thomas Show ABC September 29 , 1953 July 1957 351 CBS September 1957 September 14 , 1964 11 years 11 Talk Soup E ! December 26 , 1991 May 17 , 2002 11 years 11 Martha Stewart Living Syndicated 1993 11 years 5 The Crocodile Hunter Animal Planet October 25 , 1996 September 4 , 2007 78 Longest - running Animal Planet series . 11 years 8 ToonHeads Cartoon Network October 2 , 1992 July 1 , 2001 95 Adult Swim November 4 , 2001 November 23 , 2003 11 years 11 Ricki Lake Syndicated September 13 , 1993 August 27 , 2004 11 years 11 Good Eats Food Network July 7 , 1999 2011 235 11 years 11 All That Nickelodeon April 16 , 1994 October 22 , 2005 184 Nickelodeon show with the most number of seasons . 11 years 11 7th Heaven The WB August 26 , 1996 May 8 , 2006 243 The CW September 25 , 2006 May 13 , 2007 11 years 11 Imus in the Morning MSNBC September 2 , 1996 April 11 , 2007 11 years 11 Fox News Live Fox News Channel October 6 , 1996 2008 11 years 11 The Jeffersons CBS January 18 , 1975 July 23 , 1985 255 11 years 11 Paula 's Home Cooking Food Network 2002 2013 129 + 10 years 11 Married ... with Children Fox April 5 , 1987 June 9 , 1997 259 10 years 11 Happy Days ABC January 15 , 1974 September 24 , 1984 255 10 years 10 Between The Lions PBS 2000 12 years 12 Supernatural The WB September 13 , 2005 May 4 , 2006 264 As of August 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) The CW September 28 , 2006 present 10 years 11 NFL Total Access NFL Network 2003 present 12 years 12 Bones Fox September 13 , 2005 March 28 , 2017 246 12 years 22 Dancing with the Stars ABC June 1 , 2005 present 364 As of September 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 28 ) 12 years 14 Hell 's Kitchen Fox May 30 , 2005 present 218 12 years 12 It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia FX August 4 , 2005 2012 134 As of March 8 , 2017 FXX September 4 , 2013 present 9 years , 10 months 10 The Big Bang Theory CBS September 24 , 2007 present 231 As of May 11 , 2017 10 years 11 Bizarre Foods with Andrew Zimmern Travel Channel November 1 , 2006 present 127 12 years 11 Squidbillies Adult Swim October 16 , 2005 present 104 14 years 10 Space Ghost Coast to Coast Cartoon Network April 15 , 1994 July 22 , 2001 80 Third longest - running Cartoon Network original series . Adult Swim September 2 , 2001 April 12 , 2004 13 GameTap April 12 , 2006 May 31 , 2008 17 10 years 11 Intimate Portrait Lifetime January 1995 October 2005 10 years 10 American Morning CNN September 12 , 2001 December 30 , 2011 1,000 + 10 years 10 Arthur Godfrey 's Talent Scouts CBS December 6 , 1948 July 21 , 1958 10 years 10 Arthur Godfrey and His Friends CBS January 12 , 1949 April 28 , 1959 10 years 10 Total Request Live MTV September 14 , 1998 November 16 , 2008 2,247 10 years Mickey Mouse Clubhouse Playhouse Disney May 5 , 2006 January 3 , 2011 79 Longest - running Disney animated series . Disney Junior February 14 , 2011 November 6 , 2016 46 10 years 6 Blue 's Clues Nickelodeon September 8 , 1996 August 6 , 2006 143 Second longest - running Nick Jr. series . 10 years 10 Studio One CBS November 7 , 1948 September 29 , 1958 10 years 10 Pantomime Quiz CBS October 4 , 1949 August 28 , 1951 NBC January 2 , 1952 March 26 , 1952 CBS July 4 , 1952 September 1952 CBS July 1953 August 28 , 1953 DuMont October 20 , 1953 April 13 , 1954 CBS July 9 , 1954 August 27 , 1954 ABC January 1955 March 1955 CBS July 8 , 1955 September 6 , 1957 ABC April 1958 September 1958 ABC January 1959 September 1959 10 years 10 The Arthur Murray Party ABC July 20 , 1950 September 1950 The first series to be shown on four U.S. broadcasting networks DuMont October 1950 March 1951 ABC April 1951 May 1952 CBS July 1952 August 1952 DuMont October 1952 April 1953 CBS June 1953 October 1953 NBC October 1953 September 1955 CBS April 1956 September 1956 NBC July 1957 September 6 , 1960 10 years 10 Smilin ' Ed 's Gang NBC August 26 , 1950 May 19 , 1951 CBS August 11 , 1951 April 11 , 1953 ABC August 22 , 1953 April 23 , 1955 CBS August 20 , 1955 December 31 , 1960 10 years 10 A Current Affair Syndicated July 28 , 1986 11 years 11 Cheers NBC September 30 , 1982 May 20 , 1993 273 11 years 11 Frasier NBC September 16 , 1993 May 13 , 2004 264 10 years 10 Getting Fit ESPN 1997 10 years 10 American Chopper Discovery Channel , TLC September 29 , 2002 December 17 , 2012 233 10 years 10 Friends NBC September 22 , 1994 May 6 , 2004 236 10 years 10 Beverly Hills , 90210 Fox October 4 , 1990 May 17 , 2000 293 10 years 10 NASCAR on TNN TNN 1991 2000 10 years 10 Stargate SG - 1 Showtime , Syfy July 27 , 1997 March 13 , 2007 211 Spawned two direct - to - DVD movies , Stargate : Continuum and Stargate : The Ark of Truth . Syfy 's longest running series . 10 years 10 The French Chef PBS February 11 , 1963 February 11 , 1973 201 10 years 10 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles CBS December 14 , 1987 November 2 , 1996 193 Spawn many TV series spin - offs including Its most recent series . 10 years 9 Curious George PBS September 4 , 2006 April 1 , 2015 109 Longest - running animated spin - off show of an animated movie 10 years The Boondocks Adult Swim November 6 , 2005 June 23 , 2014 55 10 years 10 Smallville The WB October 16 , 2001 May 11 , 2006 218 The CW September 28 , 2006 May 13 , 2011 See also ( edit ) Television portal Lists portal United States portal Lists of longest - running U.S. shows by broadcast type : List of longest - running U.S. cable television series List of longest - running U.S. broadcast network television series List of longest - running U.S. primetime television series List of longest - running U.S. first - run syndicated television series Lists of longest - running shows internationally : List of longest - running television shows by category - international list List of longest - running Indian television series List of longest - running UK television series List of longest - running Australian television series List of longest - running Philippine television series List of longest - running Spanish television series List of shortest running shows : List of television series canceled after one episode List of television series canceled before airing an episode References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Only its time on television is counted here ; it began on radio ( as American Mercury Presents : Meet the Press ) in 1945 Jump up ^ `` Meet the Press '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ CBS Television News 1948 - 1951 , Douglas Edwards with the News 1951 - 1963 Jump up ^ Only its time on television is counted here ; it began on radio July 15 , 1929 . Jump up ^ Originally Hallmark Playhouse radio series , was Hallmark Television Playhouse ( 1951 - 1954 ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` Hallmark Hall Of Fame Moving To Cable , Will Air On Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline.com . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ABC Evening News 1953 - 1965 and 1967 - 1978 ; Peter Jennings and the News 1965 - 1967 ; World News Tonight 1978 - 2006 ; World News with Charles Gibson 2006 - 2009 ; ABC World News with Diane Sawyer 2009 - 2014 Jump up ^ Includes the various permutations and rebrandings over the years , including The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and The Tonight Show with Jay Leno ^ Jump up to : Land , Gary ( 2005 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Seventh - Day Adventists ( Historical Dictionaries of Religions , Philosophies , and Movements Series ) . Scarecrow Press . p. 310 . ISBN 978 - 1442241879 . Jump up ^ Fox , Margalit ( December 19 , 2013 ) . `` Richard D. Heffner , Host of ' The Open Mind , ' Dies at 88 '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Originally The Guiding Light . Only its time on television is counted here ; it began on radio January 25 , 1937 . Jump up ^ Name often altered to reflect primary sponsor . Name on current broadcasts : Denny 's PBA Tour Jump up ^ In addition , NBC televised the fall tour , 1984 - 1991 Jump up ^ 1998 - 2000 broadcast seasons were shared by CBS and ESPN Jump up ^ `` Watch Online General Hospital Season 54 Episode 70 - # 13600 - Watch Series '' . Jump up ^ Disney anthology television series aired under a variety of titles , including Disneyland , Disney 's Wonderful World of Color and The Magical World of Disney . The current title is The Wonderful World of Disney . See the main article for a complete broadcast history Jump up ^ `` Days of Our Lives Episode Schedule '' . NBC . April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Originally Washington Week in Review Jump up ^ Michael Gershman ; David S. Neft & Bob Carroll ( 1997 ) . Total Football : The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League . Harper Resource . ISBN 0 - 06 - 270174 - 6 . Jump up ^ Editors at the NFL ( 2005 ) . NFL Record and Fact Book . Sports Illustrated . ISBN 978 - 1932994360 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` How it all began ? '' . The Telethon Years . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ This only applies to the time that a children 's program has broadcast nationwide . Technically , a few other children 's programs may have run longer in years / seasons than Sesame Street . However , some of those programs ' seasons / years do n't count as said programs were n't broadcast nationwide for their entire run . Jump up ^ Weekly broadcasts ended January 1 , 1997 ; irregular airings afterward ; officially ended with the absorption of ABC Sports into ESPN Jump up ^ Originally The New Price Is Right ; longest - running game show in American television history . Jump up ^ Was available to stations in both franchised and syndicated versions as Romper Room from 1953 to 1981 ; Was retitled Romper Room & Friends in 1981 and became a syndicated - only series as the local versions ended production Jump up ^ Rasmussen , Fred ( April 26 , 1997 ) . `` 1st ` Romper Room ' teacher Nancy Claster dies at 82 '' . The Baltimore Sun . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jim Crockett 's Victory Garden , 1975 - 79 Jump up ^ Originally NBC 's Saturday Night Jump up ^ Previously The Robert MacNeil Report ( 1975 ) , The MacNeil / Lehrer Report ( 1975 - 1983 ) , The MacNeil / Lehrer NewsHour 1975 - 1995 , The News Hour with Jim Lehrer 1995 - 2009 Jump up ^ Not currently on a regular schedule Jump up ^ Aired locally on WYAH - TV Portsmouth , Virginia , 1966 - 1977 ; evolved from locally broadcast telethons 1962 - 1966 Jump up ^ Simulcast with cable network transmission Jump up ^ Scheduled Jump up ^ Broadcast locally only on WPBT , 1979 - 1981 Jump up ^ Broadcast only in North Carolina , 1979 - 1981 Jump up ^ Evolved from The Iran Crisis - America Held Hostage ( 1979 - 80 ) Jump up ^ Weekend editions are simulcast on the BBC Parliament channel with the name America This Week Jump up ^ Date of airing of last first - run episode . Since then , reruns have been syndicated as Best of Soul Train Jump up ^ Became Wall Street Week with Fortune after original host was fired in 2002 Jump up ^ Originally titled Noticiero SIN when Univision was known as SIN ( Spanish International Network ) . Jump up ^ Also syndicated , 1982 - present Jump up ^ Succeeded Issues and Answers ; full title throughout its run is This Week With ( host 's name ) , beginning with David Brinkley , 1981 - 1996 . Cokie Roberts and Sam Donaldson co-anchored from 1996 - 2002 . George Stephanopoulos was host from 2002 to 2010 . Christiane Amanpour took over as host in 2010 . Jump up ^ Late Night , as an entity , is in its 28th season . Over that period it has had four hosts , listed in the notes column . Jump up ^ as of press time Jump up ^ Pilot taped April 4 , 1966 Jump up ^ Hosted by Alex Trebek Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Photo Gallery , Celebrity Wallpapers , Celebrity Videos , Bio , News , Songs , Movies '' . In.com . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Also Westbrook Hospital , 1975 - 1981 Jump up ^ Oldest continuously running radio program , airing on WSM radio , Nashville , Tennessee Jump up ^ As Grand Ole Opry Live ! Jump up ^ Originated on CBS Jump up ^ Reran CBS originals , 1984 -- 1987 Jump up ^ Rebroadcast A&E originals , 1999 -- 2006 Jump up ^ Reruns aired in syndication , 1984 -- 1992 Jump up ^ Began as Moneyline . Became Lou Dobbs Moneyline in 2001 , Lou Dobbs Tonight in 2003 Jump up ^ Host : Tom Chapin ( 1985 -- 1988 ) , Robert Urich ( 1988 -- 1995 ) , Robert Ballard ( 1988 -- 1995 ) , Boyd Matson ( 1995 -- 2003 ) , Michael Fay ( 2001 ) , Lisa Ling ( 2003 -- ) Jump up ^ Show renamed National Geographic Ultimate Explorer 2003 -- 2005 Jump up ^ Also called 48 Hours Investigates Jump up ^ Other names : Live with Regis and Kathie Lee ( 1988 -- 2000 ) , Live with Regis ( 2000 -- 2001 ) , Live with Regis and Kelly ( 2001 -- 2011 ) , Live with Kelly and Michael ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Jump up ^ Date of first episode distributed nationally ; was aired by WABC locally at The Morning Show , 1983 -- 1988 Jump up ^ Broadcast locally on WQXI in 1971 and moved to WTBS starting in 1972 . Went national when WTBS launched their satellite feed in 1976 . Began as Georgia Championship Wrestling in 1971 . Became World Championship Wrestling in 1981 and WCW Saturday Night in 1992 . Ended as WCW Saturday Morning in 2000 . Jump up ^ Started in 2008 , Mystery ! was absorbed into Masterpiece ( the former Masterpiece Theatre ) and airs under the banner Masterpiece Mystery ! Jump up ^ Originally The Dodge Dancing Party ; reruns have been airing since 1982 on various PBS stations , oftentimes recut and spliced with new footage from surviving cast members to give the illusion of new episodes . Jump up ^ Originally The Phil Donahue Show Jump up ^ Originally Open End ; prior to syndication , aired on WNTA - TV 1958 -- 1961 Jump up ^ Also known as Showtime in Harlem , Showtime , and Live in Hollywood Jump up ^ Full title ESPN Magazine 's Sport Reporters Jump up ^ Program rebroadcast later the same day on ESPNews Jump up ^ Only its time as its own television show is counted here ; it began on The Tracey Ullman Show as animated shorts . It is currently the longest - running prime time entertainment program with a consistent setting and recurring characters . While other prime - time shows have run longer , they are all news , sports , anthology or variety programs . Jump up ^ Includes Sunday Night Baseball , Wednesday Night Baseball , etc . Jump up ^ ESPN2 started broadcasting major league baseball games in 2002 in addition to those offered by ESPN Jump up ^ Longest - running game show in prime time network television Jump up ^ Previously E ! News Daily and E ! News Live Jump up ^ Morning 1979 - 1982 Jump up ^ Renamed Hee Haw Silver for 1992 - 1993 season ( `` greatest hits '' ) ; reruns aired on The Nashville Network 1992 - 1997 Jump up ^ Originated on NBC Radio 1940 - 1951 . Jump up ^ Hosted by Ralph Edwards Jump up ^ Hosted by Jack Bailey Jump up ^ Hosted by Bob Barker ; Steve Dunne also hosted a prime - time version on NBC , 1958 Jump up ^ Hosted by Bob Barker Jump up ^ Title through 1986 . Subsequent titles : Siskel & Ebert & the Movies ( 1986 -- 1989 ) , Siskel & Ebert ( 1989 -- 1999 ) , Roger Ebert & the Movies ( 1999 -- 2000 ) , Ebert & Roeper and the Movies ( 2000 -- 2001 ) , Ebert & Roeper ( 2001 - 2007 ) , At the Movies with Ebert & Roeper ( 2007 - 2008 ) , At the Movies ( 2009 - 2010 ) , Ebert presents At the Movies ( 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Also known as Dateline ( day of week it airs ) , Dateline With Stone Phillips Jump up ^ In 2010 , in between the Power Rangers RPM season and the Power Rangers Samurai season of the show , Disney chose to create and broadcast a `` newly re-versioned '' season of episodes instead of an actual new season . Since this season is not actual new episodes in of themselves , but rather old episodes with new special effects thrown in them , this season is not usually counted by fans or the current owner of the show ( Saban Brands ) towards the total season count ( making the current season count one less than expected despite being on for 24 years ) . However , it is mentioned here anyway because the current owner of the show , from a production standpoint , does consider its existence as an official season in addition to the other seasons despite not including it in the total season count . Jump up ^ While the show takes place in the same fictional universe , as a whole , for its entire run ; it is often renamed on a yearly basis as the central location , theme , and characters change almost completely on a season by season basis . In essence , most seasons of the show can be thought of more as a series of individual shows that make up a larger television franchise , like Star Trek for example . Jump up ^ First broadcast episodes on August 28 , 1993 . Premiered new episodes from August 28 , 1993 till August 10 , 2002 . Last broadcast episodes on September 7 , 2002 . In select markets was aired on another station other than FOX ; such as independent stations , UPN or The WB ( see Fox Kids broadcasting ambiguities ) . Jump up ^ Costumes and footage loosely adapted from Super Sentai . Jump up ^ First broadcast episodes on March 3 , 2002 . Premiered new episodes from February 14 , 2004 till July 10 , 2005 . Last broadcast episodes on August 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ First broadcast episodes on February 14 , 2004 . Premiered new episodes from July 16 , 2005 till November 3 , 2008 . Last broadcast episodes on February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ First broadcast episodes on September 14 , 2002 . Premiered new episodes from September 14 , 2002 till November 15 , 2003 ; then again from March 7 , 2009 till December 26 , 2009 . Premiered broadcasts of old episodes `` newly re-versioned '' from January 2 , 2010 till August 28 , 2010 . Last broadcast episodes on August 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ First broadcast episodes on August 25 , 2012 . Never premiered a new episode and never reran new episodes as encore airings shortly after they premiered . All airings were reruns from an older season . Last broadcast episodes on January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ First broadcast episodes on February 7 , 2011 . Premiered new episodes from February 7 , 2011 till the present . Has yet to make its last broadcast . Jump up ^ First broadcast episodes on February 11 , 2011 . As of the present has never premiered a new episode , but does rerun them as encore airings shortly after they premiere . Also airs reruns from previous seasons . Has yet to make its last broadcast . Jump up ^ Presently , each episode first airs on ESPN2 on Fridays , then is repeated on ESPN two days later Jump up ^ Aired as Toast of the Town until 1955 Jump up ^ Evolved from George Michael 's Sports Final , 1980 - 1984 ( https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/16/AR2006111600669.html ) Jump up ^ Local transmission only ( WCET ) , 1972 - 1996 Jump up ^ Originated on radio as Major Bowes ' Original Amateur Hour , 1934 - 1946 Jump up ^ Originally GrandStand , then changed name to reflect year ; was also NFL Live 1987 - 1997 Jump up ^ Evolved from Jammin ' ( 1991 - 1994 ) Jump up ^ Originally Extra : The Entertainment Magazine Jump up ^ Originally Entertainers Jump up ^ Host : Tom Snyder 1995 -- 1999 , Craig Kilborn 1999 -- 2004 , Craig Ferguson 2004 -- 2014 , James Corden 2015 -- Jump up ^ Originally ABC Press Conference ; succeeded in time slot by This Week Jump up ^ Originally Opening Soon at a Theater Near You ( 1975 - 1977 ) ; Sneak Previes Goes Video 1989 - 1991 Jump up ^ Original version hosted by Mel Allen ( 1977 - 1996 ) , Warner Fusselle ( 1996 ) , and Ozzie Smith ( 1997 - 1998 ) Jump up ^ It was at one time , prior to The Simpsons succeeding them , known as the longest - running prime time entertainment program with a consistent setting and recurring characters . While other prime - time shows have run longer , they are all news , sports , anthology or variety programs . Jump up ^ Other names : Evans , Novak , Hunt , and Shields ( 1998 - 2001 ) , Novak , Hunt , and Shields ( 2001 - 2002 ) Jump up ^ Originally The O'Reilly Report Jump up ^ First - run broadcast on Fox ; repeated in the afternoon of the same day on Fox News Channel Jump up ^ Originally Politics with Chris Matthews Jump up ^ Judges : Ed Koch ( 1997 - 1999 ) , Jerry Sheindlin ( 1999 - 2001 ) , Marilyn Milian ( 2001 - present ) Jump up ^ Name changed to Friday Night 1994 - 2000 , Late Friday 2001 - 2002 . In both cases , the name change accompanied a change in program format Jump up ^ Moved to NBC in 2006 , at which time Monday Night Football moves from ABC to ESPN Jump up ^ Sunday Night Football shared with TNT , with TNT getting the first half of the season , ESPN the second half , 1990 - 1997 Jump up ^ Also on CBS Radio , 1945 - 1967 Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' WWE SmackDown ' Moves to USA Network in 2016 '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bacle , Ariana ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` WWE SmackDown moves to USA Network '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ New episodes sporadic after 2001 Jump up ^ Longest - running U.S. live - action sitcom . Jump up ^ Reruns only ( no first - run episodes ) in 1994 , 1996 , and 2001 Jump up ^ First U.S. network series to film all its episodes in color Jump up ^ original network series - syndicated version ran 1971 - 1977 ; short - lived `` revivals '' followed Jump up ^ The 21st Century 1967 - 1970 Jump up ^ Aired locally on KPIX San Francisco as Evening : The MTWTF Show , 1976 - 1978 Jump up ^ Includes series of specials , Jan. 1987 to May 1988 Jump up ^ Show was kept in production for four episodes beyond what FOX had ordered for the final season . Several months after the last broadcast on FOX , these four leftover episodes premiered in syndication from May 3rd through May 7th , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Season 9 Episode Guide '' . TV Guide . OpenGate Capital Magazine CBS Interactive ( CBS Corporation ) . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Syndicated revival prompted by success of syndicated repeats of CBS episodes in 1976 Jump up ^ Ed McMahon 's Star Search , 1992 - 1995 Jump up ^ With Judge Voltaire Perkins Jump up ^ With Judge Joseph Wapner Jump up ^ HGTV continues to present reruns after non-renewal of series Jump up ^ Also known as Kraft Mystery Theatre ( 1958 ) ; another series of the same name ran concurrently on ABC , 1953 - 1955 Jump up ^ Had 13 week seasons , according to HGTV Jump up ^ Emcee : Bud Collyer Jump up ^ Hosted by Art Fleming Jump up ^ Also known as G.E. College Bowl ; on NBC radio , 1953 - 1955 ; pilot shot 1955 Jump up ^ As Make Room for Daddy ; NBC used the same name when airing reruns of this series , 1960 - 1965 Jump up ^ As The Danny Thomas Show Jump up ^ `` Special preview '' airing , April 16 , 1994 Jump up ^ Longest - running family drama on television , per Reuters article about 7th Heaven finale Jump up ^ Scheduled date of last episode Jump up ^ Simulcast of live program at WFAN New York Jump up ^ On CBS radio 1946 - 1956 Jump up ^ Originated on CBS Radio , 1947 Jump up ^ Originally aired locally in Los Angeles , 1947 - 1950 Jump up ^ Began on radio as Ed McConnell and the Buster Brown Gang , 1929 - 1950 ; became Andy 's Gang in 1954 when Andy Devine became host after McConnell 's death Further reading ( edit ) Tim Brooks and Earle Marsh . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 -- present . ISBN 0 - 345 - 45542 - 8 . TV Guide Guide to TV ( 2006 ) . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 7572 - 9 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_longest-running_United_States_television_series&oldid=804945998 '' Categories : Lists of longest - running U.S. TV shows Lists of American television series Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Incomplete lists from March 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 02 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Longest-running United States television series
2. Television series in North America
3. Network television shows
4. Syndicated television programs
5. Television series by number of seasons
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4,578,348,654,777,198,000 |
kanye west glow in the dark tour book
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Glow in the Dark ( book ) - wikipedia Glow in the Dark ( book ) Glow in the Dark <Td_colspan="2"> Cover of Glow in the Dark Author Kanye West Illustrator Nabil Elderkin ( photography ) Cover artist Base Country United States Language English Publisher Rizzoli USA Publication date October 2009 Pages 288 ISBN 0 - 8478 - 3240 - 6 Glow in the Dark is a 2009 biographical photo essay about Kanye West 's `` Glow in the Dark Tour '' and is authored by Kanye West and published by Rizzoli USA . It was launched in October 2009 . West worked together with Australian - American photographer Nabil Elderkin to put together this book . The book designed by Base includes 400 of Elderkin 's exclusive photos of the tour . The 9 '' x 13 '' 288 - page hardcover book that comes in a clamshell case , serves as a documentation of Kanye 's 2008 tour and features photographs that show Kanye on and off stage , conceptual plans for the tour 's set design and costumes , behind the scene takes and exclusive commentary . It also contained a 5 - track CD of unreleased music with symphonics from the show and instrumental recordings . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ MTV : Glow in the Dark book to show Kanye West behind the scenes Jump up ^ The Original Winger : Kanye West x Nabil Elderkin -- Glow In the Dark Book Jump up ^ Base : Kanye 's Glow In The Dark Tour Book Sees Light Jump up ^ `` Inside a Kanye West Tour : `` Glow in the Dark '' Photos , Backstage Tales `` . RollingStone.com. 2009 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 18 . <Th_colspan="2"> Kanye West <Td_colspan="2"> Albums discography Singles discography Videography Production discography Songs Awards and nominations Studio albums The College Dropout Late Registration Graduation 808s & Heartbreak My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy Yeezus The Life of Pablo Ye Collaborations Watch the Throne Kids See Ghosts Live albums Late Orchestration VH1 Storytellers Compilations Cruel Summer Mixtapes Ca n't Tell Me Nothing DVDs The College Dropout Video Anthology Late Orchestration Films We Were Once a Fairytale Runaway Cruel Summer Tours Vertigo Tour Glow in the Dark Tour Fame Kills : Starring Kanye West and Lady Gaga Watch the Throne Tour The Yeezus Tour Saint Pablo Tour Books Glow in the Dark Related articles GOOD Music GOOD Fridays Child Rebel Soldier Kids See Ghosts Nike Air Yeezy Adidas Yeezy Shutter Shades Kanye Zone <Td_colspan="2"> Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glow_in_the_Dark_(book)&oldid=797765227 '' Categories : Kanye West 2009 books Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 August 2017 , at 01 : 38 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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1. Glow in the Dark Tour
2. Kanye West
3. Nabil Elderkin
4. Photo essay
5. Behind the scenes
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when do most hurricane typhoon and tropical cyclone occur
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Tropical cyclone - wikipedia Tropical cyclone Jump to : navigation , search `` Hurricane '' redirects here . For other uses , see Hurricane ( disambiguation ) . Hurricane Isabel ( 2003 ) as seen from orbit during Expedition 7 of the International Space Station . The eye , eyewall , and surrounding rainbands , characteristics of tropical cyclones in the narrow sense , are clearly visible in this view from space . Part of the nature series Weather Calendar seasons Winter Spring Summer Autumn Tropical seasons Dry season Wet season Storms Cloud Cumulonimbus cloud Arcus cloud Downburst Microburst Heat burst Dust storm Simoom Haboob Monsoon Gale Sirocco Firestorm Lightning Supercell Thunderstorm Severe thunderstorm Thundersnow Storm surge Tornado Cyclone Mesocyclone Anticyclone Tropical cyclone ( Hurricane ) Extratropical cyclone European windstorm Atlantic Hurricane Typhoon Derecho Landspout Dust devil Fire whirl Waterspout Winter storm Ice storm Blizzard Ground blizzard Snowsquall Precipitation Drizzle ( Freezing drizzle ) Graupel Hail Ice pellets ( Diamond dust ) Rain ( Freezing rain ) Cloudburst Snow Rain and snow mixed Snow grains Snow roller Slush Topics Atmospheric river Atmospheric convection Air pollution Climate Cloud Fog Cold wave Heat wave Jet stream Meteorology Severe weather Weather forecasting Weather portal A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low - pressure center , a closed low - level atmospheric circulation , strong winds , and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain . Depending on its location and strength , a tropical cyclone is referred to by different names , including hurricane ( / ˈhʌrɪkən , - keɪn / ) , typhoon ( / taɪˈfuːn / ) , tropical storm , cyclonic storm , tropical depression , and simply cyclone . A hurricane is a tropical cyclone that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean and a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean ; while in the south Pacific or Indian Ocean , comparable storms are referred to simply as `` tropical cyclones '' or `` severe cyclonic storms '' . `` Tropical '' refers to the geographical origin of these systems , which form almost exclusively over tropical seas . `` Cyclone '' refers to their winds moving in a circle , whirling round their central clear eye , with their winds blowing counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and blowing clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere . The opposite direction of circulation is due to the Coriolis effect . Tropical cyclones typically form over large bodies of relatively warm water . They derive their energy through the evaporation of water from the ocean surface , which ultimately recondenses into clouds and rain when moist air rises and cools to saturation . This energy source differs from that of mid-latitude cyclonic storms , such as nor'easters and European windstorms , which are fueled primarily by horizontal temperature contrasts . Tropical cyclones are typically between 100 and 2,000 km ( 62 and 1,243 mi ) in diameter . The strong rotating winds of a tropical cyclone are a result of the conservation of angular momentum imparted by the Earth 's rotation as air flows inwards toward the axis of rotation . As a result , they rarely form within 5 ° of the equator . Tropical cyclones are also almost completely absent from Earth 's southwestern quartersphere , mainly because the shapes of the African and South American continents permit the Benguela and Humboldt Currents to cover ocean basins as far north as 5 _̊ N with excessively cool water . These powerful cold currents also produce much stronger vertical wind shear in the South Atlantic and Southeast Pacific , which typically prevent tropical depressions and minor storms there from developing into cyclones and prevent even the waters of the Brazil Current from being so hot as analogous western boundary currents or ocean gyres . Also , the African easterly jet and areas of atmospheric instability which gives rise to cyclones in the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea , along with the Asian monsoon and Western Pacific Warm Pool , are feature of the Northern Hemisphere and Australia . Coastal regions are particularly vulnerable to the impact of a tropical cyclone , compared to inland regions . The primary energy source for these storms is warm ocean waters , therefore these forms are typically strongest when over or near water , and weaken quite rapidly over land . Coastal damage may be caused by strong winds and rain , high waves ( due to winds ) , storm surges ( due to severe pressure changes ) , and the potential of spawning tornadoes . Tropical cyclones also draw in air from a large area -- which can be a vast area for the most severe cyclones -- and concentrate the precipitation of the water content in that air ( made up from atmospheric moisture and moisture evaporated from water ) into a much smaller area . This continual replacement of moisture - bearing air by new moisture - bearing air after its moisture has fallen as rain , may cause extremely heavy rain and river flooding up to 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) from the coastline , far beyond the amount of water that the local atmosphere holds at any one time . Though their effects on human populations are often devastating , tropical cyclones can relieve drought conditions . They also carry heat energy away from the tropics and transport it toward temperate latitudes , which may play an important role in modulating regional and global climate . Part of a series on Tropical cyclones Formation and naming ( show ) Development Structure Effects ( show ) Warnings and watches Storm surge Notable storms Climatology and tracking ( show ) Basins RSMCs Scales Observation Forecasting Rainfall forecasting Rainfall climatology Tropical cyclone naming ( show ) Tropical cyclone naming History of tropical cyclone naming List of historic tropical cyclone names List of retired Atlantic hurricane names List of retired Pacific hurricane names List of retired Pacific typhoon names List of retired Philippine typhoon names List of retired Australian cyclone names List of retired South Pacific cyclone names Outline of tropical cyclones Tropical cyclones portal Contents ( hide ) 1 Physical structure 1.1 Wind field 1.2 Eye and center 1.3 Rapid deepening 1.4 Size 2 Physics and energetics 2.1 Secondary circulation : a Carnot heat engine 2.2 Primary circulation : rotating winds 2.3 Maximum potential intensity 2.3. 1 Derivation 2.3. 2 Characteristic values and variability on Earth 2.4 Interaction with the upper ocean 3 Major basins and related warning centers 4 Formation 4.1 Times 4.2 Factors 4.3 Locations 5 Movement 5.1 Environmental steering 5.2 Beta drift 5.3 Multiple storm interaction 5.4 Interaction with the mid-latitude westerlies 5.5 Landfall 6 Dissipation 6.1 Factors 6.2 Artificial dissipation 7 Effects 8 Observation and forecasting 8.1 Observation 8.2 Forecasting 9 Classifications , terminology , and naming 9.1 Intensity classifications 9.1. 1 Tropical depression 9.1. 2 Tropical storm 9.1. 3 Hurricane or typhoon 9.2 Origin of storm terms 9.3 Naming 10 Notable tropical cyclones 11 Changes caused by El Niño -- Southern Oscillation 12 Long - term activity trends 13 Climate change 14 Related cyclone types 15 Popular culture 16 See also 17 References 18 External links Physical structure See also : Eye ( cyclone ) Diagram of a Northern hemisphere hurricane Tropical cyclones are areas of relatively low pressure in the troposphere , with the largest pressure perturbations occurring at low altitudes near the surface . On Earth , the pressures recorded at the centers of tropical cyclones are among the lowest ever observed at sea level . The environment near the center of tropical cyclones is warmer than the surroundings at all altitudes , thus they are characterized as `` warm core '' systems . Wind field The near - surface wind field of a tropical cyclone is characterized by air rotating rapidly around a center of circulation while also flowing radially inwards . At the outer edge of the storm , air may be nearly calm ; however , due to the Earth 's rotation , the air has non-zero absolute angular momentum . As air flows radially inward , it begins to rotate cyclonically ( counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere , and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere ) in order to conserve angular momentum . At an inner radius , air begins to ascend to the top of the troposphere . This radius is typically coincident with the inner radius of the eyewall , and has the strongest near - surface winds of the storm ; consequently , it is known as the radius of maximum winds . Once aloft , air flows away from the storm 's center , producing a shield of cirrus clouds . The previously mentioned processes result in a wind field that is nearly axisymmetric : Wind speeds are low at the center , increase rapidly moving outwards to the radius of maximum winds , and then decay more gradually with radius to large radii . However , the wind field often exhibits additional spatial and temporal variability due to the effects of localized processes , such as thunderstorm activity and horizontal flow instabilities . In the vertical direction , winds are strongest near the surface and decay with height within the troposphere . Eye and Center Play media NASA animation of Hurricane Arthur in 2014 showing rain rates and internal structure from GPM satellite data At the center of a mature tropical cyclone , air sinks rather than rises . For a sufficiently strong storm , air may sink over a layer deep enough to suppress cloud formation , thereby creating a clear `` eye '' . Weather in the eye is normally calm and free of clouds , although the sea may be extremely violent . The eye is normally circular in shape , and is typically 30 -- 65 km ( 19 -- 40 mi ) in diameter , though eyes as small as 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) and as large as 370 km ( 230 mi ) have been observed . The cloudy outer edge of the eye is called the `` eyewall '' . The eyewall typically expands outward with height , resembling an arena football stadium ; this phenomenon is sometimes referred to as the stadium effect . The eyewall is where the greatest wind speeds are found , air rises most rapidly , clouds reach to their highest altitude , and precipitation is the heaviest . The heaviest wind damage occurs where a tropical cyclone 's eyewall passes over land . In a weaker storm , the eye may be obscured by the central dense overcast , which is the upper - level cirrus shield that is associated with a concentrated area of strong thunderstorm activity near the center of a tropical cyclone . The eyewall may vary over time in the form of eyewall replacement cycles , particularly in intense tropical cyclones . Outer rainbands can organize into an outer ring of thunderstorms that slowly moves inward , which is believed to rob the primary eyewall of moisture and angular momentum . When the primary eyewall weakens , the tropical cyclone weakens temporarily . The outer eyewall eventually replaces the primary one at the end of the cycle , at which time the storm may return to its original intensity . Rapid deepening Typhoon Nabi as seen from the International Space Station , on September 3 , 2005 . Main article : Rapid deepening On occasion , tropical cyclones may undergo a process known as rapid deepening , a period in which the minimum sea - level pressure of a tropical cyclone decreases by 42mb in a 24 - hour period . In order for rapid deepening to occur , several conditions must be in place . Water temperatures must be extremely high ( near or above 30 ° C , 86 ° F ) , and water of this temperature must be sufficiently deep such that waves do not upwell cooler waters to the surface . Wind shear must be low ; when wind shear is high , the convection and circulation in the cyclone will be disrupted . Usually , an anticyclone in the upper layers of the troposphere above the storm must be present as well -- for extremely low surface pressures to develop , air must be rising very rapidly in the eyewall of the storm , and an upper - level anticyclone helps channel this air away from the cyclone efficiently . Size <Th_colspan="2"> Size descriptions of tropical cyclones ROCI Type Less than 2 degrees latitude Very small / midget 2 to 3 degrees of latitude Small 3 to 6 degrees of latitude Medium / Average 6 to 8 degrees of latitude Large Over 8 degrees of latitude Very large There are a variety of metrics commonly used to measure storm size . The most common metrics include the radius of maximum wind , the radius of 34 - knot wind ( i.e. gale force ) , the radius of outermost closed isobar ( ROCI ) , and the radius of vanishing wind . An additional metric is the radius at which the cyclone 's relative vorticity field decreases to 1 × 10 s . On Earth , tropical cyclones span a large range of sizes , from 100 -- 2,000 kilometres ( 62 -- 1,243 mi ) as measured by the radius of vanishing wind . They are largest on average in the northwest Pacific Ocean basin and smallest in the northeastern Pacific Ocean basin . If the radius of outermost closed isobar is less than two degrees of latitude ( 222 km ( 138 mi ) ) , then the cyclone is `` very small '' or a `` midget '' . A radius of 3 -- 6 latitude degrees ( 333 -- 670 km ( 207 -- 416 mi ) ) is considered `` average sized '' . `` Very large '' tropical cyclones have a radius of greater than 8 degrees ( 888 km ( 552 mi ) ) . Observations indicate that size is only weakly correlated to variables such as storm intensity ( i.e. maximum wind speed ) , radius of maximum wind , latitude , and maximum potential intensity . Size plays an important role in modulating damage caused by a storm . All else equal , a larger storm will impact a larger area for a longer period of time . Additionally , a larger near - surface wind field can generate higher storm surge due to the combination of longer wind fetch , longer duration , and enhanced wave setup . The upper circulation of strong hurricanes extends into the tropopause of the atmosphere , which at low latitudes is 15,000 -- 18,000 metres ( 50,000 -- 60,000 ft ) . Physics. and energetics Tropical cyclones exhibit an overturning circulation where air inflows at low levels near the surface , rises in thunderstorm clouds , and outflows at high levels near the tropopause . The three - dimensional wind field in a tropical cyclone can be separated into two components : a `` primary circulation '' and a `` secondary circulation '' . The primary circulation is the rotational part of the flow ; it is purely circular . The secondary circulation is the overturning ( in - up - out - down ) part of the flow ; it is in the radial and vertical directions . The primary circulation is larger in magnitude , dominating the surface wind field , and is responsible for the majority of the damage a storm causes , while the secondary circulation is slower but governs the energetics of the storm . Secondary circulation : a Carnot heat engine A tropical cyclone 's primary energy source is heat from the evaporation of water from the ocean surface , which ultimately recondenses into clouds and rain when the warm moist air rises and cools to saturation . The energetics of the system may be idealized as an atmospheric Carnot heat engine . First , inflowing air near the surface acquires heat primarily via evaporation of water ( i.e. latent heat ) at the temperature of the warm ocean surface ( during evaporation , the ocean cools and the air warms ) . Second , the warmed air rises and cools within the eyewall while conserving total heat content ( latent heat is simply converted to sensible heat during condensation ) . Third , air outflows and loses heat via infrared radiation to space at the temperature of the cold tropopause . Finally , air subsides and warms at the outer edge of the storm while conserving total heat content . The first and third legs are nearly isothermal , while the second and fourth legs are nearly isentropic . This in - up - out - down overturning flow is known as the secondary circulation . The Carnot perspective provides an upper bound on the maximum wind speed that a storm can attain . Scientists estimate that a tropical cyclone releases heat energy at the rate of 50 to 200 exajoules ( 10 J ) per day , equivalent to about 1 PW ( 10 watt ) . This rate of energy release is equivalent to 70 times the world energy consumption of humans and 200 times the worldwide electrical generating capacity , or to exploding a 10 - megaton nuclear bomb every 20 minutes . Primary circulation : rotating winds The primary rotating flow in a tropical cyclone results from the conservation of angular momentum by the secondary circulation . Absolute angular momentum on a rotating planet M ( \ displaystyle M ) is given by M = 1 2 f r 2 + v r ( \ displaystyle M = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) fr ^ ( 2 ) + vr ) where f ( \ displaystyle f ) is the Coriolis parameter , v ( \ displaystyle v ) is the azimuthal ( i.e. rotating ) wind speed , and r ( \ displaystyle r ) is the radius to the axis of rotation . The first term on the right hand side is the component of planetary angular momentum that projects onto the local vertical ( i.e. the axis of rotation ) . The second term on the right hand side is the relative angular momentum of the circulation itself with respect to the axis of rotation . Because the planetary angular momentum term vanishes at the equator ( where f = 0 ( \ displaystyle f = 0 ) ) , tropical cyclones rarely form within 5 ° of the equator . As air flows radially inward at low levels , it begins to rotate cyclonically in order to conserve angular momentum . Similarly , as rapidly rotating air flows radially outward near the tropopause , its cyclonic rotation decreases and ultimately changes sign at large enough radius , resulting in an upper - level anti-cyclone . The result is a vertical structure characterized by a strong cyclone at low levels and a strong anti-cyclone near the tropopause ; from thermal wind balance , this corresponds to a system that is warmer at its center than in the surrounding environment at all altitudes ( i.e. `` warm - core '' ) . From hydrostatic balance , the warm core translates to lower pressure at the center at all altitudes , with the maximum pressure drop located at the surface . Maximum potential intensity Due to surface friction , the inflow only partially conserves angular momentum . Thus , the sea surface lower boundary acts as both a source ( evaporation ) and sink ( friction ) of energy for the system . This fact leads to the existence of a theoretical upper bound on the strongest wind speed that a tropical cyclone can attain . Because evaporation increases linearly with wind speed ( just as climbing out of a pool feels much colder on a windy day ) , there is a positive feedback on energy input into the system known as the Wind - Induced Surface Heat Exchange ( WISHE ) feedback . This feedback is offset when frictional dissipation , which increases with the cube of the wind speed , becomes sufficiently large . This upper bound is called the `` maximum potential intensity '' , v p ( \ displaystyle v_ ( p ) ) , and is given by v p 2 = C k C d T s − T o T o Δ k ( \ displaystyle v_ ( p ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( C_ ( k ) ) ( C_ ( d ) ) ) ( \ frac ( T_ ( s ) - T_ ( o ) ) ( T_ ( o ) ) ) \ Delta k ) where T s ( \ displaystyle T_ ( s ) ) is the temperature of the sea surface , T o ( \ displaystyle T_ ( o ) ) is the temperature of the outflow ( ( K ) ) , Δ k ( \ displaystyle \ Delta k ) is the enthalpy difference between the surface and the overlying air ( ( J / kg ) ) , and C k ( \ displaystyle C_ ( k ) ) and C d ( \ displaystyle C_ ( d ) ) are the surface exchange coefficients ( dimensionless ) of enthalpy and momentum , respectively . The surface - air enthalpy difference is taken as Δ k = k s ∗ − k ( \ displaystyle \ Delta k = k_ ( s ) ^ ( * ) - k ) , where k s ∗ ( \ displaystyle k_ ( s ) ^ ( * ) ) is the saturation enthalpy of air at sea surface temperature and sea - level pressure and k ( \ displaystyle k ) is the enthalpy of boundary layer air overlying the surface . The maximum potential intensity is predominantly a function of the background environment alone ( i.e. without a tropical cyclone ) , and thus this quantity can be used to determine which regions on Earth can support tropical cyclones of a given intensity , and how these regions may evolve in time . Specifically , the maximum potential intensity has three components , but its variability in space and time is due predominantly to the variability in the surface - air enthalpy difference component Δ k ( \ displaystyle \ Delta k ) . Derivation A tropical cyclone may be viewed as a heat engine that converts input heat energy from the surface into mechanical energy that can be used to do mechanical work against surface friction . At equilibrium , the rate of net energy production in the system must equal the rate of energy loss due to frictional dissipation at the surface , i.e. W i n = W o u t ( \ displaystyle W_ ( in ) = W_ ( out ) ) The rate of energy loss per unit surface area from surface friction , W o u t ( \ displaystyle W_ ( out ) ) , is given by W o u t = C d ρ u 3 ( \ displaystyle W_ ( out ) = C_ ( d ) \ rho \ mathbf ( u ) ^ ( 3 ) ) where ρ ( \ displaystyle \ rho ) is the density of near - surface air ( ( kg / m ) ) and u ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( u ) ) is the near surface wind speed ( ( m / s ) ) . The rate of energy production per unit surface area , W i n ( \ displaystyle W_ ( in ) ) is given by W i n = ε Q i n ( \ displaystyle W_ ( in ) = \ epsilon Q_ ( in ) ) where ε ( \ displaystyle \ epsilon ) is the heat engine efficiency and Q i n ( \ displaystyle Q_ ( in ) ) is the total rate of heat input into the system per unit surface area . Given that a tropical cyclone may be idealized as a Carnot heat engine , the Carnot heat engine efficiency is given by ε = T s − T o T s ( \ displaystyle \ epsilon = ( \ frac ( T_ ( s ) - T_ ( o ) ) ( T_ ( s ) ) ) ) Heat ( enthalpy ) per unit mass is given by k = C p T + L v q ( \ displaystyle k = C_ ( p ) T + L_ ( v ) q ) where C p ( \ displaystyle C_ ( p ) ) is the heat capacity of air , T ( \ displaystyle T ) is air temperature , L v ( \ displaystyle L_ ( v ) ) is the latent heat of vaporization , and q ( \ displaystyle q ) is the concentration of water vapor . The first component corresponds to sensible heat and the second to latent heat . There are two sources of heat input . The dominant source is the input of heat at the surface , primarily due to evaporation . The bulk aerodynamic formula for the rate of heat input per unit area at the surface , Q i n : k ( \ displaystyle Q_ ( in : k ) ) , is given by Q i n : k = C k ρ u Δ k ( \ displaystyle Q_ ( in : k ) = C_ ( k ) \ rho \ mathbf ( u ) \ Delta k ) where Δ k = k s ∗ − k ( \ displaystyle \ Delta k = k_ ( s ) ^ ( * ) - k ) represents the enthalpy difference between the ocean surface and the overlying air . The second source is the internal sensible heat generated from frictional dissipation ( equal to W o u t ( \ displaystyle W_ ( out ) ) ) , which occurs near the surface within the tropical cyclone and is recycled to the system . Q i n : f r i c t i o n = C d ρ u 3 ( \ displaystyle Q_ ( in : friction ) = C_ ( d ) \ rho \ mathbf ( u ) ^ ( 3 ) ) Thus , the total rate of net energy production per unit surface area is given by W i n = T s − T o T s ( C k ρ u Δ k + C d ρ u 3 ) ( \ displaystyle W_ ( in ) = ( \ frac ( T_ ( s ) - T_ ( o ) ) ( T_ ( s ) ) ) \ left ( C_ ( k ) \ rho \ mathbf ( u ) \ Delta k + C_ ( d ) \ rho \ mathbf ( u ) ^ ( 3 ) \ right ) ) Setting W i n = W o u t ( \ displaystyle W_ ( in ) = W_ ( out ) ) and taking u ≈ v ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( u ) \ approx v ) ( i.e. the rotational wind speed is dominant ) leads to the solution for v p ( \ displaystyle v_ ( p ) ) given above . This derivation assumes that total energy input and loss within the system can be approximated by their values at the radius of maximum wind . The inclusion of Q i n : f r i c t i o n ( \ displaystyle Q_ ( in : friction ) ) acts to multiply the total heat input rate by the factor T s T o ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( T_ ( s ) ) ( T_ ( o ) ) ) ) . Mathematically , this has the effect of replacing T s ( \ displaystyle T_ ( s ) ) with T o ( \ displaystyle T_ ( o ) ) in the denominator of the Carnot efficiency . An alternative definition for the maximum potential intensity , which is mathematically equivalent to the above formulation , is v p = T s T o C k C d ( C A P E s ∗ − C A P E b ) m ( \ displaystyle v_ ( p ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( T_ ( s ) ) ( T_ ( o ) ) ) ( \ frac ( C_ ( k ) ) ( C_ ( d ) ) ) ( CAPE_ ( s ) ^ ( * ) - CAPE_ ( b ) ) _ ( m ) ) ) ) where CAPE stands for the Convective Available Potential Energy , C A P E s ∗ ( \ displaystyle CAPE_ ( s ) ^ ( * ) ) is the CAPE of an air parcel lifted from saturation at sea level in reference to the environmental sounding , C A P E b ( \ displaystyle CAPE_ ( b ) ) is the CAPE of the boundary layer air , and both quantities are calculated at the radius of maximum wind . Characteristic values and variability on Earth On Earth , a characteristic temperature for T s ( \ displaystyle T_ ( s ) ) is 300 K and for T o ( \ displaystyle T_ ( o ) ) is 200 K , corresponding to a Carnot efficiency of ε = 1 / 3 ( \ displaystyle \ epsilon = 1 / 3 ) . The ratio of the surface exchange coefficients , C k / C d ( \ displaystyle C_ ( k ) / C_ ( d ) ) , is typically taken to be 1 . However , observations suggest that the drag coefficient C d ( \ displaystyle C_ ( d ) ) varies with wind speed and may decrease at high wind speeds within the boundary layer of a mature hurricane . Additionally , C k ( \ displaystyle C_ ( k ) ) may vary at high wind speeds due to the effect of sea spray on evaporation within the boundary layer . A characteristic value of the maximum potential intensity , v p ( \ displaystyle v_ ( p ) ) , is 80 metres per second ( 180 mph ; 290 km / h ) . However , this quantity varies significantly across space and time , particularly within the seasonal cycle , spanning a range of 0 to 100 metres per second ( 0 to 224 mph ; 0 to 360 km / h ) . This variability is primarily due to variability in the surface enthalpy disequilibrium ( Δ k ( \ displaystyle \ Delta k ) ) as well as in the thermodynamic structure of the troposphere , which are controlled by the large - scale dynamics of the tropical climate . These processes are modulated by factors including the sea surface temperature ( and underlying ocean dynamics ) , background near - surface wind speed , and the vertical structure of atmospheric radiative heating . The nature of this modulation is complex , particularly on climate time - scales ( decades or longer ) . On shorter time - scales , variability in the maximum potential intensity is commonly linked to sea surface temperature perturbations from the tropical mean , as regions with relatively warm water have thermodynamic states much more capable of sustaining a tropical cyclone than regions with relatively cold water . However , this relationship is indirect via the large - scale dynamics of the tropics ; the direct influence of the absolute sea surface temperature on v p ( \ displaystyle v_ ( p ) ) is weak in comparison . Interaction with the upper Ocean Chart displaying the drop in surface temperature in the Gulf of Mexico as Hurricanes Katrina and Rita passed over The passage of a tropical cyclone over the ocean causes the upper layers of the ocean to cool substantially , which can influence subsequent cyclone development . This cooling is primarily caused by wind - driven mixing of cold water from deeper in the ocean with the warm surface waters . This effect results in a negative feedback process that can inhibit further development or lead to weakening . Additional cooling may come in the form of cold water from falling raindrops ( this is because the atmosphere is cooler at higher altitudes ) . Cloud cover may also play a role in cooling the ocean , by shielding the ocean surface from direct sunlight before and slightly after the storm passage . All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface temperature over a large area in just a few days . Major basins and related Warning Centers Main articles : Tropical cyclone basins and Regional Specialized Meteorological Center <Th_colspan="4"> Tropical cyclone basins and official warning centers Basin Warning center Area of responsibility Notes <Td_colspan="4"> Northern Hemisphere North Atlantic Eastern Pacific United States National Hurricane Center United States Central Pacific Hurricane Center Equator northward , African Coast -- 140 ° W Equator northward , 140 ° W - 180 Western Pacific Japan Meteorological Agency Equator - 60 ° N , 180 - 100 ° E North Indian Ocean India Meteorological Department Equator northward , 100 ° E-45 ° E <Td_colspan="4"> Southern Hemisphere South - West Indian Ocean Météo - France Reunion Equator - 40 ° S , African Coast - 90 ° E Australian region Indonesian Agency for Meteorology , Climatology and Geophysics ( BMKG ) Papua New Guinea National Weather Service , Australian Bureau of Meteorology Equator - 10 ° S , 90 ° E-141 ° E Equator - 10 ° S , 141 ° E-160 ° E 10 ° S - 36 ° S , 90 ° E-160 ° E Southern Pacific Fiji Meteorological Service Meteorological Service of New Zealand Equator - 25 ° S , 160 ° E-120 ° W 25 ° S - 40 ° S , 160 ° E-120 ° W There are six Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers ( RSMCs ) worldwide . These organizations are designated by the World Meteorological Organization and are responsible for tracking and issuing bulletins , warnings , and advisories about tropical cyclones in their designated areas of responsibility . In addition , there are six Tropical Cyclone Warning Centers ( TCWCs ) that provide information to smaller regions . The RSMCs and TCWCs are not the only organizations that provide information about tropical cyclones to the public . The Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) issues advisories in all basins except the Northern Atlantic for the purposes of the United States Government . The Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration ( PAGASA ) issues advisories and names for tropical cyclones that approach the Philippines in the Northwestern Pacific to protect the life and property of its citizens . The Canadian Hurricane Center ( CHC ) issues advisories on hurricanes and their remnants for Canadian citizens when they affect Canada . On March 26 , 2004 , Hurricane Catarina became the first recorded South Atlantic cyclone , striking southern Brazil with winds equivalent to Category 2 on the Saffir - Simpson Hurricane Scale . As the cyclone formed outside the authority of another warning center , Brazilian meteorologists initially treated the system as an extratropical cyclone , but later on classified it as tropical . Formation Main article : Tropical cyclogenesis Map of the cumulative tracks of all tropical cyclones during the 1985 -- 2005 time period . The Pacific Ocean west of the International Date Line sees more tropical cyclones than any other basin , while there is almost no activity in the southern hemisphere between Africa and 160 _̊ W . Map of all tropical cyclone tracks from 1945 to 2006 . Equal - area projection . Worldwide , tropical cyclone activity peaks in late summer , when the difference between temperatures aloft and sea surface temperatures is the greatest . However , each particular basin has its own seasonal patterns . On a worldwide scale , May is the least active month , while September is the most active month . November is the only month in which all the tropical cyclone basins are active . Times In the Northern Atlantic Ocean , a distinct cyclone season occurs from June 1 to November 30 , sharply peaking from late August through September . The statistical peak of the Atlantic hurricane season is September 10 . The Northeast Pacific Ocean has a broader period of activity , but in a similar time frame to the Atlantic . The Northwest Pacific sees tropical cyclones year - round , with a minimum in February and March and a peak in early September . In the North Indian basin , storms are most common from April to December , with peaks in May and November . In the Southern Hemisphere , the tropical cyclone year begins on July 1 and runs all year - round encompassing the tropical cyclone seasons , which run from November 1 until the end of April , with peaks in mid-February to early March . <Th_colspan="6"> Season lengths and averages Basin Season start Season end Tropical cyclones Refs North Atlantic June 1 November 30 12.1 Eastern Pacific May 15 November 30 16.6 Western Pacific January 1 December 31 26.0 North Indian January 1 December 31 4.8 South - West Indian July 1 June 30 9.3 Australian region November 1 April 30 11.0 Southern Pacific November 1 April 30 7.3 <Td_colspan="3"> Total : 87.1 Factors Waves in the trade winds in the Atlantic Ocean -- areas of converging winds that move along the same track as the prevailing wind -- create instabilities in the atmosphere that may lead to the formation of hurricanes . The formation of tropical cyclones is the topic of extensive ongoing research and is still not fully understood . While six factors appear to be generally necessary , tropical cyclones may occasionally form without meeting all of the following conditions . In most situations , water temperatures of at least 26.5 ° C ( 79.7 ° F ) are needed down to a depth of at least 50 m ( 160 ft ) ; waters of this temperature cause the overlying atmosphere to be unstable enough to sustain convection and thunderstorms . For tropical transitioning cyclones ( i.e. Hurricane Ophelia ( 2017 ) ) a water temperature of at least 22.5 ° C ( 72.5 ° F ) has been suggested . Another factor is rapid cooling with height , which allows the release of the heat of condensation that powers a tropical cyclone . High humidity is needed , especially in the lower - to - mid troposphere ; when there is a great deal of moisture in the atmosphere , conditions are more favorable for disturbances to develop . Low amounts of wind shear are needed , as high shear is disruptive to the storm 's circulation . Tropical cyclones generally need to form more than 555 km ( 345 mi ) or five degrees of latitude away from the equator , allowing the Coriolis effect to deflect winds blowing towards the low pressure center and creating a circulation . Lastly , a formative tropical cyclone needs a preexisting system of disturbed weather . Tropical cyclones will not form spontaneously . Low - latitude and low - level westerly wind bursts associated with the Madden - Julian oscillation can create favorable conditions for tropical cyclogenesis by initiating tropical disturbances . Locations Most tropical cyclones form in a worldwide band of thunderstorm activity near the equator , referred to as the Intertropical Front ( ITF ) , the Intertropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ ) , or the monsoon trough . Another important source of atmospheric instability is found in tropical waves , which contribute to the development of about 85 % of intense tropical cyclones in the Atlantic Ocean and become most of the tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific . The majority forms between 10 and 30 degrees of latitude away of the equator , and 87 % forms no farther away than 20 degrees north or south . Because the Coriolis effect initiates and maintains their rotation , tropical cyclones rarely form or move within 5 degrees of the equator , where the effect is weakest . However , it is still possible for tropical systems to form within this boundary as Tropical Storm Vamei and Cyclone Agni did in 2001 and 2004 , respectively . Movement The movement of a tropical cyclone ( i.e. its `` track '' ) is typically approximated as the sum of two terms : `` steering '' by the background environmental wind and `` beta drift '' . Environmental steering Environmental steering is the dominant term . Conceptually , it represents the movement of the storm due to prevailing winds and other wider environmental conditions , similar to `` leaves carried along by a stream '' . Physically , the winds , or flow field , in the vicinity of a tropical cyclone may be treated as having two parts : the flow associated with the storm itself , and the large - scale background flow of the environment in which the storm takes place . In this way , tropical cyclone motion may be represented to first - order simply as advection of the storm by the local environmental flow . This environmental flow is termed the `` steering flow '' . Climatologically , tropical cyclones are steered primarily westward by the east - to - west trade winds on the equatorial side of the subtropical ridge -- a persistent high - pressure area over the world 's subtropical oceans . In the tropical North Atlantic and Northeast Pacific oceans , the trade winds steer tropical easterly waves westward from the African coast toward the Caribbean Sea , North America , and ultimately into the central Pacific Ocean before the waves dampen out . These waves are the precursors to many tropical cyclones within this region . In contrast , in the Indian Ocean and Western Pacific in both hemispheres , tropical cyclogenesis is influenced less by tropical easterly waves and more by the seasonal movement of the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone and the monsoon trough . Additionally , tropical cyclone motion can be influenced by transient weather systems , such as extratropical cyclones . Beta drift In addition to environmental steering , a tropical cyclone will tend to drift slowly poleward and westward , a motion known as `` beta drift '' . This motion is due to the superposition of a vortex , such as a tropical cyclone , onto an environment in which the Coriolis force varies with latitude , such as on a sphere or beta plane . It is induced indirectly by the storm itself , the result of a feedback between the cyclonic flow of the storm and its environment . Physically , the cyclonic circulation of the storm advects environmental air poleward east of center and equatorial west of center . Because air must conserve its angular momentum , this flow configuration induces a cyclonic gyre equatorward and westward of the storm center and an anticyclonic gyre poleward and eastward of the storm center . The combined flow of these gyres acts to advect the storm slowly poleward and westward . This effect occurs even if there is zero environmental flow . Multiple storm interaction Main article : Fujiwhara effect A third component of motion that occurs relatively infrequently involves the interaction of multiple tropical cyclones . When two cyclones approach one another , their centers will begin orbiting cyclonically about a point between the two systems . Depending on their separation distance and strength , the two vortices may simply orbit around one another or else may spiral into the center point and merge . When the two vortices are of unequal size , the larger vortex will tend to dominate the interaction , and the smaller vortex will orbit around it . This phenomenon is called the Fujiwhara effect , after Sakuhei Fujiwhara . Interaction with the mid-latitude Westerlies See also : Westerlies Storm track of Typhoon Ioke , showing recurvature off the Japanese coast in 2006 Though a tropical cyclone typically moves from east to west in the tropics , its track may shift poleward and eastward either as it moves west of the subtropical ridge axis or else if it interacts with the mid-latitude flow , such as the jet stream or an extratropical cyclone . This motion , termed `` recurvature '' , commonly occurs near the western edge of the major ocean basins , where the jet stream typically has a poleward component and extratropical cyclones are common . An example of tropical cyclone recurvature was Typhoon Ioke in 2006 . Landfall See also : Tropical cyclogenesis § Unusual areas of formation The landfall of a tropical cyclone occurs when a storm 's surface center moves over a coastline . Storm conditions may be experienced on the coast and inland hours before landfall ; in fact , a tropical cyclone can launch its strongest winds over land , yet not make landfall . NOAA uses the term `` direct hit '' to describe when a location ( on the left side of the eye ) falls within the radius of maximum winds ( or twice that radius if on the right side ) , whether or not the hurricane 's eye made landfall . Dissipation Factors Tropical Storm Franklin , an example of a strongly sheared tropical cyclone in the North Atlantic hurricane basin during 2005 A tropical cyclone can cease to have tropical characteristics in several different ways . One such way is if it moves over land , thus depriving it of the warm water it needs to power itself , quickly losing strength . Most strong storms lose their strength very rapidly after landfall and become disorganized areas of low pressure within a day or two , or evolve into extratropical cyclones . There is a chance a tropical cyclone could regenerate if it managed to get back over open warm water , such as with Hurricane Ivan . If it remains over mountains for even a short time , weakening will accelerate . Many storm fatalities occur in mountainous terrain , when diminishing cyclones unleash their moisture as torrential rainfall . This rainfall may lead to deadly floods and mudslides , as was the case with Hurricane Mitch around Honduras in October 1998 . Without warm surface water , the storm can not survive . A tropical cyclone can dissipate when it moves over waters significantly below 26.5 ° C ( 79.7 ° F ) . This will cause the storm to lose its tropical characteristics , such as a warm core with thunderstorms near the center , and become a remnant low - pressure area . These remnant systems may persist for up to several days before losing their identity . This dissipation mechanism is most common in the eastern North Pacific . Weakening or dissipation can occur if it experiences vertical wind shear , causing the convection and heat engine to move away from the center ; this normally ceases development of a tropical cyclone . In addition , its interaction with the main belt of the Westerlies , by means of merging with a nearby frontal zone , can cause tropical cyclones to evolve into extratropical cyclones . This transition can take 1 -- 3 days . Even after a tropical cyclone is said to be extratropical or dissipated , it can still have tropical storm force ( or occasionally hurricane / typhoon force ) winds and drop several inches of rainfall . In the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean , such tropical - derived cyclones of higher latitudes can be violent and may occasionally remain at hurricane or typhoon - force wind speeds when they reach the west coast of North America . These phenomena can also affect Europe , where they are known as European windstorms ; Hurricane Iris 's extratropical remnants are an example of such a windstorm from 1995 . A cyclone can also merge with another area of low pressure , becoming a larger area of low pressure . This can strengthen the resultant system , although it may no longer be a tropical cyclone . Studies in the 2000s have given rise to the hypothesis that large amounts of dust reduce the strength of tropical cyclones . Artificial dissipation In the 1960s and 1970s , the United States government attempted to weaken hurricanes through Project Stormfury by seeding selected storms with silver iodide . It was thought that the seeding would cause supercooled water in the outer rainbands to freeze , causing the inner eyewall to collapse and thus reducing the winds . The winds of Hurricane Debbie -- a hurricane seeded in Project Stormfury -- dropped as much as 31 % , but Debbie regained its strength after each of two seeding forays . In an earlier episode in 1947 , disaster struck when a hurricane east of Jacksonville , Florida promptly changed its course after being seeded , and smashed into Savannah , Georgia . Because there was so much uncertainty about the behavior of these storms , the federal government would not approve seeding operations unless the hurricane had a less than 10 % chance of making landfall within 48 hours , greatly reducing the number of possible test storms . The project was dropped after it was discovered that eyewall replacement cycles occur naturally in strong hurricanes , casting doubt on the result of the earlier attempts . Today , it is known that silver iodide seeding is not likely to have an effect because the amount of supercooled water in the rainbands of a tropical cyclone is too low . Other approaches have been suggested over time , including cooling the water under a tropical cyclone by towing icebergs into the tropical oceans . Other ideas range from covering the ocean in a substance that inhibits evaporation , dropping large quantities of ice into the eye at very early stages of development ( so that the latent heat is absorbed by the ice , instead of being converted to kinetic energy that would feed the positive feedback loop ) , or blasting the cyclone apart with nuclear weapons . Project Cirrus even involved throwing dry ice on a cyclone . These approaches all suffer from one flaw above many others : tropical cyclones are simply too large and short - lived for any of the weakening techniques to be practical . Effects The aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in Gulfport , Mississippi . Main article : Effects of tropical cyclones Tropical cyclones out at sea cause large waves , heavy rain , flood and high winds , disrupting international shipping and , at times , causing shipwrecks . Tropical cyclones stir up water , leaving a cool wake behind them , which causes the region to be less favorable for subsequent tropical cyclones . On land , strong winds can damage or destroy vehicles , buildings , bridges , and other outside objects , turning loose debris into deadly flying projectiles . The storm surge , or the increase in sea level due to the cyclone , is typically the worst effect from landfalling tropical cyclones , historically resulting in 90 % of tropical cyclone deaths . The broad rotation of a landfalling tropical cyclone , and vertical wind shear at its periphery , spawns tornadoes . Tornadoes can also be spawned as a result of eyewall mesovortices , which persist until landfall . Over the past two centuries , tropical cyclones have been responsible for the deaths of about 1.9 million people worldwide . Large areas of standing water caused by flooding lead to infection , as well as contributing to mosquito - borne illnesses . Crowded evacuees in shelters increase the risk of disease propagation . Tropical cyclones significantly interrupt infrastructure , leading to power outages , bridge destruction , and the hampering of reconstruction efforts . On average , the Gulf and east coasts of the United States suffer approximately US $5 billion ( 1995 US $ ) in cyclone damage every year . The majority ( 83 % ) of tropical cyclone damage is caused by severe hurricanes , category 3 or greater . However , category 3 or greater hurricanes only account for about one - fifth of cyclones that make landfall every year . Although cyclones take an enormous toll in lives and personal property , they may be important factors in the precipitation regimes of places they impact , as they may bring much - needed precipitation to otherwise dry regions . Tropical cyclones also help maintain the global heat balance by moving warm , moist tropical air to the middle latitudes and polar regions , and by regulating the thermohaline circulation through upwelling . The storm surge and winds of hurricanes may be destructive to human - made structures , but they also stir up the waters of coastal estuaries , which are typically important fish breeding locales . Tropical cyclone destruction spurs redevelopment , greatly increasing local property values . When hurricanes surge upon shore from the ocean , salt is introduced to many freshwater areas and raises the salinity levels too high for some habitats to withstand . Some are able to cope with the salt and recycle it back into the ocean , but others can not release the extra surface water quickly enough or do not have a large enough freshwater source to replace it . Because of this , some species of plants and vegetation die due to the excess salt . In addition , hurricanes can carry toxins and acids onto shore when they make landfall . The flood water can pick up the toxins from different spills and contaminate the land that it passes over . The toxins are very harmful to the people and animals in the area , as well as the environment around them . The flooding water can also spark many dangerous oil spills . Observation and Forecasting Observation Main article : Tropical cyclone observation Sunset view of Hurricane Isidore 's rainbands photographed at 7,000 feet ( 2,100 m ) `` Hurricane Hunter '' - WP - 3D Orion is used to go into the eye of a hurricane for data collection and measurements purposes . Intense tropical cyclones pose a particular observation challenge , as they are a dangerous oceanic phenomenon , and weather stations , being relatively sparse , are rarely available on the site of the storm itself . In general , surface observations are available only if the storm is passing over an island or a coastal area , or if there is a nearby ship . Real - time measurements are usually taken in the periphery of the cyclone , where conditions are less catastrophic and its true strength can not be evaluated . For this reason , there are teams of meteorologists that move into the path of tropical cyclones to help evaluate their strength at the point of landfall . Tropical cyclones far from land are tracked by weather satellites capturing visible and infrared images from space , usually at half - hour to quarter - hour intervals . As a storm approaches land , it can be observed by land - based Doppler weather radar . Radar plays a crucial role around landfall by showing a storm 's location and intensity every several minutes . In situ measurements , in real - time , can be taken by sending specially equipped reconnaissance flights into the cyclone . In the Atlantic basin , these flights are regularly flown by United States government hurricane hunters . The aircraft used are WC - 130 Hercules and WP - 3D Orions , both four - engine turboprop cargo aircraft . These aircraft fly directly into the cyclone and take direct and remote - sensing measurements . The aircraft also launch GPS dropsondes inside the cyclone . These sondes measure temperature , humidity , pressure , and especially winds between flight level and the ocean 's surface . A new era in hurricane observation began when a remotely piloted Aerosonde , a small drone aircraft , was flown through Tropical Storm Ophelia as it passed Virginia 's Eastern Shore during the 2005 hurricane season . A similar mission was also completed successfully in the western Pacific Ocean . This demonstrated a new way to probe the storms at low altitudes that human pilots seldom dare . A general decrease in error trends in tropical cyclone path prediction is evident since the 1970s Forecasting See also : Tropical cyclone track forecasting , Tropical cyclone prediction model , and Tropical cyclone rainfall forecasting Because of the forces that affect tropical cyclone tracks , accurate track predictions depend on determining the position and strength of high - and low - pressure areas , and predicting how those areas will change during the life of a tropical system . The deep layer mean flow , or average wind through the depth of the troposphere , is considered the best tool in determining track direction and speed . If storms are significantly sheared , use of wind speed measurements at a lower altitude , such as at the 70 kPa pressure surface ( 3,000 metres or 9,800 feet above sea level ) will produce better predictions . Tropical forecasters also consider smoothing out short - term wobbles of the storm as it allows them to determine a more accurate long - term trajectory . High - speed computers and sophisticated simulation software allow forecasters to produce computer models that predict tropical cyclone tracks based on the future position and strength of high - and low - pressure systems . Combining forecast models with increased understanding of the forces that act on tropical cyclones , as well as with a wealth of data from Earth - orbiting satellites and other sensors , scientists have increased the accuracy of track forecasts over recent decades . However , scientists are not as skillful at predicting the intensity of tropical cyclones . The lack of improvement in intensity forecasting is attributed to the complexity of tropical systems and an incomplete understanding of factors that affect their development . New tropical cyclone position and forecast information is available at least every twelve hours in the Southern Hemisphere and at least every six hours in the Northern Hemisphere from Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers and Tropical Cyclone Warning Centers . Classifications , Terminology , and naming Intensity classifications Main article : Tropical cyclone scales Three tropical cyclones of the 2006 Pacific typhoon season at different stages of development . The weakest ( left ) demonstrates only the most basic circular shape . A stronger storm ( top right ) demonstrates spiral banding and increased centralization , while the strongest ( lower right ) has developed an eye . Tropical cyclones are classified into three main groups , based on intensity : tropical depressions , tropical storms , and a third group of more intense storms , whose name depends on the region . For example , if a tropical storm in the Northwestern Pacific reaches hurricane - strength winds on the Beaufort scale , it is referred to as a typhoon ; if a tropical storm passes the same benchmark in the Northeast Pacific Basin , or in the North Atlantic , it is called a hurricane . Neither `` hurricane '' nor `` typhoon '' is used in either the Southern Hemisphere or the Indian Ocean . In these basins , storms of a tropical nature are referred to as either tropical cyclones , severe tropical cyclones or very intense tropical cyclones . As indicated in the table below , each basin uses a separate system of terminology , which can make comparisons between different basins difficult . In the Pacific Ocean , hurricanes from the Central North Pacific sometimes cross the 180th meridian into the Northwest Pacific , becoming typhoons ( such as Hurricane / Typhoon Ioke in 2006 ) ; on rare occasions , the reverse will occur . It should also be noted that typhoons with 1 - minute sustained winds greater than 67 metres per second ( m / s ) , over 150 miles per hour ( 240 km / h ) , are called Super Typhoons by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center . Tropical depression `` Tropical Depression '' redirects here . For the Filipino reggae band , see Tropical Depression ( band ) . For the EP by Elephant Micah , see Tropical Depression ( EP ) . A tropical depression or tropical low is a tropical disturbance that has a clearly defined surface circulation with maximum sustained winds of less than 34 kn ( 39 mph ; 63 km / h ) . Within the Southern Hemisphere , the depression can have gale force or stronger winds in one or more quadrants , but not near the centre . Tropical storm `` Tropical Storm '' redirects here . For the album , see Tropical Storm ( album ) . A tropical storm is an organized system of strong thunderstorms with a defined surface circulation and maximum sustained winds between 34 knots ( 63 km / h ) and 64 knots ( 119 km / h ) . At this point , the distinctive cyclonic shape starts to develop , although an eye is not usually present . Government weather services first assign names to systems that reach this intensity ( thus the term named storm ) . Although tropical storms are less intense than a hurricane they can produce significant damage . The shear force of winds can blow off shingles , and air borne objects can cause damage to power lines , roofing and siding . More dangerous is the heavy rainfall causing inland flooding . Hurricane or Typhoon Main articles : Atlantic hurricane , Pacific hurricane , and typhoon A hurricane or typhoon ( sometimes simply referred to as a tropical cyclone , as opposed to a depression or storm ) is a system with sustained winds of at least 34 m / s ( 66 kn ; 76 mph ; 120 km / h ) . A cyclone of this intensity tends to develop an eye , an area of relative calm ( and lowest atmospheric pressure ) at the center of circulation . The eye is often visible in satellite images as a small , circular , cloud - free spot . Surrounding the eye is the eyewall , an area about 16 kilometres ( 9.9 mi ) to 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) wide in which the strongest thunderstorms and winds circulate around the storm 's center . Maximum sustained winds in the strongest tropical cyclones have been estimated at about 95 m / s ( 185 kn ; 210 mph ; 340 km / h ) . <Th_colspan="9"> ( hide ) Tropical cyclone classifications Beaufort scale 1 - minute sustained winds 10 - minute sustained winds NE Pacific & N Atlantic NHC / CPHC NW Pacific JTWC NW Pacific JMA N Indian Ocean IMD SW Indian Ocean MF Australia & S Pacific BOM / FMS 0 -- 7 < 32 knots ( 37 mph ; 59 km / h ) < 28 knots ( 32 mph ; 52 km / h ) Tropical Depression Tropical Depression Tropical Depression Depression Zone of Disturbed Weather Tropical Disturbance Tropical Depression Tropical Low 7 33 knots ( 38 mph ; 61 km / h ) 28 -- 29 knots ( 32 -- 33 mph ; 52 -- 54 km / h ) Deep Depression Tropical Disturbance 8 34 -- 37 knots ( 39 -- 43 mph ; 63 -- 69 km / h ) 30 -- 33 knots ( 35 -- 38 mph ; 56 -- 61 km / h ) Tropical Storm Tropical Storm Tropical Depression 9 -- 10 38 -- 54 knots ( 44 -- 62 mph ; 70 -- 100 km / h ) 34 -- 47 knots ( 39 -- 54 mph ; 63 -- 87 km / h ) Tropical Storm Cyclonic Storm Moderate Tropical Storm Category 1 tropical cyclone 11 55 -- 63 knots ( 63 -- 72 mph ; 102 -- 117 km / h ) 48 -- 55 knots ( 55 -- 63 mph ; 89 -- 102 km / h ) Severe Tropical Storm Severe Cyclonic Storm Severe Tropical Storm Category 2 tropical cyclone 12 + 64 -- 71 knots ( 74 -- 82 mph ; 119 -- 131 km / h ) 56 -- 63 knots ( 64 -- 72 mph ; 104 -- 117 km / h ) Category 1 hurricane Typhoon 72 -- 82 knots ( 83 -- 94 mph ; 133 -- 152 km / h ) 64 -- 72 knots ( 74 -- 83 mph ; 119 -- 133 km / h ) Typhoon Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Tropical Cyclone Category 3 severe tropical cyclone 83 -- 95 knots ( 96 -- 109 mph ; 154 -- 176 km / h ) 73 -- 83 knots ( 84 -- 96 mph ; 135 -- 154 km / h ) Category 2 hurricane 96 -- 97 knots ( 110 -- 112 mph ; 178 -- 180 km / h ) 84 -- 85 knots ( 97 -- 98 mph ; 156 -- 157 km / h ) Category 3 major hurricane 98 -- 112 knots ( 113 -- 129 mph ; 181 -- 207 km / h ) 86 -- 98 knots ( 99 -- 113 mph ; 159 -- 181 km / h ) Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Intense Tropical Cyclone Category 4 severe tropical cyclone 113 -- 122 knots ( 130 -- 140 mph ; 209 -- 226 km / h ) 99 -- 107 knots ( 114 -- 123 mph ; 183 -- 198 km / h ) Category 4 major hurricane 123 -- 129 knots ( 142 -- 148 mph ; 228 -- 239 km / h ) 108 -- 113 knots ( 124 -- 130 mph ; 200 -- 209 km / h ) Category 5 severe tropical cyclone 130 -- 136 knots ( 150 -- 157 mph ; 241 -- 252 km / h ) 114 -- 119 knots ( 131 -- 137 mph ; 211 -- 220 km / h ) Super Typhoon Super Cyclonic Storm Very Intense Tropical Cyclone > 137 knots ( 158 mph ; 254 km / h ) 120 knots ( 140 mph ; 220 km / h ) Category 5 major hurricane Origin of storm terms Taipei 101 endures a typhoon in 2005 The word typhoon , which is used today in the Northwest Pacific , may be derived from Arabic ţūfān ( طوفان ) ( similar in Hindustani and Persian ) , which in turn originates from Greek Typhon ( Τυφών ) , a monster from Greek mythology associated with storms . The related Portuguese word tufão , used in Portuguese for typhoons , is also derived from Typhon . The word is also similar to Chinese `` táifēng '' ( Simplified Chinese : 台风 , Traditional Chinese : 颱風 ) ( fēng = wind ) , `` toifung '' in Cantonese , `` taifū '' ( 台風 ) in Japanese , and `` taepung '' ( 태풍 ) in Korean . The word hurricane , used in the North Atlantic and Northeast Pacific , is derived from huracán , the Spanish word for the Carib / Taino storm god , Juracán . This god is believed by scholars to have been at least partially derived from the Mayan creator god , Huracan . Huracan was believed by the Maya to have created dry land out of the turbulent waters . The god was also credited with later destroying the `` wooden people '' , the precursors to the `` maize people '' , with an immense storm and flood . Huracan is also the source of the word orcan , another word for a particularly strong European windstorm . Naming Main articles : Tropical cyclone naming and History of tropical cyclone naming The practice of using names to identify tropical cyclones goes back many years , with systems named after places or things they hit before the formal start of naming . The system currently used provides positive identification of severe weather systems in a brief form , that is readily understood and recognized by the public . The credit for the first usage of personal names for weather systems is generally given to the Queensland Government Meteorologist Clement Wragge who named systems between 1887 and 1907 . This system of naming weather systems subsequently fell into disuse for several years after Wragge retired , until it was revived in the latter part of World War II for the Western Pacific . Formal naming schemes have subsequently been introduced for the North and South Atlantic , Eastern , Central , Western and Southern Pacific basins as well as the Australian region and Indian Ocean . At present tropical cyclones are officially named by one of eleven meteorological services and retain their names throughout their lifetimes to provide ease of communication between forecasters and the general public regarding forecasts , watches , and warnings . Since the systems can last a week or longer and more than one can be occurring in the same basin at the same time , the names are thought to reduce the confusion about what storm is being described . Names are assigned in order from predetermined lists with one , three , or ten - minute sustained wind speeds of more than 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) depending on which basin it originates . However , standards vary from basin to basin with some tropical depressions named in the Western Pacific , while tropical cyclones have to have a significant amount of gale - force winds occurring around the center before they are named within the Southern Hemisphere . The names of significant tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic Ocean , Pacific Ocean , and Australian region are retired from the naming lists and replaced with another name . Notable tropical cyclones Main articles : List of notable tropical cyclones , List of Atlantic hurricanes , and List of Pacific hurricanes Tropical cyclones that cause extreme destruction are rare , although when they occur , they can cause great amounts of damage or thousands of fatalities . The 1970 Bhola cyclone is the deadliest tropical cyclone on record , killing more than 300,000 people and potentially as many as 1 million after striking the densely populated Ganges Delta region of Bangladesh on November 13 , 1970 . Its powerful storm surge was responsible for the high death toll . The North Indian cyclone basin has historically been the deadliest basin . Elsewhere , Typhoon Nina killed nearly 100,000 in China in 1975 due to a 100 - year flood that caused 62 dams including the Banqiao Dam to fail . The Great Hurricane of 1780 is the deadliest North Atlantic hurricane on record , killing about 22,000 people in the Lesser Antilles . A tropical cyclone does not need to be particularly strong to cause memorable damage , primarily if the deaths are from rainfall or mudslides . Tropical Storm Thelma in November 1991 killed thousands in the Philippines , although the strongest typhoon to ever make landfall on record was Typhoon Haiyan on November 2013 , causing widespread devastation in Eastern Visayas and killing at least 6,300 people in that country alone . In 1982 , the unnamed tropical depression that eventually became Hurricane Paul killed around 1,000 people in Central America . Hurricane Katrina is estimated as the costliest tropical cyclone worldwide , causing $81.2 billion in property damage ( 2008 USD ) with overall damage estimates exceeding $100 billion ( 2005 USD ) . Katrina killed at least 1,836 people after striking Louisiana and Mississippi as a major hurricane in August 2005 . Hurricane Sandy is the second most destructive tropical cyclone in U.S history , with damage totaling $68 billion ( 2012 USD ) , and with damage costs at $37.5 billion ( 2012 USD ) , Hurricane Ike is the third most destructive tropical cyclone in U.S history . The Galveston Hurricane of 1900 is the deadliest natural disaster in the United States , killing an estimated 6,000 to 12,000 people in Galveston , Texas . Hurricane Mitch caused more than 10,000 fatalities in Central America , making it the second deadliest Atlantic hurricane in history . Hurricane Iniki in 1992 was the most powerful storm to strike Hawaii in recorded history , hitting Kauai as a Category 4 hurricane , killing six people , and causing U.S. $3 billion in damage . Kauai was also struck by Hurricanes Dot ( 1959 ) and Iwa ( 1982 ) ( see List of Hawaii hurricanes ) . Other destructive Eastern Pacific hurricanes include Pauline and Kenna , both causing severe damage after striking Mexico as major hurricanes . In March 2004 , Cyclone Gafilo struck northeastern Madagascar as a powerful cyclone , killing 74 , affecting more than 200,000 , and becoming the worst cyclone to affect the nation for more than 20 years . The relative sizes of Typhoon Tip , Cyclone Tracy , and the Contiguous United States The most intense storm on record was Typhoon Tip in the northwestern Pacific Ocean in 1979 , which reached a minimum pressure of 870 hectopascals ( 25.69 inHg ) and maximum sustained wind speeds of 165 knots ( 85 m / s ) or 190 miles per hour ( 310 km / h ) . The highest maximum sustained wind speed ever recorded was 185 knots ( 95 m / s ) or 215 miles per hour ( 345 km / h ) in Hurricane Patricia in 2015 , which is the most intense cyclone ever recorded in the Western Hemisphere . Typhoon Nancy in 1961 also had recorded wind speeds of 185 knots ( 95 m / s ) or 215 miles per hour ( 346 km / h ) , but recent research indicates that wind speeds from the 1940s to the 1960s were gauged too high , and this is no longer considered the storm with the highest wind speeds on record . Likewise , a surface - level gust caused by Typhoon Paka on Guam in late 1997 was recorded at 205 knots ( 105 m / s ) or 235 miles per hour ( 378 km / h ) . Had it been confirmed , it would be the strongest non-tornadic wind ever recorded on the Earth 's surface , but the reading had to be discarded since the anemometer was damaged by the storm . The World Meteorological Organization established Barrow Island as the location of the highest non-tornado related wind gust at 408 km / h ( 253 mph ) . The gust occurred on 10 April 1996 , during Severe Tropical Cyclone Olivia and is documented in the Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Journal . In addition to being the most intense tropical cyclone on record based on pressure , Tip was the largest cyclone on record , with tropical storm - force winds 2,170 kilometres ( 1,350 mi ) in diameter . The smallest storm on record , Tropical Storm Marco , formed during October 2008 , and made landfall in Veracruz . Marco generated tropical storm - force winds only 37 kilometres ( 23 mi ) in diameter . Hurricane John is the longest - lasting tropical cyclone on record , lasting 31 days in 1994 . Before the advent of satellite imagery in 1961 , however , many tropical cyclones were underestimated in their durations . John is also the longest - tracked tropical cyclone in the Northern Hemisphere on record , which had a path of 8,250 mi ( 13,280 km ) . Cyclone Rewa of the 1993 -- 94 South Pacific and Australian region cyclone seasons had one of the longest tracks observed within the Southern Hemisphere , traveling a distance of over 5,545 mi ( 8,920 km ) during December 1993 and January 1994 . Changes caused by El Niño -- Southern oscillation See also : El Niño -- Southern Oscillation Most tropical cyclones form on the side of the subtropical ridge closer to the equator , then move poleward past the ridge axis before recurving into the main belt of the Westerlies . When the subtropical ridge position shifts due to El Niño , so will the preferred tropical cyclone tracks . Areas west of Japan and Korea tend to experience much fewer September -- November tropical cyclone impacts during El Niño and neutral years . During El Niño years , the break in the subtropical ridge tends to lie near 130 ° E which would favor the Japanese archipelago . During El Niño years , Guam 's chance of a tropical cyclone impact is one - third more likely than of the long - term average . The tropical Atlantic Ocean experiences depressed activity due to increased vertical wind shear across the region during El Niño years . During La Niña years , the formation of tropical cyclones , along with the subtropical ridge position , shifts westward across the western Pacific Ocean , which increases the landfall threat to China and much greater intensity in the Philippines . Long - term activity Trends See also : Atlantic hurricane reanalysis Atlantic Multidecadal Cycle since 1950 , using accumulated cyclone energy ( ACE ) Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation Timeseries , 1856 -- 2013 While the number of storms in the Atlantic has increased since 1995 , there is no obvious global trend ; the annual number of tropical cyclones worldwide remains about 87 ± 10 ( Between 77 and 97 tropical cyclones annually ) . However , the ability of climatologists to make long - term data analysis in certain basins is limited by the lack of reliable historical data in some basins , primarily in the Southern Hemisphere , while noting that a significant downward trend in tropical cyclone numbers has been identified for the region near Australia ( based on high quality data and accounting for the influence of the El Niño - Southern Oscillation ) . In spite of that , there is some evidence that the intensity of hurricanes is increasing . Kerry Emanuel stated , `` Records of hurricane activity worldwide show an upswing of both the maximum wind speed in and the duration of hurricanes . The energy released by the average hurricane ( again considering all hurricanes worldwide ) seems to have increased by around 70 % in the past 30 years or so , corresponding to about a 15 % increase in the maximum wind speed and a 60 % increase in storm lifetime . '' Atlantic storms are becoming more destructive financially , as evidenced by the fact that five of the ten most expensive storms in United States history have occurred since 1990 . According to the World Meteorological Organization , `` recent increase in societal impact from tropical cyclones has been caused largely by rising concentrations of population and infrastructure in coastal regions . '' Political scientist Pielke et al. ( 2008 ) normalized mainland US hurricane damage from 1900 -- 2005 to 2005 values and found no remaining trend of increasing absolute damage . The 1970s and 1980s were notable because of the extremely low amounts of damage compared to other decades . The decade 1996 -- 2005 was the second most damaging among the past 11 decades , with only the decade 1926 -- 1935 surpassing its costs . Often in part because of the threat of hurricanes , many coastal regions had sparse population between major ports until the advent of automobile tourism ; therefore , the most severe portions of hurricanes striking the coast may have gone unmeasured in some instances . The combined effects of ship destruction and remote landfall severely limit the number of intense hurricanes in the official record before the era of hurricane reconnaissance aircraft and satellite meteorology . Although the record shows a distinct increase in the number and strength of intense hurricanes , therefore , experts regard the early data as suspect . The number and strength of Atlantic hurricanes may undergo a 50 -- 70 year cycle , also known as the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation . Nyberg et al. reconstructed Atlantic major hurricane activity back to the early 18th century and found five periods averaging 3 -- 5 major hurricanes per year and lasting 40 -- 60 years , and six other averaging 1.5 -- 2.5 major hurricanes per year and lasting 10 -- 20 years . These periods are associated with the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation . Throughout , a decadal oscillation related to solar irradiance was responsible for enhancing / dampening the number of major hurricanes by 1 -- 2 per year . Although more common since 1995 , few above - normal hurricane seasons occurred during 1970 -- 94 . Destructive hurricanes struck frequently from 1926 to 1960 , including many major New England hurricanes . Twenty - one Atlantic tropical storms formed in 1933 , a record only recently exceeded in 2005 , which saw 28 storms . Tropical hurricanes occurred infrequently during the seasons of 1900 -- 25 ; however , many intense storms formed during 1870 -- 99 . During the 1887 season , 19 tropical storms formed , of which a record 4 occurred after November 1 and 11 strengthened into hurricanes . Few hurricanes occurred in the 1840s to 1860s ; however , many struck in the early 19th century , including an 1821 storm that made a direct hit on New York City . Some historical weather experts say these storms may have been as high as Category 4 in strength . These active hurricane seasons predated satellite coverage of the Atlantic basin . Before the satellite era began in 1960 , tropical storms or hurricanes went undetected unless a reconnaissance aircraft encountered one , a ship reported a voyage through the storm , or a storm hit land in a populated area . Proxy records based on paleotempestological research have revealed that major hurricane activity along the Gulf of Mexico coast varies on timescales of centuries to millennia . Few major hurricanes struck the Gulf coast during 3000 -- 1400 BC and again during the most recent millennium . These quiescent intervals were separated by a hyperactive period during 1400 BC and 1000 AD , when the Gulf coast was struck frequently by catastrophic hurricanes and their landfall probabilities increased by 3 -- 5 times . This millennial - scale variability has been attributed to long - term shifts in the position of the Azores High , which may also be linked to changes in the strength of the North Atlantic oscillation . According to the Azores High hypothesis , an anti-phase pattern is expected to exist between the Gulf of Mexico coast and the Atlantic coast . During the quiescent periods , a more northeasterly position of the Azores High would result in more hurricanes being steered towards the Atlantic coast . During the hyperactive period , more hurricanes were steered towards the Gulf coast as the Azores High was shifted to a more southwesterly position near the Caribbean . Such a displacement of the Azores High is consistent with paleoclimatic evidence that shows an abrupt onset of a drier climate in Haiti around 3200 C years BP , and a change towards more humid conditions in the Great Plains during the late - Holocene as more moisture was pumped up the Mississippi Valley through the Gulf coast . Preliminary data from the northern Atlantic coast seem to support the Azores High hypothesis . A 3000 - year proxy record from a coastal lake in Cape Cod suggests that hurricane activity increased significantly during the past 500 -- 1000 years , just as the Gulf coast was amid a quiescent period of the last millennium . Climate Change Main article : Tropical cyclones and climate change The 2007 IPCC report noted many observed changes in the climate , including atmospheric composition , global average temperatures , ocean conditions , and others . The report concluded the observed increase in tropical cyclone intensity is larger than climate models predict . In addition , the report considered that it is likely that storm intensity will continue to increase through the 21st century , and declared it more likely than not that there has been some human contribution to the increases in tropical cyclone intensity . P.J. Webster and others published in 2005 an article in Science examining the `` changes in tropical cyclone number , duration , and intensity '' over the past 35 years , the period when satellite data has been available . Their main finding was although the number of cyclones decreased throughout the planet excluding the north Atlantic Ocean , there was a great increase in the number and proportion of very strong cyclones . According to 2006 studies by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , `` the strongest hurricanes in the present climate may be upstaged by even more intense hurricanes over the next century as the earth 's climate is warmed by increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere '' . Studies published since 2008 , by Kerry Emanuel from MIT , indicate that global warming is likely to increase the intensity but decrease the frequency of hurricane and cyclone activity . In an article in Nature , Kerry Emanuel stated that potential hurricane destructiveness , a measure combining hurricane strength , duration , and frequency , `` is highly correlated with tropical sea surface temperature , reflecting well - documented climate signals , including multidecadal oscillations in the North Atlantic and North Pacific , and global warming '' . Emanuel predicted `` a substantial increase in hurricane - related losses in the twenty - first century '' . Research reported in the September 3 , 2008 issue of Nature found that the strongest tropical cyclones are getting stronger , in particular over the North Atlantic and Indian oceans . Wind speeds for the strongest tropical storms increased from an average of 225 km / h ( 140 mph ) in 1981 to 251 km / h ( 156 mph ) in 2006 , while the ocean temperature , averaged globally over all the regions where tropical cyclones form , increased from 28.2 ° C ( 82.8 ° F ) to 28.5 ° C ( 83.3 ° F ) during this period . A 2017 study looked at compounding effects from floods , storm surge , and terrestrial flooding ( rivers ) , and projects an increase due to global warming . Related cyclone types Gustav on September 9 , 2002 , the first system to be given a name as a subtropical cyclone See also : Cyclone , Extratropical cyclone , and Subtropical cyclone In addition to tropical cyclones , there are two other classes of cyclones within the spectrum of cyclone types . These kinds of cyclones , known as extratropical cyclones and subtropical cyclones , can be stages a tropical cyclone passes through during its formation or dissipation . An extratropical cyclone is a storm that derives energy from horizontal temperature differences , which are typical in higher latitudes . A tropical cyclone can become extratropical as it moves toward higher latitudes if its energy source changes from heat released by condensation to differences in temperature between air masses ; although not as frequently , an extratropical cyclone can transform into a subtropical storm , and from there into a tropical cyclone . From space , extratropical storms have a characteristic `` comma - shaped '' cloud pattern . Extratropical cyclones can also be dangerous when their low - pressure centers cause powerful winds and high seas . A subtropical cyclone is a weather system that has some characteristics of a tropical cyclone and some characteristics of an extratropical cyclone . They can form in a wide band of latitudes , from the equator to 50 ° . Although subtropical storms rarely have hurricane - force winds , they may become tropical in nature as their cores warm . From an operational standpoint , a tropical cyclone is usually not considered to become subtropical during its extratropical transition . Popular culture Main article : Tropical cyclones in popular culture In popular culture , tropical cyclones have made several appearances in different types of media , including films , books , television , music , and electronic games . These media often portray tropical cyclones that are either entirely fictional or based on real events . For example , George Rippey Stewart 's Storm , a best - seller published in 1941 , is thought to have influenced meteorologists on their decision to assign female names to Pacific tropical cyclones . Another example is the hurricane in The Perfect Storm , which describes the sinking of the Andrea Gail by the 1991 Perfect Storm . Hypothetical hurricanes have been featured in parts of the plots of series such as The Simpsons , Invasion , Family Guy , Seinfeld , Dawson 's Creek , Burn Notice and CSI : Miami . The 2004 film The Day After Tomorrow includes several mentions of actual tropical cyclones and features fantastical `` hurricane - like '' , albeit non-tropical , Arctic storms . See also Tropical cyclones portal Atlantic hurricane season Australian region tropical cyclone season Cyclone Disaster preparedness History of Atlantic tropical cyclone warnings HURDAT ( online database ) Hurricane Alley Hypercane List of Atlantic hurricane seasons List of Atlantic hurricanes List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes List of Category 4 Pacific hurricanes List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes List of Category 5 Pacific hurricanes List of the most intense tropical cyclones List of tropical cyclone records List of wettest tropical cyclones by country North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season Outline of tropical cyclones Pacific hurricane season Pacific typhoon season Secondary flow in tropical cyclones South Atlantic tropical cyclone South Pacific tropical cyclone season South - West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season Tropical cyclone scales Forecasting and preparation Catastrophe modeling Hurricane engineering Hurricane preparedness Hurricane - proof building Tropical cyclone watches and warnings Annual seasons Atlantic hurricane season ( current ) Pacific hurricane season ( current ) Pacific typhoon season ( current ) North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone ( current ) South - West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone ( current ) Australian region tropical cyclone ( current ) South Pacific tropical cyclone ( current ) South Atlantic tropical cyclone References Jump up ^ `` hurricane '' . 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Jump up ^ McCown , Sean ( December 13 , 2004 ) . `` Unnamed Hurricane 1991 '' . Satellite Events Art Gallery : Hurricanes . National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved February 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Neddy -- Episode Overview '' . Yahoo ! TV . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2009 . Retrieved February 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Family Guy : One if by Clam , Two if by Sea -- Summary '' . starpulse.com . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2009 . Retrieved February 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dawson 's Creek -- Hurricane '' . Yahoo ! TV . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2009 . Retrieved February 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Checks ( Seinfeld Episode Script ) '' . Seinfeldscripts.com . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2009 . Retrieved February 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` CSI : Miami Episodes -- Episode Detail : Hurricane Anthony '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2009 . Retrieved February 25 , 2008 . 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Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Hurricane Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers US National Hurricane Center -- North Atlantic , Eastern Pacific Central Pacific Hurricane Center -- Central Pacific Japan Meteorological Agency -- NW Pacific India Meteorological Department -- Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Météo - France -- La Reunion -- South Indian Ocean from 30 ° E to 90 ° E Fiji Meteorological Service -- South Pacific west of 160 ° E , north of 25 ° S Tropical Cyclone Warning Centers Indonesian Meteorological Department -- South Indian Ocean from 90 ° E to 125 ° E , north of 10 ° S Australian Bureau of Meteorology ( TCWC 's Perth , Darwin & Brisbane ) . -- South Indian Ocean & South Pacific Ocean from 90 ° E to 160 ° E , south of 10 ° S Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited -- South Pacific west of 160 ° E , south of 25 ° S Reference Hurricane Glossary of Terms List of World 's Deadliest Tropical Cyclones CDC - NIOSH Storm / Flood and Hurricane / Typhoon Response U.S. Billion - dollar Weather and Climate Events <Th_colspan="2"> Cyclones and anticyclones of the world ( Centers of action ) Types Extratropical Mesocyclone / Anticyclonic storm Polar Subtropical cyclone / Subtropical ridge Thermal Tropical Anticyclones Polar High Siberian High Azores High ( Bermuda / North Atlantic ) North American High ( Canadian / Greenland ) South Atlantic High ( St. Helena ) North Pacific High ( Hawaii High ) South Pacific High Kalahari High Cyclones Aleutian Low ( Alaska / Far East Russia ) Atlantic hurricane Australian Low ( east coast ) European windstorm Genoa Low Icelandic Low Kona storm ( Hawaii ) Mediterranean tropical - like cyclone Nor'easter Pacific hurricane Polar vortex Typhoon Wake Low <Th_colspan="3"> Seasons Temperate seasons Spring Summer Autumn Winter Science portal Tropical seasons Wet season Dry season Harmattan ( West Africa ) Specific Fog season Hurricane season Monsoon season NDL : 00575300 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tropical_cyclone&oldid=807945122 '' Categories : Basic meteorological concepts and phenomena Tropical cyclone meteorology Tropical cyclones Types of cyclone Vortices Weather hazards Global warming and hurricanes Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Unfit url CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2017 Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from March 2015 Featured articles All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from September 2017 Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs La . lojban . 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1. Tropical cyclone formation and structure
2. Wind field and eye of a tropical cyclone
3. Rapid deepening and size of tropical cyclones
4. Physics and energetics of tropical cyclones
5. Primary and secondary circulation in tropical cyclones
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difference between south korea and north korean language
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North -- South differences in the Korean language - wikipedia North -- South differences in the Korean language Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Korean language has changed between the two states due to the length of time that North and South Korea have been separated . Korean orthography , as defined by the Korean Language Society in 1933 in the `` Proposal for Unified Korean Orthography '' ( Hangul : 한글 맞춤법 통일안 ; RR : Hangeul Matchumbeop Tong - iran ) continued to be used by the North and the South after liberation of Korea in 1945 , but with the establishments of the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea and the Republic of Korea in 1948 , the two states have taken on differing policies regarding the language . In 1954 , North Korea set out the rules for Korean orthography ( 조선어 철자법 Chosŏnŏ Chŏljabŏp ) . Although this was only a minor revision in orthography that created little difference from that used in the South , from then on , the standard language in the North and the South gradually differed more and more from each other . In the 1960s , under the influence of the Juche ideology came a big change in linguistic policies in North Korea . On 3 January 1964 , Kim Il - sung issued his teachings on `` A Number of Issues on the Development of the Korean language '' ( 조선어 를 발전 시키기 위한 몇 가지 문제 Chosŏnŏrŭl Paljŏn Siki'gi Wihan Myŏt ' Kaji Munje ) , and on 14 May 1966 on the topic `` In Rightly Advancing the National Characteristics of the Korean language '' ( 조선어 의 민족적 특성 을 옳게 살려 나갈 데 대하여 Chosŏnŏŭi Minjokchŏk T'ŭksŏngŭl Olge Sallyŏ Nagal Te Taehayŏ ) , from which the `` Standard Korean Language '' ( 조선말 규범집 Chosŏnmalgyubŏmjip ) rules followed in the same year , issued by the National Language Revision Committee that was directly under the control of the cabinet . From then on , more important differences came about between the standard language in the North and the South . In 1987 , North Korea revised the aforementioned rules further , and these have remained in use until today . In addition , the rules for spacing were separately laid out in the `` Standard Spacing Rules in Writing Korean '' ( 조선말 띄여 쓰기 규범 Chosŏnmal Ttŭiyŏssŭgigyubŏm ) in 2000 but have since been superseded by `` Rules for Spacing in Writing Korean '' ( 띄여 쓰기 규정 Ttŭiyŏssŭgigyujŏng ) , issued in 2003 . South Korea continued to use the Hangeul Matchumbeop Tong - iran as defined in 1933 , until its amendment `` Korean Orthography '' ( 한글 맞춤법 Hangeul Matchumbeop ) , together with `` Standard Language Regulations '' ( 표준어 규정 : pyojuneo gyujeong ) , were issued in 1988 , which remain in use today . As with the Korean phonology article , this article uses IPA symbols in pipes for morphophonemics , slashes / / for phonemes , and brackets ( ) for allophones . Pan-Korean romanized words are largely in Revised Romanization , and North Korean - specific romanized words are largely in McCune - Reischauer . Also , for the sake of consistency , this article also phonetically transcribes ᅥ as / ʌ / for pan-Korean and South - specific phonology , and as / ɔ / for North - specific phonology . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hangul ( Chosŏn'gŭl ) 1.1 Sorting order 2 Pronunciation 2.1 Consonants 2.2 Vowels 2.3 Pitch 3 Orthography 3.1 Inflected words 3.1. 1 어 / 여 3.1. 2 ᄇ - irregular inflections 3.1. 3 Indication of tensed consonants after word endings that end with ᄅ 3.2 Sino - Korean words 3.2. 1 Initial ᄂ / ᄅ ( 두음 법칙 ( 頭 音 法則 , dueum beopchik ) , `` initial sound rule '' ) 3.2. 2 Hanja pronunciation 3.3 Compound words 3.3. 1 Sai siot ( 사이 시옷 , `` middle ᄉ '' ) 3.3. 2 Word stems in compound words 4 Spacing 4.1 Bound nouns 4.2 Auxiliaries 4.3 Words indicating a single concept 5 Emphasis 6 Vocabulary 6.1 Differences due to the difference in political system or social structure 6.2 Differences in words of foreign origin 6.3 Other differences in vocabulary 7 See also 8 References Hangul ( Chosŏn'gŭl ) ( edit ) The same hangul ( Chosŏn'gŭl ) letters are used to write the language in the North and the South . However , in the North , the stroke that distinguishes ᄐ th from ᄃ t is written above rather than inside the letter as in the South . In the South , the vowel digraphs and trigraphs ᅢ ɛ , ᅤ jɛ , ᅦ e , ᅨ je , ᅪ wa , ᅫ wɛ , ᅬ ø , ᅯ wʌ , ᅰ we , ᅱ y , ᅴ ɰi and the consonant digraphs ᄁ k͈ , ᄄ t͈ , ᄈ p͈ , ᄊ s͈ , ᄍ tɕ͈ are not treated as separate letters , whereas in the North they are . Some letters and digraphs have different names in the North and in the South . Letter North Korean name South Korean name ᄀ g 기윽 ( kiɯk̚ ) 기역 ( gijʌk̚ ) ᄃ d 디읃 ( tiɯt̚ ) 디귿 ( diɡɯt̚ ) ᄉ s 시읏 ( ɕiɯt̚ ) 시옷 ( ɕiot̚ ) ᄁ gg 된 기윽 ( tøːnɡiɯk̚ ) 쌍기역 ( ssaŋɡijʌk̚ ) ᄄ dd 된 디읃 ( tøːndiɯt̚ ) 쌍디귿 ( ssaŋdiɡɯt̚ ) ᄈ bb 된비읍 ( tøːnbiɯp̚ ) 쌍비읍 ( ssaŋbiɯp̚ ) ᄊ ss 된 시 읏 ( tøːnɕiɯt̚ ) 쌍시옷 ( ssaŋɕiot̚ ) ᄍ tɕ͈ 된지 읒 ( tøːndʑiɯt̚ ) 쌍지읒 ( ssaŋdʑiɯt̚ ) The names used in the South are the ones found in the Hunmongjahoe ( 훈몽자회 , 訓蒙 字 會 , published 1527 ) . The names used in the North are formed mechanically with the pattern `` letter + 이 + 으 + letter '' . Also for the tensed consonants , in the South , they are called `` double '' ( 쌍 - / s͈aŋ - / ) consonants , while in the North , they are called `` strong '' ( 된 - / tøːn - / ) consonants . Sorting order ( edit ) Vowels North : ᅡ ᅣ ᅥ ᅧ ᅩ ᅭ ᅮ ᅲ ᅳ ᅵ ᅢ ᅤ ᅦ ᅨ ᅬ ᅱ ᅴ ᅪ ᅯ ᅫ ᅰ a ja ɔ jɔ o jo u ju ɯ i ɛ jɛ e je ø y ɰi wa wɔ wɛ we South : ᅡ ᅢ ᅣ ᅤ ᅥ ᅦ ᅧ ᅨ ᅩ ᅪ ᅫ ᅬ ᅭ ᅮ ᅯ ᅰ ᅱ ᅲ ᅳ ᅴ ᅵ a ɛ ja jɛ ʌ e jʌ je o wa wɛ ø jo u wʌ we y ju ɯ ɰi i Consonants North : ᄀ ᄂ ᄃ ᄅ ᄆ ᄇ ᄉ ᄋ ᄌ ᄎ ᄏ ᄐ ᄑ ᄒ ᄁ ᄄ ᄈ ᄊ ᄍ ᄋ kntlmps ŋ tɕ tɕh kh th ph h k͈ t͈ p͈ s͈ tɕ͈ ∅ South : ᄀ ᄁ ᄂ ᄃ ᄄ ᄅ ᄆ ᄇ ᄈ ᄉ ᄊ ᄋ ᄌ ᄍ ᄎ ᄏ ᄐ ᄑ ᄒ g gg nd dd lmb bb s ss ∅ / ŋ tɕ tɕ͈ tɕh kh th ph h In the North , consonant vowel digraphs are treated as letters in their own right and are ordered after the end of the simple consonant and vowel letters . In the South , the digraphs come between the basic letters . For example , after ᅡ a comes the diphthong ᅢ ɛ , the combination of ᅡ and ᅵ i ; or after ᅩ o come the diphthongs ᅪ wa , ᅫ wɛ and ᅬ ø , which begin with ᅩ , and so on . Also , the consonant letter ᄋ ( ∅ and ŋ ) is placed between ᄉ s and ᄌ tɕ in the North when pronounced ŋ , but after all consonants ( after ᄍ tɕ͈ ) when used as a placeholder indicating a null initial consonant ( for syllables that begin with a vowel ) . Pronunciation ( edit ) Dialects of Korean The standard languages in the North and the South share the same types and the same number of phonemes , but there are some differences in the actual pronunciations . The South Korean standard pronunciation is based on the dialect as spoken in Seoul , and the North Korean standard pronunciation is based on the dialect as spoken in Pyongyang . Consonants ( edit ) The following differences are recognised in the consonants . In the Seoul dialect , ᄌ , ᄎ and ᄍ are typically pronounced with alveolo - palatal affricates ( tɕ ) , ( tɕh ) , ( tɕ͈ ) . In the Pyongyang dialect , they are typically pronounced with alveolar affricates ( ts ) , ( tsh ) , ( ts͈ ) . Also , 지 and 시 can be pronounced without palatalisation as ( tsi ) and ( si ) in the Pyongyang dialect . In Sino - Korean words , some of ᄂ n and all of ᄅ l that come in the beginning of a word are dropped in pronunciation and not written out in the South , but all initial ᄂ and ᄅ are written out in the North . For instance , the common last name 이 ( i ) ( often written out in English as Lee , seemingly staying true to the North Korean typography and pronunciation ) , is written and pronounced as 리 ( ɾi ) in North Korean . Furthermore , the South Korean word 여자 ( jʌdʑa ) , meaning woman , is similarly written as 녀자 ( njɔdʑa ) in North Korea . But as this latter pronunciation was artificially crafted in the 1960s , it is common for older speakers to be unable to pronounce initial ᄂ and ᄅ properly , thus pronouncing such words in the same way as they are pronounced in the South . The liquid consonant ( ɾ ) does not come after the nasal consonants ( m ) and ( ŋ ) . In this position , ᄅ is pronounced as ( n ) rather than ( ɾ ) . But in North Korea , ᄅ before vowels ᅣ , ᅧ , ᅭ , and ᅲ can remain ( ɾ ) in this context . North South Hanja 침략 ( tɕhimnjak̚ ) ch'imnyak or ( tɕhimɾjak̚ ) ch'imryak ( tɕhimnjak̚ ) chimnyak 侵略 협력 ( hjɔmnjɔk̚ ) hyŏmnyŏk or ( hjɔmɾjɔk̚ ) hyŏmryŏk ( hjʌmnjʌk̚ ) hyeomnyeok 協力 식료 singnyo or singryo singnyo 食料 청류 벽 ch'ŏngnyubyŏk or ch'ŏngryubyŏk cheongnyubyeok 淸 流 壁 Vowels ( edit ) The following differences are recognised in the vowels . The vowel ᅥ / ʌ / is not as rounded in the Seoul dialect as it is in the Pyongyang dialect . If expressed in IPA , it would be ( ʌ̹ ) or ( ɔ̜ ) for the one in Seoul dialect and ( ɔ ) for the one in Pyongyang dialect . Due to this roundedness , speakers of the Seoul dialect would find that ᅥ as pronounced by speakers of the Pyongyang dialect sounds close to the vowel ᅩ / o / . Additionally , the difference between the vowels ᅢ / ɛ / and ᅦ / e / is slowly diminishing amongst the younger speakers of the Seoul dialect . It is not well known if this is also happening with the Pyongyang dialect . Pitch ( edit ) The pitch patterns in the Pyongyang and Seoul dialects differ , but there has been little research in detail . On the other hand , in the Chosŏnmal Taesajŏn ( 조선말 대사전 ) , published in 1992 , where the pitches for certain words are shown in a three - pitch system , a word such as 꾀꼬리 ( ( k͈øk͈oɾi ) -- Korean nightingale ) is marked as having pitch `` 232 '' ( where `` 2 '' is low and `` 3 '' is high ) , from which one can see some difference in pitch patterns from the Seoul dialect . Orthography ( edit ) Inflected words ( edit ) 어 / 여 ( edit ) In words in which the word stem ends in ᅵ i , ᅢ ɛ , ᅦ e , ᅬ ø , ᅱ y , ᅴ ɰi , in forms where - 어 / - ʌ / is appended to these endings in the South , but - 여 / - jɔ / is instead appended in the North . In actual pronunciation , however , the ( j ) sound often accompanies the pronunciation of such words , even in the South . Inflected word North inflection South inflection Meaning 피다 ( phida ) 피여 ( phijɔ ) p'iyŏ 피어 ( 펴 ) ( phiʌ ) ( ( phjʌ ) ) pieo ( pyeo ) bloom 내다 ( nɛːda ) 내여 ( nɛjɔ ) naeyŏ 내어 ( nɛʌ ) naeeo take out 세다 ( seːda ) 세여 ( sejɔ ) seyŏ 세어 ( seʌ ) seeo count 되다 ( tøda ) 되여 ( tøjɔ ) toeyŏ 되어 ( 돼 ) ( tøʌ ( twɛ ) ) doeeo ( dwae ) become 뛰다 ( t͈wida ) 뛰여 ( t͈wijɔ ) ttwiyŏ 뛰어 ( t͈wiʌ ) ttwieo jump 희다 ( çida ) 희여 ( çijɔ ) hiyŏ 희어 ( çiʌ ) hieo white ᄇ - irregular inflections ( edit ) In the South , when the word root of a ᄇ - irregular inflected word has two or more syllables ( for example , 고맙다 ( komap̚t͈a ) gomapda ) , the ᄇ is dropped and replaced with 우 in the next syllable . When conjugated to the polite speech level , the ᄇ - irregular stem resyllabifies with the 어요 - eoyu conjugation to form 워요 - woyu ( as in 고맙다 komapta → 고마우 komau → 고마워요 komawŏyu ) , appearing to ignore vowel harmony . ᄇ is not replaced with 우 in the North ( as it also was in the South before the 1988 Hangeul Matchumbeop ) . The vowel harmony is kept in both the South and the North if the word root has only one syllable ( for example , 돕다 ( toːp̚t͈a ) topta / dopda ) . Inflected word North inflection South inflection Meaning 고맙다 ( komap̚t͈a ) 고마 와 ( komawa ) komawa 고마워 ( komawʌ ) gomawo thankful 가깝다 ( kak͈ap̚t͈a ) 가까와 ( kak͈awa ) kakkawa 가까워 ( kak͈awʌ ) gakkawo near Indication of tensed consonants after word endings that end with ᄅ ( edit ) In word endings where the final consonant is ᄅ l , where the South spells - ᄅ까 - l. k͈a and - ᄅ 쏘냐 - l. s͈o. nja to indicate the tensed consonants , in the North these are spelled - ᄅ 가 - l. ka , - ᄅ 소냐 - l. so. nja instead . These etymologically are formed by attaching to the adnominal form ( 관형사형 gwanhyeongjahyeong ) that ends in ᄅ , and in the North , the tensed consonants are denoted with normal consonants . Also , the word ending - ᄅ게 - l. ɡe used to be spelt - ᄅ 께 - l. k͈e in the South , but has since been changed in the Hangeul Matchumbeop of 1988 , and is now spelt - ᄅ게 just like in the North . Sino - Korean words ( edit ) Initial ᄂ / ᄅ ( 두음 법칙 ( 頭 音 法則 , dueum beopchik ) , `` initial sound rule '' ) ( edit ) Initial ᄂ n / ᄅ l appearing in Sino - Korean words are kept in the North . In the South , in Sino - Korean words that begin with ᄅ which is followed by the vowel sound ( i ) or the semivowel sound ( j ) ( when ᄅ is followed by one of ᅵ i , ᅣ ja , ᅧ jʌ , ᅨ je , ᅭ jo and ᅲ ju ) , ᄅ is replaced by ᄋ ∅ ; when this ᄅ is followed by other vowels it is replaced by ᄂ n . In the North , the initial ᄅ is kept . North South Hanja Meaning 리 성계 ( ɾisɔŋɡje ) Ri Sŏnggye 이성계 ( isʌŋɡje ) I Seonggye 李 成桂 Yi Seong - gye 련습 ( ɾjɔːnsɯp̚ ) ryŏnsŭp 연습 ( jʌːnsɯp̚ ) yeonseup 練習 practice 락하 ( ɾakha ) rak'a 낙하 ( nakha ) naka 落下 fall 랭수 ( ɾɛːŋsu ) raengsu 냉수 ( nɛːŋsu ) naengsu 冷水 cold water Similarly , in Sino - Korean words that begin with ᄂ n and is followed by the vowel sound ( i ) or the semi-vowel sound ( j ) ( when ᄂ is followed by one of ᅵ i , ᅧ jʌ , ᅭ jo and ᅲ ju ) , in the South , this ᄂ is replaced by ᄋ ∅ , but this remains unchanged in the North . North South Hanja Meaning 니승 ( nisɯŋ ) nisŭn 이승 ( isɯŋ ) iseun 尼僧 priestess 녀자 ( njɔdʑa ) nyŏja 여자 ( jʌdʑa ) yeoja 女子 woman These are thus pronounced as written in the North as ᄂ n and ᄅ l . However , even in the South , sometimes in order to disambiguate the surnames 유 ( 柳 Yu ( ju ) ) and 임 ( 林 Im ( im ) ) from 유 ( 兪 Yu ( ju ) ) and 임 ( 任 Im ( im ) ) , the former may be written or pronounced as 류 Ryu ( ( ɾju ) ) and 림 Rim 林 ( ( ɾim ) ) . Hanja pronunciation ( edit ) Where a Hanja is written 몌 mje or 폐 phje in the South , this is written 메 me , 페 phe in the North ( but even in the South , these are pronounced 메 / me / , 페 ) / phe / . North South Hanja Meaning 메별 mebjɔl mebyŏl 몌별 mjebjʌl myebyeol 袂 別 sad separation 페쇄 pheːswɛ p'eswae 폐쇄 phjeːswɛ pyeswae 閉鎖 closure Some hanja characters are pronounced differently . North South Hanja 거 kɔ kŏ 갹 kjak̚ gyak 醵 외 ø oe 왜 wɛ wae 歪 Also in the North , the hanja 讐 is usually pronounced as 수 su ( su ) , except in the word 怨讐 / 원쑤 wŏnssu ( `` enemy '' ) , where it is pronounced as 쑤 su ( s͈u ) . It is thought that this is to avoid the word becoming a homonym with 元帥 ( `` military general '' ) , written as 원수 wŏnsu wɔn.su . Compound words ( edit ) Sai siot ( 사이 시옷 , `` middle ᄉ '' ) ( edit ) When forming compound words from uninflected words , where the so - called `` sai siot '' is inserted in the South : this is left out in the North , but the pronunciation is the same as in the South . North South Pronunciation Meaning 저 가락 tɕɔ. ka. lak 젓가락 tɕʌs. ka. lak 젇 까락 ( tɕʌt̚k͈aɾak̚ ) chŏtkkarak / jeotkkarak or 저 까락 ( tɕʌk͈aɾak̚ ) chŏkkarak / jeokkarak chopsticks 나무 잎 na. mu. iph 나뭇잎 na. mus. iph 나문 닙 ( namunnip̚ ) namunnip ( tree ) leaf Word stems in compound words ( edit ) While the general rule is to write out the word stem from which the compound word is formed in its original form , but in cases where the etymological origin is no longer remembered , this is no longer written in original form . This happens both in the North and in the South . However , whether a compound word is seen to have its etymological origin forgotten or not is seen differently by different people : North South Meaning 옳 바르다 olh. pa. lɯ. ta 올바르다 ol. pa. lɯ. ta upright 벗꽃 pɔs. k͈otɕh 벚꽃 pʌtɕ. k͈otɕh cherry blossom In the first example , in the South , the 올 ol part shows that the etymological origin is forgotten , and the word is written as pronounced as 올바르다 ( olbaɾɯda ) olbareuda , but in the North , the first part is seen to come from 옳다 olt'a olh. ta and thus the whole word is written 옳 바르다 olbarŭda ( pronounced the same as in the South ) . Conversely , in the second example , the South spelling catches the word as the combination of 벚 beot and 꽃 kkot , but in the North , this is no longer recognised and thus the word is written as pronounced as 벗꽃 pŏtkkot . Spacing ( edit ) In the South , the rules of spacing are not very clearcut , but in the North , these are very precise . In general , compared to the North , the writing in the South tends to include more spacing . One likely explanation is that the North remains closer to the Sinitic orthographical heritage , where spacing is less of an issue than with a syllabary or alphabet such as Hangul . The main differences are indicated below . Bound nouns ( edit ) Before bound nouns ( North : 불완전 명사 : purwanjŏn myŏngsa / 不 完全 名詞 `` incomplete nouns '' ; South : 의존 명사 : uijon myeongsa / 依存 名詞 `` dependent nouns '' ) , a space is added in the South but not in the North . This applies to counter words also , but the space is sometimes allowed to be omitted in the South . North South Meaning 내것 naegŏt 내 것 nae geot my thing 할수 있다 halsu itta 할 수 있다 hal su ittda to be able to do 한개 hangae 한 개 han gae one thing ( counter word ) Auxiliaries ( edit ) Before auxiliaries , a space is inserted in the South but not in the North . Depending on the situation , however , the space may be omitted in the South . North South Meaning 먹어 보다 mŏgŏboda 먹어 보다 / 먹어 보다 meogeo boda / meogeoboda to try to eat 올 듯하다 oldŭt'ada 올 듯하다 / 올 듯하다 ol deutada / oldeutada to seem to come 읽고 있다 ilkkoitta 읽고 있다 ilkko ittda to be reading 자고 싶다 chagosip'ta 자고 싶다 jago sipda to want to sleep In the above , in the rules of the South , auxiliaries coming after - 아 / - 어 or an adnominal form allow the space before them to be omitted , but the space after - 고 can not be omitted . Words indicating a single concept ( edit ) Words formed from two or more words that indicate a single concept in principle are written with spaces in the South and without spaces in the North like Japanese and Chinese . North South Meaning 국어 사전 kugŏsajŏn 국어 사전 gugeo sajeon Korean dictionary 경제 부흥 상황 kyŏngjepuhŭngsanghwang 경제 부흥 상황 gyeongje buheung sanghwang state of economic recovery 서울 대학교 인문 대학 Sŏultaehakkyo Inmuntaehak 서울 대학교 인문 대학 / 서울 대학교 인문 대학 Seoul Daehakgyo Inmun Daehak / Seouldaehakgyo Inmundaehak Faculty of Humanities of Seoul National University Note that since the spacing rules in the South are often unknown , not followed , or optional , spellings vary from place to place . For example , taking the word 국어 사전 gugeo sajeon , people who see this as two words will add a space , and people who see this as one word will write it without a space . Thus , the spacing depends on how one views what `` one word '' consists of , and so , while spacing is standardised in the South , in reality the standard does not matter much . Emphasis ( edit ) In the North , names of leaders 김일성 ( Kim Il - sung ) , 김정일 ( Kim Jong - il ) and 김정은 ( Kim Jong - un ) are always set off from surrounding text , typically by bolding the characters , increasing the font size , or both . Vocabulary ( edit ) The standard language in the South ( 표준어 / 標準 語 pyojuneo ) is largely based on the Seoul dialect , and the standard language ( 문화어 / 文化 語 munhwaŏ ) in the North is largely based on the Pyongyang dialect . However , both in the North and in the South , the vocabulary and forms of the standard language come from Sajeonghan Joseoneo Pyojunmal Mo - eum 사정 한 조선어 표준말 모음 published by the Korean Language Society in 1936 , and so there is very little difference in the basic vocabulary between the standard languages used in the North and the South . Nevertheless , due to the difference in political systems and social structure , each country is constantly adding different words to its vocabulary . Differences due to the difference in political system or social structure ( edit ) North South Meaning 조선 반도 ( 朝鮮 半島 ) Chosŏnbando 한반도 ( 韓 半島 ) Hanbando Korean Peninsula 조국 해방 전쟁 ( 祖國 解放 戰爭 ) Choguk'aepangjŏnjaeng 한국 전쟁 ( 韓國 戰爭 ) Hanguk jeonjaeng Korean War 소학교 ( 小 學校 ) sohakkyo 초등학교 ( 初等 學校 ) chodeunghakkyo elementary school 동무 ( 同 務 ) tongmu 친구 ( 親 舊 ) chingu Friend The word 동무 tongmu / dongmu that is used to mean `` friend '' in the North was originally used across the whole of Korea , but after the division of Korea , North Korea began to use it as a translation of the Russian term товарищ ( friend , comrade ) , and since then , the word has come to mean `` comrade '' in the South as well and has fallen out of use there . Differences in words of foreign origin ( edit ) South Korea has borrowed a lot of English words , but North Korea has borrowed a number of Russian words , and there are numerous differences in words used between the two coming from these different borrowings . Even when the same English word is borrowed , how this word is transliterated into Korean may differ between the North and the South , resulting in different words being adapted into the corresponding standard languages . For names of other nations and their places , the principle is to base the transliteration on the English word in the South and to base the transliteration on the word in the original language in the North . <Th_colspan="3"> North <Th_colspan="3"> South Meaning Korean Transliteration Origin Korean Transliteration Origin 뜨락또르 ttŭrakttorŭ Rus . трактор ( traktor ) 트랙터 teuraekteo Eng . tractor tractor 스토킹 sŭt'ok'ing Br . Eng . stocking 스타킹 seutaking Am. Eng . stocking stocking 뽈 스까 Ppolsŭkka Pol . Polska 폴란드 Pollandeu Eng . Poland Poland Other differences in vocabulary ( edit ) The other differences between the standard languages in the North and in the South are thought to be caused by the differences between the Seoul and Pyongyang dialects . <Th_colspan="2"> North <Th_colspan="2"> South Meaning Korean Transliteration Korean Transliteration 강냉이 kangnaeng - i 옥수수 oksusu corn 달구지 talguji 수레 sure cow cart 케 사니 kesani ' 거위 geowi goose 마치 machi 망치 mangchi hammer 부루 buru 상추 sangchu lettuce 우 u 위 wi on , above Words like 강냉이 gangnaeng - i and 우 u are also sometimes heard in various dialects in South Korea . There are also some words that exist only in the North . The verb 마스다 masŭda ( to break ) and its passive form 마사지 다 masajida ( to be broken ) have no exactly corresponding words in the South . See also ( edit ) National Institute of the Korean Language ( South Korea ) New Orthography for the Korean Language References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sang - Hun , Choe ( 30 August 2006 ) . `` Koreas : Divided by a Common Language '' . The New York Times / International Herald Tribune . Retrieved 16 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Works related to Article 24 in Chapter 8 of the revised Compendium of Korean Language Norms 2010 at Wikisource ( in Korean ) Jump up ^ Bärtås , Magnus ; Ekman , Fredrik ( 2014 ) . Hirviöidenkin on kuoltava : Ryhmämatka Pohjois - Koreaan ( All Monsters Must Die : An Excursion to North Korea ) ( in Finnish ) . Translated by Eskelinen , Heikki . Helsinki : Tammi . pp. 64 -- 65 . ISBN 978 - 951 - 31 - 7727 - 0 . Jump up ^ Strother , Jason ( 19 May 2015 ) . `` Korean Is Virtually Two Languages , and that 's a Big Problem for North Korean Defectors '' . PRI . Retrieved 16 August 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North -- South_differences_in_the_Korean_language&oldid = 798145839 '' Categories : Korean language Korean language in North Korea Korean language in South Korea Language comparison between countries Korean dialects Communications in Korea North Korea -- South Korea relations Hidden categories : Articles with Korean - language external links CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Articles needing additional references from March 2007 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Korean - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Esperanto Français 한국어 日本 語 Русский Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 31 August 2017 , at 07 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. North-South differences in Korean language
2. Korean orthography and linguistic policies
3. Pronunciation variations in North and South Korean dialects
4. Differences in vowel and consonant sounds
5. Inflected words and irregular inflections in Korean language
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i don't have to be mean till monday
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I Do n't Have to Be Me ( ' til Monday ) - Wikipedia I Do n't Have to Be Me ( ' til Monday ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` I Do n't Have To Be Me ( ' til Monday ) '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Steve Azar <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Waitin ' on Joe B - side `` You Do n't Know How It Feels '' Released October 1 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 01 ) Format CD Single Genre Country Length 3 : 16 Label Mercury Nashville Songwriter ( s ) R.C. Bannon Jason Young Steve Azar Producer ( s ) Rafe VanHoy <Th_colspan="2"> Steve Azar singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Nights Like This '' ( 1996 ) `` I Do n't Have To Be Me ( ' til Monday ) '' ( 2001 ) `` Waitin ' on Joe '' ( 2002 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Nights Like This '' ( 1996 ) `` I Do n't Have To Be Me ( ' til Monday ) '' ( 2001 ) `` Waitin ' on Joe '' ( 2002 ) `` I Do n't Have To Be Me ( ' til Monday ) '' is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Steve Azar . It was released in October 2001 as the lead - off single from his album Waitin ' on Joe . The song peaked at number 2 on the US Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart , becoming Azar 's highest - peaking single . Azar wrote this song with R.C. Bannon and Jason Young . It also peaked at number 35 on the Billboard Hot 100 , making it his first and only Hot 100 entry , as well as his most successful single to date . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Critical reception 3 Chart performance 3.1 Year - end charts 4 References 5 External links Content ( edit ) In the song , the male narrator decides to call in sick on Friday so that he can have a three - day weekend . Critical reception ( edit ) Rick Cohoon of Allmusic gave the song a positive review , calling it `` the lyrical embodiment of every working person 's fantasy '' and `` original , recognizable and conducive to toe tapping . '' Chart performance ( edit ) `` I Do n't Have to Be Me ( ' til Monday ) '' debuted at number 57 on the US Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the chart week of October 6 , 2001 . `` I Do n't Have to Be Me '' spent forty - four weeks on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( now Hot Country Songs ) charts , peaking at number 2 in mid-2002 . It was his first charting single since `` I Never Stopped Lovin ' You '' in 1996 . Chart ( 2001 - 2002 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 35 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Position US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 7 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 . Record Research , Inc. p. 244 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Cohoon , Rick . `` '' I Do n't Have to Be Me ( ' til Monday ) '' review `` . Allmusic . Retrieved 25 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Azar Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Steve Azar Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2002 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2002 . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Steve Azar Studio albums Heartbreak Town Waitin ' on Joe Indianola Slide On Over Here Notable singles `` I Do n't Have to Be Me ( ' til Monday ) '' `` Waitin ' on Joe '' `` Moo La Moo '' `` Sunshine ( Everybody Needs a Little ) '' Related articles A.J. Masters This 2000s country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Don%27t_Have_to_Be_Me_(%27til_Monday)&oldid=733952638 '' Categories : 2001 singles Steve Azar songs Songs written by R.C. Bannon Mercury Nashville singles 2001 songs 2000s country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 August 2016 , at 04 : 52 . About Wikipedia
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1. "I Don't Have to Be Me ('til Monday)"
2. Steve Azar
3. Country music
4. Billboard charts
5. Three-day weekend
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when was the first aboriginal dot art made
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Indigenous Australian art - Wikipedia Indigenous Australian art Bradshaw rock paintings found in the north - west Kimberley region of Western Australia Aboriginal pictographs known as Wandjina in the Wunnumurra Gorge , Barnett River , Kimberley , Western Australia Indigenous Australian art or Australian Aboriginal art is art made by the Indigenous peoples of Australia and in collaborations between Indigenous Australians and others . It includes works in a wide range of media including painting on leaves , wood carving , rock carving , sculpting , ceremonial clothing and sand painting . This article discusses works that pre-date European colonisation as well as contemporary Indigenous Australian art by Aboriginal Australians . These have been studied in recent years and have gained much international recognition . Contents 1 Traditional Indigenous art 1.1 Rock painting 1.2 Rock engravings 1.3 Papunya art 1.4 Stone arrangements 1.5 Wood carvings ( Punu ) 1.6 Weaving and string - art 2 Symbols 2.1 Religious and cultural aspects of Aboriginal art 2.2 Graffiti and other destructive influences 3 Contemporary Indigenous art 3.1 Modern Aboriginal artists 3.2 Papunya Tula and `` dot painting '' 3.3 Issues 3.4 Aboriginal art movements and cooperatives 3.5 Awards 4 Traditional cultural expressions 5 Aboriginal art in international museums 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Traditional Indigenous art ( edit ) There are several types of aboriginal art , and methods of making art , including rock painting , dot painting , rock engravings , bark painting , carvings , sculptures , and weaving and string art . A variety of colours are used , except for red , which symbolizes blood and is only used in other types of painting . Rock painting ( edit ) Aboriginal rock painting at Namadgi National Park featuring a kangaroo , dingoes , emus , humans and an echidna or turtle This photo shows the painting of Baiame made by an unknown Wiradjuri artist in `` Baiame 's cave '' , near Singleton , NSW . Notice the length of his arms which extend to the two trees either side . Indigenous art includes a range of styles of rock painting : The cross-hatch and X-ray art from the Arnhem Land and Kakadu regions of the Northern Territory , in which the skeletons and viscera of the animals and humans portrayed are drawn inside the outline , as if by cross section . Dot - painting from the Central and Western Deserts through which intricate patterns , totems and stories are created using dots . Stencil art , particularly using the motif of a hand print . Australian Indigenous art is the oldest unbroken tradition of art in the world . The oldest firmly dated rock art painting in Australia is a charcoal drawing on a rock fragment found during the excavation of the Narwala Gabarnmang rock shelter in south - western Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory . Dated at 28,000 years , it is one of the oldest known pieces of rock art on Earth with a confirmed date . Rock art , including painting and engraving or carving , can be found at sites throughout Australia . Rock paintings appear on caves in the Kimberley region of Western Australia known as Bradshaws . They are named after the European , Joseph Bradshaw , who first reported them in 1891 . To Aboriginal people of the region they are known as Gwion Gwion or Giro Giro . Other painted rock art sites include Laura , Queensland , Ubirr , in the Kakadu National Park , Uluru , and Carnarvon Gorge . Aboriginal rock art has been around for a long period of time , with the oldest examples , in Western Australia 's Pilbara region and the Olary district of South Australia , estimated to be up to around 40,000 years old . Examples have been found that are believed to depict extinct megafauna such as Genyornis and Thylacoleo as well as more recent historical events such as the arrival of European ships . Rock engravings ( edit ) Rock engraving depends on the type of rock being used . Many different methods are used to create rock engravings . There are several different types of Rock art across Australia , the most famous of which is Murujuga in Western Australia , the Sydney rock engravings around Sydney in New South Wales , and the Panaramitee rock art in Central Australia . The Toowoomba engravings , depicting carved animals and humans , have their own peculiar style not found elsewhere in Australia . The rock art at Murujuga is said to be the world 's largest collection of petroglyphs and includes images of extinct animals such as the thylacine . Activity prior to the last ice age until colonisation is recorded . Papunya art ( edit ) Papunya art consists of various paint colours like yellow ( representing the sun ) , brown ( the soil ) , red ( desert sand ) and white ( the clouds and the sky ) . These are traditional Aboriginal colours . Papunya paintings can be painted on anything though traditionally they were painted on rocks , in caves , etc . The paintings were mostly images of animals or lakes , and the Dreamtime . Stories and legends were depicted on caves and rocks to represent the artists ' religion and beliefs . On modern artwork , dots are generally applied with bamboo satay sticks . The larger flat end of bamboo satay sticks are more commonly used for single application of dots to paintings , but the sharp pointier end is used to create fine dots . To create superimposed dotting , artists may take a bunch of satay sticks , dip the pointy ends into the paint and then transfer them onto the canvas in quick successions of dotting . Stone arrangements ( edit ) Stone arrangements in Australia range from the 50m - diameter circles of Victoria , with 1m - high stones firmly embedded in the ground , to the smaller stone arrangements found throughout Australia , such as those near Yirrkala which depict accurate images of the praus used by Macassan Trepang fishermen and spear throwers . See Aboriginal stone arrangements for more details . Wood carvings ( punu ) ( edit ) Wood carving has always been an essential part of aboriginal culture , requiring wood , sharp stone to carve , wire and fire . The wire and fire were used to create patterns on the object by heating the wire with the fire and placing it on the stone carving . Often , these wood carvings , shaped like animals , were traded to Europeans for goods . The reason aboriginal people made wood carvings was to represent the stories they tell to help tell the stories . They were also used in ceremonies where they joined together , sung , laughed and enjoyed themselves . Weaving and string - art ( edit ) Basket weaving -- see Australian Aboriginal fibrecraft Necklaces and other jewellery , such as those from the Tasmanian Aborigines Ochre Pits in central Australia where a variety of clay earth pigments were obtained Symbols ( edit ) Certain symbols within the Aboriginal modern art movement retain the same meaning across regions although the meaning of the symbols may change within the context of a painting . When viewed in monochrome other symbols can look similar , such as the circles within circles , sometimes depicted on their own , sparsely , or in clustered groups . Depending upon the tribe of which the artist is a member , symbols such as campfire , tree , hill , digging hole , waterhole , or spring can vary in meaning . Use of the symbol can be clarified further by the use of colour , such as water being depicted in blue or black . Many paintings by Aboriginal artists , such as those that represent a `` dreamtime story '' , are shown from an aerial perspective . The narrative follows the lie of the land , as created by ancestral beings in their journey or during creation . The modern day rendition is a reinterpretation of songs , ceremonies , rock art and body art that was the norm for many thousands of years . Whatever the meaning , interpretations of the symbols should be made in context of the entire painting , the region from which the artist originates , the story behind the painting , and the style of the painting , with additional clues being the colours used in some of the more modern works , such as blue circles signifying water. ( Source : Aboriginal Symbols - Indigenous Australia ) Religious and cultural aspects of Aboriginal art ( edit ) Aboriginal art at Uluru Aboriginal art showing Barramundi fish Traditional Indigenous Australian art almost always has a mythological undertone relating to the Dreamtime of Indigenous Australian artists . Wenten Rubuntja , an Indigenous landscape artist , says it is hard to find any art that is devoid of spiritual meaning : Does n't matter what sort of painting we do in this country , it still belongs to the people , all the people . This is worship , work , culture . It 's all Dreaming . There are two ways of painting . Both ways are important , because that 's culture . -- source The Weekend Australian Magazine , April 2002 Story - telling and totem representation feature prominently in all forms of Aboriginal artwork . Additionally , the female form , particularly the female womb in X-ray style , features prominently in some famous sites in Arnhem Land . Graffiti and other destructive influences ( edit ) Many culturally significant sites of Aboriginal rock paintings have been gradually desecrated and destroyed by encroachment of early settlers and modern - day visitors . This includes the destruction of art by clearing and construction work , erosion caused by excessive touching of sites , and graffiti . Many sites now belonging to National Parks have to be strictly monitored by rangers , or closed off to the public permanently . Contemporary Indigenous art ( edit ) Main article : Contemporary Indigenous Australian art Modern Aboriginal artists ( edit ) Picture of Albert Namatjira at the Albert Namatjira Gallery , Alice Springs Cultural Precinct , in 2007 Rainbow serpent by John Mawurndjul , 1991 In 1934 Australian painter Rex Batterbee taught Aboriginal artist Albert Namatjira western style watercolour landscape painting , along with other Aboriginal artists at the Hermannsburg mission in the Northern Territory . It became a popular style , known as the Hermannsburg School , and sold out when the paintings were exhibited in Melbourne , Adelaide and other Australian cities . Namatjira became the first Aboriginal Australian citizen , as a result of his fame and popularity with these watercolour paintings . In 1966 , one of David Malangi 's designs was produced on the Australian one dollar note , originally without his knowledge . The subsequent payment to him by the Reserve Bank marked the first case of Aboriginal copyright in Australian copyright law . In 1988 the Aboriginal Memorial was unveiled at the National Gallery of Australia in Canberra made from 200 hollow log coffins , which are similar to the type used for mortuary ceremonies in Arnhem Land . It was made for the bicentenary of Australia 's colonisation , and is in remembrance of Aboriginal people who had died protecting their land during conflict with settlers . It was created by 43 artists from Ramingining and communities nearby . The path running through the middle of it represents the Glyde River . In that same year , the new Parliament House in Canberra opened with a forecourt featuring a design by Michael Nelson Tjakamarra , laid as a mosaic . The late Rover Thomas is another well known modern Australian Aboriginal artist . Born in Western Australia , he represented Australia in the Venice Biennale of 1990 . He knew and encouraged other now well - known artists to paint , including Queenie McKenzie from the East Kimberley / Warmun region , as well as having a strong influence on the works of Paddy Bedford and Freddy Timms . In the late 1980s and early 1990s the work of Emily Kngwarreye , from the Utopia community north east of Alice Springs , became very popular . Although she had been involved in craftwork for most of her life , it was only when she was in her 80s that she was recognised as a painter . Her works include Earth 's Creation . Her styles , which changed every year , have been seen as a mixture of traditional Aboriginal and contemporary Australian . Her rise in popularity has prefigured that of many Indigenous artists from central , northern and western Australia , such as Kngwarreye 's niece Kathleen Petyarre , Minnie Pwerle , Dorothy Napangardi , Lena Pwerle , Angelina Ngale ( Pwerle ) and dozens of others , all of whose works have become highly sought - after . The popularity of these often elderly artists , and the resulting pressure placed upon them and their health , has become such an issue that some art centres have stopped selling these artists ' paintings online , instead placing prospective clients on a waiting list for work . Current artists in vogue include Jacinta Hayes , popular for her iconic representation of `` Bush Medicine Leaves '' and `` Honey Ants '' , Rex Sultan ( who studied with Albert Namatjira ) , Trephina Sultan and Reggie Sultan , Bessie Pitjara and Joyce Nakamara , amongst others . Despite concerns about supply and demand for paintings , the remoteness of many of the artists , and the poverty and health issues experienced in the communities , there are widespread estimates of an industry worth close to half a billion Australian dollars each year , and growing rapidly . Papunya Tula and `` dot painting '' ( edit ) Main article : Papunya Tula In 1971 -- 1972 , art teacher Geoffrey Bardon encouraged Aboriginal people in Papunya , north west of Alice Springs to put their Dreamings onto canvas . These stories had previously been drawn on the desert sand , and were now given a more permanent form . The dots were used to cover secret - sacred ceremonies . Originally , the Tula artists succeeded in forming their own company with an Aboriginal Name , Papunya Tula Artists Pty Ltd , however a time of disillusionment followed as artists were criticised by their peers for having revealed too much of their sacred heritage . Secret designs restricted to a ritual context were now in the market place , made visible to Australian Aboriginal painting . Much of the Aboriginal art on display in tourist shops traces back to this style developed at Papunya . The most famous of the artists to come from this movement was Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri . Also from this movement is Johnny Warangkula , whose Water Dreaming at Kalipinya twice sold at a record price , the second time being $486,500 in 2000 . The Papunya Collection at the National Museum of Australia contains over 200 artifacts and paintings , including examples of 1970 's dot paintings . Issues ( edit ) Albert Namatjira refuelling for a trip to Alice Springs , around 1948 There have been cases of some exploitative dealers ( known as carpetbaggers ) that have sought to profit from the success of the Aboriginal art movements . Since Geoffrey Bardon 's time and in the early years of the Papunya movement , there has been concerns about the exploitation of the largely illiterate and non-English speaking artists . One of the main reasons the Yuendumu movement was established , and later flourished , was due to the feeling of exploitation amongst artists : `` Many of the artists who played crucial roles in the founding of the art centre were aware of the increasing interest in Aboriginal art during the 1970s and had watched with concern and curiosity the developments of the art movement at Papunya amongst people to whom they were closely related . There was also a growing private market for Aboriginal art in Alice Springs . Artists ' experiences of the private market were marked by feelings of frustration and a sense of disempowerment when buyers refused to pay prices which reflected the value of the Jukurrpa or showed little interest in understanding the story . The establishment of Warlukurlangu was one way of ensuring the artists had some control over the purchase and distribution of their paintings . '' Other cases of exploitation include : painting for a lemon ( car ) : `` Artists have come to me and pulled out photos of cars with mobile phone numbers on the back . They 're asked to paint 10 - 15 canvasses in exchange for a car . When the ' Toyotas ' materialise , they often arrive with a flat tyre , no spares , no jack , no fuel . '' ( Coslovich 2003 ) preying on a sick artist : `` Even coming to town for medical treatment , such as dialysis , can make an artist easy prey for dealers wanting to make a quick profit who congregate in Alice Springs '' ( op. cit . ) pursuing a famous artist : `` The late ( great ) Emily Kngwarreye ... was relentlessly pursued by carpetbaggers towards the end of her career and produced a large but inconsistent body of work . '' According to Sotheby 's `` We take about one in every 20 paintings of hers , and with those we look for provenance we can be 100 % sure of . '' ( op. cit . ) In March 2006 , the ABC reported art fraud had hit the Western Australian Aboriginal Art movements . Allegations were made of sweatshop - like conditions , fake works by English backpackers , overpricing and artists posing for photographs for artwork that was not theirs . A detective on the case said : `` People are clearly taking advantage ... Especially the elderly people . I mean , these are people that , they 're not educated ; they have n't had a lot of contact with white people . They 've got no real basic understanding , you know , of the law and even business law . Obviously they 've got no real business sense . A dollar does n't really have much of a meaning to them , and I think to treat anybody like that is just ... it 's just not on in this country . '' In August 2006 , following concerns raised about unethical practices in the Indigenous art sector , the Australian Senate initiated an inquiry into issues in the sector . It heard from the Northern Territory Art Minister , Marion Scrymgour , that backpackers were often the artists of Aboriginal art being sold in tourist shops around Australia : `` The material they call Aboriginal art is almost exclusively the work of fakers , forgers and fraudsters . Their work hides behind false descriptions and dubious designs . The overwhelming majority of the ones you see in shops throughout the country , not to mention Darling , are fakes , pure and simple . There is some anecdotal evidence here in Darwin at least , they have been painted by backpackers working on industrial scale wood production . '' The inquiry 's final report made recommendations for changed funding and governance of the sector , including a code of practice . Aboriginal art movements and cooperatives ( edit ) Main article : List of Australian Indigenous art movements and cooperatives Australian Indigenous art movements and cooperatives have been central to the emergence of Indigenous Australian art . Whereas many western artists pursue formal training and work as individuals , most contemporary Indigenous art is created in community groups and art centres . Many of the centres operate online art galleries where local and international visitors can purchase works directly from the communities without the need of going through an intermediary . The cooperatives reflect the diversity of art across Indigenous Australia from the north west region where ochre is significantly used ; to the tropical north where the use of cross-hatching prevails ; to the Papunya style of art from the central desert cooperatives . Art is increasingly becoming a significant source of income and livelihood for some of these communities . Awards ( edit ) US President George W. Bush examines a Yirrkala Bark Painting at the Australian National Maritime Museum , 2007 . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2013 ) The winners of the West Australian Indigenous Arts Awards were announced on 22 August 2013 . From over 137 nominations from throughout Australia , Churchill Cann won the Best West Australian Piece ( A $10,000 ) and North Queensland artist Brian Robinson won the Best Overall prize ( A $50,000 ) . Traditional cultural expressions ( edit ) The phrase `` traditional cultural expressions '' is used by the World Intellectual Property Organization to refer to `` any form of artistic and literary expression in which traditional culture and knowledge are embodied . They are transmitted from one generation to the next , and include handmade textiles , paintings , stories , legends , ceremonies , music , songs , rhythms and dance . '' Aboriginal art in international museums ( edit ) The Museum for Australian Aboriginal art `` La grange '' ( at Neuchâtel , Switzerland ) is one of the few museums in Europe that dedicates itself entirely to this kind of art . During seasonal exhibitions , works of art by internationally renowned artists are being shown . Also , the Musée du Quai Branly , Paris , has an `` Oceania '' collection , which includes works by Australian Aboriginal artists Lena Nyadbi , Paddy Nyunkuny Bedford , Judy Watson , Gulumbu Yunupingu , John Mawurndjul , Tommy Watson , Ningura Napurrula and Michael Riley . Two museums that solely exhibit Australian Aboriginal art are the Museum of Contemporary Aboriginal Art ( AMU ) , in Utrecht , The Netherlands and the Kluge - Ruhe Aboriginal Art Collection of the University of Virginia . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Australian Aboriginal art . Art of Australia List of Indigenous Australian visual artists List of Stone Age art Panaramitee Style References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Caruna , W. ( 2003 ) ' Aboriginal Art ' Thames and Hudson , London , iiii p. 7 Jump up ^ Doring , Jeff Gwion Gwion : Chemins Secrets Et Sacrés Des Ngarinyin , Aborigènes D'Australie ( Gwion Gwion : Secret and Sacred Pathways of the Ngarinyin Aboriginal People of Australia ) Könemann 2000 ISBN 9783829040600 p. 55 Jump up ^ Worms , Ernest Contemporary and prehistoric rock paintings in Central and Northern North Kimberley Anthropos Switzerland 1955 p. 555 Jump up ^ `` Rock Art Sites & Tours '' . Quinkan & Regional Cultural Centre . 2009 . Retrieved 29 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Department of Sustainability , Environment , Water , Population and Communities ( 2012 ) . `` Ubirr art site '' . Australian Government . Retrieved 29 August 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Department of Sustainability , Environment , Water , Population and Communities ( 2013 ) . `` Rock art sites '' . Australian Government . Retrieved 29 August 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Pre-history of Carnarvon Gorge '' . Australian Nature Guides . Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 . Retrieved 29 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Rock Art , Aboriginal Art Online , retrieved April 2008 . Jump up ^ Masters , Emma ( 31 May 2010 ) . `` Megafauna cave painting could be 40,000 years old '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 29 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Akerman , Kim ; Willing , Tim ( March 2009 ) . `` An ancient rock painting of a marsupial lion , Thylacoleo carnifex , from the Kimberley , Western Australia '' . Antiquity . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Middleton , Amy ; AAP ( 2 August 2013 ) . `` Aboriginal rock art may depict first sea arrivals '' . Australian Geographic . Archived from the original on 18 September 2013 . Retrieved 29 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Department of Environment and Conservation ( 6 February 2013 ) . `` Creation of Western Australia 's 100th National Park - Murujuga National Park '' . Government of Western Australia . Archived from the original on 21 April 2013 . Retrieved 29 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fine Dot Paintings '' . Utopia Lane Art . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Team AusEmade ( 2008 - 09 - 28 ) . `` Aboriginal Symbols '' . Ausemade.com.au . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Caruana , Wally ( 2003 ) . Aboriginal Art ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Thames & Hudson . p. 226 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 20366 - 8 . Jump up ^ Warlayirti Artists , ' Supply and Demand ' , http://www.balgoart.org.au/art_centre/mainframe.htm , retrieved July 2007 Jump up ^ Nazvanov , DR Greg . The Australian Aboriginal Art Investment Handbook , 2010. ISBN 1445776073 Jump up ^ Senate Standing Committee on the Environment , Communications , Information Technology and the Arts ( 2007 ) , Indigenous Art : Securing the Future - Australia 's Indigenous visual arts and craft sector , Canberra : The Senate Jump up ^ `` Papunya Tula Artists '' . Papunyatula.com.au . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Papunya Collection , National Museum of Australia . Retrieved 19 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Warlukurlangu Artists '' . warlu.com . Archived from the original on 2005 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Call for ACCC to investigate Aboriginal Art industry , ABC PM , 15 March . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Sydney Morning Herald ( 2007 ) Backpackers fake Aboriginal art , Senate told Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Wright , Felicity and Morphy , Frances 1999 - 2000 . The Art & Craft Centre Story . Canberra : ATSIC ( 3 vols ) . Jump up ^ Craig Quartermaine ( 23 August 2013 ) . `` Winner of the West Australian Indigenous Art prize announced '' . SBS World News Australia . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Zuckermann , Ghil'ad ; et al. ( 2015 ) , ENGAGING - A Guide to Interacting Respectfully and Reciprocally with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People , and their Arts Practices and Intellectual Property ( PDF ) , Australian Government : Indigenous Culture Support , p. 7 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 March 2016 CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ `` musée du quai Branly : Oceania '' . Quaibranly.fr . Archived from the original on 6 March 2014 . Retrieved 16 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Musée du Quai Branly Australian Aboriginal Art Museum at the Aboriginal Art Directory . View information about Musée du Quai Branly '' . Aboriginalartdirectory.com. 2010 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . AAMU . AAMU . August 2013 . Archived from the original on 9 September 2013 . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Kluge - Ruhe Aboriginal Art Collection '' . Campaign for the Arts at the University of Virginia . Rector & Visitors , U.Va . August 2013 . Archived from the original on 28 August 2013 . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Bardon , G. ( 1979 ) Aboriginal Art of the Western Desert , Adelaide : Rigby Bardon , G. ( 1991 ) Papunya Tula : Art of the Western Desert , Ringwood VIC : McPhee Gribble ( Penguin ) Bardon , G. ( 2005 ) Papunya , A Place Made After the Story : The Beginnings of the Western Desert Painting Movement , University of Melbourne : Miegunyah Press Donaldson , Mike , Burrup Rock Art : Ancient Aboriginal Rock Art of Burrup Peninsula and Dampier Archipelago , Fremantle Arts Press , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9805890 - 1 - 6 Flood , J. ( 1997 ) Rock Art of the Dreamtime : Images of Ancient Australia , Sydney : Angus & Robertson Johnson , V. ( ed ) ( 2007 ) Papunya painting : out of the desert , Canberra : National Museum of Australia Kleinert , S. & Neale , M. ( eds . ) ( 2000 ) The Oxford Companion to Aboriginal Art and Culture , Melbourne : Oxford University Press McCulloch , S. ( 1999 ) Contemporary Aboriginal Art : A guide to the rebirth of an ancient culture , St Leonards ( Sydney ) : Allen & Unwin , McIvor , Roy ( 2010 ) . Cockatoo : My Life in Cape York . Stories and Art . Roy McIvor . Magabala Books . Broome , Western Australia . ISBN 978 - 1 - 921248 - 22 - 1 . Morphy , H. ( 1991 ) Ancestral Connections , London : University of Chicago Press Morphy , H. ( 1998 ) Aboriginal Art , London : Phaidon Press Myers , F.R. ( 2002 ) Painting Culture : The making of an Aboriginal High Art , Durham : Duke University Press Rothwell , N. ( 2007 ) Another Country , Melbourne : Black Inc . Ryan , M.D. and Keane , M. and Cunningham , S. ( 2008 ) Indigenous Art : Local Dreamings , Global Consumption , in Anheier , Helmut and Raj Isar , Yudhishthir , Eds . Cultures and Globalization : The Cultural Economy , London : Sage Publications , pp. 284 -- 291 Senate Standing Committee on the Environment , Communications , Information Technology and the Arts ( 2007 ) , Indigenous Art : Securing the Future - Australia 's Indigenous visual arts and craft sector , Canberra : The Senate Wright , F. ( with Morphy , F. and Desart Inc . ) ( 1999 -- 2000 ) The Art and Craft Centre Story ( 3 vols ) , Woden : Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Australian Aboriginal art . Library resources about Indigenous Australian art Resources in your library Indigenous Art Code , the industry code set up to promote integrity , transparency and accountability in dealing with Indigenous art Aboriginal Art Directory , a comprehensive list of art centres , museums , galleries , along with Aboriginal art news and reviews Arts Law Centre of Australia - Indigenous art legal issues Association of Northern , Kimberley and Arnhem Aboriginal Artists Australian Indigenous Art Trade Association National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award Culture Victoria -- images and videos related to traditional art and artefacts Australian Art Collector magazine 's Guide to Indigenous Art Centres Lockhart River Art Remembering Forward . Australian Aboriginal Painting since 1960 at Museum Ludwig , Cologne , Germany Discussion on Country , memory and art : Understanding Indigenous art , Howard Morphy , John Carty and Dr Michael Pickering , National Museum of Australia , Audio on demand , 8 December 2010 Papunya Painting : Out of the Desert , National Museum of Australia online exhibition Aboriginal art project in Musée du Quai Branly in Paris Aboriginal Art Museum of Utrech <Th_colspan="2"> Australian art awards <Td_colspan="2"> Archibald Bald Archy Blake Bowness Clemenger Conrad Jupiters Dobell Doug Moran Fleurieu Fremantle Print Award Glover Gold Coast Art Prize Helen Lempriere McCaughey Mandorla Mosman NATSIA National New Media Art Award National Works on Paper Portia Geach Phoenix Prize for Spiritual Art Photographic portrait Salon des Refusés Schubert Ulrick Sculpture by the Sea Sulman Wynne Young Archies <Th_colspan="2"> Prehistoric technology <Td_colspan="2"> Prehistory timeline outline Stone Age subdivisions New Stone Age Technology history <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Tools <Td_colspan="2"> Farming Neolithic Revolution founder crops New World crops Ard / plough Celt Digging stick Domestication Goad Irrigation Secondary products Sickle Terracing Food processing Fire Basket Cooking Earth oven Granaries Grinding slab Ground stone Hearth Aşıklı Höyük Qesem Cave Manos Metate Mortar and pestle Pottery Quern - stone Storage pit Hunting <Td_colspan="2"> Arrow Boomerang throwing stick Bow and arrow history Nets Spear Spear - thrower baton harpoon woomera Schöningen Spears Projectile points Arrowhead Bare Island Cascade Clovis Cresswell Cumberland Eden Folsom Lamoka Manis Site Plano Transverse arrowhead Systems Game drive system Buffalo jump Toolmaking Earliest toolmaking Oldowan Acheulean Mousterian Clovis culture Cupstone Fire hardening Gravettian culture Hafting Hand axe Grooves Langdale axe industry Levallois technique Lithic core Lithic reduction analysis debitage flake Lithic technology Magdalenian culture Metallurgy Microblade technology Mining Prepared - core technique Solutrean industry Striking platform Tool stone Uniface Yubetsu technique Other tools Adze Awl bone Axe Bannerstone Blade prismatic Bone tool Bow drill Burin Canoe Oar Pesse canoe Chopper tool Cleaver Denticulate tool Fire plough Fire - saw Hammerstone Knife Microlith Quern - stone Racloir Rope Scraper side Stone tool Tally stick Weapons Wheel illustration <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Architecture <Td_colspan="2"> Ceremonial Göbekli Tepe Kiva Standing stones megalith row Stonehenge Pyramid Dwellings Neolithic architecture British megalith architecture Nordic megalith architecture Burdei Cave Cliff dwelling Dugout Hut Quiggly hole Jacal Longhouse Mud brick Mehrgarh Neolithic long house Pit - house Pueblitos Pueblo Rock shelter Blombos Cave Abri de la Madeleine Sibudu Cave Stone roof Roundhouse Stilt house Alp pile dwellings Wattle and daub Water management Check dam Cistern Flush toilet Reservoir Water well Other architecture Archaeological features Broch Burnt mound fulacht fiadh Causewayed enclosure Tor enclosure Circular enclosure Goseck Cursus Henge Thornborough Oldest buildings Megalithic architectural elements Midden Timber circle Timber trackway Sweet Track <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Arts and culture <Td_colspan="2"> Material goods Baskets Beadwork Beds Chalcolithic Clothing / textiles timeline Cosmetics Glue Hides shoes Ötzi Jewelry amber use Mirrors Pottery Cardium Grooved ware Linear Jōmon Unstan ware Sewing needle Weaving Wine Winery wine press Prehist Art Art of the Upper Paleolithic Art of the Middle Paleolithic Blombos Cave List of Stone Age art Bird stone Bradshaw rock paintings Cairn Carved Stone Balls Cave paintings painting pigment Cup and ring mark Geoglyph Golden hats Guardian stones Megalithic art Petroform Petroglyph Petrosomatoglyph Pictogram Rock art Stone carving Sculpture Statue menhir Stone circle list British Isles and Brittany Venus figurines Burial Burial mounds Bowl barrow Round barrow Mound Builders culture U.S. sites Chamber tomb Severn - Cotswold Cist Dartmoor kistvaens Clava cairn Court tomb Cremation Dolmen Great dolmen Funeral pyre Gallery grave transepted wedge - shaped Grave goods Jar burial Long barrow unchambered Grønsalen Megalithic tomb Mummy Passage grave Rectangular dolmen Ring cairn Simple dolmen Stone box grave Tor cairn Tumulus Unchambered long cairn Other cultural Astronomy sites lunar calendar Behavioral modernity Origin of language trepanning Prehistoric medicine Evolutionary musicology music archaeology Prehistoric music Alligator drum flutes Divje Babe flute gudi Prehistoric numerals Origin of religion Paleolithic religion Prehistoric religion Spiritual drug use Prehistoric warfare Symbols symbolism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_Australian_art&oldid=852899908 '' Categories : Australian Aboriginal art Folk art Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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1. Indigenous Australian art
2. Rock painting
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4. Papunya art
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phase locked loop capture range and lock range
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Phase - locked loop ranges - wikipedia Phase - locked loop ranges Jump to : navigation , search The terms hold - in range , pull - in range ( acquisition range ) , and lock - in range are widely used by engineers for the concepts of frequency deviation ranges within which phase - locked loop - based circuits can achieve lock under various additional conditions . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Definitions 2.1 Locked state 2.2 Hold - in range 2.3 Pull - in range 2.4 Lock - in range 3 References History ( edit ) In the classic books on phase - locked loops , published in 1966 , such concepts as hold - in , pull - in , lock - in , and other frequency ranges for which PLL can achieve lock , were introduced . They are widely used nowadays ( see , e.g. contemporary engineering literature and other publications ) . Usually in engineering literature only non-strict definitions are given for these concepts . F. Gardner in 1979 in the 2nd edition of his well - known work , Phaselock Techniques , formulated the following problem ( p. 70 ) ( see also the 3rd edition ( p. 187 - 188 ) ) : `` There is no natural way to define exactly any unique lock - in frequency '' . The lack of rigorous explanations led to the paradox : `` despite its vague reality , lock - in range is a useful concept '' ( p. 70 ) . Many years of using definitions based on the above concepts has led to the advice given in a handbook on synchronization and communications , namely to check the definitions carefully before using them . First rigorous mathematical definitions were given in . Definitions ( edit ) θ Δ ( t ) = θ r e f ( t ) − θ v c o ( t ) ( \ displaystyle \ theta _ ( \ Delta ) ( t ) = \ theta _ ( ref ) ( t ) - \ theta _ ( vco ) ( t ) ) phase difference between input ( reference ) signal and local oscillator ( VCO , NCO ) signal . θ Δ ( 0 ) ( \ displaystyle \ theta _ ( \ Delta ) ( 0 ) ) initial phase difference between input signal and VCO signal . ω Δ ( t ) = θ _̇ r e f ( t ) − θ _̇ v c o ( t ) ( \ displaystyle \ omega _ ( \ Delta ) ( t ) = ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) _ ( ref ) ( t ) - ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) _ ( vco ) ( t ) ) frequency difference between input signal frequency and VCO signal . ω Δ f r e e = ω r e f − ω v c o f r e e ( \ displaystyle \ omega _ ( \ Delta ) ^ ( free ) = \ omega _ ( ref ) - \ omega _ ( vco ) ^ ( free ) ) frequency difference between input signal frequency and VCO free running frequency . Note that in general ω Δ f r e e ≠ ω Δ ( 0 ) ( \ displaystyle \ omega _ ( \ Delta ) ^ ( free ) \ neq \ omega _ ( \ Delta ) ( 0 ) ) , because ω Δ ( 0 ) ( \ displaystyle \ omega _ ( \ Delta ) ( 0 ) ) also depends on initial input of VCO . Locked state ( edit ) Definition of locked state In a locked state : 1 ) the phase error fluctuations are small , the frequency error is small ; 2 ) PLL approaches the same locked state after small perturbations of the phases and filter state . Hold - in range ( edit ) Hold - in range . Free - running frequency of VCO is fixed and input signal frequency is slowly - changing . While ω ref is inside hold - in range , VCO frequency is in tune with it , which is called tracking . Outside hold - in range VCO may unlock from input signal . Definition of hold - in range . A largest interval of frequency deviations 0 ≤ ω Δ f r e e ≤ ω h ( \ displaystyle 0 \ leq \ omega _ ( \ Delta ) ^ ( free ) \ leq \ omega _ ( h ) ) for which a locked state exists is called a hold - in range , and ω h ( \ displaystyle \ omega _ ( h ) ) is called hold - in frequency . Value of frequency deviation belongs to the hold - in range if the loop re-achieves locked state after small perturbations of the filter 's state , the phases and frequencies of VCO and the input signals . This effect is also called steady - state stability . In addition , for a frequency deviation within the hold - in range , after a small changes in input frequency loop re-achieves a new locked state ( tracking process ) . Pull - in range ( edit ) Also called acquisition range , capture range . Assume that the loop power supply is initially switched off and then at t = 0 ( \ displaystyle t = 0 ) the power is switched on , and assume that the initial frequency difference is sufficiently large . The loop may not lock within one beat note , but the VCO frequency will be slowly tuned toward the reference frequency ( acquisition process ) . This effect is also called a transient stability . The pull - in range is used to name such frequency deviations that make the acquisition process possible ( see , e.g. explanations in ( , p. 40 ) , ( , p. 61 ) ) . Definition of pull - in range . Pull - in range is a largest interval of frequency deviations 0 ≤ ω Δ f r e e ≤ ω p ( \ displaystyle 0 \ leq \ omega _ ( \ Delta ) ^ ( free ) \ leq \ omega _ ( p ) ) such that PLL acquires lock for arbitrary initial phase , initial frequency , and filter state . Here ω p ( \ displaystyle \ omega _ ( p ) ) is called pull - in frequency . Lock - in range ( edit ) Assume that PLL is initially locked . Then the reference frequency ω 1 ( \ displaystyle \ omega _ ( 1 ) ) is suddenly changed in an abrupt manner ( step change ) . Pull - in range guarantees that PLL will eventually synchronize , however this process may take a long time . Such long acquisition process is called cycle slipping . If difference between initial and final phase deviation is larger than 2 π ( \ displaystyle 2 \ pi ) , we say that cycle slipping takes place . ∃ t > T l o c k : θ Δ ( 0 ) − θ Δ ( t ) ≥ 2 π . ( \ displaystyle \ exists t > T_ ( lock ) : \ theta _ ( \ Delta ) ( 0 ) - \ theta _ ( \ Delta ) ( t ) \ geq 2 \ pi . ) Here , sometimes , the limit of the difference or the maximum of the difference is considered Definition of lock - in range . If the loop is in a locked state , then after an abrupt change of ω Δ f r e e ( \ displaystyle \ omega _ ( \ Delta ) ^ ( free ) ) free within a lock - in range ω Δ f r e e ≤ ω l ( \ displaystyle \ omega _ ( \ Delta ) ^ ( free ) \ leq \ omega _ ( l ) ) , the PLL acquires lock without cycle slipping . Here ω l ( \ displaystyle \ omega _ ( l ) ) is called lock - in frequency . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : F. Gardner ( 1966 ) . Phase - lock techniques . New York : John Wiley & Sons . Jump up ^ A. Viterbi ( 1966 ) . Principles of coherent communications . New York : McGraw - Hill . ^ Jump up to : F. Gardner ( 2005 ) . Phase - lock techniques , 3rd ed . Wiley . ^ Jump up to : R. Best ( 2007 ) . Phase - Lock Loops : Design , Simulation and Application , 6th ed . McGraw - Hill . ^ Jump up to : Gardner , Floyd ( 1979 ) . Phase - lock techniques , 2nd ed . New York : John Wiley & Sons . Jump up ^ M. Kihara ; S. Ono & P. Eskelinen ( 2002 ) . Digital Clocks for Synchronization and Communications . Artech House . p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Leonov , G.A. ; Kuznetsov , N.V. ; Yuldashev , M.V. ; Yuldashev , R.V. `` Hold - in , pull - in , and lock - in ranges of PLL circuits : rigorous mathematical definitions and limitations of classical theory '' . Circuits and Systems I : Regular Papers , IEEE Transactions on . IEEE. 62 ( 10 ) : 2454 -- 2464 . arXiv : 1505.04262 . doi : 10.1109 / TCSI. 2015.2476295 . ^ Jump up to : Kuznetsov , N.V. ; Leonov , G.A. ; Yuldashev , M.V. ; Yuldashev , R.V. `` Rigorous mathematical definitions of the hold - in and pull - in ranges for phase - locked loops '' . IFAC - PapersOnLine. 48 ( 11 ) : 710 -- 713 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ifacol. 2015.09. 272 . Jump up ^ B. Razavi ( 1996 ) . Design of Monolithic Phase - Locked Loops and Clock Recovery Circuits - A Tutorial . IEEE Press . Jump up ^ J. Stensby ( 1997 ) . Phase - Locked Loops : Theory and Applications . Taylor & Francis . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phase-locked_loop_ranges&oldid=810538335 '' Categories : Oscillators Communication circuits Electronic design Radio electronics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 21 : 50 . About Wikipedia
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1. Phase-locked loop ranges
2. Hold-in range
3. Pull-in range
4. Lock-in range
5. Frequency deviation
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7,073,767,328,697,752,000 |
who plays the big orc in lord of the rings
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Lawrence Makoare - Wikipedia Lawrence Makoare Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Lawrence Makoare <Td_colspan="2"> Lawrence Makoare in 2003 ( 1968 - 11 - 20 ) 20 November 1968 ( age 49 ) Bastion Point , Auckland , New Zealand Residence New Zealand Occupation Actor Known for The Lord of the Rings The Hobbit Lawrence Makoare ( born 20 November 1968 ) is a New Zealand Māori actor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Filmography 3 References 4 External links Career ( edit ) Makoare was a road construction builder who drifted into acting after he accompanied a girlfriend to a drama class and was picked out by the teacher to perform because of his impressive height . He began his career performing as a stuntman . Makoare is probably best known for his roles in The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film trilogies . In The Fellowship of the Ring , he portrayed the Uruk - hai leader Lurtz , and in The Return of the King , he portrayed the Witch - king of Angmar as well as Gothmog , the Orc commander at the Battle of the Pelennor Fields . In The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug , he portrayed the Orc commander Bolg , son of Azog . Due to filming commitments on Marco Polo , Makoare was unavailable during the pick - ups shooting of The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies , in which Bolg is portrayed by John Tui instead . Makoare is also popular among Xena : Warrior Princess fans , having played two memorable characters in the third season : a Barbarian leader in episode `` The Quill Is Mightier ... '' ; and Maecanus ( a minion of Aphrodite ) in episode `` Fins , Femmes and Gems '' . In 2002 , he portrayed Mr. Kil in the James Bond film Die Another Day . The director of The Dead Lands , Toa Fraser , was not enthusiastic about using Makoare as the warrior , but was won over by the way he managed , after a few directing hints , to turn in a performance that made him weep . Makoare with a fan cosplaying as Lurtz , his character from The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Rapa Nui Atta 1999 What Becomes of the Broken Hearted ? Grunt Greenstone Rameka TV Series 2000 The Feathers of Peace Pemako The Price of Milk Nephew Crooked Earth Kahu Bastion The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring Lurtz 2002 The Maori Merchant of Venice Pirihina o Morako ( The Prince of Morocco ) Die Another Day Mr Kil 2003 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Witch - King of Angmar / Gothmog 2007 The Ferryman Snake 2012 L'oncle Charles Ratu Fundamental J.T. 2013 The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug Bolg 2014 Marco Polo Za Bing TV Series The Dead Lands The Warrior References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stephen Dowling , ' Taking a break with a Rings monster , ' BBC News 17 September 2003 Jump up ^ Steohen Saito , ' Interview : Toa Fraser on Bringing His Life to `` The Dead Lands '' , ' The Moveable Fest 11 December 2014 . External links ( edit ) Lawrence Makoare on IMDb VIAF : 76006105 LCCN : no2003059626 This article about a New Zealand actor or actress is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article about a New Zealand artist is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Makoare&oldid=814261926 '' Categories : 1968 births Living people New Zealand male film actors New Zealand male Māori actors New Zealand Māori carvers New Zealand actor stubs New Zealand artist stubs Hidden categories : EngvarB from November 2013 Use dmy dates from November 2013 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Māori Nederlands Norsk Polski Suomi Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 19 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Lawrence Makoare - New Zealand Māori actor
2. Known for roles in The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit trilogies
3. Career as a stuntman before becoming an actor
4. Played memorable characters in Xena: Warrior Princess
5. Filmography includes Die Another Day and The Dead Lands
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what's the zip code for o'fallon missouri
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O'Fallon , Missouri - wikipedia O'Fallon , Missouri Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> O'Fallon , Missouri <Td_colspan="2"> City <Td_colspan="2"> Seal <Td_colspan="2"> Motto ( s ) : Tradition with Vision <Td_colspan="2"> Location in the state of Missouri <Td_colspan="2"> Coordinates : 38 ° 47 ′ 04 '' N 90 ° 42 ′ 29 '' W / 38.78444 ° N 90.70806 ° W / 38.78444 ; - 90.70806 Coordinates : 38 ° 47 ′ 04 '' N 90 ° 42 ′ 29 '' W / 38.78444 ° N 90.70806 ° W / 38.78444 ; - 90.70806 Country United States State Missouri County St. Charles Metro Greater St. Louis First Settled 1856 Incorporated September 25 , 1912 <Th_colspan="2"> Government Type Mayor - council government Mayor Bill Hennessy City Council List ( show ) Bill Gardner ( Ward 1 ) Rick Lucas ( Ward 1 ) Rose Mack ( Ward 2 John Haman ( Ward 3 ) Dan Haney ( Ward 3 ) Bob Howell ( Ward 4 ) Jeff Schwentker ( Ward 4 ) Mark Perkins ( Ward 5 ) Mike Pheney ( Ward 5 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Area City 29.20 sq mi ( 75.63 km ) Land 29.19 sq mi ( 75.60 km ) Water 0.01 sq mi ( 0.03 km ) Elevation 541 ft ( 165 m ) <Th_colspan="2"> Population ( 2010 ) City 79,329 Estimate ( 2016 ) 86,274 Density 2,700 / sq mi ( 1,000 / km ) Metro 2,810,056 ( US : 19th ) Time zone CST ( UTC - 6 ) Summer ( DST ) CDT ( UTC - 5 ) ZIP code 63366 , 63368 Area code ( s ) 636 FIPS code 29 - 54074 GNIS feature ID 0756460 Website http://www.ofallon.mo.us/ O'Fallon / oʊ ˈfælən / is a city along Interstate 70 and Interstate 64 between Lake St. Louis and St. Peters in St. Charles County , Missouri . It is part of the St. Louis Metropolitan Statistical Area . As of the 2010 census O'Fallon had a population of 79,329 , making it the largest municipality in St. Charles County and seventh largest in the state of Missouri . In 2006 Money Magazine named O'Fallon 39th in its `` Best 100 Places to Live . '' Money Magazine also ranked O'Fallon 68th out of 100 in 2008 and 26th out of 100 in 2010 . O'Fallon's namesake in St. Clair County , Illinois is also part of the St. Louis Metropolitan Statistical Area . The two O'Fallons are one of the few pairs of same - named municipalities to be part of the same MSA . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 3 Demographics 3.1 2010 census 4 Economy 5 Sports 6 Parks and recreation 6.1 Climate 7 Government 8 Education 9 Infrastructure 10 Notable people 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) O'Fallon was founded in 1856 by Nicholas Krekel . The community was named after John O'Fallon the President of the North Missouri Railroad . A post office called O'Fallon has been in operation since 1859 . The St. Mary 's Institute of O'Fallon was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007 . Geography ( edit ) According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 29.20 square miles ( 75.63 km ) , of which , 29.19 square miles ( 75.60 km ) is land and 0.01 square miles ( 0.03 km ) is water . Demographics ( edit ) <Th_colspan="4"> Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1880 295 -- 1920 588 -- 1930 594 1.0 % 1940 618 4.0 % 1950 789 27.7 % 1960 3,770 377.8 % 1970 7,018 86.2 % 1980 8,677 23.6 % 18,698 115.5 % 2000 46,169 146.9 % 79,329 71.8 % Est. 2016 86,274 8.8 % <Td_colspan="4"> U.S. Decennial Census 2013 Estimate 2010 Census ( edit ) As of the census of 2010 , there were 79,329 people , 28,234 households , and 21,436 families residing in the city . The population density was 2,717.7 inhabitants per square mile ( 1,049.3 / km ) . There were 29,376 housing units at an average density of 1,006.4 per square mile ( 388.6 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was 89.9 % White , 4.0 % African American , 0.2 % Native American , 3.2 % Asian , 0.1 % Pacific Islander , 0.8 % from other races , and 1.8 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.7 % of the population . There were 28,234 households of which 44.7 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 61.6 % were married couples living together , 10.0 % had a female householder with no husband present , 4.3 % had a male householder with no wife present , and 24.1 % were non-families. 19.3 % of all households were made up of individuals and 6.2 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.80 and the average family size was 3.23 . The median age in the city was 34.3 years . 30 % of residents were under the age of 18 ; 7.1 % were between the ages of 18 and 24 ; 30.8 % were from 25 to 44 ; 23.1 % were from 45 to 64 ; and 8.9 % were 65 years of age or older . The gender makeup of the city was 48.8 % male and 51.2 % female . Economy ( edit ) Venture Stores was headquartered and maintained a distribution center in O'Fallon , until its dissolution . The buildings are now occupied by True Manufacturing . Shell Oil Company announced on February 27 , 2012 it will close its regional distribution center here by the end of 2012 , costing more than a dozen jobs . Lou Fusz Automotive Dealership in O'Fallon , won the 2012 State of Missouri Bid Contract for Police vehicles for the second year in a row . Sports ( edit ) O'Fallon is the home of the River City Rascals independent Frontier League baseball team . The Rascals play at CarShield Field in O'Fallon , which was built in 1999 . It is located on Tom Ginnever Boulevard and T.R. Hughes Boulevard near downtown . Parks and recreation ( edit ) Civic Park - A 20 acres ( 81,000 m ) park featuring Alligator 's Creek Aquatic Center , Bandstand and Amphitheater . Dames Park - A 59 acres ( 240,000 m ) sports park with three football fields and a fitness course . Fort Zumwalt Park - A 47.5 acres ( 192,000 m ) park featuring a fishing lake , a disc golf course , playgrounds and historic Fort Zumwalt . Knaust Park - A 6 acres ( 24,000 m ) park with a playground and walking path . O'Fallon Sports Park - A 95 acres ( 380,000 m ) soccer complex with 12 fields playgrounds and concessions . Also home to the Renaud Spirit Center . Ozzie Smith Sports Complex - A 76 acres ( 310,000 m ) baseball / softball complex with seven diamonds and the St. Charles Co . Amateur Sports Hall of Fame . Adjacent to CarShield Field . Westhoff Park - A 65 acres ( 260,000 m ) park featuring baseball diamonds , sand volleyball courts , horseshoe pits , basketball courts , tennis and handball courts , and a skate park . Climate ( edit ) <Th_colspan="14"> ( hide ) Climate data for O'Fallon , Missouri Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 76 ( 24 ) 85 ( 29 ) 88 ( 31 ) 94 ( 34 ) 92 ( 33 ) 97 ( 36 ) 105 ( 41 ) 107 ( 42 ) 102 ( 39 ) 95 ( 35 ) 85 ( 29 ) 76 ( 24 ) 107 ( 42 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 38 ( 3 ) 45 ( 7 ) 55 ( 13 ) 66 ( 19 ) 75 ( 24 ) 83 ( 28 ) 88 ( 31 ) 87 ( 31 ) 80 ( 27 ) 69 ( 21 ) 55 ( 13 ) 42 ( 6 ) 65.3 ( 18.6 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 18 ( − 8 ) 24 ( − 4 ) 33 ( 1 ) 44 ( 7 ) 54 ( 12 ) 63 ( 17 ) 68 ( 20 ) 66 ( 19 ) 58 ( 14 ) 45 ( 7 ) 35 ( 2 ) 24 ( − 4 ) 44.3 ( 6.9 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 23 ( − 31 ) − 14 ( − 26 ) − 11 ( − 24 ) 18 ( − 8 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 39 ( 4 ) 45 ( 7 ) 36 ( 2 ) 27 ( − 3 ) 19 ( − 7 ) − 5 ( − 21 ) − 28 ( − 33 ) − 28 ( − 33 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 1.79 ( 45.5 ) 2.26 ( 57.4 ) 3.38 ( 85.9 ) 3.58 ( 90.9 ) 4.34 ( 110.2 ) 3.62 ( 91.9 ) 4.18 ( 106.2 ) 3.13 ( 79.5 ) 3.29 ( 83.6 ) 3.10 ( 78.7 ) 3.56 ( 90.4 ) 2.41 ( 61.2 ) 38.64 ( 981.5 ) <Td_colspan="14"> Source : Government ( edit ) O'Fallon operates under a charter form of government . In 2010 , the current four wards were redistricted and a new , fifth ward was created . The current mayor is William `` Bill '' Hennessy . The current ( April 2017 ) City Council members are : Dave Hinman , Rick Lucas , Rose Mack , Tom Herweck , Reid Cranmer , Jeff Schwentker , Jeff Kuehn , Mike Pheney , and Debbie Cook . Laws Proposition S On April 5 , 2011 , 72 % of O'Fallon voters approved of Proposition S , the `` Smoke - Free O'Fallon '' Ordinance . The ordinance became a law and went into effect on June 16 , 2011 . Under the new law , there is a ban on smoking in all places of employment and at indoor public events . Some examples of places of employment that are under the smoking ban include libraries , schools , bars , restaurants , stores , manufacturers and private clubs who either have employees or host public events . In addition to the smoking ban at places of employment , there should also be proper `` No Smoking '' signs posted at every entrance of places of employment , and no ashtray should be in the smoke - free areas at places of employment . There are some exclusions in the ordinance , including : private homes , 20 % of hotel and motel rooms , outdoor events , and outdoor spaces more than 3 feet away from doorways , windows , and ventilation systems . Education ( edit ) Satellite campuses of Webster University and Lindenwood University are located in O'Fallon . For public schools , O'Fallon is served mostly by the Fort Zumwalt School District , and the westernmost part is served by the Wentzville R - IV School District . The south to southeastern part of the city is served by the Francis Howell R - III School District . St. Dominic High School is a private Catholic school located in O'Fallon ; Christian High School is a non-denominational Christian secondary school also located in O'Fallon . Infrastructure ( edit ) Fire Protection is mostly provided by the O'Fallon Fire Protection District which in 2007 became the first Internationally Accredited Fire Agency in the State of Missouri . The award was made by the Center for Public Safety Excellence 's Commission on Fire Accreditation International ( CFAI ) . The CFAI has approved accreditation status for only 120 fire agencies worldwide . The Southern portion of the City is served by the Wentzville Fire Protection District . Notable people ( edit ) Nathan Heald ( September 24 , 1775 -- April 27 , 1832 ) , U.S. Army officer during the War of 1812 , in command of Fort Dearborn , in Chicago Harry Gilmer ( April 14 , 1926 -- August 20 , 2016 ) , All - American college and Pro-Bowl football player and former head coach of the Detroit Lions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` O'Fallon Elected Officials '' . City of O'Fallon , Missouri . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Gazetteer files 2010 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Geographic Names Information System '' . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Population for Incorporated Places in Missouri '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Best Places to Live '' . Money Magazine . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Best Places to Live '' . Money Magazine . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Best Places to Live '' . Money Magazine . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` St. Charles County Place Names , 1928 -- 1945 '' . The State Historical Society of Missouri . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eaton , David Wolfe ( 1918 ) . How Missouri Counties , Towns and Streams Were Named . The State Historical Society of Missouri . p. 356 . Jump up ^ `` Post Offices '' . Jim Forte Postal History . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau . `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2013 '' . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Venture . '' Venture Stores . January 11 , 1998 . Retrieved on August 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Shell to close operations in Ill. , Mo . Archived 2012 - 03 - 01 at the Wayback Machine. , St. Louis Post-Dispatch ( February 27 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Awarding of State of Missouri Police Vehicle Bid Contract Jump up ^ `` Average Weather for O'Fallon , MO - Temperature and Precipitation '' . Weather.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 27 . External links ( edit ) City of O'Fallon O'Fallon Fire Protection District St. Charles City - County Library District O'Fallon MO Live Weather Historic maps of O'Fallon in the Sanborn Maps of Missouri Collection at the University of Missouri <Th_colspan="3"> Greater St. Louis <Td_colspan="3"> Illinois Missouri United States of America Topics Culture Crime Economy Education History Parks Transportation Central city St. Louis Largest cities ( over 50,000 in 2010 ) Florissant O'Fallon , Missouri St. Charles St. Peters Medium - sized cities ( over 20,000 in 2010 ) Affton CDP Alton Arnold Ballwin Belleville Chesterfield Collinsville East St. Louis Edwardsville Ferguson Granite City Hazelwood Kirkwood Maryland Heights Mehlville CDP Oakville CDP O'Fallon , Illinois Spanish Lake CDP University City Webster Groves Wentzville Wildwood Largest towns and villages ( over 10,000 in 2010 ) Bellefontaine Neighbors Bridgeton Cahokia Clayton Concord CDP Crestwood Creve Coeur Dardenne Prairie Fairview Heights Farmington Festus Glen Carbon Godfrey Jennings Lake St. Louis Lemay CDP Manchester Overland Old Jamestown CDP St. Ann Shiloh Swansea Town and Country Troy , Missouri Union Washington Wood River Missouri Counties Franklin Jefferson Lincoln St. Charles St. Francois St. Louis City St. Louis County Warren Washington Illinois Counties Bond Calhoun Clinton Jersey Macoupin Madison Monroe St. Clair Subregions Metro East Westplex <Th_colspan="3"> Municipalities and communities of St. Charles County , Missouri , United States <Td_colspan="3"> County seat : St. Charles Cities Augusta Cottleville Dardenne Prairie Flint Hill Foristell ‡ Lake St. Louis New Melle O'Fallon Portage Des Sioux St. Charles St. Paul St. Peters Weldon Spring Wentzville West Alton Villages Josephville Weldon Spring Heights Townships Blanchette Boone Cottleville Dardenne Friedens Frontier Harvester Lindenwood O'Fallon Rivers St. Peters Spencer Creek Wentzville Zumbehl CDP Defiance Other unincorporated communities Black Walnut Blase Boschertown Cappeln Elm Point Enon Femme Osage Gilmore Harvester Howell Kampville Klondike Marais Croche Matson Mechanicsville Nona Orchard Farm Pauldingville Peruque Schluersburg Seeburger Toonerville Whitecorn Ghost towns Firma Hamburg Machens Wilkie Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties <Th_colspan="3"> State of Missouri <Td_colspan="3"> Jefferson City ( capital ) Topics Government Delegations Geography Transportation History People Battles Tourist attractions Seal of Missouri Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Boonslick Bootheel Crowley 's Ridge Dissected Till Plains Four State Area Henry Shaw Ozark Corridor Honey Lands Lead Belt Lincoln Hills Little Dixie Loess Hills Mid-Missouri Mississippi Embayment Missouri Rhineland Northern Plains Osage Plains Ozark Plateau Platte Purchase Pony Express St. Francois Mountains Westplex Metro areas Columbia Jefferson City Joplin Kansas City Springfield St. Joseph St. Louis Largest cities Kansas City St. Louis Springfield Columbia Independence Lee 's Summit O'Fallon St. Joseph St. Charles St. Peters Blue Springs Joplin Florissant Chesterfield Jefferson City Cape Girardeau Wentzville Wildwood University City Liberty Ballwin Raytown Kirkwood Maryland Heights Gladstone Hazelwood Grandview Counties and independent cities Adair Andrew Atchison Audrain Barry Barton Bates Benton Bollinger Boone Buchanan Butler Caldwell Callaway Camden Cape Girardeau Carroll Carter Cass Cedar Chariton Christian Clark Clay Clinton Cole Cooper Crawford Dade Dallas Daviess DeKalb Dent Douglas Dunklin Franklin Gasconade Gentry Greene Grundy Harrison Henry Hickory Holt Howard Howell Iron Jackson Jasper Jefferson Johnson Knox Laclede Lafayette Lawrence Lewis Lincoln Linn Livingston Macon Madison Maries Marion McDonald Mercer Miller Mississippi Moniteau Monroe Montgomery Morgan New Madrid Newton Nodaway Oregon Osage Ozark Pemiscot Perry Pettis Phelps Pike Platte Polk Pulaski Putnam Ralls Randolph Ray Reynolds Ripley St. Charles St. Clair St. Francois St. Louis ( City ) St. Louis ( County ) Ste . Genevieve Saline Schuyler Scotland Scott Shannon Shelby Stoddard Stone Sullivan Taney Texas Vernon Warren Washington Wayne Webster Worth Wright Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=O%27Fallon,_Missouri&oldid=836661021 '' Categories : Cities in St. Charles County , Missouri Populated places established in 1856 Cities in Missouri 1856 establishments in Missouri Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Ido Italiano Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Malagasy Nederlands Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 02 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. O'Fallon, Missouri - a city in St. Charles County
2. Population and demographics of O'Fallon
3. Government and mayor of O'Fallon
4. Parks and recreation in O'Fallon
5. Education and schools in O'Fallon
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where was the beginning of gilligans island filmed
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Gilligan 's Island - wikipedia Gilligan 's Island Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Gilligan 's Island ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Gilligan 's Island <Td_colspan="2"> Created by Sherwood Schwartz Directed by Rod Amateau Ida Lupino Stanley Z . Cherry Starring Bob Denver Alan Hale Jr . Jim Backus Natalie Schafer Tina Louise Russell Johnson Dawn Wells Opening theme `` The Ballad of Gilligan 's Isle '' Country of origin United States No. of seasons No. of episodes 98 plus a 1963 pilot ( first broadcast in 1992 ) ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Camera setup Film ; Single - camera Running time 25 minutes Production company ( s ) Gladasya Productions United Artists Television CBS Productions Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution ( current ) <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network CBS Picture format Black and white ( 1964 -- 1965 ) Color ( 1965 -- 1967 ) Audio format Monaural Original release September 26 , 1964 ( 1964 - 09 - 26 ) -- April 17 , 1967 ( 1967 - 04 - 17 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Followed by The New Adventures of Gilligan Bob Denver as Gilligan Alan Hale Jr. as the Skipper Dawn Wells as Mary Ann Gilligan 's Island is an American sitcom created and produced by Sherwood Schwartz via United Artists Television . The show had an ensemble cast that featured Bob Denver , Alan Hale Jr. , Jim Backus , Natalie Schafer , Russell Johnson , Tina Louise , and Dawn Wells . It aired for three seasons on the CBS network from September 26 , 1964 , to April 17 , 1967 . Gilligan 's Island followed the comic adventures of seven castaways as they attempted to survive the island on which they had been shipwrecked . Most episodes revolve around the dissimilar castaways ' conflicts and their unsuccessful attempts , for whose failure Gilligan was frequently responsible , to escape their plight . Gilligan 's Island ran for a total of 98 episodes . The first season , consisting of 36 episodes , was filmed in black and white . These episodes were later colorized for syndication . The show 's second and third seasons ( 62 episodes ) and the three television movie sequels ( aired between 1978 and 1982 ) were filmed in color . The show received solid ratings during its original run , then grew in popularity during decades of syndication , especially in the 1970s and 1980s when many markets ran the show in the late afternoon after school . Today , the title character of Gilligan is widely recognized as an American cultural icon . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 1.1 Uncharted island 2 Cast and characters 3 Episodes 3.1 Pilot episode 3.2 First broadcast episode 3.3 Last broadcast episode 4 Typical plots 5 Production 5.1 Theme song 5.1. 1 Later parody and homage 6 Cancellation 7 Nielsen ratings / television schedule 8 Film sequels 9 Spin - offs 10 Reunions and documentaries 11 Related productions 12 Syndication 13 DVD releases 14 Digitally remastered in high definition 15 In other media 16 Film remake 17 Ginger or Mary Ann ? 18 References 19 Bibliography 20 External links Premise ( edit ) The two - man crew of the charter boat SS Minnow and five passengers on a `` three - hour tour '' from Honolulu run into a tropical storm and are shipwrecked on an uncharted island somewhere in the Pacific Ocean . Uncharted Island ( edit ) The island was close enough to Hawaii to clearly pick up Hawaiian AM radio transmissions on a portable receiver . The location given in the series varies . In the first - season episode `` ' X ' Marks the Spot '' , the radio warns that the Air Force will test launch an armed missile to strike a location near 140 ° latitude , 10 ° longitude ( note : this is an impossible location -- latitude goes only up to 90 ° , which is at the poles ) The Skipper calculates this as their island 's location , based on their starting point when the storm hit before they `` ... drifted for that three days ... with the prevailing western current ... '' , meaning the deadly missile will hit the island . Later in the first season , the episode `` Big Man on Little Stick '' has the Professor giving the position as `` approximately 110 ° longitude and 10 ° latitude '' . In the third - season episode `` The Pigeon '' , the island is placed about 300 miles ( 480 km ) southeast of Honolulu . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Gilligan 's Island characters Bob Denver is Gilligan , the inept , accident - prone First Mate ( affectionately known as `` Little Buddy '' by `` the Skipper '' ) of the SS Minnow . Denver was not the first choice to play Gilligan ; actor Jerry Van Dyke was offered the role , but he turned it down , believing that the show would never be successful . He chose instead to play the lead in My Mother the Car , which premiered the following year and was cancelled after one season . The producers looked to Bob Denver , the actor who had played Maynard G. Krebs , the goofy but lovable beatnik in The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis . None of the show 's episodes ever specified Gilligan 's full name or clearly indicated whether `` Gilligan '' was the character 's first name or his last . In the DVD collection , Sherwood Schwartz states that he preferred the full name of `` Willy Gilligan '' for the character . Denver , on various television / radio interviews ( The Pat Sajak Show ; KDKA radio ) , said that `` Gil Egan '' was his choice . The actor reasoned that because everyone yelled at the first mate , it ran together as `` Gilligan . '' In the unaired pilot episode , whether Lovey Howell refers to Gilligan as `` Stewart '' or steward is unclear . On Rescue from Gilligan 's Island , the writers artfully dodged Gilligan 's full name when the other names are announced . Little is revealed about Gilligan 's past , except his occasional reference to best friend Skinny Mulligan and a one - time reference to his older brother . Alan Hale Jr. is The Skipper / Captain Jonas Grumby , the captain of the S.S. Minnow . Alan Hale Jr. was a longtime actor in B - Westerns and the look - alike son of Alan Hale Sr. , a legendary movie character actor . Hale so loved his role that , long after the show went off the air , he still appeared in character in his Los Angeles restaurant , Alan Hale 's Lobster Barrel . Although the Skipper was a father figure to Gilligan , Hale was only 14 years older than Denver . Gilligan pushed the Skipper out of the way of a loose depth charge when they were both serving in the United States Navy . Skipper is a World War II veteran , and served in the Seventh Fleet . In one episode , he describes his participation in the Battle of Guadalcanal . In the episode `` They 're Off and Running '' ( season 1 episode 28 ) , Ginger is reading from a horoscope magazine and asks the Skipper his birthday , to which he responds , `` May 5th . '' In moments of exasperation , the Skipper would swat Gilligan on the head with his cap . Just as often , the Skipper endearingly called Gilligan `` Little Buddy '' . While everybody else called him `` Skipper '' , the Howells usually called him `` Captain '' . In addition , Hale wore his Skipper outfit when four other Gilligan 's Island cast members and he appeared on a few celebrity Family Feud shows . Jim Backus is Thurston Howell III , the millionaire . Backus was already a well - known character actor when he took the part . The origin of the super-rich Howell character dates back to 1949 radio when Backus portrayed `` Hubert Updike III '' on The Alan Young Show . Also , in the inaugural 1962 -- 1963 season ( episode 31 ) of The Beverly Hillbillies , Backus basically plays the same character , this time as the eccentric millionaire Martin von Ransohoff . In the classic 1963 comedy It 's a Mad , Mad , Mad , Mad World , Backus played another Howell - like character , Tyler Fitzgerald , a boozy and rich airplane owner who briefly gets caught up in the race for the stolen money . Backus was perhaps best known as the voice of cartoon character Mr. Magoo . He reused some of the voice inflections and mannerisms of Magoo in the Howell role . He was well known for his ad - libs on the set . The character Howell was a Harvard graduate , a Republican , and a multibillionaire until his losses in the Great Depression left him a mere multimillionaire . Natalie Schafer is `` Lovey '' Wentworth Howell , Thurston 's wife , whom he affectionately called `` Lovey '' . Schafer had it written into her contract that no close - ups would be made of her , but after a while in the series it was forgotten . Schafer was 63 when the pilot was shot , although reportedly no one on the set or in the cast knew her real age and she refused to divulge it . Originally , she only accepted the role because the pilot was filmed on location in Hawaii . She looked at the job as nothing more than a free vacation , as she was convinced that a show this silly would `` never go '' . Tina Louise is Ginger Grant , the movie star . Louise clashed with producer Sherwood Schwartz because she believed that she was hired as the central character . Her character was originally written as a hard - nosed , sharp - tongued temptress , but Louise argued that this portrayal was too harsh and refused to play it as written . A compromise was reached ; Louise agreed to play her as a Marilyn Monroe / Jayne Mansfield type . Louise continued to clash with producers over her role and was the only cast member who refused to return for any of the post-series TV movies , saying that the role had killed her career as a serious actress . She did , however , appear in a reunion of the cast on a late - night television talk show in 1988 and on an episode of Roseanne in 1995 when the Roseanne cast re-enacted Gilligan 's Island . In the first season , Ginger often wore gowns that looked as if they were tailored from Minnow tarpaulins or similar substitute cloth ( some had the name of the vessel stenciled on them ) . In the pilot episode , the character of Ginger , no last name ( then a secretary ) , was played by actress Kit Smythe . Russell Johnson is Professor Roy Hinkley , Ph. D. Actor John Gabriel was originally cast , but the network thought he looked too young to have all the degrees attributed to the Professor . Actually , `` the Professor '' was in fact a high school science teacher , not a university professor . In the first episode , the radio announcer describes him as a research scientist and well known scoutmaster . Johnson , who served as a bombardier in the Pacific during World War II , stated that he had some difficulty remembering his more technically oriented lines . Originally , he was not interested in the role , and was waiting for a TV show of his own , but his agent talked him into auditioning . He had done previous movies like It Came from Outer Space , This Island Earth , and a classic western where he shot Ronald Reagan in the shoulder . Johnson 's role in the series was spoofed in a Bloom County comic strip for the Professor 's technical expertise being unable to get the castaways off the island . This odd contradiction was played up in `` Weird Al '' Yankovic 's parody song , `` Isle Thing '' , when the Professor , who is brilliant enough to `` make a nuclear reactor from a couple of coconuts '' can not `` build a lousy raft '' . Dawn Wells is Mary Ann Summers . Wells was a former Miss Nevada when she auditioned for the role . Her competition included Raquel Welch and Pat Priest . The pilot episode had a different character ( `` Bunny '' ) played by actress Nancy McCarthy . After it was shot , the network decided to recast the roles of the Professor and the two young women . Mary Ann became a simple farm girl from Winfield , Kansas . In 1993 , Wells published Mary Ann 's Gilligan 's Island Cookbook with co-writers Ken Beck and Jim Clark , including a foreword by Bob Denver . In February 2007 , she starred as Lovey Howell in Gilligan 's Island : The Musical , a musical stage adaptation of the TV show . Charles Maxwell was the uncredited voice of the `` Radio Announcer '' ( 1964 -- 1965 ) . The castaways listened to his plot - advancing radio news bulletins in many episodes and usually with perfect timing to tune in at the exact moment the news they needed to hear was being broadcast . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Gilligan 's Island episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Season Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired 36 September 26 , 1964 ( 1964 - 09 - 26 ) June 12 , 1965 ( 1965 - 06 - 12 ) 32 September 16 , 1965 ( 1965 - 09 - 16 ) April 28 , 1966 ( 1966 - 04 - 28 ) 30 September 12 , 1966 ( 1966 - 09 - 12 ) April 17 , 1967 ( 1967 - 04 - 17 ) Television films October 14 , 1978 ( 1978 - 10 - 14 ) October 14 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 14 ) Pilot episode ( edit ) The pilot episode , titled `` Marooned '' , was filmed in November 1963 . The pilot featured seven characters ( as in the series ) , but only four of the characters -- and their associated actors -- were carried forward into the series : Gilligan ( Denver ) , the Skipper ( Hale ) , and the two Howells ( Backus and Schafer ) . As it happens , only these four characters / actors were featured in the opening theme song `` cast list '' used in the pilot , with the remaining three characters only mentioned as `` the other tourists '' , although the earlier part of the song gave brief descriptions of all passengers . Due to the three significant character and casting changes between the pilot episode and the first series episode , the pilot was not shown before the series first aired on 26 September 1964 . The original pilot eventually aired over 29 years later ( on TBS 16 October 1992 ) . The three characters who did not carry forward from the pilot were two secretaries and a high school teacher . In the pilot , the scientifically inclined Professor was instead a high school teacher played by John Gabriel . Ginger the movie star was still red haired Ginger , but worked as a secretary , played by Kit Smythe . Mary Ann the Kansas farm girl was instead Bunny , Ginger 's co-worker , played as a cheerful `` dumb blonde '' by Nancy McCarthy . The pilot 's opening and ending songs were two similar Calypso - styled tracks written by John Williams and performed by Sherwood Schwartz impersonating singer Sir Lancelot . The lyrics of both were quite different from those of the TV series and the pilot 's opening theme song was longer . The short scenes during this initial music include Gilligan taking the Howells ' luggage to the boat before cast - off and Gilligan attempting to give a cup of coffee to the Skipper during the storm that would ultimately maroon the boat . After the opening theme song and credits end , the pilot proper begins with the seven castaways waking up on the beached SS Minnow and continues with them performing various tasks , including exploring the island , attempting to fix the transmitter , building huts , and finding food . Contrary to some descriptions , the pilot 's storylines contained no detailed accounts of the pilot characters ' backgrounds . The pilot concludes with the ending theme song and credits . The background music and even the laugh tracks of the pilot appear all but identical to those used during the series . First broadcast episode ( edit ) The first episode actually broadcast , `` Two on a Raft '' , is sometimes wrongly referred to as the series pilot . This episode begins with the same scene of Gilligan and the Skipper awakening on the boat as in the pilot ( though slightly differently cut , to eliminate most shots of the departed actors ) and continues with the characters sitting on the beach listening to a radio news report about their disappearance . No equivalent scene or background information is in the pilot , except for the description of the passengers in the original theme song . Rather than reshooting the rest of the pilot story for broadcast , the show just proceeded on . The plot thus skips over the topics of the pilot ; the bulk of the episode tells of Gilligan and the Skipper setting off on a raft to try to bring help , but unknowingly landing back on the other side of the same island . The scene with the radio report is one of two scenes that reveal the names of the Skipper ( Jonas Grumby ) and the Professor ( Roy Hinkley ) ; the names are used in a similar radio report early in the series . The name Jonas Grumby appears nowhere else in the series except for an episode in which the Maritime Board of Review blames the Skipper for the loss of the ship . The name Roy Hinkley is used one other time when Mr. Howell introduces the Professor as Roy Huntley and the professor corrects him , to which Mr. Howell replies , `` Brinkley , Brinkley . '' The plot for the pilot episode was eventually recycled into that season 's Christmas episode , `` Birds Gotta Fly , Fish Gotta Talk '' , in which the story of the pilot episode , concerning the practical problems on landing , is related through a series of flashbacks . Footage featuring characters that had been recast was reshot using the current actors . For scenes including only Denver , Hale , Backus , and Schafer , the original footage was reused . Last broadcast episode ( edit ) The last episode of the show , `` Gilligan the Goddess '' , aired on April 17 , 1967 , and ended just like the rest , with the castaways still stranded on the island . It was not known at the time that it would be the series finale , as a fourth season was expected but then cancelled . In its last year , Gilligan 's Island was the lead - in program for the CBS Monday night schedule . It was followed for the first 16 weeks by the sitcom Run , Buddy , Run . The time slot from 7 : 30 to 8 : 30 p.m. Eastern was filled in the 1967 -- 1968 season by Gunsmoke , moved from its traditional Saturday 10 p.m. time slot . Typical plots ( edit ) The shipwrecked castaways desperately want to leave the remote island , and various opportunities are frequently presenting themselves . They typically fail owing to some bumbling error committed by Gilligan ( with the notable exception of `` The Big Gold Strike '' , where everyone except Gilligan is responsible for their failed escape ) . Sometimes this would result in Gilligan saving the others from some unforeseen flaw in their plan . Recurring elements center on one of five primary themes . The first deals with life on the island . A running gag is the castaways ' ability to fashion a vast array of useful objects from bamboo and other local material . Some are simple everyday things , while others are stretches of the imagination . Russell Johnson noted in his autobiography that the production crew enjoyed the challenge of building these props . Some bamboo items include framed huts with thatched grass sides and roofs , along with bamboo closets strong enough to withstand hurricane - force winds and rain ; the communal dining table and chairs , pipes for Gilligan 's hot water , a stethoscope , and a pedal - powered car . Many scenes occur at the dining table , where the castaways enjoy a large number of dishes that Ginger and Mary Ann prepare while the radio provides news and entertainment . Gilligan and the Skipper often catch fish , and the island has citrus trees to avoid scurvy and a good supply of fresh water to drink and to prepare tropical drinks . While most are explained due to the Professor ( or occasionally Gilligan 's ) ingenuity , sometimes they are also explained due to the being washed up on shore or falling off cargo ships . Naturally , despite their obvious skill and inventiveness , the castaways never quite manage to put together a functional raft out of bamboo ( or repair the holes in the Minnow , though the entire ship fell apart in the eighth episode , `` Goodbye Island '' ) . In the television movie Rescue from Gilligan 's Island , the castaways tie all their huts together and use that as a raft for escape , taking advantage of a tsunami 's propulsion . The second theme involves visitors to the `` uncharted '' island . One challenge to a viewer 's suspension of disbelief is the remarkable frequency with which the island is visited by an assortment of people who repeatedly fail to assist the castaways in leaving the island . Some have hidden motives for not aiding the castaways . Others are simply unable to help , are incompetent , or are foiled in their efforts to help by Gilligan 's bumbling . Gilligan , Ginger and Mr. Howell each had feature episodes in which look - alikes visit the island ( who were played by the actors in dual roles , or made use of splitscreen camera or stand - ins in the event the doppelgangers appeared on simultaneously ) . The island itself is also home to an unusual assortment of animal life , some native , some visiting . The third recurring theme is the use of dream sequences in which one of the castaways `` dreams '' he or she is some character related to that week 's storyline . All of the castaways appeared as other characters within the dream . In later interviews and memoirs , nearly all of the actors stated that the dream episodes were among their personal favorites . The fourth recurring theme is a piece of news concerning the castaways arriving from the outside world that causes discord among them . Then , a second piece of news arrives that says the first was incorrect . An exception to the latter part of this statement is the episode `` The Postman Cometh '' , where Gilligan and the Skipper hear over the radio that Mary Ann 's boyfriend eloped and the three single men try to cheer her up by wooing her ; Mary Ann actually lied about having a boyfriend , and she created a romance with `` a real creep '' so that the others would think she had someone waiting for her back home . The fifth recurring theme is the appearance or arrival of strange objects , like a WWII mine , a crate of radioactive vegetable seeds or a `` Mars Rover '' that the scientists back in the USA think is sending them pictures of Mars , and in one episode a meteorite . Most of the slapstick comedic sequences between Hale and Denver were heavily inspired by Laurel and Hardy , particularly by Hale breaking the fourth wall by looking directly into the camera expressing his frustration with Denver 's clumsiness as Oliver Hardy often did . Production ( edit ) Filming of the show took place at the CBS Radford Studios complex in Studio City , Los Angeles . The same stage was later used for The Mary Tyler Moore Show and Roseanne , which featured Gilligan 's Island prominently on one episode . The lagoon was drained and used as a parking lot during the show 's off - season and was the last surviving element of the show when it was demolished in 1997 as part of an expansion project . Four different boats played the part of the SS Minnow . One was used in the opening credits and rented in Ala Wai Yacht Harbor in Honolulu . Another boat , the Bluejacket , was used in the opening credits shown during the second and third seasons and eventually turned up for sale on Vancouver Island in August 2006 , after running aground on a reef in the Hecate Strait on the way south from Alaska . One boat was used for beach scenes after being towed to Kauai in Hawaii . The fourth Minnow was built on the CBS Studios set in the second season . The Minnow was named in reference to Newton Minow , chairman of the U.S. FCC , who was most famous for describing television as `` a vast wasteland '' . The final day of filming the pilot was Friday , November 22 , 1963 , the day of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy . The cast and crew found out about the assassination late that morning , Hawaii time . Between the filming of scenes , they crowded around a radio , listening to news bulletins . A reminder of the tragedy appears in the opening sequence of the show 's first season , when the theme song is played . As the Minnow is leaving the harbor and heading out to sea , an American flag flying at half staff can be seen briefly in the background . The United States Coast Guard occasionally received telegrams from concerned citizens , who apparently did not realize it was a scripted show , pleading for them to rescue the people on the deserted island . The Coast Guard simply forwarded these telegrams to producer Sherwood Schwartz . In homage to those telegrams , the film Rescue from Gilligan 's Island showed the successful rescue where Gilligan lights a fire aboard the castaways ' makeshift raft and is chastised for a thoughtless , dangerous action by the others . However , the resultant smoke attracts the attention of a US Coast Guard helicopter , whose pilot commends Gilligan 's fire ; otherwise the castaways would have been adrift and unnoticed . Theme song ( edit ) The music and lyrics for the theme song , `` The Ballad of Gilligan 's Isle '' , were written by Sherwood Schwartz and George Wyle . One version was used for the first season and another for the second and third seasons . In the original song , the Professor and Mary Ann , originally considered `` second - billed co-stars '' , were referred to as `` the rest '' , but with the growing popularity of those characters , their names were inserted into the lyrics . The Gilligan theme song underwent this one major change due to star Bob Denver , who personally went to the studio executives and asked that Johnson and Wells be added to the theme song 's opening credits . When the studio at first refused , saying it would be too expensive to reshoot , Denver insisted , even going so far as to state that if Johnson and Wells were not included , he wanted his name out of the song , as well . The studio caved in , and `` the Professor and Mary Ann '' were added . The first - season version was recorded by the folk group The Wellingtons . The second - season version , which incorporated more of a sea shanty sound , was uncredited , but according to Russell Johnson in his book Here on Gilligan 's Isle , it was performed by a group called the Eligibles . The show 's original pilot episode featured a Calypso theme song by future film composer John Williams , and different lyrics . The original length of the voyage was `` a six - hour ride '' , not `` a three - hour tour '' . John Williams ( or Johnny Williams as he was often listed in the show credits ) also started out as the composer of the incidental music for the show ( from 1964 to 1965 ) , but was replaced by Gerald Fried for the remaining seasons ( 1965 -- 1967 ) . Later parody and homage ( edit ) The band Little Roger and the Goosebumps recorded `` Stairway to Gilligan 's Island , '' a parody of Led Zeppelin 's `` Stairway to Heaven '' , substituting the words to the Gilligan 's Island theme song . `` Weird Al '' Yankovic recorded a song called `` Isle Thing '' , a parody of Tone Lōc 's `` Wild Thing '' , about a rapper whose girlfriend introduces him to the show . Yankovic also used one verse from the closing theme lyrics in `` Amish Paradise '' ( 1996 ) , a parody of Coolio 's `` Gangsta 's Paradise '' ( 1995 ) . The song has also been covered by many bands , including Bowling for Soup for the TBS show The Real Gilligan 's Island . Israel Kamakawiwoʻole also recorded a comic tribute to the theme song on his album E Ala E . Cancellation ( edit ) During the 1966 -- 1967 television season , Gilligan 's Island aired on Monday nights at 7 : 30 p.m. Though the sitcom 's ratings had fallen well out of the top - 30 programs , during the last few weeks of its third season , the series was more than holding its own against its chief competitor , The Monkees , which aired at the same time on NBC - TV . Therefore , CBS assured Sherwood Schwartz that Gilligan 's Island would definitely be picked up for a fourth year . CBS , however , had signaled its intention to cancel the long - running Western series Gunsmoke , which had been airing late on Saturday nights during the 1966 -- 1967 television season . Under pressure from CBS network president William S. Paley and his wife Babe , along with many network affiliates and longtime fans of Gunsmoke , CBS rescheduled the Western to an earlier time slot on Monday evenings at 7 : 30 p.m. As a result , Gilligan 's Island was quietly cancelled at practically the last minute , while the cast members were all on vacation . Some of the cast had bought houses based on Sherwood Schwartz 's verbal confirmation that the series would be renewed for a fourth season . Nielsen ratings / television schedule ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Season Ep # Season premiere Season finale Time slot Rank Rating Households 1 ) 1964 -- 1965 36 September 26 , 1964 June 12 , 1965 Saturday nights at 8 : 30 p.m. # 18 24.7 ( tie ) 13,227,700 2 ) 1965 -- 1966 32 September 16 , 1965 April 28 , 1966 Thursday nights at 8 : 00 p.m. # 22 22.1 11,900,850 3 ) 1966 -- 1967 30 September 12 , 1966 April 17 , 1967 Monday nights at 7 : 30 p.m. # 49 N / A N / A Film sequels ( edit ) In a 1978 made - for - television movie , Rescue from Gilligan 's Island , the castaways do successfully leave the island , but have difficulty reintegrating into society . During a reunion cruise on the first Christmas after their rescue , fate intervenes and they find themselves wrecked on the same island at the end of the film . It starred the original cast , except for Tina Louise , who refused to participate due to her disputes with the producers and was replaced by Judith Baldwin . The plot involved Soviet agents seeking a memory disc from a spy satellite that landed on the island and facilitated their rescue . In a 1979 sequel , The Castaways on Gilligan 's Island , they are rescued once again , and the Howells convert the island into a getaway resort with the other five castaways as `` silent partners '' . Ginger was again played by Judith Baldwin . In a second sequel , The Harlem Globetrotters on Gilligan 's Island ( 1981 ) , villains played by Martin Landau and then - wife Barbara Bain try to take over the island to gain access to a vein of `` supremium '' , a valuable but volatile element . This time , Ginger was played by Constance Forslund . They are thwarted by the timely intervention of the Harlem Globetrotters . Jim Backus , who was in poor health at the time , was written out of the script by saying Thurston Howell III was tending to Howell Industries back on the mainland . David Ruprecht played the role of his son , Thurston Howell IV , who was asked to manage the resort . However , Backus insisted on keeping continuity , and made a cameo appearance at the end of the film . Spin - offs ( edit ) The New Adventures of Gilligan was a Filmation - produced animated remake that aired on ABC on Saturday mornings from September 7 , 1974 , to September 4 , 1977 , for 24 episodes ( 16 installments airing in 1974 -- 75 and eight new ones combined with repeats in 1975 -- 76 ) . The voices were provided by the original cast except for Ginger and Mary Ann ( both were voiced by Jane Webb ) . Dawn Wells could not participate due to her appearing in an on - the - road play . An additional character was Gilligan 's pet Snubby the Monkey . Gilligan 's Planet was an animated science - fiction version produced by Filmation and starring the voices of the Gilligan 's Island cast , save for Tina Louise ( Dawn Wells voiced both Mary Ann and Ginger ) . In a follow - up to The New Adventures of Gilligan , the castaways escape from the island by building a spaceship , and get shipwrecked on a distant planet . Only 12 episodes aired on CBS between September 18 , 1982 , and September 3 , 1983 . In the episode `` Let Sleeping Minnows Lie '' , they travel to an island , get shipwrecked there , and Gilligan observes , `` First we were stranded on an island , then we were stranded on a planet , and now we 're stranded on an island on a planet . '' Reunions and documentaries ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Good Morning America featured a Gilligan 's Island reunion presided over by guest host Kathie Lee Gifford on November 26 , 1982 . The entire cast was present , save Jim Backus who was unable to attend . Backus appeared via a live video remote from Los Angeles . All seven of the original cast members ( along with Sherwood Schwartz ) reunited on television for one last time on a 1988 episode of The Late Show with Ross Shafer . Gilligan 's Island : Underneath the Grass Skirt is a 1999 documentary featuring Denver and Louise . E ! True Hollywood Story presented a backstage history of the show in 2000 , featuring interviews with some of the stars or their widows . Surviving Gilligan 's Island ( 2001 ) was a docudrama in which Bob Denver , Dawn Wells , and Russell Johnson reminisce about the show . Related productions ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gilligan 's Island : The Musical was first produced in the early 1990s , with a script by Lloyd Schwartz , Sherwood Schwartz 's son , and songs by Schwartz 's daughter and son - in - law , Hope and Laurence Juber . After extensive revisions , since 2001 it has been produced at Gilligan 's Wake is a 2003 parallel novel loosely based on the 1960s CBS sitcom , from the viewpoints of the seven major characters , written by Esquire film and television critic Tom Carson . The title is derived from the title of the TV show and Finnegans Wake , the seminal work of Irish novelist James Joyce . On November 30 , 2004 , the TBS network launched a reality series titled The Real Gilligan 's Island , which placed two groups of people on an island , leaving them to fend for themselves in the manner of Survivor -- the catch being that each islander matched a character type established in the original series ( a klutz , a sea captain , a movie star , a millionaire 's wife , etc . ) . While heavily marketed by TBS , the show turned out to be a flop with a very Survivor - like feel , but little of its success . A second season began June 8 , 2005 , with two - hour episodes for four weeks . TBS announced in July 2005 that a third season of the show would not be produced . Syndication ( edit ) Syndication is handled by Warner Bros. Television ( under Turner Entertainment Co. , which in 1986 acquired UA 's share of the series as part of the classic Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer library ) . It has aired on TBS from 1990 to 2003 , where it also aired with colorization on season one for a while . TNT aired it at some point in the 1990s , and also aired the colorized season one . Nick at Nite later aired the series from 2000 to 2001 . It then shifted to TV Land , where it aired from 2001 to 2003 ( and again from January to June 2014 ) . Then , in 2004 , it aired on Hallmark Channel . As of 2015 , the show aired nationally on both TV Land and MeTV . DVD releases ( edit ) Warner Home Video released all three seasons of Gilligan 's Island on DVD in Region 1 between 2004 and 2005 . The Complete First Season features all 36 episodes unedited with the original theme song . And , unlike other releases of older sitcoms , the episodes are in their original black - and - white format . The special features include the rare pilot episode with commentary with creator Sherwood Schwartz , and three other featurettes . The Complete Second Season includes all 32 season - two episodes and mentions in an interesting way that this season is in color . Bonuses for this set include : a season - two introduction with Russell Johnson and Sherwood Schwartz and audio commentary on the season 's third episode , `` The Little Dictator '' . The Complete Third Season includes all 30 season - three episodes and uses words from the theme song on the back : `` Just sit right back ... for the final season ! '' Special features include a season introduction with Russell Johnson and Sherwood Schwartz , commentary on the season 's fourth episode , `` The Producer '' , guest - starring Phil Silvers , and a 15 - minute documentary entitled Gilligan 's Island : A Pop Culture Phenomenon . The Complete Series Collection contains all the same bonuses and featurettes , no added features for a complete series box set . All these releases were double - sided discs ( which require flipping disc over ) , and came in boxed sets , containing three discs per season . In April 2012 , the series was reissued in new DVD releases , with six episodes per disc and six discs per season , except for season 3 , which only has five . DVD name Ep # Release date The Complete First Season 36 February 3 , 2004 The Complete Second Season 32 January 11 , 2005 The Complete Third Season 30 July 26 , 2005 The Complete Series Collection 98 November 6 , 2007 Digitally remastered in high definition ( edit ) In August 2006 , an executive at Warner Bros. announced plans that Gilligan 's Island , in addition to other classic TV series owned by the studio , would be digitally re-mastered in HD . The original TV series was shot on high resolution film , but scaled down for broadcast . On January 20 , 2014 , TV Land became the first network to air theatrical - style widescreen HD remastered episodes of Gilligan 's Island . This marked the first time the WB remastered episodes were seen by fans and the general public . HD remastered episodes have been made available for purchase through streaming media sources . In other media ( edit ) A video game based on the series called The Adventures of Gilligan 's Island was released for the Nintendo Entertainment System in July 1990 . The game features the likenesses of all the original castaways except for Ginger , who is completely absent from the game . A pinball machine , manufactured by BALLY , based on the show was released in May 1991 . Film remake ( edit ) Rights to the series were purchased , with an eye towards creating a movie scheduled for release March 30 , 2012 . When Sherwood Schwartz signed a deal granting all rights to the movie , he reportedly said , `` ( It ) just happened in the last 48 hours . I ca n't take this much excitement at my age . '' Schwartz also said he would love to see Michael Cera as Gilligan and Beyoncé Knowles as Ginger . On December 17 , 2013 , deadline.com reported that Josh Gad would star and co-write the film with Benji Samit and Dan Hernandez . Ginger or Mary Ann ? ( edit ) The question of which of these two characters men prefer has endured long after the end of the series . The question has inspired commercials , essays , videos , and a sermon . By most accounts , the wholesome , down - to - earth Mary Ann has consistently outpolled the glamorous bombshell movie - star Ginger by a sizable margin . Bob Denver admitted he was a Mary Ann fan . According to Bob Denver in a 2001 interview , Wells received 3,000 -- 5,000 fan letters weekly , whereas Louise may have gotten 1,500 or 2,000 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` MeTV Network - Shows - Gilligan 's Island '' . Jump up ^ The 140 ° latitude , 10 ° longitude coordinates are impossible , because latitude ranges from - 90 ° to + 90 ° . Jump up ^ This would place the island in the Gulf of Thailand , which obviously does not comport with the series ' back story . Jump up ^ Flint , Peter B ( January 4 , 1990 ) , `` Alan Hale Jr. , Who Was Skipper On ' Gilligan 's Island , ' Dies at 71 '' , The New York Times , Mr. Hale 's image as the Skipper persisted in the 1980s . After a day of golf , he often headed to Alan Hale 's Lobster Barrel , a West Hollywood , California restaurant , where , wearing his skipper 's cap , he greeted customers . Jump up ^ Stoddard 1996 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Stoddard 1996 , pp. 306 -- 7 . Jump up ^ `` MeTV Network - '' . Jump up ^ `` Goodbye Island '' . November 21 , 1964 -- via www.imdb.com . Jump up ^ `` Denver '' , The New York Times , Sep 7 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Studio Center '' . Seeing-stars.com . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ WALSTAD , DAVID ( 7 August 1995 ) . `` Civilization Takes Over ' Gilligan 's ' Lagoon : Television : The set of the 1960s sitcom is turned into an employee parking lot as CBS Studio Center adds production facilities '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gilligan 's Minnow no longer lost '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . August 28 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Legal Tales from Gilligan 's Island '' . Santa Clara Law Review & Jamail Center for Legal Research . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Russell Johnson with Steve Cox , Here on Gilligan 's Isle , page 20 ( 1993 ) . Jump up ^ First season opening sequence of Gilligan 's Island From YouTube . Retrieved on November 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fore , William F ( 1987 ) . `` Escape From Gilligan 's Island '' . medialit.org . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Shales , Tom ( February 8 , 2004 ) , `` Hey , little buddy ! ' Gilligan ' DVD drifts into port '' , The Washington Post , p . N1 , To his credit , star Bob Denver lobbied Schwartz and others to change the lyrics to the theme song after the second season , so all the characters and not just most of them were listed . Instead of the chorus singing ' the movie star , and the rest , ' they sang , ' the movie star , the professor and Mary Ann , here on Gilligan 's isle ! ' Jump up ^ Green . Unofficial Gilligan 's Island Handbook . Jump up ^ Lileth . `` Was the `` Gilligan 's Island '' theme song tampered with ? `` . The Straight Dope . Cecil Adams . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Gilligan 's Island Tidbits '' . The Fifties Web . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Home Town Success Story '' . Bay views . Google Blogger . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Gilligan 's Island Theme '' . Gilligan 's isle . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Gilligan 's Island Full Cast and Crew '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Stairway '' . The Official Gilligan 's Island Fan Club . Retrieved March 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bowling For Soup -- Gilligan 's Island Theme '' . You tube . Google . Jump up ^ Stoddard 1996 , p. 306 . Jump up ^ The Worst TV Shows Ever , Those TV Turkeys We Will Never Forget ... ( No Matter How Hard We Try ) by Bart Andrews with Brad Dunning ( 1980 ) . Jump up ^ `` '' Gilligan 's Island '' coming to HD ? `` . Jump up ^ `` ' Gilligan 's Island ' Docks at TV Land For the First Time in 10 Years '' . January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gilligan 's Island '' . Jump up ^ `` Gilligan 's Island TV Show Creator wants Michael Cera and Beyoncé for New Movie '' . Tvseriesfinale.com . January 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Warner Bros Sets Gilligan 's Island As Star Feature Vehicle For Josh Gad Jump up ^ Gael Fashingbauer Cooper ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` As Dawn Wells turns 74 , the question remains : Ginger or Mary Ann ? '' . Today . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hiassen , Rob ( September 29 , 2007 ) . `` Author has left Ginger and ' Island ' behind '' . The Baltimore Sun . ( HighBeam subscription may be required ) Jump up ^ Budweiser Ginger or Mary Ann Archived October 16 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 07 Jump up ^ Rev. Jeffrey Symynkywicz ( June 5 , 2005 ) . `` Ginger or Mary Ann ? '' . uustoughtonma.org . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Slotek , Jim ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Russell Johnson on ' Gilligan 's Island ' in 1993 interview '' . Toronto Sun . USA Today carried a Ginger vs. Mary Ann fave poll and Dawn Wells ' character had 85 % of the vote Jump up ^ Silver , Marc ( September 7 , 2005 ) . `` So which one did Gilligan like best ? '' . usnews.com U.S. News and World Report . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Ginger vs. Maryann '' . retroCRUSH . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Denver , Bob ( November 1993 ) . Gilligan , Maynard & Me . Carol Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 1413 - 2 . Green , Joey ( April 1988 ) . Unofficial Gilligan 's Island Handbook . Warner Books . ISBN 0 - 446 - 38668 - 5 . Johnson , Russell ; Cox , Steve ( July 1993 ) . Here on Gilligan 's Isle ( 1st ed . ) . Perennial . ISBN 0 - 06 - 096993 - 8 . Schwartz , Sherwood ( April 15 , 1994 ) . Inside Gilligan 's Island : A Three - Hour Tour Through The Making of A Television Classic . St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 0 - 312 - 10482 - 0 . Stoddard , Sylvia ( May 1996 ) . TV Treasures -- A Companion Guide to Gilligan 's Island . New York : St. Martin 's Paperbacks . ISBN 0 - 312 - 95797 - 1 . Gilligan 's Island -- The Complete First Season ( DVD ) , 2004 , Turner Home Entertainment , UPC 053939673425 . Gilligan 's Island -- The Complete Second Season ( DVD ) , 2005 , Turner Home Entertainment , UPC 053939692624 . Gilligan 's Island -- The Complete Third Season ( DVD ) , 2005 , Turner Home Entertainment , UPC 053939733129 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gilligan 's Island . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gilligan 's Island Gilligan 's Island on IMDb Gilligan 's Island at TV.com Gilligan 's Island : Underneath the Grass Skirt ( 1999 documentary ) on IMDb Gilligan 's Island - related interview videos at the Archive of American Television Sept 2014 interview with Dawn Wells <Th_colspan="2"> Gilligan 's Island Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Characters Gilligan The Skipper The Professor Ginger Grant Mary Ann Summers Thurston Howell III Lovey Howell Spin - offs The New Adventures of Gilligan Rescue from Gilligan 's Island The Castaways on Gilligan 's Island The Harlem Globetrotters on Gilligan 's Island Gilligan 's Planet Surviving Gilligan 's Island Related Episodes S.S. Minnow The Adventures of Gilligan 's Island Gilligan 's Island pinball machine The Real Gilligan 's Island Gilligan 's Wake <Th_colspan="2"> Television series produced or created by Sherwood Schwartz <Td_colspan="2"> Gilligan 's Island It 's About Time The Brady Bunch Dusty 's Trail Big John , Little John The Brady Bunch Hour The Brady Brides Harper Valley PTA Together We Stand The Bradys The Real Gilligan 's Island Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gilligan%27s_Island&oldid=828111821 '' Categories : Gilligan 's Island 1960s American sitcoms 1964 American television series debuts 1967 American television series endings Black - and - white television programs CBS network shows English - language television programs Television series by Warner Bros. Television Television series set on fictional islands Television programs adapted into films Television programs adapted into video games Television series created by Sherwood Schwartz Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from July 2013 Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles needing additional references from July 2017 Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends title Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 17 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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1. Gilligan's Island sitcom
2. Castaways stranded on an island
3. Bob Denver as Gilligan
4. Sherwood Schwartz, creator of Gilligan's Island
5. Popular American cultural icon
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-1,865,145,224,603,968,300 |
who wrote and sang don't worry be happy
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Do n't Worry , Be Happy - wikipedia Do n't Worry , Be Happy This article is about the song by Bobby McFerrin . For other uses , see Do n't Worry , Be Happy ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Bobby McFerrin <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Simple Pleasures A-side `` Do n't Worry Be Happy '' B - side `` Good Lovin ' '' `` Simple Pleasures '' ( optional ) Released September 1988 , 1989 , 2000 Format 12 '' maxi 7 '' promo 7 '' single CD single Recorded Genre Reggae jazz a cappella Length 4 : 50 ( album version ) 4 : 03 ( music video ) 3 : 50 ( radio edit ) Label EMI - Manhattan Records Songwriter ( s ) Bobby McFerrin Producer ( s ) Linda Goldstein <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' on YouTube <Td_colspan="2"> `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' is a popular worldwide hit song by musician Bobby McFerrin . Released in September 1988 , it became the first a cappella song to reach number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , a position it held for two weeks . Contents 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Music video 4 Chart performance 5 Usage in popular culture 6 Awards 7 Charts 8 Certifications 9 Cover versions 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) Meher Baba , who often used the phrase `` Do n't worry , be happy '' The Indian mystic and sage Meher Baba ( 1894 -- 1969 ) often used the expression `` Do n't worry , be happy '' when cabling his followers in the West . In the 1960s , the expression was printed up on inspirational cards and posters of the era . In 1988 , McFerrin noticed a similar poster in the apartment of the jazz duo Tuck & Patti in San Francisco . Inspired by the expression 's charm and simplicity , McFerrin wrote the now famous song , which was included in the soundtrack of the movie Cocktail , and became a hit single the next year . In an interview by Bruce Fessier for USA Weekend magazine in 1988 McFerrin said , `` Whenever you see a poster of Meher Baba , it usually says ' Do n't worry , be happy , ' which is a pretty neat philosophy in four words , I think . '' Linda Goldstein , the song 's producer , said the song gave McFerrin `` the freedom to explore , '' adding , `` He is a man of infinite , unfathomable , boundless voices and everything he has ever heard has gone into his brain , from the Mickey Mouse Club theme to the Metropolitan Opera . '' Composition ( edit ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' ( 2008 ) A 24 - second audio sample of Bobby McFerrin 's `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . The `` instruments '' in the a cappella song are entirely overdubbed voice parts and other sounds made by McFerrin , using no instruments at all ; McFerrin also sings with an affected accent . Music Video ( edit ) The comedic original music video for the song stars McFerrin , Robin Williams , and Bill Irwin , and is somewhat shorter than the album version . Chart performance ( edit ) Originally released in conjunction with the film Cocktail in 1988 , the song originally peaked at No. 88 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song was re-released the same year and peaked at No. 1 on September 24 , 1988 displacing `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' by Guns N ' Roses which had previously held the No. 1 spot . The song also peaked at No. 11 on the Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Tracks chart and No. 7 on the Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart . The song was also a hit in the United Kingdom and on the UK Singles Chart , the song reached number 2 during its fifth week on the chart ( kept from the top spot by Whitney Houston 's `` One Moment in Time '' ) . In Canada , the song reached No. 1 on its 8th week . The song is the first a cappella song to reach the Billboard Hot 100 chart and one critic noted it is a `` formula for facing life 's trials . '' While the song reached No. 1 on the charts , its album Simple Pleasures reached No. 12 on the album charts after starting out at No. 20 when it was first released . Usage in popular culture ( edit ) Comedian George Carlin wrote in Napalm and Silly Putty that many Americans would embrace the philosophy of denial in the song . Featured in the 1988 romance film Cocktail , starring Tom Cruise and Elisabeth Shue . It was also released as part of the film 's official soundtrack . The song was used in George H.W. Bush 's 1988 U.S. presidential election as Bush 's 1988 official presidential campaign song , without Bobby McFerrin 's permission or endorsement . In reaction , Bobby McFerrin ( a Democrat ) publicly protested that particular use of his song , including stating that he was going to vote against Bush , and completely dropped the song from his own performance repertoire , to make the point even clearer . The George H.W. Bush campaign then reportedly desisted from further use of the song . In 1989 , Delacorte Press published a book titled Do n't Worry , Be Happy with the song 's lyrics , 20 new verses written by McFerrin , and illustrations by Bennett Carlson . The song became an unofficial anthem in Jamaica after Hurricane Gilbert struck the island in September 1988 ( coinciding with the song 's release ) and caused months of hardship to the population . The song is often erroneously attributed to Bob Marley . In 1997 , the song was featured in the direct - to - video film Casper : A Spirited Beginning . In 2001 , Mondo Club recorded the titular single . The performer was Trevor Taylor . In 2005 , featured in the biographical military drama Jarhead , starring Jake Gyllenhaal . In 2006 , the song was parodied in the animated film Flushed Away . In 2008 , the song was featured in the Disney / Pixar animated film WALL - E. McFerrin had previously provided vocal work for Pixar 's short film Knick Knack . In November 2014 , it was featured as a mashup with `` Winter Wonderland '' by a cappella group Pentatonix featuring Tori Kelly on the album That 's Christmas to Me . It was featured in the dance video game Just Dance 2015 . In 2017 , the song was covered by Kermit Ruffins , Irvin Mayfield , Jason Marsalis , Cyril Neville , Haley Reinhart , and Glen David Andrews for Ruffins and Mayfield 's album A Beautiful World . In 2018 , the song was featured in the animated film Hotel Transylvania 3 : Summer Vacation . Awards ( edit ) The song is ranked No. 31 on VH1 's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders of the 80s and also appears on Rolling Stone 's list of the 15 Best Whistling Songs of All Time . At the 1989 Grammy Awards , `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' won the awards for Song of the Year , Record of the Year , and Best Male Pop Vocal Performance . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 -- 89 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canadian RPM 30 Retail Singles Canadian RPM Top Singles France ( SNEP ) 29 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 10 ) Irish Singles Chart Italy ( FIMI ) 18 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 5 South African Chart Spain ( AFYVE ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary 7 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Singles 11 Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 75 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 <Td_colspan="3"> shipments figures based on certification alone Cover versions ( edit ) Versions of `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' have been recorded by several artists . The Katsimiha Brothers made a Greek cover of the song with original lyrics , and Montenegrin musician Rambo Amadeus made a parody entitled `` Do n't Happy , Be Worry '' , as a critique to the optimism of the music scene in the former Yugoslavia in the face of war and economic depression . In addition , the lyrics of `` Fight the Power '' by hip - hop artists Public Enemy refer critically to `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . A version of this song sung by The Hit Crew is also added into the Big Mouth Billy Bass , a very popular animatronic singing toy . Hermes House Band covered the song on their Rhythm of the Nineties album in 2009 . Reggae artist Cas Haley covered the song as a hidden bonus track on his Favorites album ( together with former Jah Roots lead singer , Josh Heinrichs ) . Also in 1989 Dutch rock DJ Alfred Lagarde recorded a version in Dutch with a heavy Surinam accent under the name Johnny Camaro . Spanish Ska band The Locos covered this song in a similar style , Ska . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry Be Happy '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ SPIN june 1989 ( PDF ) . SPIN Media LLC. 1989 . p. 66 . ISSN 0886 - 3032 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Bhau Kalchuri ( 1986 ) . ' Meher Prabhu : Lord Meher , The Biography of the Avatar of the Age , Meher Baba . Manifestation , Inc . pp. 5134 , 5770 , 5970 , 6405 , 6742 . Jump up ^ `` ' USA Weekend Magazine '' . October 21 , 1988 . In an interview by Bruce Fessier for USA Weekend magazine in 1988 McFerrin said , `` Whenever you see a poster of Meher Baba , it usually says ' Do n't worry , be happy Jump up ^ `` Bobby McFerrin Extended Interview '' ( Video Interview ) . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Michael . `` ' Do n't Worry , Be Happy ' -- It 's Catching '' Fort Lauderdale , Florida : Sun - Sentinel : 1988 . Jump up ^ Heldenfels , Rich ( June 27 , 2012 ) . `` Mailbag : Mr. Noodle explained '' . Akron Beacon - Journal . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Hot 100 : The Week of September 24 , 1988 '' . billboard.com . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : Holden , Stephen ( Sep 29 , 1988 ) . `` Don ` t Worry , Be Happy : Bobby Mcferrin Has A No. 1 Hit '' . New York Times News Service . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . McFerrin ` s hit is earning the superb vocal improviser a mass audience , as his album , ` ` Simple Pleasures ` ` leaps from No. 20 to No. 12 on the album chart . Jump up ^ `` Bobby McFerrin Awards '' . All Media Network , LLC . March 11 , 1950 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 Official Charts Company '' . www.officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Do n't Worry , Be Happy . B Happy - Benny to Beyonce , 2012 - books.google.com Jump up ^ Carlin , George ( 2001 ) . Napalm and Silly Putty . Jump up ^ `` '' Do n't Worry , Be Happy `` , Bobby McFerrin '' . VH1 's Pop - up Video . 1997 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Helen . `` Revd Helen OSullivan on Do n't Worry Be Happy '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Barry ( Dec 11 , 2013 ) . `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy 5.4 Project '' . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Mondo Club -- Do n't Worry Be Happy Jump up ^ `` ( Official Video ) Winter Wonderland / Do n't Worry Be Happy - Pentatonix ( ft Tori Kelly ) '' . YouTube . November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kermit Ruffins Irvin Mayfield -- A Beautiful World '' . Basin Street Records . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Kate ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` The 15 Best Whistling Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy in Canadian 30 Retail Singles Chart '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy in Canadian Top Singles Chart '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Íslenski Listinn Topp 10 ( 14 . október 1988 ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Icelandic ) . Dagblaðið Vísir . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy in Irish Chart '' . IRMA . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . Only one result when searching `` Do n't worry be happy '' Jump up ^ `` The best - selling singles of 1989 in Italy '' . HitParadeItalia ( it ) . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . 97 . Do n't Worry , Be Happy - Bobby McFerrin ( # 18 , 1988 / 89 ) Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Bobby McFerrin '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ John Samson . `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy in South African Chart '' . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` LISTAS DE AFYVE - Singles 1988 '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` 1988 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive - 22nd October 1988 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bobby McFerrin awards on Allmusic '' . All Media Network , LLC . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Bobby McFerrin ; ' Do n't Worry , Be Happy ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Bobby Mc Ferrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) 1980s portal Lyrics of this song on Bobby McFerrin 's official website <Th_colspan="2"> Grammy Award for Record of the Year 1959 − 1980 `` Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu ( Volare ) '' by Domenico Modugno ( 1959 ) `` Mack the Knife '' by Bobby Darin ( 1960 ) `` Theme from A Summer Place '' by Percy Faith ( 1961 ) `` Moon River '' by Henry Mancini ( 1962 ) `` I Left My Heart in San Francisco '' by Tony Bennett ( 1963 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' by Henry Mancini ( 1964 ) `` The Girl from Ipanema '' by Astrud Gilberto & Stan Getz ( 1965 ) `` A Taste of Honey '' by Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass ( 1966 ) `` Strangers in the Night '' by Frank Sinatra ( 1967 ) `` Up , Up and Away '' by The 5th Dimension ( Billy Davis Jr. , Florence LaRue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamont McLemore , Ron Townson ) ( 1968 ) `` Mrs. Robinson '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon ) ( 1969 ) `` Aquarius / Let the Sunshine In '' by The 5th Dimension ( Billy Davis Jr. , Florence LaRue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamont McLemore , Ron Townson ) ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon ) ( 1971 ) `` It 's Too Late '' by Carole King ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' by Roberta Flack ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' by Roberta Flack ( 1974 ) `` I Honestly Love You '' by Olivia Newton - John ( 1975 ) `` Love Will Keep Us Together '' by Captain & Tennille ( Daryl Dragon , Toni Tennille ) ( 1976 ) `` This Masquerade '' by George Benson ( 1977 ) `` Hotel California '' by Eagles ( Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Randy Meisner , Joe Walsh ) ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' by Billy Joel ( 1979 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' by The Doobie Brothers ( Jeffrey Baxter , John Hartman , Keith Knudsen , Michael McDonald , Tiran Porter , Patrick Simmons ) ( 1980 ) 1981 − 2000 `` Sailing '' by Christopher Cross ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' by Kim Carnes ( 1982 ) `` Rosanna '' by Toto ( Bobby Kimball , Steve Lukather , David Paich , Jeff Porcaro , David Hungate , Steve Porcaro ) ( 1983 ) `` Beat It '' by Michael Jackson ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' by Tina Turner ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' by USA for Africa ( 1986 ) `` Higher Love '' by Steve Winwood ( 1987 ) `` Graceland '' by Paul Simon ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' by Bobby McFerrin ( 1989 ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' by Bette Midler ( 1990 ) `` Another Day in Paradise '' by Phil Collins ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' by Natalie Cole with Nat King Cole ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' by Eric Clapton ( 1993 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' by Whitney Houston ( 1994 ) `` All I Wanna Do '' by Sheryl Crow ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' by Seal ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' by Eric Clapton ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' by Shawn Colvin ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' by Celine Dion ( 1999 ) `` Smooth '' by Santana ( Rodney Holmes , Tony Lindsay , Karl Perazzo , Raul Rekow , Benny Rietveld , Carlos Santana , Chester Thompson ) featuring Rob Thomas ( 2000 ) 2001 − present `` Beautiful Day '' by U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr . ) ( 2001 ) `` Walk On '' by U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr . ) ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' by Norah Jones ( 2003 ) `` Clocks '' by Coldplay ( Guy Berryman , Jon Buckland , Will Champion , Phil Harvey , Chris Martin ) ( 2004 ) `` Here We Go Again '' by Ray Charles and Norah Jones ( 2005 ) `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' by Green Day ( Billie Joe Armstrong , Mike Dirnt , Frank Edwin Wright III ) ( 2006 ) `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' by Dixie Chicks ( Martie Maguire , Natalie Maines , Emily Robison ) ( 2007 ) `` Rehab '' by Amy Winehouse ( 2008 ) `` Please Read the Letter '' by Alison Krauss and Robert Plant ( 2009 ) `` Use Somebody '' by Kings of Leon ( Caleb Followill , Jared Followill , Matthew Followill , Nathan Followill ) ( 2010 ) `` Need You Now '' by Lady Antebellum ( Hillary Scott , Charles Kelley , Dave Haywood ) ( 2011 ) `` Rolling in the Deep '' by Adele ( 2012 ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' by Gotye featuring Kimbra ( 2013 ) `` Get Lucky '' by Daft Punk featuring Pharrell Williams & Nile Rodgers ( 2014 ) `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) by Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` Uptown Funk '' by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars ( 2016 ) `` Hello '' by Adele ( 2017 ) `` 24K Magic '' by Bruno Mars ( 2018 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Grammy Award for Song of the Year 1959 − 1980 `` Volare '' -- Domenico Modugno ( songwriter ) ( 1959 ) `` The Battle of New Orleans '' -- Jimmy Driftwood ( songwriter ) ( 1960 ) `` Theme from Exodus '' -- Ernest Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1961 ) `` Moon River '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1962 ) `` What Kind of Fool Am I ? '' -- Leslie Bricusse & Anthony Newley ( songwriters ) ( 1963 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1964 ) `` Hello , Dolly ! '' -- Jerry Herman ( songwriter ) ( 1965 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' -- Paul Francis Webster & Johnny Mandel ( songwriters ) ( 1966 ) `` Michelle '' -- John Lennon & Paul McCartney ( songwriters ) ( 1967 ) `` Up , Up , and Away '' -- Jimmy Webb ( songwriter ) ( 1968 ) `` Little Green Apples '' -- Bobby Russell ( songwriter ) ( 1969 ) `` Games People Play '' -- Joe South ( songwriter ) ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' -- Paul Simon ( songwriter ) ( 1971 ) `` You 've Got a Friend '' -- Carole King ( songwriter ) ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' -- Ewan MacColl ( songwriter ) ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' -- Norman Gimbel & Charles Fox ( songwriters ) ( 1974 ) `` The Way We Were '' -- Alan and Marilyn Bergman & Marvin Hamlisch ( songwriters ) ( 1975 ) `` Send In the Clowns '' -- Stephen Sondheim ( songwriter ) ( 1976 ) `` I Write the Songs '' -- Bruce Johnston ( songwriter ) ( 1977 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' -- Barbra Streisand & Paul Williams ( songwriters ) / `` You Light Up My Life '' -- Joe Brooks ( songwriter ) ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' -- Billy Joel ( songwriter ) ( 1979 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' -- Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald ( songwriters ) ( 1980 ) 1981 − 2000 `` Sailing '' -- Christopher Cross ( songwriter ) ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' -- Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon ( songwriters ) ( 1982 ) `` Always on My Mind '' -- Johnny Christopher , Mark James & Wayne Carson ( songwriters ) ( 1983 ) `` Every Breath You Take '' -- Sting ( songwriter ) ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' -- Graham Lyle & Terry Britten ( songwriters ) ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' -- Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie ( songwriters ) ( 1986 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' -- Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager ( songwriters ) ( 1987 ) `` Somewhere Out There '' -- James Horner , Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil ( songwriters ) ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' -- Bobby McFerrin ( songwriter ) ( 1989 ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' -- Larry Henley & Jeff Silbar ( songwriters ) ( 1990 ) `` From a Distance '' -- Julie Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' -- Irving Gordon ( songwriter ) ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' -- Eric Clapton & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1993 ) `` A Whole New World '' -- Alan Menken & Tim Rice ( songwriters ) ( 1994 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' -- Bruce Springsteen ( songwriter ) ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' -- Seal ( songwriter ) ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' -- Gordon Kennedy , Wayne Kirkpatrick & Tommy Sims ( songwriters ) ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' -- Shawn Colvin & John Leventhal ( songwriters ) ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- James Horner & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1999 ) `` Smooth '' -- Itaal Shur & Rob Thomas ( songwriters ) ( 2000 ) 2001 − present `` Beautiful Day '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2001 ) `` Fallin ' '' -- Alicia Keys ( songwriter ) ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' -- Jesse Harris ( songwriter ) ( 2003 ) `` Dance with My Father '' -- Richard Marx & Luther Vandross ( songwriters ) ( 2004 ) `` Daughters '' -- John Mayer ( songwriter ) ( 2005 ) `` Sometimes You Ca n't Make It on Your Own '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2006 ) `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' -- Emily Burns Erwin , Martha Maguire , Natalie Maines Pasdar & Dan Wilson ( songwriters ) ( 2007 ) `` Rehab '' -- Amy Winehouse ( songwriter ) ( 2008 ) `` Viva la Vida '' -- Guy Berryman , Jonathan Buckland , William Champion & Christopher Martin ( songwriters ) ( 2009 ) `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' -- Thaddis `` Kuk '' Harrell , Beyoncé Knowles , Terius Nash & Christopher Stewart ( songwriters ) ( 2010 ) `` Need You Now '' -- Dave Haywood , Josh Kear , Charles Kelley & Hillary Scott ( songwriters ) ( 2011 ) `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- Adele Adkins & Paul Epworth ( songwriters ) ( 2012 ) `` We Are Young '' -- Jack Antonoff , Jeff Bhasker , Andrew Dost & Nate Ruess ( songwriters ) ( 2013 ) `` Royals '' -- Joel Little & Ella Yelich O'Connor ( songwriters ) ( 2014 ) `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) -- James Napier , William Phillips & Sam Smith ( songwriters ) ( 2015 ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' -- Ed Sheeran & Amy Wadge ( songwriters ) ( 2016 ) `` Hello '' -- Adele Adkins & Greg Kurstin ( songwriters ) ( 2017 ) `` That 's What I Like '' -- Christopher Brody Brown , James Fauntleroy , Philip Lawrence , Bruno Mars , Ray Charles McCullough II , Jeremy Reeves , Ray Romulus & Jonathan Yip ( songwriters ) ( 2018 ) <Th_colspan="3"> Meher Baba Publications God Speaks ( 1955 ) Discourses ( 1939 ) God in a Pill ? ( 1966 ) Terms and concepts God - realization Perfect Master Involution Mast Mandali New Life Traditions and prayers Amartithi Silence Day Dhuni Parvardigar Prayer Seven Names of God Prayer Important places Meherabad ashram shrine / tomb Meherazad Meher Spiritual Center Meher Mount Avatar 's Abode Associated figures Mehera Irani Norina Matchabelli Bhau Kalchuri Francis Brabazon Lyn Ott Charles Purdom Gabriel Pascal Quentin Tod Meredith Starr Tom Hopkinson Contacted masters Hazrat Babajan Upasni Maharaj Sai Baba of Shirdi Hazrat Tajuddin Baba Narayan Maharaj Legacy Sufism Reoriented `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' Beyond Words ( 1997 documentary ) Happy Birthday ( 1970 album ) I Am ( 1972 album ) With Love ( 1976 album ) O ' Parvardigar ( 1976 film ) O ' Parvardigar ( 2001 album ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Worry,_Be_Happy&oldid=853150385 '' Categories : 1988 singles Grammy Award for Record of the Year Grammy Award for Song of the Year Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles A cappella songs RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs about happiness Meher Baba 1988 songs Manhattan Records singles EMI Records singles Debut singles Songs from animated films Hidden categories : CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use mdy dates from April 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Кыргызча Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Svenska 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 August 2018 , at 19 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Bobby McFerrin
2. "Don't Worry, Be Happy"
3. A cappella song
4. Billboard Hot 100 chart
5. Meher Baba
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8,054,471,130,463,329,000 |
the band music from big pink full album
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Music from Big Pink - wikipedia Music from Big Pink Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Music from Big Pink <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Studio album by The Band Released July 1 , 1968 Recorded Early 1968 Genre Americana , roots rock Length 42 : 22 Label Capitol Producer John Simon <Th_colspan="2"> The Band chronology <Td_colspan="2"> Music from Big Pink ( 1968 ) The Band ( 1969 ) The Band 1969 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Singles from Music from Big Pink <Td_colspan="2"> `` The Weight / I Shall Be Released '' Released : January 1968 <Td_colspan="2"> Music from Big Pink is the debut studio album by the Band . Released in 1968 , it employs a distinctive blend of country , rock , folk , classical , R&B , and soul . The music was composed partly in `` Big Pink '' , a house shared by Rick Danko , Richard Manuel and Garth Hudson in West Saugerties , New York . The album itself was recorded in studios in New York and Los Angeles in 1968 , and followed the band 's backing of Bob Dylan on his 1966 tour ( as the Hawks ) and time spent together in upstate New York recording material that was officially released in 1975 as The Basement Tapes , also with Dylan . The cover artwork is a painting by Dylan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and Big Pink house 2 Recording 3 Artwork 4 Reception 5 Track listing 5.1 Side one 5.2 Side two 5.3 2000 reissue bonus tracks 6 Personnel 7 Charts 8 References 9 Sources 10 External links Background and Big Pink house ( edit ) `` Big Pink '' in 2006 The Band began to create their distinctive sound during 1967 , when they improvised and recorded with Bob Dylan a huge number of cover songs and original Dylan material in the basement of a pink house in West Saugerties , New York , located at 56 Parnassus Lane ( formerly 2188 Stoll Road ) . The house was built by Ottmar Gramms , who bought the land in 1952 . The house was newly built when Rick Danko found it as a rental . Danko moved in along with Garth Hudson and Richard Manuel in February 1967 . The house became known locally as `` Big Pink ' for its pink siding . The house was subsequently sold by Gramms in 1977 , and since 1998 , it has been a private residence . Though widely bootlegged at the time , the recordings Dylan and the Band made were first officially released in 1975 on The Basement Tapes , and then released in their totality in 2014 on The Basement Tapes Complete . By the end of 1967 The Band felt it was time to step out of Dylan 's shadow and make their own statement . Recording ( edit ) The Band 's manager Albert Grossman ( who was also Dylan ' s manager ) approached Capitol Records to secure a record deal for a group still informally described as `` Dylan 's backing band '' . Stanley Gortikov at Capitol signed The Band -- initially under the name The Crackers . Armed with news of a recording deal for the group , they lured Levon Helm back from the oil rigs where he had been working , to Woodstock where he took up his crucial position in the Band , singing and playing drums . Helm 's return coincided with a ferment of activity in Big Pink as the embryonic Band not only recorded with Dylan but also began to write their own songs , led by guitarist Robbie Robertson . After meeting with producer John Simon , the Band started to record their debut album in Manhattan at A&R Studios , on the 7th floor of 799 7th Avenue at 52nd Street in the early months of 1968 . The Band recorded `` Tears of Rage '' , `` Chest Fever '' , `` We Can Talk '' , `` This Wheel 's On Fire '' and `` The Weight '' in two sessions . Robertson has said that when Simon asked them how they wanted it to sound , they replied , `` Just like it did in the basement . '' Capitol , pleased with the initial recording session , suggested that the group move to Los Angeles to finish recording their first album at Capitol Studios . They also cut some material at Gold Star Studios on Santa Monica Boulevard . The songs on Big Pink recorded in L.A. were `` In A Station '' , `` To Kingdom Come '' , `` Lonesome Suzie '' , `` Long Black Veil '' and `` I Shall Be Released '' . Artwork ( edit ) Dylan offered to sing on the album , but ultimately realized it was important for the Band to make their own statement . Instead , Dylan signified his presence by contributing a cover painting . Barney Hoskyns has written that it is significant the painting depicts six musicians . The cover of Music From Big Pink was intended to establish the group as having a different outlook from the psychedelic culture of 1968 . Photographer Elliott Landy flew to Toronto to photograph the assembled Danko , Manuel , Robertson , and Hudson families on the Danko chicken farm . A photo was inserted of Diamond and Nell Helm , who lived in Arkansas . The photo appeared on the cover with the caption `` Next of Kin '' . Reception ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Professional ratings <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Down Beat Encyclopedia of Popular Music Entertainment Weekly Goldmine MusicHound Rock 5 / 5 Q The Rolling Stone Album Guide The initial critical reception to the album was positive , though sales were slim . It received praise for the organic quality of the instrumentation , which had been recorded live without overdubbing . In Rolling Stone , Al Kooper 's rave review of Big Pink ended with the words , `` This album was recorded in approximately two weeks . There are people who will work their lives away in vain and not touch it . '' which helped to draw public attention to it ( even though Rolling Stone referred to them as `` the band from Big Pink '' instead of just `` the Band '' ) . The fact that Bob Dylan wrote one and co-wrote two of the songs on the album also attracted attention . Robert Christgau was less enthusiastic in The Village Voice . He credited the music 's original evocation of `` country - soul feeling without imitating it '' and the `` human roughness around the edges '' , but ultimately found much of it morose and boring to listen to , later arguing that the music 's lack of energy reinforced the `` metaphorical impenetrability '' of the lyrics . In 1968 , `` The Weight '' peaked at # 63 on Billboard 's Hot 100 singles chart in the US . The song was a bigger hit elsewhere , peaking at # 35 in Canada , and # 21 in the UK . The album peaked at # 30 on Billboard 's Pop Albums chart in 1968 , and then recharted as a # 8 hit on the Top Internet Albums chart in 2000 ( see 2000 in music ) . `` The Weight '' gained widespread popularity , from the Band 's performance of it at Woodstock on 17 August 1969 and due partially to its inclusion in the film Easy Rider , though it was omitted from the soundtrack because of licensing issues . A cover version by the band Smith was included on the soundtrack album instead . In 2003 , the album was ranked number 34 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time . The laid - back feel of the album attracted the attention of other major artists . For example , Eric Clapton cites the album 's roots rock style as what convinced him to quit Cream , and pursue the styles of Blind Faith , Delaney and Bonnie , Derek and the Dominos on his debut album . George Harrison was also impressed by the album 's musicianship and sense of camaraderie , and Roger Waters called it the second `` most influential record in the history of rock and roll '' , after Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band , and said that it `` affected Pink Floyd deeply , deeply , deeply . '' According to Terry Burrows , the album spawned the Americana genre , while music academic Chris Smith said its songs laid the groundwork for roots rock music . The original LP record issue included a gatefold cover in 1968 , duplicated 40 years later in 2008 as a remastered 180 gm LP . On compact disc , it was remastered as a gold CD in 1989 , as a DVD - audio in 2001 and as a remastered numbered edition SACD in 2009 . On August 29 , 2000 , it was reissued by EMI Records as a standard compact disc with nine bonus tracks as listed below . In 2012 , Mobile Fidelity released a remastered , numbered , limited edition , Half - speed Mastering from the original master tapes , 180g LP pressed at RTI . Track listing ( edit ) Side one ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Lead vocal Length 1 . `` Tears of Rage '' Richard Manuel Bob Dylan Manuel 5 : 23 2 . `` To Kingdom Come '' Robbie Robertson Manuel and Robertson 3 : 22 3 . `` In a Station '' Manuel Manuel 3 : 34 4 . `` Caledonia Mission '' Robertson Danko 2 : 59 5 . `` The Weight '' Robertson Helm with Danko 4 : 34 Side two ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Lead vocal Length 6 . `` We Can Talk '' Manuel Manuel , Helm , and Danko 3 : 06 7 . `` Long Black Veil '' Marijohn Wilkin Danny Dill Danko 3 : 06 8 . `` Chest Fever '' Robertson Manuel 5 : 18 9 . `` Lonesome Suzie '' Manuel Manuel 4 : 04 10 . `` This Wheel 's on Fire '' Danko Dylan Danko 3 : 14 11 . `` I Shall Be Released '' Dylan Manuel 3 : 19 2000 reissue bonus tracks ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Lead vocal Length 12 . `` Yazoo Street Scandal '' Robertson Helm 4 : 01 13 . `` Tears of Rage '' Manuel Dylan Manuel ( Alternate take ) 5 : 32 14 . `` Katie 's Been Gone '' Robertson Manuel Manuel 2 : 46 15 . `` If I Lose '' Charlie Poole Helm 2 : 29 16 . `` Long Distance Operator '' Dylan Manuel 3 : 58 17 . `` Lonesome Suzie '' Manuel Manuel ( Alternate take ) 3 : 00 18 . `` Orange Juice Blues ( Blues for Breakfast ) '' Manuel Manuel 3 : 40 19 . `` Key to the Highway '' Big Bill Broonzy Helm 2 : 28 20 . `` Ferdinand the Imposter '' Robertson Danko 3 : 59 Personnel ( edit ) The Band Rick Danko -- bass guitar , fiddle , vocals Levon Helm -- drums , tambourine , vocals Garth Hudson -- organ , piano , clavinet , soprano and tenor saxophone Richard Manuel -- piano , organ , drums , vocals Robbie Robertson -- electric and acoustic guitars , vocals Additional personnel John Simon -- producer , baritone horn , tenor saxophone , piano Don Hahn -- engineer Tony May -- engineer Shelly Yakus -- engineer Bob Dylan -- cover painting Elliott Landy -- photography Charts ( edit ) Album -- Billboard ( US ) Year Chart Position 1968 Pop Albums 30 2000 Top Internet Albums 8 Singles -- Billboard ( US ) Year Single Chart Position 1968 `` The Weight '' Pop Singles 63 The Weight peaked at # 35 in Canada and # 21 in the UK . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 25 best Canadian debut albums ever '' . CBC Music , June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Rob . `` History of The Band : The Debut Album '' . theband.hiof.no . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Wilson , William . `` Historic Buildings in Rock'n'Roll History '' . rocknrolltravel.co.uk . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hoskyns , 1993 , Across The Great Divide , pp. 141 - 145 Jump up ^ Hoskyns , 1993 , Across The Great Divide , pp. 146 - 155 Jump up ^ Hoskyns , 1993 , Across The Great Divide , pp. 156 - 159 Jump up ^ Hoskyns , 1993 , Across The Great Divide , pp. 163 - 166 ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . Music From Big Pink at AllMusic . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Band -- Music from Big Pink CD Album '' . CD Universe / Muze . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Larkin , Colin ( 2011 ) . `` Funkadelic '' . Encyclopedia of Popular Music ( 5th ed . ) . Omnibus Press . p. 2390 . ISBN 0857125958 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ; Durchholz , Daniel ( eds ) ( 1999 ) . MusicHound Rock : The Essential Album Guide . Farmington Hills , MI : Visible Ink Press . p. 72 . ISBN 1 - 57859 - 061 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Brackett , Nathan , with Hoard , Christian ( eds ) ( 2004 ) . The New Rolling Stone Album Guide ( 4th edn ) . New York , NY : Fireside . p. 42 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0169 - 8 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Pete ( 1968 - 07 - 14 ) . `` Band Album Mines Dylan Vein '' . Los Angeles Times : Archives . Archived from the original on ? . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 07 . Check date values in : archive - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Viney , Peter . `` The Band : Album Ratings '' . The Band website . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Christgau , Robert ( December 1969 ) . `` In Memory of the Dave Clark Five '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kooper , Al ( 10 August 1968 ) . `` Records '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Big Pink Band To Tour U.S '' . Rolling Stone ( 30 ) . April 5 , 1969 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( December 22 , 1975 ) . `` Christgau 's Consumer Guide '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 500 Greatest Albums Of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Rolling Stone . 2010 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Waters quote re `` Music from Big Pink '' - Progressive Rock Music Forum `` . Progarchives.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Burrows , Terry ( 2015 ) . The Stratocaster Manual : Buying , Maintaining , Repairing , and Customizing Your Fender and Squier Stratocaster . Voyageur Press . p. 176 . ISBN 0760349223 . Jump up ^ Smith , Chris ( 2009 ) . 101 Albums that Changed Popular Music . Oxford University Press . p. 61 . ISBN 0195373715 . Jump up ^ The Weight Sources ( edit ) Hoskyns , Barney ( 1993 ) . Across The Great Divide : The Band and America . Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 841447 . Landy , Elliott ( 2015 ) . The Band Photographs 1968 - 1969 . Backbeat Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4950 - 2251 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Sheet music <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) The Band <Td_colspan="2"> Rick Danko Levon Helm Garth Hudson Richard Manuel Robbie Robertson Richard Bell Randy Ciarlante Stan Szelest Jim Weider Studio albums <Td_colspan="2"> Music from Big Pink The Band Stage Fright Cahoots Moondog Matinee Northern Lights -- Southern Cross Islands Jericho High On The Hog Jubilation with Bob Dylan Planet Waves The Basement Tapes Live albums Rock of Ages Before the Flood The Last Waltz ( 1978 album ) Live at Watkins Glen The Bootleg Series Vol. 4 : Bob Dylan Live 1966 The Last Waltz ( 2002 album ) Live at the Academy of Music 1971 Compilations The Best of The Band Anthology To Kingdom Come Across The Great Divide The Best of The Band , Vol. II Greatest Hits A Musical History The Bootleg Series Vol. 11 : The Basement Tapes Complete Films The Last Waltz Festival Express Singles `` Uh - Uh - Uh '' `` The Stones I Throw '' `` Go Go Liza Jane '' `` The Weight '' / `` I Shall Be Released '' `` Rag Mama Rag '' / `` The Unfaithful Servant '' `` Up on Cripple Creek '' / `` The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down '' `` Time to Kill '' / `` The Shape I 'm In '' `` Life Is a Carnival '' `` On a Night Like This '' ( with Bob Dylan ) `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( with Bob Dylan ) `` Ophelia '' `` Atlantic City '' Other songs `` Tears of Rage '' `` We Can Talk '' `` Long Black Veil '' `` Chest Fever '' `` Lonesome Suzie `` This Wheel 's on Fire '' `` Across the Great Divide '' `` When You Awake '' `` Whispering Pines '' `` Jemima Surrender '' `` Look Out Cleveland '' `` King Harvest ( Has Surely Come ) '' `` Sleeping '' `` The W.S. Walcott Medicine Show '' `` Daniel and the Sacred Harp '' `` Stage Fright '' `` When I Paint My Masterpiece '' `` Do n't Do It '' `` Mystery Train '' `` Acadian Driftwood '' `` It Makes No Difference '' `` Georgia on My Mind '' `` Blind Willie McTell '' Related Discography Bob Dylan Bob Dylan World Tour 1966 Bob Dylan and The Band 1974 Tour Cate Brothers Ronnie Hawkins Big Pink List of Basement Tapes songs List of Basement Tapes songs ( 1975 ) No Reason to Cry John Simon This Wheel 's on Fire : Levon Helm and the Story of The Band Allen Toussaint Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_from_Big_Pink&oldid=808475084 '' Categories : 1968 debut albums The Band albums Albums produced by John Simon ( record producer ) Albums with cover art by Bob Dylan Capitol Records albums Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 errors : dates Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 02 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Music from Big Pink - debut studio album by The Band
2. Americana and roots rock - genres of the album
3. Big Pink house - where the album was partly composed
4. Recording process - in New York and Los Angeles
5. Reception and influence - positive critical reception and impact on other artists
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2,616,264,485,752,617,000 |
when were the lyrics to the star spangled banner written
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The Star - Spangled Banner - wikipedia The Star - Spangled Banner Jump to : navigation , search `` Star - Spangled Banner '' redirects here . For the flag that flew over Fort McHenry , see Star - Spangled Banner ( flag ) . For the present flag , see Flag of the United States . The Star - Spangled Banner <Td_colspan="2"> The earliest surviving sheet music of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , from 1814 . <Td_colspan="2"> National anthem of the United States Lyrics Francis Scott Key , 1814 Music John Stafford Smith , c. 1773 Adopted March 4 , 1931 ; 86 years ago ( 1931 - 03 - 04 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Audio sample <Td_colspan="2"> `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' instrumental file help <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' is the national anthem of the United States of America . The lyrics come from `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' , a poem written on September 14 , 1814 , by the 35 - year - old lawyer and amateur poet Francis Scott Key after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by British ships of the Royal Navy in Baltimore Harbor during the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812 . Key was inspired by the large American flag , the Star - Spangled Banner , flying triumphantly above the fort during the American victory . The poem was set to the tune of a popular British song written by John Stafford Smith for the Anacreontic Society , a men 's social club in London . `` To Anacreon in Heaven '' ( or `` The Anacreontic Song '' ) , with various lyrics , was already popular in the United States . Set to Key 's poem and renamed `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , it soon became a well - known American patriotic song . With a range of one octave and one fifth ( a semitone more than an octave and a half ) , it is known for being difficult to sing . Although the poem has four stanzas , only the first is commonly sung today . `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' was recognized for official use by the United States Navy in 1889 , and by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in 1916 , and was made the national anthem by a congressional resolution on March 3 , 1931 ( 46 Stat. 1508 , codified at 36 U.S.C. § 301 ) , which was signed by President Herbert Hoover . Before 1931 , other songs served as the hymns of American officialdom . `` Hail , Columbia '' served this purpose at official functions for most of the 19th century . `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' , whose melody is identical to `` God Save the Queen '' , the British national anthem , also served as a de facto anthem . Following the War of 1812 and subsequent American wars , other songs emerged to compete for popularity at public events , among them `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , as well as `` America the Beautiful '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 1.1 Francis Scott Key 's lyrics 1.2 John Stafford Smith 's music 1.3 National anthem 2 Lyrics 2.1 Additional Civil War period lyrics 2.2 Alternative lyrics 3 Modern history 3.1 Performances 3.2 200th anniversary celebrations 3.3 Adaptations 4 References in film , television , literature 5 Customs and federal law 6 Protests 6.1 1968 Olympics Black Power Salute 6.2 2016 protests 6.3 NAACP call remove the national anthem 7 Translations 8 Media 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links 12.1 Historical audio Early history Francis Scott Key 's lyrics Francis Scott Key 's original manuscript copy of his `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' poem . It is now on display at the Maryland Historical Society . On September 3 , 1814 , following the Burning of Washington and the Raid on Alexandria , Francis Scott Key and John Stuart Skinner set sail from Baltimore aboard the ship HMS Minden , flying a flag of truce on a mission approved by President James Madison . Their objective was to secure an exchange of prisoners , one of whom was Dr. William Beanes , the elderly and popular town physician of Upper Marlboro and a friend of Key 's who had been captured in his home . Beanes was accused of aiding the arrest of British soldiers . Key and Skinner boarded the British flagship HMS Tonnant on September 7 and spoke with Major General Robert Ross and Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane over dinner while the two officers discussed war plans . At first , Ross and Cochrane refused to release Beanes , but relented after Key and Skinner showed them letters written by wounded British prisoners praising Beanes and other Americans for their kind treatment . Because Key and Skinner had heard details of the plans for the attack on Baltimore , they were held captive until after the battle , first aboard HMS Surprise and later back on HMS Minden . After the bombardment , certain British gunboats attempted to slip past the fort and effect a landing in a cove to the west of it , but they were turned away by fire from nearby Fort Covington , the city 's last line of defense . An artist 's rendering of the battle at Fort McHenry During the rainy night , Key had witnessed the bombardment and observed that the fort 's smaller `` storm flag '' continued to fly , but once the shell and Congreve rocket barrage had stopped , he would not know how the battle had turned out until dawn . On the morning of September 14 , the storm flag had been lowered and the larger flag had been raised . During the bombardment , HMS Terror and HMS Meteor provided some of the `` bombs bursting in air '' . The 15 - star , 15 - stripe `` Star - Spangled Banner '' that inspired the poem Key was inspired by the American victory and the sight of the large American flag flying triumphantly above the fort . This flag , with fifteen stars and fifteen stripes , had been made by Mary Young Pickersgill together with other workers in her home on Baltimore 's Pratt Street . The flag later came to be known as the Star - Spangled Banner and is today on display in the National Museum of American History , a treasure of the Smithsonian Institution . It was restored in 1914 by Amelia Fowler , and again in 1998 as part of an ongoing conservation program . Aboard the ship the next day , Key wrote a poem on the back of a letter he had kept in his pocket . At twilight on September 16 , he and Skinner were released in Baltimore . He completed the poem at the Indian Queen Hotel , where he was staying , and titled it `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' . Much of the idea of the poem , including the flag imagery and some of the wording , is derived from an earlier song by Key , also set to the tune of `` The Anacreontic Song '' . The song , known as `` When the Warrior Returns '' , was written in honor of Stephen Decatur and Charles Stewart on their return from the First Barbary War . Absent elaboration by Francis Scott Key prior to his death in 1843 , some have speculated in modern times about the meaning of phrases or verses . According to British historian Robin Blackburn , the words `` the hireling and slave '' allude to the thousands of ex-slaves in the British ranks organised as the Corps of Colonial Marines , who had been liberated by the British and demanded to be placed in the battle line `` where they might expect to meet their former masters . '' Nevertheless , Professor Mark Clague , a professor of musicology at the University of Michigan , argues that the `` middle two verses of Key 's lyric vilify the British enemy in the War of 1812 '' and `` in no way glorifies or celebrates slavery . '' Clague writes that `` For Key ... the British mercenaries were scoundrels and the Colonial Marines were traitors who threatened to spark a national insurrection . '' This harshly anti-British nature of Verse 3 led to its omission in sheet music in World War I , when Britain and the U.S. were allies . Responding to the assertion of writer Jon Schwarz of The Intercept that the song is a `` celebration of slavery , '' Clague said that : `` The reference to slaves is about the use , and in some sense the manipulation , of black Americans to fight for the British , with the promise of freedom . The American forces included African - Americans as well as whites . The term ' freemen , ' whose heroism is celebrated in the fourth stanza , would have encompassed both . '' Others suggest that `` Key may have intended the phrase as a reference to the British Navy 's practice of impressment ( kidnapping sailors and forcing them to fight in defense of the crown ) , or as a semi-metaphorical slap at the British invading force as a whole ( which included a large number of mercenaries ) . '' John Stafford Smith 's music Sheet music version Play ( help info ) The memorial to John Stafford Smith in Gloucester Cathedral , Gloucester , England Key gave the poem to his brother - in - law Judge Joseph H. Nicholson who saw that the words fit the popular melody `` The Anacreontic Song '' , by English composer John Stafford Smith . This was the official song of the Anacreontic Society , an 18th - century gentlemen 's club of amateur musicians in London . Nicholson took the poem to a printer in Baltimore , who anonymously made the first known broadside printing on September 17 ; of these , two known copies survive . On September 20 , both the Baltimore Patriot and The American printed the song , with the note `` Tune : Anacreon in Heaven '' . The song quickly became popular , with seventeen newspapers from Georgia to New Hampshire printing it . Soon after , Thomas Carr of the Carr Music Store in Baltimore published the words and music together under the title `` The Star Spangled Banner '' , although it was originally called `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' . Thomas Carr 's arrangement introduced the raised fourth which became the standard deviation from `` The Anacreontic Song '' . The song 's popularity increased , and its first public performance took place in October , when Baltimore actor Ferdinand Durang sang it at Captain McCauley 's tavern . Washington Irving , then editor of the Analectic Magazine in Philadelphia , reprinted the song in November 1814 . By the early 20th century , there were various versions of the song in popular use . Seeking a singular , standard version , President Woodrow Wilson tasked the U.S. Bureau of Education with providing that official version . In response , the Bureau enlisted the help of five musicians to agree upon an arrangement . Those musicians were Walter Damrosch , Will Earhart , Arnold J. Gantvoort , Oscar Sonneck and John Philip Sousa . The standardized version that was voted upon by these five musicians premiered at Carnegie Hall on December 5 , 1917 , in a program that included Edward Elgar 's Carillon and Gabriel Pierné 's The Children 's Crusade . The concert was put on by the Oratorio Society of New York and conducted by Walter Damrosch . An official handwritten version of the final votes of these five men has been found and shows all five men 's votes tallied , measure by measure . The Italian opera composer Giacomo Puccini used an extract of the melody in writing the aria `` Dovunque al mondo ... '' in 1904 for his work Madama Butterfly . National anthem Commemorative plaque in Washington , D.C. marking the site at 601 Pennsylvania Avenue where `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' was first publicly sung One of two surviving copies of the 1814 broadside printing of the `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' , a poem that later became the lyrics of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , the national anthem of the United States . The song gained popularity throughout the 19th century and bands played it during public events , such as July 4th celebrations . A plaque displayed at Fort Meade , South Dakota , claims that the idea of making `` The Star Spangled Banner '' the national anthem began on their parade ground in 1892 . Colonel Caleb Carlton , Post Commander , established the tradition that the song be played `` at retreat and at the close of parades and concerts . '' Carlton explained the custom to Governor Sheldon of South Dakota who `` promised me that he would try to have the custom established among the state militia . '' Carlton wrote that after a similar discussion , Secretary of War , Daniel E. Lamont issued an order that it `` be played at every Army post every evening at retreat . '' In 1899 , the US Navy officially adopted `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . In 1916 , President Woodrow Wilson ordered that `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' be played at military and other appropriate occasions . The playing of the song two years later during the seventh - inning stretch of Game One of the 1918 World Series , and thereafter during each game of the series is often cited as the first instance that the anthem was played at a baseball game , though evidence shows that the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' was performed as early as 1897 at opening day ceremonies in Philadelphia and then more regularly at the Polo Grounds in New York City beginning in 1898 . In any case , the tradition of performing the national anthem before every baseball game began in World War II . On April 10 , 1918 , John Charles Linthicum , U.S. Congressman from Maryland , introduced a bill to officially recognize `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' as the national anthem . The bill did not pass . On April 15 , 1929 , Linthicum introduced the bill again , his sixth time doing so . On November 3 , 1929 , Robert Ripley drew a panel in his syndicated cartoon , Ripley 's Believe it or Not ! , saying `` Believe It or Not , America has no national anthem '' . In 1930 , Veterans of Foreign Wars started a petition for the United States to officially recognize `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' as the national anthem . Five million people signed the petition . The petition was presented to the United States House Committee on the Judiciary on January 31 , 1930 . On the same day , Elsie Jorss - Reilley and Grace Evelyn Boudlin sang the song to the Committee to refute the perception that it was too high pitched for a typical person to sing . The Committee voted in favor of sending the bill to the House floor for a vote . The House of Representatives passed the bill later that year . The Senate passed the bill on March 3 , 1931 . President Herbert Hoover signed the bill on March 4 , 1931 , officially adopting `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' as the national anthem of the United States of America . As currently codified , the United States Code states that `` ( t ) he composition consisting of the words and music known as the Star - Spangled Banner is the national anthem . '' Lyrics O say can you see , by the dawn 's early light , What so proudly we hailed at the twilight 's last gleaming , Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight , O'er the ramparts we watched , were so gallantly streaming ? And the rockets ' red glare , the bombs bursting in air , Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there ; O say does that star - spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ? On the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep , Where the foe 's haughty host in dread silence reposes , What is that which the breeze , o'er the towering steep , As it fitfully blows , half conceals , half discloses ? Now it catches the gleam of the morning 's first beam , In full glory reflected now shines in the stream : ' Tis the star - spangled banner , O long may it wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave . And where is that band who so vauntingly swore That the havoc of war and the battle 's confusion , A home and a country , should leave us no more ? Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps ' pollution . No refuge could save the hireling and slave From the terror of flight , or the gloom of the grave : And the star - spangled banner in triumph doth wave , O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave . O thus be it ever , when freemen shall stand Between their loved homes and the war 's desolation . Blest with vict'ry and peace , may the Heav'n rescued land Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation ! Then conquer we must , when our cause it is just , And this be our motto : ' In God is our trust . ' And the star - spangled banner in triumph shall wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ! Cover of sheet music for `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , transcribed for piano by Ch . Voss , Philadelphia : G. Andre & Co. , 1862 Additional Civil War period lyrics In indignation over the start of the American Civil War , Oliver Wendell Holmes , Sr. added a fifth stanza to the song in 1861 , which appeared in songbooks of the era . When our land is illumined with Liberty 's smile , If a foe from within strike a blow at her glory , Down , down with the traitor that dares to defile The flag of her stars and the page of her story ! By the millions unchained who our birthright have gained , We will keep her bright blazon forever unstained ! And the Star - Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave While the land of the free is the home of the brave . Alternative lyrics In a version hand - written by Francis Scott Key in 1840 , the third line reads `` Whose bright stars and broad stripes , through the clouds of the fight '' . Modern history Main article : Performances and adaptations of The Star - Spangled Banner Performances This section may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( November 2012 ) Crowd performing the U.S. national anthem before a baseball game at Coors Field The song is notoriously difficult for nonprofessionals to sing because of its wide range -- a 12th . Humorist Richard Armour referred to the song 's difficulty in his book It All Started With Columbus . In an attempt to take Baltimore , the British attacked Fort McHenry , which protected the harbor . Bombs were soon bursting in air , rockets were glaring , and all in all it was a moment of great historical interest . During the bombardment , a young lawyer named Francis Off Key ( sic ) wrote `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , and when , by the dawn 's early light , the British heard it sung , they fled in terror . -- Richard Armour Professional and amateur singers have been known to forget the words , which is one reason the song is sometimes pre-recorded and lip - synced . Other times the issue is avoided by having the performer ( s ) play the anthem instrumentally instead of singing it . The pre-recording of the anthem has become standard practice at some ballparks , such as Boston 's Fenway Park , according to the SABR publication The Fenway Project . `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' is traditionally played at the beginning of public sports events and orchestral concerts in the United States , as well as other public gatherings . The National Hockey League and Major League Soccer both require venues in both the U.S. and Canada to perform both the Canadian and American national anthems at games that involve teams from both countries ( with the `` away '' anthem being performed first ) . It is also usual for both American and Canadian anthems ( done in the same way as the NHL and MLS ) to be played at Major League Baseball and National Basketball Association games involving the Toronto Blue Jays and the Toronto Raptors ( respectively ) , the only Canadian teams in those two major U.S. sports leagues , and in All Star Games on the MLB , NBA , and NHL . The Buffalo Sabres of the NHL , which play in a city on the Canada -- US border and have a substantial Canadian fan base , play both anthems before all home games regardless of where the visiting team is based . Two especially unusual performances of the song took place in the immediate aftermath of the United States September 11 attacks . On September 12 , 2001 , the Queen broke with tradition and allowed the Band of the Coldstream Guards to perform the anthem at Buckingham Palace , London , at the ceremonial Changing of the Guard , as a gesture of support for Britain 's ally . The following day at a St. Paul 's Cathedral memorial service , the Queen joined in the singing of the anthem , an unprecedented occurrence . 200th anniversary celebrations The 200th anniversary of the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' occurred in 2014 with various special events occurring throughout the United States . A particularly significant celebration occurred during the week of September 10 -- 16 in and around Baltimore , Maryland . Highlights included playing of a new arrangement of the anthem arranged by John Williams and participation of President Obama on Defender 's Day , September 12 , 2014 , at Fort McHenry . In addition , the anthem bicentennial included a youth music celebration including the presentation of the National Anthem Bicentennial Youth Challenge winning composition written by Noah Altshuler . Adaptations See also : The Star Spangled Banner ( Whitney Houston recording ) O'er the ramparts we watch in a 1945 United States Army Air Forces poster The first popular music performance of the anthem heard by the mainstream U.S. was by Puerto Rican singer and guitarist José Feliciano . He created a nationwide uproar when he strummed a slow , blues - style rendition of the song at Tiger Stadium in Detroit before game five of the 1968 World Series , between Detroit and St. Louis . This rendition started contemporary `` Star - Spangled Banner '' controversies . The response from many in the Vietnam War - era U.S. was generally negative . Despite the controversy , Feliciano 's performance opened the door for the countless interpretations of the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' heard in the years since . One week after Feliciano 's performance , the anthem was in the news again when American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos lifted controversial raised fists at the 1968 Olympics while the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' played at a medal ceremony . Marvin Gaye gave a soul - influenced performance at the 1983 NBA All - Star Game and Whitney Houston gave a soulful rendition before Super Bowl XXV in 1991 , which was released as a single that charted at number 20 in 1991 and number 6 in 2001 ( along with José Feliciano , the only times the anthem has been on the Billboard Hot 100 ) . In 1993 , Kiss did an instrumental rock version as the closing track on their album , Alive III . Another famous instrumental interpretation is Jimi Hendrix 's version , which was a set - list staple from autumn 1968 until his death in September 1970 , including a famous rendition at the Woodstock music festival in 1969 . Incorporating sonic effects to emphasize the `` rockets ' red glare '' , and `` bombs bursting in air '' , it became a late - 1960s emblem . Roseanne Barr gave a controversial performance of the anthem at a San Diego Padres baseball game at Jack Murphy Stadium on July 25 , 1990 . The comedian belted out a screechy rendition of the song , and afterward she attempted a gesture of ball players by spitting and grabbing her crotch as if adjusting a protective cup . The performance offended some , including the sitting U.S. President , George H.W. Bush . Sufjan Stevens has frequently performed the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' in live sets , replacing the optimism in the end of the first verse with a new coda that alludes to the divisive state of the nation today . David Lee Roth both referenced parts of the anthem and played part of a hard rock rendition of the anthem on his song , `` Yankee Rose '' on his 1986 solo album , Eat ' Em and Smile . Steven Tyler also caused some controversy in 2001 ( at the Indianapolis 500 , to which he later issued a public apology ) and again in 2012 ( at the AFC Championship Game ) with a cappella renditions of the song with changed lyrics . A version of Aerosmith 's Joe Perry and Brad Whitford playing part of the song can be heard at the end of their version of `` Train Kept A-Rollin ' '' on the Rockin ' the Joint album . The band Boston gave an instrumental rock rendition of the anthem on their Greatest Hits album . The band Crush 40 made a version of the song as opening track from the album Thrill of the Feel ( 2000 ) . In March 2005 , a government - sponsored program , the National Anthem Project , was launched after a Harris Interactive poll showed many adults knew neither the lyrics nor the history of the anthem . References in film , television , literature Several films have their titles taken from the song 's lyrics . These include two films titled Dawn 's Early Light ( 2000 and 2005 ) ; two made - for - TV features titled By Dawn 's Early Light ( 1990 and 2000 ) ; two films titled So Proudly We Hail ( 1943 and 1990 ) ; a feature ( 1977 ) and a short ( 2005 ) titled Twilight 's Last Gleaming ; and four films titled Home of the Brave ( 1949 , 1986 , 2004 , and 2006 ) . A 1936 short titled `` The Song of a Nation '' from Warner Brothers shows a version of the origin of the song . Customs and federal law Plaque detailing how the custom of standing during the Anthem came about in Tacoma , Washington , on October 18 , 1893 , in the Bostwick building When the National Anthem was first recognized by law in 1932 , there was no prescription as to behavior during its playing . On June 22 , 1942 , the law was revised indicating that those in uniform should salute during its playing , while others should simply stand at attention , men removing their hats . ( The same code also required that women should place their hands over their hearts when the flag is displayed during the playing of the Anthem , but not if the flag was not present . ) On December 23 , 1942 the law was again revised instructing men and women to stand at attention and face in the direction of the music when it was played . That revision also directed men and women to place their hands over their hearts only if the flag was displayed . Those in uniform were required to salute . On July 7 , 1976 , the law was simplified . Men and women were instructed to stand with their hands over their hearts , men removing their hats , irrespective of whether or not the flag was displayed and those in uniform saluting . On August 12 , 1998 , the law was rewritten keeping the same instructions , but differentiating between `` those in uniform '' and `` members of the Armed Forces and veterans '' who were both instructed to salute during the playing whether or not the flag was displayed . Because of the changes in law over the years and confusion between instructions for the Pledge of Allegence versus the National Anthem , throughout most of the 20th century many people simply stood at attention or with their hands folded in front of them during the playing of the Anthem , and when reciting the Pledge they would hold their hand ( or hat ) over their heart . After 9 / 11 , the custom of placing the hand over the heart during the playing of the Anthem became nearly universal . Since 1998 , federal law ( viz. , the United States Code 36 U.S.C. § 301 ) states that during a rendition of the national anthem , when the flag is displayed , all present including those in uniform should stand at attention ; Non-military service individuals should face the flag with the right hand over the heart ; Members of the Armed Forces and veterans who are present and not in uniform may render the military salute ; Military service persons not in uniform should remove their headdress with their right hand and hold the headdress at the left shoulder , the hand being over the heart ; and Members of the Armed Forces and veterans who are in uniform should give the military salute at the first note of the anthem and maintain that position until the last note . The law further provides that when the flag is not displayed , all present should face toward the music and act in the same manner they would if the flag were displayed . Military law requires all vehicles on the installation to stop when the song is played and all individuals outside to stand at attention and face the direction of the music and either salute , in uniform , or place the right hand over the heart , if out of uniform . The law was amended in 2008 , and since allows military veterans to salute out of uniform , as well . The text of 36 U.S.C. § 301 is suggestive and not regulatory in nature . Failure to follow the suggestions is not a violation of law . This behavioral requirement for the national anthem is subject to the same First Amendment controversies that surround the Pledge of Allegiance . For example , Jehovah 's Witnesses do not sing the national anthem , though they are taught that standing is an `` ethical decision '' that individual believers must make based on their `` conscience . '' Protests Main article : U.S. national anthem protests 1968 Olympics Black Power salute Main article : 1968 Olympics Black Power Salute The 1968 Olympics Black Power salute was a political demonstration conducted by African - American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos during their medal ceremony at the 1968 Summer Olympics in the Olympic Stadium in Mexico City . After having won gold and bronze medals respectively in the 200 meter running event , they turned on the podium to face their flags , and to hear the American national anthem , `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . Each athlete raised a black - gloved fist , and kept them raised until the anthem had finished . In addition , Smith , Carlos , and Australian silver medalist Peter Norman all wore human rights badges on their jackets . In his autobiography , Silent Gesture , Smith stated that the gesture was not a `` Black Power '' salute , but a `` human rights salute '' . The event is regarded as one of the most overtly political statements in the history of the modern Olympic Games . 2016 protests Main article : U.S. national anthem protests ( 2016 -- present ) Politically motivated protests of the national anthem began in the National Football League ( NFL ) after San Francisco 49ers quarterback ( QB ) Colin Kaepernick sat during the anthem , as opposed to the tradition of standing , before his team 's third preseason game of 2016 . Kaepernick also sat during the first two preseason games , but he went unnoticed . NAACP call remove the National anthem In November 2017 , the California NAACP called on Congress to remove The Star - Spangled Banner as the national anthem . Alice Huffman , California NCAAP president said `` it 's racist ; it does n't represent our community , it 's anti-black . '' The third stansa of the anthem , which is rarely sung , contain the words , `` No refuge could save the hireling and slave , From the terror of flight , or the gloom of the grave : '' , which some interpret as racist . The organization was still seeking a representative to sponsor the legislation in Congress at the time of their announcement . Translations As a result of immigration to the United States and the incorporation of non-English speaking people into the country , the lyrics of the song have been translated into other languages . In 1861 , it was translated into German . The Library of Congress also has record of a Spanish - language version from 1919 . It has since been translated into Hebrew and Yiddish by Jewish immigrants , Latin American Spanish ( with one version popularized during immigration reform protests in 2006 ) , French by Acadians of Louisiana , Samoan , and Irish . The third verse of the anthem has also been translated into Latin . With regard to the indigenous languages of North America , there are versions in Navajo and Cherokee . Media The Star - Spangled Banner ( 1915 ) A 1915 recording of the Star - Spangled Banner as sung by Margaret Woodrow Wilson , daughter of Woodrow Wilson The Star - Spangled Banner ( 1942 ) Fred Waring and His Pennsylvanians sing The Star - Spangled Banner in 1942 The Star - Spangled Banner ( 1953 ) A 1953 instrumental recording by the United States Marine Corps band The Star Spangled Banner ( circa 2000 ) An instrumental recording by the United States Navy Band . <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing these files ? See media help . Play media ( 1944 ) Play media ( 1940 ) See also In God We Trust Sign - on and sign - off Music portal United States portal References ^ Jump up to : `` '' Star - Spangled Banner '' Is Now Official Anthem `` . The Washington Post . March 5 , 1931 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Defence of Fort M'Henry Library of Congress '' . Loc.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . 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Baseballisms.com. 2011 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Anthem Hearing Is Set For January 31 '' . The Baltimore Sun . January 23 , 1930 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Company News - Ripley Entertainment Inc '' . Ripleysnewsroom.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` 5,000,000 Sign for Anthem : Fifty - Mile Petition Supports `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Bill `` . The New York Times . January 19 , 1930 . p. 31 . Jump up ^ `` 5,000,000 Plea For U.S. Anthem : Giant Petition to Be Given Judiciary Committee of Senate Today '' . The Washington Post . January 31 , 1930 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Committee Hears Star - Spangled Banner Sung : Studies Bill to Make It the National Anthem '' . The New York Times . February 1 , 1930 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star - Spangled Banner ' Favored As Anthem in Report to House '' . The New York Times . February 5 , 1930 . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Star Spangled Banner ' Is Voted National Anthem by Congress '' . The New York Times . March 4 , 1931 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ 36 U.S.C. § 301 . Jump up ^ Francis Scott Key , The Star Spangled Banner ( lyrics ) , 1814 , MENC : The National Association for Music Education National Anthem Project ( archived from the original Archived January 26 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . on 2013 - 01 - 26 ) . Jump up ^ Butterworth , Hezekiah ; Brown , Theron ( 1906 ) . `` The Story of the Hymns and Tunes '' . George H. Doran Co. : 335 . Jump up ^ The soldier 's companion : dedicated ... -- Google Books . Books.google.com. 1865 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Library of Congress image '' . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Fenway Project -- Part One '' . Red Sox Connection . May 2004 . Jump up ^ Allen , Kevin ( 2003 - 03 - 23 ) . `` NHL Seeks to Stop Booing For a Song '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Fanzone , A-Z Guide : National Anthems '' . Buffalo Sabres . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . If you are interested in singing the National Anthems at a sporting event at First Niagara Center , you must submit a DVD or CD of your performance of both the Canadian & American National Anthems ... Jump up ^ Graves , David ( September 14 , 2001 ) `` Palace breaks with tradition in musical tribute '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 Jump up ^ Steyn , Mark ( September 17 , 2001 ) . `` The Queen 's Tears / And global resolve against terrorism '' . National Review . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Michael E. Ruane ( September 11 , 2014 ) . `` Francis Scott Key 's anthem keeps asking : Have we survived as a nation ? '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 2014 - 11 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 52 -- The Soul Reformation : Phase three , soul music at the summit . ( Part 8 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Track 5 . Jump up ^ Paul White , USA TODAY Sports ( October 14 , 2012 ) . `` Jose Feliciano 's once - controversial anthem kicks off NLCS '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jose Feliciano Personal account about the anthem performance Archived 2015 - 10 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Letofsky , Irv ( July 28 , 1990 ) . `` Roseanne Is Sorry -- but Not That Sorry '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AOL Radio -- Listen to Free Online Radio -- Free Internet Radio Stations and Music Playlists '' . Spinner.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harris Interactive poll on `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` . Tnap.org . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light ( 2000 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light ( 2005 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light TV ( 1990 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light TV ( 2000 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ So Proudly We Hail ( 1943 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ So Proudly We Hail ( 1990 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Twilight 's Last Gleaming ( 1977 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Twilight 's Last Gleaming ( 2005 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 1949 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 1986 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 2004 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 2006 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) , Jump up ^ `` Public Laws , June 22 , 1942 '' . June 22 , 1942 . Jump up ^ `` 77th Congress , 2nd session '' . uscode.house.gov . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Public law , July 7 , 1976 '' . uscode.house.gov . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Duane Streufert . `` A website dedicated to the Flag of the United States of America -- United States Code '' . USFlag.org . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Code '' . Uscode.house.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ The Circle School v. Phillips , 270 F. Supp . 2d 616 , 622 ( E.D. Pa. 2003 ) . Jump up ^ `` Highlights of the Beliefs of Jehovah 's Witnesses '' . Towerwatch.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Botting , Gary Norman Arthur ( 1993 ) . Fundamental freedoms and Jehovah 's Witnesses . University of Calgary Press . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 895176 - 06 - 3 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Chryssides , George D. ( 2008 ) . Historical Dictionary of Jehovah 's Witnesses . Scarecrow Press . p. 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6074 - 2 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Richard ( 8 October 2006 ) . `` Caught in Time : Black Power salute , Mexico , 1968 '' . The Sunday Times . London . Retrieved 9 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Sandritter , Mark . `` A timeline of Colin Kaepernick 's national anthem protest and the NFL players who joined him '' . SB Nation . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` National anthem lyrics prompt California NAACP to call for replacing song '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Das Star - Spangled Banner , US Library of Congress . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ La Bandera de las Estrellas , US Library of Congress . Retrieved May 31 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Hebrew Version Jump up ^ Abraham Asen , The Star Spangled Banner in pool , 1745 , Joe Fishstein Collection of Yiddish Poetry , McGill University Digital Collections Programme . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Day to Day . `` A Spanish Version of ' The Star - Spangled Banner ' '' . NPR . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ David Émile Marcantel , La Bannière Étoilée Archived 2013 - 05 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . on Musique Acadienne . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Zimmer , Benjamin ( 2006 - 04 - 29 ) . `` The ' ' Samoa News ' ' reporting of a Samoan version '' . Itre.cis.upenn.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' An Bhratach Gheal - Réaltach ' ' -- Irish version '' . Daltai.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Christopher M. Brunelle , Third Verse in Latin , 1999 Jump up ^ `` Gallup Independent , 25 March 2005 '' . Gallupindependent.com. 2005 - 03 - 25 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Schedule for the Presidential Inauguration 2007 , Navajo Nation Government '' . Navajo.org. 2007 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Cherokee Phoenix , Accessed 2009 - 08 - 15 '' . Cherokeephoenix.org . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Further reading Ferris , Marc . Star - Spangled Banner : the Unlikely Story of America 's National Anthem . Johns Hopkins University Press , 2014 . ISBN 9781421415185 OCLC 879370575 Leepson , Marc . What So Proudly We Hailed : Francis Scott Key , a Life . Palgrave Macmillan , 2014 . ISBN 9781137278289 OCLC 860395373 External links `` New book reveals dark history behind the Star Spangled Banner , '' CBS This Morning , September 13 , 2014 . `` Star - Spangled History : 5 Facts About the Making of the National Anthem , '' Biography.com . `` ' Star - Spangled Banner ' writer had complex record on race , '' Mary Carole McCauley , ' ' Baltimore Sun , July 26 , 2014 . `` The Man Behind The National Anthem Paid Little Attention To It . '' NPR 's `` Hear and Now , '' July 4 , 2017 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Star - Spangled Banner . Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Star - Spangled Banner Look up haughty or rampart in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Star - Spangled Banner ( Memory ) : American Treasures of the Library of Congress `` How the National Anthem Has Unfurled ; ' The Star - Spangled Banner ' Has Changed a Lot in 200 Years . '' By WILLIAM ROBIN JUNE 27 , 2014 The New York Times C - SPAN American History TV tour of the Smithsonian National Museum of American History Star - Spangled Banner exhibit Historical audio The Star Spangled Banner , The Diamond Four , 1898 The Star Spangled Banner , Margaret Woodrow Wilson , 1915 <Th_colspan="2"> National anthems of North America Independent countries Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies American West Indies Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands British West Indies Anguilla Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands Dutch Caribbean Aruba Bonaire Curaçao Saba Sint Eustatius ( Statia ) Sint Maarten French West Indies Guadeloupe Martinique Saint - Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Kingdom of Denmark Greenland <Td_colspan="2"> Complete list Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania and the Pacific Islands South America <Th_colspan="2"> National anthems of Oceania and the Pacific Islands National anthems Australia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Regional anthems American Samoa ( USA ) Cook Islands ( NZ ) Easter Island ( Chile ) French Polynesia ( France ) Guam ( USA ) Hawaii ( USA ) New Caledonia ( France ) Niue ( NZ ) Northern Mariana Islands ( USA ) Pitcairn Islands ( UK ) Tokelau ( NZ ) United States Minor Outlying Islands ( USA ) Wallis and Futuna ( France ) Former anthems Marshall Islands ( 1977 -- 91 ) Federated States of Micronesia ( 1979 -- 91 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Complete list Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania and the Pacific Islands South America <Th_colspan="4"> War of 1812 <Td_colspan="4"> Battles Campaigns Origins Chronology Results People Isaac Brock Andrew Jackson Francis Scott Key James Madison Laura Secord Tecumseh Places Fort Detroit / Shelby Illinois Indiana Kentucky Battles Baltimore Beaver Dams Chateauguay Crysler 's Farm Frenchtown Lundy 's Lane New Orleans Queenston Heights Spur 's Defeat Thames Washington Songs `` The Bold Canadian '' `` The Hunters of Kentucky '' `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Other Books Opposition in United States War of 1812 Bicentennial Related Tecumseh 's War Creek War <Td_colspan="4"> Portal <Th_colspan="2"> National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` The Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park VIAF : 186293289 LCCN : n50081577 GND : 4756592 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Star-Spangled_Banner&oldid=809377032 '' Categories : 1814 compositions 1814 in the United States American patriotic songs History of Baltimore Maryland in the War of 1812 National anthems National symbols of the United States Songs based on actual events Jimi Hendrix songs José Feliciano songs Marvin Gaye songs North American anthems Oceanian anthems 1814 poems The Star - Spangled Banner Songs based on American history Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with too many examples All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. The Star-Spangled Banner
2. National anthem of the United States
3. Francis Scott Key
4. Battle of Baltimore
5. American patriotic song
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what is the capital of new zealands north island
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North Island - wikipedia North Island Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the island in New Zealand . For other uses , see North Island ( disambiguation ) . North Island Te Ika - a-Māui <Td_colspan="2"> Satellite image of the North Island <Td_colspan="2"> North Island Te Ika - a-Māui <Th_colspan="2"> Geography Location Oceania Coordinates 38 ° 24 ′ S 175 ° 43 ′ E / 38.400 ° S 175.717 ° E / - 38.400 ; 175.717 Archipelago New Zealand Area 113,729 km ( 43,911 sq mi ) Area rank 14th Highest elevation 2,797 m ( 9,177 ft ) Highest point Mount Ruapehu <Th_colspan="2"> Administration <Td_colspan="2"> New Zealand ISO 3166 - 2 : NZ NZ - N Regions 9 Territorial authorities 43 Largest settlement Auckland ( pop . 1,534,700 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Demographics Population 3,677,200 ( June 2017 ) Pop . density 32.3 / km ( 83.7 / sq mi ) The North Island ( Māori : Te Ika - a-Māui ) is one of the two main islands of New Zealand , separated from the slightly larger but much less populous South Island by Cook Strait . The island 's area is 113,729 square kilometres ( 43,911 sq mi ) , making it the world 's 14th - largest island . It has a population of 3,677,200 ( June 2017 ) . Twelve main urban areas ( half of them officially cities ) are in the North Island . From north to south , they are Whangarei , Auckland , Hamilton , Tauranga , Rotorua , Gisborne , New Plymouth , Napier , Hastings , Whanganui , Palmerston North , and Wellington , the capital , located at the south - west extremity of the island . About 77 % of New Zealand 's population lives in the North Island . Contents ( hide ) 1 Naming and usage 2 Māori mythology 3 Economy 4 Ecology 5 Regions 6 Cities and towns 7 Demographics 7.1 Culture and identity 8 Healthcare 9 Major geographic features 9.1 Bays and coastal features 9.2 Lakes and rivers 9.3 Capes and peninsulas 9.4 Forests and national parks 9.5 Volcanology 9.6 Other 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Naming and usage ( edit ) Although the island has been known as the North Island for many years , in 2009 the New Zealand Geographic Board found that , along with the South Island , the North Island had no official name . After a public consultation , the board officially named the island North Island or Te Ika - a-Maui in October 2013 . In prose , the two main islands of New Zealand are called the North Island and the South Island , with the definite articles . It is normal to use the preposition in rather than on , for example `` Hamilton is in the North Island '' , `` my mother lives in the North Island '' . Maps , headings , tables and adjectival expressions use North Island without the . Māori mythology ( edit ) According to Māori mythology , the North and South Islands of New Zealand arose through the actions of the demigod Māui . Māui and his brothers were fishing from their canoe ( the South Island ) when he caught a great fish and pulled it from the sea . While he was not looking his brothers fought over the fish and chopped it up . This great fish became the North Island and thus a Māori name for the North Island is Te Ika - a-Māui ( `` The Fish of Māui '' ) . The mountains and valleys are believed to have been formed as a result of Māui 's brothers ' hacking at the fish . Until the early 20th Century , an alternative Māori name for the North Island was Aotearoa . In present usage , Aotearoa is a collective name for New Zealand as a whole . Economy ( edit ) The sub-national GDP of the North Island was estimated at US $102.863 billion in 2003 , 79 % of New Zealand 's national GDP . Ecology ( edit ) The North Island is divided into two ecoregions within the Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests Biome , the northern part being the Northland temperate kauri forest , and the southern part being the North Island temperate forests . The island has an extensive flora and bird population , with numerous National Parks and other protected areas . Regions ( edit ) Territorial authorities of the North Island Nine local government regions cover the North Island and all its adjacent islands and territorial waters . Northland Auckland Waikato Bay of Plenty Gisborne Taranaki Manawatu - Wanganui Hawkes Bay Wellington Cities and towns ( edit ) The North Island has a larger population than the South Island , with the country 's largest city , Auckland , and the capital , Wellington , accounting for nearly half of it . Map of the North Island showing some of its cities <Th_colspan="11"> Urban areas of the North Island by population Urban area Region <Th_colspan="2"> Population ( June 2017 ) Urban area Region Population ( June 2017 ) Auckland Auckland 7006153470000000000 ♠ 1,534,700 11 Wanganui Manawatu - Wanganui 7004403000000000000 ♠ 40,300 Wellington Wellington 7005412500000000000 ♠ 412,500 12 Gisborne Gisborne 7004366000000000000 ♠ 36,600 Hamilton Waikato 7005235900000000000 ♠ 235,900 13 Pukekohe Auckland 7004308000000000000 ♠ 30,800 Tauranga Bay of Plenty 7005137900000000000 ♠ 137,900 14 Taupo Waikato 7004245000000000000 ♠ 24,500 5 Napier - Hastings Hawke 's Bay 7005133000000000000 ♠ 133,000 15 Masterton Wellington 7004218000000000000 ♠ 21,800 6 Palmerston North Manawatu - Wanganui 7004853000000000000 ♠ 85,300 16 Levin Manawatu - Wanganui 7004209000000000000 ♠ 20,900 7 Rotorua Bay of Plenty 7004588000000000000 ♠ 58,800 17 Whakatāne Bay of Plenty 7004197000000000000 ♠ 19,700 8 New Plymouth Taranaki 7004575000000000000 ♠ 57,500 18 Feilding Manawatu - Wanganui 7004165500000000000 ♠ 16,550 9 Whangarei Northland 7004577000000000000 ♠ 57,700 19 Tokoroa Waikato 7004139500000000000 ♠ 13,950 10 Kapiti Wellington 7004423000000000000 ♠ 42,300 20 Hawera Taranaki 7004119500000000000 ♠ 11,950 Demographics ( edit ) Culture and identity ( edit ) Ethnic groups of North Island residents , 2013 census Ethnicity Number % European 2,122,587 69.6 New Zealand European 1,934,037 63.4 English 30,393 1.0 British 27,024 0.9 South African 24,921 0.8 Dutch 21,549 0.7 European ( not further defined ) 20,955 0.7 Australian 16,431 0.5 Māori 514,809 16.9 Asian 418,287 13.7 Chinese 145,089 4.8 Indian 134,559 4.4 Filipino 32,796 Korean 25,842 0.8 Pacific peoples 274,806 9.0 Samoan 133,968 4.4 Cook Islands Maori 56,910 1.9 Tongan 56,685 1.9 Niuean 22,878 0.7 Middle Eastern / Latin American / African 39,510 1.3 Other 47,394 1.6 New Zealander 45,906 1.5 Total people stated 3,050,874 100.0 Not elsewhere included 186,174 5.8 Healthcare ( edit ) See also : Health care in New Zealand Healthcare in the North Island is provided by fifteen District Health Boards ( DHBs ) . Organised around geographical areas of varying population sizes , they are not coterminous with the Local Government Regions . District Health Board District Population Northland District Health Board ( Te Poari Hauora a Rohe o te Tai Tokerau ) Whangarei District , Far North District , Kaipara District 159,160 Waitemata District Health Board ( Te Wai Awhina ) Auckland Region 525,000 Auckland District Health Board ( Te Toka Tumai ) Auckland Region 468,000 Counties Manukau District Health Board ( A Community Partnership ) Auckland Region 490,610 Waikato District Health Board ( Waikato DHB ) Hamilton City , Hauraki District , Matamata - Piako District , Otorohanga District , part of Ruapehu District , South Waikato , Thames - Coromandel District , Waikato District , Waipa District , Waitomo District 372,865 Bay of Plenty District Health Board ( Hauora a Toi ) Tauranga City , Western Bay of Plenty District , Whakatāne District , Kawerau District , Opotiki District 214,170 Lakes District Health Board ( Lakes DHB ) Rotorua District , Taupo District 102,000 Tairawhiti District Health Board ( Te Mana Hauora o te Tairawhiti ) Gisborne District 44,499 Hawke 's Bay District Health Board ( Whakawateatia ) Napier City , Hastings District , Wairoa District , Central Hawke 's Bay District , Chatham Islands 155,000 Taranaki District Health Board ( Taranaki DHB ) New Plymouth District , Stratford District , South Taranaki District 104,280 Whanganui District Health Board ( Whanganui DHB ) Wanganui District , Rangitikei District , part of Ruapehu District 62,210 Mid Central District Health Board ( Te Pae Hauora o Ruahine o Tararua ) Palmerston North City , Horowhenua District , Manawatu District , Tararua District , part of Kapiti Coast District 158,838 Wairarapa District Health Board ( Te Poari Hauora a Rohe o Wairarapa ) South Wairarapa District , Carterton District , Masterton District 38,200 Hutt Valley District Health Board ( Healthy People ) Lower Hutt City , Upper Hutt City 145,000 Capital and Coast District Health Board ( Upoko ki te Uru Hauora ) Wellington City , Porirua City , part of Kapiti Coast District 270,000 Major geographic features ( edit ) The North Island , in relation to the South Island Bays and coastal features ( edit ) Bay of Islands Bay of Plenty Hauraki Gulf Hawke Bay Ninety Mile Beach North Taranaki Bight South Taranaki Bight Lakes and rivers ( edit ) Lake Taupo Waikato River Whanganui River Capes and peninsulas ( edit ) Coromandel Peninsula Northland Peninsula Cape Palliser Cape Reinga East Cape North Cape Forests and national parks ( edit ) Egmont National Park Tongariro National Park Waipoua Kauri Forest Whanganui National Park and many forest parks of New Zealand Volcanology ( edit ) Mount Ruapehu Mount Taranaki Volcanic Plateau Other ( edit ) Waitomo Caves Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateapokaiwhenuakitanatahu See also ( edit ) List of islands of New Zealand References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Quick Facts - Land and Environment : Geography - Physical Features '' . Statistics New Zealand . 2000 . Archived from the original on 8 April 2013 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Subnational Population Estimates : At 30 June 2017 ( provisional ) '' . Statistics New Zealand . 24 October 2017 . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . For urban areas , `` Subnational population estimates ( UA , AU ) , by age and sex , at 30 June 1996 , 2001 , 2006 - 16 ( 2017 boundary ) '' . Statistics New Zealand . 24 October 2017 . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ On some 19th - century maps , the North Island is named New Ulster , which was also a province of New Zealand that included the North Island . Jump up ^ `` The New Zealand Geographic Board Considers North and South Island Names '' . Land Information New Zealand . 21 April 2009 . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Two official options for NZ island names '' . The New Zealand Herald . 10 October 2013 . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Regional Gross Domestic Product '' . Statistics New Zealand . 2007 . Archived from the original on 20 May 2010 . Retrieved 18 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ethnic group ( total responses ) , for the census usually resident population count , 2001 , 2006 , and 2013 Censuses ( RC , TA , AU ) '' . Statistics New Zealand . External links ( edit ) North Island travel guide from Wikivoyage <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Regions of New Zealand North Island Northland Auckland * Waikato Bay of Plenty Gisborne * Hawke 's Bay Taranaki Manawatu - Wanganui Wellington South Island Tasman * Marlborough * Nelson * West Coast Canterbury Otago Southland <Td_colspan="3"> * Governed by a unitary authority rather than a regional council Coordinates : 38 ° 24 ′ S 175 ° 43 ′ E / 38.400 ° S 175.717 ° E / - 38.400 ; 175.717 GND : 4042529 - 0 VIAF : 240327130 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Island&oldid=843127242 '' Categories : Islands of New Zealand North Island Hidden categories : EngvarB from November 2017 Use dmy dates from November 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kalaallisut ქართული Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Māori मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Gagana Samoa Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Taqbaylit ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 64 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 02 : 02 . About Wikipedia
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1. North Island of New Zealand
2. Geography and location of North Island
3. Population and major cities of North Island
4. Māori mythology and cultural significance of North Island
5. Natural features and national parks in North Island
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-3,737,874,650,573,308,000 |
who said a nation divided cannot stand
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Lincoln 's house divided speech - wikipedia Lincoln 's house divided speech Jump to : navigation , search `` House divided '' redirects here . For the episode of the TV series House , see House Divided . Lincoln in 1858 The House Divided Speech was an address given by Abraham Lincoln , later President of the United States , on June 16 , 1858 at what was then the Illinois State Capitol in Springfield , after he had accepted the Illinois Republican Party 's nomination as that state 's US senator . The speech became the launching point for his unsuccessful campaign for the seat , held by Stephen A. Douglas ; the campaign would climax with the Lincoln - Douglas debates of 1858 . Lincoln 's remarks in Springfield created an image of the danger of slavery - based disunion , and it rallied Republicans across the North . Along with the Gettysburg Address and his second inaugural address , the speech became one of the best - known speeches of his career . The best - known passage of the speech is this : A house divided against itself can not stand . I believe this government can not endure , permanently , half slave and half free . I do not expect the Union to be dissolved -- I do not expect the house to fall -- but I do expect it will cease to be divided . It will become all one thing or all the other . Either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it , and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction ; or its advocates will push it forward , till it shall become lawful in all the States , old as well as new -- North as well as South . Lincoln 's goals were to differentiate himself from Douglas the tiger - the incumbent - and to voice a prophecy publicly . Douglas had long advocated popular sovereignty under which the settlers in each new territory would decide their own status as a slave or free state ; he had repeatedly asserted that the proper application of popular sovereignty would continue slavery - induced conflict and would allow northern and southern states to resume their peaceful coexistence . Lincoln , however , responded that the Dred Scott decision had closed the door on Douglas 's preferred option , leaving the Union with only two remaining outcomes : the country would inevitably become either all slave or all free . Now that the North and the South had come to hold distinct opinions in the question of slavery , and now the issue had come to permeate every other political question , the Union would soon no longer be able to function . Contents ( hide ) 1 Quotes 2 Origins of `` House Divided '' 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Quotes ( edit ) `` A house divided against itself can stand . '' I believe this government can endure , permanently half slave and half free . I do not expect the Union to be dissolved -- I do expect the house to fall -- but I do expect it will cease to be divided . It will become all one thing , or all the other . Either the opponents of slavery , will arrest the further spread of it , and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in course of ultimate extinction ; or its advocates will push it forward , till it shall become alike lawful in all the states , old as well as new -- North as well as South . Have we no tendency to the latter condition ? Let any one who doubts , carefully contemplate that now almost complete legal combination -- piece of machinery so to speak -- compounded of the Nebraska doctrine , and the Dred Scott decision . The Kansas - Nebraska Act opened all the national territory to slavery ( ... ) . This ( ... ) had been provided for ( ... ) in the notable argument of `` squatter sovereignty , '' otherwise called `` sacred right of self government , '' which latter phrase , though expressive of the only rightful basis of any government , was so perverted in this attempted use of it as to amount to just this : That if any one man , choose to enslave another , no third man shall be allowed to object . While the Nebraska Bill was passing through Congress , a law case , involving the question of a negro 's freedom ... was passing through the U.S. Circuit Court for the District of Missouri ; and both Nebraska Bill and lawsuit were brought to a decision in the same month of May , 1854 . The Negro 's name was `` Dred Scott '' ( ... ) . ( The points decided by the `` Dred Scott '' decision include ) that whether the holding a negro in actual slavery in a free state , makes him free , as against the holder , the United States courts will not decide , but will leave to be decided by the courts of any slave state the negro may be forced into by the master . This point is made , not to be pressed immediately ( ... ) ( that ) the logical conclusion that what Dred Scott 's master might lawfully do with Dred Scott , in the free state Illinois , every other master may lawfully do with any other one , or one thousand slaves , in Illinois , or in any other free state . While the opinion of ( ... ) Chief Justice Taney , in the Dred Scott case ( ... ) expressly declare ( s ) that the Constitution of the United States neither permits congress nor a territorial legislature to exclude slavery from any United States territory , ( ... ) ( Taney ) omit ( s ) to declare whether or not the same constitution permits a state , or the people of a state , to exclude it . Possibly , this was a mere omission ; but who can be quite sure ( ... ) . Illinois House of Representatives chamber , the site of the speech . The nearest approach to the point of declaring the power of a state over slavery , is made by Judge Nelson . He approaches it more than once , using the precise idea , and almost the language too , of the Nebraska Act . On one occasion his exact language is , `` except in cases where the power is restrained by the Constitution of the United States , the law of the State is supreme over the subject of slavery within its jurisdiction . '' In what cases the power of the states is so restrained by the U.S. Constitution , is left an open question , precisely as the same question , as to the restraint on the power of the territories was left open in the Nebraska Act . Put that and that together , and we have another nice little niche , which we may , ere long , see filled with another Supreme Court decision , declaring that the Constitution of the United States does not permit a state to exclude slavery from its limits . And this may especially be expected if the doctrine of `` care not whether slavery be voted down or voted up '' shall gain upon the public mind sufficiently to give promise that such a decision can be maintained when made . Such a decision is all that slavery now lacks of being alike lawful in all the States . Welcome , or unwelcome , such decision is probably coming , and will soon be upon us , unless the power of the present political dynasty shall be met and overthrown . We shall lie down pleasantly dreaming that the people of Missouri are on the verge of making their State free , and we shall awake to the reality instead that the Supreme Court has made Illinois a slave Origins of `` house divided '' ( edit ) In the Gospel of Mark 3 : 25 , Jesus states , `` And if a house be divided against itself , that house can not stand . '' That is in response to the scribes ' claim that `` by the prince of the devils casteth he out devils . '' Also , in the Gospel of Matthew 12 : 25 , KJV : 25 And Jesus knew their thoughts , and said unto him , Every kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation ; and every city or house divided against itself shall not stand : Saint Augustine , in his Confessions ( Book 8 , Chapter 8 ) describes his conversion experience as being `` a house divided against itself . '' Thomas Hobbes , in his 1651 Leviathan ( Chapter 18 ) , states that `` a kingdom divided in itself can not stand . '' In Thomas Paine 's 1776 Common Sense , he describes the composition of monarchy `` hath all the distinctions of a house divided against itself ... '' During the War of 1812 a line appeared in a letter from Abigail Adams to Mercy Otis Warren : `` ... A house divided upon itself - and upon that foundation do our enemies build their hopes of subduing us . '' The `` house divided '' phrase had been used by Lincoln himself in another context in 1843 . Famously , eight years before Lincoln 's speech , during the Senate debate on the Compromise of 1850 , Sam Houston had proclaimed : `` A nation divided against itself can not stand . '' Reverse of 2009 Lincoln Penny , depicting him at what is now known as the Old State Capitol . See also ( edit ) Abraham Lincoln on slavery Origins of the American Civil War References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Foner , Eric ( 2010 ) . The Fiery Trial : Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery . pp. 99 -- 100 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 06618 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Mark 3 : 25 '' . Bible Gateway . Jump up ^ David Kennedy , Lizabeth Cohen , Thomas Bailey : The American Pageant : Volume I : To 1877 , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Address to the people of Illinois , in Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln , I , p. 315 Further reading ( edit ) Fehrenbacher , Don E. ( 1960 ) . `` The Origins and Purpose of Lincoln 's ' House - Divided ' Speech '' . Mississippi Valley Historical Review . 46 ( 4 ) : 615 -- 643 . doi : 10.2307 / 1886280 . External links ( edit ) Works related to A house divided at Wikisource Link to `` House Divided '' speech in Lincoln 's Collected Works , held by the Univ. of Michigan . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Abraham Lincoln <Td_colspan="2"> 16th President of the United States ( 1861 -- 1865 ) U.S. Representative from Illinois ( 1847 -- 1849 ) Presidency First inauguration Perpetual Union Lincoln Bible Second inauguration Civil War Confiscation Acts President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers War based income tax Seaports blockade RMS Trent Affair Habeas Corpus suspended Emancipation Proclamation West Virginia statehood Overland Campaign strategy Hampton Roads Conference Tour of Richmond Ten percent plan Reconstruction 13th Amendment abolishing slavery Dakota War of 1862 Department of the Northwest Homestead Act of 1862 National Banking Acts Thanksgiving Day Birchard Letter Bixby letter National Academy of Sciences Department of Agriculture Pardons State of the Union Address , 1863 1864 Cabinet Judicial appointments Assassination Funeral and burial Lincoln Catafalque Speeches Lyceum address ( 1838 ) Peoria speech ( 1854 ) `` Lost Speech '' ( 1856 ) House Divided speech ( 1858 ) Lincoln - Douglas debates ( 1858 ) Cooper Union Address ( 1860 ) Farewell Address ( 1861 ) First inaugural address ( 1861 ) Gettysburg Address ( 1863 event ) Second inaugural address ( 1865 ) Life and views Early life and career Black Hawk War Matson Trial Spot Resolutions Boat lifting patent Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Co . Baltimore Plot Lincoln 's beard Medical and mental health Poetry Religious views Sexuality Slavery Homes and places Lincoln Birthplace Knob Creek Farm Lincoln Boyhood Memorial Lincoln State Park Lincoln Trail Homestead State Memorial Lincoln 's New Salem Lincoln Home Lincoln Pioneer Village Little Pigeon Creek Community Cottage at the Soldier 's Home Lincoln Bedroom Lincoln Sitting Room Ford 's Theatre Petersen House Lincoln Tomb Elections Republican National Convention , 1856 1860 1864 National Union Party United States presidential election , 1860 1864 1860 campaign song Legacy Presidential Library and Museum Papers Lincoln / Net Bibliography Artifacts and relics Lincoln Memorial sculpture reflecting pool Mount Rushmore Lincoln 's Birthday Lincoln , Nebraska statue Abraham Lincoln ( Healy painting ) Abraham Lincoln sculpture , Washington D.C. Abraham Lincoln : The Man statue Lincoln Park Abraham Lincoln : The Head of State statue Lincoln Trail State Memorial Lincoln the Lawyer statue Kentucky statue The Peacemakers painting Lincoln Highway Other memorials Photographs Cultural depictions films postage stamps Lincoln penny Illinois Centennial half dollar currency five - dollar bill art Lincoln Prize Abraham Lincoln Association White House ghost Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln Lincoln -- Kennedy coincidences Aircraft Carrier USS Abraham Lincoln Family Family tree Mary Todd Lincoln ( wife ) Robert Todd Lincoln ( son ) Edward Baker Lincoln ( son ) William Wallace Lincoln ( son ) Thomas `` Tad '' Lincoln ( son ) Mary Todd `` Mamie '' Lincoln ( granddaughter ) Abraham Lincoln II ( grandson ) Jessie Lincoln ( granddaughter ) Thomas Lincoln ( father ) Nancy Hanks Lincoln ( mother ) Sarah Bush Lincoln ( stepmother ) Sarah Lincoln Grigsby ( sister ) Abraham Lincoln ( paternal grandfather ) Mordecai Lincoln ( paternal uncle ) Mary Lincoln Crume ( paternal aunt ) John Hanks ( maternal cousin ) Joseph Hanks ( great - grandfather ) Samuel Lincoln ( 17th - century ancestor ) Mary Lincoln Beckwith ( great - granddaughter ) Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith ( great - grandson ) Timothy Lincoln Beckwith ( great - great - grandson ) Old Bob ( horse ) <Td_colspan="2"> ← James Buchanan Andrew Johnson → Book Outline Jump up ^ http://quod.lib.umich.edu/l/lincoln/lincoln2/1:508?rgn=div1;view=fulltext Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lincoln%27s_House_Divided_Speech&oldid=827995916 '' Categories : American political catchphrases Abraham Lincoln in Springfield , Illinois Speeches by Abraham Lincoln 1858 in Illinois Political history of Illinois 1858 in American politics Political history of the United States June 1858 events Talk Contents About Wikipedia Latina Português Română Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 23 : 09 . 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1. House Divided Speech
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who was the host of miss world 2017
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Miss World 2017 - wikipedia Miss World 2017 Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Miss World 2017 Date 18 November 2017 Presenters Fernando Allende Angela Chow Megan Young Frankie Cena Barney Walsh Steve Douglas Entertainment Kristian Kostov Jeffrey Li Celine Tam Venue Sanya City Arena , Sanya , China Broadcaster E ! Direct TV Entrants 118 Placements 40 Debuts Armenia Laos Senegal Withdrawals Antigua and Barbuda Belarus DR Congo Costa Rica Czech Republic Guinea - Bissau Haiti Kyrgyzstan Latvia Malaysia Puerto Rico Sierra Leone Saint Lucia Uganda US Virgin Islands Returns Angola Bangladesh Cameroon Cape Verde Ethiopia Greece Hong Kong Liberia Macau Madagascar Norway Zambia Zimbabwe Winner India -- Manushi Chhillar <Td_colspan="2"> ← 2016 2018 → Miss World 2017 was the 67th edition of the Miss World pageant , held on 18 November 2017 at the Sanya City Arena in Sanya , China . 118 contestants from all over the world competed for the crown . Stephanie Del Valle of Puerto Rico crowned her successor Manushi Chhillar of India at the end of the event . She is the sixth Indian woman to win Miss World , tying India for the most title wins with Venezuela . Contents ( hide ) 1 Results 1.1 Placements 1.2 Continental Queens of Beauty 2 Background 3 Challenge Events 3.1 Sports 3.2 Top Model 3.3 Talent 3.4 Multimedia 3.5 People 's Choice Award 3.6 Beauty With A Purpose 3.7 Head - to - Head Challenge 4 Contestants 5 Judges 6 Notes 6.1 Debuts 6.2 Returns 6.3 Designations 6.4 Replacements 6.5 Withdrawals 7 References 8 External links Results ( edit ) Placements ( edit ) Final result Contestant Miss World 2017 India -- Manushi Chhillar 1st Runner - Up Mexico -- Andrea Meza 2nd Runner - Up England -- Stephanie Hill Top 5 France -- Aurore Kichenin Kenya -- Magline Jeruto Top 10 Indonesia -- Achintya Holte Nilsen Jamaica -- Solange Sinclair Korea -- Ha - eun Kim Russia -- Polina Popova South Africa -- Adè van Heerden Top 15 El Salvador -- Fatima Cuellar Japan -- Haruka Yamashita Macau -- Cloe Lan Wan - Ling Mongolia -- Enkhjin Tseveendash § Nigeria -- Ugochi Ihezue Top 40 Argentina -- Avril Marco Bangladesh -- Jessia Islam Botswana -- Nicole Gaelebale Brazil -- Gabrielle Vilela China -- Guan Siyu Colombia -- Maria Daza Croatia -- Tea Mlinarić Dominican Republic -- Aletxa Mueses Guatemala -- Virginia Argueta Italy -- Conny Notarstefano Kazakhstan -- Gul'banu Azimkhan Lebanon -- Perla Helou Liberia -- Wokie Dolo Malta -- Michela Galea Moldova -- Ana Badaneu Nepal -- Nikita Chandak New Zealand -- Annie Evans Peru -- Pamela Sánchez Philippines -- Laura Lehmann Poland -- Magdalena Bieńkowska Sweden -- Hanna Haag Ukraine -- Polina Tkach United States -- Clarissa Bowers Venezuela -- Ana Carolina Ugarte Vietnam -- Đỗ Mỹ Linh § People 's Choice winner Continental Queens of Beauty ( edit ) Continent Contestant Africa Kenya -- Magline Jeruto Americas Mexico -- Andrea Meza Asia Korea -- Ha - eun Kim Caribbean Jamaica -- Solange Sinclair Europe England -- Stephanie Hill Oceania New Zealand -- Annie Evans Background ( edit ) Miss World emphasis on a new format , giving greater attraction on social media and interactivity . This new format is called the Head - to - Head Challenge , which will select 20 out of the Top 40 contestants . Challenge events ( edit ) Sports ( edit ) Miss Dominican Republic won the Sports challenge and became the first quarter - finalist of Miss World 2017 . Final result Contestant Winner Dominican Republic -- Aletxa Mueses 1st Runner - Up Cook Islands -- Alanna Smith 2nd Runner - Up British Virgin Islands -- Helina Hewlett Blue Team Mexico -- Andrea Meza New Zealand -- Annie Evans Northern Ireland -- Anna Henry Poland -- Magdalena Bieńkowska Scotland -- Romy McCahill Spain -- Elisa Tulian Venezuela -- Ana Carolina Ugarte Red Team Argentina -- Avril Marco Bahamas -- Geena Thompson Guinea -- Asmaou Diallo Italy -- Conny Notarstefano Jamaica -- Solange Sinclair South Africa -- Adè van Heerden Yellow Team Aruba -- Anouk Eman Bosnia and Herzegovina -- Aida Karamehmedović Kenya -- Magline Jeruto Mongolia -- Enkhjin Tseveendash Netherlands -- Philisantha van Deuren Romania -- Mihaela Bosca Singapore -- Laanya Ezra Asogan Top Model ( edit ) Miss Nigeria won the Top Model Competition and became the second quarter - finalist of Miss World 2017 . Final result Contestant Winner Nigeria -- Ugochi Ihezue 1st Runner - Up Thailand -- Patlada Kulphakthanapat 2nd Runner - Up Croatia -- Tea Mlinarić 3rd Runner - Up China -- Guan Siyu Top 30 Bosnia and Herzegovina -- Aida Karamehmedović Brazil -- Gabrielle Vilela Colombia -- Maria Daza Cote d'Ivoire -- Mandjalia Gbané Dominican Republic -- Aletxa Mueses El Salvador -- Fatima Cuellar France -- Aurore Kichenin Guadeloupe -- Audrey Berville Guinea -- Asmaou Diallo Honduras -- Celia Monterrosa India -- Manushi Chhillar Indonesia -- Achintya Holte Nilsen Israel -- Rotem Rabi Kenya -- Magline Jeruto Korea -- Ha - eun Kim Mexico -- Andrea Meza Mongolia -- Enkhjin Tseveendash Montenegro -- Tea Babić Nepal -- Nikita Chandak Panama -- Julianne Brittón Poland -- Magdalena Bieńkowska Russia -- Polina Popova Slovenia -- Maja Zupan Spain -- Elisa Tulian Ukraine -- Polina Tkach Venezuela -- Ana Carolina Ugarte Talent ( edit ) Miss Malta won the Talent Competition and became the third quarter - finalist of Miss World 2017 . Final result Contestant Winner Malta -- Michela Galea 1st Runner - Up Fiji -- Nanise Rainima 2nd Runner - Up Italy -- Conny Notarstefano 3rd Runner - Up England -- Stephanie Hill 4th Runner - Up Mexico -- Andrea Meza Top 20 Cameroon -- Akomo Minkata Cyprus -- Helena Tselepi Denmark -- Amanda Petri Guam -- Destiny Cruz Hungary -- Virág Koroknyai Indonesia -- Achintya Holte Nilsen Japan -- Haruka Yamashita Netherlands -- Philisantha van Deuren Northern Ireland -- Anna Henry Paraguay -- Paola Oberladstatter Scotland -- Romy McCahill Spain -- Elisa Tulian Turkey -- Aslı Sümen Trinidad and Tobago -- Chandini Chanka Ukraine -- Polina Tkach Multimedia ( edit ) Final result Contestant Winner Mongolia -- Enkhjin Tseveendash Top 9 India -- Manushi Chhillar Indonesia -- Achintya Holte Nilsen England -- Stephanie Hill Mexico -- Andrea Meza Nepal -- Nikita Chandak Thailand -- Patlada Kulphakthanapat Venezuela -- Ana Carolina Ugarte Vietnam -- Đỗ Mỹ Linh People 's Choice Award ( edit ) Final result Contestant Winner Mongolia -- Enkhjin Tseveendash Top 10 Bangladesh -- Jessia Islam India -- Manushi Chhillar Lebanon -- Perla Helou Nepal -- Nikita Chandak Philippines -- Laura Lehmann Russia -- Polina Popova Thailand -- Patlada Kulphakthanapat Venezuela -- Ana Carolina Ugarte Vietnam -- Đỗ Mỹ Linh Beauty With A Purpose ( edit ) Final result Contestant Winner India -- Manushi Chhillar Philippines -- Laura Lehmann Vietnam -- Đỗ Mỹ Linh Indonesia -- Achintya Holte Nilsen South Africa -- Adè van Heerden Top 20 Australia -- Esma Voloder Brazil -- Gabrielle Vilela British Virgin Islands -- Helina Hewlett Cook Islands -- Alanna Smith England -- Stephanie Hill Fiji -- Nanise Rainima France -- Aurore Kichenin Mongolia -- Enkhjin Tseveendash Nepal -- Nikita Chandak New Zealand -- Annie Evans Russia -- Polina Popova Slovakia -- Hanka Závodná Tanzania -- Julitha Kabete Thailand -- Patlada Kulphakthanapat Zimbabwe -- Chiedza Mhosva Head - to - Head Challenge ( edit ) Advanced to Top 40 Advanced to Top 40 via a challenge event other than Head - to - Head Challenge Group Country 1 Country 2 Country 3 Country 4 Country 5 Country 6 Angola Austria Bahamas Georgia Guadeloupe Italy Albania Argentina Bolivia Cote d'Ivoire Israel Mauritius Belgium Cameroon Chile Guinea Madagascar Nepal Armenia Australia Egypt France Germany Jamaica 5 Colombia Cook Islands Curaçao Gibraltar Paraguay Portugal 6 Bangladesh Botswana Brazil Canada Ethiopia South Africa 7 Bosnia and Herzegovina Dominican Republic Guam Honduras Iceland Macau 8 Cyprus Kenya Ireland Mongolia Russia Singapore 9 Bulgaria Ecuador El Salvador Finland Greece India 10 Aruba Ghana Hungary Indonesia Laos Netherlands 11 China Denmark Equatorial Guinea Hong Kong Moldova Ukraine 12 Croatia England Fiji Guatemala Romania Senegal 13 Liberia Malta New Zealand Nigeria Slovakia Tunisia 14 Montenegro Poland Rwanda Seychelles Sweden Venezuela 15 Guyana Japan Peru Slovenia Tanzania Uruguay 16 Mexico Nicaragua Northern Ireland Norway Scotland Sri Lanka 17 Lesotho Myanmar Philippines Serbia Thailand Turkey 18 Belize South Sudan Spain Vietnam Wales Zimbabwe 19 Korea Lebanon Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States N / A 20 British Virgin Islands Cape Verde Cayman Islands Kazakhstan Zambia Contestants ( edit ) 118 delegates competed in Miss World 2017 : Country / Territory Contestant Age Hometown Continent Albania Joana Grabolli 20 Berat Europe Angola Judelsia Bache 22 Luanda Africa Argentina Avril Marco 20 Santiago del Estero America Armenia Lili Sargsyan 18 Yerevan Europe Aruba Anouk Eman 25 Oranjestad America Australia Esma Voloder 25 Melbourne Oceania Austria Sarah Chvala 22 Vienna Europe Bahamas Geena Thompson 24 Nassau America Bangladesh Jessia Islam 20 Dhaka Asia Belgium Romanie Schotte 20 Bruges Europe Belize Renae Martinez 20 Belmopan America Bolivia Jasmin Pinto 20 Buena Vista America Bosnia and Herzegovina Aida Karamehmedović 24 Trebinje Europe Botswana Nicole Gaelebale 24 Mahalapye Africa Brazil Gabrielle Vilela 25 Angra dos Reis America British Virgin Islands Helina Hewlett 25 Tortola America Bulgaria Veronika Stefanova 25 Sofia Europe Cameroon Akomo Minkata 23 Yaoundé Africa Canada Cynthia Menard 17 Ottawa America Cape Verde Cristilene Pimienta 21 São Vicente Africa Cayman Islands Kristin Amaya 25 George Town America Chile Victoria Stein 22 Puerto Montt America China Guan Siyu 23 Xiamen Asia Colombia Maria Daza 21 Riohacha America Cook Islands Alanna Smith 25 Avarua Oceania Cote d'Ivoire Mandjalia Gbané 21 Bondoukou Africa Croatia Tea Mlinarić 18 Senj Europe Curaçao Vanity Girigori 21 Willemstad America Cyprus Helena Tselepi 22 Limassol Europe Denmark Amanda Petri 20 Copenhagen Europe Dominican Republic Aletxa Mueses 22 San José de las Matas America Ecuador Romina Zeballos 25 Guayaquil America Egypt Farah Shaaban 19 Cairo Africa El Salvador Fatima Cuellar 20 San Salvador America England Stephanie Hill 22 London Europe Equatorial Guinea Catalina Mangue Ondo 18 Mongomo Africa Ethiopia Kisanet Molla 22 Addis Ababa Africa Fiji Nanise Rainima 25 Suva Oceania Finland Adriana Gerxhalija 22 Turku Europe France Aurore Kichenin 22 Jacou Europe Georgia Keti Shekelashvili 23 Kareli Europe Germany Dalila Jabri 20 Hamm Europe Ghana Afua Asieduwaa Akrofi 20 Accra Africa Gibraltar Jodie Garcia 22 Gibraltar Europe Greece Maria Psilou 20 Aigio Europe Guadeloupe Audrey Berville 20 Basse - Terre America Guam Destiny Cruz 20 Hagåtña Oceania Guatemala Virginia Argueta 23 Jutiapa America Guinea Asmaou Diallo 24 Conakry Africa Guyana Vena Mookram 19 Georgetown America Honduras Celia Monterrosa 22 Santa Bárbara America Hong Kong Emily Wong 23 Hong Kong Asia Hungary Virág Koroknyai 20 Budapest Europe Iceland Ólafía Ósk Finnsdóttir 19 Reykjavík Europe India Manushi Chhillar 20 Haryana Asia Indonesia Achintya Holte Nilsen 18 Bali Asia Ireland Lauren McDonagh 18 Donegal Europe Israel Rotem Rabi 21 Tel Aviv Asia Italy Conny Notarstefano 21 Lucera Europe Jamaica Solange Sinclair 24 Kingston America Japan Haruka Yamashita 22 Tokyo Asia Kazakhstan Gul'banu Azimkhan 18 Kyzylorda Europe Kenya Magline Jeruto 24 Nairobi Africa Korea Ha - eun Kim 25 Seoul Asia&Oceania Laos Tonkham Phonchanhueang 20 Vientiane Asia Lebanon Perla Helou 22 Beirut Asia Lesotho Mpoi Ma'hao 19 Maseru Africa Liberia Wokie Dolo 25 Monrovia Africa Macau Cloe Lan Wan - Ling 25 Macau Asia Madagascar Felana Tirindraza 22 Nosy Be Africa Malta Michela Galea 25 Valletta Europe Mauritius Bessika Bucktawor 21 Triolet Africa Mexico Andrea Meza 23 Chihuahua City America Moldova Ana Badaneu 20 Chișinău Europe Mongolia Enkhjin Tseveendash 24 Ulaanbaatar Asia Montenegro Tea Babić 19 Podgorica Europe Myanmar Ei Kyawt Khaing 19 Naypyidaw Asia Nepal Nikita Chandak 21 Urlabari Asia Netherlands Philisantha van Deuren 21 Almere Europe New Zealand Annie Evans 19 Auckland Oceania Nicaragua America Monserrath 18 Rivas America Nigeria Ugochi Ihezue 20 Birnin Kebbi Africa Northern Ireland Anna Henry 22 Belfast Europe Norway Celine Herregården 19 Drammen Europe Panama Julianne Brittón 22 Panama City America Paraguay Paola Oberladstatter 24 Ciudad del Este America Peru Pamela Sánchez 22 Chachapoyas America Philippines Laura Lehmann 23 Makati Asia Poland Magdalena Bieńkowska 24 Warsaw Europe Portugal Filipa Barroso 21 Setúbal Europe Romania Mihaela Bosca 26 Baia Mare Europe Russia Polina Popova 22 Yekaterinburg Europe Rwanda Elsa Iradukunda 19 Kigali Africa Scotland Romy McCahill 23 Milngavie Europe Senegal Nar Codou Diouf 20 Dakar Africa Serbia Anđelija Rogić 22 Užice Europe Seychelles Hilary Joubert 23 Victoria Africa Singapore Laanya Ezra Asogan 21 Singapore Asia Slovakia Hanka Závodná 21 Bratislava Europe Slovenia Maja Zupan 18 Britof Europe South Africa Adè van Heerden 26 Herolds Bay Africa South Sudan Arual Longar 20 Juba Africa Spain Elisa Tulian 21 Majorca Europe Sri Lanka Dusheni Silva 24 Colombo Asia Sweden Hanna Haag 20 Gävle Europe Tanzania Julitha Kabete 21 Dar es Salaam Africa Thailand Patlada Kulphakthanapat 25 Bangkok Asia Trinidad and Tobago Chandini Chanka 23 Port of Spain America Tunisia Emna Abdelhedi 22 Sfax Africa Turkey Aslı Sümen 23 Mersin Europe Ukraine Polina Tkach 18 Kiev Europe United States Clarissa Bowers 20 Miami America Uruguay Melina Carballo 21 Montevideo America Venezuela Ana Carolina Ugarte 25 Maturín America Vietnam Đỗ Mỹ Linh 21 Hanoi Asia Wales Hannah Williams 23 Cardiff Europe Zambia Mary Chibula 22 Mongu Africa Zimbabwe Chiedza Mhosva 22 Harare Africa Judges ( edit ) The judges panel for Miss World 2017 were : Julia Morley -- Chairman of the Miss World Pageant Organization Mike Dixon -- Musical Director Donna Walsh -- Professional dancer and director Andrew Minarik -- Head of the team for Miss World Hair & Beauty Arnold Vegafria -- Filipino talent manager and current national director of Miss World Philippines Zhang Zilin -- Miss World 2007 from China Yu Wenxia -- Miss World 2012 from China Rohit Khandelwal -- Mister World 2016 from India Notes ( edit ) Debuts ( edit ) Armenia Laos Senegal Returns ( edit ) Last competed in 2001 Bangladesh Madagascar Last competed in 2010 Cape Verde Last competed in 2011 Liberia Last competed in 2012 Macau Last competed in 2013 Angola Last competed in 2014 Greece Hong Kong Last competed in 2015 Cameroon Ethiopia Norway Zambia Zimbabwe Designations ( edit ) Aruba -- Anouk Eman was appointed Miss Aruba World 2017 at private ceremony after being selected at a casting call organised by Star Promotion Foundation , the franchise holder for Miss World in Aruba . Belize - Renae Martinez was appointed to represent Belize at Miss World 2017 after a casting call was organised by Michael Arnold , national director of Miss World Belize pageant . Dominican Republic -- Aletxa Mueses was crowned Miss Mundo Dominicana 2017 at simple ceremony after being selected at a casting call organised by Diany Mota , the national director of Miss Mundo Dominicana pageant after this years edition was not held due to lack of sponsorship . El Salvador - Fatima Molina was appointed to represent El Salvador at Miss World 2017 at a closed door casting call organized by Telecorporación Salvadoreña , the franchise holder for Miss World in El Salvador . Ethiopia -- Kisanet Molla was selected Miss World Ethiopia 2017 at a casting call organised by Genet Tsegay , the national director of Miss World Ethiopia pageant . Georgia -- Keti Shekelashvili was appointed to represent Georgia at Miss World 2017 pageant by IC Model Management , the franchise holder for Miss World in Georgia after the national pageant was not held due to undisclosed reasons . Shekelashvili was the 4 th runner - up at the Miss Georgia 2015 pageant . Ghana -- Afua Asieduwaa Akrofi was chosen to represent Ghana at Miss World 2017 by Inna Mariam Patty , the national director of Miss Ghana pageant after she decided to send Margaret Derry Mwintuur , Miss Ghana 2017 to Miss World 2018 pageant as the 2017 edition of the national pageant was be held in early October leaving no time to prepare the new winner for the Miss World pageant . Akrofi was the 1st runner - up at the Miss Ghana 2015 pageant . Hong Kong - Emily Wong was appointed to represent Hong Kong at Miss World 2017 by TVB group , after they reacquired the franchise for Miss World in Hong Kong . Wong was the 2nd runner - up at the Miss Hong Kong 2017 pageant . Macau - Wan Ling Lan was chosen to compete at Miss World at 2017 at a casting call . She was also a Macau 's representative at Miss Grand International 2015 . Poland -- Magdalena Bieńkowska , Miss Polski 2015 was appointed to compete at Miss World 2017 after Lech Daniłowicz , the national director of Miss Polski pageant was appointed the new license holder for Miss World in Poland . Previously Elzbieta Wierzbicka held the franchise for Miss World in Poland Romania - Mihaela Bosca was appointed Miss World Romania 2017 by Ernest Hadrian Böhm , the national director of Miss World Romania pageant after a casting call was organized by ExclusivEvent Agency , the franchise holder for Miss World in Romania . Tanzania -- Julitha Kabete was chosen to represent Tanzania at Miss World 2017 after a casting call was organised by Hashim Lundenga , the national director of Miss Tanzania pageant as the 2017 edition of the pageant was not held due to lack of sponsorship . Kabete competed at Miss Tanzania 2016 pageant and was among the Top 5 . Thailand : Patlada Kulphakthanapat was appointed as Miss Thailand World 2017 by Supol Wichianchai , the President of Miss Thailand World Organiztation after the 2017 edition of the pageant was cancelled as a mark of respect on account of the death of the Thai Monarch , King Bhumibol Adulyadej . Kulphakthanapat was the 1st runner - up at the Miss Thailand World 2016 pageant . Uruguay : Melina Carballo was appointed to compete at Miss World 2017 by Antonio Vergara Olmos , the national director of Nuestra Belleza Uruguay pageant after the national pageant was not held due to lack of sponsorship . Carballo competed at Nuestra Belleza Uruguay 2016 and was crowned Miss Grand Uruguay 2016 . Venezuela : Ana Carolina Ugarte was appointed Miss Venezuela Mundo 2017 by Osmel Sousa , the national director of Miss Venezuela pageant after Miss Venezuela Mundo pageant was not held for the second consecutive year due to lack of sponsorship and financial crisis in the country . Ugarte represented the state of Monagas at Miss Venezuela 2013 pageant . Vietnam -- Đỗ Mỹ Linh was appointed Miss World Vietnam 2017 by Elite Models Vietnam , the franchise holders for Miss World in Vietnam after the Miss World Vietnam pageant was not held for undisclosed reason . Linh was crowned Miss Vietnam 2016 . Replacements ( edit ) Bangladesh -- Jessia Islam was crowned Miss World Bangladesh 2017 by Antar Showbiz and Omicon Entertainment , the franchise holders for Miss World in Bangladesh after Jannatul Nayeem Avril , the original winner was dethroned for being married before entering the pageant . Islam was the 1st runner - up at the Miss World Bangladesh 2017 pageant . British Virgin Islands -- Helina Hewlett was appointed Miss World British Virgin Islands 2017 by Damion Grange , the national director of Miss World British Virgin Islands pageant as a replacement to Khephra Sylvester , Miss British Virgin Islands 2017 who would compete only at Miss Universe 2017 due to the conflicting dates of the two international pageants . Sylvester would have competed at both the pageants otherwise . Hewlett was the 1st runner - up at the Miss British Virgin Islands 2017 pageant . Cameroon -- Michèle Ange Minkata was appointed to compete at Miss World 2017 pageant by Solange Ingrid , the national director of Miss Cameroon pageant after Julie Nguimfack , Miss Cameroon 2016 was dethroned on grounds of indiscipline . Nguimfack was denied visa by the US embassy to participate at the last year 's event and was supposed to compete at Miss World 2017 . Minkata was the 4th runner - up at the Miss Cameroon 2016 pageant . Cayman Islands -- Kristin Amaya was appointed to represent Cayman Islands at Miss World 2017 by Derri Dacres - Lee , the national director of Miss Cayman Islands pageant as a replacement to Anika Conolly , Miss Cayman Islands 2017 who had to withdraw from Miss World 2017 pageant as she did n't meet the minimum age requirement . Amaya was the 1st runner - up at the Miss Cayman Islands 2017 pageant . France - Aurore Kichenin was appointed Miss World France 2017 by Sylvie Tellier , the national director of Miss France pageant , as a replacement to Alicia Aylies , Miss France 2017 who will only compete at Miss Universe 2017 pageant . Kichenin represented the region of Languedoc - Roussillon at Miss France 2017 and was the 1st runner - up at the pageant . Greece -- Theodora Soukia , Miss Hellas 2017 was replaced by Maria Psilou , Star Hellas 2017 for undisclosed reasons . Psilou was crowned Star Hellas 2017 at a private casting call organised by Vassilis Prevelakis , the national director of Star Hellas pageant . Guatemala -- Virginia Argueta was appointed to compete at Miss World 2017 by Javier Miranda , the national director of Miss Guatemala Mundo pageant as a replacement to Lisbeth Gómez who was earlier appointed to represent Guatemala at Miss World 2017 but resigned due to personal reasons . Gómez was chosen to compete at Miss World pageant so as to allow more preparation time for Elizabeth Gramajo , the new winner of Miss Guatemala Mundo 2017 - 18 pageant who would be sent to Miss World 2018 . Argueta was crowned Miss Universe Guatemala 2016 . Madagascar -- Felana Tirindraza was appointed to compete at Miss World 2017 by Comité Miss Madagascar , the organizers of Miss Madagascar pageant after Njara Windye Harris , the original winner chose to compete at Miss University Africa 2017 contest . Tirindraza was crowned the 1st runner - up at the Miss Madagascar 2017 pageant . South Africa : Adé van Herdeen was appointed Miss World South Africa 2017 , by Melinda Bam , the national director of the Miss South Africa pageant , as a replacement to Demi - Leigh Nel - Peters , Miss South Africa 2017 after Nel - Peters chose to compete at Miss Universe 2017 due to conflicting schedules of the two pageants. van Herdeen was crowned the 1st runner - up at the Miss South Africa 2017 pageant . Turkey -- Itır Esen , Miss Turkey World 2017 was replaced by Aslı Sümen , Miss Turkey Universe 2017 by Can Sandikcioglu , the national director of Miss Turkey pageant after Esen was dethroned just hours after her crowning over an unacceptable tweet about the attempted Turkish coup of 2016 Zambia -- Mary Chibula was appointed to compete at Miss World 2017 by Platinum Events Productions Africa , the franchise holder for Miss World in Zambia after the original winner Louisa Josephs Chingangu was dethroned and Mwangala Ikacana , the 1st runner - up could not compete due to personal reasons . Chibula was crowned the 2nd runner - up at the Miss Zambia 2016 pageant Withdrawals ( edit ) Antigua and Barbuda -- No delegate was appointed due to lack of funding and sponsorship . Belarus -- With the Miss Belarus pageant being held bi-annually , the organizers initially appointed the first runner - up Ekaterina Savchuk to represent her country in this year 's Miss World , but she eventually withdrew for personal reasons , thus removing her from the official list of contestants . DR Congo -- No delegate was appointed due to lack of funding and sponsorship . Costa Rica -- No delegate was appointed due to lack of funding and sponsorship . Czech Republic -- Češka Miss decided to send the nation 's delegates to Miss Universe , Miss Earth , and Miss Supranational this year , as the organization relinquished its Miss World license to the new franchise holder , which would be announced at a later date . Guinea Bissau -- Laila Da Costa was chosen as national representative for the event , however she could not attend when her entry visa was denied by the Chinese government . Haiti -- No delegate was appointed due to lack of funding and sponsorship . Kyrgyzstan -- Begimay Karybekova was chosen as national representative for the event , however she could not attend when her entry visa was denied by the Chinese government . Latvia -- Miss Latvia 2017 pageant was cancelled due to internal problems with the organization and lack of sponsorship . Malaysia -- No delegate was appointed , due to internal problems with the organization and lack of sponsorship , following the resignation of the pageant 's licensee and national director . Puerto Rico - No delegate is going to be send this year because of the hurricanes that affected the island . Sierra Leone -- No delegate was appointed due to lack of funding and sponsorship . St. Lucia -- No delegate was appointed due to lack of funding and sponsorship . Uganda -- No delegate was appointed due to lack of funding and sponsorship . US Virgin Islands -- No delegate was appointed due to lack of funding and sponsorship . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Miss World 2017 introduces exciting new format '' . Angelopedia. 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Format for Miss World 2017 '' . Miss World . 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miss World Announces New Format for 2017 's Show '' . Pageanthology 101 . 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miss World 2017 Contestants '' . Miss World . 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.missworld.com/#/contestants/4885 Jump up ^ `` Magdalena Bieńkowska is Miss World Poland 2017 '' . 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miss World British Virgin Islands 2017 '' . Global Beauties. 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miss Cameroon 2016 , Julie Nguimfack , dethroned and replaced ! '' . betatinz . 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maria Psilou -- Star Hellas 2017 '' . 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voici la représentante de Madagascar à Miss Monde 2017 '' . Koolsaina . 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miss Turkey Dethroned Over ' Unacceptable ' Tweet About Attempted Coup '' . Bloomberg . 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico steps out of Miss World 2017 competition '' . Angelopedia. 12 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website <Th_colspan="2"> Miss World <Td_colspan="2"> 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 <Td_colspan="2"> 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 <Td_colspan="2"> 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 <Td_colspan="2"> 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 <Td_colspan="2"> 1991 <Td_colspan="2"> 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 <Td_colspan="2"> 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 <Td_colspan="2"> Titleholders Editions Beauty with a Purpose <Th_colspan="2"> Miss World 2017 contestants <Td_colspan="2"> Esma Voloder Jessia Islam Romanie Schotte Nicole Gaelebale Cynthia Menard Guan Siyu Stephanie Hill Maria Psilou Virginia Argueta Manushi Chhillar Achintya Holte Nilsen Haruka Yamashita Andrea Meza Nikita Chandak Celine Herregården Julianne Brittón Laura Lehmann Filipa Barroso Polina Popova Romy McCahill Chandini Chanka Patlada Kulphakthanapat Polina Tkach Clarissa Bowers Ana Carolina Ugarte Đỗ Mỹ Linh <Th_colspan="2"> Miss World participant countries and territories Active ( 1951 -- present ) Albania Antigua & Barbuda Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Bolivia Bosnia & Herzegovina Botswana Brazil British Virgin Islands Bulgaria Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cayman Islands Chad Chile China Colombia Congo DR Cook Islands Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Curaçao Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador England Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gabon Georgia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Guadeloupe Guam Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia FYRO Madagascar Malaysia Malta Martinique Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Northern Ireland Norway Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Romania Russia Rwanda Samoa Scotland Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia South Africa South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka St. Kitts & Nevis St. Lucia Sweden Tanzania Thailand Trinidad & Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United States Uruguay US Virgin Islands Venezuela Vietnam Wales Zambia Zimbabwe Inactive Algeria ( 2002 ) Andorra ( 2003 ) Angola ( 2013 ) Bermuda ( 2015 ) Bonaire ( 2012 ) Cape Verde ( 2012 ) Chinese Taipei ( 2013 ) Cuba ( 2011 ) Estonia ( 2005 ) Gambia ( 1986 ) Greenland ( 1992 ) Grenada ( 2007 ) Guernsey ( 1975 ) Hawaii ( 2001 ) Isle of Man ( 1988 ) Jersey ( 1981 ) Jordan ( 1981 ) Kosovo ( 2015 ) Macau ( 2013 ) Malawi ( 2012 ) Monaco ( 1955 ) Montserrat ( 1964 ) Morocco ( 1968 ) Northern Marianas ( 2003 ) Papua New Guinea ( 1990 ) São Tomé and Príncipe ( 2014 ) St. Barthelemy ( 2011 ) St. Martin ( 2001 ) St. Vincent and Grenadines ( 1994 ) Suriname ( 2011 ) Swaziland ( 2009 ) Switzerland ( 2014 ) Syria ( 1966 ) Tahiti ( 2010 ) Tonga ( 1986 ) Turks & Caicos ( 2004 ) Uzbekistan ( 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miss_World_2017&oldid=819324593 '' Categories : Miss World 2017 beauty pageants Beauty pageants in China November 2017 events in China Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം Português Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 19 : 15 . 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FIFA World Cup hosts - wikipedia FIFA World Cup hosts Logo of FIFA Map of FIFA World Cup final hosts , 1930 -- 2018 . Dark green : twice ; middle green : once ; light green : planned until 2022 Seventeen countries have been FIFA World Cup hosts in the competition 's twenty tournaments since the inaugural World Cup in 1930 . The organization at first awarded hosting to countries at meetings of FIFA 's congress . The choice of location was controversial in the earliest tournaments , given the three - week boat journey between South America and Europe , the two centers of strength in football at the time . The decision to hold the first cup in Uruguay , for example , led to only four European nations competing . The next two World Cups were both held in Europe . The decision to hold the second of these , the 1938 FIFA World Cup , in France was controversial , as the South American countries had been led to understand that the World Cup would rotate between the two continents . Both Argentina and Uruguay thus boycotted the tournament . The first tournament following World War II , held in Brazil in 1950 , had three teams withdraw for either financial problems or disagreements with the organization . To avoid any future boycotts or controversy , FIFA began a pattern of alternation between the Americas and Europe , which continued until the 2002 FIFA World Cup in Asia . The system evolved so that the host country is now chosen in a vote by FIFA 's Congress . This is done under an exhaustive ballot system . The decision is currently made roughly seven years in advance of the tournament , though the hosts for the 2022 tournament were chosen at the same time as those for the 2018 tournament . Only Mexico , Italy , France , Germany ( West Germany until shortly after the 1990 World Cup ) and Brazil have hosted the event on two occasions . Mexico City 's Estadio Azteca and Rio de Janeiro 's Maracanã are the only venues ever to have hosted two FIFA World Cup finals . Only the 2002 FIFA World Cup had more than one host , being split between Japan and South Korea . Upon the selection of Canada -- Mexico -- United States bid for the 2026 FIFA World Cup , the tournament will be the first to be hosted by more than two countries . Mexico becomes the first country to host three men 's World Cups and its Estadio Azteca , should it be selected , will become the first stadium to stage three World Cup tournaments . Contents 1 List of hosts 2 Results of hosts 3 1930 FIFA World Cup 4 1934 FIFA World Cup 5 1938 FIFA World Cup 6 Cancelled FIFA World Cups 1942 and 1946 7 1950 and 1954 FIFA World Cups 7.1 1950 bid 7.2 1954 bid 8 1958 FIFA World Cup 9 1962 FIFA World Cup 10 1966 FIFA World Cup 11 1970 FIFA World Cup 12 1974 , 1978 , 1982 FIFA World Cups 12.1 1974 results 12.2 1978 results 12.3 1982 results 13 1986 FIFA World Cup 14 1990 FIFA World Cup 15 1994 FIFA World Cup 16 1998 FIFA World Cup 17 2002 FIFA World Cup 18 2006 FIFA World Cup 18.1 Controversy 19 2010 FIFA World Cup 19.1 Controversy 20 2014 FIFA World Cup 21 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups 22 2026 FIFA World Cup 23 2030 FIFA World Cup 24 2034 FIFA World Cup 25 Total bids by country 26 Host country performances 27 Notes 28 References 29 External links List of hosts ( edit ) Year Host Continent Winner 1930 Uruguay South America Uruguay 1934 Italy Europe Italy 1938 France Europe Italy 1942 <Td_colspan="3"> Cancelled because of World War II * 1946 <Td_colspan="3"> Cancelled because of World War II 1950 Brazil South America Uruguay 1954 Switzerland Europe Germany 1958 Sweden Europe Brazil 1962 Chile South America Brazil 1966 England Europe England 1970 Mexico North America Brazil Germany Europe Germany 1978 Argentina South America Argentina 1982 Spain Europe Italy 1986 Mexico North America Argentina 1990 Italy Europe Germany 1994 United States North America Brazil 1998 France Europe France 2002 Japan South Korea Asia Brazil 2006 Germany Europe Italy South Africa Africa Spain 2014 Brazil South America Germany 2018 Russia Europe France 2022 Qatar Asia 2026 Canada Mexico United States North America 2030 TBD 2034 TBD 2038 TBD 1 . In the year 1942 , Germany was expected to be the host country , but because of the World War II , the World Cup was cancelled . Results of hosts ( edit ) Except 1934 , host nations are granted an automatic spot in the World Cup group stages . The first host ever to fail to advance past the first round was South Africa in 2010 . denotes the best result in the team 's history , - the best result at the time of the competition ( improved later ) . No . Year Host nation Finish 1930 Uruguay Champions 1934 Italy Champions 1938 France Quarter - final ‡ -- 1942 Germany ( expected ) Tournament is canceled due to World War II -- 1946 <Td_colspan="2"> Tournament canceled , during the World War II 1950 Brazil Runners - up 5 1954 Switzerland Quarter - final † 6 1958 Sweden Runners - up 7 1962 Chile Third place 8 1966 England Champions 9 1970 Mexico Quarter - final † 10 West Germany Champions 11 1978 Argentina Champions 12 1982 Spain Round 2 ( Top 12 ) ( Format was different from other cups . ) 13 1986 Mexico Quarter - final † 14 1990 Italy Third place 15 1994 United States Round of 16 16 1998 France Champions 17 2002 South Korea Fourth place Japan Round of 16 † 18 2006 Germany Third place 19 South Africa Group stage 20 2014 Brazil Fourth place 21 2018 Russia Quarter - final 22 2022 Qatar TBD 23 2026 Canada TBD Mexico TBD United States TBD 1930 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1930 FIFA World Cup Bids : Hungary Italy Netherlands Spain Sweden Uruguay Before the FIFA Congress could vote on the first - ever World Cup host , a series of withdrawals led to the election of Uruguay . The Netherlands and Hungary withdrew , followed by Sweden withdrawing in favour of Italy . Then both Italy and Spain withdrew , in favour of the only remaining candidate , Uruguay . The FIFA Congress met in Barcelona , Spain on 18 May 1929 to ratify the decision , and Uruguay was chosen without a vote . Results : Uruguay Italy withdrew Spain withdrew Sweden withdrew Netherlands withdrew Hungary withdrew Notice that the celebration of the first World Cup coincided with the centennial anniversary of the first Constitution of Uruguay . For that reason , the main stadium built in Montevideo for the World Cup was named Estadio Centenario . 1934 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1934 FIFA World Cup Bids : Italy Sweden Sweden decided to withdraw before the vote , allowing the only remaining candidate Italy to take the hosting job for the 1934 World Cup . The decision was ratified by the FIFA Congress in Stockholm , Sweden and Zürich , Switzerland on 14 May 1932 . The Italian Football Federation accepted the hosting duties on 9 October 1932 . Results : Italy Sweden withdrew 1938 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1938 FIFA World Cup Bids : Argentina France Germany Without any nations withdrawing their bids , the FIFA Congress convened in Berlin , Germany on 13 August 1936 to decide the next host . Electing France took only one ballot , as France had more than half of the votes in the first round . Results : France , 19 votes Argentina , 3 votes Germany , 1 vote Cancelled FIFA World Cups 1942 and 1946 ( edit ) Bids for 1942 : Argentina Brazil Germany Cancelled FIFA election of the host for the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939 . Bids for 1946 : none 1950 and 1954 FIFA World Cups ( edit ) Main articles : 1950 FIFA World Cup and 1954 FIFA World Cup 1950 bid ( edit ) Bid : Brazil Brazil , Argentina , and Germany had officially bid for the 1942 World Cup , but the Cup was cancelled after the outbreak of World War II . The 1950 World Cup was originally scheduled for 1949 , but the day after Brazil was selected by the FIFA Congress on 26 July 1946 in Luxembourg City , Luxembourg , the World Cup was rescheduled for 1950 . Result : Brazil 1954 bid ( edit ) Bid : Switzerland The 1954 World Cup hosting duty was decided on 26 July 1946 , the same day that Brazil was selected for the 1949 World Cup , in Luxembourg City . On 27 July , the FIFA Congress pushed back the 5th World Cup finals by three years , deciding it should take place in 1954 . Result : Switzerland 1958 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main articles : 1958 FIFA World Cup § Host selection , and 1958 FIFA World Cup Bid : Sweden Argentina , Chile , Mexico , and Sweden expressed interest in hosting the tournament . Swedish delegates lobbied other countries at the FIFA Congress held in Rio de Janeiro around the opening of the 1950 World Cup finals . Sweden was awarded the 1958 tournament unopposed in on 23 June 1950 . Result : Sweden 1962 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1962 FIFA World Cup Bids : Argentina Chile West Germany West Germany withdrew before the vote , which took place in Lisbon , Portugal on 10 June 1956 , leaving two remaining bids . In one round of voting , Chile won over Argentina . Results : Chile , 31 votes Argentina , 12 votes West Germany withdrew 1966 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup Bids : England West Germany Spain Spain withdrew from the bidding prior to voting by the FIFA Congress , held in Rome , Italy on 22 August 1960 . Again , there was only one round of voting , with England defeating West Germany . Results : England , 34 votes West Germany , 27 votes Spain withdrew 1970 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup Bids : Argentina Australia Colombia Japan Mexico Peru The FIFA Congress convened in Tokyo , Japan on 8 October 1964 . One round of voting saw Mexico win the hosting duties over Argentina . Results : Mexico , 56 votes Argentina , 32 votes Australia withdrew Colombia withdrew Japan withdrew Peru withdrew 1974 , 1978 , 1982 FIFA World Cups ( edit ) Main articles : 1974 FIFA World Cup , 1978 FIFA World Cup , and 1982 FIFA World Cup Three hosts for the 1974 , 1978 , and 1982 World Cups were chosen in London , England on 6 July 1966 by the FIFA Congress . Spain and West Germany , both facing each other in the running for hosting duties for the 1974 and 1982 World Cups , agreed to give one another a hosting job . Germany withdrew from the 1982 bidding process while Spain withdrew from the 1974 bidding process , essentially guaranteeing each a hosting spot . Mexico , who had won the 1970 hosting bid over Argentina just two years prior , agreed to withdraw and let Argentina take the 1978 hosting position . 1974 results ( edit ) West Germany Spain withdrew in exchange for 1982 hosting duties Italy withdrew Netherlands withdrew 1978 results ( edit ) Argentina Colombia withdrew Mexico withdrew , as they had won hosting for 1970 1982 results ( edit ) Spain West Germany withdrew in exchange for 1974 hosting duties Italy withdrew 1986 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup Bid : Colombia Host voting , handled by the then - FIFA Executive Committee ( or Exco ) , met in Stockholm on 9 June 1974 and ratified the unopposed Colombian bid . Result : Colombia However , Colombia withdrew after being selected to host the World Cup for financial problems on 5 November 1982 , less than four years before the event was to start . A call for bids was sent out again , and FIFA received intent from three nations : Canada Mexico United States In Zürich on 20 May 1983 , Mexico won the bidding unanimously as voted by the Executive Committee , for the first time in FIFA World Cup bidding history ( except those nations who bid unopposed ) . Results : Mexico unanimous vote United States 0 votes Canada 0 votes 1990 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Bids : Austria England France Greece Iran Italy Soviet Union West Germany Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Except Italy and the Soviet Union , all nations withdrew before the vote , which was to be conducted by Exco in Zürich on 19 May 1984 . Once again , only one round of voting was required , as Italy won more votes than the Soviet Union . Results : Italy , 11 votes Soviet Union , 5 votes Austria withdrew England withdrew France withdrew Greece withdrew Iran withdrew West Germany withdrew Yugoslavia withdrew 1994 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup Bids : Brazil Morocco United States Chile Despite having three nations bidding , voting only took one round . The vote was held in Zürich ( for the third straight time ) on 4 July 1988 . The United States gained a majority of votes of the Exco members . Results : United States , 10 votes Morocco , 7 votes Brazil , 2 votes Chile withdrew 1998 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup Bids : England France Germany Morocco Switzerland This vote was held in Zürich for the fourth straight time on 1 July 1992 . Only one round of voting was required to have France assume the hosting job over Morocco . Result : France , 12 votes Morocco , 7 votes Switzerland withdrew England withdrew Germany withdrew 2002 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup Bids : South Korea / Japan Mexico On 31 May 1996 , the hosting selection meeting was held in Zürich for the fifth straight time . A joint bid was formed between Japan and South Korea , and the bid was `` voted by acclamation '' , an oral vote without ballots . The first joint bid of the World Cup was approved , edging out Mexico . Results : South Korea / Japan ( joint bid , voted by acclamation ) Mexico The 2002 FIFA World Cup was co-hosted in Asia for the first time by South Korea and Japan ( the final was held in Japan ) . Initially , the two Asian countries were competitors in the bidding process . But just before the vote , they agreed with FIFA to co-host the event . However , the rivalry and distance between them led to organizational and logistical problems . FIFA has said that co-hosting is not likely to happen again , and in 2004 officially stated that its statutes did not allow co-hosting bids . 2006 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup Further information : List of 2006 FIFA World Cup controversies Bids : Brazil England Germany Morocco South Africa On 6 July 2000 , the host selection meeting was held for the sixth straight time in Zürich . Brazil withdrew its bid three days before the vote , and the field was narrowed to four . This was the first selection in which more than one vote round was required . Three votes were eventually needed . Germany was at least tied for first in each of the three votes , and ended up defeating South Africa by only one vote after an abstention ( see below ) . Results Nation <Th_colspan="3"> Vote Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Germany 10 11 12 South Africa 6 11 11 England 5 Eliminated Morocco Eliminated Eliminated Total votes 23 24 23 Controversy ( edit ) The controversy over the decision to award the 2006 FIFA World Cup to Germany led to a further change in practice . The final tally was 12 votes to 11 in favour of Germany over the contenders South Africa , who had been favorites to win . New Zealand FIFA member Charlie Dempsey , who was instructed to vote for South Africa by the Oceania Football Confederation , abstained from voting at the last minute . If he had voted for the South African bid , the tally would have been 12 -- 12 , giving the decision to FIFA President Sepp Blatter , who , it was widely believed , would then have voted for South Africa . Dempsey was among eight members of the Executive Committee to receive a fax by editors of the German satirical magazine Titanic on Wednesday , the night before the vote , promising a cuckoo clock and Black Forest ham in exchange for voting for Germany . He argued that the pressure from all sides including `` an attempt to bribe '' him had become too much for him . On 4 August 2000 , consequently , FIFA decided to rotate the hosting of the final tournaments between its constituent confederations . This was until October 2007 , during the selection of the host for the 2014 FIFA World Cup , when they announced that they will no longer continue with their continental rotation policy ( see below ) . 2010 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Further information : List of 2010 FIFA World Cup controversies Bids : Egypt Morocco Nigeria South Africa Tunisia / Libya The first World Cup bidding process under continental rotation ( the process of rotating hosting of the World Cup to each confederation in turn ) was the 2010 FIFA World Cup , the first World Cup to be held in Africa . On 7 July 2001 , during the FIFA Congress in Buenos Aires , a decision was ratified , which was that the rotation will begin in Africa . On 23 September 2002 , FIFA 's Executive Committee confirmed that only African member associations , would be invited to submit bids to host the 2010 FIFA World Cup . In January 2003 , Nigeria entered the bidding process , but withdrew their bid in September . In March 2003 , Sepp Blatter initially said Nigeria 's plan to co host the 2010 FIFA World Cup with four African countries would not work . Nigeria had originally hoped to bid jointly with West African neighbours Benin , Ghana , and Togo . After it was confirmed by FIFA that joint bidding would not be allowed in the future , Libya and Tunisia withdrew both of their bids on 8 May 2004 . On 15 May 2004 in Zürich ( the seventh consecutive time that a host selection has been made there ) , South Africa , after a narrow loss in the 2006 bidding , defeated perennial candidate Morocco to host , 14 votes to 10 . Egypt received no votes . Results Nation <Th_colspan="3"> Vote Round 1 South Africa 14 Morocco 10 Egypt 0 Tunisia / Libya Withdrew Nigeria Withdrew Total votes 24 Controversy ( edit ) On 28 May 2015 , media covering the 2015 FIFA corruption case reported that high - ranking officials from the South African bid committee had secured the right to host the World Cup by paying US $10 million in bribes to then - FIFA Vice President Jack Warner and to other FIFA Executive Committee members . On 4 June 2015 , FIFA executive Chuck Blazer , having co-operated with the FBI and the Swiss authorities , confirmed that he and the other members of FIFA 's executive committee were bribed in order to promote the South African 1998 and 2010 World Cups . Blazer stated , `` I and others on the FIFA executive committee agreed to accept bribes in conjunction with the selection of South Africa as the host nation for the 2010 World Cup . '' On 6 June 2015 , The Daily Telegraph reported that Morocco had received the most votes , but South Africa was awarded the tournament instead . 2014 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main articles : 2014 FIFA World Cup bids and 2014 FIFA World Cup Further information : List of 2014 FIFA World Cup controversies Bids : Argentina Brazil Colombia FIFA continued its continental rotation procedure by earmarking the 2014 World Cup for South America . FIFA initially indicated that it might back out of the rotation concept , but later decided to continue it through the 2014 host decision , after which it was dropped . Colombia had expressed interest in hosting the 2014 World Cup , but withdrew undertaking the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup . Brazil also expressed interest in hosting the World Cup . CONMEBOL , the South American Football Federation , indicated their preference for Brazil as a host . Brazil was the only nation to submit a formal bid when the official bidding procedure for CONMEBOL member associations was opened in December 2006 , as by that time , Colombia , Chile and Argentina had already withdrawn , and Venezuela was not allowed to bid . Brazil made the first unopposed bid since the initial selection of the 1986 FIFA World Cup ( when Colombia was selected as host , but later withdrew for financial problems ) . The FIFA Executive Committee confirmed it as the host country on 30 October 2007 by a unanimous decision . Result : 2014 FIFA bidding ( majority 12 votes ) Bidders <Th_colspan="2"> Votes Round 1 Round 2 Brazil N / A N / A Argentina Withdrew Colombia Withdrew 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups ( edit ) Main articles : 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids , 2018 FIFA World Cup , and 2022 FIFA World Cup Further information : List of 2018 FIFA World Cup controversies and 2022 FIFA World Cup controversies 2018 Bids : Belgium / Netherlands England Spain / Portugal Russia 2022 Bids : Australia Japan South Korea Qatar United States Wikinews has related news : FIFA receives eleven bids for 2018 and 2022 World Cups FIFA announced on 29 October 2007 that it will no longer continue with its continental rotation policy , implemented after the 2006 World Cup host selection . The newest host selection policy is that any country may bid for a World Cup , provided that their continental confederation has not hosted either of the past two World Cups . For the 2018 World Cup bidding process , this meant that bids from Africa and South America were not allowed . For the 2022 World Cup bidding process , this meant that bids from South America and Europe were not allowed . Also , FIFA formally allowed joint bids once more ( after they were banned in 2002 ) , because there was only one organizing committee per joint bid , unlike Korea -- Japan , which had two different organizing committees . Countries that announced their interest included Australia , England , Indonesia , Japan , Qatar , Russia , South Korea , United States , the joint bid of Spain and Portugal and the joint bid of Belgium and Netherlands . The hosts for both World Cups were announced by the FIFA Executive Committee on 2 December 2010 . Russia was selected to host the 2018 FIFA World Cup , making it the first time that the World Cup will be hosted in Eastern Europe and making it the biggest country geographically to host the World Cup . Qatar was selected to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup , making it the first time a World Cup will be held in the Arab World and the second time in Asia since the 2002 tournament in South Korea and Japan . Also , the decision made it the smallest country geographically to host the World Cup . 2018 Results Nation <Th_colspan="2"> Vote Round 1 Round 2 Russia 9 13 Spain / Portugal 7 7 Netherlands / Belgium England Eliminated Total votes 22 22 2022 results Nation <Th_colspan="4"> Vote Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Qatar 11 10 11 14 United States 5 6 8 South Korea 5 5 Eliminated Japan Eliminated Eliminated Australia Eliminated Eliminated Eliminated Total votes 22 22 22 22 2026 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main articles : 2026 FIFA World Cup bids and 2026 FIFA World Cup Bids : Canada / Mexico / USA Morocco Under FIFA rules as of 2016 , the 2026 Cup could not be in either Europe ( UEFA ) or Asia ( AFC ) , leaving an African ( CAF ) bid , a North American ( CONCACAF ) bid , a South American ( CONMEBOL ) bid or an Oceanian ( OFC ) bid as other possible options . In March 2017 , FIFA 's president Gianni Infantino confirmed that `` Europe ( UEFA ) and Asia ( AFC ) had been excluded from the bidding following the selection of Russia and Qatar in 2018 and 2022 respectively . '' The bidding process was originally scheduled to start in 2015 , with the appointment of hosts scheduled for the FIFA Congress on 10 May 2017 in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . On 10 June 2015 , FIFA announced that the bid process for the 2026 FIFA World Cup was postponed . However , following the FIFA Council meeting on 10 May 2016 , a new bid schedule was announced for May 2020 as the last in a four - phase process . On 14 October 2016 , FIFA said it would accept a tournament - sharing bid by CONCACAF members Canada , Mexico and the United States . On 10 April 2017 , Canada , the United States , and Mexico announced their intention to submit a joint bid to co-host , with three - quarters of the games to be played in the U.S. , including the final . On 11 August 2017 , Morocco officially announced a bid to host . Therefore , the official 2026 FIFA World Cup bids were from two football confederations . The first one was from CONCACAF , which was triple bid by Canada , United States and Mexico , and the second one was from CAF with a bid by Morocco . The host was announced on 13 June 2018 at the 68th FIFA Congress in Moscow , Russia . The United Bid from Canada , Mexico and the United States was selected over the Morocco bid by 134 votes to 65 with 1 selecting neither and 3 abstentions . This will be the first World Cup to be hosted by more than two countries . Mexico becomes the first country to host three men 's World Cups and its Estadio Azteca , should selected , will become the first stadium to stage three World Cup tournaments . On the other hand , Canada becomes the fifth country to host both the men 's and women 's World Cups , after Sweden ( Men 's : 1958 / Women 's : 1995 ) , United States ( Men 's : 1994 / Women 's : 1999 , 2003 ) , Germany ( Men 's : 1974 , 2006 / Women 's : 2011 ) , and France ( Men 's : 1934 , 1998 / Women 's : 2019 ) . The United States becomes the first country to host both men 's and women 's World Cup twice each . 2026 Results Nation <Th_colspan="2"> Vote Round 1 Canada / Mexico / United States 134 Morocco 65 None of the Bids Total votes 200 2030 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2030 FIFA World Cup Two early bids for the 2030 FIFA World Cup - the Centennial World Cup - have been proposed . The first bid has been proposed as a collective bid by the members of the Argentine Football Association and Uruguayan Football Association into a proposed joint bid from Uruguay and Argentina . The second bid has been a proposed bid by The Football Association of England . Under FIFA rules as of 2017 , the 2030 World Cup can not be held in Asia ( AFC ) because the Asian Football Confederation is excluded from the bidding following the selection of Qatar in 2022 . Also in June 2017 , UEFA 's president Aleksander Čeferin stated that Europe ( UEFA ) will definitely fight for its right to host the 2030 World Cup . The Uruguay -- Argentina bid would coincide with the centennial anniversary of the first FIFA World Cup final , and the bicentennial of the first Constitution of Uruguay . The Uruguay - Argentina bid was officially confirmed on 29 July 2017 . A joint bid was announced by the Argentine Football Association and the Uruguayan Football Association on 29 July 2017 . Before Uruguay and Argentina played out a goalless draw in Montevideo , FC Barcelona players Luis Suárez and Lionel Messi promoted the bid with commemorative shirts . On 31 August 2017 , it was suggested Paraguay would join as a third host . CONMEBOL , the South American confederation , confirmed the joint three - way bid in September 2017 . English FA vice chairman David Gill has proposed that his country could bid for 2030 , provided the bidding process is made more transparent . `` England is one of few countries that could stage even a 48 - nation event in its entirety , while Football Association chief executive Martin Glenn made it clear earlier this year bidding for 2030 was an option . '' In June 2017 , UEFA stated that `` it would support a pan-British bid for 2030 or even a single bid from England . '' Moreover , a possible English bid for 2030 was also backed by the German Football Association . On 17 June 2018 , the Royal Moroccan Football Federation announced its co-bidding for the 2030 World Cup . There are two possible joint bids one with the Tunisia and the Algeria or the other with two UEFA members Spain and Portugal . On 17 June 2018 , the English Football Association announced that they are in talks with home nations over a UK - wide bid to host 2030 World Cup . On 10 July 2018 , Egypt 's Sports Minister expressed interest in bidding to host . The original bid logo for the Uruguay - Argentina World Cup Bid . Confirmed bid : CONMEBOL : Uruguay / Argentina / Paraguay : Uruguay -- Argentina -- Paraguay 2030 FIFA World Cup bid Potential bid : UEFA : United Kingdom ( England / Scotland / Northern Ireland / Wales ) : United Kingdom 2030 FIFA World Cup bid Spain : CAF : Morocco / Tunisia / Algeria : Morocco 2030 FIFA World Cup bid Egypt CAF / UEFA : Morocco / Spain / Portugal 2034 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2034 FIFA World Cup The first bid for the 2034 FIFA World Cup has been proposed as a collective bid by the members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations . The idea of a combined ASEAN bid had been mooted as early as January 2011 , when the Football Association of Singapore 's then - President , Zainudin Nordin , said in a statement that the proposal had been made at an ASEAN Foreign Ministers meeting . In 2013 , Nordin and Special Olympics Malaysia President , Datuk Mohamed Feisol Hassan , recalled the idea for ASEAN to jointly host a World Cup . Under FIFA rules as of 2017 , the 2030 World Cup can not be held in Asia ( AFC ) as Asian Football Confederation members are excluded from the bidding following the selection of Qatar in 2022 . Therefore , the earliest bid by an AFC member could be made for 2034 . Later , Malaysia has withdrawn from involvement but Singapore and other ASEAN countries continued the campaign to submit a joint bid for the World Cup in 2034 . In February 2017 , ASEAN held talks on launching a joint bid during a visit by FIFA chief Gianni Infantino to Yangon , Myanmar . In July 2017 , Joko Driyono , the Vice-President of Indonesia 's Football Association , during the meeting in Vietnam said that Indonesia and Thailand were set to lead a consortium of South - East Asian nations in the bid . Driyono added that , for geographic and infrastructure considerations and the expanded format ( 48 teams ) , at least two or three ASEAN countries combined would be in a position necessary to host matches . In September 2017 , the Football Association of Thailand 's Deputy CEO , Benjamin Tan , at the ASEAN Football Federation ( AFF ) Council meeting , confirmed that his Association has `` put in their interest to bid and co-host '' the 2034 World Cup with Indonesia . On the same occasion , the General Secretary of the AFF , Dato Sri Azzuddin Ahmad , confirmed that Indonesia and Thailand will submit a joint bid . Indonesia is the only Southeast Asian country to have participated in the World Cup ; its national team was the first from Asia to do so and it became one of the fewest World Cup teams to qualify without playing a match because of opponents ' withdrawals . The 1938 World Cup is the Indonesians ' only appearance to date when they were known as the Dutch East Indies . A loss to Hungary made Indonesia the only national team in World Cup history to have played a single match . Far from ever hosting the World Cup , no other Southeast Asian country has ever played at the tournament . As of June 2018 , Indonesia is ranked by FIFA at 164th place . China has announced its interest in bidding several times and reports stated `` that China is likely to host the World Cup for the first time in 2034 . '' Egypt is considering the possibility of bidding to host the 2034 FIFA World Cup the country 's Sports and Youth Minister Ashraf Sobhy said on Tuesday . Expressed interest in bidding : AFC : Indonesia and Thailand China CAF : Zimbabwe Egypt Total bids by country ( edit ) World Cup - winning bids are bolded . Planned but not - yet - official bids for 2030 and beyond are not included . Country Bids Years Germany 6 1938 , 1962 , 1966 , 1974 , 1982 , 2006 Morocco 1994 , 1998 , 2006 , 2010 , 2026 , 2030 Spain 1930 , 1966 , 1974 , 1982 , 2018 , 2030 Argentina 5 1938 , 1962 , 1970 , 1978 , 2030 Mexico 1970 , 1978 , 1986 , 2002 , 2026 Brazil 1950 , 1994 , 2006 , 2014 England 1966 , 1990 , 2006 , 2018 United States 1986 , 1994 , 2022 , 2026 Italy 1930 , 1934 , 1990 Japan 1970 , 2002 , 2022 Australia 1970 , 2022 Canada 1986 , 2026 Chile 1962 , 2014 Colombia 1986 , 2014 Egypt 2010 , 2030 France 1938 , 1998 Netherlands 1930 , 2018 Portugal 2018 , 2930 Russia 1990 , 2018 South Africa 2006 , 2010 South Korea 2002 , 2022 Switzerland 1954 , 1998 Sweden 1934 , 1958 Tunisia 2010 , 2030 Uruguay 1930 , 2030 Algeria 2030 Belgium 2018 Greece 1990 Hungary 1930 Iran 1990 Libya Paraguay 2030 Qatar 2022 ^ Jump up to : Bid by West Germany , which was joined by East Germany in 1990 to form the reunified nation of Germany . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Morocco , Tunisia and Algeria . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Morocco , Spain and Portugal . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Portugal and Spain . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Argentina , Paraguay and Uruguay . ^ Jump up to : Colombia was originally chosen to host the 1986 World Cup , but withdrew from hosting for economic concerns . After a second bidding , Mexico was selected as the replacement host . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Canada , Mexico and the United States . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Japan and South Korea . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Belgium and the Netherlands . Jump up ^ Bid by the Soviet Union , which dissolved into multiple countries in 1991 and whose records are inherited by Russia . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Libya and Tunisia . Host country performances ( edit ) Further information : National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup It is widely considered that home advantage is common in the World Cup , with the host team usually performing above average . Of the eight countries that have won the tournament , only Brazil and Spain have not been champions while hosting , and England has their only title as hosts . Further , Sweden got to its only final as hosts of the 1958 tournament , and only the Swedes and Brazilians finished as runner - up in home soil . The host country reached the semi-finals thirteen times in twenty tournaments , and both Chile and South Korea had their only finishes on the top four at home . Only South Africa in 2010 managed to not go past the group stage . # Performance Team Year Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M Champion Uruguay 1930 0 0 100 % 15 12 3.8 Champion France 1998 7 6 0 93 % 15 13 1.9 2.1 Champion England 1966 6 5 0 92 % 11 8 1.3 1.8 Champion Italy 1934 5 0 90 % 12 9 1.8 2.4 5 Champion West Germany 7 6 0 86 % 13 9 1.3 1.9 6 Champion Argentina 1978 7 5 79 % 15 9 1.3 2.1 7 Runner - up Brazil 1950 6 75 % 22 6 16 2.7 3.7 8 Runner - up Sweden 1958 6 75 % 12 7 5 0.8 9 Third place Italy 1990 7 6 0 93 % 10 8 1.1 1.4 10 Third place Germany 2006 7 5 79 % 14 6 8 1.1 11 Third place Chile 1962 6 0 67 % 10 8 0.33 1.3 12 Fourth place South Korea 2002 7 57 % 8 6 0.3 1.1 13 Fourth place Brazil 2014 7 57 % 11 14 − 3 − 0.4 1.57 14 Quarter - final Russia 2018 5 60 % 11 7 0.8 15 Quarter - final Mexico 1986 5 0 80 % 6 0.8 16 Quarter - final Mexico 1970 63 % 6 0.5 1.5 17 Quarter - final Switzerland 1954 0 50 % 11 11 0 0 2.8 18 Quarter - final France 1938 0 50 % 0 0 19 Second round Spain 1982 5 40 % 5 − 1 − 0.2 0.8 20 Round of 16 Japan 2002 63 % 5 0.5 1.25 21 Round of 16 United States 1994 38 % − 1 − 0.3 0.8 22 Group stage South Africa 50 % 5 − 2 − 0.7 Win % → Every draw counted as a half win . Wins on penalty shootouts are counted as draws . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Qatar will debut in the competition in 2022 , so its result will also be its best result in history . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History of 1930 World Cup '' . BBC Sport. April 11 , 2002 . Retrieved 13 April 2006 . Jump up ^ France 1938 , FIFA World Cup site . Retrieved on April 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Brazil 1950 , FIFA World Cup site . Retrieved on April 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup TM host announcement decision '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Norlin , pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : host announcement decision '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 12 March 2009 . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Host nation of 2010 FIFA World Cup -- South Africa Archived 12 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine . World Cup 2018 Russia Archived 19 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , FIFA Media Release , May 15 , 2004 . Retrieved on January 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA president Blatter a big loser with Germany getting 2006 World Cup '' by Robert Wagman , SoccerTimes , July 7 , 2000 . Retrieved on January 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` German magazine takes credit for bribery hoax '' , IOL , July 7 , 2000 . Retrieved on January 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa to rotate World Cup '' . 4 August 2000 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Australia can host World Cup , by Matthew Hall , published 18 September 2005 Jump up ^ `` Six African associations announce interest in hosting 2010 FIFA World Cup TM '' . FIFA. 6 January 2003 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 FIFA World Cup TM : bidding process opens '' . FIFA. 23 October 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria bid for 2010 '' . bbc.co.uk. 6 January 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria ends World Cup bid '' . bbc.co.uk. 29 September 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa slams Nigeria 's 2010 plan '' . bbc.co.uk. 18 March 2003 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa is shaken by FIFA corruption probe '' , Los Angeles Times , 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Vicki Hodges , Giles Mole , JJ Bull , Luke Brown and Rob Crilly , `` Fifa whistleblower Chuck Blazer - bribes accepted for 1998 and 2010 World Cups : as it happened '' , The Telegraph , 3 June 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 Jump up ^ Owen Gibson , Paul Lewis , `` Fifa informant Chuck Blazer : I took bribes over 1998 and 2010 World Cups '' , The Guardian , 3 June 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 Jump up ^ `` Fifa in crisis : ' Morocco won 2010 World Cup vote - not South Africa ' '' . The Telegraph . London . 6 June 2015 . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Games win inspires bid to host 2018 World Cup '' by John Goodbody , The Times , November 16 , 2005 . Retrieved on January 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ BBC News , Colombia bids for 2014 World Cup , 17 July 2006 Jump up ^ FIFA , Brazil confirms bid -- Colombia withdraws Archived 29 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , 13 April 2007 Jump up ^ `` Brazil set to host World Cup '' . BBC News . 2003 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Clear declaration to defend the autonomy of sport '' ( Press release ) . FIFA. 6 December 2006 . Archived from the original on 31 October 2007 . Retrieved 6 December 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` The end of the rotation policy : the press conference explaining the decision '' . Fifa.com -- News Centre . 29 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 27 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa abandons World Cup rotation '' . BBC SPORT. 29 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Blatter announces what 's to come '' . FIFA. 7 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Iberian threat to England 's 2018 World Cup bid '' . ESPNsoccernet. 27 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Australia Drops Out of Race to Host 2018 World Cup '' . BBC . 10 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Russia and Qatar to host 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups , respectively '' . FIFA. 2 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA blocks Europe from hosting 2026 World Cup , lifting Canada 's chances '' . CBC . Associated Press . 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Gastelum , Andrew . `` CONCACAF president is pushing hard to land 2026 World Cup '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No Rest for the Curious : Looking Ahead To World Cup 2026 '' . World Cup Blog . Archived from the original on 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Tim Hill in New York ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) . `` Trump travel ban could prevent United States hosting World Cup '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` 2022 FIFA World Cup to be played in November / December '' . FIFA.com. 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA defers decision on continental rotation for WCup bids '' . Yahoo ! News . Associated Press . 25 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa 2026 World Cup bidding process delayed '' . BBC News . 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Statement on 2026 FIFA World Cup bidding '' . FIFA.com. 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Council agrees on four - phase bidding process for 2026 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com. 10 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup 2026 may be co-hosted in North America after FIFA says it will accept tournament - sharing '' . Mirror.co.uk. 2016 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. , Mexico and Canada officially launch bid to co-host 2026 World Cup '' . ESPNFC.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Le Maroc dépose officiellement sa candidature pour le Mondial 2026 '' . Le360. 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA open to 40 - team World Cup , Canada as co-hosts '' . Sportsnet.ca. 2016 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Graham Dunbar ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) . `` FIFA president Infantino open to 40 - team World Cup , co-hosts '' . Ca.sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Graham Dunbar ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) . `` FIFA blocks Europe from hosting 2026 World Cup '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Morocco Seeks to Host the 2026 FIFA World Cup bid '' . Morocco world news . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` المغرب يتقدم رسميا بطلب استضافة كأس العالم 2026 - الموقع الرسمي للجامعة الملكية المغربية لكرة القدم '' . www.frmf.ma . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2026 : Canada , US & Mexico joint bid wins right to host tournament '' . BBC . 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coupe du Monde 2030 : l'Argentine et l'Uruguay confirment leur intérêt '' . Mondial - 2030 ( in French ) . January 2016 . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` England 's hopes of hosting 2030 World Cup given boost '' . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA will ' fight ' for Europe 's right to host 2030 World Cup '' . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Dudko , James ( 29 July 2017 ) . `` Argentina , Uruguay Announce Bid to Host 2030 FIFA World Cup '' . Bleacher Report . Turner Broadcasting System . Jump up ^ Gadd , Mick ( 1 September 2017 ) . `` Lionel Messi and Luis Suarez campaign for Uruguay and Argentina 's 2030 World Cup bid before 0 - 0 draw '' . Daily Mirror . Jump up ^ `` Es oficial : Paraguay se suma a la candidatura de Argentina y Uruguay para el Mundial 2030 '' ( It 's official : Paraguay adds itself to the Argentina and Uruguay bid ) ( in Spanish ) . 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sin Messi ni Suárez , así es el primer video promocional para la candidatura del Mundial 2030 '' ( Without Messi and Suarez , here is the first promotional video for the 2030 World Cup bid ) ( in Spanish ) . 5 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` England could bid for 2030 World Cup , says FA vice-chairman David Gill '' . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McMahon , Bobby . `` Uruguay , Argentina And Paraguay Bid For 2030 FIFA World Cup Finals Will Be Hard To Beat '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England amazingly backed by Germany in World Cup 2030 bid '' . 13 November 2017 . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Morocco Will Bid Again to Host 2030 World Cup '' . Jump up ^ `` Zetchi : Pour une coupe du monde `` Algérie - Tunisie - Maroc '' en 2030 - Algerie Direct `` . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` FA in talks with home nations over UK - wide bid to host 2030 World Cup '' . The Guardian . 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` EGYPT PLANNING TO BID TO HOST 2030 WORLD CUP '' . FourFourTwo. 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ ElPais . `` Valdez : `` La candidatura original es Uruguay - Argentina '' `` . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ ElPais . `` Molestia en Uruguay por video de Conmebol '' . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Barreiro , Ramiro ( 2 September 2017 ) . `` Messi y Suárez apadrinan el Mundial Uruguay Argentina 2030 '' . EL PAÍS . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Potential 2030 World Cup hosts '' . The Guardian . 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England amazingly backed by Germany in World Cup 2030 bid '' . 13 November 2017 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Potential 2030 World Cup hosts '' . ESPN . 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Will Morocco , Spain and Portugal submit a joint bid to host the 2030 World Cup ? '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Singapore Strong ' Host ' Candidate for Joint 2034 World Cup Finals Bid , '' Today , ( 14 November 2017 ) , http://www.todayonline.com/sports/football/singapore-strong-host-candidate-joint-2034-world-cup-finals-bid Jump up ^ `` ASEAN mulling 2034 World Cup bid : Myanmar '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ hermes ( 6 July 2017 ) . `` Indonesia ready to lead Asean bid for 2034 World Cup '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Seng Foo , `` Indonesia - Thailand to Bid for 2034 World Cup , '' ( 23 September 2017 ) , http://www.stadiumastro.com/sports/football/article/indonesia-thailand-to-bid-for-2034-world-cup/59608 ^ Jump up to : `` Indonesia - Thailand to Bid for 2034 World Cup , '' Football Tribe , ( 24 September 2017 ) , http://football-tribe.com/asia/2017/09/24/indonesia-thailand-bid-2034-world-cup/ ^ Jump up to : George Deudley , `` AFF Backs Indonesia - Thailand Bid for 2034 FIFA World Cup , '' SportsPro , ( 26 September 2017 ) , http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/aff-backs-indonesia-thailand-bid-for-2034-fifa-world-cup Jump up ^ `` ASEAN Mulling 2034 World Cup Bid : Myanmar , '' Myanmar Times , ( 12 February 2017 ) , https://www.mmtimes.com/sports/25019-asean-mulling-2034-world-cup-bid-myanmar.html Jump up ^ `` Football : Indonesia to Lead South - East Asian 2034 World Cup Bid , '' Straits Times , ( 5 July 2017 ) , http://www.straitstimes.com/sport/football/football-indonesia-to-lead-southeast-asian-2034-world-cup-bid Jump up ^ `` 1938 FIFA World Cup France '' . FIFA.com . FIFA . Retrieved 6 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : 90Min ( 15 February 2018 ) . `` World Cup countdown : 18 weeks to go - When the Dutch East Indies flew the flag for Asia '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia Ready Leads Regional Bid to Co-Host 2034 World Cup , '' Asian Review , ( 7 July 2017 ) , https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/International-Relations/Indonesia-leads-regional-bid-to-co-host-2034-World-Cup ^ Jump up to : TODAY , ASIA ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` China to Overtake US economy and Host World Cup in 2034 '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ name = `` telegraph.uk 14 Jan 2017 '' > `` Egypt hopes to host the 2034 FIFA World Cup '' . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Thornycroft , Peta ; Laing , Aislinn ( 17 July 2014 ) . `` Zimbabwe 's tourism minister reveals ambitious plan to host Fifa World Cup in 2034 '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . Jump up ^ name = `` telegraph.uk 14 Jan 2017 '' > `` Egypt hopes to host the 2034 FIFA World Cup '' . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Chris Anderson & David Sally ( 12 June 2014 ) . `` How Big Is Brazil 's Home - Field Advantage at the World Cup ? '' . Deadspin . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What can econometrics tell us about World Cup performance ? '' ( PDF ) . PricewaterhouseCoopers . May 2010 . pp. 6 -- 7 . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Smallwood , John ( 11 June 2014 ) . `` Ultimate home field advantage : Host nation luck '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . External links ( edit ) FIFA World Cup Host Announcement Decision ( PDF ) <Th_colspan="2"> FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games <Td_colspan="2"> Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . <Th_colspan="2"> FIFA World Cup bids <Td_colspan="2"> 1930 Hungary Italy Netherlands Spain Sweden Uruguay 1934 Italy Sweden 1938 Argentina France Germany 1942 Brazil Germany 1946 None 1950 Brazil 1954 Switzerland 1958 Sweden 1962 Argentina Chile West Germany 1966 England West Germany Spain 1970 Argentina Mexico Italy Netherlands Spain West Germany 1978 Argentina Mexico 1982 Spain West Germany 1986 Canada Colombia Mexico United States 1990 Austria England France Greece Italy Soviet Union West Germany Iran Yugoslavia 1994 Brazil Morocco United States 1998 France Morocco Switzerland 2002 Japan -- South Korea Mexico 2006 Brazil England Germany Morocco South Africa Egypt Libya -- Tunisia Morocco Nigeria South Africa 2014 Brazil Colombia 2018 Belgium -- Netherlands England Portugal -- Spain Russia 2022 Australia Japan Qatar South Korea United States 2026 Canada -- Mexico -- United States Morocco 2030 Uruguay -- Argentina -- Paraguay Morocco 2034 Indonesia - Thailand - Vietnam China - Japan - Korea <Td_colspan="2"> Notes : Bold entries are those chosen as hosts Event cancelled due to World War II Colombia withdrew after being awarded event , which was re-awarded to Mexico Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA_World_Cup_hosts&oldid=854658531 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup bids FIFA World Cup - related lists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use dmy dates from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Português Română Русский Српски / srpski ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 22 : 58 ( UTC ) . 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1. FIFA World Cup hosts
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who wrote song to make you feel my love
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Make You Feel My Love - wikipedia Make You Feel My Love Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` Make You Feel My Love '' <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Bob Dylan <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Time Out of Mind Released September 30 , 1997 Recorded January 1997 Genre Blues rock Length 3 : 32 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) Daniel Lanois `` Make You Feel My Love '' is a song written by Bob Dylan that appeared on his 1997 album Time Out of Mind . It was first released commercially by Billy Joel , under the title `` To Make You Feel My Love '' , before Dylan 's version appeared later that same year . It has since been covered by numerous performers and has proved to be a commercial success for recording artists such as Adele , Garth Brooks , Bryan Ferry , Kelly Clarkson and Ane Brun . Two covers of the song ( one by Garth Brooks and one by Trisha Yearwood ) were featured on the soundtrack of the 1998 film Hope Floats . Dylan eventually released the song as a single . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personnel 2 Billy Joel version 2.1 Chart positions 3 Garth Brooks version 3.1 Charts 3.1. 1 Weekly charts 3.1. 2 Year - end charts 4 Adele version 4.1 Arrangement 4.2 Music video 4.3 Other television appearances 4.4 List of recordings 4.5 Charts and certifications 4.5. 1 Weekly charts 4.5. 2 Year - end charts 4.5. 3 Certifications 5 Other versions 6 References 7 External links Personnel ( edit ) Bob Dylan -- guitar , harmonica , piano , vocals Additional musicians Bucky Baxter -- acoustic guitar Tony Garnier -- bass guitar , bass , upright bass Daniel Lanois -- guitar , mando - guitar , Firebird , Martin 0018 , Gretsch gold top , rhythm guitar , lead guitar Augie Meyers -- Vox organ combo , Hammond B3 organ , accordion Duke Robillard -- guitar Billy Joel version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` To Make You Feel My Love '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Billy Joel <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Greatest Hits , Volume III B - side `` Intro / Summer , Highland Falls '' Released 1997 Format CD single Recorded 1996 -- 97 Genre Rock Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) Billy Joel Danny Kortchmar <Th_colspan="2"> Billy Joel singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Lullabye ( Goodnight , My Angel ) '' ( 1994 ) `` To Make You Feel My Love '' ( 1997 ) `` Hey Girl '' ( 1997 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Lullabye ( Goodnight , My Angel ) '' ( 1994 ) `` To Make You Feel My Love '' ( 1997 ) `` Hey Girl '' ( 1997 ) In 1997 , Billy Joel covered the song as `` To Make You Feel My Love '' for his compilation album Greatest Hits Volume III . It was released as the first single from the album and reached number 50 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . Joel 's single pre-dated Dylan 's release of the song by one month . Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 90 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 99 US Billboard Hot 100 50 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 9 US Billboard Hot Singles Sales 53 Garth Brooks version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` To Make You Feel My Love '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Garth Brooks <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Hope Floats : Music from the Motion Picture Released May 18 , 1998 Format CD single Recorded 1998 Genre Country pop Length 3 : 54 Label Capitol Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) Garth Brooks <Th_colspan="2"> Garth Brooks singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Two Piña Coladas '' ( 1998 ) `` To Make You Feel My Love '' ( 1998 ) `` Burnin ' the Roadhouse Down '' ( 1998 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Two Piña Coladas '' ( 1998 ) `` To Make You Feel My Love '' ( 1998 ) `` Burnin ' the Roadhouse Down '' ( 1998 ) Garth Brooks covered the song as `` To Make You Feel My Love '' in 1998 . It appeared on the soundtrack of the 1998 film Hope Floats , along with a cover version by Trisha Yearwood as the first and last tracks . It was included first as the bonus track on Fresh Horses for Garth 's first Limited Series box set and then included on all later pressings of that album . Brooks ' version resulted in a nomination at 41st Grammy Award for Best Male Country Vocal Performance and a nomination for Bob Dylan for Best Country Song . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Peak position Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 22 Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 7 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 8 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 63 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 32 Preceded by `` I Can Still Feel You '' by Collin Raye Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks number - one single August 1 , 1998 Succeeded by `` There 's Your Trouble '' by Dixie Chicks Adele version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Make You Feel My Love '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Adele <Th_colspan="2"> from the album 19 and Songs for the Philippines Released October 27 , 2008 Format CD 7 '' digital download Recorded October 2007 Genre Soul pop Length 3 : 32 Label XL Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) Jim Abbiss <Th_colspan="2"> Adele singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Hometown Glory '' ( 2008 ) `` Make You Feel My Love '' ( 2008 ) `` Water and a Flame '' ( 2009 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Hometown Glory '' ( 2008 ) `` Make You Feel My Love '' ( 2008 ) `` Water and a Flame '' ( 2009 ) In 2008 , British singer Adele recorded `` Make You Feel My Love '' for her debut studio album 19 ( 2008 ) . It was released as the album 's fourth and final single on October 27 , 2008 , both on CD and vinyl , originally peaking at number 26 . The largest sales of her recording , however , came during 2010 -- 11 when it peaked at number 4 . After the song was performed on the seventh series of The X Factor , it re-entered the UK Singles Chart at number 24 . The song then surged to number four after a second performance . Following a third X Factor performance and heavy use in the Comic Relief 2010 television , it spent three more non-consecutive weeks in the top 10 . In early 2011 the song returned to the top 40 again , at number 34 , after it appeared in the 2011 series of Britain 's Got Talent . Adele 's version features in the soundtrack of the 2010 romantic comedy film When in Rome . Her cover version was also featured in the compilation album for the benefit of those affected by Supertyphoon Haiyan in the Philippines entitled Songs for the Philippines . In October 2013 the song was used in the third week of Strictly Come Dancing as part of the `` Love Week '' theme . In January 2013 , Heart Radio listed Adele 's recording as the UK 's number one song of all time in its Hall of Fame Top 500 . At a concert at London 's O2 Arena on March 22 , 2016 , the day of the Brussels bombings , Adele dedicated a performance of the song to the victims of the attacks . Arrangement ( edit ) According to Alex Fletcher of Digital Spy , the version expresses Adele 's affection for the song , `` with just piano as backing , her dreamy , passionate vocals are allowed to shine '' . According to The Guardian 's Dave Simpson , with her `` hushed delivery '' , Adele makes the song `` her own '' . Music video ( edit ) The song 's music video features Adele singing the song in her apartment . Other television appearances ( edit ) In other television appearances in the UK and US , the song was used in Waterloo Road , One Tree Hill , Ghost Whisperer , Parenthood , The Bold and the Beautiful , General Hospital , Bones , Hollyoaks , EastEnders , Glee , Nashville and the pilot of Against the Wall . In addition , Adele 's video of the song , directed by Mat Kirby , was released on music channels in late September 2008 and continues to be featured on her website . List of recordings ( edit ) Digital download ( version 1 ) `` Make You Feel My Love '' -- 3 : 32 Digital download ( version 2 ) `` Make You Feel My Love '' -- 3 : 32 `` Make You Feel My Love '' ( video ) -- 3 : 32 CD single `` Make You Feel My Love '' -- 3 : 32 `` Painting Pictures '' -- 3 : 33 19 version `` Make You Feel My Love '' -- 3 : 32 19 Deluxe version `` Make You Feel My Love '' ( live at Hotel Cafe ) -- 3 : 52 Chimes of Freedom live version `` Make You Feel My Love '' ( recorded live at WXPN ) -- 4 : 04 Live at the Royal Albert Hall live version `` Make You Feel My Love '' ( Live ) -- 3 : 48 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 -- 15 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 17 European Hot 100 Singles 17 Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 44 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK Indie ( Official Charts Company ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2009 ) Position Dutch Singles Chart 7 Chart ( 2010 ) Position UK Singles Chart 48 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Other versions ( edit ) `` Make You Feel My Love '' has also been recorded by Joan Osborne , Josh Kelley whose version appeared on A Cinderella Story : Original Soundtrack , Trisha Yearwood , Neil Diamond , Danny Bowes , Shawn Colvin , Luka Bloom , Timothy B. Schmit , Ronan Keating , Winifred Horan ( from Solas ) , Emily Loizeau , Bryan Ferry , Elkie Brooks ( from her 2010 album Powerless ) , Mary Black , Ruarri Joseph , Phil Keaggy , Paul Evans , Taylor Hicks , Jon Peter Lewis , Kris Allen , Maria Muldaur , Louise Setara , actor Jeremy Irons , Kelly Clarkson , Ed Sheeran , Tony DeSare , Rebecca Ferguson , Aaron Tveit , Sarah Maclaine , Sleeping At Last , Straight No Chaser and Ane Brun . The song was also covered by Lea Michele on the third episode of Glee 's fifth season , `` The Quarterback '' , in honor to Cory Monteith . The song was covered by Maisy Stella in the ninth episode of the fifth season of Nashville as her character Daphne Conrad , who is singing to her mother Rayna Jaymes ( Connie Britton ) who had been in a car accident following the previous episode . The Adele version was used in the movie When In Rome ( 2010 film ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Trager , Oliver ( 2004 ) . Keys to the Rain . Billboard Books . pp. 406 -- 407 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7974 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Joel : Singles & EPs '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Billy Joel -- To Make You Feel My Love '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 7945 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . September 21 , 1998 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 3660 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . August 17 , 1998 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Garth Brooks -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Garth Brooks . Jump up ^ `` Garth Brooks -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Garth Brooks . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1998 '' . RPM . December 14 , 1998 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1998 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1998 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grow , Kory ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Beatles , Eminem , U2 Set for Philippines Benefit Album '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adele full Official Chart History Official Charts Company '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grow , Kory ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Beatles , Eminem , U2 Set for Philippines Benefit Album '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adele wins Heart 's best song of all time '' . Radio Today . 2 January 2013 . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Adele fans pay tribute to victims of Brussels attacks at London concert '' . BBC Radio 1 Newsbeat . BBC . March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Alex ( 23 October 2008 ) . `` Adele : ' Make You Feel My Love ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Simpson , David ( 15 April 2011 ) . `` Adele -- review '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Make You Feel My Love '' . Adele website . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Adele -- Make You Feel My Love '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Chart Search Results -- European Hot 100 Singles 2010 - 10 - 16 '' . Billboard.biz . Archived from the original on 7 August 2012 . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 40 , 2010 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Adele search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Adele -- Make You Feel My Love '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Adele -- Make You Feel My Love '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official Independent Singles Chart Top 50 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Charts ... Single 2009 '' . dutchcharts.nl ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` End Of Year Charts : 2010 '' ( PDF ) . UkChartsPlus . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2015 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Adele -- Make You Feel My Love '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Make You Feel My Love '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Enter Make You Feel My Love in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Adele -- Make You Feel My Love '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Duffy , John . `` Joan Osborne : Righteous Love '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Various Artists : A Cinderella Story '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Hope Floats '' Music from the Motion Picture `` . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Diamond : Home Before Dark '' . Jump up ^ `` Danny & Lucy Bowes '' . Jump up ^ `` Danny and Ben : Danny and Ben CD '' . Jump up ^ Cater , Evan . `` Luka Bloom : Keeper of the Flame '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Timothy B. Schmit : Feed the Fire '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Jon . `` Ronan Keating : Songs for My Mother '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Schacht , John . `` Emily Loizeau : L'Autre Bout du Monde '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jurek , Thom . `` Mary Black : Full Tide '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Nathan , Dave . `` Paul Evans : Roses Are Red , My Love '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Peter Lewis : Break The Silence '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Kris Allen : Season 8 Favorite Performances '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jurek , Thom . `` Maria Muldaur : Heart of Mine '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Louise Setara : Still Waters '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Various Artists : Unexpected Dreams '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics at Bob Dylan.com <Th_colspan="2"> Bob Dylan ( discography ) Studio albums Bob Dylan The Freewheelin ' Bob Dylan The Times They Are a-Changin ' Another Side of Bob Dylan Bringing It All Back Home Highway 61 Revisited Blonde on Blonde John Wesley Harding Nashville Skyline Self Portrait New Morning Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid Dylan Planet Waves Blood on the Tracks The Basement Tapes Desire Street - Legal Slow Train Coming Saved Shot of Love Infidels Empire Burlesque Knocked Out Loaded Down in the Groove Oh Mercy Under the Red Sky Good as I Been to You World Gone Wrong Time Out of Mind Love and Theft Modern Times Together Through Life Christmas in the Heart Tempest Shadows in the Night Fallen Angels Triplicate Live albums Before the Flood Hard Rain Bob Dylan at Budokan Real Live Dylan & the Dead The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration MTV Unplugged Live 1961 -- 2000 : Thirty - Nine Years of Great Concert Performances Live at The Gaslight 1962 Live at Carnegie Hall 1963 In Concert -- Brandeis University 1963 The 1966 Live Recordings Compilations Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Vol. II Masterpieces Biograph Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Volume 3 The Best of Bob Dylan ( 1997 ) The Best of Bob Dylan , Vol. 2 The Essential Bob Dylan Bob Dylan : The Collection The Best of Bob Dylan ( 2005 ) Blues Dylan The Original Mono Recordings The 50th Anniversary Collection Bob Dylan : The Complete Album Collection Vol . One The 50th Anniversary Collection 1963 The 50th Anniversary Collection 1964 Bootlegs Great White Wonder List of Basement Tapes songs ( 1967 , 1975 ) The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 -- 3 ( Rare & Unreleased ) 1961 -- 1991 Volume 4 : The Royal Albert Hall concert Vol. 5 : Bob Dylan Live 1975 , The Rolling Thunder Revue Vol. 6 : Bob Dylan Live 1964 , Concert at Philharmonic Hall Vol. 7 : No Direction Home : The Soundtrack Vol. 8 : Tell Tale Signs : Rare and Unreleased 1989 -- 2006 Vol. 9 : The Witmark Demos : 1962 -- 1964 Vol. 10 : Another Self Portrait ( 1969 -- 1971 ) Vol. 11 : The Basement Tapes Complete Vol. 12 : The Cutting Edge 1965 -- 1966 Vol. 13 : Trouble No More 1979 -- 1981 Concert tours England Tour ( 1965 ) World Tour ( 1966 ) Tour with The Band ( 1974 ) Rolling Thunder Revue ( 1975 -- 1976 ) World Tour ( 1978 ) Gospel Tour ( 1979 -- 1980 ) World Tour ( 1981 ) European Tour ( 1984 ) True Confessions Tour ( 1986 ) Tour with the Grateful Dead ( 1987 ) Temples in Flames Tour ( 1987 ) Never Ending Tour 1997 1998 2017 Films Madhouse on Castle Street Dont Look Back Eat the Document Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid Renaldo and Clara Hearts of Fire Masked and Anonymous No Direction Home I 'm Not There 65 Revisited The Other Side of the Mirror : Bob Dylan Live at the Newport Folk Festival 1963 -- 1965 Inside Llewyn Davis Writings Tarantula Writings and Drawings Chronicles : Volume One Books about Dylan The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia Bob Dylan , Performing Artist Invisible Republic The Cambridge Companion to Bob Dylan Related Sara Dylan ( first wife ) Carolyn Dennis ( second wife ) Jesse Dylan ( son ) Jakob Dylan ( son ) Awards Bibliography Songs written by Dylan The Band Electric Dylan controversy Theme Time Radio Hour Traveling Wilburys Artists who have covered Dylan songs Chimes of Freedom ( album ) The Lost Notebooks of Hank Williams Lost on the River : The New Basement Tapes Related topics Songs recorded by Dylan Suze Rotolo American folk music revival The Telegraph magazine <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Garth Brooks singles Garth Brooks `` Much Too Young ( To Feel This Damn Old ) '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' `` Not Counting You '' `` The Dance '' No Fences `` Friends in Low Places '' `` Unanswered Prayers '' `` Two of a Kind , Workin ' on a Full House '' `` The Thunder Rolls '' `` Wild Horses '' ( released in 2001 ) Ropin ' the Wind `` Rodeo '' `` Shameless '' `` What She 's Doing Now '' `` Papa Loved Mama '' `` The River '' The Chase `` We Shall Be Free '' `` Somewhere Other Than the Night '' `` Learning to Live Again '' `` That Summer '' In Pieces `` Ai n't Goin ' Down ( ' Til the Sun Comes Up ) '' `` American Honky - Tonk Bar Association '' `` Standing Outside the Fire '' `` One Night a Day '' `` Callin ' Baton Rouge '' `` The Red Strokes '' Fresh Horses `` She 's Every Woman '' `` The Fever '' `` The Beaches of Cheyenne '' `` The Change '' `` It 's Midnight Cinderella '' `` That Ol ' Wind '' Sevens `` Longneck Bottle '' `` She 's Gonna Make It '' `` Two Piña Coladas '' `` You Move Me '' `` Do What You Gotta Do '' ( released in 2000 ) The Limited Series `` To Make You Feel My Love '' Double Live `` It 's Your Song '' Greatest Hits ( as Chris Gaines ) `` Lost in You '' `` It Do n't Matter to the Sun '' `` That 's the Way I Remember It '' Scarecrow `` When You Come Back to Me Again '' ( released in 2000 ) `` Wrapped Up in You '' `` Squeeze Me In '' ( with Trisha Yearwood ) `` Thicker Than Blood '' `` Why Ai n't I Running '' The Lost Sessions `` Good Ride Cowboy '' `` Love Will Always Win '' ( with Trisha Yearwood ) `` That Girl Is a Cowboy '' The Ultimate Hits `` More Than a Memory '' `` Workin ' for a Livin ' '' ( with Huey Lewis ) `` Midnight Sun '' Man Against Machine `` People Loving People '' `` Mom '' Gunslinger `` Baby , Let 's Lay Down and Dance '' `` Ask Me How I Know '' Guest singles `` Whatcha Gonna Do with a Cowboy ( with Chris LeDoux ; uncredited ) `` In Another 's Eyes '' ( with Trisha Yearwood ) `` One Heart at a TIme '' ( charity single ) `` Burnin the Roadhouse Down '' ( with Steve Wariner ) `` Where Your Road Leads '' ( with Trisha Yearwood ) `` Katie Wants a Fast One '' ( with Steve Wariner ) `` Beer Run ( B Double E Double Are You In ? ) '' ( with George Jones ) Other songs `` Hard Luck Woman '' `` Santa Looked a Lot Like Daddy '' `` The Call '' ( with Trisha Yearwood ) <Th_colspan="2"> Billy Joel Studio albums Cold Spring Harbor Piano Man Streetlife Serenade Turnstiles The Stranger 52nd Street Glass Houses The Nylon Curtain An Innocent Man The Bridge Storm Front River of Dreams Fantasies & Delusions Live albums Songs in the Attic KOHЦEPT 2000 Years : The Millennium Concert 12 Gardens Live Live at Shea Stadium : The Concert Compilations Greatest Hits , Vol. 1 -- 3 Souvenir : The Ultimate Collection The Ultimate Collection The Essential Billy Joel Piano Man : The Very Best of Billy Joel My Lives The Hits Singles `` She 's Got a Way '' `` Piano Man '' `` You 're My Home '' `` Worse Comes to Worst '' `` Travelin ' Prayer '' `` The Ballad of Billy the Kid '' `` The Entertainer '' `` Just the Way You Are '' `` Movin ' Out ( Anthony 's Song ) '' `` Only the Good Die Young '' `` She 's Always a Woman '' `` Vienna '' `` The Stranger '' `` My Life '' `` Big Shot '' `` Honesty '' `` Until the Night '' `` All for Leyna '' `` You May Be Right '' `` It 's Still Rock and Roll to Me '' `` Do n't Ask Me Why '' `` Sometimes a Fantasy '' `` Say Goodbye to Hollywood '' ( Live ) `` She 's Got a Way '' ( Live ) `` Pressure '' `` Allentown '' `` Goodnight Saigon '' `` Tell Her About It '' `` Uptown Girl '' `` An Innocent Man '' `` The Longest Time '' `` Leave a Tender Moment Alone '' `` This Night '' `` Keeping the Faith '' `` You 're Only Human ( Second Wind ) '' `` The Night Is Still Young '' `` Modern Woman '' `` A Matter of Trust '' `` This Is the Time '' `` Baby Grand '' `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' ( Live ) `` We Did n't Start the Fire '' `` Leningrad '' `` I Go to Extremes '' `` The Downeaster ' Alexa ' '' `` That 's Not Her Style '' `` And So It Goes '' `` Shameless '' `` All Shook Up '' `` The River of Dreams '' `` All About Soul '' `` No Man 's Land '' `` Lullabye ( Goodnight , My Angel ) '' `` To Make You Feel My Love '' `` Hey Girl '' `` All My Life '' `` Christmas in Fallujah '' Other songs `` Everybody Loves You Now '' `` Captain Jack '' `` Los Angelenos '' `` Root Beer Rag '' `` New York State of Mind '' `` Prelude / Angry Young Man '' `` Miami 2017 ( Seen the Lights Go Out on Broadway ) '' `` Scenes from an Italian Restaurant '' `` Zanzibar '' `` Laura '' `` Scandinavian Skies '' `` Big Man on Mulberry Street '' Tours An Innocent Man Tour Face to Face 1994 Face to Face 1995 Face to Face 1998 Face to Face 2001 Face to Face 2003 Face to Face 2009 Face to Face 2010 Billy Joel in Concert Film Oliver & Company The Last Play at Shea See also Discography Movin ' Out Billy Joel Band The Hassles Attila Alexa Ray Joel Christie Brinkley Katie Lee `` Movin ' Out '' ( Glee episode ) <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category <Th_colspan="2"> Adele <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Awards and nominations Songs Studio albums 19 21 25 Video albums Live at the Royal Albert Hall Extended plays iTunes Live from SoHo iTunes Festival : London 2011 Singles `` Hometown Glory '' `` Chasing Pavements '' `` Cold Shoulder '' `` Make You Feel My Love '' `` Rolling in the Deep '' `` Someone like You '' `` Set Fire to the Rain '' `` Rumour Has It '' `` Turning Tables '' `` Skyfall '' `` Hello '' `` When We Were Young '' `` Send My Love ( To Your New Lover ) '' `` Water Under the Bridge '' Featured singles `` Many Shades of Black '' `` Water and a Flame '' Other songs `` River Lea '' `` Million Years Ago '' `` All I Ask '' Concert tours An Evening with Adele Adele Live Adele Live 2016 Related articles Adele at the BBC Adele Live in New York City <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Make_You_Feel_My_Love&oldid=807664115 '' Categories : 1997 singles 1998 singles 2008 singles Songs written by Bob Dylan 1990s ballads Bob Dylan songs Billy Joel songs Garth Brooks songs Adele songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles XL Recordings singles Song recordings produced by Daniel Lanois Columbia Records singles Capitol Records Nashville singles 1997 songs Song recordings produced by Jim Abbiss Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKindie Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Македонски Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Tagalog Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 11 : 39 . 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1. "Make You Feel My Love" - Bob Dylan song
2. Covers of "Make You Feel My Love" by various artists
3. Adele's version of "Make You Feel My Love"
4. Billy Joel's version of "Make You Feel My Love"
5. Garth Brooks' version of "Make You Feel My Love"
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who established rashtriy mill majdoor sangh in mumbai
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Rashtriya Mill Mazdoor Sangh - Wikipedia Rashtriya Mill Mazdoor Sangh This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Rashtriya Mill Mazdoor Sangh is a trade union for textile mills in Mumbai , India . Organized labour portal This article about an Indian political party is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article related to an Indian trade union is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rashtriya_Mill_Mazdoor_Sangh&oldid=751651003 '' Categories : Trade unions in Maharashtra Textile industry in Maharashtra Textile and clothing trade unions Indian political party stubs Indian trade union stubs Hidden categories : Use Indian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from July 2016 Articles lacking sources from December 2009 All articles lacking sources All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 November 2016 , at 01 : 44 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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1. Rashtriya Mill Mazdoor Sangh
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who is playing roos mother on home and away
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List of home and Away characters ( 1989 ) - wikipedia List of home and Away characters ( 1989 ) Jump to : navigation , search Home and Away is an Australian television soap opera . It was first broadcast on the Seven Network on 17 January 1988 . The following is a list of characters that first appeared in 1989 , by order of first appearance . They were all introduced by the show 's executive producer Des Monaghan . The 2nd season of Home and Away began airing on 23 January 1989 . The first introduction of the year was Rebecca Fisher in April . Emily Symons joined the cast as Marilyn Chambers in May . In June , the serial saw the birth of Duncan Stewart , the first child of Alf and Ailsa and Mat Stevenson took on the role of Adam Cameron a fortnight later . Mouche Phillips joined as Viv Newton in July and September saw the arrival of Dannii Minogue as Emma Jackson . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rebecca Nash 2 Marilyn Chambers 3 Duncan Stewart 4 Adam Cameron 5 Viv Newton 6 Emma Jackson 7 Others 8 References 9 External links Rebecca Nash ( edit ) Main article : Rebecca Nash Rebecca Nash , debuted on screen during the episode airing on 3 April 1989 . Belinda Emmett 's portrayal of Rebecca earned her nominations for the `` Best New Talent '' Logie Award in 1997 . and `` Most Popular Actress '' in 1998 and 1999 . Emmett was also nominated for a Gold Logie in 1999 . Emmett and her co-star Nic Testoni won `` Best Couple '' at the 1998 Inside Soap Awards and were nominated again in the same category the following year . Marilyn Chambers ( edit ) Main article : Marilyn Chambers ( Home and Away ) Marilyn Chambers , played by Emily Symons debuted on screen during the episode airing on 18 May 1989 . Symons departed the serial in 1992 but returned in 1995 for another regular stint which lasted until 1999 . Dannii Minogue originally auditioned for the role of Marilyn , but she was given the role of Emma Jackson and Emily Symons was cast instead . Holy Soap called her `` bubbly '' and a `` Dizzy blonde beautician '' . Duncan Stewart ( edit ) Main article : Duncan Stewart ( Home and Away ) Duncan Stewart made his first appearance in during the episode airing on 14 June 1989 . Brendan McKensy 's portrayal of Duncan earned him a nomination for Best Young Actor at the 1999 Inside Soap Awards . Adam Cameron ( edit ) Main article : Adam Cameron Adam Cameron played by Mat Stevenson debuted on - screen during the episode airing on 28 June 1989 . Stevenson had previously guested on rival soap opera Neighbours on Network Ten as petty criminal Skinner . In an interview with The Sun - Herald , he said that the chance to play Adam was a role - reversal and part in Neighbours helped him become more level - headed . Stevenson chose to move from his native Melbourne to Sydney for filming . Stevenson quit the serial in 1994 Stevenson describes Adam is `` a bit of a layabout '' who is `` capable of a kind word and good deed every now and then '' . However , Adam would `` rather not '' do either if doing so `` interferes with having a good time or a lazy time '' . Stevenson said that he liked playing Adam , but noted he was nothing like his character because he is more responsible than Adam is . A columnist for Inside Soap said that Adam is a `` one - time joker '' and a `` happy - go - lucky type of character '' . Stevenson returned for a guest stint in 1999 and admitted that not much had changed on the series . Stevenson told writer Jason Herbison of Inside Soap that he enjoyed playing Adam again so much that he considered asking the producer for a full - time return . Viv Newton ( edit ) Main article : Viv Newton Viv Newton , played by Mouche Phillips made her first appearance in on 5 July 1989 and departed on 25 May 1990 . Phillips was sharing a house with Justine Clarke and began filing the week after Clarke had left the serial Phillips told a writer from Look - in that she liked to be kept busy on set . She explained that `` people '' were often left trying to find her because she was not where she should have been . Emma Jackson ( edit ) Main article : Emma Jackson ( Home and Away ) Emma Jackson , played Dannii Minogue made her first on - screen appearance on 22 September 1989 and departed on 22 August 1990 . Minogue originally auditioned for the role of Marilyn Chambers , but she was later cast in the role of Emma instead . Minogue stayed with the show for a year , before she quit to launch her music career in 1990 . In October 2007 , it was rumoured that Minogue was due to reprise her role as Emma for the show 's 20th anniversary in 2008 . However , she did not appear . For her portrayal of Emma , Minogue was nominated for the `` Most Popular Actress on Australian Television '' Logie Award in 1989 . Holy Soap named Minogue as one of Home and Away 's `` Sexiest girls ever '' . Others ( edit ) Date ( s ) Character Actor Circumstances 25 January -- 13 February , 27 March -- 3 April 2018 Martha Stewart Alison Mulvaney Belinda Giblin Martha is Alf Stewart 's ( Ray Meagher ) late wife and the mother of their daughter , Roo ( Justine Clarke ) . Martha appears in flashbacks to 1970 when Bobby Simpson ( Nicolle Dickson ) reads her diary entries from that year while searching for leads on her biological parents . It is revealed that Martha knew that Alf 's sister , Morag Bellingham ( Cornelia Frances ) was Bobby 's mother and subsequently had her adopted out to Al ( George Leppard ; Terence Donovan ) and Doris Simpson . In 2018 , Alf tells Roo that Martha did not drown , as Roo had been led to believe , and is still alive and out there somewhere . Martha comes to Summer Bay House and meets Ryder Jackson , who asks if she wants to rent a caravan from Alf . She leaves , but later returns and comes face - to - face with Alf and then Roo . Martha explains that a friend informed her Roo had come looking for her . Roo and Martha talk , but when Roo asks why Martha left her all those years ago , Martha tells her she is tired and leaves . Martha later reveals that she has borderline personality disorder . She struggled to connect with Roo and could not face up to her condition , so she left . After seeking help and treatment , the guilt and fear stopped her from coming back , but she knew Roo would have a good life . Roo tells Martha that she gave Alf a hard time and had a daughter when she was sixteen , who she named after Martha . Roo asks Martha to have dinner with Alf , but she fails to show up . The following day , Martha comes to Summer Bay House to leave her contact details for Roo and she apologises to Alf , before explaining why she left . Roo tells Martha that she needs to leave , as her presence is hurting Alf , but she will visit her . 25 January Les Palmer Graham Lancaster Les is Celia Stewart ( Fiona Spence ) 's late fiancé who appears in flashbacks to 1970 when Bobby Simpson ( Nicolle Dickson ) reads the diary entries of the late Martha Stewart ( Alison Mulvaney ) . Les and Celia hold a party to celebrate their engagement but it is not to be as Les is later killed in the Vietnam War . 26 January -- 16 March Nicholas Walsh Robert Taylor Nicholas arrives in Summer Bay to visit Stacey Macklin ( Sandie Lillingston ) and reveals to her ex , Philip Matheson ( John Morris ) that he and Stacey are engaged . Nicholas goes for a swim and has his clothes stolen and is seen in the nude by Celia Stewart ( Fiona Spence ) and Betty Falwell ( Barbara Morton ) , who call the police and he is arrested for indecent exposure . He schemes with Stacey 's father , Gordon ( Ron Haddrick ) to buy the caravan park from the Fletcher family but they decline and Nicholas offers Tom ( Roger Oakley ) a job in England . He urges Morag Bellingham ( Cornelia Frances ) to buy the park and sell it to him , she agrees . Stacey finds out Nicholas is behind some poison pen letters addressed to Ailsa Stewart ( Judy Nunn ) , which he had framed her stepdaughter Roo ( Justine Clarke ) for . He chases Stacey and attacks her but Tom saves Stacey and hits Nicholas . 1 February -- 5 September Kim Patterson Jacqui Townsend Kim is the younger sister of Alison ( Kathryn Ridley ) , Mav ( Clayton Williams ) and Skye Patterson ( Angela Keep ) . She attends Summer Bay Primary in Year 4 with Sally Fletcher ( Kate Ritchie ) . She tells Alison that Carly Morris ( Sharyn Hodgson ) is going through cold turkey . Kim and Sally find some floppy disks scattered in the bush , which contain Morag Bellingham 's ( Cornelia Frances ) manuscript for her memoirs . She later argues with Sally over the existence of the `` Summer Bay Bunyip '' when Sally claims to have seen the creature . 13 February -- 20 March Richard Bellingham John Bonney Richard is Morag Bellingham 's ( Cornelia Frances ) husband of Twenty years . They separate after the truth about Morag being Bobby Simpson 's ( Nicolle Dickson ) mother is exposed in the local news . Before he leaves , he warns Morag 's niece Roo Stewart ( Justine Clarke ) that she should stay away from her aunt . 20 February -- 21 November James Donahue Richard Morgan Donahue is a journalist from The Daily Star who tries to get information about Morag Bellingham ( Cornelia Frances ) being the mother of Bobby Simpson ( Nicolle Dickson ) . He tricks Morag 's sister , Celia Stewart ( Fiona Spence ) into revealing details . He is warned off by Alf Stewart ( Ray Meagher ) but returns when he learns Rory Heywood ( Gregor Jordan ) has been killed by a shark . Donahue persuades Lance Smart ( Peter Vroom ) to lie about the sighting of the shark . 22 February -- 9 August 1990 Vicki Baxter Nana Coburn Vicki Baxter is an antagonist in Steven Matheson 's ( Adam Willits ) class at Summer Bay High . She pokes fun at Carly Morris ( Sharyn Hodgson ) for repeating Year 12 after failing her HSC the previous year and begins bullying Viv Newton ( Mouche Phillips ) . Vicki also frequently feuds with Emma Jackson ( Dannii Minogue ) . When Grant Mitchell ( Craig McLachlan ) begins teaching at the school , Vicki makes a play for him asking for after school tuition . Grant rejects her advances and Vicki tells everyone that he sexually molested her , resulting in Grant 's suspension pending an investigation . Emma is enraged and uses physical force to get Vicki to confess . She eventually confesses and Grant is reinstated . Vicki then frames Emma for stealing exam papers from Donald Fisher 's ( Norman Coburn ) office , which sees her expelled . Steven and Paul Jensen ( Craig Black ) work together in order to bring Vicki down by contacting her cousin Anna ( Rebecca George ) , who informs them of Vicki 's scheme . After being confronted with the evidence , Vicki herself is expelled from school . 22 February -- 5 April Leanne Dunn Kylie Foster Leanne is a girl who Martin Dibble ( Craig Thomson ) meets on a blind date . She asks Celia Stewart ( Fiona Spence ) for etiquette lessons . Leanne 's new image is a shock for Martin who wants to dump her . Leanne misinterprets his signals and thinks he wants to marry her . Martin tries to put her off by introducing her to his rough family and behaving like a slob . Leanne then reverts to her old image and she and Martin continue their relationship . Matt Wilson ( Greg Benson ) discovers Leanne is illiterate and teaches her to read . Martin assumes Matt is seeing Leanne and goes to attack Matt , resulting in Martin being knocked out . Meat Axe ( Joseph Dicker ) , Leanne 's ex-boyfriend , shows up and picks a fight with Martin and beats him up . Leanne stops the fight but she leaves with Meat Axe , breaking Martin 's heart . 1 March -- 12 November Enid Jan Oxenbould Enid is a friend of Celia Stewart ( Fiona Spence ) who attends a town meeting about a killer shark inhabiting the waters near the beach . 8 March Nola Dibble Denise Roberts Nola is Martin Dibble 's ( Craig Thomson ) mother who appears when he brings Leanne Dunn ( Kylie Foster ) to meet the family for dinner in order to put her off marrying him . 8 March Scott Dibble Uncredited Scott and Errol are Martin Dibble 's ( Craig Thomson ) brothers . They appear at a family meal when Martin brings Leanne Dunn to meet them and their parents Ern ( Peter Carmody ) and Nola ( Denise Roberts ) . Errol Dibble Uncredited 21 March -- 24 May Nigel Taggart Gary Down Nigel is a colleague of Morag Bellingham ( Cornelia Frances ) who she had hired several years before when nobody would due to him losing his eyesight in an accident . He arrives to help her at the Blaxland mansion as her personal assistant . He often serves as a mediator and builds up a friendship with Morag 's sister Celia Stewart ( Fiona Spence ) . Celia develops feelings for Nigel but he does not reciprocate . Nigel resigns as Morag 's assistance in order to get some independence and with the help of Ailsa Stewart ( Judy Nunn ) , he leaves Celia a letter letting her down gently . 28 March Ross Maybury John Banas Ross is the presenter of ' The World Tonight ' a late night talk - show which Donald Fisher ( Norman Coburn ) and Bobby Simpson ( Nicolle Dickson ) appear on to discuss On the Crest of a Wave , a novel by Donald 's son Alan ( Simon Kay ) . Ross asks Bobby about the recently publicised revelation that Morag Bellingham ( Cornelia Frances ) is her mother and upsets her . 4 -- 5 April Meat Axe Joseph Dicker Meat Axe is Leanne Dunn 's ( Kylie Foster ) ex-boyfriend who arrives in Summer Bay to get back together with her . He is angry to find Martin Dibble ( Craig Thomson ) is dating Leanne and challenges him to a fight . Meat Axe delivers a beating to Martin but is stopped when Leanne breaks a bottle over his head . However , Leanne leaves with Meat Axe after admitting to Martin she promised to go with him . 18 April -- 23 October 1995 Brian `` Dodge '' Forbes Kelly Dingwall Dodge arrives in Summer Bay and schemes to get free food from Celia Stewart ( Fiona Spence ) at the local store ( 287 ) . He also steals Bobby Simpson 's money ( Nicolle Dickson ) while she is on the beach . After Lance Smart ( Peter Vroom ) catches Dodge trying to steal his car , he spins him a story about being broke and homeless , and Lance lets him stay in his mobile home . Dodge continues to cause trouble in the Bay by stealing money from the school dance and Philip Matheson 's ( John Morris ) pills . Celia catches him trying to steal from the store and he is arrested by Sgt . Bob Barnett ( Robert Baxter ) . Dodge retaliates by firebombing the store , which results in Philip being killed ( 293 ) . He then leaves town but returns as the latest foster child of the Fletcher family . He builds up a friendship with Philip 's nephew Steven ( Adam Willits ) and convinces him to frame Simon Yates ( Christopher Saunders ) for arson. Dodge clashes with Sally Fletcher ( Kate Ritchie ) and begins bullying her , after she continually picks on him simply because she finds him `` creepy '' ( and not because he stole candy from her at the bus stop ) . He then leads Steven into bad behaviour . Things start to get undone when Dodge drunkenly confesses to Adam Cameron ( Mat Stevenson ) that he burned the store down ( 372 ) . Steven is enraged when he finds out and attacks Dodge but Donald Fisher ( Norman Coburn ) stops him . Dodge is arrested , charged with murder ( 374 ) , and imprisoned for 5 to 6 years . Dodge is paroled in 1995 , murders Irene 's husband `` mud '' ( Murdoch Roberts ) , and returns Summer Bay ( 1775 ) to even the score with Steven by framing him for murder . In the end , he kidnaps Kelly Watson ( Katrina Hobbs ) to lure Steven into a fight with him on a clifftop and plunge into the sea below ( 1806 ) . Shane Parrish ( Dieter Brummer ) rescues Steven , but Dodge 's body is never found . 20 April -- 16 May Simon Yates Christopher Saunders Simon meets Roo Stewart ( Justine Clarke ) at a Dirty Dancing competition and takes a liking to her . Simon takes a job at the Bayside diner . It is revealed he served a prison sentence for armed robbery but Roo is not deterred and they continue their relationship , despite Roo 's aunt Morag Bellingham 's ( Cornelia Frances ) warnings about Simon . Steven Matheson ( Adam Willits ) is convinced Simon is behind the fire that recently killed his uncle Philip ( John Morris ) and attacks him . Simon leaves but briefly returns and begins working for Roo 's father Alf ( Ray Meagher ) but Steven continues his harassment of Simon and is goaded by Brian `` Dodge Forbes ( Kelly Dingwall ) into framing him for arson . Simon is arrested and bailed at Alf 's expense but he runs away . Simon later sends Roo a letter saying he will pay Alf back . 2 -- 9 May Andrew Foley Senior Alan Tobin Andrew Senior is Andrew Foley 's ( Peter Bensley ) estranged father . The two men have not spoken since the death of Andrew 's mother , Julia . Andrew Senior is dying and wants to make peace with his son and asks Carly Morris ( Sharyn Hodgson ) to set up a meeting but Andrew refuses . Andrew Senior finally gets to see his son but he warns him to stay away from him . Andrew Senior later dies but leaves Andrew a great deal of money in his will and a letter full of apologies . 10 May -- 22 February 1990 Howard West Richard Rowe West is a representative of the Department of Childcare Services . He brings Brian `` Dodge '' Forbes ( Kelly Dingwall ) to the Fletchers as their newest foster child . He investigates Viv Newton 's ( Mouche Phillips ) claims of her father John 's ( John Gregg ) mistreatment of her and her sister Tammy ( Katy Edwards ) . John manages to get West onside , however , West organises a temporary supervision order for Tammy . West reappears when Donald Fisher ( Norman Coburn ) is facing murder charges and terminates his guardianship of Viv and has her placed in a children 's home . However , Donald is exonerated and Viv returns . 11 May Peter Braithwaite Ron Blanchard Peter is an insurance assessor who contacts Celia Stewart ( Fiona Spence ) about a claim following the recent fire of her store . He becomes suspicious when Celia asks for $500 , 000 , twice the store 's value . 18 -- 29 May Kyoko Sakamoto Yuka Mitani Kyoko is an interepreter for Japanese clients of the Macklins family who visit Summer Bay on business . 2 -- 8 June Peter Bedford Bevan Wilson Peter is an investor in the Macklin development who is invited to dinner with the Fletcher family . He is disappointed when he learns Frank Morgan ( Alex Papps ) did not attend University and does little to impress Frank 's wife Bobby ( Nicolle Dickson ) with his comments about the importance of a stable family home and education , prompting her to verbally attack him . Following this , Bedford decides not to sign with the Macklins but is eventually persuaded to sign the contract by Martin Dibble ( Craig Thomson ) , who he takes a liking to . 2 June Claire Bedford Linda Anning Claire is the wife of Macklin investor Peter Bedford ( Bevan Wilson ) , who joins him after being invited to dinner with the Fletcher family . 8 June -- 18 July Flynn Mark McCann Flynn is a labourer for the Macklin corporation . He and the other workers get tired of Martin Dibble 's ( Craig Thomson ) attitude and call a strike . Roo Stewart ( Justine Clarke ) is able to negotiate and Flynn and the others call off the strike . Flynn later tries to assist Martin in the rescue of Marilyn Chambers ( Emily Symons ) who has climbed onto a high surface to get Andrew Foley 's ( Peter Bensley ) attention . 13 June Jay Everett Andrew Doyle Jay is a motivational guru who temporarily takes over as office manager at the Macklin development in Tom Fletcher 's ( Roger Oakley ) absence . His positive energy rubs off on Martin Dibble ( Craig Thomson ) but fails to rouse Roo Stewart ( Justine Clarke whose father Alf ( Ray Meagher ) is missing alongside Tom . 6 July -- 13 September Nina Olivera Raquel Suarstzman Nina is a friend of Stacey Macklin ( Sandie Lillingston ) . She assembles a music group called Image consisting of Lance Smart ( Peter Vroom ) , Martin Dibble ( Craig Thomson ) and Marilyn Chambers ( Emily Symons ) . Lance becomes more and more uncomfortable as the group 's fame grows and feels Nina is controlling the lives of group . Lance sabotages a live performance at the Sands Resort and makes a fool of himself on a Saturday Morning television programme and Nina rips up the contract . However , Nina scores a job in Los Angeles for promoting Image and leaves to take it . She invites Stacey to join her several weeks later and she does . 11 July Beulah Robyn Gurney Beulah is a homeless woman who helps Viv Newton ( Mouche Phillips ) while she is living rough on the streets . 19 July Sgt . Col Baker Simon Westaway Baker questions Brian `` Dodge '' Forbes ( Kelly Dingwall ) over an accident involving a stolen car . Steven Matheson ( Adam Willits ) then assumes the blame . 21 July -- 1 August John Newton John Gregg John is Viv Newton 's ( Mouche Phillips ) father , who is a reverend . He arrives in Summer Bay after tracking Viv down , much to her horror . John puts on a sincere act in front of Viv 's principal , Donald Fisher ( Norman Coburn ) and Andrew Foley ( Peter Bensley ) but once he gets Viv home , he locks her in a cupboard under the stairs . Steven Matheson ( Adam Willits ) and Bobby Simpson ( Nicolle Dickson ) pay a visit to the Newtons . They see through John 's lies and rescue Viv but John refuses to let his younger daughter , Tammy ( Katy Edwards ) go with them . Bobby then locks John in a cupboard as taste of his own medicine and she , Steven , Viv and Tammy flee back to the Bay . After being freed , John arrives in Summer Bay to reclaim Tammy , who is reluctant to agree but Viv persuades her to go as a supervision order will be placed on John . After Tammy runs away the following year after more of John 's abuse , The Department of Child Services get involved and question John , who relinquishes custody rather than face court . 27 July -- 25 May 1990 Tammy Newton Katy Edwards Tammy is Viv Newton 's ( Mouche Phillips ) younger sister . She is used by their father John ( John Gregg ) in order to guilt trip Viv into returning home . When Tammy and Viv flee to Summer Bay , John tracks them down and Viv refuses to return . After Howard West ( Richard Rowe ) arranges a supervision order , Tammy reluctantly agrees to return home while Viv remains with Donald . A year later , Tammy flees John and runs away to find Viv and stays in hiding for several days before reuniting with Viv . Helen Wakefield ( Shayne Foote ) , a social worker locates Viv and Tammy 's mother , Angela ( Annie Byron ) and brings her to meet her estranged daughters . Tammy is shocked and scared at first as John had told her and Viv that Angela had died . Angela explains that she left them when Tammy was a year old . Tammy then leaves with Viv and Angela to start a new life in Queensland . 9 August -- 16 April 1990 Rex Wilson Barry Donnelly Rex is Matt Wilson 's ( Greg Benson ) uncle who works on the local council . He gets Matt a job as beach inspector and closes down Andrew Foley 's ( Peter Bensley ) advice centre in the store room of the diner . Rex suffers a heart attack several months later and resigns from the council . 9 August Freddie Hudson Mark Arbib Freddie is a student who visits Andrew Foley ( Peter Bensley ) at his Youth advice centre at the Bayside diner . 18 -- 31 August Ross Keating James Gleeson Ross is Sally Keating 's ( Kate Ritchie ) estranged uncle . He arrives just before Tom ( Roger Oakley ) and Pippa Fletcher 's ( Vanessa Downing ) application to adopt Sally goes through and expresses an interest in obtaining custody of his niece . Sally is resistant on seeing Ross at first but when he and his wife Louise ( Felicity Soper ) invite her over to their spacious home , she changes her mind . Ross is happy when Sally tells him she wants to live with him and Louise , but she changes her mind after realising she is happy with the Fletchers . The Keatings then leave Summer Bay . 23 -- 31 August Louise Keating Felicity Soper Louise is Ross ' ( James Gleeson ) wife and Sally 's ( Kate Ritchie ) aunt . Louise and her husband grow closer to Sally as they are unable to have children themselves due to Louise having an operation for ovarian cancer that left her infertile . Louise is happy when Sally tells her and Ross she wants to live with them but Sally changes her mind and opts to stay with the Fletcher family . 29 August , 23 March 1990 Len Baxter Uncredited Damian Cudmore Len is the father of Vicki Baxter ( Nana Coburn ) . He picks her up from the Surf Club dance but not before giving her date , Martin Dibble ( Craig Thomson ) a warning glare . When Vicki alleges her teacher Grant Mitchell ( Craig McLachlan ) has sexually molested her , Len is enraged and demands Grant be removed from the school . Grant is temporarily suspended but he is reinstated when Vicki reveals she lied . 29 August -- 10 November Danny Farnsworth Justin Connor Danny is the son of Gordon Farnsworth , a man who Morag Bellingham ( Cornelia Frances ) sentenced to prison , resulting in Gordon committing suicide . Danny begins a revenge campaign Morag by making threatening phone calls . He arrives in Summer Bay keeping his identity a secret and takes a job working for Morag as her assistant and moves in with her when she offers him a room . Morag 's daughter , Bobby Simpson ( Nicolle Dickson ) takes an interest in Danny and they begin dating . Danny scares Morag by first planting a spider in a box of chocolates and by hanging a dummy , causing Morag to think there is a corpse in her living room . He is pleased when he realises nobody believes Morag , but is comes unstuck when she discovers clippings from his father 's trial . Danny holds Morag hostage and tries to kill her after she confronts him in a mock trial and Bobby and her father Donald Fisher ( Norman Coburn ) convince him to let her go with Donald pretending to be Danny 's father during his psychotic episode . Bobby then helps him flee town and Danny asks her to leave with him but she turns him down . 30 August -- 8 July 1996 Chris Hale John Meillon Jr . Hale is a police constable who first appears when Andrew Foley ( Peter Bensley ) and Stacey Macklin ( Sandie Lillingston ) trespass on private property . He later arrests Martin Dibble ( Craig Thomson ) for illegally selling stuffed Bunyips outside Summer Bay Primary . Following his promotion to sergeant , Hale is involved in various police matters over the years including the arrest of Shane Parrish ( Dieter Brummer ) for theft and Sally Fletcher ( Kate Ritchie ) running away . In December 1995 , Hale accidentally knocks Shane off his bike in a hit and run , leaving him for dead . Shane dies of septicaemia several months later following the removal of his spleen and Hale 's guilt compels him to help Shane 's widow , Angel ( Melissa George ) . He later threatens Jesse McGregor ( Ben Unwin ) who knows the truth but the guilt proves too much and Hale confesses and he is suspended . 11 September Doctor Ellis Marilyn Allen A doctor at Northern Districts Hospital who arranges for Tom Fletcher ( Roger Oakley ) to be transferred to a hospital in the city following his heart attack . 11 September Doctor Williamson David Whitford A city doctor who diagnoses Tom Fletcher ( Roger Oakley ) with an intracerebral haematoma . 18 -- 21 September Ian McTavish Noel Trevarthen McTavish is a Scottish explorer who arrives in Summer Bay to hunt down the legendary `` Summer Bay Bunyip '' . He makes a play for Celia Stewart ( Fiona Spence ) who rebuffs him . When McTavish discovers there is no Bunyip and finds Martin Dibble ( Craig Thomson ) dressed in a costume , he leaves . 20 September Samantha Walker Fiona Shannon A youth worker who informs Ailsa Stewart ( Judy Nunn ) of her niece Emma Jackson 's ( Dannii Minogue ) desire to live with her . Ailsa is shocked as she is unaware that her estranged sister Bridget ( Paula Duncan ) has a daughter . 11 -- 12 October Millicent Staples Julie Haseler Millicent is a wealthy young woman who books a charter cruise with Adam Cameron ( Mat Stevenson ) , who is attracted to her . He accepts her booking and transports Millicent and her two associates to a remote island . After spending the day together , Millicent tells Adam she will get rid of her associates so they can be alone but this is a trick as Millicent sails off on the yacht , leaving Adam marooned on the island . 11 October Henry Whiting Patrick Ward Henry is the owner of a local hot dog stand who is approached by Lance Smart ( Peter Vroom ) and Martin Dibble ( Craig Thomson ) to sell the business but accepts an offer from Celia Stewart ( Fiona Spence ) instead . 25 October Sylvia Wilson Marie Armstrong Sylvia is Rex Wilson 's ( Barry Donnelly ) wife and Matt 's ( Greg Benson ) aunt . She is seen in the Stewart store when Martin Dibble ( Craig Thomson ) complains about the council shutting down his hot dog stand 26 October -- 15 November Rory Heywood Gregor Jordan Rory arrives in summer Bay looking for the Fletcher family , who he believes to be friends of his father . Rory 's true identity is exposed , but Tom 's wife Pippa ( Vanessa Downing ) agrees to let him stay . His presence provides an irritation for Steven Matheson ( Adam Willits ) and Carly Morris ( Sharyn Hodgson ) . Rory joins the surf club and helps Adam Cameron ( Mat Stevenson ) get back together with Carly . Rory , pleased with himself , goes for a surf but is eaten by a shark . Adam later avenges Rory by capturing the shark . Judy Nunn described the storyline involving Rory 's shark attack as one of her favorites . 30 October -- 2 November Mick Bruce Samazan Mick is a friend of Andrew Foley ( Peter Bensley ) , who comes to stay with him and his girlfriend Stacey Macklin ( Sandie Lillingston ) . Mick is a drug addict and when Stacey 's engagement ring goes missing , she blames him but apologises when Mick explains he had the ring tightened . Mick then turns on Stacey and trashes the flat before leaving . 17 November Rosemary White Zoe Bertram Rosemary is Rory Heywood 's ( Gregor Jordan ) sister who arrives following his death . She reveals to the Fletcher family Rory 's real name was Colin . 21 November -- 22 January 1990 Zac Burgess Mark Conroy Zac is a shark hunter who arrives in the Bay after Rory Heywood ( Gregor Jordan ) is eaten by a shark . He demands $5000 upfront and $5000 for catching the shark much to the ire of the locals . Gordon Macklin ( Ron Haddrick ) pays $2000 toward the shark 's capture but visits Zac at the caravan park and offers to double the money if the shark is kept alive . Zac learns that Gordon is having rubbish dumped on the closed beach and in the ocean in order to attract the shark and threatens to reveal he is behind the dumping . He then makes a move on Carly Morris ( Sharyn Hodgson ) , much to her disgust then targets Pippa Fletcher ( Vanessa Downing ) who rejects his advances but Zac continues to the point where many people in town think they are having an affair , putting strain on Pippa 's marriage to Tom ( Roger Oakley ) . Steven Matheson ( Adam Willits ) arranges a plan to expose Zac by having Pippa feign interest in Zac 's advances and records a conversation in which Zac admits everything . Tom and Zac fight and Zac leaves town . 12 December Drew Howard Ignatius Jones Drew is Marilyn Chambers ' ( Emily Symons ) producer on a game show called `` Cheap shots '' . He tries to get Marilyn to make fools of Lance Smart ( Peter Vroom ) and Martin Dibble ( Craig Thomson ) on national television but Marilyn turns the tables and humiliates Drew instead by throwing tomato sauce on him . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Browne , Rachel ( 17 May 1997 ) . `` A bolt from the Blue '' . The Sun - Herald . Fairfax Media . p. 32 . Retrieved 6 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Browne , Rachel ( 19 April 1998 ) . `` Logies : A watching brief '' . The Sun - Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 6 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 41st TV Week Logie Awards '' . TV Week . Ninemsn . Archived from the original on 20 May 2011 . Retrieved 6 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 1998 Inside Soap Awards '' . Inside Soap . Hachette Filipacchi ( UK ) Ltd ( 109 ) : 3 -- 4 . 15 -- 18 September 1998 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Home Rule '' . Inside Soap . Hachette Filipacchi UK : 36 . 10 December 1999 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Vote in the 1999 Inside Soap Awards '' . Inside Soap . Hachette Filipacchi UK ( 134 ) : 34 -- 5 . 21 August -- 3 September 1999 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Minogue , Dannii ( 2010 ) . Dannii : My Story . Simon & Schuster . p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85720 - 052 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Cast - Marilyn Chambers '' . Holy Soap . Channel Five . Archived from the original on 9 October 2010 . Retrieved 5 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vote in the 1999 Inside Soap Awards '' . Inside Soap . Hachette Filipacchi UK ( 134 ) : 34 -- 5 . 21 August -- 3 September 1999 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Mercer , Phil ( 18 March 2005 ) . `` Two decades with the Neighbours '' . BBC News . ( BBC ) . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Cindy ( 1 July 1989 ) . `` These Matts have a Gloss Finish '' . The Sun - Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 20 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Fife - Yeomans , Janet ( 18 December 2009 ) . `` Shadows fall on Home And Away - behind the scenes at Australia 's most troubled soap opera '' . The Daily Telegraph . ( News Limited ) . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Williams , Sue ( 6 March 1994 ) . `` Toni 's done it all - at 21 '' . The Sun Herald . ( Fairfax Media ) . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . 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Jump up ^ Executive Producer : Des Monaghan ; Director : Brendan Maher ; Writer : Alister Webb ( 13 February 1989 ) . `` Episode 241 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Seven . Jump up ^ `` Richard Morgan dead '' . The Daily Telegraph Australia . Nationwide News . 30 December 2006 . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Cockington , James ( 11 April 1990 ) . `` Today 's People '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . p. 28 . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Executive Producer : Des Monaghan ; Director : Gaye Arnold ; Writer : Dave Worthington ( ( 8 March 1989 ) . `` Episode 258 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Seven . Jump up ^ Executive Producer : Des Monaghan ; Director : Chris Shiel ; Writer : Bruce Hancock ( 4 April 1989 ) . `` Episode 277 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Seven . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Finally Grows Up For a Police Whistle Blower '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . 24 March 1989 . p. 11 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . 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Jump up ^ Executive Producer : Des Monaghan ; Director : Peter Rawling ; Writer : Stephen Measday ( 23 March 1990 ) . `` Episode 500 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Seven . Jump up ^ `` Justin Connor IMDB Resume '' . Jump up ^ Executive Producer : Des Monaghan ; Director : Chris Adshead ; Writer : Rick Held ( ( 30 August 1989 ) . `` Episode 383 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Seven . ^ Jump up to : Executive Producer : Des Monaghan ; Director : Chris Sheil ; Writer : Brian Lennane ( 11 October 1989 ) . `` Episode 431 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Seven . Jump up ^ `` Home & Away : Frequently Asked Questions '' . Homeandaway.com.au . ( Network Seven ) . Archived from the original on March 2003 . Retrieved 30 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Nunn , Judy . `` Judy Nunn Biography '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Executive Producer : Des Monaghan ; Director : Michael Ailwood ; Writer : Sharyn Rosenberg ( 17 November 1989 ) . `` Episode 440 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Seven . Jump up ^ Executive Producer : Des Monaghan ; Director : Peter Rawling ; Writer : Ray Harding ( 21 November 1989 ) . `` Episode 441 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Seven . Jump up ^ `` Australian Jazz Agency Acts - Ignatius Jones '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Characters and cast at the Official AU Home and Away website Characters and cast at the Official UK Home and Away website Characters and cast at the Internet Movie Database <Th_colspan="2"> Home and Away Characters Present characters Past characters Recurring characters Births , marriages and deaths Spin - offs headLand Home and Away : An Eye for an Eye Home and Away : Revenge Related articles Theme song Awards and nominations Summer Bay `` The Great Storm '' <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Home and Away characters <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Present characters <Td_colspan="2"> Martin Ashford Ben Astoni Coco Astoni Maggie Astoni Ziggy Astoni Marilyn Chambers Hunter King Brody Morgan Justin Morgan Mason Morgan Tori Morgan Raffy Morrison John Palmer Leah Patterson - Baker Olivia Fraser Richards Irene Roberts Alf Stewart Roo Stewart <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Past characters <Td_colspan="2"> Charlotte Adams Tasha Andrews Rachel Armstrong Billie Ashford Gina Austin Xavier Austin Dan Baker Andy Barrett Josh Barrett Morag Bellingham Saul Bennett Sasha Bezmel Donna Bishop Shauna Bradley Casey Braxton Darryl Braxton Heath Braxton Kyle Braxton Charlie Buckton Ruby Buckton Adam Cameron Annie Campbell Geoff Campbell Kat Chapman Selina Cook Johnny Cooper Nate Cooper Miles Copeland Lucinda Croft Drew Curtis Jazz Curtis Ric Dalby Blake Dean Martin Dibble Donald Fisher Simon Fitzgerald Sally Fletcher Tom Fletcher Nicole Franklin James Fraser Lachlan Fraser Brodie Hanson Chris Harrington Jack Holden Lucas Holden Sam Holden Tony Holden Beth Hunter Kit Hunter Matilda Hunter Robbie Hunter Scott Hunter Kim Hyde Emma Jackson Jett James Peta Janossi Aden Jefferies Elijah Johnson Melody Jones Charlotte King Tamara Kingsley Jude Lawson Noah Lawson Ryan Lee Evelyn MacGuire Oscar MacGuire Zac MacGuire Martha MacKenzie Greg Marshall Sam Marshall Steven Matheson Mitch McColl Jesse McGregor Floss McPhee Denny Miller Roxy Miller Seb Miller Casey Mitchell Grant Mitchell Frank Morgan Carly Morris Liam Murphy Gypsy Nash Joel Nash Natalie Nash Rebecca Nash Tom Nash Travis Nash Viv Newton Tug O'Neale Phoebe Nicholson Maddy Osborne Matt Page Angel Parrish Nick Parrish Shane Parrish Vinnie Patterson VJ Patterson Kane Phillips Alex Poulos Joey Rainbow Curtis Reed Shannon Reed Harry Reynolds Chloe Richards Damian Roberts Finlay Roberts Angelo Rosetta Haydn Ross Pippa Ross Angie Russell Josie Russell Flynn Saunders Pippa Saunders April Scott Bianca Scott Ricky Sharpe Bobby Simpson Sophie Simpson Colleen Smart Lance Smart Narelle Smart Hayley Smith Ken Smith Nick Smith Romeo Smith Will Smith Ailsa Stewart Celia Stewart Duncan Stewart Rob Storey Hugh Sullivan Dani Sutherland Jade Sutherland Kirsty Sutherland Rhys Sutherland Shelley Sutherland Belle Taylor Sarah Thompson Cassie Turner Amanda Vale Dexter Walker Indi Walker Sid Walker Kelly Watson Justine Welles Josh West Hannah Wilson Jack Wilson Matt Wilson <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Characters by year <Td_colspan="2"> 1998 2005 2006 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Home_and_Away_characters_(1989)&oldid=834302973 '' Categories : Lists of Home and Away characters Fictional characters introduced in 1989 Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 00 : 05 . 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1. Home and Away characters (1989)
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who is the home team for the army navy game
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Army -- Navy game - wikipedia Army -- Navy game Jump to : navigation , search `` Army Navy '' redirects here . For the band , see Army Navy ( band ) . For the annual match in British rugby , see Army Navy Match . For the M * A * S * H episode , see The Army - Navy Game ( M * A * S * H ) . For the college soccer rivalry between the same programs , see Army -- Navy Cup . Army -- Navy Game <Td_colspan="2"> Army Black Knights Navy Midshipmen Sport College football First meeting November 29 , 1890 Latest meeting December 9 , 2017 Next meeting December 8 , 2018 <Th_colspan="2"> Statistics Meetings total 118 All - time record Navy leads 60 -- 51 -- 7 Longest win streak Navy , 14 ( 2002 -- 2015 ) Current win streak Army , 2 ( 2016 -- present ) The Army -- Navy Game is an American college rivalry game in college football between the Army Black Knights of the United States Military Academy ( USMA ) at West Point , New York , and the Navy Midshipmen of the United States Naval Academy ( USNA ) at Annapolis , Maryland . The Black Knights ( alternatively , the `` Cadets '' ) and Midshipmen each represent their service 's oldest officer commissioning sources . As such , the game has come to embody the spirit of the interservice rivalry of the United States Armed Forces . The game marks the end of the college football regular season and the third and final game of the season 's Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy series , which also includes the Air Force Falcons of the United States Air Force Academy ( USAFA ) near Colorado Springs , Colorado . The Army -- Navy game is one of the most traditional and enduring rivalries in college football . It has been frequently attended by sitting U.S. presidents . The game has been nationally televised each year since 1945 on either ABC , CBS or NBC . CBS has televised the game since 1996 and has the rights to the broadcast through 2028 . Instant replay made its American debut in the 1963 Army -- Navy game . Since 2009 , the game has been held the Saturday following FBS conference championship weekend . The game has been held in multiple locations , but outside the 1926 game in Chicago and 1983 game in Pasadena , California , it has been played in the Northeast megalopolis , most frequently in Philadelphia , followed by the New York City area and the Baltimore -- Washington area . The series has been marked by several periods of domination by one team or the other , with Navy 's 14 - game winning streak from 2002 through 2015 being the longest for either side . Through the 2017 meeting , Navy leads the series 60 -- 51 -- 7 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series history 2 Venues 2.1 Future venues 2.2 Total games by venue and geography 3 Game results 4 Notable games 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Series history ( edit ) Army and Navy first met on the field on November 29 , 1890 . They played 30 times between that date and November 26 , 1927 . The series has been renewed annually since 1930 . The game has been held at several locations throughout its history , including Baltimore and New York City , but has most frequently been played in Philadelphia , roughly equidistant from the two academies . Historically played on the Saturday after Thanksgiving ( a date on which most other major college football teams end their regular seasons ) , the game is now played on the second Saturday in December and is traditionally the last game of the season for both teams and the last regular - season game played in Division I FBS football . With the permanent expansion of the regular season to 12 games starting in 2006 , several conference championship games joined the Army -- Navy Game on its then - current date of the first weekend of December . In 2009 , the game was moved from the first Saturday in December to the second Saturday ; this means that it no longer conflicts with conference championship games and once again is the last non-bowl contest in college football . 1908 Army -- Navy college football game at Franklin Field This game has inter-service `` bragging rights '' at stake . For much of the first half of the 20th century , both Army and Navy were often national powers , and the game occasionally had national championship implications . However , as the level of play in college football improved nationally , and became fueled by prospects of playing in the National Football League ( NFL ) , the high academic entrance requirements , height and weight limits , and the five - year military commitment required has reduced the overall competitiveness of both academies . Since 1963 , only the 1996 , 2010 , 2016 and 2017 games have seen both teams enter with winning records . Nonetheless , the game is considered a college football institution . It has aired nationally on radio since 1930 , and has been nationally televised every year since 1945 . The tradition associated with the game assures that it remains nationally broadcast to this day . A game ball from the 1974 Army -- Navy Game , with the game 's final score ( Navy 19 , Army 0 ) adhered on with a label . Arguably , one of the reasons this game has maintained its appeal is that the players are playing solely for the love of the game . Most players are required to fulfill a post-graduation active duty military commitment and , by the time this ends , many players are deemed too old to consider playing competitively again . Nevertheless , some participants in the Army -- Navy Game have gone on to professional football careers . Quarterback Roger Staubach ( Navy , 1965 ) went on to a Hall of Fame career with the Dallas Cowboys that included starting at quarterback in two Super Bowl victories including being named the Most Valuable Player of Super Bowl VI . Wide receiver and return specialist Phil McConkey ( Navy , 1979 ) was a popular player on the New York Giants squad that won Super Bowl XXI . Running back Napoleon McCallum ( Navy , 1985 ) was able to complete his commitment to the Navy and play for the then - Los Angeles Raiders in 1986 . After satisfying his Navy commitment , he joined the Raiders full - time . 2002 Army -- Navy Game at Giants Stadium . Navy is in dark and Army is in white . The game is especially emotional for the seniors , called `` first classmen '' by both academies , since it is typically the last competitive regular season football game they will ever play ( though they sometimes play in a subsequent bowl game ) . During wartime the game is even more emotional , as some seniors may face combat and perhaps die after they graduate . Recognition of those who share the uniform and are deployed overseas is an important part of the day . At the end of the game , both teams ' almae matres are played and sung . The winning team stands alongside the losing team and faces the losing academy 's students ; then the losing team accompanies the winning team , facing their students . This is done in a show of mutual respect and solidarity . Since the winning team 's alma mater is always played last , the phrase `` to sing second '' has become synonymous with winning the rivalry game . The rivalry between Annapolis and West Point , while friendly , is intense . The cadets live and breathe the phrase `` Beat Navy ! '' while for midshipmen the opposite phrase , `` Beat Army ! '' is ingrained . They have become a symbol of competitiveness , not just in the Army -- Navy Game , but in the service of their country , and are often used at the close of ( informal ) letters by graduates of both academies . A long - standing tradition at the Army - Navy football game is to conduct a formal `` prisoner exchange '' as part of the pre-game activities . The prisoners are the cadets and midshipmen currently spending the semester studying at the sister academy . After the exchange , students have a brief reprieve to enjoy the game with their comrades . In 2011 , the 112th Army -- Navy Game saw Navy 's 10th consecutive win . The game is the last of three contests in the annual Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy series , awarded to each season 's winner of the triangular series between Army , Navy , and Air Force since 1972 . In years when Navy and Army have each beaten Air Force before the Army -- Navy Game ( 1972 , 1977 , 1978 , 1996 , 2005 , 2012 and 2017 ) the Army - Navy game has also determined whether Army or Navy would win this trophy . In years when Air Force has split its two games , the Army - Navy game determines whether the trophy is shared or won outright by the winner of the game . The rivalries Army and Navy have with Air Force are much less intense than the Army -- Navy rivalry , primarily due to the relative youth of the USAFA , established in 1954 , and the physical distance between the USAFA and the other two schools . The Army -- Air Force and Navy -- Air Force games are usually played at the academies ' regular home fields , although on occasion they have been held at a neutral field . Navy won 14 Army - Navy games in a row from 2002 to 2015 , the longest winning streak in the history of the series . On December 10 , 2016 , Army snapped its 14 - game losing streak against Navy with a 21 -- 17 victory . Venues ( edit ) Though the game has been played 118 times , only six of those games have ever been held on the campus of either academy . Neither team has ever played at an on - campus stadium nearly large enough to accommodate the large crowds that usually attend the game , as well as the media and dignitaries . Army 's Michie Stadium only seats 38,000 people , while Navy 's Navy -- Marine Corps Memorial Stadium only seats 34,000 . The game 's popularity grew enough early on that when it was revived in 1899 , it was played at a neutral site , the Franklin Field in Philadelphia . Except for the 1942 and 1943 games , which were played on - campus due to World War II travel restrictions , it has been played at a neutral site every year since . Pennsylvania Railroad trains lined up at a temporary station outside the Municipal Stadium after the 1955 game . Traditionally , the game is played in Philadelphia , due to the historic nature of the city and the fact that it is approximately halfway between West Point and Annapolis . Additionally , Philadelphia has always had a stadium large enough to accommodate the crowds . Philadelphia 's John F. Kennedy Stadium ( JFK ) hosted the game from 1936 to 1979 ( except for three years in World War II ) -- more than any other venue in the history of the series . It even hosted the game for several years after the 1971 construction of nearby Veterans Stadium , which finally became the game 's host in 1980 . The Pennsylvania Railroad and its successors offered game - day service to all Army -- Navy games ( except several during World War II ) at John F. Kennedy Stadium , using a sprawling temporary station constructed each year on the railroad 's nearby Greenwich freight yard . The service , with 40 - odd trains serving as many as 30,000 attendees , was the single largest concentrated passenger rail movement in the country . Franklin Field , on the campus of the University of Pennsylvania , hosted the game in the early twentieth century before it was moved to JFK . New York 's Polo Grounds holds the record for most games hosted outside of Philadelphia . The city of Baltimore has hosted a number of games throughout the history of the series as well , even though Baltimore is closer to Annapolis . 1926 game at Chicago 's Soldier Field The Rose Bowl is the only site west of the Mississippi River to host the Army -- Navy game ; it did so in 1983 . The city of Pasadena , California , paid for the travel expenses of all the students and supporters of both academies -- 9,437 in all . A substitute , however , for Bill XXII -- the Navy mascot -- and four rented Army mules were brought in . The attendance was 81,000 . The game was held at the Rose Bowl that year because there are a large number of military installations and servicemen and women , along with many retired military personnel , on the West Coast . The game has been held one other time in a non-East Coast venue , at Chicago 's Soldier Field , which played host to the 1926 game . In October 1984 , the $100,000 in costs to transport the cadets and midshipmen to the California game earned the Department of Defense a `` Golden Fleece Award '' from United States Senator William Proxmire , a Democrat from Wisconsin . Currently the game is played primarily at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia , the home of the Philadelphia Eagles . Since the 1980s , the game has been held roughly once every three or four years at a site other than Philadelphia . In addition to the Rose Bowl , these sites have included Giants Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey ( replaced in 2010 by MetLife Stadium , which is scheduled to host the game for the first time in 2021 ) , M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore and FedExField in Landover , Maryland . These are still considered neutral - site games , but provide locations that are closer to one academy or the other . Future venues ( edit ) All games through 2020 will be held at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia . MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey will host the 2021 game . The game will then return to Lincoln Financial Field for 2022 . Games beyond 2022 have yet to be awarded . Total games by venue and geography ( edit ) Venue Games Army victories Navy victories Tie games First game Most recent game John F. Kennedy Stadium ( Philadelphia ) 41 16 22 1936 1979 Franklin Field 18 11 7 0 1899 1935 Veterans Stadium 17 11 5 1980 2001 Lincoln Financial Field 11 10 0 2003 2017 Polo Grounds 9 5 1913 1927 Giants Stadium 0 1989 2002 M&T Bank Stadium 0 2000 2016 The Plain 0 0 1890 1892 Worden Field 0 1891 1893 Municipal Stadium ( Baltimore ) 0 0 1924 1944 Yankee Stadium 0 0 1930 1931 Osborne Field 0 0 1905 1905 Soldier Field 0 0 1926 1926 Thompson Stadium 0 0 1942 1942 Michie Stadium 0 0 1943 1943 Rose Bowl 0 0 FedExField 0 0 2011 2011 City Games Army victories Navy victories Tie games First game Most recent game Philadelphia 87 39 44 1899 2017 New York City 11 7 1913 1931 Baltimore 6 0 1924 2016 East Rutherford , New Jersey 0 1989 2002 West Point , New York 0 0 1890 1943 Annapolis , Maryland 0 1891 1942 Princeton , New Jersey 0 0 1905 1905 Chicago 0 0 1926 1926 Pasadena , California 0 0 Landover , Maryland 0 0 2011 2011 State Games Army victories Navy victories Tie games First game Most recent game Pennsylvania 87 39 44 1899 2017 New York 14 7 6 1890 1943 Maryland 10 6 0 1891 2016 New Jersey 5 1905 2002 Illinois 0 0 1926 1926 California 0 0 CSA Games Army victories Navy victories Tie games First game Most recent game Philadelphia -- Reading -- Camden , PA -- NJ -- DE -- MD 87 39 44 1899 2017 New York -- Newark , NY -- NJ -- CT -- PA 19 8 9 1890 2002 Washington -- Baltimore -- Arlington , DC -- MD -- VA -- WV -- PA 10 6 0 1891 2016 Chicago -- Naperville , IL -- IN -- WI 0 0 1926 1926 Los Angeles -- Long Beach , CA 0 0 Game results ( edit ) Army victories Navy victories Ties Year Winner Score Location City Series 1890 Navy 24 -- 0 `` The Plain '' USMA West Point , New York Navy 1 -- 0 1891 Army 32 -- 16 Worden Field USNA Annapolis , Maryland Tied 1 -- 1 1892 Navy 12 -- 4 `` The Plain '' West Point , New York Navy 2 -- 1 1893 Navy 6 -- 4 Worden Field Annapolis , Maryland Navy 3 -- 1 1899 Army 17 -- 5 Franklin Field Philadelphia Navy 3 -- 2 1900 Navy 11 -- 7 Franklin Field Philadelphia Navy 4 -- 2 1901 Army 11 -- 5 Franklin Field Philadelphia Navy 4 -- 3 1902 Army 22 -- 8 Franklin Field Philadelphia Tied 4 -- 4 1903 Army 40 -- 5 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 5 -- 4 1904 Army 11 -- 0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 6 -- 4 1905 Tie 6 -- 6 Osborne Field Princeton , New Jersey Army 6 -- 4 -- 1 1906 Navy 10 -- 0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 6 -- 5 -- 1 1907 Navy 6 -- 0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Tied 6 -- 6 -- 1 1908 Army 6 -- 4 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 7 -- 6 -- 1 1910 Navy 3 -- 0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Tied 7 -- 7 -- 1 1911 Navy 3 -- 0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Navy 8 -- 7 -- 1 1912 Navy 6 -- 0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Navy 9 -- 7 -- 1 1913 Army 22 -- 9 Polo Grounds New York Navy 9 -- 8 -- 1 1914 Army 20 -- 0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Tied 9 -- 9 -- 1 1915 Army 14 -- 0 Polo Grounds New York Army 10 -- 9 -- 1 1916 Army 15 -- 7 Polo Grounds New York Army 11 -- 9 -- 1 1919 Navy 6 -- 0 Polo Grounds New York Army 11 -- 10 -- 1 1920 Navy 7 -- 0 Polo Grounds New York Tied 11 -- 11 -- 1 1921 Navy 7 -- 0 Polo Grounds New York Navy 12 -- 11 -- 1 1922 Army 17 -- 14 Franklin Field Philadelphia Tied 12 -- 12 -- 1 1923 Tie 0 -- 0 Polo Grounds New York Tied 12 -- 12 -- 2 1924 Army 12 -- 0 Municipal Stadium Baltimore Army 13 -- 12 -- 2 1925 Army 10 -- 3 Polo Grounds New York Army 14 -- 12 -- 2 1926 Tie 21 -- 21 Soldier Field Chicago Army 14 -- 12 -- 3 1927 Army 14 -- 9 Polo Grounds New York Army 15 -- 12 -- 3 1930 Army 6 -- 0 Yankee Stadium Bronx , New York Army 16 -- 12 -- 3 1931 Army 17 -- 7 Yankee Stadium Bronx , New York Army 17 -- 12 -- 3 1932 Army 20 -- 0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 18 -- 12 -- 3 1933 Army 12 -- 7 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 19 -- 12 -- 3 1934 Navy 3 -- 0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 19 -- 13 -- 3 1935 Army 28 -- 6 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 20 -- 13 -- 3 1936 Navy 7 -- 0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 20 -- 14 -- 3 1937 Army 6 -- 0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 21 -- 14 -- 3 1938 Army 14 -- 7 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 22 -- 14 -- 3 1939 Navy 10 -- 0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 22 -- 15 -- 3 1940 Navy 14 -- 0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 22 -- 16 -- 3 1941 # 11 Navy 14 -- 6 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 22 -- 17 -- 3 1942 Navy 14 -- 0 Thompson Stadium Annapolis , Maryland Army 22 -- 18 -- 3 1943 # 6 Navy 13 -- 0 Michie Stadium West Point , New York Army 22 -- 19 -- 3 1944 # 1 Army 23 -- 7 Municipal Stadium Baltimore Army 23 -- 19 -- 3 1945 # 1 Army 32 -- 13 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 24 -- 19 -- 3 1946 # 1 Army 21 -- 18 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 25 -- 19 -- 3 1947 # 12 Army 21 -- 0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 26 -- 19 -- 3 1948 Tie 21 -- 21 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 26 -- 19 -- 4 1949 # 4 Army 38 -- 0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 27 -- 19 -- 4 1950 Navy 14 -- 2 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 27 -- 20 -- 4 1951 Navy 42 -- 7 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 27 -- 21 -- 4 1952 Navy 7 -- 0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 27 -- 22 -- 4 1953 # 18 Army 20 -- 7 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 28 -- 22 -- 4 1954 # 6 Navy 27 -- 20 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 28 -- 23 -- 4 1955 Army 14 -- 6 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 29 -- 23 -- 4 1956 Tie 7 -- 7 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 29 -- 23 -- 5 1957 # 8 Navy 14 -- 0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 29 -- 24 -- 5 1958 # 5 Army 22 -- 6 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 30 -- 24 -- 5 1959 Navy 43 -- 12 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 30 -- 25 -- 5 1960 # 7 Navy 17 -- 12 Philadelphia Stadium Philadelphia Army 30 -- 26 -- 5 1961 Navy 13 -- 7 Philadelphia Stadium Philadelphia Army 30 -- 27 -- 5 1962 Navy 34 -- 14 Philadelphia Stadium Philadelphia Army 30 -- 28 -- 5 1963 # 2 Navy 21 -- 15 Philadelphia Stadium Philadelphia Army 30 -- 29 -- 5 1964 Army 11 -- 8 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 31 -- 29 -- 5 1965 Tie 7 -- 7 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 31 -- 29 -- 6 1966 Army 20 -- 7 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 32 -- 29 -- 6 1967 Navy 19 -- 14 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 32 -- 30 -- 6 1968 Army 21 -- 14 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 33 -- 30 -- 6 1969 Army 27 -- 0 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 34 -- 30 -- 6 1970 Navy 11 -- 7 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 34 -- 31 -- 6 1971 Army 24 -- 23 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 35 -- 31 -- 6 1972 Army 23 -- 15 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 36 -- 31 -- 6 1973 Navy 51 -- 0 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 36 -- 32 -- 6 Navy 19 -- 0 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 36 -- 33 -- 6 Navy 30 -- 6 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 36 -- 34 -- 6 1976 Navy 38 -- 10 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 36 -- 35 -- 6 1977 Army 17 -- 14 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 37 -- 35 -- 6 1978 Navy 28 -- 0 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 37 -- 36 -- 6 1979 Navy 31 -- 7 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Tied 37 -- 37 -- 6 1980 Navy 33 -- 6 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 38 -- 37 -- 6 1981 Tie 3 -- 3 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 38 -- 37 -- 7 1982 Navy 24 -- 7 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 39 -- 37 -- 7 Navy 42 -- 13 Rose Bowl Pasadena , California Navy 40 -- 37 -- 7 1984 Army 28 -- 11 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 40 -- 38 -- 7 1985 Navy 17 -- 7 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 41 -- 38 -- 7 1986 Army 27 -- 7 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 41 -- 39 -- 7 Army 17 -- 3 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 41 -- 40 -- 7 1988 Army 20 -- 15 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Tied 41 -- 41 -- 7 1989 Navy 19 -- 17 Giants Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey Navy 42 -- 41 -- 7 1990 Army 30 -- 20 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Tied 42 -- 42 -- 7 1991 Navy 24 -- 3 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 43 -- 42 -- 7 1992 Army 25 -- 24 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Tied 43 -- 43 -- 7 1993 Army 16 -- 14 Giants Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey Army 44 -- 43 -- 7 1994 Army 22 -- 20 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Army 45 -- 43 -- 7 1995 Army 14 -- 13 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Army 46 -- 43 -- 7 # 23 Army 28 -- 24 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Army 47 -- 43 -- 7 1997 Navy 39 -- 7 Giants Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey Army 47 -- 44 -- 7 1998 Army 34 -- 30 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Army 48 -- 44 -- 7 1999 Navy 19 -- 9 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Army 48 -- 45 -- 7 2000 Navy 30 -- 28 PSINet Stadium Baltimore Army 48 -- 46 -- 7 2001 Army 26 -- 17 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Army 49 -- 46 -- 7 2002 Navy 58 -- 12 Giants Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey Army 49 -- 47 -- 7 2003 Navy 34 -- 6 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Army 49 -- 48 -- 7 Navy 42 -- 13 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Tied 49 -- 49 -- 7 2005 Navy 42 -- 23 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 50 -- 49 -- 7 2006 Navy 26 -- 14 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 51 -- 49 -- 7 2007 Navy 38 -- 3 M&T Bank Stadium Baltimore Navy 52 -- 49 -- 7 2008 Navy 34 -- 0 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 53 -- 49 -- 7 2009 Navy 17 -- 3 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 54 -- 49 -- 7 Navy 31 -- 17 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 55 -- 49 -- 7 2011 Navy 27 -- 21 FedExField Landover , Maryland Navy 56 -- 49 -- 7 2012 Navy 17 -- 13 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 57 -- 49 -- 7 2013 Navy 34 -- 7 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 58 -- 49 -- 7 2014 Navy 17 -- 10 M&T Bank Stadium Baltimore Navy 59 -- 49 -- 7 2015 # 21 Navy 21 -- 17 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 60 -- 49 -- 7 2016 Army 21 -- 17 M&T Bank Stadium Baltimore Navy 60 -- 50 -- 7 2017 Army 14 -- 13 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 60 -- 51 -- 7 2018 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia 2019 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia 2020 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia 2021 MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey 2022 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Notable games ( edit ) Navy Midshipman ( and later Admiral ) Joseph Mason Reeves wore what is widely regarded as the first football helmet in the 1893 Army -- Navy Game . He had been advised by a Navy doctor that another kick to his head would result in intellectual disability or even death , so he commissioned an Annapolis shoemaker to make him a helmet out of leather . On November 27 , 1926 , the Army -- Navy Game was held in Chicago for the National Dedication of Soldier Field as a monument to American servicemen who had fought in World War I. Navy came to the game undefeated , while West Point had only lost to Notre Dame , so the game would decide the National Championship . Played before a crowd of over 100,000 , the teams fought to a 21 -- 21 tie , but Navy was awarded the national championship . In both the 1944 and 1945 contests , Army and Navy entered the game ranked # 1 and # 2 respectively . The 1945 game was labeled the `` game of the century '' before it was played . Army defeated a 7 -- 0 -- 1 Navy team 32 -- 13 . Navy 's lone tie was against Notre Dame . In 1963 , shortly after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy , Jacqueline Kennedy urged the academies to play after there had been talk of cancellation . Originally scheduled for November 30 , 1963 , the game was played on December 7 , 1963 also coinciding with the 22nd anniversary of Pearl Harbor Day . In front of a crowd of 102,000 people in Philadelphia 's Municipal Stadium , later named John F. Kennedy Stadium , junior ( second class Midshipman ) quarterback Roger Staubach led number two ranked Navy to victory which clinched a Cotton Bowl national championship matchup with Texas played on January 1 , 1964 . Army was led by junior ( second class Cadet ) quarterback Rollie Stichweh . Stichweh led off the game with a touchdown drive that featured the first use of instant replay on television . Army nearly won the game after another touchdown and two point conversion , Stichweh recovered the onside kick and drove the ball to the Navy 2 yard line . On 4th down and no timeouts , crowd noise prevented Stichweh from calling a play and time expired with the 21 -- 15 final score . Staubach won the Heisman Trophy that year and was bumped off the scheduled cover of Life magazine due to the coverage of the assassination . Stichweh and Staubach would meet again in 1964 as First Class where Stichweh 's Army would defeat Staubach 's Navy . Staubach went on to serve in the Navy and afterward became a Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback with the Dallas Cowboys . Stichweh served five years in Vietnam with the 173rd Airborne Brigade . Stichweh was inducted into the Army Sports Hall of Fame in 2012 . On December 10 , 2016 , Army beat Navy 21 -- 17 , snapping Navy 's 14 - year winning streak . This followed the death earlier in the season of Brandon Jackson , a defensive back from the Army side who died in a car accident on September 11 , 2016 . Army players wore Jackson 's number 28 on their uniforms in remembrance of their late teammate . See also ( edit ) Army Mules Bill the Goat Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy List of Army -- Navy Game broadcasters Most - played rivalries in NCAA Division I FBS Other neutral site rivalries : Florida -- Georgia football rivalry Red River Showdown , Texas / Oklahoma References ( edit ) Bibliography Feinstein , John ( 1996 ) . A Civil War : Army Vs. Navy -- A Year Inside College Football 's Purest Rivalry . Diane Books Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7881 - 5777 - 6 Notes Jump up ^ Staff writer ( November 18 , 2008 ) . `` President Bush Will Attend Army - Navy Game for First Time since 2004 '' `` . ESPN . Associated Press . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` CBS SPORTS TO REMAIN HOME OF ANNUAL ARMY - NAVY FOOTBALL CLASSIC THROUGH 2028 '' . Navy Sports Webpage . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gelston , Dan ( December 5 , 2008 ) . `` Army -- Navy , Instant Replay , Tony Verna , 45 Years Later ... '' Los Angeles Daily News . Associated Press . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Army , Navy have no plans to move game for College Football Playoff schedule '' . USA Today . May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Army -- Navy Will Move to Second Saturday in December '' . Associated Press ( via ESPN ) . October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Blansett , Sarah ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tradition and History Wrapped into 115th Army -- Navy Game '' . Military.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eastwood , Kathy . `` West Point , Naval exchange students gear up for big game '' . United States Military Academy . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Army Looks To Sink Navy 's Winning Streak `` CBS New York '' . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Cupper , Dan ( 1992 ) . Crossroads of Commerce : The Pennsylvania Railroad Calendar Art of Grif Teller . Stackpole Books . p. 138 . ISBN 9780811729031 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Froio , Michael ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` To The Game : A Pennsylvania Railroad Tradition '' . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , N. Brooks ( December 5 , 1983 ) . `` The Week '' Archived October 15 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Sports Illustrated . Accessed December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( undated ) . `` No. 1 Rivalry -- Army -- Navy '' . Athlon Sports . Accessed December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 -- Score : Navy 42 -- Army 13 Game played at the Rose Bowl '' . United States Naval Academy exhibits . Accessed December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Fleece Awards , 1975 - 1987 '' . Wisconsin Historical Society . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( August 22 , 2017 ) `` MetLife Stadium to Host 2021 Army - Navy Game '' . `` armynavygame.com '' Accessed August 22 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` History of the Football Helmet '' from Past Time Sports . Accessed Jan 1 , 2010 Jump up ^ Nimitz Library U.S. Naval Academy Archival Images : Army Navy Football : 1926 . Accessed Dec 31 , 2009 Archived January 14 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Unknown writer ( undated ) . `` Games Where # 1 Faced # 2 '' Archived 2008 - 08 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . kiko13.com ( fansite ) . Accessed December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Middies All Hepped Up to Knock Over Cadets '' . Los Angeles Times , November 27 , 1945 . `` Navy , far from conceding next Saturday 's football ' game of the century ' to Army , will field a spirited , offense - minded team determined to win and ' not merely hold down the score , ' Public Relations Chief Lt. William Sullivan said today . '' Jump up ^ Norlander , Matt . `` Film on ' 63 Army - Navy game shows impact of rivalry , JFK tragedy '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Carl Roland Stichweh HOF profile '' . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Army Sports Hall of Fame Members -- By Induction Class '' . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Rittenberg , Adam ( Sep 12 , 2016 ) . `` Brandon Jackson killed in single - car crash '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Interdonato , Sal ( December 11 , 2016 ) . `` Army - Navy Game : Army comes up big for the late Brandon Jackson '' . Times Herald - Record . National Collegiate Athletic Association . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Army -- Navy Game . Official website <Th_colspan="2"> Army Black Knights football Venues The Plain ( 1890 -- 1923 ) Michie Stadium ( 1924 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Air Force ( Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy ) Navy : Army -- Navy Game ( Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy ; Thompson Cup ) Notre Dame Culture & lore Army Mule Black Death Award `` On , Brave Old Army Team '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' 1946 `` Game of the Century '' People Head coaches Statistical leaders Seasons 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 <Td_colspan="2"> National championship seasons in bold <Th_colspan="2"> Navy Midshipmen football Venues Worden Field ( 1890 -- 1923 ) Thompson Stadium ( 1924 -- 1958 ) Navy -- Marine Corps Memorial Stadium ( 1959 -- present ) Memorial Stadium ( alternate ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Army : Army -- Navy Game ( Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy ) Air Force ( Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy ) Johns Hopkins Maryland : Crab Bowl Classic Notre Dame ( Rip Miller Trophy ) SMU ( Gansz Trophy ) Culture & lore Bill the Goat `` Anchors Aweigh '' Marching band `` Navy ends the drought '' 2007 North Texas game People Head coaches Statistical leaders Seasons 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> National championship seasons in bold <Th_colspan="2"> American Athletic Conference football rivalries Conference Civil Conflict ( Connecticut -- UCF ) East Carolina -- UCF Houston -- SMU Houston -- Tulsa Gansz Trophy ( SMU -- Navy ) War on I - 4 ( USF - UCF ) Non-conference Victory Bell ( Cincinnati -- Miami ) The Keg of Nails ( Cincinnati -- Louisville ) River City Rivalry ( Cincinnati -- Pittsburgh ) Connecticut -- Massachusetts Ramnapping Trophy ( Connecticut -- Rhode Island ) East Carolina -- Marshall East Carolina -- NC State Bayou Bucket Classic ( Houston -- Rice ) Louisville -- Memphis Paint Bucket Bowl ( Memphis -- Arkansas State ) Memphis -- Ole Miss Black and Blue Bowl ( Memphis -- Southern Miss ) Army -- Navy Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy ( Navy -- Air Force -- Army ) Navy -- Johns Hopkins Crab Bowl Classic ( Navy -- Maryland ) Navy -- Notre Dame Rice -- SMU Safeway Bowl ( SMU -- North Texas ) SMU -- TCU Mayor 's Cup ( Temple -- Villanova ) Tulane -- Auburn Georgia Tech -- Tulane Ole Miss -- Tulane Battle for the Bell ( Tulane -- Southern Miss ) Battle for the Rag ( Tulane -- LSU ) Oklahoma State -- Tulsa <Th_colspan="2"> NCAA Division I FBS independents football rivalries <Td_colspan="2"> Army -- Navy Game ( Army -- Navy ) Army -- Notre Dame Beehive Boot ( BYU -- Utah -- Utah State ) Boston College -- Massachusetts BYU -- Utah State Colonial Clash ( Massachusetts -- New Hampshire ) Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy ( Air Force -- Army -- Navy ) Connecticut -- Massachusetts Holy War ( Boston College -- Notre Dame ) Holy War ( BYU -- Utah ) Michigan -- Notre Dame Michigan State -- Notre Dame Navy -- Notre Dame Northwestern -- Notre Dame Notre Dame -- Purdue Notre Dame -- Stanford Notre Dame -- USC <Th_colspan="2"> College Football on CBS Related articles College football on television Southeastern Conference CBS Sports Network Current commentators Brad Nessler Gary Danielson Allie LaForce Adam Zucker Brian Jones Rick Neuheisel Carter Blackburn Aaron Taylor Jenny Dell Past commentators Gus Johnson Lindsey Nelson Jim Nantz Sean McDonough Brent Musburger Todd Blackledge Tim Brant Brad Nessler Ed Cunningham Terry Donahue Pat Haden Craig James Mike Mayock Jill Arrington John Dockery Greg Gumbel Andrea Joyce Pat O'Brien Ara Parseghian Lou Holtz Dean Blevins Don Criqui Dan Fouts Steve Beuerlein Sam Ryan Tracy Wolfson Tim Brando Spencer Tillman Archie Manning Craig Bolerjack Verne Lundquist Lore televised by CBS Tight - roping the sidelines in Happy Valley ( 1982 ) Hail Flutie ( 1984 ) Catholics vs. Convicts ( 1988 ) Georgia Tech vs. Virginia ( 1990 ) Tebow 's 4th Quarter comeback ( 2008 ) Game of the Century ( 2011 ) Hello , Johnny Football ( 2012 ) Prayer at Jordan -- Hare ( 2013 ) Kick Six ( 2013 ) Games televised annually Army -- Navy Game SEC Championship Game Sun Bowl VIAF : 157501295 LCCN : no2008181194 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Army -- Navy_Game&oldid = 824858327 '' Categories : Army -- Navy Game Annual sporting events in the United States Military competitions in American football Recurring sporting events established in 1890 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from December 2009 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 9 February 2018 , at 23 : 06 . 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what are the two parts of the integumentary system
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Integumentary system - wikipedia Integumentary system Jump to : navigation , search `` Integumentary '' redirects here . For the part of the female reproductive system of seed plants , see Ovule . <Th_colspan="2"> Integumentary system <Td_colspan="2"> Cross-section of all skin layers <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers Code TH H3. 12.00. 0.00001 TA A16. 0.00. 001 FMA 72979 <Td_colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The integumentary system comprises the skin and its appendages acting to protect the body from various kinds of damage , such as loss of water or abrasion from outside . The integumentary system includes hair , scales , feathers , hooves , and nails . It has a variety of additional functions ; it may serve to waterproof , cushion , and protect the deeper tissues , excrete wastes , and regulate temperature , and is the attachment site for sensory receptors to detect pain , sensation , pressure , and temperature . In most land vertebrates with significant exposure to sunlight , the integumentary system also provides for vitamin D synthesis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Skin 1.1 Epidermis 1.2 Dermis 2 Hypodermis 3 Functions 4 Clinical significance 5 References 6 External links Skin ( edit ) The skin is the largest organ in the body . In humans , it accounts for about 12 to 15 percent of total body weight and covers 1.5 - 2m of surface area . The human skin ( integument ) is composed of at least two major layers of tissue : the epidermis and dermis . ( The hypodermis or subcutaneous layer is not part of the skin . ) The epidermis is the outermost layer , providing the initial barrier to the external environment . Beneath this , the dermis comprises two sections , the papillary and reticular layers , and contains connective tissues , vessels , glands , follicles , hair roots , sensory nerve endings , and muscular tissue . The deepest layer , the hypodermis , is primarily made up of adipose tissue . Substantial collagen bundles anchor the dermis to the hypodermis in a way that permits most areas of the skin to move freely over the deeper tissue layers . Epidermis ( edit ) Main article : Epidermis ( skin ) Epidermis and dermis of human skin The epidermis is the top layer of skin made up of epithelial cells . It does not contain blood vessels . Its main functions are protection , absorption of nutrients , and homeostasis . In structure , it consists of a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium comprising four types of cells : keratinocytes , melanocytes , Merkel cells , and Langerhans ' cells . The major cell of the epidermis is the keratinocyte , which produces keratin . Keratin is a fibrous protein that aids in protection . An overwhelming amount of keratin can cause disease and infection as well as some eruptions from the skin that will protrude out of the skin and lead to death . Keratin is also a waterproofing protein . Millions of dead keratinocytes rub off daily . The majority of the skin on the body is keratinized . The only skin on the body that is non-keratinized is the lining of skin on the inside of the mouth . Non-keratinized cells allow water to `` stay '' atop the structure . The protein keratin stiffens epidermal tissue to form fingernails . Nails grow from a thin area called the nail matrix ; growth of nails is 1 mm per week on average . The lunula is the crescent - shape area at the base of the nail , this is a lighter color as it mixes with the matrix cells . Also , the stratum corneum is the top part of the epidermis . Dermis ( edit ) Main article : Dermis The dermis is the middle layer of skin , composed of dense irregular connective tissue and areolar connective tissue such as a collagen with elastin arranged in a diffusely bundled and woven pattern . The dermis has two layers . One is the papillary layer which is the superficial layer and consists of the areolar connective tissue . The other is the reticular layer which is the deep layer of the dermis and consists of the dense irregular connective tissue . These layers serve to give elasticity to the integument , allowing stretching and conferring flexibility , while also resisting distortions , wrinkling , and sagging . The dermal layer provides a site for the endings of blood vessels and nerves . Many chromatophores are also stored in this layer , as are the bases of integumental structures such as hair , feathers , and glands . Hypodermis ( edit ) Main article : Hypodermis The hypodermis , otherwise known as the subcutaneous layer , is a layer beneath the skin . It invaginates into the dermis and is attached to the latter , immediately above it , by collagen and elastin fibres . It is essentially composed of a type of cell known as adipocytes specialised in accumulating and storing fats . These cells are grouped together in lobules separated by connective tissue . The hypodermis acts as an energy reserve . The fats contained in the adipocytes can be put back into circulation , via the venous route , during intense effort or when there is a lack of energy providing substances , and are then transformed into energy . The hypodermis participates , passively at least , in thermoregulation since fat is a heat insulator . Functions ( edit ) The integumentary system has multiple roles in homeostasis . All body systems work in an interconnected manner to maintain the internal conditions essential to the function of the body . The skin has an important job of protecting the body and acts as the body 's first line of defense against infection , temperature change , and other challenges to homeostasis . Functions include : Protect the body 's internal living tissues and organs Protect against invasion by infectious organisms Protect the body from dehydration Protect the body against abrupt changes in temperature , maintain homeostasis Help excrete waste materials through perspiration Act as a receptor for touch , pressure , pain , heat , and cold ( see Somatosensory system ) Protect the body against sunburns by secreting melanin Generate vitamin D through exposure to ultraviolet light Store water , fat , glucose , vitamin D Maintenance of the body form Formation of new cells from stratum germanium to repair minor injuries Protect from UV rays . Regulates body temperature It distinguishes , separates , and protects the organism from its surroundings . Small - bodied invertebrates of aquatic or continually moist habitats respire using the outer layer ( integument ) . This gas exchange system , where gases simply diffuse into and out of the interstitial fluid , is called integumentary exchange . Clinical significance ( edit ) Possible diseases and injuries to the human integumentary system include : Rash Yeast Athlete 's foot Infection Sunburn Skin cancer Albinism Acne Herpes Herpes labialis , commonly called cold sores Impetigo Rubella Cancer Psoriasis Rabies Rosacea References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Integumentary System at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Jump up ^ Marieb , Elaine ; Katja Hoehn ( 2007 ) . Human Anatomy & Physiology ( 7th ed . ) . Pearson Benjamin Cummings . p. 142 . Jump up ^ `` The Integumentary System '' . Encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Martini & Nath : `` Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology '' 8th Edition , pp. 158 , Pearson Education , 2009 ^ Jump up to : The Ageing Skin - Structure of Skin Jump up ^ Pratt , Rebecca . `` Integument '' . AnatomyOne . Amirsys , Inc . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 28 . External links ( edit ) The Wikibook Human Physiology has a page on the topic of : Integumentary System Library resources about Integumentary System Resources in your library <Th_colspan="2"> Human systems and organs Musculoskeletal Skeletal system Bone Carpus Collar bone ( clavicle ) Thigh bone ( femur ) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum Cartilage Joints Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Muscular system Muscle Tendon Diaphragm Circulatory system Cardiovascular system peripheral Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Heart Lymphatic system primary Bone marrow Thymus secondary Spleen Lymph node CNS equivalent Glymphatic system Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Nerve Sensory system Ear Eye Integumentary system Skin Subcutaneous tissue Breast Mammary gland Immune system Myeloid Myeloid immune system Lymphoid Lymphoid immune system Respiratory system Upper Nose Nasopharynx Larynx Lower Trachea Bronchus Lung Digestive system Mouth Salivary gland Tongue upper GI Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Stomach lower GI Small intestine Appendix Colon Rectum Anus accessory Liver Biliary tract Pancreas Urinary system Genitourinary system Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra Reproductive system Female Uterus Vagina Vulva Ovary Placenta Male Scrotum Penis Prostate Testicle Seminal vesicle Endocrine system Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Islets of Langerhans <Th_colspan="2"> Skin and related structures Skin Epidermis Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Basement membrane Basal keratinocyte Lamina lucida Lamina densa Dermis Papillary Dermal papillae Reticular Subcutaneous tissue Panniculus / Pannus ( Panniculus adiposus Panniculus carnosus ) Membranous layer Loose connective tissue Superficial fascia Adnexa Skin glands Sweat glands : Apocrine sweat gland Eccrine sweat gland Sebaceous Hair Root sheath Outer root sheath Inner root sheath Henle 's layer Huxley 's layer Hair shaft Cuticle Cortex Medulla Bulb with matrix cells Hair follicle Muscle Arrector pili muscle Pilosebaceous unit Hair sebaceous gland Nail Nail matrix Nail plate Lunula Eponychium Paronychium Hyponychium Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integumentary_system&oldid=818806206 '' Categories : Integumentary system Organ systems Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk Contents Help About Wikipedia Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latina Limburgs Luganda Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 18 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Integumentary system
2. Skin layers
3. Epidermis and dermis
4. Functions of the integumentary system
5. Clinical significance of the integumentary system
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-8,597,362,360,258,502,000 |
who held the ufc heavyweight title the longest
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List of UFC champions - wikipedia List of UFC champions Jump to : navigation , search Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) champions are fighters who have won UFC championships . At the time of the UFC 's inception in 1993 , mixed martial arts was unsanctioned in the United States , and did not include weight classes . Instead of the traditional championship model , the UFC held tournaments with the winner receiving a permanent appellation . In response to criticism from Senator John McCain that saw the loss of its television deal and the banning of the sport in thirty - six states , the UFC increased its cooperation with state athletic commissions and introduced weight classes in 1997 , starting with UFC 12 , and began introducing weight - specific titles . The original codification for weight classes introduced only two divisions : heavyweight , which grouped together all competitors above 200 pounds ( 91 kg ) , and lightweight , which encompassed all competitors 199 pounds ( 90 kg ) and under . At UFC 14 the lightweight division would be renamed to middleweight , though it would still encompass all fighters 199 pounds ( 90 kg ) and under . The lightweight moniker would later return at UFC 16 with a new division consisting of those competitors 170 pounds ( 77 kg ) and under . Two years later a fourth weight class , the bantamweight division , arrived at UFC 26 and included all fighters 155 pounds ( 70 kg ) and under . In 2000 , the New Jersey State Athletic Control Board completely took over MMA regulation in its home state and developed new rules and weight classes that eventually became the de facto rule set for all mixed martial arts . The UFC realigned their weight classes to comply with these new regulations in 2001 , beginning with UFC 31 . At the time , this brought the total number of active divisions in the UFC to five : lightweight , welterweight , middleweight , light heavyweight , and heavyweight . It would be nearly ten years before the UFC would expand their divisional offerings to include any of the lower weight classes . The first additions came in late 2010 when the UFC merged with their sister organization World Extreme Cagefighting . Due to the WEC 's focus on lighter weight fighters , this merger necessitated the addition of both the featherweight and bantamweight divisions to the UFC , starting with the TUF 12 finale . In early 2012 the UFC decided they would delve even further into the lower weight classes when they announced the introduction of the flyweight division to their ranks , beginning with UFC on FX 2 . In November 2012 , as a result of the forthcoming dissolution of their sister organization Strikeforce , the UFC announced they would be adding female fighters to their roster for the first time in the promotion 's history . Initially , only the women 's bantamweight division was brought over , with the division 's premiere bout taking place at UFC 157 . A little over a year later , the UFC announced they would be expanding their weight classes for female fighters with the addition of a women 's strawweight division , the first bout took place at UFC Fight Night : Cerrone vs. Miller . Then , in late 2016 , a featherweight division was introduced for the women with the first fight to be for the Featherweight Championship at UFC 208 in Brooklyn , New York on February 11 , 2017 . Also in 2017 , the UFC announced a Women 's Flyweight division will be added . The winner of the 26th season of The Ultimate Fighter , Nicco Montaño , was named the inaugural champion at the finale on December 1 , 2017 after she defeated Roxanne Modafferi by unanimous decision . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current champions 2 Men 's championship history 2.1 Heavyweight Championship 2.2 Light Heavyweight Championship 2.3 Middleweight Championship 2.4 Welterweight Championship 2.5 Lightweight Championship 2.6 Featherweight Championship 2.7 Bantamweight Championship 2.8 Flyweight Championship 3 Women 's championship history 3.1 Women 's Featherweight Championship 3.2 Women 's Bantamweight Championship 3.3 Women 's Flyweight Championship 3.4 Women 's Strawweight Championship 4 Superfight Championship ( defunct ) 5 Tournament winners 6 The Ultimate Fighter 7 Champions by nationality 8 Most wins in title bouts 9 Most consecutive title defenses 10 Longest reigning champions 10.1 Longest individual reigns 10.2 Longest combined reigns 11 Multi-division champions 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Current champions ( edit ) Men Division Champion Since Defenses Heavyweight Stipe Miocic May 14 , 2016 Light Heavyweight Daniel Cormier May 23 , 2015 Middleweight Robert Whittaker Dec 7 , 2017 0 Welterweight Tyron Woodley Jul 30 , 2016 Lightweight Conor McGregor Nov 12 , 2016 0 Tony Ferguson ( Interim champion ) Oct 7 , 2017 0 Featherweight Max Holloway Jun 3 , 2017 Bantamweight T.J. Dillashaw Nov 4 , 2017 0 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson Sep 22 , 2012 11 Women Division Champion Since Defenses Featherweight Cris Cyborg Jul 29 , 2017 0 Bantamweight Amanda Nunes Jul 9 , 2016 Flyweight Nicco Montaño Dec 1 , 2017 0 Strawweight Rose Namajunas Nov 4 , 2017 0 Men 's Championship History ( edit ) Heavyweight Championship ( edit ) 206 to 265 lb ( 93 to 120 kg ) The UFC Superfight Championship was unified with the UFC Tournament Championship to determine the inaugural UFC Heavyweight Champion on February 7 , 1997 , when Mark Coleman defeated Dan Severn at UFC 12 . No . Name Event Date Reign ( Total ) Defenses Mark Coleman def. Dan Severn UFC 12 Dothan , AL , USA Feb 7 , 1997 170 days Maurice Smith UFC 14 Birmingham , AL , USA Jul 27 , 1997 147 days 1 . def . David Abbott at UFC 15 on Oct 17 , 1997 Randy Couture UFC Japan Yokohama , Japan Dec 21 , 1997 ? days <Td_colspan="6"> Couture was stripped of the title in January 1998 when he left the UFC due to a contract dispute . Bas Rutten def . Kevin Randleman UFC 20 Birmingham , AL , USA May 7 , 1999 ? days <Td_colspan="6"> Rutten vacated the title in June 1999 in order to drop down to Light heavyweight . He retired soon after due to training injuries . 5 Kevin Randleman def . Pete Williams UFC 23 Tokyo , Japan Nov 19 , 1999 364 days 1 . def . Pedro Rizzo at UFC 26 on Jun 9 , 2000 6 Randy Couture ( 2 ) UFC 28 Atlantic City , NJ , USA Nov 17 , 2000 490 days ( 490 + days ) 1 . def . Pedro Rizzo at UFC 31 on May 4 , 2001 2 . def . Pedro Rizzo at UFC 34 on Nov 2 , 2001 7 Josh Barnett UFC 36 Las Vegas , NV , USA Mar 22 , 2002 126 days <Td_colspan="6"> Barnett was stripped of the title on July 26 , 2002 , after testing positive for anabolic steroids in a post-fight drug test . 8 Ricco Rodriguez def . Randy Couture UFC 39 Uncasville , CT , USA Sep 27 , 2002 154 days 9 Tim Sylvia UFC 41 Atlantic City , NJ , USA Feb 28 , 2003 229 days 1 . def . Gan McGee at UFC 44 on Sep 26 , 2003 <Td_colspan="6"> Sylvia was stripped of the title on October 15 , 2003 , after testing positive for anabolic steroids in a post-fight drug test . 10 Frank Mir def . Tim Sylvia UFC 48 Las Vegas , NV , USA Jun 19 , 2004 419 days - Andrei Arlovski def . Tim Sylvia for interim title UFC 51 Las Vegas , NV , USA Feb 5 , 2005 -- 1 . def . Justin Eilers at UFC 53 on Jun 4 , 2005 <Td_colspan="6"> Mir was stripped of the title on August 12 , 2005 , for inactivity resulting from injuries he sustained in a road accident . 11 Andrei Arlovski promoted to undisputed champion -- Aug 12 , 2005 246 days 1 . def . Paul Buentello at UFC 55 on Oct 7 , 2005 12 Tim Sylvia ( 2 ) UFC 59 Anaheim , CA , USA Apr 15 , 2006 322 days ( 551 days ) 1 . def. Andrei Arlovski at UFC 61 on Jul 8 , 2006 2 . def . Jeff Monson at UFC 65 on Nov 18 , 2006 13 Randy Couture ( 3 ) UFC 68 Columbus , OH , USA Mar 3 , 2007 623 days ( 1,113 + days ) 1 . def . Gabriel Gonzaga at UFC 74 on Aug 25 , 2007 - Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira def . Tim Sylvia for interim title UFC 81 Las Vegas , NV , USA Feb 2 , 2008 -- 14 Brock Lesnar UFC 91 Las Vegas , NV , USA Nov 15 , 2008 707 days 1 . def. interim champion Frank Mir at UFC 100 on Jul 11 , 2009 2 . def. interim champion Shane Carwin at UFC 116 on Jul 3 , 2010 - Frank Mir def. interim champion Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira UFC 92 Las Vegas , NV , USA Dec 27 , 2008 -- - Shane Carwin def . Frank Mir for interim title UFC 111 Newark , NJ , USA Mar 27 , 2010 -- 15 Cain Velasquez UFC 121 Anaheim , CA , USA Oct 23 , 2010 385 days 16 Junior dos Santos UFC on Fox : Velasquez vs. dos Santos Anaheim , CA , USA Nov 12 , 2011 413 days 1 . def . Frank Mir at UFC 146 on May 26 , 2012 17 Cain Velasquez ( 2 ) UFC 155 Las Vegas , NV , USA Dec 29 , 2012 896 days ( 1,281 days ) 1 . def . Antônio Silva at UFC 160 on May 25 , 2013 2 . def . Junior dos Santos at UFC 166 on Oct 19 , 2013 - Fabrício Werdum def . Mark Hunt for interim title UFC 180 Mexico City , Mexico Nov 15 , 2014 -- 18 Fabrício Werdum UFC 188 Mexico City , Mexico Jun 13 , 2015 336 days 19 Stipe Miocic UFC 198 Curitiba , Brazil May 14 , 2016 582 days ( incumbent ) 1 . def . Alistair Overeem at UFC 203 on Sep 10 , 2016 2 . def . Junior dos Santos at UFC 211 on May 13 , 2017 Light heavyweight Championship ( edit ) 186 to 205 lb ( 84 to 93 kg ) The Light Heavyweight Title was known as the Middleweight Title prior to UFC 31 ( May 4 , 2001 ) . The Pride World Middleweight Title ( 204.6 lb ) was unified with the UFC Light Heavyweight Title on September 8 , 2007 , when Quinton Jackson defeated Dan Henderson at UFC 75 . No . Name Event Date Reign ( Total ) Defenses Frank Shamrock def . Kevin Jackson UFC Japan Yokohama , Japan Dec 21 , 1997 703 days 1 . def . Igor Zinoviev at UFC 16 on Mar 13 , 1998 2 . def . Jeremy Horn at UFC 17 on May 15 , 1998 3 . def . John Lober at UFC Brazil on Oct 16 , 1998 4 . def . Tito Ortiz at UFC 22 on Sep 24 , 1999 <Td_colspan="6"> Shamrock vacated the title on November 24 , 1999 , when he retired from the UFC , citing a lack of competition . Tito Ortiz def . Wanderlei Silva UFC 25 Tokyo , Japan Apr 14 , 2000 1,260 days 1 . def . Yuki Kondo at UFC 29 on Dec 16 , 2000 2 . def . Evan Tanner at UFC 30 on Feb 23 , 2001 3 . def . Elvis Sinosic at UFC 32 on Jun 29 , 2001 4 . def . Vladimir Matyushenko at UFC 33 on Sep 28 , 2001 5 . def . Ken Shamrock at UFC 40 on Nov 22 , 2002 - Randy Couture def . Chuck Liddell for interim title UFC 43 Las Vegas , NV , USA Jun 6 , 2003 -- Randy Couture UFC 44 Las Vegas , NV , USA Sep 26 , 2003 127 days Vitor Belfort UFC 46 Las Vegas , NV , USA Jan 31 , 2004 203 days 5 Randy Couture ( 2 ) UFC 49 Las Vegas , NV , USA Aug 21 , 2004 238 days ( 365 days ) 6 Chuck Liddell UFC 52 Las Vegas , NV , USA Apr 16 , 2005 770 days 1 . def . Jeremy Horn at UFC 54 on Aug 20 , 2005 2 . def . Randy Couture at UFC 57 on Feb 4 , 2006 3 . def . Renato Sobral at UFC 62 on Aug 26 , 2006 4 . def . Tito Ortiz at UFC 66 on Dec 30 , 2006 7 Quinton Jackson UFC 71 Las Vegas , NV , USA May 26 , 2007 406 days 1 . def. Dan Henderson at UFC 75 on Sep 8 , 2007 8 Forrest Griffin UFC 86 Las Vegas , NV , USA Jul 5 , 2008 175 days 9 Rashad Evans UFC 92 Las Vegas , NV , USA Dec 27 , 2008 147 days 10 Lyoto Machida UFC 98 Las Vegas , NV , USA May 23 , 2009 350 days 1 . def . Maurício Rua at UFC 104 on Oct 24 , 2009 11 Maurício Rua UFC 113 Montreal , QC , Canada May 8 , 2010 315 days 12 Jon Jones UFC 128 Newark , NJ , USA Mar 19 , 2011 1,501 days 1 . def . Quinton Jackson at UFC 135 on Sep 24 , 2011 2 . def . Lyoto Machida at UFC 140 on Dec 10 , 2011 3 . def . Rashad Evans at UFC 145 on Apr 21 , 2012 4 . def . Vitor Belfort at UFC 152 on Sep 22 , 2012 5 . def . Chael Sonnen at UFC 159 on Apr 27 , 2013 6 . def . Alexander Gustafsson at UFC 165 on Sep 21 , 2013 7 . def . Glover Teixeira at UFC 172 on Apr 26 , 2014 8 . def . Daniel Cormier at UFC 182 on Jan 3 , 2015 <Td_colspan="6"> Jones was stripped of the title on April 28 , 2015 , due to his involvement and arrest in a felony hit - and - run . 13 Daniel Cormier def . Anthony Johnson UFC 187 Las Vegas , NV , USA May 23 , 2015 939 days ( incumbent ) 1 . def . Alexander Gustafsson at UFC 192 on Oct 3 , 2015 2 . def . Anthony Johnson at UFC 210 on Apr 8 , 2017 - Jon Jones def . Ovince Saint Preux for interim title UFC 197 Las Vegas , NV , USA Apr 23 , 2016 -- <Td_colspan="6"> Jones was stripped of the interim title on November 9 , 2016 , due to his 1 - year suspension related to a failed pre-fight drug test . <Td_colspan="6"> Jones won the title at UFC 214 on July 29 , 2017 , but was stripped on September 13 , 2017 , after his win was overturned to a no - contest due to a failed pre-fight drug test . Cormier was then reinstated as champion . Middleweight Championship ( edit ) 171 to 185 lb ( 77 to 84 kg ) The Pride World Welterweight Title ( 183 lb ) was unified with the UFC Middleweight Title on March 1 , 2008 , when Anderson Silva defeated Dan Henderson at UFC 82 . No . Name Event Date Reign Defenses Dave Menne def . Gil Castillo UFC 33 Las Vegas , NV , USA Sep 28 , 2001 105 days Murilo Bustamante UFC 35 Las Vegas , NV , USA Jan 11 , 2002 267 days 1 . def . Matt Lindland at UFC 37 on May 10 , 2002 <Td_colspan="6"> Bustamante was stripped of the title on October 5 , 2002 when he left the UFC for Pride . Evan Tanner def . David Terrell UFC 51 Las Vegas , NV , USA Feb 5 , 2005 119 days Rich Franklin UFC 53 Atlantic City , NJ , USA Jun 4 , 2005 497 days 1 . def. Nate Quarry at UFC 56 on Nov 19 , 2005 2 . def . David Loiseau at UFC 58 on Mar 4 , 2006 5 Anderson Silva UFC 64 Las Vegas , NV , USA Oct 14 , 2006 2,457 days 1 . def. Nate Marquardt at UFC 73 on Jul 7 , 2007 2 . def . Rich Franklin at UFC 77 on Oct 20 , 2007 3 . def. Dan Henderson at UFC 82 on Mar 1 , 2008 4 . def . Patrick Côté at UFC 90 on Oct 25 , 2008 5 . def . Thales Leites at UFC 97 on Apr 18 , 2009 6 . def . Demian Maia at UFC 112 on Apr 10 , 2010 7 . def . Chael Sonnen at UFC 117 on Aug 7 , 2010 8 . def . Vitor Belfort at UFC 126 on Feb 5 , 2011 9 . def . Yushin Okami at UFC 134 on Aug 27 , 2011 10 . def . Chael Sonnen at UFC 148 on Jul 7 , 2012 6 Chris Weidman UFC 162 Las Vegas , NV , USA Jul 6 , 2013 888 days 1 . def . Anderson Silva at UFC 168 on Dec 28 , 2013 2 . def . Lyoto Machida at UFC 175 on Jul 5 , 2014 3 . def . Vitor Belfort at UFC 187 on May 23 , 2015 7 Luke Rockhold UFC 194 Las Vegas , NV , USA Dec 12 , 2015 175 days 8 Michael Bisping UFC 199 Inglewood , CA , USA Jun 4 , 2016 518 days 1 . def. Dan Henderson at UFC 204 on Oct 8 , 2016 - Robert Whittaker def . Yoel Romero for interim title UFC 213 Las Vegas , NV , USA Jul 8 , 2017 -- 9 Georges St - Pierre UFC 217 New York City , NY , USA Nov 4 , 2017 33 days <Td_colspan="6"> St - Pierre vacated the title on December 7 , 2017 , due to suffering from ulcerative colitis . 10 Robert Whittaker promoted to undisputed champion -- Dec 7 , 2017 10 days ( incumbent ) Welterweight Championship ( edit ) 156 to 170 lb ( 70 to 77 kg ) The Welterweight Title was known as the Lightweight Title prior to UFC 31 ( May 4 , 2001 ) . No . Name Event Date Reign ( Total ) Defenses Pat Miletich def . Mikey Burnett UFC Brazil São Paulo , Brazil Oct 16 , 1998 931 days 1 . def . Jorge Patino at UFC 18 on Jan 8 , 1999 2 . def . André Pederneiras at UFC 21 on Jul 16 , 1999 3 . def . John Alessio at UFC 26 on Jun 9 , 2000 4 . def . Kenichi Yamamoto at UFC 29 on Dec 16 , 2000 Carlos Newton UFC 31 Atlantic City , NJ , USA May 4 , 2001 183 days Matt Hughes UFC 34 Las Vegas , NV , USA Nov 2 , 2001 820 days 1 . def . Hayato Sakurai at UFC 36 on Mar 22 , 2002 2 . def . Carlos Newton at UFC 38 on Jul 13 , 2002 3 . def . Gil Castillo at UFC 40 on Nov 22 , 2002 4 . def . Sean Sherk at UFC 42 on Apr 25 , 2003 5 . def . Frank Trigg at UFC 45 on Nov 21 , 2003 B.J. Penn UFC 46 Las Vegas , NV , USA Jan 31 , 2004 107 days <Td_colspan="6"> Penn was stripped of the title on May 17 , 2004 , when he left the UFC for K - 1 . 5 Matt Hughes ( 2 ) def . Georges St - Pierre UFC 50 Atlantic City , NJ , USA Oct 22 , 2004 757 days ( 1,577 days ) 1 . def . Frank Trigg at UFC 52 on Apr 16 , 2005 2 . def . B.J. Penn at UFC 63 on Sep 23 , 2006 6 Georges St - Pierre UFC 65 Sacramento , CA , USA Nov 18 , 2006 140 days 7 Matt Serra UFC 69 Houston , TX , USA Apr 7 , 2007 378 days - Georges St - Pierre def . Matt Hughes for interim title UFC 79 Las Vegas , NV , USA Dec 29 , 2007 -- 8 Georges St - Pierre ( 2 ) UFC 83 Montreal , QC , Canada Apr 19 , 2008 2,064 days ( 2,204 days ) 1 . def . Jon Fitch at UFC 87 on Aug 9 , 2008 2 . def . B.J. Penn at UFC 94 on Jan 31 , 2009 3 . def . Thiago Alves at UFC 100 on Jul 11 , 2009 4 . def. Dan Hardy at UFC 111 on Mar 27 , 2010 5 . def . Josh Koscheck at UFC 124 on Dec 11 , 2010 6 . def . Jake Shields at UFC 129 on Apr 30 , 2011 7 . def. interim champion Carlos Condit at UFC 154 on Nov 17 , 2012 8 . def . Nick Diaz at UFC 158 on Mar 16 , 2013 9 . def . Johny Hendricks at UFC 167 on Nov 16 , 2013 - Carlos Condit def . Nick Diaz for interim title UFC 143 Las Vegas , NV , USA Feb 4 , 2012 -- <Td_colspan="6"> St - Pierre vacated the title on December 13 , 2013 , when he decided to take time off from the sport . 9 Johny Hendricks def . Robbie Lawler UFC 171 Dallas , TX , USA Mar 15 , 2014 266 days 10 Robbie Lawler UFC 181 Las Vegas , NV , USA Dec 6 , 2014 602 days 1 . def . Rory MacDonald at UFC 189 on Jul 11 , 2015 2 . def . Carlos Condit at UFC 195 on Jan 2 , 2016 11 Tyron Woodley UFC 201 Atlanta , GA , USA Jul 30 , 2016 505 days ( incumbent ) 1 . drew with Stephen Thompson at UFC 205 on Nov 12 , 2016 2 . def . Stephen Thompson at UFC 209 on Mar 4 , 2017 3 . def . Demian Maia at UFC 214 on Jul 29 , 2017 Lightweight Championship ( edit ) 146 to 155 lb ( 66 to 70 kg ) The Lightweight Title was known as the Bantamweight Title prior to UFC 31 ( May 4 , 2001 ) . The Strikeforce Lightweight Title was unified ( perhaps unofficially ) with the UFC Lightweight Title on April 20 , 2013 , when Benson Henderson defeated Gilbert Melendez at UFC on Fox : Henderson vs. Melendez . No . Name Event Date Reign Defenses Jens Pulver def . Caol Uno UFC 30 Atlantic City , NJ , USA Feb 23 , 2001 393 days 1 . def . Dennis Hallman at UFC 33 on Sep 28 , 2001 2 . def . B.J. Penn at UFC 35 on Jan 11 , 2002 <Td_colspan="6"> Pulver was stripped of the title on March 23 , 2002 , when he left the UFC due to a contract dispute . <Td_colspan="6"> B.J. Penn and Caol Uno fought to a draw on February 28 , 2003 , at UFC 41 in Atlantic City , NJ , USA in the finale of a 4 - man tournament for the vacant title . Sean Sherk def . Kenny Florian UFC 64 Las Vegas , NV , USA Oct 14 , 2006 420 days 1 . def . Hermes França at UFC 73 on Jul 7 , 2007 <Td_colspan="6"> Sherk was stripped of the title on December 8 , 2007 after testing positive for anabolic steroids in a post-fight drug test . B.J. Penn def . Joe Stevenson UFC 80 Newcastle , England , UK Jan 19 , 2008 812 days 1 . def . Sean Sherk at UFC 84 on May 24 , 2008 2 . def . Kenny Florian at UFC 101 on Aug 8 , 2009 3 . def . Diego Sanchez at UFC 107 on Dec 12 , 2009 Frankie Edgar UFC 112 Abu Dhabi , UAE Apr 10 , 2010 687 days 1 . def . B.J. Penn at UFC 118 on Aug 28 , 2010 2 . drew with Gray Maynard at UFC 125 on Jan 1 , 2011 3 . def . Gray Maynard at UFC 136 on Oct 8 , 2011 5 Benson Henderson UFC 144 Saitama , Japan Feb 26 , 2012 552 days 1 . def . Frankie Edgar at UFC 150 on Aug 11 , 2012 2 . def. Nate Diaz at UFC on Fox : Henderson vs. Diaz on Dec 8 , 2012 3 . def . Gilbert Melendez at UFC on Fox : Henderson vs. Melendez on Apr 20 , 2013 6 Anthony Pettis UFC 164 Milwaukee , WI , USA Aug 31 , 2013 560 days 1 . def . Gilbert Melendez at UFC 181 on Dec 6 , 2014 7 Rafael dos Anjos UFC 185 Dallas , TX , USA Mar 14 , 2015 481 days 1 . def . Donald Cerrone at UFC on Fox : dos Anjos vs. Cerrone 2 on Dec 19 , 2015 8 Eddie Alvarez UFC Fight Night : dos Anjos vs. Alvarez Las Vegas , NV , USA Jul 7 , 2016 128 days 9 Conor McGregor UFC 205 New York City , NY , USA Nov 12 , 2016 400 days ( incumbent ) - Tony Ferguson def . Kevin Lee for interim title UFC 216 Las Vegas , NV , USA Oct 7 , 2017 71 days ( incumbent ) Featherweight Championship ( edit ) 136 to 145 lb ( 61 to 66 kg ) Prior to the UFC - WEC merger , José Aldo was the WEC Featherweight Champion . Aldo was awarded the inaugural UFC Featherweight Championship on November 20 , 2010 , at UFC 123 in a ceremony prior to the event . No . Name Event Date Reign Defenses José Aldo promoted to undisputed champion UFC 123 Auburn Hills , MI , USA Nov 20 , 2010 1,848 days 1 . def . Mark Hominick at UFC 129 on Apr 30 , 2011 2 . def . Kenny Florian at UFC 136 on Oct 8 , 2011 3 . def . Chad Mendes at UFC 142 on Jan 14 , 2012 4 . def . Frankie Edgar at UFC 156 on Feb 2 , 2013 5 . def . Chan Sung Jung at UFC 163 on Aug 3 , 2013 6 . def . Ricardo Lamas at UFC 169 on Feb 1 , 2014 7 . def . Chad Mendes at UFC 179 on Oct 25 , 2014 - Conor McGregor def . Chad Mendes for interim title UFC 189 Las Vegas , NV , USA Jul 11 , 2015 -- Conor McGregor UFC 194 Las Vegas , NV , USA Dec 12 , 2015 350 days - José Aldo def . Frankie Edgar for interim title UFC 200 Las Vegas , NV , USA Jul 9 , 2016 -- <Td_colspan="6"> McGregor was stripped of the title on November 26 , 2016 , after the UFC opted to focus on his lightweight title . José Aldo ( 2 ) promoted to undisputed champion -- Nov 26 , 2016 189 days ( 2,037 days ) - Max Holloway def . Anthony Pettis for interim title UFC 206 Toronto , ON , Canada Dec 10 , 2016 -- Max Holloway UFC 212 Rio de Janeiro , Brazil Jun 3 , 2017 197 days ( incumbent ) 1 . def . José Aldo at UFC 218 on Dec 2 , 2017 Bantamweight Championship ( edit ) 126 to 135 lb ( 57 to 61 kg ) Prior to UFC - WEC merger , Dominick Cruz was the WEC Bantamweight Champion . At WEC 53 , Cruz defeated Scott Jorgensen to retain the WEC Bantamweight Championship and was awarded the inaugural UFC Bantamweight Championship . No . Name Event Date Reign Defenses Dominick Cruz def . Scott Jorgensen WEC 53 Glendale , AZ , USA Dec 16 , 2010 1,117 days 1 . def . Urijah Faber at UFC 132 on Jul 2 , 2011 2 . def . Demetrious Johnson at UFC Live : Cruz vs. Johnson on Oct 1 , 2011 - Renan Barão def . Urijah Faber for interim title UFC 149 Calgary , AB , Canada Jul 21 , 2012 -- 1 . def . Michael McDonald at UFC on Fuel TV : Barao vs. McDonald on Feb 16 , 2013 2 . def . Eddie Wineland at UFC 165 on Sep 21 , 2013 <Td_colspan="6"> Cruz vacated the title on January 6 , 2014 , after repeated injuries prevented him from returning to competition to defend his title . Renan Barão promoted to undisputed champion -- Jan 6 , 2014 138 days 1 . def . Urijah Faber at UFC 169 on Feb 1 , 2014 T.J. Dillashaw UFC 173 Las Vegas , NV , USA May 24 , 2014 603 days 1 . def . Joe Soto at UFC 177 on Aug 30 , 2014 2 . def . Renan Barão at UFC on Fox : Dillashaw vs. Barão 2 on Jul 25 , 2015 Dominick Cruz ( 2 ) UFC Fight Night : Dillashaw vs. Cruz Boston , MA , USA Jan 17 , 2016 348 days ( 1,465 days ) 1 . def . Urijah Faber at UFC 199 on Jun 4 , 2016 5 Cody Garbrandt UFC 207 Las Vegas , NV , USA Dec 30 , 2016 309 days 6 T.J. Dillashaw ( 2 ) UFC 217 New York City , NY , USA Nov 4 , 2017 43 days ( incumbent ) Flyweight Championship ( edit ) 116 to 125 lb ( 53 to 57 kg ) Demetrious Johnson defeated Joseph Benavidez on September 22 , 2012 , at UFC 152 in Toronto , ON , Canada in the finale of a 4 - man tournament for the inaugural title . No . Name Event Date Reign Defenses Demetrious Johnson def . Joseph Benavidez UFC 152 Toronto , ON , Canada Sep 22 , 2012 1,912 days ( incumbent ) 1 . def . John Dodson at UFC on Fox : Johnson vs. Dodson on Jan 26 , 2013 2 . def . John Moraga at UFC on Fox : Johnson vs. Moraga on Jul 27 , 2013 3 . def . Joseph Benavidez at UFC on Fox : Johnson vs. Benavidez 2 on Dec 14 , 2013 4 . def . Ali Bagautinov at UFC 174 on June 14 , 2014 5 . def . Chris Cariaso at UFC 178 on Sep 27 , 2014 6 . def . Kyoji Horiguchi at UFC 186 on Apr 25 , 2015 7 . def . John Dodson at UFC 191 on Sep 5 , 2015 8 . def . Henry Cejudo at UFC 197 on Apr 23 , 2016 9 . def . Tim Elliott at The Ultimate Fighter : Tournament of Champions Finale on Dec 3 , 2016 10 . def . Wilson Reis at UFC on Fox : Johnson vs. Reis on Apr 15 , 2017 11 . def . Ray Borg at UFC 216 on Oct 7 , 2017 Women 's Championship History ( edit ) Women 's featherweight Championship ( edit ) 136 to 145 lb ( 62 to 66 kg ) The inaugural title was contested on February 11 , 2017 in Brooklyn , NY , USA at UFC 208 . No . Name Event Date Reign Defenses Germaine de Randamie def . Holly Holm UFC 208 Brooklyn , NY , USA Feb 11 , 2017 128 days <Td_colspan="6"> De Randamie was stripped of the title on June 19 , 2017 , after she refused to defend the title against Cris Cyborg . Cris Cyborg def . Tonya Evinger UFC 214 Anaheim , CA , USA Jul 29 , 2017 141 days ( incumbent ) Women 's Bantamweight Championship ( edit ) 126 to 135 lb ( 57 to 61 kg ) Prior to its folding and absorption by the UFC , Ronda Rousey was the Strikeforce Women 's Bantamweight Champion . Rousey was awarded the inaugural UFC Women 's Bantamweight Championship on December 6 , 2012 , at a UFC on Fox : Henderson vs. Diaz pre-event press conference . No . Name Event Date Reign Defenses Ronda Rousey promoted to undisputed champion UFC on Fox : Henderson vs. Diaz press conference Seattle , WA , USA Dec 6 , 2012 1,074 days 1 . def . Liz Carmouche at UFC 157 on Feb 23 , 2013 2 . def . Miesha Tate at UFC 168 on Dec 28 , 2013 3 . def . Sara McMann at UFC 170 on Feb 22 , 2014 4 . def . Alexis Davis at UFC 175 on Jul 5 , 2014 5 . def . Cat Zingano at UFC 184 on Feb 28 , 2015 6 . def . Bethe Correia at UFC 190 on Aug 1 , 2015 Holly Holm UFC 193 Melbourne , Australia Nov 15 , 2015 111 days Miesha Tate UFC 196 Las Vegas , NV , USA Mar 5 , 2016 126 days Amanda Nunes UFC 200 Las Vegas , NV , USA Jul 9 , 2016 526 days ( incumbent ) 1 . def . Ronda Rousey at UFC 207 on Dec 30 , 2016 2 . def . Valentina Shevchenko at UFC 215 on Sep 9 , 2017 Women 's flyweight Championship ( edit ) 116 to 125 lb ( 53 to 56 kg ) The inaugural title was contested on Dec 1 , 2017 in Las Vegas , Nevada at The Ultimate Fighter : A New World Champion Finale . The inaugural title fight was between two fighters who appeared on the 26th season of The Ultimate Fighter . No . Name Event Date Reign Defenses Nicco Montaño def . Roxanne Modafferi The Ultimate Fighter : A New World Champion Finale Las Vegas , NV , USA Dec 1 , 2017 16 days ( incumbent ) Women 's strawweight Championship ( edit ) 106 to 115 lb ( 48 to 52 kg ) Previously the Invicta FC strawweight champion , Carla Esparza defeated Rose Namajunas for the inaugural title on December 12 , 2014 in the tournament finale for The Ultimate Fighter : A Champion Will Be Crowned . No . Name Event Date Reign Defenses Carla Esparza def . Rose Namajunas The Ultimate Fighter : A Champion Will Be Crowned Finale Las Vegas , NV , USA Dec 12 , 2014 92 days Joanna Jędrzejczyk UFC 185 Dallas , TX , USA Mar 14 , 2015 966 days 1 . def . Jessica Penne at UFC Fight Night : Jędrzejczyk vs. Penne on Jun 20 , 2015 2 . def . Valérie Létourneau at UFC 193 on Nov 15 , 2015 3 . def . Cláudia Gadelha at The Ultimate Fighter : Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia Finale on Jul 8 , 2016 4 . def . Karolina Kowalkiewicz at UFC 205 on Nov 12 , 2016 5 . def . Jéssica Andrade at UFC 211 on May 13 , 2017 Rose Namajunas UFC 217 New York City , NY , USA Nov 4 , 2017 43 days ( incumbent ) Superfight Championship ( defunct ) ( edit ) An openweight title used before the introduction of weight classes in 1997 . It was designed to create a reigning UFC Champion for the UFC tournament winners to challenge . No . Name Event Date Reign Defenses <Td_colspan="6"> Ken Shamrock and Royce Gracie fought to a draw on April 7 , 1995 at UFC 5 in Charlotte , NC , USA for the inaugural Superfight title . Ken Shamrock def. Dan Severn UFC 6 Casper , WY , USA Jul 14 , 1995 308 days 1 . drew with Oleg Taktarov at UFC 7 on Sep 8 , 1995 2 . def . Kimo Leopoldo at UFC 8 on Feb 16 , 1996 Dan Severn UFC 9 Detroit , MI , USA May 17 , 1996 266 days <Td_colspan="6"> Mark Coleman defeated Severn on February 7 , 1997 at UFC 12 in Dothan , AL , USA . This bout unified the UFC Superfight Championship with the UFC Tournament Championship to determine the inaugural UFC Heavyweight Champion . Tournament winners ( edit ) Event Date Division Winner Runner - up UFC 1 Nov 12 , 1993 None Royce Gracie Gerard Gordeau UFC 2 Mar 11 , 1994 None Royce Gracie ( 2 ) Patrick Smith UFC 3 Sep 9 , 1994 None Steve Jennum Harold Howard UFC 4 Dec 16 , 1994 None Royce Gracie ( 3 ) Dan Severn UFC 5 Apr 7 , 1995 None Dan Severn Dave Beneteau UFC 6 Jul 14 , 1995 None Oleg Taktarov David Abbott UFC 7 Sep 8 , 1995 None Marco Ruas Paul Varelans The Ultimate Ultimate Dec 16 , 1995 None Dan Severn ( 2 ) Oleg Taktarov UFC 8 Feb 16 , 1996 None Don Frye Gary Goodridge UFC 10 Jul 12 , 1996 None Mark Coleman Don Frye UFC 11 Sep 20 , 1996 None Mark Coleman ( 2 ) Scott Ferrozzo The Ultimate Ultimate 2 Dec 7 , 1996 None Don Frye ( 2 ) David Abbott UFC 12 Feb 7 , 1997 Heavyweight Vitor Belfort Scott Ferrozzo Lightweight Jerry Bohlander Nick Sanzo UFC 13 May 30 , 1997 Heavyweight Randy Couture Steven Graham Lightweight Guy Mezger Tito Ortiz UFC 14 Jul 27 , 1997 Heavyweight Mark Kerr Dan Bobish Middleweight Kevin Jackson Tony Fryklund UFC 15 Oct 17 , 1997 Heavyweight Mark Kerr ( 2 ) Dwayne Cason Ultimate Japan Dec 21 , 1997 Heavyweight Kazushi Sakuraba Marcus Silveira UFC 16 Mar 13 , 1998 Lightweight Pat Miletich Chris Brennan UFC 17 May 15 , 1998 Middleweight Dan Henderson Carlos Newton UFC 23 Nov 19 , 1999 Middleweight Kenichi Yamamoto Katsuhisa Fujii UFC 39 UFC 41 Feb 28 , 2003 Lightweight <Td_colspan="2"> B.J. Penn drew with Caol Uno in the finale of the 4 - man tournament . UFC on FX 2 UFC on FX 3 UFC 152 Sep 22 , 2012 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson Joseph Benavidez The Ultimate Fighter ( edit ) The Ultimate Fighter is a reality television series and mixed martial arts competition produced by the UFC . The show features professional fighters living together and competing against one another in a tournament for a contract with the UFC . Season Finale Division Winner Runner - up TUF 1 : Team Couture vs. Team Liddell Apr 9 , 2005 Light Heavyweight Forrest Griffin Stephan Bonnar Middleweight Diego Sanchez Kenny Florian TUF 2 : Team Hughes vs. Team Franklin Nov 5 , 2005 Heavyweight Rashad Evans Brad Imes Welterweight Joe Stevenson Luke Cummo TUF 3 : Team Ortiz vs. Team Shamrock Jun 24 , 2006 Middleweight Kendall Grove Ed Herman Light Heavyweight Michael Bisping Josh Haynes TUF 4 : The Comeback Nov 11 , 2006 Middleweight Travis Lutter Patrick Côté Welterweight Matt Serra Chris Lytle TUF 5 : Team Pulver vs. Team Penn Jun 23 , 2007 Lightweight Nate Diaz Manvel Gamburyan TUF 6 : Team Hughes vs. Team Serra Dec 8 , 2007 Welterweight Mac Danzig Tommy Speer TUF 7 : Team Rampage vs. Team Forrest Jun 21 , 2008 Middleweight Amir Sadollah C.B. Dollaway TUF 8 : Team Nogueira vs. Team Mir Dec 13 , 2008 Light Heavyweight Ryan Bader Vinicius Magalhães Lightweight Efrain Escudero Phillipe Nover TUF 9 : United States vs. United Kingdom Jun 20 , 2009 Lightweight Ross Pearson Andre Winner Welterweight James Wilks DaMarques Johnson TUF 10 : Heavyweights Dec 5 , 2009 Heavyweight Roy Nelson Brendan Schaub TUF 11 : Team Liddell vs. Team Ortiz Jun 19 , 2010 Middleweight Court McGee Kris McCray TUF 12 : Team GSP vs. Team Koscheck Dec 4 , 2010 Lightweight Jonathan Brookins Michael Johnson TUF 13 : Team Lesnar vs. Team dos Santos Jun 4 , 2011 Welterweight Tony Ferguson Ramsey Nijem TUF 14 : Team Bisping vs. Team Miller Dec 3 , 2011 Bantamweight John Dodson T.J. Dillashaw Featherweight Diego Brandao Dennis Bermudez TUF 15 : Live Jun 1 , 2012 Lightweight Michael Chiesa Al Iaquinta TUF : Brazil Jun 23 , 2012 Featherweight Rony Mariano Bezerra Godofredo Pepey Middleweight Cezar Ferreira Sergio Moraes TUF 16 : Team Carwin vs. Team Nelson Dec 15 , 2012 Welterweight Colton Smith Mike Ricci TUF : The Smashes Dec 15 , 2012 Lightweight Norman Parke Colin Fletcher Welterweight Robert Whittaker Brad Scott TUF 17 : Team Jones vs. Team Sonnen Apr 13 , 2013 Middleweight Kelvin Gastelum Uriah Hall TUF : Brazil 2 Jun 8 , 2013 Welterweight Leonardo Santos William Macario TUF 18 : Team Rousey vs. Team Tate Nov 30 , 2013 Bantamweight Chris Holdsworth David Grant Women 's Bantamweight Julianna Peña Jessica Rakoczy TUF : China Mar 1 , 2014 Featherweight Ning Guangyou Yang Jianping Welterweight Zhang Lipeng Wang Sai TUF Nations : Canada vs. Australia Apr 16 , 2014 Welterweight Chad Laprise Olivier Aubin - Mercier Middleweight Elias Theodorou Sheldon Westcott TUF : Brazil 3 May 31 , 2014 Middleweight Warlley Alves Márcio Alexandre Júnior Heavyweight Antônio Carlos Júnior Vitor Miranda TUF 19 : Team Edgar vs. Team Penn Jul 6 , 2014 Middleweight Eddie Gordon Dhiego Lima Light Heavyweight Corey Anderson Matt Van Buren TUF : Latin America Nov 15 , 2014 Bantamweight Alejandro Pérez José Alberto Quiñonez Featherweight Yair Rodríguez Leonardo Morales TUF 20 : A Champion Will Be Crowned Dec 12 , 2014 Women 's Strawweight Carla Esparza Rose Namajunas TUF 21 : American Top Team vs. Blackzilians Jul 12 , 2015 Welterweight Kamaru Usman Hayder Hassan TUF : Brazil 4 Aug 1 , 2015 Bantamweight Reginaldo Vieira Dileno Lopes Lightweight Glaico França Fernando Bruno TUF : Latin America 2 Nov 21 , 2015 Lightweight Enrique Barzola Horacio Gutiérrez Welterweight Erick Montaño Enrique Marín TUF 22 : Team McGregor vs. Team Faber Dec 11 , 2015 Lightweight Ryan Hall Artem Lobov TUF 23 : Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia Jul 8 , 2016 Women 's Strawweight Tatiana Suarez Amanda Cooper Light Heavyweight Andrew Sanchez Khalil Rountree TUF : Latin America 3 Nov 5 , 2016 Lightweight Martín Bravo Claudio Puelles TUF 24 : Tournament of Champions Dec 3 , 2016 Flyweight Tim Elliott Hiromasa Ogikubo TUF 25 : Redemption Jul 7 , 2017 Welterweight Jesse Taylor Dhiego Lima TUF 26 : A New World Champion Dec 1 , 2017 Women 's Flyweight Nicco Montaño Roxanne Modafferi Champions by nationality ( edit ) Division champions are the primary separation criteria due to being non-closed competition . It includes title holders and interim title holders . Interim champions who become undisputed champions are listed only once . People with multiple title reigns will have each of them counted . Tournament wins are secondary due to many tournaments being country specific and thus not generally a national achievement to win . Runners - up and The Ultimate Fighter runners - up are not included . Country Division champions Tournament champions TUF Winners Total United States 65 16 29 110 Brazil 14 5 8 27 Canada - 6 Ireland - - Netherlands - - England - Australia - Belarus - - Poland - - Mexico - - 5 5 China - - Japan - - Jamaica - - Nigeria - - Northern Ireland - - Peru - - Russia - - Most wins in title bouts ( edit ) Fighters with four or more championship and / or interim championship title wins . Fighters with the same number of title wins are arranged in order of most title fights . Tournament championships and The Ultimate Fighter winners are not included . Title wins Champion Division Record in title fights 13 Georges St - Pierre Middleweight Welterweight 1 - 0 - 0 12 - 2 - 0 12 Demetrious Johnson Bantamweight Flyweight 0 - 1 - 0 12 - 0 - 0 11 Anderson Silva Middleweight 11 - 2 - 0 10 Jon Jones Light Heavyweight 10 - 0 - 0 ( 1 ) 9 Randy Couture Heavyweight Light Heavyweight 6 - 3 - 0 3 - 3 - 0 Matt Hughes Welterweight 9 - 3 - 0 8 José Aldo Featherweight 8 - 3 - 0 6 Tito Ortiz Light Heavyweight 6 - 3 - 0 Ronda Rousey Women 's Bantamweight 6 - 2 - 0 Joanna Jędrzejczyk Women 's Strawweight 6 - 1 - 0 5 B.J. Penn Welterweight Lightweight 1 - 2 - 0 4 - 3 - 1 Tim Sylvia Heavyweight 5 - 4 - 0 Chuck Liddell Light Heavyweight 5 - 2 - 0 Pat Miletich Welterweight 5 - 1 - 0 Dominick Cruz Bantamweight 5 - 1 - 0 Frank Shamrock Light Heavyweight 5 - 0 - 0 Cain Velasquez Heavyweight 4 - 2 - 0 Renan Barão Bantamweight 4 - 2 - 0 Benson Henderson Lightweight 4 - 1 - 0 Chris Weidman Middleweight 4 - 1 - 0 T.J. Dillashaw Bantamweight 4 - 1 - 0 Most consecutive title defenses ( edit ) The following includes all UFC champions who were able to consecutively defend their title three times or more . Fighters with the same number of title defenses are listed chronologically . Defenses Champion Division Period 11 Demetrious Johnson Flyweight Sep 22 , 2012 -- present 10 Anderson Silva Middleweight Oct 14 , 2006 -- Jul 6 , 2013 9 Georges St - Pierre Welterweight Apr 19 , 2008 -- Dec 13 , 2013 8 Jon Jones Light Heavyweight Mar 19 , 2011 -- Apr 28 , 2015 7 José Aldo Featherweight Nov 20 , 2010 -- Dec 12 , 2015 6 Ronda Rousey Women 's Bantamweight Dec 6 , 2012 -- Nov 15 , 2015 5 Tito Ortiz Light Heavyweight Apr 14 , 2000 -- Sep 26 , 2003 Matt Hughes Welterweight Nov 2 , 2001 -- Jan 31 , 2004 Joanna Jędrzejczyk Women 's Strawweight Mar 14 , 2015 -- Nov 4 , 2017 Frank Shamrock Light Heavyweight Dec 21 , 1997 -- Nov 24 , 1999 Pat Miletich Welterweight Oct 16 , 1998 -- May 4 , 2001 Chuck Liddell Light Heavyweight Apr 16 , 2005 -- May 26 , 2007 B.J. Penn Lightweight Jan 19 , 2008 -- Apr 10 , 2010 Frankie Edgar Lightweight Apr 10 , 2010 -- Feb 26 , 2012 Benson Henderson Lightweight Feb 26 , 2012 -- Aug 31 , 2013 Renan Barão Bantamweight Jul 21 , 2012 -- May 24 , 2014 Chris Weidman Middleweight Jul 6 , 2013 -- Dec 12 , 2015 Tyron Woodley Welterweight Jul 30 , 2016 -- present Jump up ^ Edgar successfully defended the UFC Lightweight Championship twice and retained the title once following a draw against Gray Maynard at UFC 125 . Jump up ^ Barão successfully defended the interim UFC Bantamweight Championship twice before being promoted to undisputed champion and defending his title once more . Jump up ^ Woodley successfully defended the UFC Welterweight Championship twice and retained the title once following a draw against Stephen Thompson at UFC 205 . Longest reigning champions ( edit ) The following is a list of the ten longest reigning UFC champions . Longest individual reigns ( edit ) Name Title Reign Weight class Successful defenses 1 . Anderson Silva 2,457 days Middleweight 10 2 . Georges St - Pierre 2,064 days Welterweight 9 3 . Demetrious Johnson 1,912 days ( incumbent ) Flyweight 11 4 . José Aldo 1,848 days Featherweight 7 5 . Jon Jones 1,501 days Light Heavyweight 8 6 . Tito Ortiz 1,260 days Light Heavyweight 5 7 . Dominick Cruz 1,117 days Bantamweight 8 . Ronda Rousey 1,074 days Women 's Bantamweight 6 9 . Joanna Jedrzejczyk 966 days Women 's Strawweight 5 10 . Pat Miletich 931 days Welterweight Longest combined reigns ( edit ) Name Days as champion Number of reigns Weight class Cumulative title defenses 1 . Anderson Silva 2,457 days Middleweight 10 2 . Georges St - Pierre 2,237 days Welterweight , Middleweight 9 3 . José Aldo 2,037 days Featherweight 7 4 . Demetrious Johnson 1,912 days ( incumbent ) Flyweight 11 5 . Matt Hughes 1,577 days Welterweight 7 6 . Jon Jones 1,501 days Light Heavyweight 8 7 . Randy Couture 1,478 + days 5 Heavyweight , Light Heavyweight 8 . Dominick Cruz 1,465 days Bantamweight 9 . Cain Velasquez 1,281 days Heavyweight 10 . Tito Ortiz 1,260 days Light Heavyweight 5 Multi-division champions ( edit ) Fighters who have won championships in multiple weight classes . Tournament championships and The Ultimate Fighter winners are not included . Randy Couture is notably the first champion to hold belts in two different divisions , and one of the few to reclaim a title after being defeated . Conor McGregor is notably the first and only fighter thus far to hold multiple titles simultaneously . Champion Division Won Lost Defenses Reign Total reign Randy Couture Heavyweight Dec 21 , 1997 ( UFC Japan ) Jan ? , 1998 ( stripped ) 0 00 ? days 1,478 + days Nov 17 , 2000 ( UFC 28 ) Mar 22 , 2002 ( UFC 36 ) 490 days Light Heavyweight Sep 26 , 2003 ( UFC 44 ) Jan 31 , 2004 ( UFC 46 ) 0 127 days Aug 21 , 2004 ( UFC 49 ) Apr 16 , 2005 ( UFC 52 ) 0 238 days Heavyweight Mar 3 , 2007 ( UFC 68 ) Nov 15 , 2008 ( UFC 91 ) 623 days B.J. Penn Welterweight Jan 31 , 2004 ( UFC 46 ) May 17 , 2004 ( stripped ) 0 107 days 919 days Lightweight Jan 19 , 2008 ( UFC 80 ) Apr 10 , 2010 ( UFC 112 ) 812 days Conor McGregor Featherweight Dec 12 , 2015 ( UFC 194 ) Nov 26 , 2016 ( stripped ) 0 350 days 750 days ( ongoing ) Lightweight Nov 12 , 2016 ( UFC 205 ) -- 0 400 days ( incumbent ) Georges St - Pierre Welterweight Nov 18 , 2006 ( UFC 65 ) Apr 7 , 2007 ( UFC 69 ) 0 140 days 2237 days days Apr 19 , 2008 ( UFC 83 ) Dec 13 , 2013 ( vacated ) 9 2,064 days Middleweight Nov 4 , 2017 ( UFC 217 ) Dec 7 , 2017 ( vacated ) 0 33 days See also ( edit ) MMA portal List of current mixed martial arts champions List of UFC records List of UFC events List of current UFC fighters List of Strikeforce champions List of WEC champions List of Pride champions Mixed martial arts weight classes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` UFC Championship Lineage '' . The Orange County Register . July 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2007 . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Plotz , David ( November 7 , 1999 ) . `` Fight Clubbed '' . Slate.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gentry III , Clyde ( 2003 ) . No Holds Barred : Ultimate Fighting and the Martial Arts Revolution ( Paperback ed . ) . Milo Books . pp. 106 , 123 . ISBN 1 - 903854 - 30 - X . ^ Jump up to : Harshcore , Rod . `` UFC Weight Classes & Their Champions : A History '' . Yell ! Magazine . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Dave ( April 18 , 2009 ) . `` UFC 16 : Frank 's house '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mixed Martial Arts Unified Rules of Conduct '' . New Jersey State Athletic Control Board . 2000 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2009 . Retrieved September 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Trembow , Ivan ( July 21 , 2006 ) . `` New Jersey Commission Corrects Mainstream UFC Stories '' . MMAWeekly.com . Ivan 's Blog . Retrieved September 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Whitman , Mike ( October 28 , 2010 ) . `` UFC , WEC to Merge in 2011 '' . Sherdog.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Whitman , Matt ( December 11 , 2011 ) . `` UFC Adds Flyweight Class ; 4 - Man Title Tourney Begins March 3 '' . Sherdog.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Whitman , Mike ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Report : Strikeforce Champion Ronda Rousey to Join UFC in 2013 , Strikeforce to Fold '' . Sherdog.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Doyle , Dave ( December 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' TUF 20 ' will feature all - women 's cast ; crown first UFC strawweight champion '' . MMAFighting.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cruz , Guilherme ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` Strawweights Claudia Gadelha , Tina Lahdemaki meet at UFC Fight Night 45 '' . MMAFighting.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fighters '' . Ultimate Fighting Championship . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rutten , Bas . `` Bas Rutten Biography '' . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2007 . Retrieved September 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Tom ( November 26 , 2006 ) . `` UFC fighter flunks drug test '' . SFgate.com : the San Francisco Chronicle website . Retrieved September 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Tom ( November 26 , 2006 ) . `` Fighting outside the box '' . SFgate.com : the San Francisco Chronicle website . Retrieved September 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Staff ( August 13 , 2005 ) . `` UFC Strips Mir of Heavyweight Belt , Arlovski New Champion '' . Sherdog.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Jones stripped of title , Daniel Cormier vs. Anthony Johnson for belt headlines UFC 187 '' . mmafighting.com. April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) . `` UFC strips Jon Jones of interim light heavyweight title on heels of one - year suspension '' . mmajunkie.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . 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Jump up ^ `` Benson Henderson vs. Gilbert Melendez , Daniel Cormier vs. Frank Mir set for UFC on FOX 7 '' . MMA Fighting . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Dave ( December 9 , 2007 ) . `` Sherk stripped of lightweight title '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved December 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Morgan , John ; Stupp , Dann ( November 20 , 2010 ) . `` New UFC Champion Jose Aldo officially awarded title belt '' . MMAjunkie.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` McGregor vacates featherweight title , Aldo now undisputed champion '' . ufc.com . November 26 , 2016 . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Conor McGregor : UFC never contacted me about relinquishing the featherweight title '' . mmafighting.com . December 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Chris ( December 14 , 2010 ) . `` Harris Eager to Crown First UFC Bantamweight Champ '' . Sherdog.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . 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who wrote the music to stairway to heaven
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Stairway to Heaven - wikipedia Stairway to Heaven This article is about the Led Zeppelin song . For other uses , see Stairway to Heaven ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` Stairway to Heaven '' <Td_colspan="2"> US promotional single sleeve <Th_colspan="2"> Song by Led Zeppelin <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Led Zeppelin IV Released 8 November 1971 ( 1971 - 11 - 08 ) Recorded 1971 Studio Island , London Genre Progressive rock folk rock hard rock Length 8 : 02 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Jimmy Page Robert Plant Producer ( s ) Jimmy Page `` Stairway to Heaven '' is a song by the English rock band Led Zeppelin , released in late 1971 . It was composed by guitarist Jimmy Page and vocalist Robert Plant for the band 's untitled fourth studio album ( often called Led Zeppelin IV ) . It is often referred to as one of the greatest rock songs of all time . The song has three sections , each one progressively increasing in tempo and volume . The song begins in a slow tempo with acoustic instruments ( guitar and recorders ) before introducing electric instruments . The final section is an uptempo hard rock arrangement highlighted by Page 's intricate guitar solo accompanying Plant 's vocals that end with the plaintive a cappella line : `` And she 's buying a stairway to heaven . '' `` Stairway to Heaven '' was voted number three in 2000 by VH1 on its list of the 100 Greatest Rock Songs , and was placed at number 31 on `` Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . It was the most requested song on FM radio stations in the United States in the 1970s , despite never having been commercially released as a single there . In November 2007 , through download sales promoting Led Zeppelin 's Mothership release , `` Stairway to Heaven '' hit number 37 on the UK Singles Chart . Contents 1 Writing and recording 2 Composition 3 Spirit copyright infringement lawsuit 4 Live performances 5 Success and legacy 6 Claims of backmasking 7 Accolades 8 Charts 8.1 Digital download 8.2 Certifications 9 Other versions 10 Cover versions 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Writing and recording ( edit ) The recording of `` Stairway to Heaven '' commenced in December 1970 at Island Records ' new Basing Street Studios in London . The song was completed by the addition of lyrics by Plant during the sessions for Led Zeppelin IV at Headley Grange , Hampshire , in 1971 . Page then returned to Island Studios to record his guitar solo . The song originated in 1970 when Jimmy Page and Robert Plant were spending time at Bron - Yr - Aur , a remote cottage in Wales , following Led Zeppelin 's fifth American concert tour . According to Page , he wrote the music `` over a long period , the first part coming at Bron - Yr - Aur one night '' . Page always kept a cassette recorder around , and the idea for `` Stairway '' came together from bits of taped music : The first attempts at lyrics , written by Robert Plant next to an evening log fire at Headley Grange , were partly spontaneously improvised and Page claimed , `` a huge percentage of the lyrics were written there and then '' . Jimmy Page was strumming the chords and Robert Plant had a pencil and paper . The complete studio recording was released on Led Zeppelin IV in November 1971 . The band 's record label , Atlantic Records was keen to issue this track as a single , but the band 's manager Peter Grant refused requests to do so in both 1972 and 1973 . This led many people to buy the fourth album as if it were the single . In the US , Atlantic issued `` Stairway to Heaven '' as a 7 '' promotional single in 1972 . Composition ( edit ) `` Stairway to Heaven '' Three 10 - second excerpts <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Stairway to Heaven '' is described as progressive rock , folk rock and hard rock . The song consists of several distinct sections , beginning with a quiet introduction on a finger - picked six - string guitar and four recorders in a Renaissance music style ( ending at 2 : 15 ) and gradually moving into a slow electric middle section ( 2 : 16 -- 5 : 33 ) , then a long guitar solo ( 5 : 34 -- 6 : 44 ) , before the faster hard rock final section ( 6 : 45 to 7 : 45 ) , ending with a short vocals - only epilogue . Plant sings the opening , middle and epilogue sections in his mid vocal range , but sings the hard rock section in his higher range which borders on falsetto . Written in the key of A minor , the song opens with an arpeggiated , finger - picked guitar chord progression with a chromatic descending bassline A-G ♯ - G-F ♯ - F. John Paul Jones contributed overdubbed wooden bass recorders in the opening section ( he used a Mellotron and , later , a Yamaha CP70B Grand Piano and Yamaha GX1 to synthesise this arrangement in live performances ) and a Hohner Electra - Piano electric piano in the middle section . The sections build with more guitar layers , each complementary to the intro , with the drums entering at 4 : 18 . The extended Jimmy Page guitar solo in the song 's final section was played for the recording on a 1959 Fender Telecaster given to him by Jeff Beck ( an instrument he used extensively with the Yardbirds ) plugged into a Supro amplifier , although in an interview he gave to Guitar World magazine , Page also claimed , `` It could have been a Marshall , but I ca n't remember '' . Three different improvised solos were recorded , with Page agonising about which to keep . Page later revealed , `` I did have the first phrase worked out , and then there was the link phrase . I did check them out beforehand before the tape ran . '' The other guitar parts were played using a Harmony Sovereign H1260 acoustic guitar and a Fender Electric XII guitar ( a 12 - string guitar that was plugged directly to the soundboard ) ; these can be heard on the left and right recording channels respectively . For live versions , Page switched to a Heritage Cherry Gibson EDS - 1275 6 / 12 Doubleneck guitar . The final progression is a i - VII - VI ( natural minor ) progression ( Am - G-F ) , a mainstay of rock music . Another interesting aspect of the song is the timing of the lead - up to the famous guitar solo . While staying in 4 / 4 throughout this section , most of the accents shift to the eighth notes . This makes the rhythm figure challenging for some musicians , but adds a feeling of anticipation to the approaching guitar solo . Jimmy Page has likened the song to a sonic orgasm . Spirit Copyright infringement lawsuit ( edit ) Over the years , some people have considered that the song 's opening guitar arpeggios bear a close resemblance to the 1968 instrumental `` Taurus '' by the Los Angeles - based rock band Spirit , written by Spirit guitarist Randy California . In the liner notes to the 1996 reissue of Spirit 's self - titled debut album , California wrote : `` People always ask me why `` Stairway to Heaven '' sounds exactly like `` Taurus '' , which was released two years earlier . I know Led Zeppelin also played `` Fresh Garbage '' in their live set . They opened up for us on their first American tour . '' In May 2014 , Spirit bassist Mark Andes and a trust acting on behalf of California filed a copyright infringement suit against Led Zeppelin and injunction against the `` release of the album containing the song '' in an attempt to obtain a writing credit for California , who died in 1997 . A lack of resources was cited as one of the reasons that Spirit did not file the suit earlier ; according to a friend of California 's mother , `` Nobody had any money , and they thought the statute of limitations was done ... It will be nice if Randy got the credit . '' If the Spirit lawsuit had been successful , past earnings due to the song -- estimated at more than US $550 million -- would not have been part of the settlement , but the publisher and composers may have been entitled to a share of future profits . On 11 April 2016 , Los Angeles district judge Gary Klausner ruled that there were enough similarities between the song and the instrumental for a jury to decide the claim , and a trial was scheduled for 10 May . The copyright infringement action was brought by Michael Skidmore , a trustee for the late guitarist , whose legal name was Randy Wolfe . On 23 June , the jury ruled that the similarities between the songs did not amount to copyright infringement . In July , Skidmore 's attorney filed a notice of appeal against the court 's decision . In March 2017 , the verdict was appealed , with a main argument being that the jury should have been able to hear a recorded version of `` Taurus '' . Live performances ( edit ) The inaugural public performance of the song took place at Belfast 's Ulster Hall on 5 March 1971 . Bassist John Paul Jones recalls that the crowd was unimpressed : `` They were all bored to tears waiting to hear something they knew . '' The world radio premiere of `` Stairway to Heaven '' was recorded at the Paris Cinema on 1 April 1971 , in front of a live studio audience , and broadcast three days later on the BBC . The song was performed at almost every subsequent Led Zeppelin concert , only being omitted on rare occasions when shows were cut short for curfews or technical issues . The band 's final performance of the song was in Berlin on 7 July 1980 , which was also their last concert until 10 December 2007 at London 's O2 Arena ; the version was the longest , lasting almost fifteen minutes , including a seven minute guitar solo . Jimmy Page used a double - necked guitar to perform `` Stairway to Heaven '' live . When playing the song live , the band would often extend it to over ten minutes , with Page playing an extended guitar solo and Plant adding a number of lyrical ad - libs , such as `` Does anybody remember laughter ? '' , `` And I think you can see that '' ( as seen in the film The Song Remains the Same ) , `` Does anybody remember forests ? '' ( As seen on the live performance in Seattle 1977 ) , `` wait a minute ! '' and `` I hope so '' . For performing this song live , Page used a Gibson EDS - 1275 double neck guitar so he would not have to pause when switching from a six to a twelve - string guitar . By 1975 , the song had a regular place as the finale of every Led Zeppelin concert . However , after their concert tour of the United States in 1977 , Plant began to tire of `` Stairway to Heaven '' : `` There 's only so many times you can sing it and mean it ... It just became sanctimonious . '' The song was played again by the surviving members of Led Zeppelin at the Live Aid concert in 1985 ; at the Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary concert in 1988 , with Jason Bonham on drums ; and by Jimmy Page as an instrumental version on his solo tours . The first few bars were played alone during Page and Plant tours in lieu of the final notes of `` Babe I 'm Gonna Leave You '' , and in November 1994 Page and Plant performed an acoustic version of the song at a Tokyo news station for Japanese television . `` Stairway to Heaven '' was also performed at Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert at the O2 Arena , London on 10 December 2007 . Plant cites the most unusual performance of the song ever as being that performed at Live Aid : `` with two drummers ( Phil Collins and Tony Thompson ) while Duran Duran cried at the side of the stage -- there was something quite surreal about that . '' Footage of the song being played live is preserved on the band 's concert film The Song Remains the Same , featuring a performance from Madison Square Garden in 1973 , and on the Led Zeppelin DVD , featuring a performance from Earls Court Arena in 1975 . Official audio versions are also available on The Song Remains the Same 's accompanying soundtrack , on Led Zeppelin BBC Sessions ( a performance from London 's Paris Theatre in 1971 ) and on How the West Was Won ( a performance from the Long Beach Arena in 1972 ) . There are also hundreds of audio versions which can be found on unofficial Led Zeppelin bootleg recordings . Success and legacy ( edit ) `` Stairway to Heaven '' is often rated among the greatest rock songs of all time . According to music journalist Stephen Davis , although the song was released in 1971 , it took until 1973 before the song 's popularity ascended to truly `` anthemic '' status . As Page himself recalled , `` I knew it was good , but I did n't know it was going to be almost like an anthem ... But I knew it was the gem of the album , sure . '' `` Stairway to Heaven '' continues to top radio lists of the greatest rock songs , including a 2006 Guitar World readers poll of greatest guitar solos . On the 20th anniversary of the original release of the song , it was announced via U.S. radio sources that the song had logged up an estimated 2,874,000 radio plays -- back to back , that would run for 44 years solid . As of 2000 , the song had been broadcast on radio over three million times . In 1990 a St. Petersburg , Florida station kicked off its all - Led Zeppelin format by playing `` Stairway to Heaven '' for 24 hours straight . It is also the biggest - selling single piece of sheet music in rock history , clocking up an average of 15,000 copies yearly . In total , over one million copies have been sold . Jimmy Page told Rolling Stone in 1975 , `` We were careful to never release it as a single . '' So , Led Zeppelin refused to release the song as a single , which forced buyers to buy the entire album . Despite pressure from Atlantic Records , the band would not authorise the editing of the song for single release , making `` Stairway to Heaven '' one of the most well - known and popular rock songs never to have been released as a single . It did , however , appear on two promotional discs in the United States , one of them featuring the 7 : 55 track on each side , and the other as a 7 - inch 33 ⁄ record produced for jukebox operators with `` Stairway to Heaven '' on one side and both `` Black Dog '' and `` Rock and Roll '' on the other . Other `` single '' appearances were on an Australian EP , and in 1991 as an added bonus with a 20th anniversary promo book . The group 's recording of this song also appeared as the sole Led Zeppelin track in the 1977 Atlantic Records two - LP promotional sampler album We 've Got Your Music , marking the first time that Led Zeppelin 's `` Stairway to Heaven '' made its official debut appearance in an American - released various artists compilation collection . In 2004 , Rolling Stone magazine put it at number 31 on their list of `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . An article from 29 January 2009 Guitar World magazine rated Jimmy Page 's guitar solo at number one in the publication 's 100 Greatest Guitar Solos in Rock and Roll History . Since 2001 , the New York City - based classic rock radio station Q104. 3 has ranked `` Stairway to Heaven '' no . 1 on their annual `` Top 1,043 Classic Rock Songs of All Time '' . Plant once gave $1,000 to listener - supported radio station KBOO in Portland , Oregon during a pledge drive after the disc jockey solicited donations by promising the station would never play `` Stairway to Heaven '' . Plant was station - surfing in a rental car he was driving to the Oregon Coast after a solo performance in Portland and was impressed with the non-mainstream music the station presented . Asked later `` why ? '' Plant replied that it was n't that he did n't like the song , but he 'd heard it before . Claims of backmasking ( edit ) `` Stairway to Heaven '' ( section ) The claimed backmasked section `` Stairway to Heaven '' ( section ) ( reversed ) The same section reversed <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing these files ? See media help . In a January 1982 television program on the Trinity Broadcasting Network hosted by Paul Crouch , it was claimed that hidden messages were contained in many popular rock songs through a technique called backmasking . One example of such hidden messages that was prominently cited was in `` Stairway to Heaven '' . The alleged message , which occurs during the middle section of the song ( `` If there 's a bustle in your hedgerow , do n't be alarmed now ... '' ) when played backward , was purported to contain the Satanic references `` Here 's to my sweet Satan '' and `` There was a little tool shed where he made us suffer , sad Satan . '' Following the claims made in the television program , California assemblyman Phil Wyman proposed a state law that would require warning labels on records containing backward masking . In April 1982 , the Consumer Protection and Toxic Materials Committee of the California State Assembly held a hearing on backward masking in popular music , during which `` Stairway to Heaven '' was played backward . During the hearing , William Yarroll , a self - described `` neuroscientific researcher '' , claimed that backward messages could be deciphered by the human brain . The band itself has for the most part ignored such claims . In response to the allegations , Swan Song Records issued the statement : `` Our turntables only play in one direction -- forwards . '' Led Zeppelin audio engineer Eddie Kramer called the allegations `` totally and utterly ridiculous . Why would they want to spend so much studio time doing something so dumb ? '' Robert Plant expressed frustration with the accusations in a 1983 interview in Musician magazine : `` To me it 's very sad , because ' Stairway to Heaven ' was written with every best intention , and as far as reversing tapes and putting messages on the end , that 's not my idea of making music . '' Accolades ( edit ) Publication Country Accolade Year Rank Rock and Roll Hall of Fame US `` The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll '' * Classic Rock UK `` Ten of the Best Songs Ever ! '' 1999 VH1 US `` The 100 Greatest Rock Songs of All Time '' 2000 RIAA US `` Songs of the Century '' 53 Grammy Awards US `` Grammy Hall of Fame Award '' 2003 * Rolling Stone US `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' 2003 31 Q UK `` 100 Songs That Changed the World '' 2003 47 Toby Creswell Australia `` 1001 Songs : the Great Songs of All Time '' 2005 * Q UK `` 100 Greatest Songs of All Time '' 2006 8 Guitar World US `` 100 Greatest Guitar Solos '' 2006 Rolling Stone US `` 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time '' 2008 8 Triple J Australia `` Hottest 100 of All Time '' 2009 10 ( * ) designates unordered lists . Charts ( edit ) Digital download ( edit ) Chart ( 2007 ) Peak position New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart 13 Norwegian Singles Chart 5 Irish Singles Chart 24 UK Singles Chart 37 US Billboard Hot Digital Songs Chart 30 US Billboard Hot Singles Recurrents Chart 16 Canadian Billboard Hot Digital Singles Chart 17 EU Billboard Hot 100 Singles Chart 79 Swiss Singles Chart 17 Portuguese Singles Chart 8 Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position Swedish Singles Chart 57 German Singles Chart 71 Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position German Singles Chart 15 Note : The official UK Singles Chart incorporated legal downloads as of 17 April 2005 . Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 15,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Other versions ( edit ) A different version of this song by Led Zeppelin is featured on the remastered deluxe 2CD version of Led Zeppelin IV . Titled `` Stairway to Heaven ( Sunset Sound Mix ) '' , it was recorded on 5 December 1970 , at Island Studio , No. 1 , in London with engineer Andy Johns and assistant engineer Diggs . This version runs 8 : 04 , while the original version runs 8 : 02 . Cover versions ( edit ) Main article : List of cover versions of Led Zeppelin songs References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : September 2002 Issue . SPIN . SPIN Media LLC . ^ Jump up to : `` Led Zeppelin 's ' Stairway to Heaven ' Voted the Greatest Rock Song before the year of 2000 '' . Gigwise.com . Retrieved 24 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` VH1 100 Greatest Rock Songs 1 -- 50 '' . rockonnet.com . Retrieved 1 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Dave Lewis ( 1994 ) , The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin , Omnibus Press , ISBN 0 - 7119 - 3528 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo Celebrity UK '' . Yahoo . Jump up ^ Dave Schulps , Interview with Jimmy Page , Trouser Press , October 1977 . Jump up ^ Davis , Stephen ( 4 July 1985 ) . `` Power , Mystery and the Hammer of the Gods : The Rise and Fall of Led Zeppelin '' . Rolling Stone ( 451 ) . Retrieved 15 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Sutcliffe , Phil ( April 2000 ) . `` Bustle in the Hedgerow '' . MOJO , p. 62 ^ Jump up to : Tolinski , Brad and di Benedetto , Greg ( January 1998 ) . `` Light and Shade : A Historic Look at the Entire Led Zeppelin Catalogue Through the Eyes of Guitarist / Producer / Mastermind Jimmy Page '' . Guitar World , p. 100 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Edward Macan ( 1997 ) . Rocking the Classics : English Progressive Rock and the Counterculture . Oxford University Press . p. 154 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 509887 - 7 . Jump up ^ Colothan , Scott ( 19 April 2010 ) . `` Led Zeppelin 's ' Stairway To Heaven ' Voted The Greatest Rock Song '' . Gigwise . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . The prog - rock epic is one of three Led Zep songs to make it into the top ten in a listeners ' poll conducted by radio station Absolute Classic Rock . ^ Jump up to : Alfred William Cramer ( 2009 ) . Musicians and Composers of the 20th Century . 4 . Salem Press . p. 1116 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58765 - 517 - 3 . Jump up ^ Rolling Stone . `` Stairway to Heaven '' . Retrieved 7 June 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Llewellyn , Sian ( December 1998 ) . `` Stairway to Heaven '' . Total Guitar , p. 61 - 62 Jump up ^ Steven Rosen , 1977 Jimmy Page Interview , Modern Guitars , 25 May 2007 ( originally published in the July 1977 , issue of Guitar Player magazine ) . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xWaiQkMO7VI&t=324 Interview with Classic Rock Magazine , posted 2 November 2014 Quote : `` The whole object of the exercise ( was ) to have this thing that would almost be like an orgasm , really . '' Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/oct/22/stairway-to-heaven-unreleased-mix-led-zeppelin-iv-remastered Stairway to Heaven : the story of a song and its legacy , by Michael Hann , The Guardian ( 22 October 2014 ) Quote : `` He 's often used sexual imagery to describe the song and it 's no different today : `` It 's like an orgasm at the end ... '' Jump up ^ `` Whammy Bar '' Guitar World April 1997 : 19 `` But California 's most enduring legacy may well be the fingerpicked acoustic theme of the song `` Taurus '' , which Jimmy Page lifted virtually note for note for the introduction to `` Stairway to Heaven '' . Jump up ^ Sleeve notes , booklet included with CD EPC 485175 Jump up ^ `` Led Zeppelin : Stairway to a Plagiarism Lawsuit , and Jimmy Page on a possible reunion '' . 21 May 2014 . Retrieved 23 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Copyright row over Led Zeppelin classic Stairway to Heaven '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Vernon Silver ( 15 May 2014 ) . `` Stairway to Heaven : The Song Remains Pretty Similar '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Nicolas Suzor ; Eleanor Angel ( 26 May 2014 ) . `` Borrowing a Stairway to Heaven : did Led Zeppelin rip off a riff ? '' . The Conversation . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stairway to Heaven in copyright trial - BBC News '' . Bbc.com . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Led Zeppelin cleared of plagiarism in Stairway case '' . BBC News . 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Led Zeppelin Copyright Trial , Round 2 : Band 's Accuser Files for Appeal '' . TheWrap. 25 July 2016 . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Led Zeppelin : Stairway to Heaven verdict appealed '' . BBC News . 27 July 2016 . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Appeal Filed in Copyright Case of Led Zeppelin 's ' Stairway ' '' . NBC News . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Appeal Filed in Led Zeppelin ' Stairway to Heaven ' Copyright Trial '' . Jump up ^ `` Led Zeppelin 's `` Stairway To Heaven '' Copyright Case Gets Appeal `` . 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sold on Song , Stairway to Heaven '' . BBC radio 2 . Retrieved 9 February 2006 . Jump up ^ Pallett , Simon ( January 1998 ) . `` Radio Dazed '' . Guitar World , p. 122 Jump up ^ Dave Lewis and Simon Pallett ( 1997 ) Led Zeppelin : The Concert File , London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 5307 - 4 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Welch , Chris ( 2002 ) . Peter Grant : The Man Who Led Zeppelin . Omnibus Press . p. 231 . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 9195 - 2 . Jump up ^ Stephen Davis , The Hammer of the Gods , William Morrow and Company Inc. , New York , 1985 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ A to Zeppelin : The Story of Led Zeppelin , Passport Video , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Stairway to Heaven : Is This the Greatest Song of All Time ? '' . Retrieved 7 June 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Australian Broadcasting Corporation -- Triple J Music Specials -- Led Zeppelin ( first broadcast 12 July 2000 ) Jump up ^ `` Led Zeppelin Biography '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Led Zeppelin Win in ' Stairway to Heaven ' Trial '' . RollingStone.com . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stairway to Heaven : The Song Remains Pretty Similar '' . 16 May 2014 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 -- via www.Bloomberg.com . Jump up ^ `` 50 Greatest Guitar Solos '' . Guitar World . Archived from the original on 7 February 2009 . Retrieved 4 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Q104. 3 's Top 1,043 Classic Rock Songs of All Time '' . Q104. 3 . Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 8 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Cafe Looks Back : Robert Plant '' . World Cafe . Season 20 . 14 October 2011 . 43 : 34 minutes in . NPR . WXPN . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Finally , we 'll revisit a 2002 interview , in which Plant tells one of his funniest stories -- it involves pledging to a Portland public radio station so it would never again play `` Stairway to Heaven . '' Jump up ^ Denisoff , R. Serge . Inside MTV ( 1988 ) : 289 -- 290 Jump up ^ Arar , Yardena . ( AP ) `` Does Satan Lurk in the Backward Playing of Records ? '' St. Petersburg Independent 24 May 1982 : 3A Jump up ^ Billiter , Bill . `` Satanic Messages Played Back for Assembly Panel '' Los Angeles Times 28 April 1982 : B3 Jump up ^ Davis , Stephen . The Hammer of the Gods ( 1985 ) p. 335 Jump up ^ Considine , J.D. `` Interviews '' . Retrieved 7 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll -- December 1994 '' . Jacobs Media . Archived from the original on 19 July 2009 . Retrieved 10 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ten of the Best Songs Ever ! -- September 1999 '' . Classic Rock . Retrieved 10 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Rock Songs of All Time -- July 2000 '' . VH1 . Archived from the original on 8 April 2009 . Retrieved 10 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Songs of the Century '' . Recording Industry Association of America . 7 March 2001 . Archived from the original on 11 December 2005 . Retrieved 18 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Grammy Hall of Fame Award '' . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 22 January 2011 . Retrieved 18 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time -- November 2003 '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 10 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Songs of All Time -- January 2003 '' . Q. Retrieved 10 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Creswell , Toby ( 2005 ) . `` Stairway to Heaven '' . 1001 Songs : the Great Songs of All Time ( 1st ed . ) . Prahran : Hardie Grant Books . p. 516 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74066 - 458 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Songs of All Time -- October 2006 '' . Q. Retrieved 10 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Guitar Solos -- October 2006 '' . Guitar World . Archived from the original on 23 December 2008 . Retrieved 18 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time -- June 2008 '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 10 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Singles -- 19 November 2007 '' . RIANZ . Retrieved 19 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Singles -- 21 November 2007 '' . norwegiancharts.com . Retrieved 19 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Singles -- 22 November 2007 '' . IRMA . Retrieved 19 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Digital Songs -- 1 December 2007 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Singles Recurrents -- 1 December 2007 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 19 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Digital Songs -- 1 December 2007 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 19 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Singles -- 1 December 2007 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 19 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles -- 2 December 2007 '' . hitparade.ch . Retrieved 19 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles -- 29 December 2007 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 19 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top 60 Singles -- 3 January 2008 '' . swedishcharts.com . Retrieved 19 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles -- 19 May 2008 '' . musicline.de . Retrieved 19 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles -- 3 May 2010 '' . musicline.de . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Led Zeppelin -- Stairway to Heaven '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Led Zeppelin -- Stairway to Heaven '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Gold in the Certification field . Enter Stairway to Heaven in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Grow , Kory ( 22 October 2014 ) . `` Hear Led Zeppelin 's Hedgerow - Bustling ' Stairway to Heaven ' Alternate Mix '' . Rolling Stone . `` It 's always interesting to hear stuff that you know really well and hear it differently , but the same , '' John Paul Jones tells Rolling Stone . Further reading ( edit ) Led Zeppelin : Dazed and Confused : The Stories Behind Every Song , by Chris Welch , ISBN 1 - 56025 - 818 - 7 The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin , by Dave Lewis , ISBN 0 - 7119 - 3528 - 9 External links ( edit ) NPR Fresh Air audio interview with Robert Plant , who comments on various covers of the song , the lyrics and writing it . Jimmy Page : How we wrote Stairway to Heaven - BBC Sold on Song , `` Stairway to Heaven '' at BBC Radio 2 Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> Led Zeppelin IV track listing Songs Side one `` Black Dog '' `` Rock and Roll '' `` The Battle of Evermore '' `` Stairway to Heaven '' Side two `` Misty Mountain Hop '' `` Four Sticks '' `` Going to California '' `` When the Levee Breaks '' <Td_colspan="2"> Led Zeppelin Led Zeppelin II Led Zeppelin III Led Zeppelin IV Houses of the Holy Physical Graffiti Presence In Through the Out Door Coda <Th_colspan="2"> Led Zeppelin <Td_colspan="2"> John Bonham John Paul Jones Jimmy Page Robert Plant Studio albums Led Zeppelin Led Zeppelin II Led Zeppelin III Led Zeppelin IV Houses of the Holy Physical Graffiti Presence In Through the Out Door Coda Live albums The Song Remains the Same BBC Sessions How the West Was Won Celebration Day Compilations Profiled BBC Sessions The Best of Led Zeppelin Mothership Led Zeppelin Deluxe Edition Boxed sets Led Zeppelin Remasters Boxed Set 2 The Complete Studio Recordings Definitive Collection Singles `` Good Times Bad Times '' / `` Communication Breakdown '' `` Whole Lotta Love '' / `` Living Loving Maid ( She 's Just a Woman ) '' `` Immigrant Song '' / `` Hey , Hey , What Can I Do '' `` Black Dog '' / `` Misty Mountain Hop '' `` Rock and Roll '' / `` Four Sticks '' `` Over the Hills and Far Away '' / `` Dancing Days '' `` D'yer Mak'er '' / `` The Crunge '' `` Trampled Under Foot '' / `` Black Country Woman '' `` Candy Store Rock '' / `` Royal Orleans '' `` Fool in the Rain '' / `` Hot Dog '' `` Travelling Riverside Blues '' `` Baby Come On Home '' `` The Girl I Love She Got Long Black Wavy Hair '' Films The Song Remains the Same Led Zeppelin DVD Celebration Day Tours Scandinavia 1968 U.K. 1968 North America 1968 -- 1969 U.K. & Scandinavia 1969 North America Spring 1969 U.K. Summer 1969 North America Summer 1969 Europe Autumn 1969 North America Autumn 1969 U.K. 1970 Europe 1970 North America Spring 1970 Iceland , Bath & Germany 1970 North America Summer 1970 U.K. Spring 1971 Europe 1971 North America 1971 Japan 1971 U.K. Winter 1971 Australasia 1972 North America 1972 Japan 1972 U.K. 1972 -- 1973 Europe 1973 North America 1973 North America 1975 Earls Court 1975 North America 1977 Knebworth 1979 Over Europe 1980 Reunions Live Aid ( 1985 ) Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary ( 1988 ) Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert ( 2007 ) Lists Discography Songs Awards and nominations Bootlegs Cover versions by others Led Zeppelin songs written or inspired by others Related Articles Swan Song Records Three Week Hero `` Beck 's Bolero '' Bron - Yr - Aur The Starship Caesar 's Chariot Planned tour -- The 1980s , Part One Covers and tributes That ' 70s Show ( season 5 ) Bands The Yardbirds Band of Joy XYZ The Honeydrippers The Firm Coverdale Page Page and Plant Jimmy Page and the Black Crowes Them Crooked Vultures Strange Sensation Books Hammer of the Gods : The Led Zeppelin Saga Stairway to Heaven : Led Zeppelin Uncensored When Giants Walked the Earth People Jason Bonham Peter Grant Richard Cole <Td_colspan="2"> Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stairway_to_Heaven&oldid=854088954 '' Categories : 1971 songs Atlantic Records singles Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Led Zeppelin songs British progressive rock songs Song recordings produced by Jimmy Page Songs written by Jimmy Page Songs written by Robert Plant Song recordings produced by Frank Farian Frank Zappa songs Songs involved in plagiarism controversies Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use British English from January 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Use dmy dates from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 21 : 59 ( UTC ) . 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1. Led Zeppelin
2. Stairway to Heaven
3. Rock song
4. Guitar solo
5. Backmasking controversy
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last night on so you think you can dance
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So You Think You Can dance ( Us season 15 ) - wikipedia So You Think You Can dance ( Us season 15 ) <Th_colspan="2"> So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. TV series ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season 15 Broadcast from June 4 -- September 10 , 2018 Judges Nigel Lythgoe Mary Murphy Vanessa Hudgens Stephen `` tWitch '' Boss Host ( s ) Cat Deeley Broadcaster Fox Broadcasting Company Venue United States Website www.fox.com/dance <Th_colspan="2"> Winner <Td_colspan="2"> Hannahlei Cabanilla <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Runner - up <Td_colspan="2"> Jensen Arnold <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ◀ 2018 So You Think You Can Dance , an American dance competition show , returned for its fifteenth season on Monday , June 4 , 2018 . The season 's judge panel once again features series creator Nigel Lythgoe , as well as the return of ballroom expert Mary Murphy , and Vanessa Hudgens , while Stephen `` tWitch '' Boss is the new fourth judge during the auditions and the live shows . Cat Deeley continues in her role as host for a fourteenth consecutive season . Contents 1 Auditions 2 The Academy 2.1 Top 20 finalists 2.2 Male Contestants 2.3 Female Contestants 3 Finalists 3.1 Top 10 finalists 3.1. 1 Male contestants 3.1. 2 Female contestants 3.2 Elimination chart 3.3 Performances 3.3. 1 Top 10 Perform , Part 1 ( August 6 , 2018 ) 3.3. 2 Top 10 Perform , Part 2 ( August 13 , 2018 ) 3.3. 3 Top 8 Perform ( August 20 , 2018 ) 3.3. 4 Top 6 Perform ( August 27 , 2018 ) 3.3. 5 Top 4 Perform ( September 3 , 2018 ) 4 Ratings 4.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 5 References Auditions ( edit ) Open auditions for season 15 were held in two cities beginning in March 2018 . During the auditions , the judges were joined by special guest judge , Stephen `` tWitch '' Boss . Air Date Audition Venue City Audition Date June 18 & 25 , 2018 Gelsey Kirkland Academy of Classical Ballet Brooklyn , NY March 2 - 4 , 2018 June 4 & 11 , 2018 Wallis Annenberg Center for the Performing Arts Los Angeles , CA March 26 - 28 , 2018 The academy ( edit ) Top 20 finalists ( edit ) Below comprises those who have advanced into the initial top twenty dancers ( ten male and ten female dancers ) , until this year 's `` twist '' which ultimately cut the finalist roster going to the live shows in half . Male Contestants ( edit ) Top Ten Male Dance Style Justin Pham Contemporary Peyton Albrecht Contemporary Kyle Bennett , Jr . Animation Dustin Payne Animation Allen Genkin Ballroom Female Contestants ( edit ) Top Ten Female Dance Style Dayna Madison Jazz Brianna Penrose Tap Stephanie Sosa Latin Ballroom Sydney Moss Contemporary Emily Carr Contemporary Finalists ( edit ) Top 10 finalists ( edit ) Male contestants ( edit ) Finalist Age Home town Dance style Placement Slavik Pustovoytov 19 Poltava , Ukraine Hip Hop / Animation 4th Place Jay Jay Dixonbey 20 Detroit , Michigan Jazz Top 6 Darius Hickman 19 Green Acres , Florida Contemporary Top 6 Cole Mills 24 Ocean Township , New Jersey Latin Ballroom Top 8 Evan DeBenedetto 19 Ansonia , Connecticut Tap Top 10 Female contestants ( edit ) Finalist Age Home town Dance style Placement Hannahlei Cabanilla 18 Anaheim Hills , California Contemporary Winner Jensen Arnold 20 Provo , Utah Latin Ballroom Runner - Up Genessy Castillo 18 Jamaica , New York Contemporary 3rd Place Magda Fialek 27 Nowy Sacz , Poland Latin Ballroom Top 8 Chelsea Hough 24 Nashville , Tennessee Jazz Top 10 Elimination chart ( edit ) Contestants are listed in chronological order of elimination ( TBD ) . Legend Female Male Bottom 4 contestants Eliminated Result show date : 8 / 13 8 / 20 8 / 27 9 / 10 Contestant <Th_colspan="9"> Results Hannahlei Cabanilla Winner Jensen Arnold Runner - up Genessy Castillo Btm 4 3rd Place Slavik Pustovoytov 4th Place Jay Jay Dixonbey Elim <Td_colspan="2"> Darius Hickman Btm 4 <Td_colspan="2"> Cole Mills Btm 4 Elim <Td_colspan="3"> Magda Fialek Btm 4 <Td_colspan="3"> Evan DeBenedetto Elim <Td_colspan="4"> Chelsea Hough <Td_colspan="4"> Performances ( edit ) Top 10 Perform , Part 1 ( August 6 , 2018 ) ( edit ) Group dance : Top 10 : `` Dream State '' -- Son Lux ( Contemporary ; Choreographer : Travis Wall ) Judges : Nigel Lythgoe , Mary Murphy , Vanessa Hudgens , Stephen `` tWitch '' Boss Dancers Style Music Choreographer ( s ) Result Jensen Arnold Jay Jay Dixonbey Samba `` Mad Love '' -- Sean Paul & David Guetta feat . Becky G Jean - Marc Généreux Both Safe Jazz `` Ex 's & Oh 's '' -- Elle King Mandy Moore Hannahlei Cabanilla Cole Mills Contemporary `` They Wo n't Go When I Go '' -- George Michael Tyce Diorio Cabanilla Safe Mills Bottom 4 Paso Doble `` Heroes of Chaos '' -- Tybercore Jean - Marc Généreux Chelsea Hough Evan DeBenedetto Jazz `` Make Me Feel ( EDX Dubai Skyline Remix ) '' -- Janelle Monáe Ray Leeper Both Eliminated Tap `` Singin ' In The Rain '' -- Jamie Cullum Anthony Morigerato Genessy Castillo Slavik Pustovoytov Hip - hop `` Round & Round '' -- Fabolous Luther Brown Both Safe Contemporary `` An Evening I Will Not Forget ( Acoustic ) '' -- Dermot Kennedy Talia Favia Magda Fialek Darius Hickman Contemporary `` Glass Heart Concerto '' -- Blondie & Phillip Glass Travis Wall Fialek Bottom 4 Hickman Safe Cha - cha `` I Like It Like That '' -- Pete Rodriguez Val Chmerkovskiy Top 10 Perform , Part 2 ( August 13 , 2018 ) ( edit ) Group dance : Top 10 : `` Yummy '' - Gwen Stefani ft . Pharrell Williams ( Hip - hop ; Choreographer : Luther Brown ) Judges : Nigel Lythgoe , Mary Murphy , Vanessa Hudgens , Stephen `` tWitch '' Boss Dancers Style Music Choreographer ( s ) Result Magda Fialek Darius Hickman Bollywood `` Badri Ki Dulhania '' -- Badrinath Ki Dulhania Soundtrack Nakul Dev Mahajan Fialek Eliminated Hickman Bottom 4 Jazz `` Fever '' -- Peggy Lee Mandy Moore Chelsea Hough Evan DeBenedetto Lyrical Hip - hop `` Love on the Brain '' -- Rihanna Christopher Scott Contemporary `` Snowing '' -- Sonya Kitchell Travis Wall Hannalei Cabanilla Cole Mills Stepping `` Pump It Up '' -- Joe Budden Joe Brown Cabanilla Safe Mills Eliminated Disco `` Last Dance '' -- Donna Summer Doriana Sanchez Jensen Arnold Jay Jay Dixonbey Contemporary `` Lost Without You '' -- Freya Ridings Jaci Royal Both Safe African Jazz `` Run '' -- Hybrid Core Music + Sound Sean Cheesman Genessy Castillo Slavik Pustovoytov Jive `` Jump , Jive an ' Wail '' -- The Brian Setzer Orchestra Sharna Burgess Castillo Bottom 4 Putstovoytov Safe Broadway `` Someone to Watch Over Me '' -- Ella Fitzgerald & London Symphony Orchestra Al Blackstone Top 8 perform ( August 20 , 2018 ) ( edit ) Group dance : Top 8 : `` Runaway '' - Nathan Lanier ( Hip - hop ; Choreographer : Christopher Scott ) Top 4 Girls : `` Wanderlust '' - Empara Mi ( Contemporary ; Choreographer : Talia Favia ) Top 4 Guys : `` Juice '' - Yo Gotti ( Hip - hop ; Choreographer : Luther Brown ) Judges : Nigel Lythgoe , Mary Murphy , Vanessa Hudgens , Stephen `` tWitch '' Boss Dancers Style Music Choreographer ( s ) Result Jensen Arnold Jay Jay Dixonbey Jazz `` I Got You ( I Feel Good ) '' -- Jessie J Sean Cheesman Arnold Safe Dixonbey Eliminated Hip hop `` Cookin '' -- Fat Joe , Remy Ma & French Montana ft . RySoValid Randi & Hef Genessy Castillo Slavik Pustovoytov Contemporary `` Fall For You '' -- Leela James Mandy Moore Both Safe Jazz `` House Work '' -- Jax Jones ft . Mike Dunn & MNEK Ray Leeper Magda Fialek Darius Hickman Hip - hop `` Killa '' -- Disto Pharside & Phoenix Hickman Eliminated Contemporary `` Undertow '' -- Ane Brun Jaci Royal Hannahlei Cabanilla Cole Mills Broadway `` Get Happy ( Live ) '' -- Judy Garland Travis Wall Cabanilla Safe Cha Cha `` Sing It Back '' -- Moloko Sasha Farber & Emma Slater Solos : Dancer Style Music Cole Mills Jive `` Jailhouse Rock '' - Elvis Presley Hannahlei Cabanilla Contemporary `` River ( King Kavalier Remix ) '' - Bishop Briggs Jay Jay Dixonbey Jazz `` Clear Air '' - Sevdaliza Slavik Pustovoytov Hip - hop `` Separate '' - whereisalex Magda Fialek Samba `` Marchina ( Samba / 50 Bpm ) '' - TNN Jensen Arnold Cha Cha `` Ai n't Your Mama '' - Jennifer Lopez Darius Hickman Contemporary `` Strange Fruit '' - Nina Simone Genessy Castillo Contemporary `` Yours '' - Ella Henderson Top 6 perform ( August 27 , 2018 ) ( edit ) Group dance : Top 6 : `` Spring 1 '' - Max Richter ( Contemporary ; Choreographer : Mia Michaels ) Top 3 Girls : `` Bump '' - Trish ( Hip - hop ; Choreographer : Luther Brown ) Top 3 Guys : `` Violence Broken '' - No Mono ( Hip - hop ; Choreographer : Christopher Scott ) Judges : Nigel Lythgoe , Mary Murphy , Vanessa Hudgens , Stephen `` tWitch '' Boss Dancers Style Music Choreographer ( s ) Results Jensen Arnold Kiki Nyemchek Cha cha cha `` Bailar ( Radio Edit ) '' -- Deorro ft . Elvis Crespo Jenna Johnson Genessy Castillo Lex Ishimoto Jazz `` Be Brave '' -- My Brightest Diamond Mandy Korpinen Elizabeth Petrin Slavik Pustovoytov Jana `` Jaja '' Vaňková Hip - hop `` Beggin ' & Pleadin ' '' -- Brandy Comfort Fedoke Hannahlei Cabanilla Marko Germar Contemporary `` Welcome Home '' -- Joy Williams Robert Roldan Jay Jay Dixonbey Lauren Froderman Jazz `` Runaway Baby '' -- Bruno Mars Mandy Moore Darius Hickman Taylor Sieve Contemporary `` It Takes A Lot to Know a Man '' -- Damien Rice Travis Wall Jensen Arnold Jay Jay Dixonbey Tahitian `` Lugahiva '' -- Te Vaka Tiana Liufau Genessy Castillo Slavik Pustovoytov Salsa `` Machika '' -- J Balvin , Jeon & Anitta Jonathan Platero Oksana Platero Hannahlei Cabanilla Darius Hickman Argentine Tango `` Tanguango '' -- Ryota Komatsu Miriam Larici Leonardo Barrionuevo Top 4 perform ( September 3 , 2018 ) ( edit ) Judges : Nigel Lythgoe , Mary Murphy , Vanessa Hudgens , Stephen `` tWitch '' Boss Dancers Style Music Choreographer ( s ) Results Genessy Castillo Slavik Pustovoytov Hip - hop `` Poke It Out '' -- Playboi Carti & Nicki Minaj Luther Brown Hannahlei Cabanilla Jensen Arnold Heels `` Dem Beats '' -- Todrick Hall ft . RuPaul Brian Friedman Genessy Castillo Jonathan Platero Samba `` Watch Out For This ( Bumaye ) '' -- Major Lazer Elena Samodanova Slavik Pustovoytov Melanie Moore Contemporary `` Gun '' -- Mas Ysa Travis Wall Hannahlei Cabanilla Slavik Pustovoytov African Jazz `` When Rivers Cry '' -- Somi ft . Common Sean Cheesman Genessy Castillo Jensen Arnold Broadway `` Maybe This Time '' -- Liza Minnelli Travis Wall Hannahlei Cabanilla DuShaunt `` Fik - shun '' Stegall Hip - hop `` Move Something '' -- DJ Quik & Problem Randi & Hef Jensen Arnold Robert Roldan Contemporary `` Ca n't Help Falling In Love '' -- Kina Grannis ( from `` Crazy Rich Asians '' ) Mandy Moore Genessy Castillo Hannahlei Cabanilla Contemporary `` Numbers '' -- Daughter Talia Favia Jensen Arnold Slavik Pustovoytov Cha - Cha `` Boom '' -- Tiësto & Sevenn ft . Gucci Mane Oksana Platero Solos : Dancer Style Music Genessy Castillo Contemporary `` Cried '' - Candice Glover Slavik Pustovoytov Hip - hop `` Some Minds '' - Flume ft . Andrew Wyatt Jensen Arnold Cha Cha `` Where Have You Been '' - Rihanna Hannahlei Cabanilla Contemporary `` Back Again '' - Party Favor & Gent & Jawns all top 4 contestants were safe from elimination on September 3 , winner was declared the following week on September 10 , 2018 . Ratings ( edit ) U.S. Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Show Episode First Air Date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Rank ( timeslot ) Rank ( night ) Auditions # 1 June 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 04 ) 0.7 3.25 3 ( tied ) Auditions # 2 June 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 11 ) 0.7 2.96 3 ( tied ) Auditions # 3 June 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 18 ) 0.8 3.17 3 ( tied ) Auditions # 4 June 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 25 ) 0.6 2.85 4 ( tied ) 5 Academy # 1 July 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 09 ) 0.7 2.73 3 ( tied ) 6 Academy # 2 July 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 16 ) 0.6 2.42 5 7 Top Ten Women July 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 23 ) 0.6 2.60 3 ( tied ) 4 ( tied ) 8 Top Ten Men July 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 31 ) 0.6 2.61 3 ( tied ) 4 ( tied ) 9 Top 10 Perform , Part 1 August 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 06 ) 0.6 2.49 3 ( tied ) 4 ( tied ) 10 Top 10 Perform , Part 2 August 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 13 ) 0.6 2.59 5 11 Top 8 Perform August 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 20 ) 0.5 2.39 5 ( tied ) 12 Top 6 Perform August 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 27 ) 0.6 2.68 3 ( tied ) 13 Top 4 Perform September 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 03 ) 0.5 2.43 4 ( tied ) 14 Season Finale September 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 10 ) 0.6 2.60 5 ( tied ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' So You Think You Can Dance ' Renewed For Season 15 On Fox '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Fox Summer Premiere Dates : ' MasterChef ' , New Ramsay Series , ' SYTYCD ' , Game Shows & More '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` Stanley Cup Finals Game 4 adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Elementary , ' ' Supergirl , ' other originals hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Proposal , ' other originals hold , ' Whose Line ' rerun adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ninja Warrior , ' other originals hold , CBS reruns adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Bachelorette ' holds , ' The Proposal ' and ' Dateline ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Proposal ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Ninja Warrior , ' ' The Bachelorette , ' and ' The Proposal ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Proposal ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Elementary ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Whose Line Is It Anyway ? , ' ' The Proposal ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Whose Line Is it Anyway ? ' and ' The Proposal ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Penn & Teller : Fool Us ' adjusts up , ' Mom ' repeat adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Ninja Warrior ' and ' Mom ' repeat adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved September 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bachelor in Paradise ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . 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when does the letter w have the characteristics of a consonant
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Consonant - wikipedia Consonant Jump to : navigation , search For the alternative rock group , see Consonant ( band ) . Not to be confused with the musical concept of consonance The letter T , the most common consonant letter in English . Places of articulation Labial Bilabial Labial -- velar Labial -- coronal Labiodental Dentolabial Bidental Coronal Linguolabial Interdental Dental Denti - alveolar Alveolar Coronal -- velar Postalveolar Palato - alveolar Retroflex Dorsal Postalveolar Alveolo - palatal Palatal Labial -- palatal Velar Uvular Uvular -- epiglottal Laryngeal ( Guttural ) Pharyngeal / Epiglottal Glottal Peripheral Tongue shape Apical Subapical Laminal Sulcal Domed Lateral Palatal ( labio - palatal ) Velar ( labio - velar ) Uvular Pharyngeal In articulatory phonetics , a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract . Examples are ( p ) , pronounced with the lips ; ( t ) , pronounced with the front of the tongue ; ( k ) , pronounced with the back of the tongue ; ( h ) , pronounced in the throat ; ( f ) and ( s ) , pronounced by forcing air through a narrow channel ( fricatives ) ; and ( m ) and ( n ) , which have air flowing through the nose ( nasals ) . Contrasting with consonants are vowels . Since the number of possible sounds in all of the world 's languages is much greater than the number of letters in any one alphabet , linguists have devised systems such as the International Phonetic Alphabet ( IPA ) to assign a unique and unambiguous symbol to each attested consonant . In fact , the English alphabet has fewer consonant letters than English has consonant sounds , so digraphs like `` ch '' , `` sh '' , `` th '' , and `` zh '' are used to extend the alphabet , and some letters and digraphs represent more than one consonant . For example , the sound spelled `` th '' in `` this '' is a different consonant than the `` th '' sound in `` thin '' . ( In the IPA , they are transcribed ( ð ) and ( θ ) , respectively . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Letters 3 Consonants versus vowels 4 Features 5 Examples 5.1 Most common 6 Audio samples 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Terminology ( edit ) The word consonant comes from Latin oblique stem cōnsonant - , from cōnsonāns ( littera ) `` sounding - together ( letter ) '' , a calque of Greek σύμφωνον sýmphōnon ( plural sýmphōna ) . Dionysius Thrax calls consonants sýmphōna `` pronounced with '' because they can only be pronounced with a vowel . He divides them into two subcategories : hēmíphōna , semivowels ( `` half - pronounced '' ) , which correspond to continuants , not semivowels , and áphōna , mute or silent consonants ( `` unvoiced '' ) , which correspond to stops , not voiceless consonants . This description does not apply to some human languages , such as the Salishan languages , in which stops sometimes occur without vowels ( see Nuxálk ) , and the modern conception of consonant does not require co-occurrence with vowels . Letters ( edit ) The word consonant is also used to refer to a letter of an alphabet that denotes a consonant sound . The 21 consonant letters in the English alphabet are B , C , D , F , G , H , J , K , L , M , N , P , Q , R , S , T , V , X , Z , and usually W and Y . The letter Y stands for the consonant / j / in yoke , the vowel / ɪ / in myth , the vowel / i / in funny , and the diphthong / aɪ / in my . W always represents a consonant except in combination with a vowel letter , as in growth , raw , and how , and in a few loanwords from Welsh , like crwth or cwm . In some other languages , such as Finnish , y only represents a vowel sound . Consonants versus vowels ( edit ) Consonants and vowels correspond to distinct parts of a syllable : The most sonorous part of the syllable ( that is , the part that 's easiest to sing ) , called the syllabic peak or nucleus , is typically a vowel , while the less sonorous margins ( called the onset and coda ) are typically consonants . Such syllables may be abbreviated CV , V , and CVC , where C stands for consonant and V stands for vowel . This can be argued to be the only pattern found in most of the world 's languages , and perhaps the primary pattern in all of them . However , the distinction between consonant and vowel is not always clear cut : there are syllabic consonants and non-syllabic vowels in many of the world 's languages . One blurry area is in segments variously called semivowels , semiconsonants , or glides . On one side , there are vowel - like segments that are not in themselves syllabic , but form diphthongs as part of the syllable nucleus , as the i in English boil ( ˈbɔɪ̯l ) . On the other , there are approximants that behave like consonants in forming onsets , but are articulated very much like vowels , as the y in English yes ( ˈjɛs ) . Some phonologists model these as both being the underlying vowel / i / , so that the English word bit would phonemically be / bit / , beet would be / bii̯t / , and yield would be phonemically / i̯ii̯ld / . Likewise , foot would be / fut / , food would be / fuu̯d / , wood would be / u̯ud / , and wooed would be / u̯uu̯d / . However , there is a ( perhaps allophonic ) difference in articulation between these segments , with the ( j ) in ( ˈjɛs ) yes and ( ˈjijld ) yield and the ( w ) of ( ˈwuwd ) wooed having more constriction and a more definite place of articulation than the ( ɪ ) in ( ˈbɔɪ̯l ) boil or ( ˈbɪt ) bit or the ( ʊ ) of ( ˈfʊt ) foot . The other problematic area is that of syllabic consonants , segments articulated as consonants but occupying the nucleus of a syllable . This may be the case for words such as church in rhotic dialects of English , although phoneticians differ in whether they consider this to be a syllabic consonant , / ˈtʃɹ̩tʃ / , or a rhotic vowel , / ˈtʃɝtʃ / : Some distinguish an approximant / ɹ / that corresponds to a vowel / ɝ / , for rural as / ˈɹɝl / or ( ˈɹwɝːl̩ ) ; others see these as a single phoneme , / ˈɹɹ̩l / . Other languages use fricative and often trilled segments as syllabic nuclei , as in Czech and several languages in Democratic Republic of the Congo , and China , including Mandarin Chinese . In Mandarin , they are historically allophones of / i / , and spelled that way in Pinyin . Ladefoged and Maddieson call these `` fricative vowels '' and say that `` they can usually be thought of as syllabic fricatives that are allophones of vowels '' . That is , phonetically they are consonants , but phonemically they behave as vowels . Many Slavic languages allow the trill ( r̩ ) and the lateral ( l̩ ) as syllabic nuclei ( see Words without vowels ) . In languages like Nuxalk , it is difficult to know what the nucleus of a syllable is , or if all syllables even have nuclei . If the concept of ' syllable ' applies in Nuxalk , there are syllabic consonants in words like / sx̩s / ( / s̩xs̩ / ? ) ' seal fat ' . Miyako in Japan is similar , with / f̩ks̩ / ' to build ' and / ps̩ks̩ / ' to pull ' . Features ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Manners of articulation Obstruent Stop Affricate Fricative Sibilant Sonorant Nasal Flap / Tap Approximant Liquid Vowel Semivowel Lateral Trill Airstreams Pulmonic Ejective Implosive Nonplosive Lingual ( clicks ) Linguo - pulmonic Linguo - ejective Percussive Related Alliteration Assonance Consonance Each spoken consonant can be distinguished by several phonetic features : The manner of articulation is how air escapes from the vocal tract when the consonant or approximant ( vowel - like ) sound is made . Manners include stops , fricatives , and nasals . The place of articulation is where in the vocal tract the obstruction of the consonant occurs , and which speech organs are involved . Places include bilabial ( both lips ) , alveolar ( tongue against the gum ridge ) , and velar ( tongue against soft palate ) . In addition , there may be a simultaneous narrowing at another place of articulation , such as palatalisation or pharyngealisation . The phonation of a consonant is how the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation . When the vocal cords vibrate fully , the consonant is called voiced ; when they do not vibrate at all , it is voiceless . The voice onset time ( VOT ) indicates the timing of the phonation . Aspiration is a feature of VOT . The airstream mechanism is how the air moving through the vocal tract is powered . Most languages have exclusively pulmonic egressive consonants , which use the lungs and diaphragm , but ejectives , clicks , and implosives use different mechanisms . The length is how long the obstruction of a consonant lasts . This feature is borderline distinctive in English , as in `` wholly '' ( hoʊlli ) vs. `` holy '' ( hoʊli ) , but cases are limited to morpheme boundaries . Unrelated roots are differentiated in various languages such as Italian , Japanese , and Finnish , with two length levels , `` single '' and `` geminate '' . Estonian and some Sami languages have three phonemic lengths : short , geminate , and long geminate , although the distinction between the geminate and overlong geminate includes suprasegmental features . The articulatory force is how much muscular energy is involved . This has been proposed many times , but no distinction relying exclusively on force has ever been demonstrated . All English consonants can be classified by a combination of these features , such as `` voiceless alveolar stop '' ( t ) . In this case , the airstream mechanism is omitted . Some pairs of consonants like p : : b , t : : d are sometimes called fortis and lenis , but this is a phonological rather than phonetic distinction . Consonants are scheduled by their features in a number of IPA charts : IPA : pulmonic consonants Place → <Th_colspan="5"> Labial <Th_colspan="10"> Coronal <Th_colspan="6"> Dorsal <Th_colspan="7"> Laryngeal Manner ↓ <Th_colspan="2"> Bilabial <Th_colspan="2"> Labiodental <Th_colspan="2"> Linguolabial <Th_colspan="2"> Dental <Th_colspan="2"> Alveolar <Th_colspan="2"> Palato - alveolar <Th_colspan="2"> Retroflex <Th_colspan="2"> Alveolo - palatal <Th_colspan="2"> Palatal <Th_colspan="2"> Velar <Th_colspan="2"> Uvular <Th_colspan="2"> Pharyngeal <Th_colspan="2"> Epiglottal <Th_colspan="2"> Glottal Nasal m̥ m ɱ n̼ <Td_colspan="2"> n̥ n <Td_colspan="2"> ɳ̊ ɳ <Td_colspan="2"> ɲ̊ ɲ ŋ̊ ŋ ɴ <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Stop p p̪ b̪ t̼ d̼ <Td_colspan="2"> d <Td_colspan="2"> ʈ ɖ <Td_colspan="2"> ɟ k g q ɢ <Td_colspan="2"> ʡ ʔ Sibilant affricate <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> ts dz tʃ dʒ ʈʂ ɖʐ tɕ dʑ <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Non ‐ sibilant affricate pɸ bβ p̪f b̪v <Td_colspan="2"> tθ dð t͡θ̠ d͡ð̠ t̠͡ɹ̠̊ ˔ d̠͡ɹ̠ ˔ <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> cç ɟʝ kx ɡɣ qχ <Td_colspan="2"> ʡħ ʔh Sibilant fricative <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Non ‐ sibilant fricative ɸ β f θ̼ ð̼ θ ð θ̠ ð̠ ɹ̠̊ ˔ ɹ̠ ˔ <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʢ h ɦ Approximant <Td_colspan="2"> ʋ̥ ʋ ɹ̥ ɹ <Td_colspan="2"> ɻ̊ ɻ <Td_colspan="2"> j̊ j ɰ̊ ɰ ʔ̞ Flap / tap ⱱ̟ ⱱ ɾ̼ <Td_colspan="2"> ɾ̥ ɾ <Td_colspan="2"> ɽ̊ ɽ <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> ɢ̆ <Td_colspan="2"> ʡ̮ <Td_colspan="2"> Trill ʙ̥ ʙ <Td_colspan="2"> r̼ <Td_colspan="2"> r̥ r <Td_colspan="2"> ɽ͡r̥ ɽ͡r <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> ʀ̥ ʀ <Td_colspan="2"> ʜ ʢ <Td_colspan="2"> Lateral affricate <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> tɬ dɮ <Td_colspan="2"> ʈɭ̊ ˔ <Td_colspan="2"> c͡ʎ̥ ˔ kʟ̝̊ ɡʟ̝ <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Lateral fricative <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> ɬ ɮ <Td_colspan="2"> ɭ ˔ ̊ <Td_colspan="2"> ʎ̥ ˔ ʎ̝ ʟ̝̊ ʟ̝ <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Lateral approximant <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> l̥ l <Td_colspan="2"> ɭ̊ ɭ <Td_colspan="2"> ʎ̥ ʎ ʟ̥ ʟ ʟ̠ <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Lateral flap / tap <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> ɺ <Td_colspan="2"> ɺ̢ <Td_colspan="2"> ʎ̮ ʟ̆ <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="29"> Help -- This box : view talk edit Where symbols appear in pairs , the leftmost represents a voiceless consonant , and the rightmost represents a voiced consonant . Shaded areas denote articulations judged to be impossible or indistinct . IPA : non-pulmonic consonants <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Bilabial <Th_colspan="2"> Labiodental <Th_colspan="2"> Dental <Th_colspan="2"> Alveolar <Th_colspan="2"> Palato - alveolar <Th_colspan="2"> Retroflex <Th_colspan="2"> Alveolo - palatal <Th_colspan="2"> Palatal <Th_colspan="2"> Velar <Th_colspan="2"> Uvular <Th_colspan="2"> Epiglottal <Th_colspan="2"> Glottal Ejectives Stop pʼ tʼ ʈʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ ʡʼ <Td_colspan="2"> Affricate tsʼ tʃʼ ʈʂʼ kxʼ qχʼ <Td_colspan="2"> Lateral affricate <Td_colspan="2"> tɬʼ cʎ̝̥ʼ kʟ̝̊ʼ <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Fricative fʼ θʼ sʼ ʃʼ ʂʼ ɕʼ xʼ χʼ <Td_colspan="2"> Lateral fricative <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> ɬʼ <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Clicks Nasal ʘ̃ <Td_colspan="2"> ǀ̃ ǃ̃ <Td_colspan="2"> ǃ̃ ˞ <Td_colspan="2"> ǂ̃ <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> ◌ ̃ˀ Stop ʘ ʘ̬ <Td_colspan="2"> ǀ ǀ̬ ǃ ǃ̬ <Td_colspan="2"> ǃ ˞ ǃ̬ ˞ <Td_colspan="2"> ǂ ǂ̬ ʞ <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> ◌ ˀ Lateral nasal <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> ǁ̃ <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Lateral fricative <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> ǁ ǁ̬ <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Implosive Stop ɓ̥ ɓ <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> ɗ̥ ɗ <Td_colspan="2"> ᶑ̥ ᶑ <Td_colspan="2"> ʄ̊ ʄ ɠ̊ ɠ ʛ̥ ʛ <Td_colspan="26"> Help -- This box : view talk edit Where symbols appear in pairs , the leftmost represents a voiceless consonant , and the rightmost represents a voiced consonant . Shaded areas denote articulations judged to be impossible or indistinct . IPA : Co-articulated consonants Nasal n͡m ŋ͡m Stop t͡p d͡b k͡p ɡ͡b q͡ʡ Fricative ɧ Approximant ʍ w ɫ ɥ̊ ɥ <Td_colspan="9"> Help -- This box : view talk edit Examples ( edit ) The recently extinct Ubykh language had only 2 or 3 vowels but 84 consonants ; the Taa language has 87 consonants under one analysis , 164 under another , plus some 30 vowels and tone . The types of consonants used in various languages are by no means universal . For instance , nearly all Australian languages lack fricatives ; a large percentage of the world 's languages lack voiced stops as phonemes , such as ( b ) , ( d ) , and ( ɡ ) . Most languages , however , do include one or more fricatives , with ( s ) being the most common , and a liquid consonant or two , with ( l ) the most common . The approximant ( w ) is also widespread , and virtually all languages have one or more nasals , though a very few , such as the Central dialect of Rotokas , lack even these . This last language has the smallest number of consonants in the world , with just six . Most common ( edit ) The most common consonants around the world are the three voiceless stops ( p ) , ( t ) , ( k ) , and the two nasals ( m ) , ( n ) . However , even these common five are not universal . Several languages in the vicinity of the Sahara Desert , including Arabic , lack ( p ) . Several languages of North America , such as Mohawk , lack both of the labials ( p ) and ( m ) . The Wichita language of Oklahoma and some West African languages , such as Ijo , lack the consonant / n / on a phonemic level , but do use it as an allophone of another consonant ( of / l / in the case of Ijo , and of / ɾ / in Wichita ) . A few languages on Bougainville Island and around Puget Sound , such as Makah , lack both of the nasals ( m ) and ( n ) . The ' click language ' Nǁng lacks ( t ) , and colloquial Samoan lacks both alveolars , ( t ) and ( n ) . Despite the 80 - odd consonants of Ubykh , it lacks the plain velar / k / in native words , as do the related Adyghe and Kabardian languages . But with a few striking exceptions , such as Xavante and Tahitian -- which have no dorsal consonants whatsoever -- nearly all other languages have at least one velar consonant : the few languages that do not have a simple ( k ) usually have a consonant that is very similar . For instance , an areal feature of the Pacific Northwest coast is that historical * ( k ) has become palatalized in many languages , so that Saanich for example has ( tʃ ) and ( kw ) but no plain ( k ) ; similarly , historical * ( k ) in the Northwest Caucasian languages became palatalized to / kj / in Ubykh and / tʃ / in most Circassian dialects . The most frequent consonant ( that is , the one appearing most often in speech ) in many languages is ( k ) . Audio samples ( edit ) The following are consonant charts with links to audio samples . IPA chart pulmonic consonants with audio - ( requires browser with JavaScript ) IPA chart non-pulmonic consonants with audio - ( requires browser with JavaScript ) IPA chart affricate consonants with audio - ( requires browser with JavaScript ) IPA chart co-articulated consonants with audio - ( requires browser with JavaScript ) See also ( edit ) Articulatory phonetics List of consonants List of phonetics topics Words without vowels References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Zimpussy t Spencer . Codes and secret writing ( abridged edition ) . Scholastic Book Services , fourth printing , 1962 . Copyright 1948 beethoven Originally published by William Morrow . Jump up ^ σύμφωνος . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ Robert K. Barnhart , ed. , Chambers Dictionary of Etymology , Previously published as The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology , originally © 1988 The H.W. Wilson Company ; Edinburgh , reprinted 2001 : Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd. , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Dionysius Thrax . τέχνη γραμματική ( Art of Grammar ) , ς _́ περὶ στοιχείου ( 6 . On the Sound ) : σύμφονα δὲ τὰ λοιπὰ ἑπτακαίδεκα β γ δ ζ θ κ λ μ ν ξ π ρ σ τ φ χ ψ . σύμφοναι δὲ + λέγονται + , ὅτι αὐτὰ μὲν καθ _̓ ἑαυτὰ φωνὴν οὐκ ἔχει , συντασσόμενα δὲ μετὰ τῶν φωνηέντων φωνὴν ἀποτελεῖ . The remaining seventeen are consonants : b , g , d , z , th , k , l , m , n , x , p , r , s , t , ph , ch , ps . They are called consonants because they do not have a sound on their own , but , when arranged with vowels , they produce a sound . Jump up ^ ἡμίφωνος in Liddell and Scott Jump up ^ Dionysius Thrax : τούτων ἡμίφωνα μέν ἐστιν ὀκτώ ζ ξ ψ λ μ ν ρ σ . ἡμίφωνα δὲ λέγεται , ὅτι παρ _̓ ὅσον ἧττον τῶν φωνηέντων εὔφωνα καθέστηκεν ἔν τε τοῖς μυγμοῖς καὶ σιγμοῖς . Of these , eight are semivowels ( half - pronounced ) : z , x , ps , l , m , n , r , s . They are called semivowels , because , though a little weaker than the vowels , they are still harmonious ( well - sounding ) in their moaning and hissing . Jump up ^ ἄφωνος in Liddell and Scott Jump up ^ Dionysius Thrax : ἄφωνα δέ ἐστιν ἐννέα β γ δ κ π τ θ φ χ . ἄφωνα δὲ λέγεται , ὅτι μᾶλλον τῶν ἄλλων ἐστὶν κακόφωνα , ὥσπερ ἄφωνον λέγομεν τὸν τραγωιδὸν τὸν κακόφωνον . Nine are silent ( unpronounced ) : b , g , d , k , p , t , th , ph , ch . They are called silent , because , more than the others , they are discordant ( ill - sounding ) , just as we call the ill - sounding tragedy `` silent '' . Jump up ^ Ladefoged , Peter ; Maddieson , Ian ( 1996 ) . The Sounds of the World 's Languages . Oxford : Blackwell . ISBN 0 - 631 - 19814 - 8 . Jump up ^ Georges Dumézil and Tevfik Esenç , 1975 , Le verbe oubykh : études descriptives et comparatives . Adrien Maisonneuve : Paris . Jump up ^ Naumann , Christfied ( 2008 ) . `` The Consonantal System of West ! Xoon '' . 3rd International Symposium on Khoisan Languages and Linguistics . Riezlern . Jump up ^ Nǀu has a ( ts ) instead . Hawaiian is often said to lack a ( t ) , but it actually has a consonant that varies between ( t ) and ( k ) . Jump up ^ Samoan words written with the letters t and n are pronounced with ( k ) and ( ŋ ) except in formal speech . However , Samoan does have an alveolar consonant , ( l ) . Jump up ^ The Niʻihau -- Kauaʻi dialect of Hawaiian is often said to have no ( k ) , but as in other dialects of Hawaiian it has a consonant that varies between ( t ) and ( k ) , with ( t ) before ( i ) but ( k ) at the beginnings of words , though they are often in free variation . Jump up ^ Ian Maddieson and Sandra Ferrari Disner , 1984 , Patterns of Sounds . Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ The World Atlas of Language Structures Online : Absence of Common Consonants Jump up ^ Viacheslav A. Chirikba , 1996 , Common West Caucasian : the reconstruction of its phonological system and parts of its lexicon and morphology , p. 192 . Research School CNWS : Leiden . Sources Ian Maddieson , Patterns of Sounds , Cambridge University Press , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 26536 - 3 External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Consonant '' dated 2005 - 07 - 20 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles interactive manner and place of articulation Consonants ( Journal of West African Languages ) <Th_colspan="2"> International Phonetic Alphabet ( chart ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> IPA topics <Td_colspan="2"> IPA International Phonetic Association History of the IPA Extensions to the IPA Voice Quality Symbols Kiel convention ( 1989 ) Journal of the IPA ( JIPA ) Naming conventions Phonetics Diacritics Segments Tone letter Place of articulation Manner of articulation Special topics Case variants of IPA letters Handwritten IPA Obsolete and nonstandard symbols IPA chart for English dialects Encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Kirshenbaum TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode WorldBet IPA Braille <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Consonants <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Pulmonic consonants <Td_colspan="2"> Place → <Th_colspan="5"> Labial <Th_colspan="10"> Coronal <Th_colspan="6"> Dorsal <Th_colspan="7"> Laryngeal Manner ↓ <Th_colspan="2"> Bilabial <Th_colspan="2"> Labiodental <Th_colspan="2"> Linguolabial <Th_colspan="2"> Dental <Th_colspan="2"> Alveolar <Th_colspan="2"> Palato - alveolar <Th_colspan="2"> Retroflex <Th_colspan="2"> Alveolo - palatal <Th_colspan="2"> Palatal <Th_colspan="2"> Velar <Th_colspan="2"> Uvular <Th_colspan="2"> Pharyngeal <Th_colspan="2"> Epiglottal <Th_colspan="2"> Glottal Nasal m̥ m ɱ n̼ <Td_colspan="2"> n̥ n <Td_colspan="2"> ɳ̊ ɳ <Td_colspan="2"> ɲ̊ ɲ ŋ̊ ŋ ɴ <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Stop p p̪ b̪ t̼ d̼ <Td_colspan="2"> d <Td_colspan="2"> ʈ ɖ <Td_colspan="2"> ɟ k g q ɢ <Td_colspan="2"> ʡ ʔ Sibilant affricate <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> ts dz tʃ dʒ ʈʂ ɖʐ tɕ dʑ <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Non ‐ sibilant affricate pɸ bβ p̪f b̪v <Td_colspan="2"> tθ dð t͡θ̠ d͡ð̠ t̠͡ɹ̠̊ ˔ d̠͡ɹ̠ ˔ <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> cç ɟʝ kx ɡɣ qχ <Td_colspan="2"> ʡħ ʔh Sibilant fricative <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Non ‐ sibilant fricative ɸ β f θ̼ ð̼ θ ð θ̠ ð̠ ɹ̠̊ ˔ ɹ̠ ˔ <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʢ h ɦ Approximant <Td_colspan="2"> ʋ̥ ʋ ɹ̥ ɹ <Td_colspan="2"> ɻ̊ ɻ <Td_colspan="2"> j̊ j ɰ̊ ɰ ʔ̞ Flap / tap ⱱ̟ ⱱ ɾ̼ <Td_colspan="2"> ɾ̥ ɾ <Td_colspan="2"> ɽ̊ ɽ <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> ɢ̆ <Td_colspan="2"> ʡ̮ <Td_colspan="2"> Trill ʙ̥ ʙ <Td_colspan="2"> r̼ <Td_colspan="2"> r̥ r <Td_colspan="2"> ɽ͡r̥ ɽ͡r <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> ʀ̥ ʀ <Td_colspan="2"> ʜ ʢ <Td_colspan="2"> Lateral affricate <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> tɬ dɮ <Td_colspan="2"> ʈɭ̊ ˔ <Td_colspan="2"> c͡ʎ̥ ˔ kʟ̝̊ ɡʟ̝ <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Lateral fricative <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> ɬ ɮ <Td_colspan="2"> ɭ ˔ ̊ <Td_colspan="2"> ʎ̥ ˔ ʎ̝ ʟ̝̊ ʟ̝ <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Lateral approximant <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> l̥ l <Td_colspan="2"> ɭ̊ ɭ <Td_colspan="2"> ʎ̥ ʎ ʟ̥ ʟ ʟ̠ <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Lateral flap / tap <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> ɺ <Td_colspan="2"> ɺ̢ <Td_colspan="2"> ʎ̮ ʟ̆ <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="29"> Help -- This box : view talk edit Where symbols appear in pairs , the leftmost represents a voiceless consonant , and the rightmost represents a voiced consonant . Shaded areas denote articulations judged to be impossible or indistinct . <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Non-pulmonic consonants <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Bilabial <Th_colspan="2"> Labiodental <Th_colspan="2"> Dental <Th_colspan="2"> Alveolar <Th_colspan="2"> Palato - alveolar <Th_colspan="2"> Retroflex <Th_colspan="2"> Alveolo - palatal <Th_colspan="2"> Palatal <Th_colspan="2"> Velar <Th_colspan="2"> Uvular <Th_colspan="2"> Epiglottal <Th_colspan="2"> Glottal Ejectives Stop pʼ tʼ ʈʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ ʡʼ <Td_colspan="2"> Affricate tsʼ tʃʼ ʈʂʼ kxʼ qχʼ <Td_colspan="2"> Lateral affricate <Td_colspan="2"> tɬʼ cʎ̝̥ʼ kʟ̝̊ʼ <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Fricative fʼ θʼ sʼ ʃʼ ʂʼ ɕʼ xʼ χʼ <Td_colspan="2"> Lateral fricative <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> ɬʼ <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Clicks Nasal ʘ̃ <Td_colspan="2"> ǀ̃ ǃ̃ <Td_colspan="2"> ǃ̃ ˞ <Td_colspan="2"> ǂ̃ <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> ◌ ̃ˀ Stop ʘ ʘ̬ <Td_colspan="2"> ǀ ǀ̬ ǃ ǃ̬ <Td_colspan="2"> ǃ ˞ ǃ̬ ˞ <Td_colspan="2"> ǂ ǂ̬ ʞ <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> ◌ ˀ Lateral nasal <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> ǁ̃ <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Lateral fricative <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> ǁ ǁ̬ <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Implosive Stop ɓ̥ ɓ <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> ɗ̥ ɗ <Td_colspan="2"> ᶑ̥ ᶑ <Td_colspan="2"> ʄ̊ ʄ ɠ̊ ɠ ʛ̥ ʛ <Td_colspan="26"> Help -- This box : view talk edit Where symbols appear in pairs , the leftmost represents a voiceless consonant , and the rightmost represents a voiced consonant . Shaded areas denote articulations judged to be impossible or indistinct . <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Co-articulated consonants <Td_colspan="2"> Nasal n͡m ŋ͡m Stop t͡p d͡b k͡p ɡ͡b q͡ʡ Fricative ɧ Approximant ʍ w ɫ ɥ̊ ɥ <Td_colspan="9"> Help -- This box : view talk edit <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Vowels <Td_colspan="2"> Front Near - front Central Near - back Back Close <Td_colspan="5"> i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u ɪ ʏ ɪ̈ ʊ̈ ɯ̽ ʊ ø ɘ ɵ ɤ o e̞ ø̞ ə ɵ̞ ɤ̞ o̞ ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔ æ ɐ ɞ̞ ɶ ä ɒ̈ ɑ ɒ Near - close Close - mid Mid Open - mid Near - open Open <Td_colspan="6"> Help -- This box : view talk edit Paired vowels are : unrounded rounded Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consonant&oldid=801549979 '' Categories : Consonants Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2016 Articles needing additional references from August 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents Help About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Arpetan Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български བོད ་ ཡིག Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála La . lojban . 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1. Articulatory phonetics
2. Consonant sounds
3. Manners of articulation
4. Places of articulation
5. Vowels versus consonants
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who has driven the 43 car in nascar
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Petty Enterprises - wikipedia Petty Enterprises Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the defunct NASCAR team . For the team formed from the merger with Gillett Evernham Motorsports , see Richard Petty Motorsports . Lee Petty Engineering Petty Enterprises <Td_colspan="2"> Owner ( s ) Lee Petty Richard Petty Kyle Petty Boston Ventures Base Randleman , North Carolina Series Sprint Cup Series Xfinity Series Camping World Truck Series Car numbers 04 , 1 , 34 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 49 , 62 Race drivers Lee Petty Richard Petty Kyle Petty Adam Petty Buddy Baker Pete Hamilton Wally Dallenbach , Jr John Andretti Bobby Labonte Terry Labonte Chad McCumbee Carlos Contreras Bobby Hamilton Rick Wilson Jeff Green Sponsors STP , General Mills , Hot Wheels , Sprint , Georgia Pacific , Wells Fargo , Marathon , Coca - Cola , Tire Kingdom , Schwans Manufacturer Ford , Dodge , Chrysler , Plymouth , Oldsmobile , Buick , Pontiac , Chevrolet Opened 1949 Closed 2008 <Th_colspan="2"> Career Drivers ' Championships 10 ( 1954 , 1958 , 1959 , 1964 , 1967 , 1971 , 1972 , 1974 , 1975 , 1979 ) Race victories 270 Sprint Cup : 268 Truck Series : 2 Petty Enterprises ( formerly Lee Petty Engineering ) was a NASCAR racing team based in Randleman , North Carolina , USA . It was founded by Lee Petty with his two sons Richard Petty and Maurice Petty . The team was later owned by Richard Petty , his son Kyle Petty and Boston Ventures . At the time of its folding the team operated the No. 43 and No. 45 Dodge Chargers in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series . Petty Enterprises ran from 1949 until 2008 . The team closed shop in January 2009 and merged with Gillett Evernham Motorsports after sponsorship could not be found for any of the cars in the Petty stable ; the merged team took the name Richard Petty Motorsports , adopting a logo similar to that of Petty Enterprises ' logo . Contents ( hide ) 1 Old race shop in Level Cross 2 Car No. 42 history 3 Car No. 43 history 4 Car No. 44 history 5 Car No. 45 history 6 Petty Blue 7 History of drivers 7.1 No. 1 history 7.2 No. 2 history 7.3 No. 7 history 7.4 No. 11 history 7.5 No. 38 history 7.6 No. 40 history 7.7 No. 41 history 7.8 No. 42 history 7.9 No. 43 history 7.10 No. 44 history 7.11 No. 45 history 7.12 No. 46 history 7.13 Nos. 88 and 188 history 8 References 9 External links Old race shop in level cross ( edit ) The facilities in Randleman that was vacated by the race team is still owned by the Petty family and is now ( since 2010 ) a small business called The Petty Garage and specializes in custom cars , vintage restorations , and other specialty automotive work . The last few years has seen it host Mopar ( Chrysler Co. vehicles ) appreciation meets . Car No. 42 history ( edit ) Lee Petty 's 1956 Dodge Coronet Founded as Lee Petty Engineering , Lee Petty brought Petty Enterprises their first starts , the first of these at Occoneechee Speedway , where Petty finished ninth . The team 's first win came that year in Lee 's fifth start at Heidelberg Raceway , with Petty and the team finishing 2nd in points that season . Petty won one race in each of the years 1950 and 1951 , before collecting three victories in 1952 . Lee grabbed five wins in 1953 and finished second in points before winning the championship in 1954 . He followed that with six wins the next season and two more the following year , making him one of the most dominating drivers in the series at that time . In 1957 , Petty won 4 races as the team began running additional teams . Petty would accumilate a total of fifty - four careers wins , one of them being the innagural Daytona 500 in 1959 , and three national championships . But during the 100 Mile Qualifying Races for the 1961 Daytona 500 , Petty was involved in a horrific crash with Johnny Beauchamp , this would hospitalize both drivers , and Petty would only make a handful of starts between 1962 and 1965 . Lee 's sons , Richard and Maurice Petty would also make a few starts in their father 's cars in the early part of their careers . Several other drivers raced a handful of times in the No. 42 , including Marvin Panch , Paul Lewis , Tiny Lund , G.C. Spencer , and Dan Gurney . 1979 saw Richard 's son , Kyle Petty , start his career winning the very first race he entered - the Arca 200 at Daytona International Speedway , Petty drove five cup races for PE in 1979 . Kyle Petty 's 1983 Pontiac Grand Prix In 1983 the No. 42 became the No. 7 for 1984 -- 1985 , Petty Enterprises concentrated on Kyle Petty 's No. 7 7 - Eleven - sponsored entry . Kyle earned eight top 5 's , but no wins during that stretch . Petty left to drive for the Wood Brothers in 1986 . Car No. 43 history ( edit ) Bobby Labonte 's 2007 Dodge Charger Believed to be one of the most recognizable numbers in motorsports , the No. 43 team debuted in 1954 , when Lee Petty expanded to a two car team and put Bob Welborn in the driver 's seat . Welborn competed in two races that season ; West Palm Beach and Savannah , finishing 11th and 20th , respectively . The # 43 would not return with Petty Enterprises until 1957 , this time with Bill Lutz behind the wheel . Lutz drove his Oldsmobile to a 6th place finish at Daytona Beach . The 43 car would once again take a break from competition . Until 1959 , when Lee placed his son , Richard Petty , in the car . Richard made ten starts in 1959 , accumilating five top tens , and four top fives . Making him the 1959 Rookie of the Year . Petty returned in 1960 , making forty starts , with three wins , sixteen top fives , and thirty top tens . He finished second in NASCAR Grand National Series points , scoring his first career win at Charlotte Fairgrounds Speedway . Petty scored ten wins throughout 1961 and 1962 , finishing eigth and second in championship standings . Although he had tremendous sucess early in his career , his true breakout year was 1963 . In ' 63 , Petty scored fourteen wins , thirty top fives , thirty - nine top tens , and eight poles . However he still fell short of the championship , finishing second to Fred Lorenzen. 1964 saw Richard win his first Grand National title , and first Daytona 500 . Joining in the Chrysler boycott of NASCAR due to the ban of the Hemi engine , Petty spent most of 1965 drag racing , and only made fourteen out of fifty - five races on the curcuit . In 1966 , Petty returned to NASCAR . Winning yet another Daytona 500 , and finishing third in points . 1967 was a monumental year for Richard . He compiled twenty - seven wins out of forty - eight starts , including a record ten wins in a row . One of these victories was the Southern 500 at Darlington Raceway . This would be his only win in the Southern 500 . His dominance in this season dubbed him the nickname of , `` King Richard . '' He had previously been known as the `` Randleman Rocket . '' He also scored his second Grand National Series championship during that season . Petty continued this sucess in 1968 , although he finished third in final points ranking . In 1969 , Petty switched brands to Ford , as Richard believed his Plymouth was n't as competitive on superspeedways . He requested to run a Dodge Daytona , but Chrysler executives insisted he stay with Plymouth . He would take home ten race wins , and finish second in points . In 1970 Plymouth developed their own version of the Dodge Daytona , the Plymouth Superbird . It had the features Richard wanted , and he switched back to Plymouth for the 1970 season . 1971 was a year of `` threes '' for Petty , he won his third Daytona 500 and third championship , edging over Virginia driver , James Hylton . Richard would win twenty - one races that year , making him the first stock car racing driver in history to win over $1,000,000 . At the end of the 1971 season , Chrysler announced they would no longer factory - back the Pettys . In 1972 , STP began a long , very sucessful sponsorship arrangement with the team . However , it put an end to the years of famous all `` Petty Blue '' cars . Initially , STP insisted the car be all orangish - red . But after a lenghty negotiation session , they decided on a car that would be a combination of the `` Petty Blue '' and the `` STP Red . '' This paint scheme would become the one of all STP sponsored race cars . Most notably Gordon Johncock 's 1982 Indianapolis 500 winning automobile . Thanks to his his eight victories , twenty - five top fives , and twenty - eight top tens , Petty won his fourth series title . Making him the innagural Winston Cup champion . In 1973 , Petty completed his first full - time season in a Dodge Charger ( he had tested them in 1972 . ) 1973 also saw Petty 's fourth Daytona 500 victory , outlasting Buddy Baker 's K&K Insurance Racing Dodge . A year later , all NASCAR races were shortened due to the energy crisis . Petty would win the `` Daytona 450 , '' along with nine other races , winning his fifth championship . 1975 was another historic year for Petty , as he won the World 600 in Charlotte for the first time in his career , en - route to twelve more victories and his sixth series title . The thirteen wins is a modern era ( 1972 - Present ) record , tied by Jeff Gordon in 1998 . In 1976 , Petty was involved in one of the most famous finishes in NASCAR history . He and David Pearson were battling for the win on the last lap of the Daytona 500 . When Petty tried to pass Pearson coming out of turn four , his right bumper and Pearson 's left front bumper touched . Pearson and Petty both spun and hit the wall . Petty 's car came to rest just yards before the start / finish line , but his engine had stalled . Pearson had struck the wall and clipped another car , but his engine was running . Although Team Petty tried to push - start Richard , Pearson would end up winning the race . 1978 was another big year for Petty , not because of his sucess , but because of his lack of sucess . This very well could 've been the only year in Petty 's prime where he did not visit the Winner 's Circle . The team could not get their Dodge Magnum to handle the way they wanted , even though they spent countless hours trying to improve the car 's performance . Unhappy with his 1978 results , Petty decided to part ways with Chrysler , and began racing General Motors vehicles . This change proved very sucessful as Petty scored six top ten finishes in the last ten races of the season . He would go on to have even better results in 1979 . He kicked off the season with winning the Daytona 500 , the sixth of his career , and the first live flag - to - flag broadcast of a NASCAR race . This race became infamous for a fistfight between competitors Donnie Allison and Cale Yarborough after the race . Allison and Yarborough were running first and second on the last lap when they crashed , allowing Petty to sneak by . The race is also regarded as being the turning point of modern - day NASCAR . The East Coast was snowed in by a blizzard , giving CBS a captive audience . He ran most of the remaining races that season in a Chevrolet , winning four additional times , and his seventh and final NASCAR championship , beating Darrell Waltrip by eleven points . That would be the record for closest championship battle until 1992 . 1980 was n't a very good year for Petty , he only won twice . This is widely considered to be the first season of Richard 's downfall . 1981 was slightly more promising . Prior to the 1981 season , NASCAR dictated that all teams had to downsize their cars to a 110 '' wheel - base . Even though Petty had been sucessful with General Motors cars , he wanted to return to his Mopar roots . So , in 1981 Petty revealed a brand new 1981 Dodge Mirada and took it to Daytona in January for testing . Petty 's fans were also mostly Dodge fans , so when word got out about the Mirada , over 15,000 people attended just to watch Petty test . Unfortunately for Richard , the Dodge 's top speed averaged at 186 miles per hour , about 8 miles per hour slower than his fellow GM and Ford competitors . So , Petty abandoned the Dodge Mirada , and purchased a Buick Regal for the Daytona 500 . Petty would end up winning the 500 for the seventh and last time thanks to a strategic late - race pit stop . While Petty would win three races in 1981 , Petty was still dissapointed in his results and concluded that the Regals were poor in reliability and ill - handling . For the 1982 season , he moved to the Pontiac Grand Prix . At first , the Grand Prix behaved much like the 1978 Dodge Magnum , but towards the end of the year things began to improve . Richard would end the season with three victories , nine top fives , and twenty - one top tens . Richard would leave Petty Enterprises after the 1983 season , moving to Curb Racing in hopes his statistics would improve . In 1986 Richard returned to his family 's team . The following years would come with little sucess for struggling Petty , scoring a combined zero wins , fifteen top fives , and thirty - two top tens . On October 1 , 1991 , Petty announced he would retire from racing after the 1992 season . Petty 's final top ten finish came in the 1991 Budweiser at the Glen , which is the same race that claimed the life of veteran driver JD McDuffie . Petty 's final season was dubbed the `` Fan Appreciation Tour . '' This tour took him around the country , participating in special events , ceremonies , and of course , fan meeting sessions . Petty led the first five laps of the Pepsi 400 at Daytona , but dropped out on lap 84 . Petty would lead the field on the pace lap at every race as a salute to the fans . Petty 's final race came at the season - ending Hooters 500 at Atlanta Motor Speedway . The race is well known for hosting the closest championship point battle in NASCAR history , and the first career start for future four - time champion Jeff Gordon . Petty would not officially finish the race after an accident on lap 94 , but did manage to run one last lap after the race in a fender-less race car , with tear - filled eyes and a hand out the window , waving goodbye to his many fans . After Richard 's retirement , Rick Wilson was named to replace him in a renumbered # 44 , but had little sucess . In 1994 , the car was changed back to the King 's famous number 43 , and Wally Dallenbach , Jr. was hired as the driver . He was replaced mid-season by John Andretti . For 1995 , Busch Series Rookie of the Year Bobby Hamilton was hired to drive . Hamilton would score four top fives , and scored his first win with the team the following year at Phoenix , this would be Petty Enterprises first win since 1983 . In 1997 Hamilton won at Rockingham , but left the team at the end of the season to drive for Morgan - McClure Racing . The No. 43 driven by Bobby Hamilton at Phoenix International Raceway In 1998 , journeyman John Andretti was hired and he gave the team three top fives in his first year , and another win at Martinsville the following . This would ultimately be the final win for Petty Enterprises . In 2000 Andretti began to fail , he only scored two top tens , the next year he did score one top five at Bristol . The team lost longtime sponsor STP in mid-2000 and changed to General Mills . The # 43 team began a noticeable downward slide , and would not win another race in Cup competition until 2014 as Richard Petty Motorsports . 2003 saw Andretti get released fourteen races into the season in favor of Brazilian driver Christian Fittipaldi , who struggled and was also released after ten races . Jeff Green took over for 2004 -- 2005 , with a best finish of seventh at Martinsville in 2004 . In 2006 , the team brought in 2000 Winston Cup champion Bobby Labonte and former Hendrick Motorsports crew chief Robbie Loomis . Many analysts saw this combination as the key to putting Petty Enterprises back into victory lane . The team 's first year together showed promise , Labonte finished 21st in the points with eight top tens . Late in the 2007 season , Petty Enterprises moved it 's shop into the old Robert Yates Racing facility in Mooresville , North Carolina . It would be the first time since the inception of the company that it would n't be located in Randleman , North Carolina . `` PE believes that this is necessary to move forward with the team , '' Richard Petty said . `` It 's kind of hard for us and the people in the community to accept maybe we 're not there anymore . We just feel for us to move forward and keep up with where NASCAR is going , we just felt we had to try to go somewhere else . '' That year , Labonte improved to 18th in points . Labonte fell back to 21st in points in 2008 , posting just two top - 10 finishes Earlier in the year , General Mills announced they would leave the team to sponsor Richard Childress Racing 's fourth cup car in 2009 . Rumors surfaced in early December 2008 that Petty Enterprises may cease operations and liquidate its assets , since Boston Venture was unable to secure sponsorship for the No. 43 . In January 2009 , Petty Enterprises merged with Gillette Evernham Motorsports and the No. 43 car was absorbed into the team . Labonte left the team before the 2009 season , leaving the car with no driver and no sponsor for 2009 . By January 2009 , the only employees left were Robbie Loomis and Richard Petty himself . CEO David F. Zucker was reassigned to the Richard Petty Driving Experience , which Boston Ventures also controlled . The team 's merger with Gillett Evernham Motorsports moved the No. 43 over to that team , where it is currently driven by Darrell Wallace Jr . Car No. 44 history ( edit ) The 44 car in 1997 The No. 44 debuted in 1960 with driver Maurice Petty , Petty finished eighth . Maurice returned with the # 44 in 1961 , finishing twenty - first at Bowman Gray Stadium . The No. 44 returned as a Dodge team in 2001 with a sponsorship from Georgia - Pacific and Buckshot Jones driving . In his first year driving the car , Jones finished 41st in points , failing to qualify six times and not recording a single Top 10 finish . Jones returned in 2002 but again struggled , and was released approximately mid-season . Petty Enterprises hired several substitute drivers including Jerry Nadeau , who nearly led the team to victory at Sonoma in June , and Greg Biffle , who ran the last three races . After being used sparingly over the next season recent Petty signee Christian Fittipaldi took over the car for 2004 , but was released . In 2009 , Petty said the No. 44 would return with McCumbee , but McCumbee said `` the plans are up in the air '' due to lack of funding . With the recent merger with Gillett Evernham Motorsports , those plans were completely scrapped and McCumbee was without a ride for 2009 . The No. 44 instead took the place for the No. 10 at Richard Petty Motorsports , with A.J. Allmendinger driving . Car No. 45 history ( edit ) Kyle Petty 's 2007 Dodge Avenger The No. 45 was not always part of Petty Enterprises . The team appeared to be on the rise again with fourth - generation driver Adam Petty joining the team . He made his first Winston Cup start in April 2000 , and many experts believed he would be the future of the team . Kyle Petty was planning to move out of the cockpit soon after , and into the full - time ownership role of the team . About a month and a half after his first career Winston Cup start , Adam Petty was killed in a practice crash at New Hampshire International Speedway in Loudon , New Hampshire . The tragedy deeply affected the team . Kyle Petty took over what was supposed to be Adam 's No. 45 car , and drove it for several seasons in his honor . Kyle Petty would have sponsorships from Sprint now driving the No. 45 in honor of his son . From 2003 to 2005 , he would pick up Georgia - Pacific and Brawny ( moving over from the No. 44 team ) as his sponsors , but was still unable to bring Petty Enterprises back to its former days . With the addition of both Bobby Labonte and Robbie Loomis in 2006 , as well as sponsors Wells Fargo and National Tire & Battery , Petty improved his position to 34th in the points . For 2007 , with the passing of Benny Parsons , Petty would join TNT for six races , dubbed their `` Summer Series '' . During this time , John Andretti returned to the team for four races , and NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series driver Chad McCumbee made his debut at Pocono Raceway . Before his stint in the booth for TNT , Petty had some significant on - track success , finishing third in the Coca - Cola 600 , his first Top 5 Cup finish since 1997 . After the Centurion Boats at the Glen , Kyle injured his hand in the team 's hauler due to punching a desk . Petty would sit out two races while Kenny Wallace and McCumbee filled in . The No. 45 team finished 35th in the 2007 owners points . Kyle Petty in an interview with NASCAR.com said `` I no longer work for the team '' when referring to Petty Enterprises . While the No. 45 car posted no Top 10s and went through multiple sponsors and drivers , it was announced in early December 2008 that Petty Enterprises may cease operations and liquidate its assets , since Boston Venture was unable to secure sponsorship for the No. 45 . In January 2009 , Petty Enterprises merged with Gillette Evernham Motorsports The No. 45 team was folded , leaving Kyle Petty with no ride for 2009 . By January 2009 , the only employees left were Robbie Loomis and Richard Petty himself . CEO David F. Zucker was reassigned to the Richard Petty Driving Experience , which Boston Ventures also controlled . Petty Blue ( edit ) Richard Petty 's `` Petty Blue '' 1970 Plymouth Superbird on display One of the most distinctive features of the No. 43 car is its color . Petty Blue , as it 's called , was created by the Petty family . According to Richard , the color was created by accident when they did n't have enough white or dark blue paint to cover the entire car . The resulting mix of white and blue proved to be very popular and remains on the No. 43 car to this day . Rumors state that Richard Petty would not allow STP to sponsor his car unless he could keep it painted blue . A compromise was reached to paint the car half Petty Blue and half STP Red . Thus was born one of the most famous paint schemes in racing history . History of drivers ( edit ) No. 1 history ( edit ) Driver Year ( s ) Sponsor Make Dick Brooks 1985 Petty Enterprises Ford Morgan Shepherd No. 2 history ( edit ) Driver Year ( s ) Sponsor Make Johnny Dodson 1957 Petty Enterprises Oldsmobile No. 7 history ( edit ) Driver Year ( s ) Sponsor Make Kyle Petty 1983 -- 1984 7 - 11 Pontiac / Ford No. 11 history ( edit ) Driver Year ( s ) Sponsor Make Buddy Baker 1971 -- 1972 Dodge / STP Dodge No. 38 history ( edit ) Driver Year ( s ) Sponsor Make Lee Petty 1949 Petty Enterprises Buick No. 40 history ( edit ) A street replica of Pete Hamilton 's Plymouth Superbird , with which he won the 1970 Daytona 500 Driver Year ( s ) Sponsor Make Pete Hamilton 1970 Petty Enterprises / 7 - Up Plymouth No. 41 history ( edit ) Driver Year ( s ) Sponsor Make Buck Baker Jim Paschal Lee Petty Maurice Petty 1964 Petty Enterprises Plymouth No. 42 history ( edit ) Driver Year ( s ) Sponsor Make Lee Petty 1949 -- 1964 Petty Enterprises Various Richard Petty 1965 Plymouth Marvin Panch Paul Lewis Tiny Lund G.C. Spencer 1966 -- 1967 Dan Gurney 1970 Kyle Petty 1979 - 82 STP Various No. 43 history ( edit ) John Andretti 's 1998 Pontiac Grand Prix Driver Year ( s ) Sponsor Make Bob Welborn 1954 Petty Enterprises Dodge Bill Lutz 1957 Oldsmobile Richard Petty 1958 -- 1983 ; 1986 -- 1992 Chrysler Corp. / STP Various LeeRoy Yarbrough Darrell Dieringer Jim Paschal 1965 -- 1967 , 1970 Petty Enterprises Plymouth Wally Dallenbach Jr . John Andretti STP Pontiac Bobby Hamilton 1995 -- 1997 John Andretti 1998 -- 1999 2000 Cheerios / Betty Crocker 2001 -- 2003 Dodge Christian Fittipaldi 2003 Scott Maxwell Jeff Green 2003 -- 2005 Bobby Labonte 2006 -- 2008 No. 44 history ( edit ) Driver Year ( s ) Sponsor Make Bob Welborn 1954 Petty Enterprises Dodge Rick Wilson STP Pontiac Kyle Petty 1997 -- 2000 Hot Wheels Steve Grissom 2000 Buckshot Jones 2001 -- 2002 Georgia Pacific Dodge Jerry Nadeau 2002 Christian Fittipaldi 2003 Bugles No. 45 history ( edit ) Driver Year ( s ) Sponsor Make Adam Petty 2000 Sprint Chevrolet Kyle Petty 2000 -- 2002 Pontiac / Dodge 2003 -- 2005 Georgia Pacific Dodge 2006 Wells Fargo Marathon Tire Kingdom Schwans MyCokeRewards Kyle Petty Chad McCumbee John Andretti Kenny Wallace 2007 Wells Fargo Marathon Tire Kingdom Coke Zero Goody 's Cool Orange Kyle Petty Chad McCumbee Terry Labonte Boris Said 2008 Wells Fargo Marathon PVA.org Garmin GPSStore No. 46 history ( edit ) Driver Year ( s ) Sponsor Make Bobby Johns 1960 Petty Enterprises Plymouth Nos. 88 and 188 history ( edit ) Driver Year ( s ) Sponsor Make Ralph Earnhardt Tiny Lund 1957 Petty Enterprises Oldsmobile ( ran as No. 88 for 1 race ) Jim Linke 1958 Petty Enterprises Oldsmobile References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://sports.espn.go.com/rpm/news/story?seriesId=2&id=3098662 Jump up ^ http://www.nascar.com/drivers/dps/kpetty00/wc/bio.html Jump up ^ http://www.allpar.com/racing/petty-plymouth-racing.html External links ( edit ) Official site All - time statistics at racing-reference.info <Th_colspan="2"> Richard Petty Motorsports <Td_colspan="2"> Personnel Richard Petty Andrew M. Murstein Lisa Brown Robbie Loomis Sammy Johns Brian Moffitt Robert Miller Former personnel George N. Gillett Jr . Ray Evernham Douglas G. Bergeron Philippe Lopez Partnerships and affiliations Roush Fenway Racing Roush - Yates Engines Biagi - DenBeste Racing Race drivers Monster Energy Cup Series ( 43 ) Darrell Wallace Jr . Crew chiefs Cup Series ( 43 ) Drew Blickensderfer Development drivers Ryan Truex <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Former drivers Richard Petty Motorsports A.J. Allmendinger Aric Almirola Marcos Ambrose Dakoda Armstrong Michael Annett Jeb Burton Sam Hornish Jr . Billy Johnson Kasey Kahne Corey LaJoie Paul Menard Elliott Sadler Brian Scott Regan Smith Reed Sorenson Evernham Motorsports / Gillette Evernham Motorsports Casey Atwood Patrick Carpentier Erin Crocker Bill Elliott Jeremy Mayfield Kasey Kahne Elliott Sadler Petty Enterprises John Andretti Buddy Baker Rich Bickle Rodney Combs Carlos Contreras Wally Dallenbach Jr . Christian Fittipaldi Jeff Green Steve Grissom Bobby Hamilton Pete Hamilton Jimmy Hensley Buckshot Jones Bobby Labonte Jerry Nadeau Jim Paschal Adam Petty Kyle Petty Lee Petty Maurice Petty Richard Petty Rick Wilson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petty_Enterprises&oldid=826575593 '' Categories : 1949 establishments in North Carolina 2009 disestablishments in North Carolina American auto racing teams Defunct companies based in North Carolina Defunct NASCAR teams ARCA Racing Series teams Kyle Petty Richard Petty Sports clubs disestablished in 2009 Sports clubs established in 1949 Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 22 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Petty Enterprises - defunct NASCAR team
2. Richard Petty Motorsports - team formed from merger with Gillett Evernham Motorsports
3. Lee Petty Engineering - original name of Petty Enterprises
4. Richard Petty - owner and driver of Petty Enterprises
5. NASCAR Sprint Cup Series - series in which Petty Enterprises competed
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do you need a visa to travel to chile from the us
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Visa requirements for Chilean citizens - wikipedia Visa requirements for Chilean citizens Jump to : navigation , search The new style Chilean passport Visa requirements for Chilean citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Chile entering with a Chilean passport . As of 1 January 2018 , Chilean citizens had visa - free or visa on arrival access to 161 countries and territories , ranking the Chilean passport 16th in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley Passport Index . Notably , the regular passports of Chile , Israel , South Korea and Hong Kong are the only ones to provide visa - free access to all of Europe , and the passports of Chile and South Korea are the only ones to allow visa - free access to all G8 countries . ( Citizens of Israel and Hong Kong require visas for the United States ) In addition , citizens of Chile do not need a passport when traveling to Argentina , Bolivia , Brazil , Colombia , Ecuador , Paraguay , Peru , Uruguay and Venezuela . For these countries , they may just use their domestic identification cards called Cédula de Identidad . Contents 1 Visa requirements map 2 Visa requirements 3 Territories 4 APEC Business Travel Card 5 See also 6 References Visa requirements map ( edit ) Visa requirements for Chilean citizens Chile ID card travel Visa free access Visa on arrival eVisa Visa available both on arrival or online Visa required Visa requirements ( edit ) Visa requirements for holders of normal passports traveling for tourist purposes : Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Afghanistan Visa required Albania Visa not required 90 days Algeria Visa required Andorra Visa not required Angola Visa required Antigua and Barbuda Visa not required 1 month Argentina Visa not required 90 days National ID card accepted Armenia eVisa / Visa on arrival 120 days Obtainable on arrival at Zvartnots International Airport or prior to travel online . Australia Visa required May apply online ( Online Visitor e600 visa ) . Transit visa is not required . Austria Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Azerbaijan eVisa 30 days Bahamas Visa not required 3 months Bahrain eVisa / Visa on arrival 14 days Visa is also obtainable online . Bangladesh Visa on arrival 30 days Not available at all entry points . Barbados Visa not required 6 months Belarus Visa not required 5 days , must arrive via Minsk International Airport ; Visas are issued on arrival at the Minsk International Airport if the support documents were submitted not later than 3 business days before expected date of arrival . Belgium Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Belize Visa not required 90 days Benin eVisa Bhutan Visa required Bolivia Visa not required 90 days National ID card accepted Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa not required 90 days within any 6 month period Botswana Visa not required 90 days within any year period Brazil Visa not required 90 days National ID card accepted Brunei Visa required Bulgaria Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Burkina Faso Visa required Burundi Visa required Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Visa is also obtainable online . Cameroon Visa required Canada Visa not required 6 months eTA required if arriving by air . Cape Verde Visa on arrival Not available at all entry points . Central African Republic Visa required Chad Visa required China Visa required 72 - hours visa free visit when in transit at , Changsha , Chengdu , Chongqing , Guangzhou , Guilin , Harbin , Kunming , Qingdao , Wuhan , Xi'an and Xiamen . 144 - hours visa free visit when in transit at Beijing ( Beijing Capital International Airport ) , Dalian , Hangzhou , Hebei ( Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport ) , Nanjing , Shanghai ( Hongqiao and Pudong international airports , Railway Station and port ) , Shenyang and Tianjin ( Tianjin Binhai International Airport ) Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan do count as third countries under the 72 and 144 - hours transit policy . Colombia Visa not required 90 days National ID card accepted Comoros Visa on arrival Republic of the Congo Visa required Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required Costa Rica Visa not required 90 days Côte d'Ivoire Visa required Croatia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Cuba Visa required ! Tourist Card required Cyprus Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Czech Republic Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Denmark Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period regardless of previous time spent in other Schengen countries ( except the other Nordic countries ) Djibouti Visa on arrival Not available at all entry points . Dominica Visa not required 21 days Dominican Republic Visa not required 90 days Ecuador Visa not required 90 days National ID card accepted Egypt Visa on arrival 30 days El Salvador Visa not required 3 months Equatorial Guinea Visa required Eritrea Visa required Estonia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Ethiopia Visa required Fiji Visa not required 4 months Finland Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area France and territories Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area ( in Regions of France ) Gabon eVisa Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport . Gambia Visa not required An entry clearance must be obtained from the Gambian Immigration prior to travel . Georgia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Germany Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Ghana Visa required Greece Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Grenada Visa not required Guatemala Visa not required 90 days Guinea Visa required Guinea - Bissau eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days Guyana Visa not required 90 days Haiti Visa not required 3 months Honduras Visa not required 3 months Hungary Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Iceland Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area India e-Visa 60 days e-Visa holders must arrive via 24 designated airports or 3 designated seaports . Indonesia Visa not required 30 days Iran Visa on arrival 15 days Iraq Visa required Ireland Visa not required 3 months Israel Visa not required 3 months Italy Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Jamaica Visa not required 30 days Japan Visa not required 90 days Jordan Visa on arrival Conditions apply . Not available at all entry points . Kazakhstan Visa not required 30 days Kenya eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Kiribati Visa required North Korea Visa required South Korea Visa not required 90 days Kuwait Visa required Kyrgyzstan eVisa / Visa on arrival 1 month Available at Manas International Airport . Laos Visa on arrival 30 days . Not available at all entry points . Latvia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Lebanon Visa on arrival 1 month 1 month extendable for 2 additional months ; granted free of charge at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal , holding a telephone number , an address in Lebanon , and a non refundable return or circle trip ticket . Lesotho eVisa Liberia Visa required Libya Visa required Liechtenstein Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Lithuania Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Luxembourg Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Macedonia Visa not required 90 days within 180 days Madagascar Visa on arrival 90 days Malawi Visa on arrival Malaysia Visa not required 1 month Maldives Visa on arrival 30 days Mali Visa required Malta Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Marshall Islands Visa on arrival 90 days Mauritania Visa on arrival Available at Nouakchott -- Oumtounsy International Airport . Mauritius Visa not required 90 days Mexico Visa not required 180 days Micronesia Visa not required 30 days Moldova Visa not required 90 days Monaco Visa not required Mongolia Visa required Montenegro Visa not required 90 days Morocco Visa not required 3 months Mozambique Visa on arrival 30 days Conditions apply Myanmar eVisa 28 days eVisa holders must arrive via Yangon International Airport . Namibia Visa required Nauru Visa required Nepal Visa on arrival 90 days Netherlands Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area ( European Netherlands ) New Zealand Visa not required 3 months Nicaragua Visa not required 90 days Niger Visa required Nigeria Visa required Norway Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Oman eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Pakistan Visa required Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days . Conditions apply . Palau Visa on arrival 30 days Panama Visa not required 180 days Papua New Guinea Visa on arrival 60 days Paraguay Visa not required 90 days National ID card accepted Peru Visa not required up to 183 days National ID card accepted Philippines Visa not required 30 days Poland Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Portugal Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Qatar eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Available at Hamad International Airport . eVisa is also available . Romania Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Russia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required 3 months Saint Lucia Visa not required 6 weeks Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required 1 month Samoa Visa on arrival ! Entry Permit on arrival 60 days San Marino Visa not required São Tomé and Príncipe Visa required Visa is obtained online . Saudi Arabia Visa required Senegal Visa required Serbia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Seychelles Visa on arrival ! Visitor 's Permit on arrival 3 months Sierra Leone Visa required Singapore Visa not required 30 days Slovakia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Slovenia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Solomon Islands Visa on arrival ! Visitor 's permit on arrival 3 months Somalia Visa on arrival 30 days , available at Bosaso , Galcaio and Mogadishu airports . South Africa Visa not required 90 days South Sudan Visa required Spain Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Sudan Visa required Suriname Visa on arrival Swaziland Visa not required 30 days Sweden Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Switzerland Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Syria Visa required Tajikistan Visa on arrival 45 days At Dushanbe International Airport . Visa also available online . E-visa holders can enter through all border points . Tanzania Visa on arrival Thailand Visa not required 3 months Timor - Leste Visa on arrival 30 days Not available at all entry points . Togo Visa on arrival 7 days Tonga Visa required Trinidad and Tobago Visa not required 90 days Tunisia Visa not required 90 days Turkey Visa not required 3 months Turkmenistan Visa required Tuvalu Visa on arrival 1 month Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival Determined at the port of entry . May apply online . Ukraine Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period United Arab Emirates Visa not required 90 days United Kingdom Visa not required 6 months United States Visa not required ! Visa Waiver Program 90 days On arrival from overseas ESTA ( valid for 2 years when issued ) required if arriving by air or cruise ship . Biometric passport holders only . Uruguay Visa not required 3 months National ID card accepted Uzbekistan Visa required Vanuatu Visa not required 30 days Vatican City Visa not required Venezuela Visa not required 90 days National ID card accepted Vietnam Visa not required 90 days Yemen Visa required Zambia eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days up to 90 days Zimbabwe eVisa / Visa on arrival Territories ( edit ) Visa requirements for Chilean citizens for visits to various territories , disputed areas , partially recognized countries and restricted zones : <Th_colspan="3"> Africa Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) British Indian Ocean Territory Special permit required Special permit required . Eritrea outside Asmara Travel permit required To travel in the rest of the country , a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required ( 20 Eritrean nakfa ) . Ascension Island Entry Permit required Entry Permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance ( 3 months for 20 / 30 pounds sterling , single / double entry ) . Saint Helena Visitor 's Pass required Visitor 's Pass granted on arrival valid for 4 / 10 / 21 / 60 / 90 days for 12 / 14 / 16 / 20 / 25 pound sterling . Tristan da Cunha Permission required Permission to land required for 15 / 30 pounds sterling ( yacht / ship passenger ) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island , Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands . Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Undefined visa regime in the Western Sahara controlled territory . Somaliland Visa on arrival 30 days for 30 US dollars , payable on arrival . Sudan Travel permit required All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit . Darfur Travel permit required Separate travel permit is required . <Th_colspan="3"> Asia Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Hong Kong Visa not required 3 months India PAP / RAP PAP / RAP required Protected Area Permit ( PAP ) required for whole states of Nagaland and Sikkim and parts of states Manipur , Arunachal Pradesh , Uttaranchal , Jammu and Kashmir , Rajasthan , Himachal Pradesh . Restricted Area Permit ( RAP ) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Sikkim . Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year . Kazakhstan Special permission required Special permission required for the town of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast , and the town of Gvardeyskiy near Almaty . Kish Island Visa not required Visitors to Kish Island do not require a visa . Macao Visa not required 30 days Sabah and Sarawak Visa not required These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them , however the same visa applies . Maldives Permission required With the exception of the capital Malé , tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of Maldives . North Korea outside Pyongyang Special permit required People are not allowed to leave the capital city , tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide ( no independent moving ) Palestine Visa not required Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed . Taiwan Visa not required 90 days Gorno - Badakhshan Autonomous Province OIVR permit required OIVR permit required ( 15 + 5 Tajikistani Somoni ) and another special permit ( free of charge ) is required for Lake Sarez . Tibet Autonomous Region TTP required Tibet Travel Permit required ( 10 US Dollars ) . Korean Demilitarized Zone Restricted zone . UNDOF Zone and Ghajar Restricted zone . Phú Quốc Visa not required 30 days Yemen Special permission required Special permission needed for travel outside Sana'a or Aden . <Th_colspan="3"> Caribbean and North Atlantic Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Anguilla Visa not required 3 months Aruba Visa not required 30 days , extendable to 180 days Bermuda Visa not required Up to 6 months , decided on arrival . Bonaire , St. Eustatius and Saba Visa not required 3 months British Virgin Islands Visa not required 30 days , extensions possible Cayman Islands Visa not required 6 months Curacao Visa not required 3 months French Guiana Visa not required 3 months French West Indies Visa not required 3 months ( French West Indies refers to Martinique , Guadeloupe , Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy ) Greenland Visa not required Margarita Island Visa not required All visitors are fingerprinted . Montserrat Visa not required 6 months Puerto Rico Visa not required Under the Visa Waiver Program , for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years . ESTA and a biometric passport required . Sint Maarten Visa not required 3 months Turks and Caicos Islands Visa not required 90 days U.S. Virgin Islands Visa not required Under the Visa Waiver Program , for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years . ESTA and a biometric passport required . <Th_colspan="3"> Europe Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Abkhazia Visa required Mount Athos Special permit required Special permit required ( 4 days : 25 euro for Orthodox visitors , 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors , 18 euro for students ) . There is a visitors ' quota : maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed . Brest and Grodno Visa not required Visa - free for 10 days Crimea Visa not required Territory accessed under Russian visa policy . Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Visa not required 3 months UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus Access Permit required Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone , except Civil Use Areas . Faroe Islands Visa not required Gibraltar Visa not required Guernsey Visa not required Isle of Man Visa not required Jan Mayen Permit required Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours . Jersey Visa not required Kosovo Visa not required 90 days Nagorno - Karabakh Republic Visa required Travellers with Nagorno - Karabakh visa ( expired or valid ) or evidence of travel to Nagorno - Karabakh ( stamps ) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan . Russia Special authorization required Several closed cities and regions in Russia require special authorization . South Ossetia Visa not required Multiple entry visa to Russia and three - day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia . Transnistria Visa not required Registration required after 24h . <Th_colspan="3"> Oceania Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) American Samoa Entry permit required Entry permit is required . Ashmore and Cartier Islands Special authorisation required Special authorisation required . Clipperton Island Special permit required Special permit required . Cook Islands Visa not required 31 days Guam Visa not required Under the Visa Waiver Program , for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years . ESTA and a biometric passport required . Lau Province Special permission required Special permission required . French Polynesia Visa not required 90 days within 180 days Niue Visa on arrival 30 days Northern Mariana Islands Visa not required Visa not required under the Visa Waiver Program , for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years . ESTA and a biometric passport required . Pitcairn Islands Visa not required 14 days visa free and landing fee 35 USD or tax of 5 USD if not going ashore . United States Minor Outlying Islands Special permits required Special permits required for Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island . <Th_colspan="3"> South America Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Galápagos Pre-registration required Online pre-registration is required . Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure . <Th_colspan="3"> South Atlantic and Antarctica Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Falkland Islands Visa not required Visa is not required . South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Permit required Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required ( 72 hours / 1 month for 110 / 160 pounds sterling ) . Antarctica Special permits required for British Antarctic Territory , French Southern and Antarctic Lands , Argentine Antarctica , Australian Antarctic Territory , Heard Island and McDonald Islands , Peter I Island , Queen Maud Land , Ross Dependency . APEC business travel card ( edit ) Full members of the scheme Transitional members ( United States , Canada ) Holders of an APEC Business Travel Card ( ABTC ) travelling on business do not require a visa to the following countries : Australia Brunei China Hong Kong Indonesia Japan South Korea Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Russia Singapore Taiwan Thailand Vietnam The card must be used in conjunction with a passport and has the following advantages : no need to apply for a visa or entry permit to APEC countries , as the card is treated as such ( except by Canada and United States ) undertake legitimate business in participating economies expedited border crossing in all member economies , including transitional members expedited scheduling of visa interview ( United States ) See also ( edit ) Chile portal Visa policy of Chile Chilean passport References ( edit ) ^ `` Global Ranking - Passport Index 2018 '' ( PDF ) . Henley & Partners . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ ( 1 ) ^ Visa information , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan . ^ Visa regime for foreign citizens , Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of Albania . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel to Andorra , Ministry of External Affairs of Andorra . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Countries exempt from visa , Department of Immigration of Antigua and Barbuda . ^ Visa regime , National Directorate of Migrations of Argentina ( in Spanish ) . ^ Visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Armenia . ^ e-Visa - Republic of Armenia Electronic Visa System ^ Visitor visa options , Department of Home Affairs of Australia . ^ `` Visitor e600 Visa Online Applications '' . Department of Immigration and Border Protection . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . ^ Do I need a visa to transit through Australia ? ^ Schengen visa , Federal Ministry for Europe , Integration and Foreign Affairs of Austria . ^ Countries with visa - free travel regime , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan ( in Azerbaijani ) . ^ Electronic Visa System of Azerbaijan Republic ^ Visa requirements for foreigners travelling to the Bahamas , Government of the Bahamas , 18 February 2014 . ^ Bahrain eVisas , Ministry of Interior of Bahrain . ^ ( 2 ) ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Available at Shahjalal International Airport , Shah Amanat International Airport and Osmani International Airport only . ^ Visa requirements for foreign nationals entering Barbados , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of Barbados , 3 June 2009 . ^ Visa - free travel , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Belarus . ^ http://www.mfa.gov.by/en/visa/airport/ ^ Visa for Belgium , Federal Public Service Foreign Affairs of Belgium . ^ Countries not requiring an entry visa , Department of Immigration and Nationality Services of Belize , September 2016 . ^ ( 3 ) ^ Visa , Emigration and Immigration Directorate of Benin . ^ Visa , Tourism Council of Bhutan . ^ Requirements to enter Bolivia , General Directorate of Migration of Bolivia ( in Spanish ) . ^ Visas , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina . ^ Requirements for visa application , Government of Botswana . ^ Visas to travel to Brazil , Ministry of External Relations of Brazil ( in Portuguese and English ) . ^ ( www.mofat.gov.bn/Pages/Visa-Information.aspx Country category for visa application ) , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Brunei . ^ Visa for Bulgaria , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ http://evisa.mfaic.gov.kh ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ canada.ca/eTA ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Obtainable at Nelson Mandela International Airport , Cesária Évora Airport , Amílcar Cabral International Airport and Aristides Pereira International Airport . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` 144 小时 过境 免 签 政策 '' ^ `` 144 小时 过境 免 签 政策 '' ^ `` 144 小时 过境 免 签 政策 '' ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa requirements overview , Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of Croatia . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa policy , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus . ^ List of states whose citizens are exempt from visa requirement , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic , 13 July 2017 . ^ Countries with a visa requirement and visa - free countries , Danish Immigration Service , 8 December 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Obtainable at Djibouti -- Ambouli International Airport . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Extendable length of stay . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Who does not need a visa to visit Estonia ? , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia , 2 November 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa requirement and travel documents accepted by Finland , Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland . ^ Foreign nationals holding ordinary passports exempt from visa requirements , Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of France , January 2016 . ^ Gabon e-Visa ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` ENTRY INTO THE GAMBIA . GAMBIA IMMIGRATION DEPARTMENT '' . gid.gov.gm. 2017 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . ^ ( 4 ) ^ Overview of visa requirements / exemptions for entry into the Federal Republic of Germany , Federal Foreign Office of Germany . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Countries requiring or not requiring a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece , 13 June 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Countries that do not need a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Hungary . ^ Who does not need a visa , Directorate of Immigration of Iceland . ^ Indian e-Visa ^ e-Visa ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Countries that need a visa for Ireland , Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service . ^ Tourist visa table , Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs , 23 May 2017 . ^ Visa for Italy , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Italy . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Visa Information '' . Timatic . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ Visa on arrival obtainable at most international ports of entry and at most international land border crossings ( except King Hussein / Allenby Bridge crossing ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Republic of Kenya - eCitizen portal ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Available at international airports Wattay Vientiane , Pakse Savannakhet and Luang Prabang , and at land borders Friendship Bridge , Vientiane and Savannakhet ; Nam Heuang Friendship Bridge , Sayabouly Province ; and border crossings at Boten - Mohan , Dansavan - Lao Bao , Houaysay - Chiang Khong , Thakhek - Nakhon Phanom , Nong Haet - Nam Kan , Nam Phao - Kao Cheo , Veun Kham - Dong Calor , and Vangtao - Chong Mek as well as Tha Naleng train station in Vientiane , which connects to the train station in Nongkhai , Thailand . Entry points Napao - Chalo , Taichang - Sophoun , Pakxan - Bungkan , and Xiengkok are open only to visa holders . ^ Countries whose citizens may enter Latvia without a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia , 9 October 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ eVisa Lesotho ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa , Government of Liechtenstein ( in German ) . ^ Do I need a visa ? , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Lithuania , 30 August 2017 . ^ Staying in Luxembourg for less than 90 days , Government of Luxembourg . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Who requires a visa ? , Identity Malta . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ http://www.mfa.gov.md/entry-visas-moldova/citizens-additional-checks/#link ^ Before you leave , Monaco Government Tourist Office . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Visa Information '' . Timatic . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ ( 5 ) ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Short - stay Schengen visa ( 90 days or less ) , Government of the Netherlands . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Persons who do not need a visa to visit Norway , Norwegian Directorate of Immigration . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Business Visa . Ministry of Interior of Pakistan ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa - free countries , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Poland . ^ Third countries whose citizens are required to have a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Portugal . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Do I need a visa ? , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Border formalities , San Marino Tourism Board . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ http://www.smf.st/virtualvisa/ ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Consular information and travel visa , Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of Slovakia . ^ Visa regimes and visas , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Slovenia . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Entry requirements , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Spain . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ List of foreign citizens who require visa for entry into Sweden , Government of Sweden . ^ Overview of ID and visa provisions according to nationality , State Secretariat for Migration of Switzerland . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ https://www.evisa.tj ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Obtainable at the Presidente Nicolau Lobato International Airport or at the Dili Sea Port . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Uganda Electronic Visa / Permit Application System ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ ( 6 ) ^ UK visa requirements : list for carriers , Government of the United Kingdom , 2 October 2017 . ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State . ^ ( 7 ) ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa - free travel between Vietnam and Chile ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/asia-oceania/british-indian-ocean-territory?ta=entryRequirements&pg=4 ^ http://www.eritrea.be/MoT.htm ^ http://www.ascension-island.gov.ac/services/entry-permits/ ^ http://www.sthelenatourism.com/the-island/useful-info/ ^ http://www.tristandc.com/visitsadmin.php ^ http://www.lonelyplanet.com/somaliland-puntland-and-somalia/practical-information/visas ^ http://www.somalilandgov.com/Visa%20Application.htm ^ `` Republic of South Sudan Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . ^ Visit visa / entry permit requirements for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , Immigration Department of Hong Kong , April 2017 . ^ ( 8 ) ^ http://as.and.nic.in/TourismAND/TCorner/ForeignersNew.htm ^ http://arunachaltourism.com/entry_formalities.php ^ http://manipurbhawan.nic.in/entryformalities.htm ^ http://manipurhub.com/news/manipur/protected-area-permit-requirement-lifted-from-manipur-for-one-year/ ^ http://lakshadweeptourism.nic.in/web9.htm ^ `` Kazakhstan Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Iran Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ Entry and exit of non-residents , Public Security Police Force of Macau . ^ `` Malaysia Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Maldives Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ Tourist visa table , Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs , 23 May 2017 . ^ `` Israel Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ Visa , Bureau of Consular Affairs of Taiwan . ^ http://www.pamirs.org/visas.htm ^ http://www.traveltajikistan.com/visas/gbao.html ^ http://tajiktourism.com/tajikistan-visa/ ^ http://www.xzta.gov.cn/yww/Essential/Notice/4719.shtml ^ http://www.tibettravel.org/tibet-travel-permit/tibet-permits.html ^ http://www.tibettravelplanner.com/travel_permit.htm ^ http://www.vietseatourist.vn/News/category1/news-57/No-visa-required-for-tourists-to-Phu-Quoc-on-short-stay.html ^ `` Yemen Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . ^ Visa requirements for Anguilla , Government of Anguilla , October 2016 . ^ Do I need a visa for the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom ? , Government of the Netherlands . ^ `` Aruba Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . ^ Bermuda entry visas , Government of Bermuda . ^ Do I need a visa for the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom ? , Government of the Netherlands . ^ `` Bonaire , St. Eustatius , and Saba ( BES ) Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . ^ Visas , Tourism Board of the British Virgin Islands . ^ Visa - free and visa - required countries , Department of Immigration of the Cayman Islands . ^ Do I need a visa for the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom ? , Government of the Netherlands . ^ Ruling of 26 July 2011 regarding the documents and visas required for the entry of foreigners in the territory of Guadeloupe , French Guiana , Martinique , Réunion and the collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , Légifrance ( in French ) . ^ Ruling of 26 July 2011 regarding the documents and visas required for the entry of foreigners in the territory of Guadeloupe , French Guiana , Martinique , Réunion and the collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , Légifrance ( in French ) . ^ ( 9 ) ^ `` Vietnam Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . ^ ( 10 ) ^ Countries not requiring a visa , Immigration Department of Montserrat . ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State . ^ Do I need a visa for the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom ? , Government of the Netherlands . ^ `` Sint Maarten Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . ^ Requirements to obtain a Turks and Caicos visitor 's visa , Ministry of Border Control and Employment of the Turks and Caicos Islands . ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State . ^ http://mfaapsny.org/aps/council/visa.php ^ http://www.athosfriends.org/PilgrimsGuide/planning/ ^ http://www.mountathosinfos.gr/pages/agionoros/pilgrims_info.en.html ^ ( 11 ) ^ Foreigners Now Need Russian Visa to Visit Crimea ^ http://www.korinia.com/living-north-cyprus.php ^ http://www.cypnet.co.uk/ncyprus/tourism/tourist.html ^ http://www.unficyp.org/nqcontent.cfm?a_id=1608&tt=graphic&lang=l1 ^ Visas and immigration , Government of Gibraltar . ^ Do I require an entry clearance / VISA ^ An overview of Immigration in the Isle of Man ^ http://www.jan-mayen.no/visit.htm ^ http://www.lovdata.no/for/sf/jd/xd-19620601-0001.html ^ Visa and passport requirements for visitors ^ http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,158 ^ http://www.nkr.am/en/the-procedure-of-foreign-citizens-entry-to-the-nkr/92/ ^ http://www.nkrusa.org/nkr_office/visa_travel.shtml ^ http://mfa.gov.az/index.php?options=content&id=587 ^ `` Russian Federation Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ http://mfa-rso.su/node/55 ^ http://mfa-rso.su/en/node/406 ^ http://www.luxlana.net/Transdniestr.html ^ http://transnistria-tour.com/en/rules-and-tipps ^ General information , American Samoa Visitors Bureau . ^ http://www.environment.gov.au/coasts/mpa/ashmore/activities.html ^ http://www.clipperton.fr/incagen.html?geopolitique.htm~main ^ http://www.cook-islands.gov.ck/faq.php ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State . ^ `` Fiji Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ Ruling of 29 December 2011 regarding the documents and visas required for the entry of foreigners in the territory of French Polynesia , Légifrance ( in French ) . ^ http://www.niueisland.com/getting-niue ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State . ^ http://www.visitpitcairn.pn/visitpitcairn/visaslegalinfo/touristinfo/index.html ^ http://www.government.pn/visaInfo.php ^ http://www.government.pn/immigration%20ordinance.pdf ^ http://www.fws.gov/bakerisland/visit.html ^ http://www.fws.gov/howlandisland/visit.html ^ http://www.fws.gov/jarvisisland/ ^ http://www.fws.gov/johnstonisland/visit.html ^ http://www.fws.gov/kingmanreef/visit.html ^ http://www.fws.gov/midway/visit.html ^ http://www.fws.gov/palmyraatoll/visit.html ^ Sistema de Calificación y Control de Residencia - Consejo de Gobierno de Galápagos ^ http://www.falklandislands.com/product.php/35/17/entry_and_exit_requirements/abce58e896311945651c12e01c7562dc ^ http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/south-america/south-georgia-south-sandwich#entryRequirements ^ http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/(v)Information_for_Visitors_to_South_Georgia?useskin=vis ^ http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/about_antarctica/tourism/index.php ^ http://www.fco.gov.uk/content/en/travel-advice/north-central-south-america/12940285/fco_trv_ca_britishantarcticterr?ta=travelSummary&pg=1 ^ http://britishantarcticterritory.fco.gov.uk/en/tourism/ ^ http://www.taaf.fr/Acces-a-l-Antarctique ^ http://www.taaf.fr/Acces-aux-iles-australes ^ http://www.taaf.fr/Acces-aux-iles-Eparses ^ http://www.dna.gov.ar/DIVULGAC/INDEX.HTM ^ http://www.antarctica.gov.au/living-and-working/predeparture/expeditioner-engagement-information ^ http://www.heardisland.aq/about/frequently-asked-questions#visit_heard_island ^ http://www.npolar.no/en/antarctica/peter-I-oy.html ^ http://www.npolar.no/en/antarctica/dronning-maud-land.html ^ http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Foreign-Relations/Antarctica/3-New-Zealand-Procedures-for-Visitors-to-Antarctica/index.php ^ APEC Business Travel Card ^ APEC Business Travel Card <Th_colspan="2"> Visa policy by country <Td_colspan="2"> Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Eastern Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia ( Somaliland ) South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibia Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Africa Swaziland Western Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Dutch Caribbean ( Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao , Sint Maarten ) Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Montserrat Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Central Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama North Bermuda Canada Mexico United States South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Falkland Islands Guyana Paraguay Peru South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Central & North Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong Macau Japan North Korea South Korea Mongolia Taiwan ( Republic of China ) South Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast ( ASEAN ) Brunei Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Western Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia South Ossetia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe European Union / EFTA Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Faroe Islands Estonia Finland France Overseas Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Overseas Norway Svalbard Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Overseas Other Europe Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Albania Andorra Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Kosovo Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Russia San Marino Serbia South Ossetia Transnistria Turkey Ukraine Vatican City Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu <Td_colspan="2"> British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan ( Artsakh ) and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ; Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Part of the Realm of New Zealand . Partially recognized . Unincorporated territory of the United States . Part of Norway , not part of the Schengen Area , special open - border status under Svalbard Treaty <Th_colspan="2"> Visa requirements <Td_colspan="2"> Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angolan Cameroonian Central African Republic Chadian DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinean Gabonese Santomean Eastern Burundian Comorian Djiboutian Eritrean Ethiopian Kenyan Malagasy Malawian Mauritian Mozambican Rwandan Seychellois Somali ( Somaliland ) South Sudanese Tanzanian Ugandan Zambian Zimbabwean Northern Algerian Egyptian Libyan Moroccan Sudanese Tunisian Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibian Saint Helena South African Swazi Western Beninese Burkinabe Cape Verdean Gambian Ghanaian Guinean Guinea - Bissauan Ivorian Liberian Malian Mauritanian Nigerian Nigerien Senegalese Sierra Leonean Togolese Americas Caribbean Anguillan Antigua and Barbuda Bahamian Barbadian British Virgin Islands Caymanian Cuban Dominica Dominican Republic Grenadian Haitian Jamaican Montserratian Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucian Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Central Belizean Costa Rican El Salvador Guatemalan Honduran Nicaraguan Panamanian North Bermudian Canadian Mexican United States South Argentine Bolivian Brazilian Chilean Colombian Ecuadorian Guyanese Paraguayan Peruvian Surinamese Uruguayan Venezuelan Asia Central & North Afghanistani Kazakhstani Kyrgyzstani Russian Tajik Turkmen Uzbekistani East Chinese Hong Kongese Macanese Japanese North Korean South Korean Mongolian Taiwanese South Bangladeshi Bhutanese Indian Maldivian Nepalese Pakistani Sri Lankan Southeast Bruneian Cambodian East Timorese Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Myanmar Philippine Singaporean Thai Vietnamese Western Abkhaz Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Bahraini Cypriot Egyptian Georgian Emirati Iranian Iraqi Israeli Jordanian Kuwaiti Lebanese Northern Cypriot Omani Palestinian Qatari Saudi South Ossetian Syrian Turkish Yemeni Europe European Union Austrian Belgian British ( BOTC BN ( O ) BOC ) Bulgarian Croatian Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch Estonian ( Non-citizens ) Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Irish Italian Latvian ( Non-citizens ) Lithuanian Luxembourg Maltese Polish Portuguese Romanian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Other Europe Abkhaz Albanian Andorran Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Belarusian Bosnian and Herzegovinian Georgian Gibraltar Icelandic Kazakhstani Kosovan Liechtenstein Macedonia Moldovan Monégasque Montenegrin Northern Cypriot Norwegian Russian San Marino Serbian South Ossetian Sovereign Military Order of Malta Swiss Transnistrian Turkish Ukrainian Vatican City Oceania Australian Fijian Kiribati Marshallese Micronesian Nauruan New Zealand Palauan Papua New Guinean Pitcairn Islands Samoan Solomon Islands Tongan Tuvaluan Vanuatuan <Td_colspan="2"> British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia ( Artsakh ) and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has a small part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai peninsula . Partially recognized . Immigration law Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visa_requirements_for_Chilean_citizens&oldid=827864789 '' Categories : Visa requirements by nationality Foreign relations of Chile Hidden categories : Articles with Spanish - language external links Articles with Azerbaijani - language external links Articles with German - language external links Articles with French - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 04 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Visa requirements for Chilean citizens
2. Travel freedom for Chilean passport holders
3. Visa-free access for Chilean citizens
4. Domestic identification cards for travel to neighboring countries
5. Henley Passport Index ranking for Chilean passport
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4,419,668,753,873,742,300 |
main se meena se na saqi se movie name
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Jeete Hain Shaan Se - Wikipedia Jeete Hain Shaan Se Jump to : navigation , search This article contains wording that promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information . Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject 's importance , use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance . ( June 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Jeete Hain Shaan Se <Td_colspan="2"> Directed by Kawal Sharma Produced by Smt P. Bhagyam Written by Abhilash , Raaj Jallandhary Starring Mithun Chakraborty Sanjay Dutt Govinda Mandakini Music by Anu Malik Cinematography S. Pappu Edited by Vijay Pande , A. Sanjeevi Distributed by Shree Bhagyalakshmi Movies Release date 4 August 1988 ( 1988 - 08 - 04 ) ( India ) Language Hindi Jeete Hain Shaan Se is a 1988 Bollywood action film directed by Kawal Sharma , starring Mithun Chakraborty , Sanjay Dutt and Govinda in leading roles , the film performed excellently at the Indian box office and was the third highest grossing Hindi film of that year , although it is probably best remembered for the song `` Julie Julie '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Songs 4 Trivia 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Johnny ( Mithun Chakraborty ) , Govinda ( Sanjay Dutt ) and Iqbal Ali ( Govinda ) are close friends who live in a small community in Bombay . The threesome get together to help each other and other needy people in the community and , hence , get in the bad books of a local gangster who calls himself DK . Tragedy strikes Govinda when his mom passes away . At the time of the funeral , Govinda is reunited with his dad , Advocate Verma , who has been missing for years . Then a police inspector gets Johny to meet his biological mother , Mary . The three friends rejoice over this good fortune . Then Johnny finds out that Verma was behind the atrocities that were inflicted on his mom years ago , and he goes to confront Verma , only to come against an enraged Govinda , who can not believe his father is capable of committing any atrocities against anyone . It is now up to Iqbal to find a solution to end the enmity between Govinda and Johnny , before DK takes advantage of this situation . Cast ( edit ) Mithun Chakraborty as Johnny Sanjay Dutt as Govinda Govinda as Iqbal Ali Mandakini as Julie Vijeta Pandit as Kiran Danny Denzongpa as Balwant Paintal as Drunk Narendra Nath Tiwari Monty Nath as Dawood Sudhir as Babu Rajeev Satyendra Kapoor as Advocate Verma Ashalata as Geeta Verma Gita Siddharth as Mary C.S. Dubey Yunus Parvez as the Defence Council Viju Khote as the Drunk Mushtaq Merchant Raj Tilak Krishnakant as Rahim Bhai Manik Irani as Gullu Gur Bachchan Singh as Goga Pramod A. Dubey Songs ( edit ) `` Julie Julie Johny Ka Dil Tumpe Aaya '' - Anu Malik , Kavita Krishnamurthy `` Govinda Govinda '' - Shabbir Kumar `` Rab Roothe Roothe '' - Anuradha Paudwal , Shabbir Kumar , Anu Malik `` Salaam Seth Salaam Seth '' - Anu Malik `` Allah Hoo '' - Mohammed Aziz `` Jeete Hain Shaan Se '' - Amit Kumar , Anuradha Paudwal , Kavita Krishnamurthy , Shabbir Kumar , Shailendra Singh Trivia ( edit ) The famous song in the film , `` Julie Julie Johnny ka dil tujh pe aiya julie '' , is sung by notable Music Director Anu Malik and singer Kavita Krishnamurthy . External links ( edit ) Jeete Hain Shaan Se on IMDb This article about a Hindi film of the 1980s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeete_Hain_Shaan_Se&oldid=836880901 '' Categories : 1988 films Hindi - language films 1980s Hindi - language films Indian films Films scored by Anu Malik 1980s Hindi - language film stubs Hidden categories : Articles with peacock terms from June 2013 All articles with peacock terms Use dmy dates from November 2015 Use Indian English from November 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 12 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Jeete Hain Shaan Se - Bollywood action film
2. Starring Mithun Chakraborty, Sanjay Dutt, and Govinda
3. Third highest grossing Hindi film of 1988
4. Plot revolves around friendship and confronting past secrets
5. Notable song "Julie Julie" sung by Anu Malik and Kavita Krishnamurthy
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8,811,357,645,394,140,000 |
where was superman during the dark knight rises
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The Dark Knight Returns - Wikipedia The Dark Knight Returns For the animated adaptation , see Batman : The Dark Knight Returns ( film ) . <Th_colspan="2"> The Dark Knight Returns <Td_colspan="2"> Cover of The Dark Knight Returns # 1 ( Feb. 1986 ) Art by penciler - inker Frank Miller and colorist Lynn Varley <Th_colspan="2"> Publication information Publisher DC Comics Schedule Monthly Format Limited series Publication date February -- June 1986 No. of issues Main character ( s ) Batman James Gordon Carrie Kelley The Joker Superman <Th_colspan="2"> Creative team Written by Frank Miller Penciller ( s ) Frank Miller Inker ( s ) Klaus Janson Letterer ( s ) John Costanza Colorist ( s ) Lynn Varley Editor ( s ) Dick Giordano Dennis O'Neil <Th_colspan="2"> Collected editions Batman : The Dark Knight Returns ISBN 1 - 56389 - 342 - 8 Absolute Dark Knight ISBN 1401210791 The Dark Knight Returns ( alternatively titled Batman : The Dark Knight Returns ) is a 1986 four - issue comic book miniseries starring Batman , written by Frank Miller , illustrated by Miller and Klaus Janson , and published by DC Comics . When the series was collected into a single volume later that year , the story title for the first issue was applied to the entire series . The Dark Knight Returns tells an alternative story of Bruce Wayne , who at 55 years old returns from retirement to fight crime and faces opposition from the Gotham City police force and the United States government . The story introduces Carrie Kelley as the new Robin and culminates with a confrontation against Superman , who works on behalf of the government . In the pre-Flashpoint DC Multiverse , the events of The Dark Knight Returns and its associated titles were designated to occur on Earth - 31 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Background and creation 4 Reception 5 Influence 6 Sequels and prequels 7 In other media 7.1 Television 7.2 Film 7.3 Merchandise 7.4 Comic books 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) The Dark Knight Returns is set in a dystopian version of Gotham City in 1986 . Bruce Wayne , aged 55 , has given up the mantle of Batman after the death of Jason Todd ten years prior , and now lives as a bored bachelor . As a result , crime is running rampant throughout the city and a gang calling themselves `` The Mutants '' has begun terrorizing the people of Gotham . Upon being reminded of the deaths of his parents during a TV broadcast of The Mark of Zorro and watching news reports about the Mutants ' crimes , Wayne returns to his role as a vigilante . On his first night as Batman he puts a stop to multiple assaults -- including one on two young girls , Carrie Kelley and her friend Michelle . While attempting to foil an armed robbery on the same night , Batman learns that the men involved are working for Harvey Dent . Dent , previously known for his criminal acts as Two - Face , underwent extensive therapy and plastic surgery financed by Wayne to reemerge into society . Batman informs Commissioner James Gordon that Dent may be planning a larger scheme . Soon after , Dent hijacks the television sets of the city and announces his intention to hold the city to ransom with a bomb . When Batman defeats Dent and his goons , he realizes that Dent 's mind has completely warped into his Two - Face persona . Inspired by Batman 's rescue , Kelley buys herself an imitation Robin costume and searches for him , seeking to help him . She learns that Batman will be at the city dump and follows the Mutants there . Although Batman defeats the Mutants with his advanced weaponry in the ensuing battle , the Mutant Leader ends up goading him into a fight . During their hand - to - hand brawl , Batman , despite being able to match the Leader in strength , is rusty and slightly slow due to a decade 's lack of activity which results in him getting seriously injured . Kelley creates a diversion , allowing Batman to immobilize the Mutant Leader , and the two of them escape . At the Batcave , Wayne 's butler Alfred Pennyworth tends to his wounds while Kelley admires the Robin costume that belonged to Todd . Wayne decides to keep Kelley as his new sidekick . Gordon allows Batman to defeat the Mutant Leader ( whom he had arrested ) on his own terms . The two engage in a fight at a sewage run - off pipe surrounded by members of the Mutant gang . Batman , leveraging the mud from the sewage to slow him down , deals the Leader a brutal defeat . Seeing Batman defeat their leader , the Mutants disband and some rename themselves the Sons of Batman , using excessive violence against criminals . At the White House , Superman and current president Ronald Reagan discuss the events in Gotham , with the latter suggesting that Superman may have to arrest Batman . Superman informs the president that he may only be able to talk to Wayne . He is then deployed by Washington to the Latin American country of Corto Maltese where he fights Soviet combat forces in a conflict that may ignite World War III . Gordon hands over the role of commissioner to Captain Ellen Yindel , who issues a statement declaring that Batman is a wanted criminal for his vigilante activities . At the same time , Batman 's return stimulates the Joker to awaken from catatonia at Arkham Asylum . With renewed purpose , the Joker manipulates his caretakers to allow him onto a television talk show , where he murders everyone with gas and escapes . With the help of Selina Kyle , Batman and Robin track him to a county fair while evading a police pursuit led by Yindel . There , they realize that he is already making attempts to kill fairgoers . Batman defeats the Joker in a bloody confrontation , which ends when the Joker commits suicide by breaking his own spine to incriminate Batman for murder . After another confrontation with the Gotham police , Batman escapes with the help of Robin and a citywide manhunt begins . Superman diverts a Soviet nuclear warhead which detonates in a desert , nearly killing himself in the process . The United States is hit by an electromagnetic pulse as a result and descends into chaos during the resulting blackout . In Gotham , Batman realizes what has happened , and he and Robin turn the remaining Mutants and Sons of the Batman into a non-lethal vigilante gang . He leads them against looters and ensures the flow of essential supplies . In the midst of the blackout , Gotham becomes the safest city in the country . The U.S. government sees this as an embarrassment , and orders Superman to remove Batman . Oliver Queen predicts to Wayne that the government lackey Superman and the maverick Batman will have a final confrontation . Superman demands to meet Batman . Knowing he may die , Wayne chooses Crime Alley , where he first became Batman . He relies on Superman 's weakness caused by near - death in the nuclear blast ( Superman only just managed to survive by absorbing the energy of the sun , but he is still vulnerable to attack ) . Superman tries to reason with Batman , but Batman uses his technological inventions and mastery of hand - to - hand combat to fight him on equal grounds . During the battle , Superman compromises Batman 's exoframe , while Queen shoots a kryptonite - tipped arrow to greatly weaken Superman . Batman reveals that he intentionally spared Superman 's life by not using a more powerful kryptonite mix ; the fight and near - death experience was meant as a warning to Superman to stay out of Batman 's way . Before he can fully defeat Superman , Batman suddenly has a heart attack , apparently dying . Alfred destroys the Batcave and Wayne Manor before dying of a stroke , exposing Batman as Bruce Wayne , whose fortune has disappeared . After Wayne 's funeral , it is revealed that his death was staged using his own chemical concoction that can suspend his vital life signs . Clark Kent attends the funeral and winks at Robin after hearing Wayne 's heartbeat resume . Some time afterward , Bruce Wayne leads Robin , Queen , and the rest of his followers into the caverns beyond the Batcave and prepares to continue his war on crime . Characters ( edit ) Bruce Wayne / Batman : Bruce Wayne is 55 years old and has been retired from his Batman persona for a decade . When he sees violence becoming more common not just in Gotham City but also the world , he feels a strong desire to return as Batman and emerges from his depression . Alfred Pennyworth : Wayne 's trusted butler , medic , and confidant ; now in his eighties . Carrie Kelley / Robin : A 13 - year - old girl with absentee parents , who later becomes Batman 's sidekick , Robin . Throughout the story , she is frequently mistaken for the former `` Boy Wonder '' . After she saves the Dark Knight 's life , the aging Batman places his trust in her against Alfred 's wishes . James Gordon : The retiring Commissioner of the Gotham City Police Department , who retires on his 70th birthday . He is aware of Batman 's true identity . Harvey Dent / Two - Face : Now in his 50s , and having spent 12 years in Arkham Asylum , Harvey Dent has been treated by Doctor Wolper for three years and his face has been repaired with plastic surgery . Dent 's doctor gives him a clean bill of mental health , but he is still Two - Face in his mind . Dent terrorizes the city with his face swathed in bandages as he now perceives both sides of his face as scarred . The Joker : Batman 's archenemy who , now 50 years old , awakens from a catatonic state upon learning of Batman 's re-emergence . He plans a brutal crime spree to draw out Batman , setting in motion the events leading to a final confrontation . The Mutant Leader : The cunning , brutal , and albino head of the Mutants , who seeks to control Gotham and kill anyone who opposes him . Dr. Bartholomew Wolper : Two - Face and Joker 's psychiatrist and opponent of Batman 's `` fascist '' vigilantism . Wolper is convinced that the Joker and Two - Face are both victims of Batman 's crusade . He is killed when the Joker floods a television studio with poisonous gas ; Wolper 's neck is snapped by the robot Bobbie . Ellen Yindel : James Gordon 's successor as Commissioner . A captain in the Gotham City Police Department , she is a critic of Batman , but begins to doubt herself after the Joker 's crime spree . The Mayor of Gotham City : The unnamed mayor of Gotham City . He tries to negotiate peace with the Mutant Leader at the time he was in police custody only to be killed by him . Deputy Mayor Stevenson : The deputy mayor of Gotham City , who later becomes the new mayor after the former mayor is killed by the Mutant Leader . He states that Commissioner Ellen Yindel will make the decision of how to act with Batman . Ronald Reagan : The president of the United States . He instructs Superman to deal with Batman in Gotham City . Oliver Queen : After superheroes are outlawed , Queen , now in his late fifties , undertakes a clandestine rebellion against government oppression , including the sinking of a nuclear submarine . He lost his left arm , for which he blames Superman . Despite this disability Queen is still a highly skilled marksman . Kal - El / Clark Kent / Superman : Superman is now an agent of the U.S. government and his secret identity as the former Daily Planet reporter Clark Kent is publicly known . In his inner thoughts he despises being a government tool , but he believes it is the only way he can save lives in this day and age . In the final climax , Superman battles Batman in a final attempt to rid the government of his opposition , but is weakened by a Kryptonite arrow fired by Queen , allowing an armored Batman to stand up to him . Selina Kyle : No longer Catwoman , Selina Kyle , now in her early fifties , runs an escort business . Lana Lang : The managing editor of the Daily Planet who is an outspoken supporter of Batman , appearing on a series of TV debates in which she argues with others over his methods and influence . Dave Endochrine : A late night talk show host who invites the Joker and Dr. Wolper on his show ; he and his audience are later killed by the Joker 's poisonous gas . He is a characterization of David Letterman . Bruno : The leader of a group of Nazi - inspired criminals . Working for the Joker , she battles Batman and Robin but is caught by Superman . Abner : Joker 's hulking henchman . He builds two robotic dolls , Bobbie and Mary , to kill the Joker 's TV audience ; he later attempts to kill Robin at a funfair but is decapitated by a roller coaster instead . Sons Of Batman ( S.O.B. ) : A group of teenagers who were formerly part of the Mutant gang . They have become followers of Batman since the defeat of the Mutant Leader , although they are too unruly and corrupt , taking severe measures to control the streets and even Batman . They end up following Batman for good intentions instead of bad . Background and creation ( edit ) Comic creator Frank Miller at the 1982 San Diego Comic - Con International Since the 1950s , when the Comics Code Authority was established , the character of Batman had drifted from his dark , violent roots . It was not until the 1970s when the character began to feature in darker stories once again ; however , Batman was still commonly associated with the campy theme of the 1960s Batman TV series , and as a father figure to Robin rather than the violent vigilante he was introduced as . In the early 1980s , DC Comics promoted Batman group editor Dick Giordano to editorial director for the company . Writer - artist Frank Miller was recruited to create The Dark Knight Returns . Giordano said he worked with Miller on the story 's plot , and said , `` ( t ) he version that was finally done was about his fourth or fifth draft . The basic storyline was the same but there were a lot of detours along the way . '' During the creation of the series , fellow comics writer / artist John Byrne told Miller , `` Robin must be a girl '' , and Miller complied . Miller said that the comic series ' plot was inspired by Dirty Harry , specifically the 1983 film Sudden Impact , in which Dirty Harry returns to crime - fighting after a lengthy convalescence . Miller also said his own increasing age was a factor in the plot . The series employed a 16 - panel grid for its pages . Each page was composed of either a combination of 16 panels , or anywhere between sixteen and one panel per page . Giordano left the project halfway through because of disagreements over production deadlines . Comics historian Les Daniels wrote that Miller 's idea of ignoring deadlines was `` the culmination of the quest towards artistic independence '' . The issues of The Dark Knight Returns were presented in packaging that included extra pages , square binding and glossy paper to highlight the watercolor paintings by colorist Lynn Varley . Reception ( edit ) Despite the cost of the single - issue packaging , The Dark Knight Returns sold well . Priced at $2.95 an issue , DC Comics promoted The Dark Knight Returns as a `` thought - provoking action story '' . Time said the series ' depiction of a `` semi-retired Batman ( who ) is unsure about his crime - fighting abilities '' was an example of trying to appeal to `` today 's skeptical readers '' . Retrospectively , the series is today widely considered one of the greatest works in the comics medium . IGN Comics ranked The Dark Knight Returns first on a list of the 25 greatest Batman graphic novels and called The Dark Knight Returns `` a true masterpiece of storytelling '' with `` ( s ) cene after unforgettable scene . '' In 2005 , Time chose the collected edition as one of the 10 best English language graphic novels ever written . Forbidden Planet placed the collected issue at number one on its `` 50 Best of the Best Graphic Novels '' list . Writer Matthew K. Manning in the `` 1980s '' chapter of DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle ( 2010 ) called the series `` arguably the best Batman story of all time . '' It was placed second in a poll among comic book academics conducted by the Sequart Organization . The series also garnered some negative reviews . In April 2010 , Nicolas Slayton from Comics Bulletin ranked The Dark Knight Returns second in his Tuesday Top Ten feature 's Top 10 Overrated Comic Books behind Watchmen . Slayton wrote , `` ( t ) here is no central plot to the comic , leaving only a forced fight scene between Superman and Batman as an out of place climax to the story . '' `` Gone are the traits that define Batman , '' also citing `` misuse of the central character . '' The New York Times gave the 1987 collected release of the series a negative review . Influence ( edit ) Miller signing a copy of the book during a 2016 appearance at Midtown Comics The immense popularity of The Dark Knight Returns served both to return the character of Batman to a central role in pop culture , but also ( along with Watchmen ) started the era known as the Dark Age of Comic Books ( also known as the Modern Age and the Iron Age ) . The grim , seedy versions of Gotham and Batman successfully updated the character 's identity from the campy Adam West version remembered from the 1960s Batman TV series , and proved critically and commercially successful enough that a new wave of `` dark '' superheroes were either created , repopularized , or revamped altogether to fit this new trend . The Dark Knight Returns was one of the two comic books , alongside Watchmen , that inspired designer Vincent Connare when he created the Comic Sans font . Sequels and prequels ( edit ) A three - issue sequel written and illustrated by Miller , The Dark Knight Strikes Again , was published in 2001 . A nine - issue third installment , The Dark Knight III : The Master Race , co-written by Miller and Brian Azzarello , was published approximately bi-monthly starting in late 2015 . Frank Miller has said he is working on a fourth series . In addition , a 64 - page prestige format one - shot co-written by Miller and Azzarello , Dark Knight Returns : The Last Crusade , which serves as a prequel to the original series , was released on June 15 , 2016 . Additionally , Spawn / Batman was released in 1994 as a companion to The Dark Knight Returns , and , according to Miller , the series All Star Batman & Robin , the Boy Wonder can be considered as a prequel . In 1994 , this version of Batman appeared in the Zero Hour : Crisis in Time crossover event playing a small role . In March 2018 , he would also appear in a brief cameo in the sixth and final issue of the Dark Nights : Metal event . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) In the episode `` Legends of the Dark Knight '' of The New Batman Adventures , a scene is directly based on both of Batman 's fights with the Mutants ' leader , who was voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson . Michael Ironside voiced The Dark Knight Returns version of Batman . Two members of the Mutant gang are shown throwing snowballs at an elderly Beast Boy in a cage in the episode `` How Long Is Forever ? '' of Teen Titans . The Batman episode `` Artifacts '' , set in a future Gotham , mostly references Miller 's work , with the future Batman depicted as a tall , muscular man and Mr. Freeze going so far as speaking the sentence `` The Dark Knight returns '' upon meeting his nemesis . There are some references in Batman : The Brave and the Bold . In the season 2 episode `` The Knights of Tomorrow ! '' , the Mutant gang is seen robbing a bank in a future where Bruce Wayne 's son , Damian , is the new Batman . The battle between Batman and Superman is featured in the season 3 episode `` Battle of the Super-Heroes ! '' , where Batman wears a similar armored suit as well as some moments of the fight appearing like how the comic was drawn . In episode 31 of Girl Meets World ( `` Girl Meets the New Teacher '' ) , the new English teacher Harper Burgess gives out copies for her class to study , which creates controversy with the principal who disapproves of the comic . Stephen Amell appears as an older Oliver Queen in the Legends of Tomorrow episode ' Star City 2046 `` , with a goatee and is missing his left arm , a nod to the portrayal of the character in The Dark Knight Returns . In the television series Gotham , a young Bruce Wayne confronts Jerome Valeska ( a character heavily implied to be a younger Joker ) in a house of mirrors after the G.C.P.D. raid Jerome 's carnival populated by his cultist followers which pays as a homage to The Dark Knight Returns . Film ( edit ) See also : Batman : The Dark Knight Returns ( film ) Tim Burton 's 1989 film Batman takes influence from the third book in the series , when Batman and the Joker have a fight to the death in the climax . In the 1995 film Batman Forever , director Joel Schumacher uses some references of the comic : when Bruce remembers falling into the cave as a kid , and in a deleted scene when GNN News makes a bad reputation of Batman after his fight with Two Face in Gotham Subway and before when he follows Two Face in a helicopter . According to Schumacher , he proposed a film adaptation of The Dark Knight Returns when Warner Bros. commissioned him and writer Akiva Goldsman to create a sequel to Batman Forever , but the idea was shelved in favor of Batman & Robin . After the cancellation of Batman Unchained , Schumacher proposed an adaptation of The Dark Knight Returns , which Warner considered during their attempts to revamp the character . Michael Keaton ( who portrayed Batman in Batman and in Batman Returns ) and Clint Eastwood were considered to play Batman while singer David Bowie was considered again to play The Joker . However , the project was finally cancelled in favor of the also shelved Batman : DarKnight . At the 2008 San Diego Comic Con , film director Zack Snyder expressed his love for The Dark Knight Returns in a response to a question about the maturity of comic book adaptations . Batman film franchise producer Michael Uslan expressed interest in a possible adaptation . Both The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) and The Dark Knight Returns feature psychopaths like the Joker and Two - Face rise to power . Also , the `` copycats '' in TDK are influenced by the `` sons of Batman '' . In the 2012 film The Dark Knight Rises , director Christopher Nolan used a number of stories including The Dark Knight Returns as influence for the film . After the death of Rachel Dawes , Bruce Wayne retires from Batman and spends the next eight years in a depressed state caused by his experiences as a vigilante . Bruce decides to return as Batman when he realizes that Gotham has a new threat : The League of Shadows ; Bruce uses a special brace for his arm to compensate his frail physicality . While in the film , Bruce uses a brace to support his damaged leg ; During a police chase , two cops witness Batman 's unexpected return . The older cop comments to his younger partner , `` You 're in for a show , kid '' ; The fight between Batman and Bane was influenced by the two separate fights between Batman and the Mutant Leader . Due to years of inactivity , Batman fails to beat the Mutant Leader and gets badly beaten . In the second time , Batman brutally fights the Mutant Leader while his followers watch in silence ; After Harvey Dent gets killed in `` The Dark Knight '' , Batman is falsely accused for his death and becomes a fugitive . Similar to Batman 's circumstances with the Joker in the graphic novel . At the end , Bruce abandons his personal life and persona as Batman by faking his death . So he can have a fresh start with his crime - fighting career . In the film , Bruce fakes his death so he can finally move on from Batman and start a new life with Selina Kyle in Florence . DC Entertainment produced a two - part animated adaptation . Part 1 of this two - part animated film was released on DVD / Blu - ray on September 25 , 2012 . Part 2 was released on January 29 , 2013 , with Peter Weller voicing Batman and Michael Emerson voicing the Joker . Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice features Batman and Superman meeting each other for the first time in a live - action film . Director Zack Snyder stated although the film is visually inspired by The Dark Knight Returns , with some elements borrowed , like an older and hardened Batman who lost Jason Todd in his younger years , the Batsuit closely resembling the one shown in the comic book and Batman wearing the armored suit in his battle against Superman shown in the comic , it featured an original premise. There are also a few shots in the film directly taken from the pages of Miller 's work . Merchandise ( edit ) In 1996 , to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the graphic novel , DC released a new hardcover and a later softcover release . These included original rough script text for issue # 4 with some sketches by Miller . There was also a limited edition slip cased hardcover that had mini poster prints , separate media review and sketch book by Miller . DC Direct released a limited edition statue of Batman and Robin designed by Miller . It was released in full size and then later as a mini sized statue . DC Direct released a series of Batman action figures based on The Dark Knight Returns in 2004 . It included figures of Batman , Robin , Superman , and The Joker . Later , a Batman and Joker Gift Set was released , including both characters with new color schemes to reflect earlier points in the story , and a 48 - page prestige format reprint of The Dark Knight Returns # 1 was also released . An action figure of Batman as he appears in The Dark Knight Returns was released by Mattel in 2013 , as part of their Batman Unlimited line of action figures . Comic Books ( edit ) Carrie makes her first appearance in the main , canonical DC Universe in The New 52 's Batman and Robin Issue 19 ( titled Batman and Red Robin ) . She is a college student and the late - Damian Wayne 's drama instructor . As a homage to The Dark Knight Returns , she wears an imitation Robin costume as a Halloween costume in her first appearance . Batman / Bruce Wayne and Carrie Kelley / Robin appear in a one - page article in Comics Collector # 8 ( Summer 1985 ) , predating their first comic book appearance . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Manning , Matthew K. ; Dolan , Hannah , ed. ( 2010 ) . `` 1980s '' . DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle . Dorling Kindersley . p. 219 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 6742 - 9 . It is arguably the best Batman story of all time . Written and drawn by Frank Miller ( with inspired inking by Klaus Janson and beautiful watercolors by Lynn Varley ) , Batman : The Dark Knight revolutionized the entire genre of the super hero . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Daniels ( 1999 ) , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Daniels ( 1999 ) , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Daniels ( 1999 ) , p. 151 . ^ Jump up to : Strike , Joe ( July 15 , 2008 ) . `` Frank Miller 's ' Dark Knight ' brought Batman back to life '' . Daily News . New York . Jump up ^ Hitch , Bryan ( 2010 ) . Bryan Hitch 's Ultimate Comics Studio . Impact Books . p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Daniels ( 1999 ) , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Henry , Gordon M. ; Forbis , Deborah ( October 6 , 1986 ) . `` Bang ! '' . Time . Retrieved August 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Hilary ( June 17 , 2005 ) . `` Batman : The Dark Knight Returns Review '' . IGN . Jump up ^ Grossman , Lev ( March 6 , 2009 ) . `` Top 10 Graphic Novels : The Dark Knight Returns '' . Time . Jump up ^ `` 50 Best Of The Best Graphic Novels '' . Forbidden Planet . 2016 . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Greg ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` On Canons , Critics , Consensus , and Comics , Part 2 '' . Sequart Organization . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Slayton , Nicholas ( April 27 , 2010 ) . `` Top 10 Overrated Comic Books '' . Comics Bulletin . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Steel , Emily ( April 17 , 2009 ) . `` Typeface Inspired by Comic Books Has Become a Font of Ill Will '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2009 . Retrieved February 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Frank Miller Says He 's Returning For The Dark Knight 4 ' '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` THE DARK KNIGHT RETURNS : THE LAST CRUSADE # 1 '' . DC Comics . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Tasha ( December 5 , 2001 ) . `` Frank Miller interview '' . A.V. Club . Jump up ^ `` How Long Is Forever ? '' . The New Batman Adventures . Jump up ^ `` Artifacts '' . The Batman . Jump up ^ `` The Knights of Tomorrow ! '' . Batman : The Brave and the Bold . Jump up ^ `` Battle of the Super-Heroes ! '' . Batman : The Brave and the Bold . Jump up ^ `` Girl Meets the New Teacher '' . Girl Meets World . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Legends of Tomorrow : Stephen Amell to appear as future Oliver Queen '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Munro , Shaun ( July 4 , 2013 ) . `` 10 Batman films that almost happened '' . Jump up ^ `` 8 Unmade BATMAN Movies '' . Jump up ^ `` Zack Snyder Interested in The Dark Knight Returns Movie ? '' . Slashfilm.com . July 26 , 2008 . Retrieved November 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brooker , Will ( June 7 , 2012 ) . `` Clues from the Comics About Batman 's Fate in The Dark Knight Rises '' . io9 . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Brendon ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Version Of Frank Miller 's The Dark Knight Returns In The Works '' . Bleedingcool.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Allstetter , Rob ( July 23 , 2011 ) . `` Comic - Con 2011 '' . comicscontinuum.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batman vs. Superman : Snyder Talks ' Dark Knight Returns ' Factor & Affleck '' . Screenrant.com . February 10 , 2014 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 Dark Knight Returns statue '' . Under the Giant Penny . August 8 , 2010 . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Esposito , Joey ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` The Dark Knight Returns ' Carrie Kelley is Back '' . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . References ( edit ) Daniels , Les ( 1999 ) . Batman : The Complete History . Chronicle Books . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 4232 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Batman : The Dark Knight Returns The Dark Knight Returns at the Comic Book DB The plot in more detail at darkknight.ca Deconstructing Dark Knight Returns - an ongoing analysis of The Dark Knight Returns and related works Batman : The Dark Knight Returns and Batman : The Dark Knight Strikes Again discussed at sequart.com Batman : The Dark Knight Returns -- a retrospective and review at Batman-On-Film.com <Th_colspan="2"> Batman publications and storylines Current series Detective Comics Batman Batman Beyond Batgirl Batwoman Nightwing Harley Quinn Red Hood and the Outlaws DC Comics -- The Legend Of Batman Completed ongoing series Azrael Batgirl and the Birds of Prey Batman : Arkham Unhinged Batman : The Dark Knight Batman : Gotham Knights Batman : Shadow of the Bat Batman : Streets of Gotham The Batman Adventures Batman and Robin Batman and The Outsiders Batman Family Batman Incorporated Batman / Superman Batwing Birds of Prey The Brave and the Bold Gotham Academy Gotham by Midnight Gotham Central Gotham City Sirens The Huntress The Joker Man - Bat Red Hood / Arsenal Red Robin Robin Robin : Son of Batman Superman / Batman We Are ... Robin World 's Finest Comics Batman : Legends of the Dark Knight The Batman Chronicles Batman Confidential Completed limited series Anarky Batgirl : Year One Batman / Superman / Wonder Woman : Trinity Batman : Arkham City Batman : Battle for the Cowl Batman : Cacophony Batman : The Cult Batman : The Dark Prince Charming Bat - Mite The Dark Knight Returns The Dark Knight Strikes Again The Dark Knight III : The Master Race Batman : Dark Victory Batman Eternal Batman : Gates of Gotham Batman : GCPD Batman : The Doom That Came to Gotham Batman : Gotham County Line Batman : The Long Halloween Batman : Nosferatu Batman : Orpheus Rising Batman : The Return of Bruce Wayne Batman : Thrillkiller Batman : Turning Points Batman : White Knight Batman : The Widening Gyre Batman : Year 100 Batman and the Mad Monk Batman and the Monster Men Batman and Robin Eternal Batman Black and White First Wave Gotham Underground Man - Bat Robin : Year One Section 8 Superman & Batman : Generations Trinity The Untold Legend of the Batman One - shots Arkham Asylum : A Serious House on Serious Earth The 12 Cent Adventure Castle of the Bat Dark Knight Dynasty Dark Night : A True Batman Story Digital Justice Earth One Holy Terror In Darkest Knight The Killing Joke Knight Gallery Death of Innocents The Man Who Laughs Nine Lives Noël Son of the Demon Two Faces Batman / Houdini : The Devil 's Workshop The Batman Adventures : Mad Love Batman & Dracula trilogy Leatherwing The Berlin Batman Gotham by Gaslight Joker Batman : Gotham Noir Storylines `` The Case of the Chemical Syndicate '' `` Dark Moon Rising '' `` The Man Behind the Red Hood ! '' `` Joker 's Millions '' `` Year One '' `` Year Two '' `` Batman : A Death in the Family '' `` Year Three '' `` The Man Who Falls '' `` Anarky in Gotham City '' `` Gothic '' `` The Return of the Joker '' `` Prey '' `` The Last Arkham '' `` Knightfall '' `` Contagion '' `` Legacy '' `` Cataclysm '' `` No Man 's Land '' `` Joker : Last Laugh '' `` Bruce Wayne : Fugitive '' `` Hush '' `` Batman : Broken City '' `` War Games '' `` City of Crime '' `` Under the Hood '' `` War Crimes '' `` Face the Face '' `` Batman and Son '' `` The Resurrection of Ra 's al Ghul '' `` Batman R.I.P. '' `` Whatever Happened to the Caped Crusader ? '' `` Batwoman : Elegy '' `` Bruce Wayne : The Road Home '' `` Batman : Night of the Owls '' `` Batman : Death of the Family '' `` Zero Year '' `` Batman : Endgame '' `` Robin War '' Inter-company crossovers Batman / Aliens Batman / Hellboy / Starman Batman / Daredevil : King of New York Batman / Judge Dredd : Judgment on Gotham Batman - Spawn : War Devil Batman & Spider - Man : New Age Dawning Batman / Tarzan : Claws of the Cat - woman Batman / Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Batman / The Spirit Batman Versus Predator Daredevil / Batman : Eye for an Eye Spawn / Batman Superman and Batman versus Aliens and Predator Spider - Man and Batman : Disordered Minds Incomplete All Star Batman & Robin , the Boy Wonder Upcoming series Batman : Damned Related topics Batman : Anarky Batman : Child of Dreams Batman : Haunted Knight The Batman Chronicles Batman Legends Elseworlds <Td_colspan="2"> Publications are listed alphabetically by published titles . Storylines are listed in publication order . Compiled without respect for canon or `` current '' continuity . <Th_colspan="2"> Frank Miller Batman comics The Dark Knight Returns Batman : Year One Spawn / Batman The Dark Knight Strikes Again All Star Batman & Robin , the Boy Wonder The Dark Knight III : The Master Race Other comics Written Bad Boy The Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot Daredevil `` Born Again '' Elektra : Assassin Give Me Liberty Martha Washington Hard Boiled RoboCop RoboCop Versus The Terminator Written and drawn 300 Daredevil Elektra Lives Again Rōnin Sin City Holy Terror Drawn The Twilight Zone Daredevil Wolverine Films RoboCop 2 ( 1990 ) RoboCop 3 ( 1993 ) Sin City ( 2005 ) 300 ( 2006 ) The Spirit ( 2008 ) Batman : Year One ( 2011 ) Batman : The Dark Knight Returns ( 2012 -- 13 ) 300 : Rise of an Empire ( 2014 ) Sin City : A Dame to Kill For ( 2014 ) Television and video games RoboCop Versus The Terminator ( 1993 ) The Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot ( 1999 -- 2001 ) 300 : March to Glory ( 2007 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Superman / Batman crossover media Comic books World 's Finest Comics Batman / Superman / Wonder Woman : Trinity Superman / Batman Superman and Batman versus Aliens and Predator Television The Batman / Superman Hour The Superman / Batman Adventures The New Batman / Superman Adventures Books Enemies & Allies Film Superman / Batman : Public Enemies Superman / Batman : Apocalypse Lego Batman : The Movie -- DC Super Heroes Unite The Lego Movie Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice The Lego Batman Movie Video game Lego Batman 2 : DC Super Heroes Lego Batman 3 : Beyond Gotham The Dark Knight Universe The Dark Knight Returns film The Dark Knight Strikes Again The Dark Knight III : The Master Race Fan films and parodies World 's Finest HISHE : Super Cafe Miscellanea Composite Superman Hiro Okamura Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dark_Knight_Returns&oldid=864775840 '' Categories : Batman titles DC Comics limited series Adult comics Comics by Frank Miller American comics adapted into films Cold War fiction Neo-noir 1986 comics debuts 1986 in fiction 1986 in comics Dystopian comics Cultural depictions of Ronald Reagan Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use American English from April 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from October 2012 Title pop Redundant infobox title param All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2018 , at 11 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. The Dark Knight Returns - a comic book miniseries starring Batman
2. Bruce Wayne - the retired Batman who returns to fight crime
3. Carrie Kelley - the new Robin and Batman's sidekick
4. The Mutants - a gang terrorizing Gotham City
5. Superman - who works on behalf of the government and confronts Batman
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7,985,421,125,703,476,000 |
who is the actor in the apia commercial
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Geoff Morrell ( Actor ) - Wikipedia Geoff Morrell ( Actor ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Geoff Morrell ( disambiguation ) . This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Geoff Morrell ( 1958 - 02 - 19 ) 19 February 1958 ( age 60 ) Sydney , New South Wales , Australia Residence Southern Highlands Occupation Actor Spouse ( s ) Caroline Brazier Children Geoff Morrell ( born 19 February 1958 ) is an Australian - born film , television and theatre actor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 Selected filmography 4 References 5 External links Career ( edit ) Morrell began his career in theatre acting , becoming a founding member of the Theatre South organisation . In 1983 , he briefly moved to England , featuring in a number of productions there . In 1985 , he branched into film acting , with a minor role in a telemovie version of Oscar Wilde 's Lady Windermere 's Fan . Over the next few years , he moved between film and theatre , starring in productions such as Macbeth and King Lear , as well as several supporting roles in films , telemovies , mini-series and regular series . These included notable Australian films Blackrock and Oscar and Lucinda . He has had guest roles in the series The Secret Life of Us , Stingers and Farscape . Morrell starred as Harry in Australia 's first production of Michael Gow 's play Away , which was performed by the Griffin Theatre Company and premiered at the Stables Theatre , Sydney on 7 January 1986 . After filming Oscar And Lucinda , Morrell won the role of forensic scientist Lance Fisk in the series Murder Call , which screened from 1997 to 1999 . In 2000 , he won one of his most significant roles to date , as the protagonist of the ABC series Grass Roots . The series was not renewed after the 2001 season , and Morrell followed this with a major role in the ABC telemovie Marking Time , as the father of a boy in love with an asylum seeker . Morrell won the 2000 AFI Award for Best Actor for Grass Roots , and has been nominated four times , for Fallen Angels ( 1997 ) , Grass Roots 2nd series , Changi ( 2001 ) and Marking Time . He has been nominated for three silver Logies for Grass Roots ( first and second series ) and Changi ( 2001 ) . In 2004 , Morrell made a move into the mainstream when he became one of four new actors to join the long - running police series Blue Heelers , on which he played Sergeant Mark Jacobs . In September 2004 , there was speculation that the ABC would commission a third series of Grass Roots . However , Morrell stated that the ABC `` may have missed its chance '' , and as he remained contracted to Blue Heelers , would likely not have been able to participate if the series did return . Due to family commitments , Morrell chose to leave Blue Heelers . He has also been involved in the film Right Here Right Now . In 2010 Morrell made a return to ABC to star alongside Richard Roxburgh in the 1st series of Rake . Morrell played the role of Joe Sandilands , a fictional NSW Attorney - General involved in the inside wheeling and dealing of the Labour Party . In 2015 , he appeared as Detective Paul Gordon , in the 2 - part telemovie Catching Milat He continues to act in theatre , in addition to films . He appeared in the feature film Rogue , and Tony Hayes ' feature film debut Ten Empty . In 2010 he began work on the set of Cloudstreet , a television miniseries version of Tim Winton 's novel . He plays the role of Lester Lamb . Lately , Morrell has appeared in a series of TV commercials for APIA Insurance looking very different to what fans have been used to with Geoff ... beard and long grey hair playing a banjo and keyboards . Personal Life ( edit ) He lives in the Southern Highlands of NSW . He is married to actress Caroline Brazier and has two grown up daughters Selected filmography ( edit ) Blackrock ( 1997 ) Oscar and Lucinda ( 1997 ) Murder Call ( series ) ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Looking for Alibrandi ( 2000 ) Grass Roots ( series ) ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Changi ( mini-series ) ( 2001 ) My Husband My Killer ( 2001 ) Ned Kelly ( 2003 ) Marking Time ( telemovie ) ( 2003 ) Blue Heelers ( series ) ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Right Here Right Now ( 2004 ) Bastard Boys ( 2007 ) Lucky Miles ( 2007 ) Rogue ( 2007 ) Emerald Falls ( 2008 ) Sea Patrol ( 2008 ) Ten Empty ( 2008 ) Rogue Nation ( 2008 ) Packed to the Rafters ( 2009 ) Rake ( 2010 ) Ragtime ( 2011 ) Cloudstreet ( 2011 ) Winners & Losers ( 2011 ) Home and Away ( 2011 -- 2012 ) The Mule ( 2014 ) 8MMM Aboriginal Radio ( 2015 ) Catching Milat ( 2015 ) Red Christmas ( 2017 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gow , Michael ( 1986 ) . Away . Sydney : Currency Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86819 - 211 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Geoff Morrell on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> AACTA Award for Best Lead Actor in a Television Drama <Td_colspan="2"> Simon Chilvers ( a ) and Peter Kowitz ( b ) ( 1986 ) Nicholas Eadie ( a ) and Steve Jacobs ( b ) ( 1987 ) Ed Devereaux ( a ) and Ernie Dingo ( b ) ( 1988 ) Peter Kowitz ( a ) and Bill Hunter ( b ) ( 1989 ) Frankie J. Holden ( c ) ( 1990 ) Gary Sweet ( 1991 ) Gary Sweet ( 1992 ) Peter Phelps ( 1993 ) Aaron Blabey ( 1994 ) Colin Friels and Steven Vidler ( 1995 ) Tony Martin ( 1996 ) David Wenham ( 1997 ) Stephen Dillane ( 1998 ) Jeremy Sims ( 1999 ) Geoff Morrell and Andy Anderson ( c ) ( 2000 ) Samuel Johnson and David Field ( c ) ( 2001 ) Joel Edgerton ( 2002 ) Shane Bourne ( d ) ( 2003 ) Abe Forsythe ( d ) ( 2004 ) Shane Bourne ( e ) ( 2005 ) David Wenham ( 2006 ) Stephen Curry ( 2007 ) Gyton Grantley ( 2008 ) Roy Billing ( 2009 ) Richard Roxburgh ( 2010 ) Alex Dimitriades ( 2011 ) Richard Roxburgh ( 2012 ) Lachy Hulme ( 2013 ) Ashley Zukerman ( 2014 ) Joel Jackson ( 2015 ) Samuel Johnson ( 2016 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Key : ( a ) = Winner of Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Mini Series ( b ) = Best Actor in a Actor in a Leading Role in a Telefeature ( c ) = Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role , in a Mini-Series or Telefeature ( d ) = Best Actor in a Leading Role in a Television Drama or Comedy ( e ) = Best Lead Actor in Television All other names , which are n't marked with a letter next to their name , have won the current Lead Actor in a Television Drama award . <Th_colspan="2"> Equity Award for Most Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series <Td_colspan="2"> Rake , series 1 ( 2010 ) : Box ; Brazier ; Carter ; Cormack ; Day ; Dykstra ; Joyce ; Le Marquand ; Morrell ; Pickering ; Roxburgh East West 101 , series 3 ( 2011 ) : Farinacci ; Fa'aoso ; Hany ; Lim ; Nable ; Porter ; Roc Redfern Now , series 1 ( 2012 ) : Blair ; Flanagan ; Mailman ; McGrath ; Pell ; Purcell ; Rose ; Sebbens ; Yovich Redfern Now , series 2 ( 2013 ) : Blair ; Clarkson Jones ; Dingo ; Flanagan ; Hazlehurst ; Madden ; Page ; Pistorius ; Williscroft ; Wyatt ; Yovich Rake , series 3 ( 2014 ) : Allsop ; Box ; Brazier ; Cormack ; Day ; Dykstra ; Garvey ; Joyce ; Kaczmarek ; Le Marquand ; Lemon ; Malcolm ; Pickering ; Roxburgh ; Sacks The Principal ( 2015 ) : Adams ; Coco ; De Nawi ; Denkha ; Demitriades ; Dimitriades ; Foulkes ; Hanna ; Lekwape ; Matangi ; Romahn ; Xanthis ; Young ; Zahalka Cleverman ( 2016 ) : Page - Lochard , Briggs ; Collins ; Corr ; Dawson ; Glen ; Hick ; Mailman ; O'Connor ; Towney ; Walton . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geoff_Morrell_(actor)&oldid=826929116 '' Categories : Australian male film actors Australian male stage actors Australian male television actors 1958 births Living people Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from March 2013 All BLP articles lacking sources Use dmy dates from September 2016 Use Australian English from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 21 February 2018 , at 19 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Geoff Morrell - Australian actor
2. Career in film, television, and theatre
3. Notable roles in Grass Roots and Blue Heelers
4. Personal life and family
5. Selected filmography and television appearances
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1,818,798,798,701,510,100 |
task analysis is a detailed study of a job to identify the specific skills and abilities required
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Job analysis - wikipedia Job analysis Jump to : navigation , search Psychology Outline History Subfields Basic types Abnormal Behavioral genetics Biological Cognitive Comparative Cross-cultural Cultural Differential Developmental Evolutionary Experimental Mathematical Neuropsychology Personality Positive Quantitative Social Applied psychology Applied behavior analysis Clinical Community Consumer Counseling Critical Educational Environmental Ergonomics Forensic Health Humanistic Industrial and organizational Interpretive Legal Medical Military Music Occupational health Political Religion School Sport Traffic Lists Disciplines Organizations Psychologists Psychotherapies Publications Research methods Theories Timeline Topics Psychology portal Job analysis ( also known as work analysis ) is a family of procedures to identify the content of a job in terms of activities involved and attributes or job requirements needed to perform the activities . Job analysis provides information to organizations which helps to determine which employees are best fit for specific jobs . Through job analysis , the analyst needs to understand what the important tasks of the job are , how they are carried out , and the necessary human qualities needed to complete the job successfully . The process of job analysis involves the analyst describing the duties of the incumbent , then the nature and conditions of work , and finally some basic qualifications . After this , the job analyst has completed a form called a job psychograph , which displays the mental requirements of the job . The measure of a sound job analysis is a valid task list . This list contains the functional or duty areas of a position , the related tasks , and the basic training recommendations . Subject matter experts ( incumbents ) and supervisors for the position being analyzed need to validate this final list in order to validate the job analysis . Job analysis is crucial for first , helping individuals develop their careers , and also for helping organizations develop their employees in order to maximize talent . The outcomes of job analysis are key influences in designing learning , developing performance interventions , and improving processes . The application of job analysis techniques makes the implicit assumption that information about a job as it presently exists may be used to develop programs to recruit , select , train , and appraise people for the job as it will exist in the future . Job analysts are typically industrial - organizational ( I-O ) psychologists or human resource officers who have been trained by , and are acting under the supervision of an I-O psychologist . One of the first I-O psychologists to introduce job analysis was Morris Viteles . In 1922 , he used job analysis in order to select employees for a trolley car company . Viteles ' techniques could then be applied to any other area of employment using the same process . Job analysis was also conceptualized by two of the founders of I-O psychology , Frederick Winslow Taylor and Lillian Moller Gilbreth in the early 20th century. ( 1 ) Since then , experts have presented many different systems to accomplish job analysis that have become increasingly detailed over the decades . However , evidence shows that the root purpose of job analysis , understanding the behavioral requirements of work , has not changed in over 85 years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Purpose 2 Procedures 2.1 Task - oriented 2.2 Worker - oriented 3 Example 4 Knowledge , skills , abilities and other characteristics ( KSAOs ) 5 Six steps 6 Uses of information 7 Job Analysis at the Speed of Reality ( JASR ) 8 Systems 9 In modern United States 10 See also 11 References 12 Other sources 13 External links Purpose ( edit ) One of the main purposes of conducting job analysis is to prepare job descriptions and job specifications which in turn helps hire the right quality of workforce into an organization . The general purpose of job analysis is to document the requirements of a job and the work performed . Job and task analysis is performed as a basis for later improvements , including : definition of a job domain ; description of a job ; development of performance appraisals , personnel selection , selection systems , promotion criteria , training needs assessment , legal defense of selection processes , and compensation plans . The human performance improvement industry uses job analysis to make sure training and development activities are focused and effective . In the fields of human resources ( HR ) and industrial psychology , job analysis is often used to gather information for use in personnel selection , training , classification , and / or compensation . Industrial psychologists use job analysis to determine the physical requirements of a job to determine whether an individual who has suffered some diminished capacity is capable of performing the job with , or without , some accommodation . Edwin Flieshman , Ph. D. is credited with determining the underlying factors of human physical fitness . Professionals developing certification exams use job analysis ( often called something slightly different , such as `` task analysis '' or `` work analysis '' ) to determine the elements of the domain which must be sampled in order to create a content valid exam . When a job analysis is conducted for the purpose of valuing the job ( i.e. , determining the appropriate compensation for incumbents ) this is called `` job evaluation . '' Job analysis aims to answer questions such as : Why does the job exist ? What physical and mental activities does the worker undertake ? When is the job to be performed ? Where is the job to be performed ? Under What conditions it is to be performed ? Procedures ( edit ) As stated before , the purpose of job analysis is to combine the task demands of a job with our knowledge of human attributes and produce a theory of behavior for the job in question . There are two ways to approach building that theory , meaning there are two different approaches to job analysis . Task - oriented ( edit ) Task - oriented procedures focus on the actual activities involved in performing work . This procedure takes into consideration work duties , responsibilities , and functions . The job analyst then develops task statements which clearly state the tasks that are performed with great detail . After creating task statements , job analysts rate the tasks on scales indicating importance , difficulty , frequency , and consequences of error . Based on these ratings , a greater sense of understanding of a job can be attained . Task analysis , such as cognitively oriented task analysis ( COTA ) , are techniques used to describe job expertise . For example , the job analysts may tour the job site and observe workers performing their jobs . During the tour the analyst may collect materials that directly or indirectly indicate required skills ( duty statements , instructions , safety manuals , quality charts , etc . ) . Functional job analysis ( FJA ) is a classic example of a task - oriented technique . Developed by Fine and Cronshaw in 1944 , work elements are scored in terms of relatedness to data ( 0 -- 6 ) , people ( 0 -- 8 ) , and things ( 0 -- 6 ) , with lower scores representing greater complexity . Incumbents , considered subject matter experts ( SMEs ) , are relied upon , usually in a panel , to report elements of their work to the job analyst . Using incumbent reports , the analyst uses Fine 's terminology to compile statements reflecting the work being performed in terms of data , people , and things . The Dictionary of Occupational Titles uses elements of the FJA in defining jobs . Worker - oriented ( edit ) Worker - oriented procedures aim to examine the human attributes needed to perform the job successfully . These human attributes have been commonly classified into four categories : knowledge , skills , abilities , and other characteristics ( KSAO ) . Knowledge is the information people need in order to perform the job . Skills are the proficiencies needed to perform each task . Abilities are the attributes that are relatively stable over time . Other characteristics are all other attributes , usually personality factors . The KSAOs required for a job are inferred from the most frequently - occurring , important tasks . In a worker - oriented job analysis , the skills are inferred from tasks and the skills are rated directly in terms of importance of frequency . This often results in data that immediately imply the important KSAOs . However , it can be hard for SMEs to rate skills directly . The Fleishman Job Analysis System ( F - JAS ) developed by Edwin A. Fleishman represents a worker - oriented approach . Fleishman factor - analyzed large data sets to discover a common , minimum set of KSAOs across different jobs . His system of 73 specific scales measure three broad areas : Cognitive ( Verbal Abilities ; Idea Generation & Reasoning Abilities ; Quantitative Abilities ; Memory ; Perceptual Abilities ; Spatial Abilities ; and Attentiveness ) , Psychomotor ( Fine Manipulative Abilities ; Control Movement Abilities ; and Reaction Time and Speed Abilities ) , and Physical ( Physical Strength Abilities ; Endurance ; Flexibility , Balance , and Coordination ; Visual Abilities ; and Auditory and Speech Abilities ) . JobScan is a measurement instrument which defines the personality dynamics within a specific type of job . By collecting PDP ProScan Survey results of actual performers and results of job dynamics analysis surveys completed by knowledgeable people related to a specific job , JobScan provides a suggested ideal job model for that position . Although it does not evaluate the intellect or experience necessary to accomplish a task , it does deal with the personality of the type of work itself . Example ( edit ) For the job of a snow - cat operator at a ski slope , a work or task - oriented job analysis might include this statement : Operates Bombardier Sno - cat , usually at night , to smooth out snow rutted by skiers and snowboard riders and new snow that has fallen . On the other hand , a worker - oriented job analysis might include this statement : Evaluates terrain , snow depth , and snow condition and chooses the correct setting for the depth of the snow cat , as well as the number of passes necessary on a given ski slope . Job analysis methods have evolved using both task - oriented and worker - oriented approaches . Since the end result of both approaches is a statement of KSAOs , neither can be considered the `` correct '' way to conduct job analysis . Because worker - oriented job analyses tend to provide more generalized human behavior and behavior patterns and are less tied to the technological parts of a job , they produce data more useful for developing training programs and giving feed back to employees in the form of performance appraisal information . Also , the volatility that exists in the typical workplace of today can make specific task statements less valuable in isolation . For these reasons , employers are significantly more likely to use worker - oriented approaches to job analysis today than they were in the past . Knowledge , skills , Abilities and other characteristics ( KSAOs ) ( edit ) Regardless of which approach to job analysis is taken , the next step in the process is to identify the attributes -- the KSAOs that an incumbent needs for either performing the tasks at hand or executing the human behaviors described in the job analysis . Knowledge : `` A collection of discrete but related facts and information about a particular domain ... acquired through formal education or training , or accumulated through specific experiences . '' Skill : `` A practiced act '' . Ability : `` The stable capacity to engage in a specific behavior '' Other characteristics : `` Personality variables , interests , training , and experiences '' Finally , once the appropriate KSAOs are identified , tests and other assessment techniques can be chosen to measure those KSAOs . Over the years , experts have presented several different systems and methods to accomplish job analysis . Many forms of systems are no longer in use , but those systems that still exist have become increasingly detailed over the decades with a greater concentration on tasks and less concentration on human attributes . That trend , however , has reversed in recent years for the better . Newer methods and systems have brought I-O psychology back to an examination of the behavioral aspects of work . There are several ways to conduct a job analysis , including : interviews with incumbents and supervisors , work methods of analysis can be laborious and time consuming , and there is always a tendency on the part of management to over analyze some jobs and under analyze some others . These traditional job analysis methods include : one - on - one interviewing ; behavioral event interviews ; phone interviews ; surveys ; work assessments ; Developing a Curriculum ( DACUM ) ; job analysis worksheets ; observations and procedural review . Job analysis at the speed of reality . Amherst , Mass. : HRD Press . All of these methods can be used to gather information for job analysis . The DACUM process developed in the late 1960s has been viewed as the fastest method used , but it can still can take two or three days to obtain a validated task list . Observation : This was the first method of job analysis used by I-O psychologists . The process involves simply watching incumbents perform their jobs and taking notes . Sometimes they ask questions while watching , and commonly they even perform job tasks themselves . Near the end of World War II , Morris Viteles studied the job of navigator on a submarine . He attempted to steer the submarine toward Bermuda . After multiple misses by over 100 miles in one direction or another , one officer suggested that Viteles raise the periscope , look for clouds , and steer toward them since clouds tend to form above or near land masses . The vessel reached Bermuda shortly after that suggestion . The more jobs one seriously observes , the better one 's understanding becomes of both the jobs in question and work in general . Interviews : It is essential to supplement observation by talking with incumbents . These interviews are most effective when structured with a specific set of questions based on observations , other analyses of the types of jobs in question , or prior discussions with human resources representatives , trainers , or managers knowledgeable about jobs . Critical incidents and work diaries : The critical incident technique asks subject matter experts to identify critical aspects of behavior or performance in a particular job that led to success or failure . For example , the supervisor of an electric utility repairman might report that in a very time - pressing project , the repairman failed to check a blueprint and as a result cut a line , causing a massive power loss . In fact , this is what happened in Los Angeles in September 2005 when half the city lost power over a period of 12 hours . The second method , a work diary , asks workers and / or supervisors to keep a log of activities over a prescribed period of time . They may be asked to simply write down what they were doing at 15 minutes after the hour for each hour of the work day . Or , they may list everything they have done up to a break . Questionnaires and surveys : Expert incumbents or supervisors often respond to questionnaires or surveys as a part of job analysis . These questionnaires include task statements in the form of worker behaviors . Subject matter experts are asked to rate each statement form their experience on a number of different dimensions like importance to overall job success , frequency performance and whether the task must be performed on the first day of work or can be learned gradually on the job . Questionnaires also ask incumbents to rate the importance of KSAOs for performing tasks , and may ask the subject matter experts to rate work context . Unlike the results of observations and interviews , the questionnaire responses can be statistically analyzed to provide a more objective record of the components of the job . To a greater and greater extent , these questionnaires and surveys are being administered online to incumbents . Position Analysis Questionnaire : The Position Analysis Questionnaire ( PAQ ) is a well - known job analysis instrument . Although it is labeled a questionnaire , the PAQ is actually designed to be completed by a trained job analyst who interviews the SMEs ( e.g. , job incumbents and their supervisors ). ( 2 ) The PAQ was designed to measure job component validity of attributes presented in aptitude tests . Job component validity is the relationship between test scores and skills required for good job performance . There are 195 behavior - related statements in the PAQ divided into six major sections : information input , mental process , work output , relationships with others , job context , and other job characteristics . Checklists : Checklists are also used as a job analysis method , specifically with areas like the Air Force . In the checklist method , the incumbent checks the tasks he or she performs from a list of task statements that describe the job . The checklist is preceded by some sort of job analysis and is usually followed by the development of work activity compilations or job descriptions . The scope of task statements listed depends upon the judgment of the checklist constructor . Six steps ( edit ) Decide how to use the information since this will determine the data to collect and how to collect it . Some data collection techniques such as interviewing the employee and asking what the job entails are good for writing job descriptions and selecting employees for the job . Other techniques like the position analysis questionnaire do not provide qualitative information for job descriptions . Rather , they provide numerical ratings for each job and can be used to compare jobs for compensation purposes . Review appropriate background information like organization charts , process charts , and job descriptions . Organization charts show the organization - wide work division , how the job in question relates to other jobs , and where the job fits in the overall organization . The chart should show the title of each position and , through connecting lines , show reports to whom and with whom the job incumbent communicates . A process chart provides a more detailed picture of the work flow . In its simplest , most organic form , a process chart shows the flow of inputs to and outputs from the job being analyzed . Finally , the existing job description ( if there is one ) usually provides a starting point for building the revised job description . Select representative positions . This is because there may be too many similar jobs to analyze . For example , it is usually unnecessary to analyze jobs of 200 assembly workers when a sample of 10 jobs will be sufficient . Actually analyze the job by collecting data on job activities , necessary employee behaviors and actions , working conditions , and human traits and abilities required to perform the job . For this step , one or more than one methods of job analysis may be needed Verify the job analysis information with the worker performing the job and with his or her immediate supervisor . This will help confirm that the information is factually correct and complete . This review can also help gain the employee 's acceptance of the job analysis data and conclusions by giving that person a chance to review and modify descriptions of the job activities . Develop a job description and job specification . These are two tangible products of the job analysis process . The job description is a written statement that describes the activities and responsibilities of the job as well as its important features such as working conditions and safety hazards . The job specification summarizes the personal qualities , traits , skills , and background required for completing a certain job . These two may be completely separate or in the same document . Uses of information ( edit ) Recruitment and selection : Job analysis provides information about what the job entails and what human characteristics are required in order to perform these activities . This information , in the form of job descriptions and specifications , helps management officials decide what sort of people they need to recruit and hire and select . Compensation : Job analysis information is crucial for estimating the value of each job and its appropriate compensation . Compensation ( salary and bonus ) usually depends on the job 's required skill and education level , safety hazards , degree of responsibility , etc. -- all factors which can be assessed through job analysis . Also , many employers group jobs into classes . Job analysis provides the information to determine the relative worth of each job and its appropriate class . Performance appraisal : A performance appraisal compares each employee 's actual performance with his or her performance standards . Managers use job analysis to determine the job 's specific activities and performance standards . Training : The job description should show the activities and skills , and therefore training , that the job requires Discovering unassigned duties : Job Analysis can also help reveal unassigned duties . For example , a company 's production manager says an employee is responsible for ten duties , such as production scheduling and raw material purchasing . Missing , however , is any reference to managing raw material inventories . On further study , it is revealed that none of the other manufacturing employees are responsible for inventory management , either . From review of other jobs like these , it is clear that someone should be managing raw material inventories . Therefore , an essential unassigned duty has been revealed . EEO compliance : Job analysis plays a large role in EEO compliance . United States Federal Agencies ' Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection stipulate that job analysis is a necessary step in validating all major personnel activities . For example , employers must be able to show that their selection criteria and job performance are actually related . Doing this requires knowing what the job entails , which in turn requires job analysis . Additional purposes : In addition to the 6 purposes above , Ash and Levine listed determining KSAOs needed for promotion , determining workplace hazards to make jobs safer , job classification , job description , designing the content of jobs , and strategic human resource planning . Job analysis at the speed of reality ( JASR ) ( edit ) The Job Analysis at the Speed of Reality ( JASR ) method for job analysis is a reliable , proven method to quickly create validated task lists . The end product , which can be used for many purposes , is the basis for many potential training opportunities . This method is a tested process that helps analysts complete a job analysis of a typical job with a group of subject matter experts and managers in two to three hours then deliver a validated task list . Job incumbents should know their jobs better than anyone else . They can provide accurate , timely content information about the job . JASR participants want to spend a minimum amount of time providing job data during a session and business leadership wants to minimize disruption to business operations . Since JASR participants do not spend as much time thinking about training as training professionals do , they do not require much orientation to the process . JASR uses the quickest methods and best possible technology to complete the job analysis . Systems ( edit ) For many years , the U.S. Department of Labor published the Dictionary of Occupational Titles ( DOT ) , which was a comprehensive description of over 20,000 jobs . However , the Department replaced the DOT with O * NET online database , which includes all occupations from the DOT plus an additional 3,500 . This makes O * NET very useful for job analysis . The O * NET ( an online resource which has replaced the Dictionary of Occupational Titles ) lists job requirements for a variety of jobs and is often considered basic , generic , or initial job analysis data . Everyone can use this database at no cost and is continually updated by observing workers from each occupation . O * NET also has a Career Exploration Tool which is an assessment to help workers and students who are searching for new careers . Data available from O * NET includes physical requirements , educational level , and some mental requirements . Task - based statements describing the work performed are derived from the functional job analysis technique . O * NET also provides links to salary data at the US national , state and city level for each job . O * NET was designed with several features in mind , including : The inclusion of multiple descriptors and content domains to capture the range of ways that work can be described The development of cross-job descriptors in order to enable comparisons between various jobs The use of a taxonomic approach to occupational classification to enable full coverage within a content domain Using these principles , a content model was developed that identified six content domains and specific categories within each domain . These six domains and categories within them include : Worker characteristics : enduring individual attributes that influence the capacities workers can develop - abilities , occupational values and interests , and work styles Worker requirements : general attributes developed through education and experience , thus are more amenable to change than worker characteristics - knowledge skills and education Occupational requirements : descriptors of the work itself rather than the worker - Generalized work activities , work context , and organizational context Experience requirements : types and quantities of experience required for specific occupations - worker experience in other jobs , related training , on - the - job training , and certification requirements Individual occupation characteristics : reflects labor demand , supply , and other labor market information Occupation - specific requirements : information unique to a particular job - occupation - specific skills and knowledge , tasks and duties , and equipment used In modern United States ( edit ) Over the past years , the concept of job analysis has been changing dramatically . One observer put it : `` The modern world is on the verge of another huge leap in creativity and productivity , but the job is not going to be part of tomorrow 's economic reality . There still is and will always be an enormous amount of work to do , but it is not going to be contained in the familiar envelopes we call jobs . In fact , many organizations are today well along the path toward being `` de-jobbed . '' . '' Jobs and job descriptions , until recently , tended to follow their prescriptions and to be fairly detailed and specific . By the mid-1900s writers were reacting to what they viewed as `` dehumanizing '' aspects of pigeonholing workings into highly repetitive and specialized jobs ; many proposed solutions like job enlargement , job rotation , and job enrichment . Job enlargement means assigning workers additional same - level tasks , thus increasing the number of activities they perform . Job rotation means systematically moving workers from one job to another . Psychologist Frederick Herzberg argued that the best way to motivate workers is to build opportunities for challenge and achievement into their jobs through job enrichment . Job enrichment means re-designing jobs in a way that increases the opportunities for the worker to experience feelings of responsibility , achievement , growth and recognition . Whether enriched , specialized or enlarged , workers still generally have specific jobs to do , and these jobs have required job descriptions . In many firms today , however , jobs are becoming more amorphous and difficult to define . In other words , the trend is toward dejobbing . Dejobbing , broadening the responsibilities of the company 's jobs , and encouraging employees to not limit themselves to what 's on their job descriptions , is a result of the changes taking place in business today . Organizations need to grapple with trends like rapid product and technological changes , and a shift to a service economy . This has increased the need for firms to be responsive , flexible , and generally more competitive . In turn , the organizational methods managers use to accomplish this have helped weaken the meaning of a job as a well - defined and clearly delineated set of responsibilities . Here are some methods that have contributed to this weakening of JOB 's meaning : Flatter organizations : Instead of traditional pyramid - shaped organizations with seven or more management layers , flat organizations with only three or four levels are becoming more prevalent Work teams : Managers increasingly organize tasks around teams and processes rather than around specialized functions . In an organization like this , employees ' jobs change daily and there is an intentional effort to avoid having employees view their jobs as a specific set of responsibilities . An example of this in action in information technology is the Scrum methodology in software development , which specifically states that within the Scrum process , the only recognised title for team members is `` team member '' - although in practice many IT organizations ignore this aspect of Scrum as it is perceived as `` too radical '' for them to cope with . The Boundaryless Organization : In a boundaryless organization , the widespread use of teams and similar structural mechanisms reduces and makes more permeable the boundaries that typically separate departments and hierarchical levels . These organizations foster responsiveness by encouraging employees to rid themselves of the ' it 's not my job ' attitudes that typically create walls between one employee 's area and another 's . Instead , the focus is on defining the project or task at hand in terms of the overall best interests of the organization , therefore further reducing the idea of a job as a clearly defined set of duties . Most firms today continue to use job analysis and rely on jobs as traditionally defined . More firms are moving toward new organizational configurations built around jobs that are broad and could change daily . Also , modern job analysis and job design techniques could help companies implement high - performance strategies . See also ( edit ) Industrial & organizational psychology Staffing models Task analysis Work sampling References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sackett , Paul R. ; Laczo , Roxanne M. ( 2003 ) . `` Handbook of Psychology '' . ISBN 0471264385 . doi : 10.1002 / 0471264385. wei1202 . chapter = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ Wilson , M. ( 2007 ) . A history of job analysis . In L. Koppes , Historical perspectives in industrial and organizational psychology . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates ^ Jump up to : Hartley , D.E. ( 1999 ) . Job analysis at the speed of reality . Amherst , Mass. : HRD Press . Jump up ^ Franklin , M. ( 2005 ) . Guide to Job Analysis . American Society for Training and Development . Jump up ^ Schneider , B. and Konz , A.M. ( 1989 ) , Strategic job analysis . Hum . Resour . Manage. , 28 : 51 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Viteles , M.S. ( 1922 ) . Job specifications and diagnostic tests of job competency designed for the auditing division of a street railway company . Psychological Clinic . 14 , 83 - 105 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , M. ( 2007 ) . A history of job analysis . In L. Koppes , Historical perspectives in industrial and organizational psychology . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , M. `` What is Job Analysis ? '' ( PDF ) . Institute of Work Psychology . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Cascio , W.F. , & Aguinis , H. ( 2005 ) . Applied Psychology in Human Resource Management Jump up ^ Fleishman , E.A. ( 1964 ) . The Structure and Measurement of Physical Fitness ^ Jump up to : Brannick , M.T. , Levine , E.L. , & Morgeson , F.P. ( 2007 ) . Job and work analysis : methods , research and applications for human resource management ( 2nd ed . ) . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage . ^ Jump up to : Muchinsky , Paul M. ( 2012 ) . Psychology Applied to Work . Summerfield , NC : Hypergraphic Press , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 578 - 07692 - 8 . Jump up ^ Schmitt , N. ; Fine , S.A. ( 1983 ) . `` Inter-Rater Reliability of Judgements of Functional Levels and Skill Requirements of Jobs Based on Written Task Statements '' . Journal of Occupational Psychology . 56 ( 2 ) : 121 -- 127 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 2044 - 8325.1983. tb00119. x . Jump up ^ `` People Fitting Positions '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Peterson , N.G. , Mumford , M.D. , Borman , W.C. , Jeanneret , P.R. , & Fleishman , E.A. ( Eds . ) ( 1999 ) . An occupational information system for the 21st century . Washington , D.C : American Psychological Association . Jump up ^ Hartley , D.E. ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Morsh , J.E. ( 1964 ) , Job Analysis in the United States Air Force . Personnel Psychology , 17 : 7 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : Premeaux , Shane R. , Noe , Robert M. , & Wayne , Mondy R. ( 2002 ) . Human Resource Management ( 8th ed ) . Upper Saddle River , N.J. : Prentice Hall . Jump up ^ Ash , R.A. , & Levine , E.L. ( 1980 ) . A framework for evaluating job analysis methods . Personnel Psychology , 57 , 53 - 59 Jump up ^ Hartley , D.E. ( 1999 ) . Job analysis at the speed of reality . Amherst , Mass. : HRD Press . The JASR method of job analysis is based on four principles . Jump up ^ Bohlander , G. , & Snell , S. ( 2009 ) . Managing human resources . Independence : Cengage Learning . Jump up ^ `` O * Net '' Jump up ^ Rogelberg , S.G. ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of industrial and organizational psychology . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage . Fleishman , E.A. ( 1964 ) . The Structure and Measurement of Physical Fitness . Princeton , NJ : Prentice - Hall . Other sources ( edit ) Fine , Sidney A. & Cronshaw , Steven F. ( 1999 ) . Functional job analysis : A foundation for human resources management . Erlbaum : Mahwah , NJ . External links ( edit ) O * Net <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Aspects of jobs Topics Analysis Attitude Control Description Description management Embeddedness Enlargement Enrichment Fair Fraud Hunting Interview Lock Performance Rotation Satisfaction Security Shadow Sharing Strain Wrapping See also Corporation Employment Factory Job Office Organization Whistleblower Templates Aspects of corporations Aspects of occupations Aspects of organizations Aspects of workplaces Employment Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Job_analysis&oldid=808010119 '' Categories : Human resource management Industrial and organizational psychology Hidden categories : CS1 errors : chapter ignored Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français हिन्दी Italiano Nederlands Polski سنڌي Slovenščina Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 10 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Job analysis procedures
2. Task-oriented and worker-oriented approaches
3. Knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics (KSAOs)
4. Uses of job analysis information
5. Recruitment, selection, compensation, performance appraisal, and training
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who was quarterback when tampa bay won the superbowl
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Super Bowl XXXVII - wikipedia Super Bowl XXXVII Jump to : navigation , search Super Bowl XXXVII <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Oakland Raiders ( AFC ) Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( NFC ) 21 48 <Td_colspan="2"> Total OAK 0 6 12 21 TB 17 14 14 48 Date January 26 , 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 26 ) Stadium Qualcomm Stadium , San Diego , California MVP Dexter Jackson , Safety Favorite Raiders by 4 Referee Bill Carollo Attendance 67,603 <Th_colspan="2"> Future Hall of Famers <Td_colspan="2"> Raiders : Al Davis ( owner / general manager ) , Tim Brown , Jerry Rice , Rod Woodson Buccaneers : Derrick Brooks , Warren Sapp <Th_colspan="2"> Ceremonies National anthem Dixie Chicks Coin toss 1972 Miami Dolphins : Don Shula , Bob Griese , Larry Csonka , Larry Little , Jim Langer , Nick Buoniconti , Paul Warfield Halftime show Shania Twain , No Doubt , and Sting <Th_colspan="2"> TV in the United States Network ABC Announcers Al Michaels , John Madden , Melissa Stark and Lynn Swann Nielsen ratings 40.7 ( est . 88.6 million viewers ) Market share 61 Cost of 30 - second commercial $2.1 million <Td_colspan="2"> ← XXXVI Super Bowl XXXVIII → Super Bowl XXXVII was an American football game between the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion Oakland Raiders and the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Tampa Bay Buccaneers to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 2002 season . The Buccaneers defeated the Raiders by the score of 48 -- 21 , tied with Super Bowl XXXV for the seventh largest Super Bowl margin of victory , and winning their first ever Super Bowl . The game , played on January 26 , 2003 at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego , California , was the sixth Super Bowl to be held a week after the conference championship games ( XVII , XXV , XXVIII , XXXIV , and XXXVI ) . It was also the last Super Bowl played in the month of January . This was the first Super Bowl in which the league 's number one - ranked offense ( Raiders ) faced the league 's number one - ranked defense ( Buccaneers ) . The game sometimes is referred to as the `` Gruden Bowl '' , because the primary storyline surrounding the game revolved around Jon Gruden . Gruden was the Raiders ' head coach from 1998 to 2001 , and then became the Buccaneers coach in 2002 . Tampa Bay , `` Gruden 's new team '' , made their first Super Bowl appearance in team history after posting a 12 -- 4 regular season record . Oakland , `` Gruden 's old team '' , advanced to their fifth Super Bowl after an 11 -- 5 regular season . Super Bowl XXXVII is also referred to as the `` Pirate Bowl '' , due to both teams ' pirate - themed names . The Raiders came into the game as four - point favorites . However , the Tampa Bay defense dominated the contest . Oakland quarterback Rich Gannon threw a Super Bowl record five interceptions , three of which were returned for touchdowns . The Buccaneers also sacked Gannon five times , and scored 34 consecutive points to build a 34 -- 3 lead late in the third quarter . Tampa Bay safety Dexter Jackson , who had two of those interceptions and returned them for 34 yards , was named Super Bowl MVP. Jackson became only the second safety and third defensive back named Super Bowl MVP . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Jon Gruden helps rebuild the Raiders 1.2 Gruden is `` traded '' to the Buccaneers 1.3 The Raiders win without Gruden 1.4 Playoffs 1.5 Super Bowl pregame news 2 Television and entertainment 2.1 Pregame ceremonies 2.2 Halftime show 2.3 Post-game ceremonies 3 Game summary 3.1 First Quarter 3.2 Second Quarter 3.3 Third Quarter 3.4 Fourth Quarter 3.5 Box score 3.6 Statistical overview 4 Final statistics 4.1 Statistical comparison 4.2 Individual leaders 5 Starting lineups 6 Post-game riots 7 Aftermath 8 Officials 9 Notes and references 10 External links Background ( edit ) Super Bowl XXXVII was originally awarded to San Francisco on October 15 , 1997 by the NFL owners at a league meeting in Washington , D.C. The 49ers had recently announced plans for a new stadium , and were awarded the Super Bowl contingent on its completion . However , the stadium plans had stalled by the fall of 1998 and the NFL reopened the bidding for the game . San Diego , which had lost out on Super Bowl XXXVI , announced its interest . The city was awarded the game during the May 26 , 1999 meeting at Atlanta . Miami was the only other city in consideration . It was the last Super Bowl played in California until Super Bowl 50 at Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara . It was the also the final Super Bowl at Qualcomm Stadium before the Chargers relocated to Los Angeles in 2017 . Later in 2003 , California would host the Stanley Cup Finals with the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim hosting games 3 , 4 , and 6 , making it only the second time that the same state hosted both the Super Bowl and the Stanley Cup Finals in the same year , following California itself ten years earlier , when the Los Angeles Kings went to the Finals four months after Pasadena hosted Super Bowl XXVII . It was then succeeded by itself again in 2016 when Super Bowl 50 took place in San Francisco and the San Jose Sharks made the Stanley Cup Finals . Jon Gruden helps rebuild the Raiders ( edit ) After moving back to Oakland , California in 1995 , the Raiders suffered sub-par seasons , including a 4 -- 12 record in 1997 . Under Gruden 's leadership , the Raiders improved to 8 -- 8 in both 1998 and 1999 . The team was further boosted in 1999 with the signing of veteran quarterback Rich Gannon . With Gannon as quarterback , the team jumped to the fifth - best offense in the league . The Raiders won the AFC West in 2000 with a 12 -- 4 record and the best rushing offense in the league . However , they lost the AFC Championship Game to the eventual Super Bowl XXXV champion Baltimore Ravens , 16 -- 3 . After signing veteran Pro Bowl wide receiver Jerry Rice and defensive tackle Trace Armstrong , the team repeated as AFC West champions in 2001 , but were eliminated in the AFC Divisional Game by the eventual Super Bowl XXXVI champion New England Patriots in what became known as the `` Tuck Rule Game '' , in which a potential game - ending fumble recovery by the Raiders was overturned by instant replay . Gruden is `` traded '' to the Buccaneers ( edit ) Further information : 2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season Raiders owner Al Davis was known to have the lowest salaries for coaches in the league , and Gruden was no exception . Instead of paying a high salary for Gruden , Davis opted to trade the rights for Gruden to the Buccaneers in exchange for four draft picks , in a deal similar to what Patriots owner Robert Kraft made with the New York Jets to get head coach Bill Belichick in 2000 . The Buccaneers ended up giving two first - round picks , two second - round picks and $8 million to the Raiders to get Gruden . Tampa Bay was desperate to have someone rebuild their offense so it would complement their powerful defense in an attempt to win the Super Bowl . For most of their history , the Buccaneers were regarded as losers , making the playoffs only three times in their first 20 seasons . But that changed when the team hired Tony Dungy as head coach in 1996 . Dungy , along with his defensive coordinator Monte Kiffin , rebuilt the defense around a core group of players , such as defensive lineman Warren Sapp , linebacker Derrick Brooks , and defensive backs Ronde Barber and John Lynch . By 1997 , Tampa Bay ranked 3rd in the league in total yards allowed , 2nd in 1998 , and 3rd in 2000 . With one of the best defenses in the league , Dungy helped guide the Buccaneers to four playoff appearances in his six years as the team 's head coach . But the team always had one of the worst offenses in the league , and this was a major factor in their playoff losses . Thus , Dungy was fired and replaced by Gruden . Still , even Gruden had trouble getting the offense in sync during his first year as Tampa Bay 's head coach . In 2002 , the Buccaneers ranked 25th in the league in total yards gained ( 5,222 ) . Quarterback Brad Johnson made the Pro Bowl , completing 281 out of 451 passes for 3,049 yards , 22 touchdowns , and only 6 interceptions . Running back Michael Pittman led the team in rushing with 718 yards and one touchdown , and caught 59 passes for 477 yards . Pro Bowl fullback Mike Alstott had 548 rushing yards and 5 touchdowns , and also had 35 receptions for 242 yards and 2 touchdowns . Wide receiver Keyshawn Johnson led the team with 76 receptions for 1,088 yards and 5 touchdowns , while wide receiver Keenan McCardell had 61 receptions for 670 yards and 6 touchdowns . However , the Buccaneers ' defense was still the strength of the team , leading the NFL in total defense ( 252.8 yards per game ) , pass defense ( 155.6 yards per game ) , points allowed ( 12.3 points per game ) , passing touchdowns allowed ( 10 ) , interceptions ( 31 ) , and opponent passer rating ( 48.4 ) . Brooks , Lynch , Sapp , and defensive end Simeon Rice all had Pro Bowl years . Brooks led the team with 87 tackles and excelled at pass coverage , recording 5 interceptions , 218 return yards , and 2 touchdowns , plus 1 fumble return and 1 on a lateral from Sapp after a Sapp interception for a total of 4 touchdowns ( an NFL record for a linebacker ) . The defense as a whole had nine total touchdowns during the regular season and playoffs . Rice led the team with 15.5 sacks . Sapp recorded 7.5 sacks and 2 interceptions . Cornerback Brian Kelly was also a big asset , leading the team with 8 interceptions . The Raiders win without Gruden ( edit ) Further information : 2002 Oakland Raiders season Despite the loss of Gruden in 2002 , the Raiders under their new coach Bill Callahan still managed to earn a share of the AFC 's best record at 11 -- 5 . The offense led the league in total passing yards ( 4,689 ) and ranked second in total yards gained ( 6,451 ) . Gannon had a Pro Bowl season , completing 418 out of 618 passes for 4,689 yards , 26 touchdowns , and with 10 interceptions . His 418 completions and his 10 games with over 300 passing yards were both NFL records . He also ran 50 times for 156 yards and 3 touchdowns . Rice , who was already the NFL 's all - time leader in nearly every receiving record after 17 seasons , had a Pro Bowl season for the 13th time in his career with 92 receptions for 1,211 yards and 7 touchdowns . Gannon 's other weapons in passing game were 15 - year veteran receiver Tim Brown ( 81 receptions for 930 yards and 2 touchdowns ) and young receiver Jerry Porter ( 51 receptions for 688 yards and 9 touchdowns ) . Multi-talented running back Charlie Garner was the team 's leading rusher with 962 yards and 7 touchdowns , while also leading all NFL running backs in receiving with 91 receptions for 941 yards and another 4 touchdowns . Running back Tyrone Wheatley was also a big contributor with 419 rushing yards and 71 receiving yards , while fullback Zack Crockett provided both of them with solid blocking and scored 8 touchdowns . Up front , their offensive line was led by 2 Pro Bowlers , guard Lincoln Kennedy and center Barret Robbins . The Raiders ' weakness was primarily on their defense , which ranked 25th in the league in passing yards allowed ( 3,787 ) and 12th in total yards ( 5,240 ) . But veteran Pro Bowl safety Rod Woodson recorded 8 interceptions ( which led the league ) for 225 yards and 2 touchdowns . Up front , their line was anchored by defensive tackle Rod Coleman , who led the team with 11 sacks . Behind him , the team had a solid veteran linebacker , Bill Romanowski , who was playing in his 5th Super Bowl ( after winning 2 championships with the San Francisco 49ers in Super Bowls XXIII and XXIV , and 2 while playing for the Denver Broncos in Super Bowls XXXII and XXXIII ) . Defensive back Tory James was also a big contributor with 4 interceptions . Playoffs ( edit ) Further information : 2002 -- 03 NFL playoffs The second - seeded Buccaneers defeated the fourth - seeded San Francisco 49ers , 31 -- 6 , and the top - seeded Philadelphia Eagles on the road , 27 -- 10 , in the playoffs , to make the Super Bowl for the first time in franchise history . Meanwhile , the top - seeded Raiders were victorious against the fourth - seeded New York Jets , 30 -- 10 , and the second - seeded Tennessee Titans , 41 -- 24 . The Raiders won against the Titans through Gannon 's pass - oriented offense . Super Bowl pre-game News ( edit ) The Raiders entered the game favored to win in their first Super Bowl in 19 years . They were also the first franchise to appear in the Super Bowl in four different decades ( 1960s , 1970s , 1980s , 2000s ; the 1990s was the only decade that they did n't appear in the Super Bowl ) . However , much of the media hype surrounded the Gruden trade prior to the season . This forced league commissioner Paul Tagliabue to issue a statement that he might ban all future trades for coaches involving draft choices because it might compromise the draft . A distraction for the Raiders was that starting center Barret Robbins went missing for most of the week leading up to the Super Bowl , and ended up in a San Diego hospital the night before the game after suffering a manic episode . Backup Adam Treu ( a former Pro Bowl - er ) replaced Robbins . Television and Entertainment ( edit ) The game was broadcast in the United States by ABC with Al Michaels handling the play - by - play duties and color commentator John Madden , who became the first person to announce Super Bowls on different networks in consecutive years , having called Super Bowl XXXVI on Fox and then moving to ABC after Pat Summerall retired . The NFC improved to 6 -- 0 on Super Bowls broadcast on ABC . Melissa Stark and Lynn Swann served as sideline reporters . Chris Berman from Disney - owned corporate sibling ESPN hosted all the events . Berman was joined by fellow ESPN analyst Steve Young , Baltimore Ravens head coach Brian Billick , and New York Giants defensive end Michael Strahan . The Super Bowl was the first of three major professional sports championship series ABC broadcast in 2003 , as they would also broadcast the Stanley Cup Finals and the NBA Finals . Both the Super Bowl and the Stanley Cup Finals were hosted by Berman ( who co-hosted the Stanley Cup Finals with John Saunders ) and took place in the state of California . The state of California had representation in both finals series . Gary Thorne , Bill Clement , and John Davidson mentioned all of these when they called the Stanley Cup Finals . Pre-game ceremonies ( edit ) Before the game , a show called `` Santana and Friends '' performed on the field . Carlos Santana was joined by Beyoncé and Michelle Branch and sang truncated versions of `` Oye Como Va '' , `` The Game of Love '' , and `` Foo Foo . '' ABC also aired a pre-game parking lot performance featuring Bonnie Raitt , Goo Goo Dolls and Michael Bublé prior to the Santana and Friends segment . In a nod to what the New England Patriots did the previous year in Super Bowl XXXVI , both teams were introduced as a team , rather than individually by offensive and defensive starters , after highlights of their seasons were simulcast on the video boards in the stadium and on television . This has become a regular tradition starting with this Super Bowl . Celine Dion then sang `` God Bless America '' which is sung for the only time in the Super Bowl , and later the Dixie Chicks sang the national anthem , `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . F / A-18 Super Hornets of the United States Navy performed a flyover . To honor the 30th anniversary of the 17 -- 0 undefeated , perfect season of the 1972 Miami Dolphins , the following members of that team appeared during the coin toss ceremony : Don Shula , Bob Griese , Larry Csonka , Larry Little , Jim Langer , Nick Buoniconti , Paul Warfield . Memorable television commercials that aired during the game included the `` Terry Tate : Office Linebacker '' Reebok ad and the Budweiser Zebra Referee . ADBOWL ranked FedEx 's `` Castaway '' as the best commercial of the year . Halftime show ( edit ) Shania Twain , No Doubt , and Sting were featured during the halftime show , which was sponsored by AT&T Wireless . Twain sang her hits `` Man ! I Feel Like a Woman ! '' and `` Up ! '' . No Doubt then sang their hit `` Just a Girl '' with lead singer Gwen Stefani ad - libbing lines like `` I 'm just a girl at the Super Bowl ! '' The show concluded with Sting performing `` Message in a Bottle '' , with Stefani joining in midway through . NBC provided counter-programming against the halftime show , airing a live segment of `` Weekend Update '' from the comedy -- variety show Saturday Night Live featuring Jimmy Fallon and Tina Fey . Postgame ceremonies ( edit ) Bon Jovi appeared as part of the post-game ceremonies , performing `` It 's My Life '' prior to the Vince Lombardi Trophy presentation and `` Everyday '' afterwards ( most of the latter performance was not shown on ABC because the network cut to commercials ) . Game Summary ( edit ) First quarter ( edit ) The Raiders had a great chance to score a touchdown early in the game after cornerback Charles Woodson intercepted Buccaneers quarterback Brad Johnson 's pass on the third play of the game and returned it 12 yards to the Tampa Bay 36 - yard line . However , six plays later , Tampa Bay defensive end Simeon Rice sacked Raiders quarterback Rich Gannon on third down , forcing Oakland to settle for kicker Sebastian Janikowski 's 40 - yard field goal to give them a 3 -- 0 lead . Buccaneers kick returner Aaron Stecker returned the ensuing kickoff 27 yards to the 29 - yard line , then appeared to fumble the ball . Although the officials initially ruled that the ball was recovered by Oakland 's Eric Johnson , the play was reviewed by instant replay and the fumble was overturned , and thus Tampa Bay retained possession . It showed that both of Stecker 's knees were down and the ball did n't come loose until it hit the ground . Gruden and Stecker appeared upset at having to use a challenge so early in a game , when they both believed Stecker was clearly down . On the first play of the drive , Brad Johnson completed an 11 - yard pass to wide receiver Joe Jurevicius . Johnson 's next 2 passes were incomplete , but he then completed a 23 - yard pass to Jurevicius on third down to advance the ball to the Oakland 37 - yard line . Running back Michael Pittman then rushed for a 23 - yard gain to the 13 - yard line . However , on the next 3 plays , the Raiders defense limited the Buccaneers to a pair of incompletions and a 1 - yard run . Argentine kicker Martín Gramática then made a 31 - yard field goal to tie the game , 3 -- 3 . Second quarter ( edit ) Later in the half , a 17 - yard punt return by Raiders defensive back Darrien Gordon gave Oakland the ball at their own 49 - yard line . Gannon then threw an 8 - yard pass to running back Charlie Garner to reach the Tampa Bay 43 - yard line . However , on third down , Buccaneers safety Dexter Jackson intercepted Gannon 's pass at the 40 - yard line and returned it 9 - yards to near midfield . Then nine plays after the turnover , Gramatica kicked his second field goal from 43 yards to give Tampa Bay a 6 -- 3 lead . Jackson intercepted another pass on the Raiders ' next drive and returned it 25 yards to Oakland 's 45 - yard line , making Jackson the first player ever to record two interceptions in the first half of the Super Bowl . However , the Buccaneers were unable to take advantage of the turnover and were forced to punt . Fortunately for Tampa Bay , they got a big assist from their punter Tom Tupa , who managed to pin Oakland all the way back at their own 11 - yard line with his punt . The Raiders could not move the ball either , losing 1 yard on 3 plays with their ensuing drive . Tampa Bay punt returner Karl Williams then returned Shane Lechler 's punt 25 yards , giving the Buccaneers great field position at Oakland 's 27 - yard line . Aided with Pittman 's gains of 6 and 19 yards , the Buccaneers scored their first touchdown on a 2 - yard run from fullback Mike Alstott , increasing their lead to 13 -- 3 . Then with 3 : 45 left in the half , Tampa Bay drove 77 yards , assisted by a pair of catches by Alstott for 28 total yards . Johnson finished the drive with a 5 - yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Keenan McCardell to give the Buccaneers a 20 -- 3 halftime lead . Third quarter ( edit ) Tampa Bay continued to dominate the game for most of the third quarter . The Buccaneers forced the Raiders to punt on the opening drive of the second half . Next , Tampa Bay marched 89 yards on a 14 - play drive that took 7 : 52 off the clock , and ended with Johnson 's 8 - yard touchdown pass to McCardell to increase their lead to 27 -- 3 . Then on the second play of Oakland 's ensuing drive , Buccaneers defensive back Dwight Smith intercepted Gannon 's pass and returned it 44 yards for a touchdown , making the score 34 -- 3 . After giving up 34 points , Oakland finally managed to drive 82 yards down the field and score on a 39 - yard touchdown pass from Gannon to wide receiver Jerry Porter . Although he was initially ruled as being out of bounds when he caught the ball , it was determined that Porter had both feet in the end zone . The two - point conversion failed , so the Raiders were still down 34 -- 9 . Fourth quarter ( edit ) The Raiders ' touchdown seemed to fire up their defense , who forced the Buccaneers to a fourth down on their ensuing possession . Oakland linebacker Tim Johnson then blocked Tupa 's punt , and linebacker Eric Johnson returned the ball 13 yards for a touchdown . Another two - point conversion for Oakland failed , but Tampa Bay 's lead was cut to 34 -- 15 . Tampa Bay responded by moving the ball to the Oakland 9 - yard line on their ensuing drive , featuring a 24 - yard run by Pittman , but they came up empty after Tupa fumbled the snap on a field goal attempt . A few plays later , Gannon threw a 48 - yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Jerry Rice with 6 : 06 left in the game , cutting the Raiders deficit to 34 -- 21 . The two - point conversion failed when Jerry Porter caught the ball but landed out of bounds . Though there was contact with a defender , the officials deemed the contact incidental rather than a force - out , and therefore that part of the play was non-reviewable . In an attempt to prevent a Raiders comeback , the Buccaneers managed to run the clock down to 2 : 44 on their ensuing drive before being forced to punt . Then on third and 18 from the Oakland 29 - yard line , Tampa Bay linebacker Derrick Brooks intercepted a pass from Gannon and returned it 44 yards for a touchdown , giving the Buccaneers a 41 -- 21 lead with only 1 : 18 left , and leading Buccaneers radio announcer Gene Deckerhoff to make his famous call of `` The dagger 's in , we 're gon na win the Super Bowl ! '' . A few plays later , with the Raiders now playing for pride , Dwight Smith intercepted a tipped pass and returned it 50 yards for a touchdown with only two seconds remaining . Gramatica kicked the extra point , and the Buccaneers were up 48 -- 21 . Raiders defensive tackle Chris Cooper returned Gramatica 's kickoff 6 yards before being tackled by Jack Golden , ending the game . The Buccaneers won their first - ever Super Bowl with a 48 - 21 victory . Gannon said after the game that his performance was `` nightmarish '' . Box score ( edit ) Super Bowl XXXVII : Tampa Bay Buccaneers 48 , Oakland Raiders 21 Total Raiders ( AFC ) 0 6 12 21 Buccaneers ( NFC ) 17 14 14 48 at Qualcomm Stadium , San Diego , California Date : January 26 , 2003 Game time : 3 : 26 p.m. PST Game weather : 81 ° F ( 27 ° C ) , sunny Super Bowl XXXVII Box Score ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time <Th_colspan="3"> Drive Team Scoring information <Th_colspan="2"> Score Plays Yards TOP OAK TB 10 : 40 7 14 2 : 55 OAK 40 - yard field goal by Sebastian Janikowski 0 7 : 51 9 58 2 : 49 TB 31 - yard field goal by Martín Gramática 11 : 16 9 26 3 : 53 TB 43 - yard field goal by Martín Gramática 6 6 : 24 27 2 : 02 TB Mike Alstott 2 - yard touchdown run , Martín Gramática kick good 13 0 : 30 10 77 3 : 15 TB Keenan McCardell 5 - yard touchdown reception from Brad Johnson , Martín Gramática kick good 20 5 : 30 14 89 7 : 52 TB Keenan McCardell 8 - yard touchdown reception from B. Johnson , Martín Gramática kick good 27 4 : 47 -- -- -- TB Interception returned 44 yards for touchdown by Dwight Smith , Martín Gramática kick good 34 2 : 14 8 82 2 : 33 OAK Jerry Porter 39 - yard touchdown reception from Rich Gannon , 2 - point pass no good 9 34 14 : 16 -- -- -- OAK Eric Johnson 13 - yard punt block return for a touchdown , 2 - point pass no good 15 34 6 : 06 8 78 2 : 56 OAK Jerry Rice 48 - yard touchdown reception from Rich Gannon , 2 - point pass no good 21 34 1 : 18 -- -- -- TB Interception returned 44 yards for touchdown by Derrick Brooks , Martín Gramática kick good 21 41 0 : 02 -- -- -- TB Interception returned 50 yards for touchdown by Dwight Smith , Martín Gramática kick good 21 48 <Td_colspan="7"> `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 21 48 Statistical overview ( edit ) Tampa Bay dominated Oakland , outgaining them in total yards ( 365 to 269 ) , rushing yards ( 150 to 19 ) , first downs ( 24 to 11 ) , offensive plays ( 76 to 60 ) , and forced turnovers ( 5 to 1 ) . As many sports fans and writers predicted , Gruden 's prior knowledge of the Raiders was a major factor . The most damaging piece of evidence is NFL Films footage of Tampa Bay defensive back John Lynch telling his teammates during the game that almost all of the plays ran by Oakland 's offense were plays that Gruden ( who that week even played the part of `` Rich Gannon '' by playing QB with the scout - team offense ) specifically told them to look out for . Better still for the Buccaneers was that Oakland had n't changed their audible - calling signals that Gruden himself had installed , thus tipping off plays repeatedly . Johnson finished the game with 18 out of 34 completions for 215 yards and 2 touchdowns , with 1 interception , along with 10 rushing yards . Pittman was the top rusher of the game with 129 yards . Alstott was the game 's second leading rusher with 15 yards and a touchdown , and had 5 receptions for 43 yards . Wide receiver Keyshawn Johnson was the Buccaneers ' leading receiver with 6 catches for 69 yards . Smith recorded 2 interceptions , 94 return yards , and 2 touchdowns . He also added another 23 yards on a kickoff return . Gannon finished the game 24 out of 44 for 272 yards and 2 touchdowns , but was intercepted a Super Bowl record 5 times . Garner was their leading rusher , but with only 10 yards , and caught 7 passes for 51 yards . Rice was the Raiders ' leading receiver of the game with 5 catches for 77 yards and a touchdown . He became the first player to score touchdowns with two different teams in Super Bowls ( Ricky Proehl and Muhsin Muhammad have since joined him ) . Wide receiver Marcus Knight returned 8 kickoffs for 143 yards . Jerry Rice and Bill Romanowski joined Gene Upshaw as the only players to appear in Super Bowls in three different decades . Rice played in Super Bowls XXIII , XXIV , and XXIX . Romanowski played in Super Bowls XXIII , XXIV , XXXII , and XXXIII ; the Raiders ' loss prevented Romanowski from joining Charles Haley as the only NFL players at that time to earn 5 Super Bowl rings ( Haley was also with the 49ers for Super Bowls XXIII and XXIV , and later earned rings when the Dallas Cowboys won Super Bowls XXVII , XXVIII , and XXX ) . The Raiders became the first team to appear in Super Bowls under four different head coaches . John Rauch coached them in Super Bowl II , John Madden ( who himself called Super Bowl XXXVII on ABC ) , coached them in Super Bowl XI and Tom Flores coached them in Super Bowl XV and XVIII . The teams combined for the most second half points in a Super Bowl with 46 ( 28 for Tampa Bay and 18 for Oakland ) and the third most total points in a game with 69 , tying Dallas and Buffalo who combined for 69 points in Super Bowl XXVII . Final statistics ( edit ) Sources : NFL.com Super Bowl XXXVII , Super Bowl XXXVII Play Finder TB , Super Bowl XXXVII Play Finder Oak , Super Bowl XXXVII Play by Play Statistical comparison ( edit ) Oakland Raiders Tampa Bay Buccaneers First downs 11 24 First downs rushing 6 First downs passing 9 15 First downs penalty Third down efficiency 7 / 16 6 / 15 Fourth down efficiency 0 / 0 0 / 1 Net yards rushing 19 150 Rushing attempts 11 42 Yards per rush 1.7 3.6 Passing -- Completions - attempts 24 / 44 18 / 34 Times sacked - total yards 5 -- 22 0 - 0 Interceptions thrown 5 Net yards passing 250 215 Total net yards 269 365 Punt returns - total yards 3 -- 29 1 -- 25 Kickoff returns - total yards 9 -- 149 4 -- 90 Interceptions - total return yards 1 -- 12 5 -- 172 Punts - average yardage 5 -- 39.0 5 -- 31.0 Fumbles - lost 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 Penalties - yards 7 -- 51 5 -- 41 Time of possession 22 : 46 37 : 14 Turnovers 5 Individual leaders ( edit ) <Th_colspan="6"> Raiders Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Rich Gannon 24 / 44 272 5 48.9 <Th_colspan="6"> Raiders Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Charlie Garner 7 10 0 1.43 Zack Crockett 6 0 3.00 Rich Gannon 0 1.00 <Th_colspan="6"> Raiders Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Charlie Garner 7 51 0 9 11 Jerry Rice 5 77 48t 8 Doug Jolley 5 59 0 25 7 Jerry Porter 62 39t 9 Tim Brown 9 0 9 Jon Ritchie 7 0 7 Tyrone Wheatley 7 0 7 Marcus Knight 0 0 0 0 <Th_colspan="6"> Buccaneers Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Brad Johnson 18 / 34 215 79.9 <Th_colspan="6"> Buccaneers Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Michael Pittman 29 124 0 24 4.28 Mike Alstott 10 15 5 1.50 Brad Johnson 10 0 10 10.00 Aaron Stecker 0 1.00 Tom Tupa 0 0 0 0.00 <Th_colspan="6"> Buccaneers Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Keyshawn Johnson 6 69 0 18 11 Mike Alstott 5 43 0 16 8 Joe Jurevicius 78 0 33 Keenan McCardell 13 8t Ken Dilger 12 0 12 Rickey Dudley 0 0 0 0 Completions / attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted Starting lineups ( edit ) Source : Hall of Fame ‡ Oakland Position Position Tampa Bay <Td_colspan="4"> Offense Tim Brown ‡ <Td_colspan="2"> WR Keyshawn Johnson Barry Sims <Td_colspan="2"> LT Roman Oben Frank Middleton <Td_colspan="2"> LG Kerry Jenkins Adam Treu <Td_colspan="2"> Jeff Christy Mo Collins <Td_colspan="2"> RG Cosey Coleman Lincoln Kennedy <Td_colspan="2"> RT Kenyatta Walker Doug Jolley <Td_colspan="2"> TE Ken Dilger Jerry Rice ‡ <Td_colspan="2"> WR Keenan McCardell Rich Gannon <Td_colspan="2"> QB Brad Johnson Jerry Porter WR FB Mike Alstott Charlie Garner <Td_colspan="2"> RB Michael Pittman <Td_colspan="4"> Defense DeLawrence Grant DE LE Greg Spires Sam Adams <Td_colspan="2"> DT Warren Sapp ‡ John Parrella DT NT Chuck Darby Regan Upshaw DE RE Simeon Rice Bill Romanowski LLB SLB Dwight Smith Napoleon Harris <Td_colspan="2"> MLB Shelton Quarles Eric Barton RLB WLB Derrick Brooks ‡ Charles Woodson <Td_colspan="2"> LCB Brian Kelly Tory James <Td_colspan="2"> RCB Ronde Barber Anthony Dorsett <Td_colspan="2"> SS John Lynch Rod Woodson ‡ <Td_colspan="2"> FS Dexter Jackson Postgame riots ( edit ) In Oakland , after the Raiders ' loss , riots broke out on the streets of East Oakland . Twelve cars were set on fire and four hundred police officers had to be sent to the streets . Aftermath ( edit ) The Tampa Tribune published a book by several staff writers called Pewter Power , about the Buccaneers ' winning season . Both teams entered a period of decline after the Super Bowl . Neither made the playoffs the next season as Tampa Bay finished 7 -- 9 and Oakland finished 4 -- 12 . Furthermore , Tampa Bay finished 5 -- 11 in 2004 , becoming the first Super Bowl winning team to follow up with consecutive losing seasons . To date , the Buccaneers have yet to win another postseason game , while the Raiders went 14 seasons without having a winning season and / or qualifying the playoffs , and have also not won a playoff game since . Officials ( edit ) Referee : Bill Carollo # 63 second Super Bowl ( XXXI as side judge ) Umpire : Ed Coukart # 71 second Super Bowl ( originally alternate for XXXII , but entered game when Jim Quirk was injured ) Head Linesman : Dale Williams # 8 third Super Bowl ( XX , XXVI ) Line Judge : Mark Steinkerchner # 84 first Super Bowl Side Judge : Rick Patterson # 15 first Super Bowl Field Judge : Tom Sifferman # 118 first Super Bowl Back Judge : Don Carey # 126 first Super Bowl Replay Official : Rex Stuart Video Operator : Mike Wimmer Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ DiNitto , Marcus ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` Super Bowl Betting History -- Underdogs on Recent Roll '' . Sporting News . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . Vegas Insider . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVII Box Score : Tampa Bay 48 , Oakland 21 '' . NFL.com . National Football League . January 27 , 2003 . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Super Bowl Nielsen TV Ratings , 1967 -- 2009 -- Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` mcubed.net : NFL : Super bowl scores sorted by margin of victory '' . mcubed.net . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Martzke , Rudy ( January 27 , 2003 ) . `` Gruden Bowl keeps fans glued to TVs '' . USA Today . USATODAY.com . Jump up ^ White , Joseph ( October 16 , 1997 ) . `` 2003 Super Bowl to San Francisco ; Cleveland waits for team '' . Spartanburg Herald - Journal . p. 18 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 -- via Google News . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans to host 2002 Super Bowl '' . Daily News . October 29 , 1998 . p. 8 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 -- via Google News . Jump up ^ `` NFL -- Owners Meeting '' . The Orlando Sentinel . May 27 , 1999 . p. 38 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : NHL on ABC : Game 7 of the 2003 Stanley Cup Finals ( television ) . ABC Sports . June 9 , 2003 . Thorne , Clement , and J.D. talked about Berman 's role in hosting both the Super Bowl and the Stanley Cup Finals on ABC in 2003 and about the role the state of California played during championship series during the Stanley Cup Finals , as Arrowhead Pond of Anaheim hosted the Stanley Cup Finals , and involved the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim ( now Anaheim Ducks ) taking on the New Jersey Devils . Jump up ^ `` Buccaneers get their first shot at the NFL treasure '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Associated Press . January 21 , 2003 . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gannon leads Raiders in rout of Jets '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 12 , 2003 . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Clayton , John . `` Raiders pass their way to San Diego '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stroud , Rick ( January 17 , 2003 ) . `` NFL nixes draft picks for coaches '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Phil . `` When Barret Robbins disappeared before Super Bowl '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Highlights of ABC 's pre - and postgame shows '' . ESPN . January 15 , 2003 . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Fred ( January 27 , 2003 ) . `` In their fashion , Bucs fans laugh '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vivinetto , Gina ( January 27 , 2003 ) . `` Super Bowl XXXVII : Superstars belt out favorites , or lip synch them '' . St. Petersburg Times . ^ Jump up to : George , Thomas ( January 27 , 2003 ) . `` Bucs steal the treasure '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers 48 vs. Oakland Raiders 21 '' . pro-football - reference . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Michael ; Skolnick , Ethan J. ( January 27 , 2003 ) . `` Treu Gets The Call In Robbins ' Absence '' . South Florida Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bucs stop here -- with a Super Bowl title '' . USA Today . January 26 , 2003 . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Game - Time Temperatures '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pompei , Dan ( January 27 , 2003 ) . `` The best - laid plans : an inside look at how coach Jon Gruden and the Bucs prepared themselves to be Super Bowl champions '' . The Sporting News . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVII -- National Football League Game Summary '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . January 26 , 2003 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , Glen ; Asimov , Nanette ; et al. ( January 27 , 2003 ) . `` Raider Rage : Oakland police no match for street mayhem '' . San Francisco Chronicle . p . A1 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2003 . External links ( edit ) Super Bowl XXXVII : NFL Full Game on YouTube Super Bowl official website Play - by - play on USAToday.com 2006 NFL Record and Fact Book . Time Inc . Home Entertainment . ISBN 1 - 933405 - 32 - 5 . The Sporting News : History of the Super Bowl ( Last accessed December 4 , 2005 ) https://www.pro-football-reference.com -- Large online database of NFL data and statistics Super Bowl play - by - plays from USA Today ( Last accessed September 28 , 2005 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Super Bowl <Td_colspan="2"> NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) <Td_colspan="2"> People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings <Td_colspan="2"> Super Bowl Sunday Curse <Th_colspan="2"> Tampa Bay Buccaneers Super Bowl XXXVII champions <Td_colspan="2"> 7 Martín Gramática 9 Tom Tupa 10 Shaun King 11 Rob Johnson 14 Brad Johnson 19 Keyshawn Johnson 20 Ronde Barber 23 Jermaine Phillips 25 Brian Kelly 26 Dwight Smith 27 Aaron Stecker 30 Darian Barnes 31 Tim Wansley 32 Michael Pittman 34 Dexter Jackson ( MVP ) 35 Corey Ivy 36 Travis Stephens 38 John Howell 40 Mike Alstott 41 Daniel Wilcox 43 Jameel Cook 45 Mike Solwold 47 John Lynch 51 Alshermond Singleton 52 Nate Webster 53 Shelton Quarles 54 Idris Price 55 Derrick Brooks 56 Ryan Nece 58 Jack Golden 59 Justin Smith 60 Cosey Coleman 62 Jeff Christy 64 Dan Goodspeed 65 Russ Hochstein 66 Ryan Benjamin 67 Kenyatta Walker 68 Morris Unutoa 71 Kerry Jenkins 72 Roman Oben 74 Cornell Green 75 Lomas Brown 77 Todd Washington 80 Todd Yoder 81 Charles Lee 81 Marco Battaglia 83 Joe Jurevicius 84 Reggie Barlow 85 Ken Dilger 86 Karl Williams 87 Keenan McCardell 88 Rickey Dudley 89 Casey Crawford 90 Buck Gurley 91 Chuck Darby 92 Anthony McFarland 93 DeVone Claybrooks 94 Greg Spires 95 Ron Warner 96 Ellis Wyms 97 Simeon Rice 98 Corey Smith 99 Warren Sapp -- Onome Ojo -- T.T. Toliver <Td_colspan="2"> Head coach : Jon Gruden <Td_colspan="2"> Coaches : Joe Barry Jeremy Bates Richard Bisaccia Michael Christianson Jay Gruden Monte Kiffin Richard Mann Rod Marinelli Raheem Morris Bill Muir Johnny Parker Stan Parrish Mike Tomlin Art Valero Kirby Wilson <Th_colspan="2"> Tampa Bay Buccaneers <Td_colspan="2"> Founded in 1976 Based and headquartered in Tampa , Florida Franchise Franchise Seasons History Coaches Players Expansion draft First - round draft picks Draft history Starting quarterbacks Broadcasters Stadiums Tampa Stadium Raymond James Stadium Culture and lore Hugh Culverhouse Malcolm Glazer Tampa 2 Captain Fear Cheerleaders Snow Bowl A Triumph of the Heart : The Ricky Bell Story Rivalries Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Miami Dolphins Wild card berths ( 3 ) 1997 2000 2001 Division championships ( 6 ) 1979 1981 1999 2002 2005 2007 Conference championships ( 1 ) 2002 League championships ( 1 ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) Hall of Fame members Lee Roy Selmon Steve Young Randall McDaniel Warren Sapp Derrick Brooks Tim Brown Ron Wolf Retired numbers 55 63 99 Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : South Division Seasons ( 43 ) 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 <Td_colspan="2"> Championship seasons in bold <Th_colspan="2"> Oakland Raiders <Td_colspan="2"> Founded in 1960 Played in Los Angeles ( 1982 -- 94 ) Based in Oakland , California Headquartered in Alameda , California Franchise History in Los Angeles relocation to Las Vegas Seasons Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Head coaches Stadiums Kezar Stadium Candlestick Park Frank Youell Field Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Las Vegas Stadium Key personnel Owner / CEO : Mark Davis President : Marc Badain General manager : Reggie McKenzie Head coach : Jon Gruden Culture Oakland Raiderettes Raider Nation The Autumn Wind Mount Davis Ricky 's Sports Theatre and Grill Straight Outta L.A. In the House Lore Heidi Game Immaculate Reception The Sea of Hands Ghost to the Post Holy Roller Red Right 88 Tuck Rule Game Rivalries Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Pittsburgh Steelers San Francisco 49ers Media Broadcasters Television : NBC Sports California NBC Sports Bay Area KTVU KVVU Radio : KGMZ KBLX KUFX KCYE KDWN Other : Compass Media Networks The Raider Cast Personalities : Bill King Greg Papa J.T. the Brick Wild card berths ( 6 ) 1977 1980 1984 1991 1993 2016 Division championships ( 15 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1976 1985 1990 2000 2001 2002 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1976 1980 2002 League championships ( 3 ) 1976 ( XI ) 1980 ( XV ) 1983 ( XVIII ) does not include 1967 AFL championship Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 59 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 <Td_colspan="2"> Championship seasons in bold <Th_colspan="2"> 2002 NFL season <Td_colspan="2"> AFC East North South West East North South West NFC Buffalo Baltimore Houston Denver Dallas Chicago Atlanta Arizona Miami Cincinnati Indianapolis Kansas City NY Giants Detroit Carolina St. Louis New England Cleveland Jacksonville Oakland Philadelphia Green Bay New Orleans San Francisco NY Jets Pittsburgh Tennessee San Diego Washington Minnesota Tampa Bay Seattle <Td_colspan="2"> 2002 NFL Draft NFL playoffs Pro Bowl Super Bowl XXXVII <Th_colspan="2"> National Football League Championship Games ( 1933 -- present ) NFL Championship Game ( 1933 -- 1969 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL Championship Game ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL - NFL World Championship Games ( 1966 -- 1969 ) 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1968 ( III ) 1969 ( IV ) Super Bowl ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 ( V ) 1971 ( VI ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1976 ( XI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 1980 ( XV ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1982 ( XVII ) 1983 ( XVIII ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1985 ( XX ) 1986 ( XXI ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1990 ( XXV ) 1991 ( XXVI ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1994 ( XXIX ) 1995 ( XXX ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 1999 ( XXXIV ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2005 ( XL ) 2006 ( XLI ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2008 ( XLIII ) 2009 ( XLIV ) 2010 ( XLV ) 2011 ( XLVI ) 2012 ( XLVII ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2015 ( 50 ) 2016 ( LI ) 2017 ( LII ) <Td_colspan="2"> 1921 APFA de facto championship game 1925 NFL Championship controversy 1932 NFL Playoff Game NFL Championship broadcasters AFL Championship broadcasters Super Bowl champions Super Bowl Most Valuable Players Super Bowl records Super Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl officials Super Bowl halftime Super Bowl commercials Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions NFL playoffs ( Results ) AFL playoffs <Td_colspan="2"> 1 -- From 1966 to 1969 , the first four Super Bowls were `` World Championship '' games played between two independent professional football leagues , AFL and NFL , and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game . 2 -- Dates in the list denote the season , not the calendar year in which the championship game was played . 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Songs `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night '' `` Heavy Action '' `` The Party 's Over '' NFL Championship 1948 1950 Super Bowl XIX ( 1984 ) XXII ( 1987 ) XXV ( 1990 ) XXIX ( 1994 ) XXXIV ( 1999 ) XXXVII ( 2002 ) XL ( 2005 ) Pro Bowl 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2018 AFL Championship 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 Results and standings Yearly results Monday night NFL games prior to 1970 1970 -- 1989 1990 -- 2009 2010 -- present Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Bowl_XXXVII&oldid=835126524 '' Categories : Oakland Raiders postseason Super Bowl Tampa Bay Buccaneers postseason 2002 National Football League season 2003 in American football American football in San Diego 2003 in sports in California 2000s in San Diego Sports competitions in San Diego January 2003 sports events 2003 in American sports Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Simple English Suomi ไทย 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 18 : 34 . 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1. Super Bowl XXXVII
2. Oakland Raiders vs Tampa Bay Buccaneers
3. Jon Gruden
4. Dexter Jackson
5. Tampa Bay defense dominated
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1,989,760,945,715,305,700 |
density of plant hairs as a function of herbivory
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Trichome - wikipedia Trichome Not to be confused with Trichrome . Flower bud of a Capsicum pubescens plant , with many trichomes Fossil stellate hair ( trichome ) probably of an oak , in Baltic amber ; width of image about 1 , 00 mm . Trichomes ( / ˈtraɪkoʊmz / or / ˈtrɪkoʊmz / ) , from the Greek τρίχωμα ( trichōma ) meaning `` hair '' , are fine outgrowths or appendages on plants , algae , lichens , and certain protists . They are of diverse structure and function . Examples are hairs , glandular hairs , scales , and papillae . A covering of any kind of hair on a plant is an indumentum , and the surface bearing them is said to be pubescent . Contents 1 Algal trichomes 2 Plant trichomes 2.1 Aerial surface hairs 3 Trichome and Root Hair Development 4 Significance for taxonomy 5 Significance for plant molecular biology 6 Uses 7 Defense 7.1 Stinging trichomes 8 See also 9 References Algal trichomes ( edit ) Certain , usually filamentous , algae have the terminal cell produced into an elongate hair - like structure called a trichome . The same term is applied to such structures in some cyanobacteria , such as Spirulina and Oscillatoria . The trichomes of cyanobacteria may be unsheathed , as in Oscillatoria , or sheathed , as in Calothrix . These structures play an important role in preventing soil erosion , particularly in cold desert climates . The filamentous sheaths form a persistent sticky network that helps maintain soil structure . Plant trichomes ( edit ) Sticky trichomes of a carnivorous plant , Drosera capensis with a trapped insect , contain proteolytic enzymes . Trichomes on Cannabis , rich in cannabinoids . Trichomes on the surface of a Solanum scabrum leaf Trichomes on the petiole of a Solanum quitoense leaf Scanning electron micrograph of a trichome on a leaf Arabidopsis thaliana . The structure is a single cell . Aerial surface hairs ( edit ) Trichomes on plants are epidermal outgrowths of various kinds . The terms emergences or prickles refer to outgrowths that involve more than the epidermis . This distinction is not always easily applied ( see Wait - a-minute tree ) . Also , there are nontrichomatous epidermal cells that protrude from the surface . A common type of trichome is a hair . Plant hairs may be unicellular or multicellular , branched or unbranched . Multicellular hairs may have one or several layers of cells . Branched hairs can be dendritic ( tree - like ) as in kangaroo paw ( Anigozanthos ) , tufted , or stellate ( star - shaped ) , as in Arabidopsis thaliana . Another common type of trichome is the scale or peltate hair , that has a plate or shield - shaped cluster of cells attached directly to the surface or borne on a stalk of some kind . Common examples are the leaf scales of bromeliads such as the pineapple , Rhododendron and sea buckthorn ( Hippophae rhamnoides ) . Any of the various types of hairs may be glandular , producing some kind of secretion , such as the essential oils produced by mints and many other members of the family Lamiaceae . In describing the surface appearance of plant organs , such as stems and leaves , many terms are used in reference to the presence , form , and appearance of trichomes . The most basic terms used are glabrous -- lacking hairs -- and pubescent -- having hairs . Details are provided by : glabrous , glabrate -- lacking hairs or trichomes ; surface smooth hirsute -- coarsely hairy hispid -- having bristly hairs articulate -- simple pluricellular - uniseriate hairs downy -- having an almost wool - like covering of long hairs pilose -- pubescent with long , straight , soft , spreading or erect hairs puberulent -- minutely pubescent ; having fine , short , usually erect , hairs pubescent -- bearing hairs or trichomes of any type strigillose -- minutely strigose strigose -- having straight hairs all pointing in more or less the same direction as along a margin or midrib tomentellous -- minutely tomentose tomentose -- covered with dense , matted , woolly hairs villosulous -- minutely villous villous -- having long , soft hairs , often curved , but not matted The size , form , density and location of hairs on plants are extremely variable in their presence across species and even within a species on different plant organs . Several basic functions or advantages of having surface hairs can be listed . It is likely that in many cases , hairs interfere with the feeding of at least some small herbivores and , depending upon stiffness and irritability to the palate , large herbivores as well . Hairs on plants growing in areas subject to frost keep the frost away from the living surface cells . In windy locations , hairs break up the flow of air across the plant surface , reducing transpiration . Dense coatings of hairs reflect sunlight , protecting the more delicate tissues underneath in hot , dry , open habitats . In addition , in locations where much of the available moisture comes from fog drip , hairs appear to enhance this process . Trichome and root hair development ( edit ) Both trichomes and root hairs , the rhizoids of many vascular plants , are lateral outgrowths of a single cell of the epidermal layer . Root hairs form from trichoblasts , the hair - forming cells on the epidermis of a plant root . Root hairs vary between 5 and 17 micrometres in diameter , and 80 to 1,500 micrometres in length ( Dittmar , cited in Esau , 1965 ) . Root hairs can survive for two to three weeks and then die off . At the same time new root hairs are continually being formed at the top of the root . This way , the root hair coverage stays the same . It is therefore understandable that repotting must be done with care , because the root hairs are being pulled off for the most part . This is why planting out may cause plants to wilt . The genetic control of patterning of trichomes and roots hairs shares similar control mechanisms . Both processes involve a core of related transcription factors that control the initiation and development of the epidermal outgrowth . Activation of genes that encode specific protein transcription factors ( named GLABRA1 ( GL1 ) , GLABRA3 ( GL3 ) and TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1 ( TTG1 ) ) are the major regulators of cell fate to produce trichomes or root hairs . When these genes are activated in a leaf epidermal cell , the formation of a trichrome is initiated within that cell . GL1 , GL3. and TTG1 also activate negative regulators , which serve to inhibit trichrome formation in neighboring cells . This system controls the spacing of trichomes on the leaf surface . Once trichome are developed they may divide or branch . In contrast , root hairs only rarely branch . During the formation of trichomes and root hairs , may enzymes are regulated . For example , just prior to the root hair development , there is a point of elevated phosphorylase activity . Significance for taxonomy ( edit ) The type , presence and absence and location of trichomes are important diagnostic characters in plant identification and plant taxonomy . In forensic examination , plants such as Cannabis sativa can be identified by microscopic examination of the trichomes . Although trichomes are rarely found preserved in fossils , trichome bases are regularly found and , in some cases , their cellular structure is important for identification . Significance for plant molecular Biology ( edit ) In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana , trichome formation is initiated by the GLABROUS1 protein . Knockouts of the corresponding gene lead to glabrous plants . This phenotype has already been used in genome editing experiments and might be of interest as visual marker for plant research to improve gene editing methods such as CRISPR / Cas9 . Trichomes also serve as models for cell differentiation as well as pattern formation in plants . Bud and scape of a Stylidium species , displaying the trichomes that can trap and kill insects Uses ( edit ) Bean leaves have been used historically to trap bedbugs in houses in Eastern Europe . The trichomes on the bean leaves capture the insects by impaling their feet ( tarsi ) . The leaves would then be destroyed . Trichomes are an essential part of nest building for the European wool carder bee ( Anthidium manicatum ) . This bee species incorporates trichomes into their nests by scraping them off of plants and using them as a lining for their nest cavities . Defense ( edit ) Plants may use trichomes in order to deter herbivore attacks via physical and / or chemical means , e.g. in specialized , stinging hairs of Urtica ( Nettle ) species that deliver inflammatory chemicals such as histamine . Studies on trichomes have been focused towards crop protection , which is the result of deterring herbivores ( Brookes et al. 2016 ) . However , some organisms have developed mechanisms to resist the effects of trichomes . The larvae of Heliconius charithonia , for example , are able to physically free themselves from trichomes , are able to bite off trichomes , and are able to form silk blankets in order to navigate the leaves better . Stinging trichomes ( edit ) Stinging trichomes vary in their morphology and distribution between species , however similar effects on large herbivores implies they serve similar functions . In areas susceptible to herbivory , higher densities of stinging trichomes were observed . In Urtica , the stinging trichomes induce a painful sensation lasting for hours upon human contact . This sensation has been attributed as a defense mechanism against large animals and small invertebrates , and plays a role in defense supplementation via secretion of metabolites . Studies suggest that this sensation involves a rapid release of toxin ( such as histamine ) upon contact and penetration via the globular tips of said trichomes . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trichome . Thorns , spines , and prickles Colleter ( botany ) Seta Kief References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Identify That Alga '' . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schellmann , S. ; Schnittger , A. ; Kirik , V. ; Wada , T. ; Okada , K. ; Beermann , A. ; Thumfahrt , J. ; Jürgens , G. ; Hülskamp , M. ( 2002 - 10 - 01 ) . `` TRIPTYCHON and CAPRICE mediate lateral inhibition during trichome and root hair patterning in Arabidopsis '' . The EMBO Journal . 21 ( 19 ) : 5036 -- 5046 . doi : 10.1093 / emboj / cdf524 . ISSN 0261 - 4189 . PMC 129046 . PMID 12356720 . Jump up ^ Schellmann , Swen ; Hulskamp , Martin ( 2004 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Epidermal differentiation : trichomes in Arabidopsis as a model system '' . The International Journal of Developmental Biology . 49 ( 5 -- 6 ) : 579 -- 584 . doi : 10.1387 / ijdb. 051983ss . ISSN 0214 - 6282 . Jump up ^ Dosier , Larry W. ; Riopel , J.L. ( 1977 ) . `` Differential Enzyme Activity During Trichoblast Differentiation in Elodea canadensis '' . American Journal of Botany. 64 ( 9 ) : 1049 -- 1056 . doi : 10.2307 / 2442160 . JSTOR 2442160 . Jump up ^ Davis , P.H. ; Heywood , V.H. ( 1963 ) . Principles of angiosperm taxonomy . Princeton , New Jersey : Van Nostrandpage . p. 154 . Jump up ^ Bhatia , R.Y.P. ; Raghavan , S. ; Rao , K.V.S. ; Prasad , V.N. ( 1973 ) . `` Forensic examination of leaf and leaf fragments in fresh and dried conditions '' . Journal of the Forensic Science Society . 13 ( 3 ) : 183 -- 190 . doi : 10.1016 / S0015 - 7368 ( 73 ) 70794 - 5 . Jump up ^ United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime ( 2009 ) . Recommended Methods for the Identification and Analysis of Cannabis and Cannabis Products ( Revised and updated ) . New York : United Nations . pp. 30 -- 32 . ISBN 9789211482423 . Jump up ^ Hahn , Florian ; Mantegazza , Otho ; Greiner , André ; Hegemann , Peter ; Eisenhut , Marion ; Weber , Andreas P.M. ( 2017 ) . `` An Efficient Visual Screen for CRISPR / Cas9 Activity in Arabidopsis thaliana '' . Frontiers in Plant Science . 8 . doi : 10.3389 / fpls. 2017.00039 . ISSN 1664 - 462X . PMC 5258748 . PMID 28174584 . Jump up ^ Hahn , Florian ; Eisenhut , Marion ; Mantegazza , Otho ; Weber , Andreas P.M. ( 5 April 2018 ) . `` Homology - Directed Repair of a Defective Glabrous Gene in Arabidopsis With Cas9 - Based Gene Targeting '' . Frontiers in Plant Science . 9 . doi : 10.3389 / fpls. 2018.00424 . Jump up ^ Hülskamp , M. ; Schnittger , A. ; Folkers , U. ( 1999 ) . `` Pattern formation and cell differentiation : trichomes in Arabidopsis as a genetic model system '' . International Review of Cytology. 186 : 147 -- 178 . doi : 10.1016 / S0074 - 7696 ( 08 ) 61053 - 0 . ISSN 0074 - 7696 . PMID 9770299 . Jump up ^ Szyndler , M.W. ; Haynes , K.F. ; Potter , M.F. ; Corn , R.M. ; Loudon , C. ( 2013 ) . `` Entrapment of bed bugs by leaf trichomes inspires microfabrication of biomimetic surfaces '' ( PDF ) . Journal of The Royal Society Interface. 10 ( 83 ) : 20130174 . doi : 10.1098 / rsif. 2013.0174 . ISSN 1742 - 5662 . PMC 3645427 . Jump up ^ Eltz , Thomas ; Küttner , Jennifer ; Lunau , Klaus ; Tollrian , Ralph ( 6 January 2015 ) . `` Plant secretions prevent wasp parasitism in nests of wool - carder bees , with implications for the diversification of nesting materials in Megachilidae '' . Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 2 . doi : 10.3389 / fevo. 2014.00086 . Jump up ^ Karley , A ( 2016 ) . `` Exploiting physical defence traits for crop protection : leaf trichomes of Rubus idaeus have deterrent effects on spider mites but not aphids '' . Annals of Applied Biology . 168 : 159 -- 172 . doi : 10.1111 / aab. 12252 -- via Academic Search Premier . Jump up ^ Cardoso , Márcio Z ( 2008 ) . `` Ecology , Behavior and Binomics : Herbivore Handling of a Plant 's Trichome : The Case of Heliconius Charithonia ( L . ) ( Lepidoptera : Nymphalidae ) and Passiflora Lobata ( Kilip ) Hutch . ( Passifloraceae ) '' . Neotropical Entomology. 37 ( 3 ) : 247 -- 52 . doi : 10.1590 / s1519 - 566x2008000300002 . Jump up ^ Fu , H.Y. ; Chen , S.J. ; Kuo - Huang , L.L. ( 2003 ) . `` Comparative study on the stinging trichomes and some related epidermal structures in the leaves of Dendrocnide meyeniana , Girardinia diversifolia , and Urtica thunbergiana '' . Taiwania. 48 ( 4 ) : 213 -- 223 . Esau , K. 1965 . Plant Anatomy , 2nd Edition . John Wiley & Sons . 767 pp . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trichome&oldid=844145903 '' Categories : Plant morphology Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Svenska Türkçe ייִדיש 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 June 2018 , at 22 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Trichomes: Fine outgrowths on plants, algae, and certain protists
2. Types of trichomes: Hairs, glandular hairs, scales, and papillae
3. Functions of trichomes: Protection against herbivores, frost, and wind, as well as reflection of sunlight
4. Trichome development: Lateral outgrowths of a single cell, similar to root hairs
5. Significance of trichomes: Diagnostic characters for plant identification and taxonomy
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when is sharknado 6 going to be released
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Sharknado ( film series ) - wikipedia Sharknado ( film series ) <Th_colspan="2"> Sharknado Directed by Anthony C. Ferrante Produced by David Michael Latt Written by Thunder Levin Starring Ian Ziering Tara Reid Music by Christopher Cano Chris Ridenhour Production company The Asylum Syfy Films Distributed by Syfy Release date 1 : July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 2 : July 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 30 ) 3 : July 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 22 ) 4 : July 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 31 ) 5 : August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 6 : August 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 19 ) Running time 85 -- 95 minutes Country United States Language English Sharknado is a series of American disaster horror comedy science - fiction films released by Syfy starting in 2013 . The sixth film concluded the series in 2018 . It has since been expanded into video games and comics , including a spin - off film , Sharknado : Heart of Sharkness , that was released in 2015 . The series stars Ian Ziering and Tara Reid as Fin Shepard and April Wexler , respectively ; a husband and wife who continue to encounter `` sharknadoes '' , tornadoes filled with sharks , wherever they go . Contents 1 Films 1.1 Sharknado ( 2013 ) 1.2 Sharknado 2 : The Second One ( 2014 ) 1.3 Sharknado 3 : Oh Hell No ! ( 2015 ) 1.4 Sharknado : The 4th Awakens ( 2016 ) 1.5 Sharknado 5 : Global Swarming ( 2017 ) 1.6 The Last Sharknado : It 's About Time ( 2018 ) 2 Spin - offs and other media 2.1 Sharknado : Feeding Frenzy ( 2015 ) 2.2 Sharknado : Heart of Sharkness ( 2015 ) 2.3 Lavalantula ( 2015 ) 3 Recurring lead characters 4 Reception 4.1 Ratings 4.2 Critical response 5 Other media 5.1 Sharknado : The Video Game 5.2 How to Survive a Sharknado 5.3 Archie vs. Sharknado 6 References Films ( edit ) Occupation Sharknado Sharknado 2 : The Second One Sharknado 3 : Oh Hell No ! Sharknado : The 4th Awakens Sharknado 5 : Global Swarming The Last Sharknado : It 's About Time 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Director <Td_colspan="6”"> Anthony C. Ferrante Producer <Td_colspan="6"> David Michael Latt Writer <Td_colspan="4"> Thunder Levin <Td_colspan="2"> Thunder Levin Scotty Mullen Editor William Boodell Ana Florit Vashi Nedomansky Christopher Roth Ana Florit <Td_colspan="2"> Ana Florit Ryan Mitchelle Cinematography <Td_colspan="3"> Ben Demaree Laura Beth Love <Td_colspan="2"> Ryan Broomberg Composer Ramin Kousha <Td_colspan="5"> Christopher Cano Chris Ridenhour Production Company <Td_colspan="6"> Syfy Films The Asylum Distributor <Td_colspan="6"> Syfy Runtime 85 minutes 95 minutes <Td_colspan="4"> 90 minutes Released July 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 13 ) July 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 30 ) July 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 22 ) July 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 31 ) August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) August 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 19 ) Sharknado ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Sharknado A freak cyclone hits Los Angeles causing man - eating sharks to be scooped up in water spouts and flood the city with shark - infested seawater . Bar - owner and surfer Fin ( Ian Ziering ) sets out with his friends to rescue his estranged wife , April ( Tara Reid ) , and their teenage daughter , Claudia , before the `` sharknado '' reaches them . Sharknado 2 : the Second One ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Sharknado 2 : The Second One While Fin and April are in New York City to promote April 's book , How to Survive a Sharknado and Other Unnatural Disasters , about the Los Angeles sharknado , the city is hit by a severe storm causing new `` sharknadoes '' to emerge . Sharknado 3 : Oh Hell No ! ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Sharknado 3 : Oh Hell No ! Following the events of the previous film , Fin and April have remarried and are expecting another child . For his heroics in the `` sharknado '' battles in Los Angeles and New York , Fin is in Washington , D.C. to receive an award from the president . However , when he is there he encounters a new `` sharknado '' which begins to make its way down the `` Feast Coast '' to Florida . Sharknado : the 4th Awakens ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Sharknado : The 4th Awakens Sharknado 4 was confirmed to follow upon Sharknado 3 's premiere . Sharknado 3 concludes with a cliffhanger regarding whether or not April is killed by falling wreckage . An ad after the film promotes a Twitter campaign offering fans the chance to decide her fate with the hashtags `` # AprilLives '' or `` # AprilDies '' , with the results revealed at the start of Sharknado 4 , which first aired on Syfy on July 31 , 2016 . Ian Ziering , Tara Reid , Ryan Newman , and David Hasselhoff reprise their roles from previous films . New cast members include : Tommy Davidson as Aston Reynolds , playboy tech billionaire and Astro - X president ; Cody Linley replacing Chuck Hittinger as Matt Shepard ; Imani Hakim as Gabrielle , a soldier and Matt 's girlfriend ; Gary Busey as Wilford Wexler , April 's rich father ; Cheryl Tiegs as Raye Shepard , Fin 's mother ; Masiela Lusha as Gemini , Fin 's cousin . The title and poster of the film is a homage to Star Wars : The Force Awakens . Sharknado 5 : Global Swarming ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Sharknado 5 : Global Swarming A fifth Sharknado film was confirmed in October 2016 , and was released on August 6 , 2017 . The title was going to be Sharknado 5 ... Earth 0 , but on June 1 , 2017 , the title was unveiled to be Sharknado 5 : Global Swarming with the tagline `` Make America Bait Again '' , a homage to the slogan `` Make America Great Again '' by Donald Trump . Ian Ziering and Tara Reid reprised their roles as Fin Shepard and April Wexler . Cassie Scerbo also reprised for this installment . Filming occurred in more than 5 countries , including the UK , Australia and Bulgaria . This storyline depicts Fin and his allies accidentally unleashing a new wave of sharknados when they deactivate an ancient device that was actually keeping the Sharknados in check , the subsequent storms escalating to the point that they devastate the planet , leaving only Fin alive , until he is met by a time - displaced version of his son Gil . The Last Sharknado : It 's about Time ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Last Sharknado : It 's About Time The Last Sharknado : It 's About Time was released on August 19 , 2018 . Tara Reid , Ian Ziering and Cassie Scerbo returned . A write - up in Bloody Disgusting in February 2018 said : `` In his quest , Fin fights Nazis , dinosaurs , knights , and even takes a ride on Noah 's Ark . '' On March 28 , 2018 , Syfy confirmed the film will be the final installment of the series . On May 25 , the film 's title was revealed by a released teaser trailer . Vivica A. Fox , who had starred in Sharknado 2 , reprises her role for the final installment . With Fin the last survivor , he finds himself travelling through time to meet supposedly - deceased allies ( pulled out of time by Gil at the moment before their deaths ) seeking to identify and prevent the first of the modern - day Sharknados . After subduing potential Sharknados in Camelot , the War of Independence , and the Wild West , Fin is able to destroy the original Sharknado before it could escalate into the global catastrophes he has witnessed , creating a new timeline where Fin is still just the bar owner he was in the original film , surrounded by his extended family . Spin - offs and Other Media ( edit ) Sharknado : feeding frenzy ( 2015 ) ( edit ) This is a documentary about the making of the film series . Sharknado : Heart of Sharkness ( 2015 ) ( edit ) The mockumentary tells the story of David Moore , the filmmaker who first dreamed of `` sharks in a tornado '' and brought on disaster by using real sharks . It was written and directed by Jeremy Wagener , and released in October 6 , 2015 , on video on demand . Lavalantula ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Lavalantula Lavalantula is a spin - off of Sharknado , about fire spitting tarantulas causing havoc over Los Angeles , starring some of the cast from Police Academy . A sequel called 2 Lava 2 Lantula premiered on Syfy on August 6 , 2016 . It features an appearance by Ian Ziering as Fin Shepard - tying the film into the Sharknado universe . Recurring lead characters ( edit ) List indicator ( s ) This table only includes characters which have appeared in more than one film in the series . A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film . Characters Sharknado Sharknado 2 : The Second One Sharknado 3 : Oh Hell No ! Sharknado : The 4th Awakens Sharknado 5 : Global Swarming The Last Sharknado : It 's About Time 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Fin Shepard <Td_colspan="6"> Ian Ziering April Wexler <Td_colspan="6"> Tara Reid Claudia Shepard Aubrey Peeples <Td_colspan="2"> Ryan Newman Ryan Newman Nova Clarke Cassie Scerbo Cassie Scerbo <Td_colspan="2"> Cassandra Scerbo Matt Shepard Chuck Hittinger <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Cody Linley Chuck Hittinger Skye Vivica A. Fox <Td_colspan="3"> Vivica A. Fox Martin Brody <Td_colspan="2"> Mark McGrath <Td_colspan="2"> Mark McGrath Gemini <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="3"> Masiela Lusha Gil Shepard <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> David Hasselhoff <Td_colspan="2"> Gil Shepard Jr . <Td_colspan="3"> Christopher Shone and Nicholas Shone ( as Little Gil ) Billy Barratt Dolph Lundgren ( as Mature Gil ) Brendan Petrizzo ( as Hologram Gil ) M. Steven Felty ( as Voice of Hologram Gil ) Matie Moncea ( as Gil on Dinosaur ) Tiberiu Hansen ( as Medieval Gil ) Bob Ellis ( as Surfer Gil ) Chris Owen ( as 30 year old Gil ) Reception ( edit ) For more details on the reception of each film , see the `` Reception '' section on each film 's article . Ratings ( edit ) Film Release date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating Budget Ref ( s ) Sharknado July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 1.37 N / A $2 million Sharknado 2 : The Second One July 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 30 ) 3.87 1.6 $1.5 -- 2 million Sharknado 3 : Oh Hell No ! July 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 22 ) 2.81 0.9 $2.4 million Sharknado : The 4th Awakens July 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 31 ) 2.77 0.8 $3 million Sharknado 5 : Global Swarming August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 1.89 0.6 $5 million The Last Sharknado : It 's About Time August 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 19 ) TBA TBA TBA TBA Critical response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic Sharknado 82 % ( 17 reviews ) N / A Sharknado 2 : The Second One 61 % ( 28 reviews ) 50 ( 17 reviews ) Sharknado 3 : Oh Hell No ! 36 % ( 33 reviews ) 53 ( 19 reviews ) Sharknado : The 4th Awakens 17 % ( 12 reviews ) 35 ( 7 reviews ) Sharknado 5 : Global Swarming 38 % ( 8 reviews ) N / A The Last Sharknado : It 's About Time 20 % ( 5 reviews ) 19 ( 4 reviews ) Other Media ( edit ) Sharknado : the video Game ( edit ) Main article : Sharknado : The Video Game Sharknado : The Video Game is a 2014 endless running video game developed by Other Ocean Interactive and published by Majesco Entertainment . It was based on Sharknado 2 : The Second One and was released for iOS on July 25 , 2014 . It was deleted from the App Store in 2017 . How to Survive a Sharknado ( edit ) How to Survive a Sharknado and Other Unnatural Disasters : Fight Back When Monsters and Mother Nature Attack is a book by Andrew Shaffer , a real - life version of the book - within - the - movie Sharknado 2 : The Second One . Archie vs. Sharknado ( edit ) Archie vs. Sharknado is a one - shot comic book simultaneously published by Archie Comics in July 22 , 2015 , as a tie - in to Sharknado 3 : Oh Hell No ! . It deals with Riverdale being hit by a storm of sharknadoes and Archie and the gang having to deal with them as it makes its way down the `` Feast Coast '' . The one - shot was written by series director Anthony C. Ferrante , with art by longtime Archie artist Dan Parent . The comic book received an average score of 7.2 / 10 based on 15 critical reviews according to review aggregator Comic Book Roundup . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Holmes , Linda ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` ' Sharknado ' Dares To Ask : Is It Going To Rain Giant Man - Eating Sharks ? '' . NPR . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Molly Freeman ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Sharknado 3 ' to Take on the ' Feast Coast ' '' . Screen Rant . Jump up ^ `` Sharknado 4 confirmed by Syfy as third film premieres '' . BBC News . July 23 , 2014 . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( July 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Sharknado 4 ' Announced : Director Anthony C. Ferrante Teases Details on Next Sequel '' . Variety . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ; Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Sharknado 4 Casts Gary Busey ( as Tara Reid 's Dad ) , Cheryl Tiegs , Four Others '' . tvline.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Gael ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sharknado ' turns to the shark side with Star Wars - style poster '' . CNET . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gilyadov , Alex ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Syfy Sets Summer Premiere Dates for Sharknado 5 , Dark Matter , Killjoys , Wynonna Earp and More '' . IGN . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sharknado 5 Gets a Title , Artwork , and Plot Synopsis - But Is the Earth Ready ? - Dread Central '' . DreadCentral . October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Moraes , Lisa de ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sharknado 5 ' Gets Topical Title , Adds Cast & Vows To `` Make America Bait Again '' `` . Deadline . Jump up ^ Foywonder ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` Sharknado 5 Gets a Title , Artwork , and Plot Synopsis -- But Is the Earth Ready ? '' . Dread Central . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` TVLine Items : Sharknado 5 Is a Go , Fosters Star Joins This Is Us and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moraes , Lisa de ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sharknado 5 ' Takes Shark - Infested Storms Global '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` Syfy Sets Summer Premiere Dates For ' Wynonna Earp ' , ' Killjoys ' & Final ' Sharknado ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( February 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Sharknado 6 ' Will Be a Time Traveling Adventure ; Art , Info and Date ! '' . BloodyDisgusting.com . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Sharknado ' Franchise To End With Time - Traveling Sixth Installment '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Russ Burlingame ( May 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Sharknado 6 ' Teaser Trailer Drops , Final Title Revealed '' . Comicbook.com . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Sharknado ' Franchise To End With Time - Traveling Sixth Installment '' . deadline.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sharknado : Feeding Frenzy '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Jump up ^ `` DVD and Blu - ray Releases : July 21 , 2015 - Dread Central '' . DreadCentral . July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHARKNADO : HEART OF SHARKNESS '' . theasylum.cc . The Asylum . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lavalantula '' . SyFy . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ De Moraes , Lisa ( July 12 , 2013 ) . `` Syfy ' Sharknado ' Attracts Average Of 1.369 Million Viewers -- Mostly Journalists And Celebrities '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Claire Suddath . `` Sharknado 2 : Syfy 's Bid for B - Movie Domination - Businessweek '' . Businessweek.com . Jump up ^ Pennington , Gail ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' Sharknado 2 ' smashes ratings records '' . St. Louis Post Dispatch . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Sharknado 3 ' Ratings Down From Last Year 's ' Sharknado 2 ' '' . Variety . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Sharknado 4 ' slips , ' Power ' up week to week '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Sharknado 5 ' lacks bite , ' Game of Thrones ' hits total - viewer high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abad - Santos , Alex ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Ian Ziering 's Sharknado 5 paycheck is almost double what Gal Gadot made for Wonder Woman '' . Vox . Vox Media , Inc . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sharknado ( 2013 ) - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sharknado 2 : The Second One ( 2014 ) - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sharknado 2 : The Second One - Season 1 Reviews - Metacritic '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sharknado 3 : Oh Hell No ! ( 2015 ) - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sharknado 3 : Oh Hell No ! - Season 1 Reviews - Metacritic '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sharknado : The 4th Awakens ( 2016 ) - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sharknado : The 4th Awakens - Season 1 Reviews - Metacritic '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sharknado 5 : Global Swarming ( 2017 ) - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Sharknado : It 's About Time ( 2018 ) - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Sharknado : It 's About Time Reviews - Metacritic '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sharknado : The Video Game Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved August 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SHARKNADO HITS RIVERDALE THIS JULY IN ARCHIE VS . SHARKNADO '' . archiecomics.com . Jump up ^ `` Archie Vs Sharknado # 1 Reviews '' . comicbookroundup.com . 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Bendy and the ink machine - Wikipedia Bendy and the ink machine Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Bendy and the Ink Machine <Td_colspan="2"> Developer ( s ) TheMeatly Games Publisher ( s ) TheMeatly Games Rooster Teeth Games Designer ( s ) theMeatly Programmer ( s ) Mike Mood Artist ( s ) theMeatly Writer ( s ) theMeatly Engine Unity Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows macOS Linux PlayStation 4 Xbox One Nintendo Switch Release Chapter One WW : February 10 , 2017 Chapter Two WW : April 18 , 2017 Chapter Three WW : September 28 , 2017 Chapter Four WW : TBA Chapter Five WW : TBA Genre ( s ) Survival horror Mode ( s ) Single - player Bendy and the Ink Machine is an episodic survival horror video game developed and published by TheMeatly Games . The game focuses on Henry , a retired cartoonist , who returns to the old studio he worked at upon an invitation from his old colleague , studio owner Joey Drew , and discovering numerous secrets about the abandoned studio , while being hunted down by Bendy , an ink monster that resembles the company 's most popular character . The game 's first chapter , Moving Pictures , was released for Linux , macOS and Microsoft Windows via Game Jolt on February 10 , 2017 , with a second chapter , The Old Song , together with a remastered version of the first one , following on April 18 , 2017 . After the game succeeded in its Steam Greenlight campaign on February 28 , 2017 , both available chapters were released onto Steam on April 27 , 2017 . The third chapter , Rise and Fall , was released on September 28 , 2017 , and a total of five chapters are planned . Mike Mood , the programmer , describes the game as an `` accidental success . '' The game was announced to be published by Rooster Teeth Games for several consoles sometimes around in 2018 including PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , New Nintendo 3DS , and Nintendo Switch. , Contents ( hide ) 1 Chapters 1.1 Chapter One : Moving Pictures 1.2 Chapter Two : The Old Song 1.3 Chapter Three : Rise and Fall 1.4 Chapter Four 2 Media 3 Characters 3.1 Humans 3.2 Toons 3.3 Monsters 4 References 5 External links Chapters ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chapter one : Moving Pictures ( edit ) Henry , an animator , visits his old workplace , animation studio Joey Drew Studios , after receiving an invitation from his old friend and former employer , Joey Drew . Having not visited in 30 years ( making him over 45 years old ) , Henry finds the place abandoned . He then encounters a mutilated corpse of Boris the Wolf , one of the cartoon characters . From an old audio recording , Henry learns that Joey seemed to participate in bizarre occult practices . Henry also discovers a mysterious ink machine Joey had installed and attempts to activate it but needs to first restore the ink pressure that powers the machine . After doing so , Henry gets attacked by a humanoid ink monster whose face resembles that of the studio 's most popular character , the cartoon demon Bendy . Henry attempts to flee from `` Bendy '' as the studio starts to slowly flood with ink . Just before Henry reaches the exit , the floor collapses underneath him , trapping him in a room below . Then , upon approaching a pentagram drawn on the floor , Henry experiences visions of the ink machine , a wheelchair , and the Bendy monster , before passing out and ending the chapter . Chapter two : the old song ( edit ) Determined to find an exit , Henry walks into the studio 's music department . Armed with an axe that eventually breaks , he kills several hostile ink creatures called Searchers . Henry solves a few puzzles ( such as opening a gate , finding a key , playing a song to unlock a door , and draining a flooded staircase ) to reach the exit , but is knocked unconscious . Upon waking up , Henry learns his attacker is Sammy Lawrence , the studio 's former music director . Trapped in an ink body and having gone insane , `` Sammy '' , who now worships `` Bendy '' as a deity , attempts to offer Henry to the demon as a human sacrifice in order to return to normal . This backfires when `` Bendy '' appears and kills `` Sammy '' instead . Henry flees from `` Bendy '' again , and after successfully escaping , encounters a living version of Boris the Wolf . Chapter three : Rise and Fall ( edit ) Having teamed up with one of the Boris clones , Henry walks into Heavenly Toys , the studio 's toy manufacturing department . There , he encounters a living , insane version of Alice Angel , another cartoon character . There are two paths that Henry can take : the Angel path or the Demon path . Depending on which path he takes , the other will close . Henry finds out that `` Alice '' has been sacrificing other cartoon characters , such as an iteration of a member of the Butcher Gang , in order to improve her appearance . `` Alice '' offers Henry his freedom in exchange for a few errands and provides him with tools to help him . Henry carries out these various errands ( which involves gathering several materials such as gears , valve cores , heart pieces , and blobs of ink , destroying Bendy cutouts , and fighting off the Butcher Gang ) for `` Alice '' all while evading `` Bendy '' and the Projectionist , a projector - headed monster . After every task is complete , Henry and Boris ascend in an elevator . However , `` Alice '' then proclaims she wants to use Boris for herself , and the elevator plummets down . As Boris tries to revive an unconscious Henry , he is pulled away by `` Alice '' and presumably captured . Chapter four ( edit ) The ' in - production ' trailer for Chapter 4 was released November 17 , 2017 . The first teaser visual was revealed on January 27 , 2018 . The second teaser visual was released on February 24 , 2018 . The chapter will mainly focus on Henry attempting to rescue Boris from `` Alice '' . It is theorized that `` Sammy '' will return , despite being killed by `` Bendy '' . It is also theorized that a war will break out between `` Bendy '' and `` Alice '' , with Henry caught in the middle of it . Media ( edit ) Official videos for the series of animated shorts based on the game are released from theMeatly 's YouTube channel , with the animation done by the animator Timethehobo . The first animated short , Tombstone Picnic , was released as a first part of Chapter 3 's reveal trailer on August 11 , 2017 . The second short , Haunted Hijinx , was uploaded on October 31 , 2017 for the celebration on Halloween . The third short , Snow Sillies , was uploaded on December 24 , 2017 for the celebration on Christmas season . The Halloween crossover mod , Hello Bendy , was released for the game on October 27 , 2017 for a limited time , featuring the Hello Neighbor antagonist who takes the role as Bendy in all previous three chapters and even Sammy for Chapter 2 . The mod 's menu features the advertisement of pre-ordering the game Hello Neighbor . The mod was expired by the end of October . The mobile spin - off , titled Bendy in Nightmare Run , was announced on January 26 , 2018 and is scheduled to be released on Android and iOS ports with no release date confirmed . The game will introduce the playable titular character Bendy along with featuring four levels each consisting a different `` boss '' cartoon monster , collectible items and power - ups , and possible future updates . Characters ( edit ) Humans ( edit ) Henry ( voiced by theMeatly ) -- The player character , Henry is an animator and a former employee of Joey Drew Studios . Now trapped there against his will , Henry only wants to escape the dangers of the abandoned studio , which is a lot bigger than he remembers . Joey Drew ( voiced by David Eddings ) -- The former owner of Joey Drew Studios , and an old friend and colleague of Henry 's . Many old audio recordings of former employees detail Joey 's mismanagement and bizarre behavior , and he is implied to be responsible for the studio 's current state . Wally Franks ( voiced by theMeatly ) -- The studio 's former janitor , whose voice appears in several old audio recordings . Thomas Connor ( voiced by Mike Mood ) -- A repairman who has worked part - time for the studio . His voice appears in several recordings , complaining about the dangerous state the building is in . Sammy Lawrence ( voiced by Aaron Landon ) -- The former music director at the studio , Sammy was once in charge of writing and recording cartoon music . He now resides at the music department trapped in an ink body , wearing a cutout of Bendy 's face over his head . Having gone insane , Sammy has proclaimed himself a prophet of Bendy , whom he now worships as his savior . Norman Polk ( voiced by theMeatly ) -- The studio 's former projectionist , whose voice first appears in a recording in the second chapter . In the third chapter , he is seen roaming the studio as a deformed ink monster with a film projector for a head . Susie Campbell ( voiced by Alanna Linayre ) -- A voice actress working at the studio , who is offered to voice the new character Alice Angel , a role she is very enthusiastic about . Shawn Flynn ( voiced by Jacksepticeye ) -- An employee who works as a toy manufacturer at the studio 's Heavenly Toys department . He is heard in a recording in the third chapter , speaking in a thick Irish accent . Grant Cohen ( voiced by Will Ryan ) -- A studio employee maintaining the company 's financial administration . He is heard in a recording in the third chapter , voicing concerns about Joey Drew 's frivolous spending . His voice actor Will Ryan ( best known on YouTube as DAGames ) played a major part in the game 's growth in popularity through his fansong Build Our Machine . Allison Pendle ( voiced by Lauren Synger ) -- The new voice actress who replaces Susie for Alice Angel , which depresses Susie Campbell . Linda -- A woman only mentioned in Henry 's audio recording in Chapter 3 . Probably Henry 's wife or less probably , his daughter . Toons ( edit ) Bendy -- Joey Drew 's most popular character , Bendy is a dancing cartoon demon whose image appears on posters and life - sized cutouts throughout the studio . A monstrous , more humanoid version of him haunts the studio and covering the walls in black ink whenever he appears . Unlike other enemies , `` Bendy '' is not affected by weapons , forcing Henry to run and hide whenever the demon appears . Destroying any Bendy cutouts will also anger `` Bendy '' . Boris the Wolf -- A wolf character who has appeared in many cartoons alongside Bendy . Eviscerated corpses of him appear throughout the studio , having been killed by Alice Angel . The only living Boris is encountered by Henry in the second chapter . Though mute , this Boris is friendly to Henry and assists him in various ways . Alice Angel -- A cartoon angel whose popularity never reached that of Bendy 's , first referred to in the second chapter . Henry encounters a living version of Alice in the third chapter , with half of her face disfigured . Murderous and insane , `` Alice '' initially spares Henry , and condescendingly demands him to run errands for her . The Butcher Gang -- A trio of cartoon villains named Charley , Barley and Edgar , first appearing on a poster in the third chapter . Horrifically disfigured living versions of them now roam the studio , attacking Henry upon seeing him . Monsters ( edit ) `` Bendy '' -- `` Bendy '' is the monstrous form of the cartoon character Bendy and the main antagonist of the game . He first appears in Chapter 1 where he only jump scares Henry , while in Chapter 2 , he will kill `` Sammy '' and then start chasing Henry . In Chapter 3 , he will only attack Henry after he destroys several Bendy cutouts ( in which `` Bendy '' really dislikes ) . In all current appearances , `` Bendy '' has been immune to damage , and will instantly kill Henry if he catches him . The game has not yet explained the origins of `` Bendy '' as of Chapter 3 , but many fans theorize that he is actually Joey Drew . On the box of `` Bendy '' 's official Funko Pop figure , he is named `` Monster '' . `` Alice '' ( voiced by Lauren Synger ) -- `` Alice '' is a living , murderous , insane form of the cartoon character Alice Angel , who is half angel , half demon , and has a partly deformed face . She appears in Chapter 3 as a major antagonist , where she first smashes a window in a small room that 's next to the room that Henry 's in . When Henry reaches her hideout , she spares him and makes him do errands for her in exchange for his freedom . However , when he and Boris are ascending up an elevator upon Henry finishing all of her errands , she double - crosses Henry and brings the elevator back down . She kidnaps Boris afterwards , intending to use him for her nefarious plans . Like `` Bendy '' , her origins is also unknown and she can not be harmed , but she wo n't try to attack Henry . Many fans theorize that `` Alice '' is actually Susie Campbell , Alice Angel 's original voice actress . But since Susie is voiced by Alanna , it 's been disproven to a degree . A few other theories imply that `` Alice '' may be Allison Pendle . Piper -- His actual name is Charley . Based on his name , he will attack Henry with a pipe . Fisher -- His actual name is Barley . Based on his name , he will attack Henry with a wrench with low range . Striker -- His actual name is Edgar . Based on his name , he will strike Henry . Searchers -- Ink monsters that are disguised as ink puddles and will pop out and attack Henry if he gets too close . Swollen ones do not attack . The Projectionist -- A humanoid ink monster with a projector for a head . It is found on the lowest floor where Henry searches for heart pieces for `` Alice '' . Unlike `` Bendy '' and `` Alice '' , it can be killed . The Projectionist is actually Norman Polk , confirmed by the achievement granted by killing the Projectionist being called `` Norman 's Fate '' . `` Sammy '' ( voiced by Aaron Landon ) -- A corrupted version of Sammy Lawrence whose body is made of ink and wears a Bendy mask . It 's unknown how he got corrupted . In Chapter 2 , he knocks out Henry and ties him up , intending to sacrifice him to `` Bendy '' in order to return to normal again . His plan backfires when `` Bendy '' instead kills `` Sammy '' off - screen . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ TheMeatly Games ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` We did it ! ! WE ARE GREENLIT ! ! '' . Steam . Valve Corporation . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/ZeroLogics/status/895311303425839104 Jump up ^ https://www.gamasutra.com/blogs/TylerMcAuleyVallier/20170711/301391/The_CoCreator_of_Bendy_and_the_Ink_Machine_Talks_Accidental_Success.php Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/themeatly/status/958120794512650240 Jump up ^ theMeatly ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) , `` Bendy : Chapter Four '' - NOW IN PRODUCTION ! , retrieved 2018 - 01 - 05 Jump up ^ theMeatly ( 2017 - 08 - 11 ) , `` Bendy and the Ink Machine : Chapter Three '' - Reveal Trailer 2017 , retrieved 2018 - 01 - 05 Jump up ^ theMeatly ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) , Bendy in `` Haunted Hijinx '' - A Joey Drew Short , retrieved 2018 - 01 - 05 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/batimgame/status/923957479221944321?lang=en Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/BendyRun/status/956905244063092736 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/BendyRun/status/957317127379267584 External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bendy_and_the_Ink_Machine&oldid=829018734 '' Categories : 2017 video games Episodic video games Fictional characters who have made pacts with devils Horror video games Linux games MacOS games Single - player video games Video games developed in Canada Windows games Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from October 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use mdy dates from September 2017 Use American English from June 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles needing additional references from June 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano עברית Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 March 2018 , at 03 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Bendy and the Ink Machine - episodic survival horror video game
2. Plot summary - retired cartoonist returns to old studio and discovers secrets
3. Characters - Henry, Joey Drew, Bendy, Alice Angel, Sammy Lawrence
4. Chapters - Moving Pictures, The Old Song, Rise and Fall
5. Monsters - Searchers, Projectionist, Boris the Wolf
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-5,229,370,395,965,981,000 |
who invented elf on the shelf net worth
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The Elf on the Shelf - wikipedia The Elf on the Shelf Jump to : navigation , search The Elf on the Shelf : A Christmas Tradition <Td_colspan="2"> Author Carol Aebersold Chanda Bell Illustrator Coë Steinwart Language English Genre Picture book Publisher CCA and B Publishing Publication date 2005 Published in English 2005 ISBN 978 - 0 - 9769907 - 9 - 6 The Elf on the Shelf : A Christmas Tradition is a 2005 children 's picture book , written by Carol Aebersold and her daughter Chanda Bell , and illustrated by Coë Steinwart . The book tells a Christmas - themed story , written in rhyme , that explains how Santa Claus knows who is naughty and nice . It describes elves visiting children between Thanksgiving and Christmas Eve , after which they return to the North Pole until the next holiday season . The Elf on the Shelf comes in a keepsake box that features a hardbound picture book and a small soft toy in the form of a pixie scout elf . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 History 2.1 Mensch on a Bench 3 Criticism 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) This story describes how Santa 's `` scout elves '' hide in people 's homes to watch over events . Once everyone goes to bed , the scout elf flies back to the North Pole to report to Santa the activities , good and bad , that have taken place throughout the day . Before the family wakes up each morning , the scout elf flies back from the North Pole and hides . By hiding in a new spot each morning around the house , the scout elf plays an ongoing game of hide and seek with the family . The Elf on the Shelf explains that scout elves get their magic by being named and being loved by a child . In the back of each book , families have an opportunity to write their elf 's name and the date that they adopted it . Once the elf is named , the scout elf receives its special Christmas magic , which allows it to fly to and from the North Pole . The book tells how the magic might disappear if the scout elf is touched , so the rule for The Elf on the Shelf states , `` There 's only one rule that you have to follow , so I will come back and be here tomorrow : Please do not touch me . My magic might go , and Santa wo n't hear all I 've seen or I know . '' Although families are told not to touch their scout elf , they can speak to it and tell it all their Christmas wishes so that it can report back to Santa accurately . The story ends on Christmas Day with the elf leaving to stay with Santa for the rest of the year until the following Christmas season . History ( edit ) The Elf on the Shelf was written in 2004 by Carol Aebersold and daughter Chanda Bell over a cup of tea . Bell suggested they write a book about an old tradition of an elf sent from Santa who came to watch over them at Christmas time . Aebersold 's other daughter , Christa Pitts , was recruited by the family to share her expertise in sales and marketing . Together , the trio devoted the next three years promoting their self - published book and attending book signings and trade shows . The Elf on the Shelf won the Best Toy Award by Learning Express , won Book of the Year Award from Creative Child Awards and National Best Books Award sponsored by USA Book News in 2008 . In 2012 , The Elf on the Shelf made its first appearance in the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade alongside fellow parade newcomers Hello Kitty and Papa Smurf . In 2013 , The Elf on the Shelf hit the # 1 spot on the USA Today Bestsellers List . On 26 November 2011 , the book aired on CBS as a 30 - minute animated TV show , An Elf 's Story : The Elf on the Shelf , directed by Chad Eikhoff . The Washington Post criticized the quality of the animation and dismissed it as `` just a half - hour advertisement for a book and a toy '' , which it felt would not join `` the canon of prime - time animated Christmas specials that actually move the spirit '' . Common Sense Media disagreed , calling the special `` a great addition to families ' holiday TV traditions '' ; however , they also warn parents about the consumer - driven nature of the story , and make note of its lack of educational value . In October 2013 , The Elf on the Shelf : A Birthday Tradition was released . Written and illustrated by the same team that created the first book , it offers instructions for inviting a scout elf to visit for a child 's birthday party and describes how the elf decorates a chair for the child . In April 2014 , two supplemental birthday products were released : The Elf on the Shelf Birthday Countdown Game and The Elf on the Shelf Birthday Chair Decoration Kit . The Elf on the Shelf was parodied as `` The Gnome in the Home '' in `` The Nightmare After Krustmas , '' a 2016 episode of The Simpsons . Mensch on a Bench ( edit ) A Jewish counterpart to Elf On The Shelf was created : `` Mensch on a Bench , '' a stuffed toy that looks a bit like a rabbi or a Hasidic Jew . Jewish father Neal Hoffman , a former Hasbro Toys toy marketing executive , raised more than $20,000 , using the crowdfunding website Kickstarter to fund creation of the toy in the Spring of 2011 . `` Mensch '' , in Yiddish , means a person of integrity or honor . Cody Decker , the starting left fielder for Team Israel at the 2017 World Baseball Classic , brought the team 's mascot , a five - foot version of `` Mensch on a Bench , '' with him to Asia from the United States for the World Baseball Classic . Decker said he `` tried getting him a first - class ticket . But that did n't fly , so he was put in a duffel bag and checked . '' The mascot proved to be a big hit . He has his own locker , sits on Team Israel 's bench in the dugout during every game , and sat alongside Decker at a press conference in South Korea . Decker said : `` He 's a mascot , he 's a friend , he 's a teammate , he 's a borderline deity to our team ... He brings a lot to the table ... Every team needs their Jobu . He was ours . He had his own locker , and we even gave him offerings : Manischewitz , gelt , and gefilte fish ... He is everywhere and nowhere all at once . His actual location is irrelevant because he exists in higher metaphysical planes . But he 's always near . '' Team Israel Manager Jerry Weinstein said : `` He 's on the team . Everybody brings something to the team , and certainly The Mensch is a unifying factor for the ball club . '' Pitcher Gabe Cramer said : `` The Mensch on a Bench is ... a symbol we can rally around as a team . We are proud to be Jewish , but we know how to make and take a joke , something Jews have a long history of doing . The Mensch is a great way to have fun in the dugout while reminding us of why we 're here and who we 're representing . '' Criticism ( edit ) The Elf has received some criticism from cultural reviewers . The Atlantic columnist Kate Tuttle calls it `` a marketing juggernaut dressed up as a tradition '' whose purpose is `` to spy on kids '' and that one should n't `` bully your child into thinking that good behavior equals gifts . '' Washington Post reviewer Hank Stuever characterized the concept as `` just another nannycam in a nanny state obsessed with penal codes '' . Writing for Psychology Today , Dr. David Kyle Johnston calls it a `` dangerous parental crutch '' , with much the same reasoning as what he terms the `` Santa lie '' . Professor Laura Pinto suggests that it conditions kids to accept the surveillance state and that it communicates to children that `` it 's okay for other people to spy on you , and you 're not entitled to privacy . '' She argues that `` if you grow up thinking it 's cool for the elves to watch me and report back to Santa , well , then it 's cool for the NSA to watch me and report back to the government ... The rule of play is that kids get to interact with a doll or video game or what have you , but not so with the Elf on the Shelf : The rule is that you do n't touch the elf . Think about the message that sends . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived April 15 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` An Elf 's Story '' . The Elf on the Shelf . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Hank Stuever ( November 24 , 2011 ) . `` CBS 's ' Elf on the Shelf ' : Unwarranted Christmas surveillance techniques '' . Washington Post . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Elf on the Shelf : An Elf 's Story '' . commonsensemedia.org . ^ Jump up to : `` Israel 's Mensch on the Bench mascot at World Baseball Classic , '' Newsday . ^ Jump up to : Meet Mensch On A Bench , Jewish Counterpart To Eldhdhshf On The Shelf : NPR Jump up ^ The Mensch On The Bench New York Post Jump up ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2867382/The-Elf-Shelf-competition-Introducing-Mensch-Bench-Hanukkahs-hilarious-answer-popular-Christmas-character.html Jump up ^ The Mensch on a Bench claims space on elf toy 's holiday turf - NY Daily News Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/sap/2014/12/11/the-mensch-on-a-bench-from-basement-to-big-box-and-now-shark-tank/#2d31052210da ^ Jump up to : `` Israel 's World Baseball Classic mascot : Mensch on a Bench , '' Yahoo . Jump up ^ `` With Mensch on Bench , Israel ready for Classic , '' mlb.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutch Players Take Leave From Spring Training For World Baseball Classic , '' NPR . Jump up ^ `` Mensch on a Bench , mascot of Israel baseball team , a hoot ahead of WBC , '' , The Times of Israel . ^ Jump up to : `` The best thing about Team Israel 's World Baseball Classic run is their delightful mascot , '' USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Israel 's suddenly the undefeated darling of the baseball world , '' The New York Post . Jump up ^ `` Team Israel scores another surprise baseball win -- with a Marin pitcher , '' J . Jump up ^ You 're a Creepy One , Elf on the Shelf in The Atlantic , December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ David Kyle Johnston , Let 's Bench the Elf on the Shelf . Psychology Today , December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's the Boss ? '' . Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Craig Johnson , Does the Elf contribute to the surveillance state ? . HLNtv.com , December 1 , 2014 . Archived December 15 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kyle Olsen , Prof : ' Elf on the Shelf ' conditions kids to accept surveillance state . Education Action Group Foundation , Inc. , December 15 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Elf on the Shelf . Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Elf_on_the_Shelf&oldid=835350032 '' Categories : Elves in popular culture American children 's books 2005 children 's books Christmas children 's books Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 04 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. The Elf on the Shelf: A Christmas Tradition
2. Children's picture book
3. Santa Claus and scout elves
4. Hide and seek game
5. Criticism and controversy
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-939,472,988,460,726,800 |
why is there a red e on itunes
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ITunes Store - Wikipedia ITunes Store Jump to : navigation , search This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2017 ) iTunes Store <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> The iTunes Store , as seen in iTunes 12.2 Opened April 28 , 2003 ; 14 years ago ( 2003 - 04 - 28 ) Platforms macOS , iOS , Windows , tvOS Format Unprotected AAC (. m4a ) @ 256 kbit / s ( music ) , protected AAC (. m4p ) @ 32 , 64 and 128 kbit / s ( audiobooks ) , unprotected MPEG - 4 Video (. m4v ) ( music videos ) , protected MPEG - 4 Video (. m4v ) ( other video ) Restrictions ( Protected ) Music : streaming to five computers every 24 hours , unlimited CDs ( seven with an unchanged playlist ) , unlimited iPods and iPhones . Catalogue 37,000,000 + songs worldwide , 1,000,000 + podcasts ( US ) , 40,000 + music videos ( US ) , 3,000 + TV shows ( US ) , 20,000 + audiobooks ( US ) , 45,000 + movies ( US ) , 1,000,000 + App Store apps Preview 30 -- 90 seconds ( music , TV , videos , audiobooks , movies ) available for free Streaming Yes ( for purchased movies and TV shows ) . Streaming for music via Apple Music . Protocol iTunes Music Store Protocol ( itms : / / ) Availability See Internationalization Website www.apple.com/itunes/ The iTunes Store is a software - based online digital media store operated by Apple Inc . It opened on April 28 , 2003 , and has been the largest music vendor in the United States since April 2008 , and the largest music vendor in the world since February 2010 . It offers over 35 - 40 million songs , 2.2 million apps , 25,000 TV shows , and 65,000 films as of January 2017 . iTunes Store 's revenues in the first quarter of 2011 totaled nearly US $1.4 billion ; by May 28 , 2014 , the store had sold 35 billion songs worldwide . While most downloaded files initially included usage restrictions enforced by FairPlay , Apple 's implementation of digital rights management ( DRM ) , iTunes later initiated a shift into selling DRM - free music in most countries , marketed as iTunes Plus . On January 6 , 2009 , Apple announced that DRM had been removed from 80 % of its music catalog in the US . Full iTunes Plus availability was achieved in the US on April 7 , 2009 , coinciding with the introduction of a three - tiered pricing model ; however , television episodes , many books , and films are still FairPlay - protected . As of June 2013 , iTunes Store possesses 575 million active user accounts , and serves over 315 million mobile devices , including Apple Watches , iPods , iPhones , Apple TV and iPads . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Features and restrictions 2.1 Pricing model 2.1. 1 History 2.1. 2 Current model 2.1. 2.1 Music 2.1. 2.2 TV shows 2.1. 2.3 Movies 2.1. 2.4 Apps 2.2 iTunes Store for iOS 2.3 Customer support 2.4 Charitable donations 2.5 Music 2.5. 1 `` Album Only '' songs 2.5. 2 Partial Albums 2.5. 3 `` Work Only '' songs 2.5. 4 `` LP '' format 2.5. 5 Store Sections 3 Censorship 4 Reception and commercial success 5 Sales milestones 5.1 Music 5.2 Video 5.3 Applications 5.4 Market share 6 Internationalization 6.1 Payment options 7 Digital rights management 8 Promotions 9 Other platforms 10 Technical details 11 Legal disputes 11.1 Apple records 11.2 The Consumer Council of Norway EULA challenge 11.2. 1 EU anti-trust case 12 Content disputes 12.1 Universal Music Group 12.2 NBC Universal TV series 13 See also 14 References History ( edit ) Before iTunes Store , most of the online music market consisted of downloads through websites like Napster and illegal downloads . Steve Jobs saw the opportunity to open a digital marketplace for music upon the rising popularity of easily downloadable tracks . In 2002 , Jobs made an agreement with the five major record labels to offer their content through iTunes . iTunes Store was introduced by Jobs at the company 's Worldwide Developers Conference in April 2003 . When it opened , it was the only legal digital catalog of music to offer songs from all five major record labels . At first , it was only available on Mac computers and the iPod , being expanded to Microsoft Windows in October 2003 . Features and restrictions ( edit ) Pricing model ( edit ) History ( edit ) Following the introduction of iTunes Store , individual songs were all sold for the same price , though Apple introduced multiple prices in 2007 . Music in the store is in the Advanced Audio Coding ( AAC ) format , which is the MPEG - 4 - specified successor to MP3 . Originally , songs were only available with DRM and were encoded at 128 kbit / s . At the January 2009 Macworld Expo , Apple announced that all iTunes music would be made available without DRM , and encoded at the higher - quality rate of 256 kbit / s . Previously , this model , known as `` iTunes Plus '' , had been available only for music from EMI and some independent labels . Users can sample songs by listening to previews , ninety seconds in length , or thirty seconds for short tracks . In addition , iTunes Store offers apps , which are applications used for various purposes ( games , productivity , news , etc . ) that are compatible with the iPod Touch , iPhone , and iPad , although some apps are specifically for the iPhone or iPad only . Some Apps cost money ( called `` Paid Apps '' ) and some are free ( called `` Free Apps '' ) . Developers can decide which prices they want to charge for apps , from a pre-set list of pricing tiers , from free to several hundred dollars . When someone downloads an App , 70 percent of the purchase goes to the developer ( s ) , and 30 percent goes to Apple . At the Macworld 2008 keynote , Steve Jobs , who was Apple 's CEO at the time , announced iTunes movie rentals . Movies are available for rent in iTunes Store on the same day they are released on DVD , though iTunes Store also offers for rental some movies that are still in theaters . Movie rentals are only viewable for 24 hours ( in the US ) or 48 hours ( in other countries ) after users begin viewing them . iTunes Store also offers one low - priced movie rental a week : in the United States , this rental costs 99 cents . Movie rentals are not yet available in all countries but it is available in the United States , Mexico , the United Kingdom , Canada , Australia and New Zealand . There is a weekly promotion in which one to three songs are available to download for free to logged - in users . Free downloads are available on Tuesdays , and remain free until the following Tuesday , when the store gets refreshed with new content . Some artists choose to have select songs available for no charge . This is not available at all iTunes Stores . Some iTunes television programs have begun the same technique to encourage brand loyalty ; although those stay longer . In fact , iTunes Store has a `` Free TV Episodes '' page where free episodes are organized by length , either as `` featurettes '' ( shorter than 15 minutes ) or full length episodes ( longer than 15 minutes ) . Free content can vary from a preview of a show to bonus content to pilot episodes and entire seasons of TV shows ( examples of free seasons include HBO 's The Weight of the Nation and ABC 's Pan-Am ) . Some networks , such as ABC and NBC , have their own pages of `` Free Season Premieres '' . While previously the US iTunes Store has offered as many as three free songs each week ( the single of the week , Discovery Download , and Canción de la Semana ) in recent years , the store has instead replaced the three aforementioned categories with a unified `` Single of the Week '' banner , with the week 's single being from a new up and coming artist . In 2015 , Apple discontinued the `` Single of the Week '' program . Current model ( edit ) Music ( edit ) A song usually costs 99 ¢ ; however , for songs with high popularity , the price is usually raised to $1.29 . By default , songs that are more than 10 minutes are considered `` Album Only '' ; distributors also have the power to make a song `` Album Only . '' For special offers , song prices can be dropped to 69 ¢ or free . By default , music albums cost $9.99 or the price of all the songs combined if it is less than $9.99 . However , the music album 's distributor can set a higher price for the album ( as long as it is some amount of dollars and 99 cents ) , which usually happens on popular music albums . For special offers , prices of music albums can be dropped to $5.99 , $6.99 , or $7.99 . On June 30 , 2015 Apple launched Apple Music as a subscription service , initially available in 110 countries . New subscribers are offered a three - month free trial with ongoing subscriptions priced from $9.99 / month in the US and £ 9.99 in the UK . TV shows ( edit ) By default , HD television episodes cost $2.99 , while standard definition television episodes cost $1.99 . However , distributors can make a television episode `` Season Only . '' A television season costs either an amount of dollars ( determined by number of episodes and definition ) and 99 cents with the number in the one 's place being a 4 , 7 , or 9 , or the price of all episodes combined . Movies ( edit ) Unpopular movies cost $7.99 to buy in standard definition and $13.99 or $14.99 to buy in HD . Popular movies or new releases cost $13.99 or $14.99 to buy in standard definition and $17.99 or $19.99 to buy in HD . Unpopular movies cost $2.99 to rent in standard definition and $3.99 to rent in HD . Popular movies cost $3.99 to rent in standard definition and $4.99 to rent in HD . For recent releases , this price is increased by $1 . Movies that are available in 4K and HDR ( either HDR10 or Dolby Vision with an HDR10 profile ) cost the same price as HD , and are automatically upgraded from HD to 4K and HDR at no additional cost . Movies can be played back in 4K and HDR on the Apple TV 4K hooked up to a compatible display , and can be played back in HDR on the iPhone 8 , iPhone 8 Plus , iPhone X , 10.5 '' iPad Pro , and the 2nd gen 12.9 '' iPad Pro running iOS 11 or later . Apps ( edit ) The price is determined by the developer . The price can either be free or cost an amount of dollars and 99 cents . ITunes Store for iOS ( edit ) iTunes Store allows users to purchase and download items directly to portable Apple devices , such as the iPhone , iPad , Apple TV and iPod Touch . Apple offers three apps , each of which provides access to certain types of content . The App Store app sells apps for iOS , and also provides updates to these apps . The iTunes Store app sells music and videos . The iBooks app sells ebooks . Other , free content available from iTunes Store can be accessed from two other iOS apps : The Podcasts apps lets users download , subscribe to and sync podcasts . The iTunes U app gives access to iTunes U educational material . Originally , mobile users had to be connected to a Wi - Fi network in order to enter the store , hence its original name : iTunes Wi - Fi Music Store . However , at Macworld 2009 , Apple issued a software update which automatically allowed 3G and EDGE users to access the store 's full functionality for files smaller than 10 megabytes ( MB ) . The iOS 3.0 update added the ability to download movies , TV shows , audiobooks , iTunes U , and ringtones on mobile devices , in addition to the previously available songs and podcasts . On February 18 , 2010 , Apple increased the 10 MB 3G download limit to 20 MB . In March 2012 , Apple increased the 3G download limit to 50 MB , and , in late 2013 , Apple increased the limit to 100 MB when they released the final version of iOS 7 for their new iPhones . Customer support ( edit ) In the United States , Apple provides technical support for iTunes Store via email , there is no phone number for issues with iTunes purchases . Most customer service inquiries are handled online , via the Report a Problem link in iTunes . Charitable donations ( edit ) In response to major natural disasters , Apple provides the facility for donations to be made through iTunes Store . Unlike other iTunes purchases , donations made to charitable organisations through this system are not subject to the 30 % handling fee Apple usually charges . iTunes donation pages were set up following the 2010 Haiti earthquake , the 2011 Japanese earthquake and ensuing tsunami , and 2012 's Hurricane Sandy . In all of these cases , donations were redirected to the Red Cross . Music ( edit ) The store began operations after Apple signed deals with five major record labels : EMI , Universal , Warner , Sony Music Entertainment , and BMG . Songs from more than 2,000 independent labels were added later , the first being from The Orchard on June 24 , 2003 . As of 2017 , iTunes Store offers more than 43 million songs , including exclusive tracks from numerous artists . Not all artists are available on iTunes , but many holdouts , such as Led Zeppelin and Radiohead , have allowed their music to be sold on iTunes Store in recent years . New songs are added to iTunes catalog on a daily basis , and iTunes Store is updated each Tuesday . Downloaded songs come with song information ( name , artist , album ) already filled out , though iTunes provides a free service by Gracenote to do this for songs not purchased from the store , although they must be imported with iTunes . Songs that have an entry in iTunes Store also come with album artwork ( Artwork is embedded in the metadata ) . Artwork can be obtained for songs not purchased from the store for free if the user has an iTunes Store account . Purchased songs do not come with lyrics , nor does iTunes provide a service for acquiring the missing lyrics . However , several third - party applications exist to locate and automatically add lyrics to the user 's music . `` Album only '' songs ( edit ) Some songs are available from the store by `` Album Only '' , meaning the song can only be acquired through the purchase of the entire album , whereas most songs can be downloaded separately from the album they belong to . Songs above 10 minutes in length are by default Album Only songs . However , this is not universally true ; for example , Living in the Heart of the Beast by Henry Cow is 16 minutes and 18 seconds , yet is available for individual purchase as of December 24 , 2013 . Soundtracks also often have many Album Only tracks . Sometimes , the 10 - minute restriction works in an artist 's favor . Examples of this include Prince 's Lovesexy and the deluxe version of Phoenix 's Bankrupt ! , which both have an album as a single track instead of being separate , ( in Prince 's case , the track was the album , while in Phoenix 's case , it was a collection of demos and outtakes ) forcing the buyer to buy the album itself . Movie soundtracks normally include songs owned by many different labels , making licensing more complex . For example , Forrest Gump : The Soundtrack includes songs from Peacock Records , Argo Records & Capitol Records , among many others . Greatest Hits by Red Hot Chili Peppers has only one song , `` Higher Ground '' , that is not available for download on a per song basis , whilst Circus ( Britney Spears ' 2008 album ) has two songs that are available for album download only , Rock Me In and Phonography . Partial albums ( edit ) Some albums area available from the store by `` Partial Album '' , meaning that albums can not be entirely purchased , but that one or more of the tracks that can be purchased on the physical CD version of them are n't included , e.g. possible due to licensing issues . `` Work only '' songs ( edit ) Some tracks are listed as `` Work Only '' , which means they can only be obtained by purchasing the entire piece of work ( within the album ) ; the tracks can not be bought as singles . Works are generally pieces of classical music : symphonies , string quartets , etc. , in multiple movements . `` LP '' format ( edit ) In September 2009 , Apple introduced the iTunes LP format ( known pre-launch by the code name `` Cocktail '' ) which features visual , interactive content alongside album tracks and lyrics . Store sections ( edit ) When entering the US music store , there are multiple sections one can visit . Music is divided into genres ( Alternative , Classical , Jazz , Soundtrack , etc . ) , and there are a number of links to other sections of the store under the Quick Links header . These include Recommended for You , Complete My Album , iTunes LP , as well as thematic sections , such as iTunes Festival sections . On November 1 , 2006 , Apple created a category for Latino and Hispanic content , `` iTunes Latino '' . Telemundo and Mun2 made some of their popular programs available for purchase , becoming the first Hispanic television content in the store . It offers music , music videos , audiobooks , podcasts and television shows in Spanish in a single concentrated area . The brief descriptions given to the content are in Spanish as well as several subcategories . Gibraltarian Flamenco Metal band Breed 77 , released an exclusive album called Un Encuentro to coincide with the launch of `` iTunes Latino '' . It features 11 songs , all from previous albums , but all sung in Spanish . Censorship ( edit ) Main articles : Censorship by Apple and Censorship of the iTunes Store There is a policy of censoring profanity in titles on iTunes . This has resulted in a Scunthorpe glitch , by which inoffensive titles are censored due to a coincidental string of letters . If the song has an explicit label , it will be marked `` explicit '' next to the song title . If a song is marked `` explicit '' it is unavailable for purchase if `` restrict explicit content '' is checked under the parental controls preference . Often there will be a `` clean '' mark next to the title of some songs , meaning the lyrics have been censored , and is available to purchase on all accounts . Generally if a song is marked `` clean '' there is an explicit version available as well . Reception and commercial success ( edit ) Sales of iTunes songs , 2003 -- 2010 . Since its launch , iTunes Store has crossed many milestones . In the first 18 hours , the store sold about 275,000 tracks , and more than 1 million tracks were sold in its first 5 days . When released for Windows in October 2003 , iTunes was downloaded more than 1 million times in the first 3 days , selling more than 1 million songs in that period . On December 15 , 2003 , Apple announced that it had sold 25 million songs . In January 2004 at the Macworld Conference & Expo in San Francisco , Steve Jobs announced ( Sellers , 2004 ) that an unnamed person had purchased US $29,500 worth of music . On March 15 , 2004 , Apple announced that iTunes Music Store customers had purchased and downloaded 50 million songs from iTunes Music Store . A song sold on iTunes gives the artist 9 cents in profit . They also reported that customers were purchasing 2.5 million songs a week which translates to a projected annual run rate of 130 million songs a year . The 50 millionth song was `` The Path of Thorns '' by Sarah McLachlan . On April 28 , 2004 , iTunes Music Store marked its first anniversary with 70 million songs sold , clear dominance in the paid online music market and a slight profit . The store also offers hundreds of movie trailers and music videos , in an attempt to boost soundtrack sales . In the conference , Steve Jobs reiterated that a subscription service is still not in the interest of customers and reported that only 5 million of the 100 million songs offered in the Pepsi giveaway campaign were redeemed , which he blamed on technical problems in Pepsi distribution . According to an Apple press release dated August 10 , 2004 , iTunes Music Store was the first store to have a catalog of more than one million songs . Also , iTunes Music Store at that point maintained a 70 percent market share of legal music downloads . The emerging monopoly of the store has been criticized by Mike Lang of Miramax for `` effectively strangling the industry '' . He says that because the music industry has allowed too few content providers , it is now suffering . Lang views the issue as being more of a threat than music piracy . Sales milestones ( edit ) Music ( edit ) 100 million songs sold : July 11 , 2004 ( Kevin Britten of Hays , Kansas , bought the 100 millionth song , and the twenty - year - old received a call from Steve Jobs congratulating him . ) 125 million songs sold : September 1 , 2004 150 million songs sold : October 14 , 2004 200 million songs sold : December 16 , 2004 ( Ryan Alekman of Belchertown , Massachusetts , bought the 200 millionth song , which was one of the tracks on U2 's digital box set The Complete U2 . ) 250 million songs sold : January 24 , 2005 300 million songs sold : March 2 , 2005 400 million songs sold : May 10 , 2005 On July 5 , 2005 , Apple announced a promotion counting down to half a billion songs sold . 500 million songs sold : July 18 , 2005 ( Amy Greer of Lafayette , Indiana , bought the 500 millionth song , `` Mississippi Girl '' by Faith Hill . ) 850 million songs sold : January 10 , 2006 1 billion songs sold : February 23 , 2006 ( Alex Ostrovsky of West Bloomfield , Michigan , bought the billionth song , `` Speed of Sound '' by Coldplay . He later got a call from Steve Jobs with the news that the sixteen - year - old was getting ten iPods , an iMac , a $10,000 music gift certificate , and a scholarship established in his name at the Juilliard School . ) 1.5 billion songs sold : September 12 , 2006 2 billion songs sold : January 10 , 2007 2.5 billion songs sold : April 9 , 2007 3 billion songs sold : July 31 , 2007 4 billion songs sold : January 15 , 2008 5 billion songs sold : June 19 , 2008 6 billion songs sold : January 6 , 2009 8 billion songs sold : July 21 , 2009 8.6 billion songs sold : September 9 , 2009 10 billion songs sold : February 24 , 2010 ( Louie Sulcer of Woodstock , Georgia , downloaded `` Guess Things Happen That Way '' by Johnny Cash . At 71 years old , he was the oldest milestone winner to that date . He received a call from Steve Jobs and a $10,000 iTunes gift card . ) 15 billion songs sold : June 6 , 2011 20 billion songs sold : September 12 , 2012 25 billion songs sold : February 6 , 2013 35 billion songs sold : May 28 , 2014 Video ( edit ) 1 million videos sold : October 31 , 2005 3 + million videos sold : December 6 , 2005 8 million videos sold : January 10 , 2006 15 million videos sold : February 23 , 2006 45 million videos sold : September 12 , 2006 50 million television episodes sold : January 10 , 2007 1.3 million feature - length films sold : January 10 , 2007 2 million feature - length films sold : July 31 , 2007 200 million television episodes sold : October 16 , 2008 1 + million HD episodes sold : October 16 , 2008 Applications ( edit ) 10 million apps downloaded : July 14 , 2008 100 million apps downloaded : September 9 , 2008 200 million apps downloaded : October 22 , 2008 300 million apps downloaded : December 5 , 2008 500 million apps downloaded : January 16 , 2009 800 million apps downloaded : March 17 , 2009 1 billion apps downloaded : April 23 , 2009 1.5 billion apps downloaded : July 14 , 2009 1.8 billion apps downloaded : September 9 , 2009 2 billion apps downloaded : September 28 , 2009 3 billion apps downloaded : January 5 , 2010 7 billion apps downloaded : October 20 , 2010 10 billion apps downloaded : January 22 , 2011 15 billion apps downloaded : July 7 , 2011 25 billion apps downloaded : March 5 , 2012 30 billion apps downloaded : June 11 , 2012 35 billion apps downloaded : October 23 , 2012 40 billion apps downloaded : January 7 , 2013 50 billion apps downloaded : May 16 , 2013 60 billion apps downloaded : October 22 , 2013 75 billion apps downloaded : June 2 , 2014 100 billion apps downloaded : June 8 , 2015 25 + billion apps downloaded : December , 2016 Market share ( edit ) On September 12 , 2006 , Steve Jobs announced in his `` It 's Showtime '' keynote that Apple had 88 % of the legal US music download market . On April 11 , 2007 , Apple announced that iTunes Store had sold more than two million movies , making it the world 's most popular online movie store . On February 26 , 2008 , iTunes Store surpassed Best Buy to become the second - largest music vendor in the US behind Wal - Mart , and became number one on April 3 , 2008 . On October 10 , 2012 , iTunes Store was reported to have a 64 % share of the online music market , and a 29 % share of all music sales worldwide . Internationalization ( edit ) Originally only Mac OS X users who had credit cards with a US billing address could buy songs with the service , but Steve Jobs announced plans to support both Windows and non-American users . The Windows version of iTunes and support for the Windows platform from iTunes Music Store were announced on October 16 , 2003 , with immediate availability . Beginning in 2004 , the service has become available in a number of countries other than the United States : Country <Th_colspan="10"> Product type Affiliate program Price / song Music Music Videos Podcasts TV shows Movies Apps Books iTunes Match iTunes U iTunes Radio United States April 28 , 2003 Yes Yes October 12 , 2005 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Discontinued January 28 , 2016 Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 USD United Kingdom June 15 , 2004 Yes Yes Yes June 4 , 2008 Yes Yes December 15 , 2011 Yes No Yes 0.59 -- 0.99 GBP ( 0.91 -- 1.53 USD ) France June 15 , 2004 Yes Yes Yes April 30 , 2009 Yes Yes December 15 , 2011 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Germany June 15 , 2004 Yes Yes April 2 , 2008 April 16 , 2009 Yes Yes December 15 , 2011 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Austria October 26 , 2004 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes April 30 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Belgium October 26 , 2004 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes December 15 , 2011 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Finland October 26 , 2004 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes December 9 , 2013 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Greece October 26 , 2004 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes April 30 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Italy October 26 , 2004 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes April 30 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Luxembourg October 26 , 2004 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes December 15 , 2011 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Netherlands October 26 , 2004 Yes Yes No September 27 , 2011 Yes Yes January 16 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Portugal October 26 , 2004 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes April 30 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Spain October 26 , 2004 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes December 15 , 2011 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Canada December 3 , 2004 Yes Yes Yes June 4 , 2008 Yes Yes December 15 , 2011 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 CAD ( 0.67 -- 1.25 USD ) Ireland January 6 , 2005 Yes Yes No April 30 , 2009 Yes Yes December 15 , 2011 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Sweden May 10 , 2005 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes December 9 , 2013 Yes No Yes 9 -- 12 SEK ( 1.25 -- 1.67 USD ) Norway May 10 , 2005 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes December 9 , 2013 Yes No Yes 8 -- 10 NOK ( 1.32 -- 1.66 USD ) Switzerland May 10 , 2005 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes December 15 , 2011 Yes No Yes 1.60 -- 2.20 CHF ( 1.53 -- 2.11 USD ) Denmark May 10 , 2005 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes December 9 , 2013 Yes No Yes 8 -- 10 DKK ( 1.52 -- 1.90 USD ) Japan August 4 , 2005 Yes Yes No Yes Yes March 6 , 2013 May 2 , 2014 Yes No Yes 150 -- 250 JPY ( 1.81 -- 3.02 USD ) Australia October 25 , 2005 October 25 , 2005 Yes June 24 , 2008 August 14 , 2008 Yes Yes December 15 , 2011 Yes Discontinued January 28 , 2016 Yes 1.19 -- 2.19 AUD ( 1.28 -- 2.35 USD ) New Zealand December 6 , 2005 Yes Yes No August 14 , 2008 Yes October 22 , 2012 December 15 , 2011 Yes No Yes 1.79 -- 2.39 NZD ( 1.47 -- 1.96 USD ) Mexico August 4 , 2009 Yes Yes No November 9 , 2010 Yes October 22 , 2012 December 15 , 2011 Yes No Yes 9 -- 15 MXN ( 0.71 -- 1.19 USD ) Bulgaria September 29 , 2011 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes April 30 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Cyprus September 29 , 2011 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes December 15 , 2011 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Czech Republic September 29 , 2011 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes December 15 , 2011 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Estonia September 29 , 2011 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes January 16 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Hungary September 29 , 2011 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes July 19 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Latvia September 29 , 2011 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes January 16 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Lithuania September 29 , 2011 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes January 16 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Malta September 29 , 2011 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes December 15 , 2011 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Poland September 29 , 2011 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes July 19 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Romania September 29 , 2011 Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Slovenia September 29 , 2011 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes April 30 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Slovakia September 29 , 2011 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Argentina December 13 , 2011 Yes Yes No December 13 , 2011 Yes October 22 , 2012 January 16 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 USD Brazil December 13 , 2011 Yes Yes No December 13 , 2011 Yes October 22 , 2012 December 13 , 2011 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 USD Bolivia December 13 , 2011 Yes Yes No December 13 , 2011 Yes October 22 , 2012 January 16 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 USD Chile December 13 , 2011 Yes Yes No December 13 , 2011 Yes October 22 , 2012 January 16 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 USD Colombia December 13 , 2011 Yes Yes No December 13 , 2011 Yes October 22 , 2012 January 16 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 USD Costa Rica December 13 , 2011 Yes Yes No December 13 , 2011 Yes October 22 , 2012 January 16 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 USD Dominican Republic December 13 , 2011 Yes Yes No December 13 , 2011 Yes October 22 , 2012 January 16 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 USD Ecuador December 13 , 2011 Yes Yes No December 13 , 2011 Yes October 22 , 2012 January 16 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 USD El Salvador December 13 , 2011 Yes Yes No December 13 , 2011 Yes October 22 , 2012 January 16 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 USD Guatemala December 13 , 2011 Yes Yes No December 13 , 2011 Yes October 22 , 2012 January 16 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 USD Honduras December 13 , 2011 Yes Yes No December 13 , 2011 Yes October 22 , 2012 January 16 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 USD Nicaragua December 13 , 2011 Yes Yes No December 13 , 2011 Yes October 22 , 2012 January 16 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 USD Panama December 13 , 2011 Yes Yes No December 13 , 2011 Yes October 22 , 2012 January 16 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 USD Paraguay December 13 , 2011 Yes Yes No December 13 , 2011 Yes October 22 , 2012 January 16 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 USD Peru December 13 , 2011 Yes Yes No December 13 , 2011 Yes October 22 , 2012 January 16 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 USD Venezuela December 13 , 2011 Yes Yes No December 13 , 2011 Yes October 22 , 2012 January 16 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 USD Brunei June 27 , 2012 Yes Yes No June 27 , 2012 Yes free books June 27 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 USD Cambodia June 27 , 2012 Yes June 21 , 2012 No June 27 , 2012 June 21 , 2012 free books June 27 , 2012 June 21 , 2012 No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 USD Hong Kong June 27 , 2012 Yes Yes No June 27 , 2012 Yes free books June 27 , 2012 Yes No Yes 5 -- 8 HKD Laos June 27 , 2012 Yes June 21 , 2012 No June 27 , 2012 June 21 , 2012 free books June 27 , 2012 June 21 , 2012 No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 USD Macao June 27 , 2012 Yes Yes No June 27 , 2012 Yes free books June 27 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 USD Malaysia June 27 , 2012 Yes Yes No June 27 , 2012 Yes free books June 27 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 USD Philippines June 27 , 2012 Yes Yes No June 27 , 2012 Yes free books June 27 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 USD Singapore June 27 , 2012 Yes Yes No June 27 , 2012 Yes free books June 27 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.98 -- 1.48 SGD Sri Lanka June 27 , 2012 Yes Yes No June 27 , 2012 Yes free books June 27 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 USD Taiwan June 27 , 2012 Yes Yes No June 27 , 2012 Yes free books June 27 , 2012 Yes No Yes 15 -- 30 TWD Thailand June 27 , 2012 Yes Yes No June 27 , 2012 Yes free books June 27 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 USD Vietnam June 27 , 2012 Yes Yes No June 27 , 2012 Yes free books June 27 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 USD Anguilla December 4 , 2012 December 4 , 2012 Yes No December 12 , 2012 Yes free books Yes Yes No Yes N / A 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2012 December 4 , 2012 Yes No December 12 , 2012 Yes free books Yes Yes No Yes N / A Mauritius December 4 , 2012 December 4 , 2012 Yes No December 12 , 2012 Yes free books Yes Yes No Yes N / A Federated States of Micronesia December 4 , 2012 December 4 , 2012 Yes No December 12 , 2012 Yes free books Yes Yes No Yes N / A Republic of Moldova December 4 , 2012 December 4 , 2012 Yes No December 12 , 2012 Yes free books Yes Yes No Yes N / A Mongolia December 4 , 2012 December 4 , 2012 Yes No December 12 , 2012 Yes free books Yes Yes No Yes N / A Mozambique December 4 , 2012 December 4 , 2012 Yes No December 12 , 2012 Yes free books Yes Yes No Yes N / A Namibia December 4 , 2012 December 4 , 2012 Yes No December 12 , 2012 Yes free books Yes Yes No Yes N / A Nepal December 4 , 2012 December 4 , 2012 Yes No No Yes free books Yes Yes No Yes N / A Niger December 4 , 2012 December 4 , 2012 Yes No December 12 , 2012 Yes free books Yes Yes No Yes N / A Nigeria December 4 , 2012 December 4 , 2012 Yes No December 12 , 2012 Yes free books Yes Yes No Yes N / A Oman December 4 , 2012 December 4 , 2012 Yes No December 12 , 2012 Yes free books Yes Yes No Yes N / A Papua New Guinea December 4 , 2012 December 4 , 2012 Yes No No Yes free books Yes Yes No Yes N / A Qatar December 4 , 2012 December 4 , 2012 Yes No December 12 , 2012 Yes free books Yes Yes No Yes N / A Russia December 4 , 2012 December 4 , 2012 April 21 , 2008 No December 4 , 2012 April 21 , 2008 free books Yes April 21 , 2008 No Yes 15 -- 19 RUB ( 0.49 -- 0.62 USD ) Saint Kitts and Nevis December 4 , 2012 December 4 , 2012 Yes No December 12 , 2012 Yes free books Yes Yes No Yes N / A Saudi Arabia December 4 , 2012 December 4 , 2012 Yes No December 12 , 2012 Yes free books Yes Yes No Yes N / A South Africa December 4 , 2012 December 4 , 2012 Yes No December 12 , 2012 Yes free books Yes Yes No Yes N / A Swaziland December 4 , 2012 December 4 , 2012 Yes No December 12 , 2012 Yes free books Yes Yes No Yes N / A Trinidad and Tobago December 4 , 2012 December 4 , 2012 Yes No December 12 , 2012 Yes free books Yes Yes No Yes N / A Turkey December 4 , 2012 December 4 , 2012 Yes No December 4 , 2012 Yes free books Yes Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 TRY Tajikistan December 4 , 2012 December 4 , 2012 Yes No December 12 , 2012 Yes free books Yes Yes No Yes N / A Turkmenistan December 4 , 2012 December 4 , 2012 Yes No December 12 , 2012 Yes free books Yes Yes No Yes N / A Uganda December 4 , 2012 December 4 , 2012 Yes No December 12 , 2012 Yes free books Yes Yes No Yes N / A Ukraine December 4 , 2012 December 4 , 2012 Yes No December 12 , 2012 Yes free books Yes Yes No Yes N / A United Arab Emirates December 4 , 2012 December 4 , 2012 Yes No December 12 , 2012 Yes free books Yes Yes No Yes N / A Uzbekistan December 4 , 2012 December 4 , 2012 Yes No No Yes free books Yes Yes No Yes N / A Zimbabwe December 4 , 2012 December 4 , 2012 Yes No December 12 , 2012 Yes free books Yes Yes No Yes N / A Albania No No June 21 , 2012 No No June 21 , 2012 free books No June 21 , 2012 No Yes N / A Algeria No No Yes No No Yes free books No Yes No Yes N / A Angola No No Yes No No Yes free books No Yes No Yes N / A Benin No No June 21 , 2012 No No June 21 , 2012 free books No June 21 , 2012 No Yes N / A Bhutan No No June 21 , 2012 No No June 21 , 2012 free books No June 21 , 2012 No Yes N / A Chad No No June 21 , 2012 No No June 21 , 2012 free books No June 21 , 2012 No No N / A China No No Yes No No Yes September 30 , 2015 No Yes No Yes N / A Republic of the Congo No No June 21 , 2012 No No June 21 , 2012 free books No June 21 , 2012 No No N / A Croatia No No Yes No No Yes free books No Yes No Yes N / A Guyana No No Yes No No Yes free books No Yes No Yes N / A Iceland No No Yes No No Yes free books No Yes No Yes N / A Jamaica No No Yes No No Yes free books No Yes No Yes N / A Korea , South No No Yes No No June 10 , 2008 free books No Yes No Yes N / A Kuwait No No Yes No No Yes free books No Yes No Yes N / A Liberia No No June 21 , 2012 No No June 21 , 2012 free books No June 21 , 2012 No No N / A Macedonia No No Yes No No Yes free books No Yes No Yes N / A Madagascar No No Yes No No Yes free books No Yes No No N / A Malawi No No June 21 , 2012 No No June 21 , 2012 free books No June 21 , 2012 No Yes N / A Mali No No Yes No No Yes free books No Yes No No N / A Mauritania No No June 21 , 2012 No No June 21 , 2012 free books No June 21 , 2012 No No N / A Montserrat No No Yes No No Yes free books No Yes No Yes N / A Pakistan No No Yes No No Yes free books No Yes No Yes N / A Palau No No June 21 , 2012 No No June 21 , 2012 free books No June 21 , 2012 No Yes N / A Saint Lucia No No Yes No No Yes free books No Yes No Yes N / A Saint Vincent and the Grenadines No No Yes No No Yes free books No Yes No Yes N / A São Tomé and Príncipe No No June 21 , 2012 No No June 21 , 2012 free books No June 21 , 2012 No Yes N / A Senegal No No Yes No No Yes free books No Yes No No N / A Seychelles No No June 21 , 2012 No No June 21 , 2012 free books No June 21 , 2012 No Yes N / A Sierra Leone No No June 21 , 2012 No No June 21 , 2012 free books No June 21 , 2012 No Yes N / A Solomon Islands No No June 21 , 2012 No No June 21 , 2012 free books No June 21 , 2012 No Yes N / A Suriname No No Yes No No Yes free books No Yes No Yes N / A Tanzania No No Yes No No Yes free books No Yes No Yes N / A Tunisia No No Yes No No Yes free books No Yes No Yes N / A Turks and Caicos Islands No No Yes No No Yes free books No Yes No Yes N / A Uruguay No No Yes No No Yes free books No Yes No Yes N / A Yemen No No Yes No No Yes free books No Yes No Yes N / A Country Music Music Videos Podcasts TV shows Movies Apps Books iTunes Match iTunes U iTunes Radio Affiliate program Price / song <Th_colspan="10"> Product type The countries where iTunes Store is available are shown in green . To buy files through the store , a user must install the proprietary digital media player iTunes to access the store . This software is available only for certain versions of the Macintosh or Windows operating systems . iTunes Store availability . Green : full functionality ( music , apps , videos , etc . ) Red : available , but with limitations ( only apps , iTunes U , etc . ) According to an Apple press release , the European iTunes Music Stores sold a combined total of 800,000 songs in one week , with 450,000 of those songs sold in the UK . The Italian , Portuguese , Dutch , Greek stores have been localized . On December 3 , 2004 the British Office of Fair Trading referred iTunes Music Store to the European Commission because it prevents consumers in one EU country from buying music from stores in other EU countries , in violation of EU free - trade legislation ; the immediate cause of the referral was because the € 0.99 price charged in the Eurozone equates to UK £ 0.68 in sterling , rather than the UK £ 0.79 actually charged there . iTunes Music Store in Japan had 1 million songs available at start . In the next four days the store had sold one million songs -- the pace faster than that of the US store . In addition to a long delay , Apple failed to have one set price for singles . Pundits speculated that this may have indicated the introduction of new price structure to the rest of the stores in future , in favor of record labels who would like to see higher prices for new songs . This extension to other countries was announced in January 2009 . The release of video - capable iPods also saw the store launch in Australia with music videos and short films by Pixar . iTunes Gift Cards ( as they are now known ) are now also available in many more stores such as JB Hi - Fi , David Jones , and the Woolworths chain of stores . Access was inadvertently given to some people in New Zealand , too . Failed negotiations with the Sony BMG label meant that none of that label 's artists were available at the time of launch ; they were later added on January 17 , 2006 . New Zealand users had briefly been able to buy from the Australian store when it first opened until that loophole was closed . On November 1 , 2006 , the store started offering a range of Latino content including television shows and music for its Hispanic American , Mexican and Puerto Rican clients . The Spanish used on the Mexican store has been modified to Mexican Spanish . As of the 2009 Macworld Conference & Expo , Apple had given no new information of the ( possible ; future ) inclusion and expansion of music videos , TV - shows and movies in other European countries . The stores of the UK , Germany and France currently remain the only European Stores with local and / or localized selections of TV - shows , movies and music videos . Payment options ( edit ) A user must also pay with an iTunes gift card or a credit card with a billing address in Australia , Austria , Belgium , Brunei , Bulgaria , Brazil , Cambodia , Canada , Colombia , the Czech Republic , Cyprus , Denmark , Estonia , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Hong Kong , Hungary , India , Indonesia , the Republic of Ireland , Italy , Japan , Laos , Latvia , Lithuania , Luxembourg , Macau , Malaysia , Malta , Mexico , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , Philippines , Poland , Portugal , Puerto Rico , Romania , Russia , Singapore , Slovakia , Slovenia , Spain , Sri Lanka , Sweden , Switzerland , Taiwan , Thailand , Turkey , United Kingdom , the United States or Vietnam . Apple also offers other payment methods ( like Paypal ) , which differ from country to country . Residents in other countries can only buy a gift card from a merchant or download free podcasts and previews . Digital rights management ( edit ) A fifth - generation iPod with earphones . The only portable devices licensed to play protected music from iTunes Store are iPods , the iPhone , the iPod Touch , the iPad and selected Motorola mobile phones , such as the ROKR . Main article : FairPlay iTunes Store uses Apple 's FairPlay digital rights management ( DRM ) technology . FairPlay is built into the MP4 multimedia file format as an encrypted AAC audio layer , and is used by the company to protect copyrighted works sold through the store , allowing only authorized devices to play the content . The restrictions imposed by FairPlay , mainly limited device compatibility , have sparked criticism , with a lawsuit alleging antitrust violation that was eventually closed in Apple 's favor , and various successful efforts to remove the DRM protection from files , with Apple continually updating its software to counteract such projects . In February 2007 , an open letter by Steve Jobs , Apple 's then - CEO , discussed the use of DRM on music , raising points about the future of the protection and announcing the company 's support for ending the use of DRM . Although the open letter initially caused mixed industry reactions , Apple signed a deal with a major record label the following month to offer iTunes customers a purchase option for a higher - quality , DRM - free version of the label 's tracks . In January 2009 , Apple signed deals with all major record labels as well as a large number of independent labels to offer all iTunes music in the DRM - free option . This does not apply to songs downloaded while using Apple Music , Apple 's subscription - based music streaming service . Promotions ( edit ) On Super Bowl Sunday , February 1 , 2004 , Apple launched a promotion with Pepsi in which they gave away 100 million songs , through tokens on selected soft drink bottle caps . Unfortunately for Apple , Pepsi failed to properly distribute the bottles to major metropolitan areas until only weeks before the promotion ended , despite a one - month extension of the deadline by Apple . The promotion was repeated beginning January 31 , 2005 , with 200 million songs available , and an iPod Mini given away every hour . On July 1 , 2004 , Apple announced that , starting with the sale of the 95 millionth song , an iPod would be given away to the buyer of each 100 thousandth song , for a total of 50 iPods . The buyer of the 100 millionth song would receive a PowerBook , iPod , and US $10,000 gift certificate to iTunes Music Store . Ten days later , on July 11 , Apple announced that 100 million songs had been sold through iTunes Music Store . The 100 millionth song was titled `` Somersault ( Dangermouse Remix ) '' by Zero 7 , purchased by Kevin Britten of Hays , Kansas . He then received a phone call from Apple CEO Steve Jobs , who offered his congratulations , as well as a 40 GB 3rd Generation iPod laser - engraved with a message of thanks . Inspired by Pepsi 's marketing success with iTunes giveaways , Coca - Cola partnered with 7 - Eleven to give away a free iTunes song with every 32 US fl oz ( 950 ml ) . Slurpee frozen beverage until July 31 , 2005 . Songs could be redeemed until August 31 , 2005 by entering a code printed on the Slurpee cup into iTunes Music Store application . Coca - Cola did this in spite of having its own music store , myCoke Music.com , that competed with iTunes Music Store in Europe . myCokeMusic.com ceased business on July 31 , 2006 . On July 5 , 2005 , Apple announced that they were counting down to half a billion songs . The buyer of every 100 thousandth song up to 500 million would receive an iPod Mini and a 50 - song gift card . The grand prize for the person who downloads the 500 millionth song was 10 iPods of their choice , a 10,000 - song gift card , 10 50 - song gift cards or 4 tickets to the Coldplay world tour . Twelve days later , on July 17 , Apple announced that 500 million songs had been sold through iTunes Music Store . The 500 millionth song , purchased by Amy Greer of Lafayette , Indiana , was `` Mississippi Girl '' by Faith Hill . On July 28 , 2005 , Apple and The Gap announced a promotion to award iTunes music downloads to Gap customers who tried on a pair of Gap jeans . From August 8 to 31 , 2005 , each customer who tried on any pair of Gap jeans could receive a free download for a song of their choice from iTunes Music Store . On February 7 , 2006 , Apple announced that they were counting down to the billionth song download and began a promotion similar to the previous 100 million and 500 million countdown . Whoever downloaded the billionth song would receive a 20 '' iMac , ten 60 GB iPods , and a US $10,000 iTunes Music Card . The billionth song was purchased on February 23 , 2006 by Alex Ostrovsky of West Bloomfield , Michigan . The purchased song was `` Speed of Sound '' as part of Coldplay 's X&Y album . On July 25 , 2006 , Facebook and iTunes began offering a promotion where members of the Apple Students group would receive a free 25 song sampler each week until September 30 in various music genres . The idea behind the promotion was to get students more familiar and enthusiastic with each service as Autumn classes approached . However , in order to prevent abuse of the promotion , the weekly code that Facebook provided stopped working after it was redeemed one million times . In addition , the promotion caused discontent among international students , as the code was only valid in the US iTunes Music Store . On April 10 , 2009 , Apple announced that it will be counting down to the billionth app . Apps being the applications for iPod Touch and iPhone . Launching a counter that is constantly running on Good Friday , Apple starting counting down . Connor Mulcahey , age 13 of Weston , CT , downloaded the billionth app , `` Bump '' by Bump Technologies , and received a 17 '' Macbook Pro , a 32GB iPod Touch , a Time Capsule , and a $10,000 Gift Card for iTunes Store . On February 11 , 2010 , Apple announced that it would be counting down to 10 billion songs downloaded . A $10,000 gift card was offered as a prize . On February 24 , 2010 , the 10 billionth song , `` Guess Things Happen That Way '' by Johnny Cash , was purchased by Louie Sulcer of Woodstock , Georgia . Other platforms ( edit ) Currently , iTunes is supported on the macOS ( Leopard and above ) and Microsoft Windows operating systems . iTunes was known to run passably well in Linux on x86 - based computers using the Wine compatibility layer ; however , by December 2011 , this was no longer the case . Users without iTunes installed can see a content database ( but not hear or view the content itself ) using the iTunes Preview service , which runs inside their internet browser . This service also allows users to watch trailers for upcoming film releases . Should they choose to purchase any media , they will be redirected to iTunes . Technical details ( edit ) Store pages are delivered using standard HTML with a special header . This change was made when iTunes 9.0 was released . iTunes uses WebKit to render these pages on the screen . These pages are also accessible on the Web , at itunes.apple.com , allowing pages from iTunes Store to show up in search engine search results . Prior to iTunes 9.0 , iTunes Store was delivered using a custom XML format that describes the position of all of the elements , boxes , album art and all of their properties -- including whether a reference link can be dragged out of iTunes and into another document . The store 's back - end software uses WebObjects -- Apple 's own application server it acquired from NeXT . Content is uploaded to iTunes data store using an internal Apple program called iTunes Producer , which automatically encodes and adds metadata to uploaded files . Legal disputes ( edit ) Main article : Apple Inc. litigation Apple Records ( edit ) Main article : Apple Corps v. Apple Computer For three years , The Beatles ' record company Apple Records were in a legal dispute , Apple Corps v Apple Computer , with Apple Computer over the name `` Apple . '' On May 8 , 2006 , a ruling was declared in favor of Apple Computer , but Apple Records said it would appeal the ruling . Despite this , plans were announced by Neil Aspinall in April 2006 to remaster completely and release the entire Beatles catalog on an unspecified online music service , as well as release some previously unheard work by the band . No date was set at that time . It has also been reported that the Beatles ' music catalog might initially be appearing on iTunes only , as Apple is reported to be negotiating with Britain 's EMI group over an online distribution deal that might be exclusive for a limited time . During his January 9 , 2007 Macworld Keynote address , Apple CEO Steve Jobs used the band 's song `` Lovely Rita '' to introduce the music - playing capabilities of the company 's new iPhone . This was regarded by industry observers as further evidence that the Beatles catalog would be introduced to iTunes Music Store catalog in the near future . On February 5 , 2007 , Apple Corps and Apple Inc. announced they had reached a settlement in their legal dispute . In a related development , Apple announced on August 14 , 2007 that the entire solo catalog of John Lennon would be available on iTunes . The solo catalogs of the other three Beatles , Paul McCartney , Ringo Starr , and George Harrison , are also available on iTunes . On November 16 , 2010 , the entire Beatles catalog was officially made available on iTunes Store . The consumer Council of Norway EULA challenge ( edit ) On June 6 , 2006 , The Consumer Ombudsmen in Norway , Sweden and Denmark launched a common open letter to Apple regarding the EULA of iTunes through the Norwegian Consumer Ombudsman Bjørn Erik Thon . The iTunes case is based upon an official complaint filed by The Consumer Council of Norway on January 25 , 2006 . The main allegations were that : The EULA is unbalanced to disfavor the customer . Scandinavian law requires any written agreement to favor both parties . The weak party also enjoys protection from exploitation according to Norwegian consumer laws . iTunes Store 's use of Digital rights management limits the number of devices purchased songs can be played on . iTunes ' contract entitles the company to at any time change the terms of the contract without notice , including the selection of players or software that must be used for iTunes files , and also the number of times a customer can change or copy already purchased files . The EULA is both vague and hard to understand for the customers . The EULA states that the legal relationship between the company and customers is regulated by English contract law . It is unreasonable to expect Norwegian consumers to have comprehensive knowledge of English law . Products marketed to Norwegian consumers in Norway are subject to Norwegian law -- a right that can not be waived by a clause in a company 's standard customer contract . The EULA removes iTunes ' responsibility regarding damage to the consumer 's computer caused by software errors even though responsibility can not be waived in Scandinavian Law . Apple responded July 31 , 2006 . On January 22 , 2007 , German and French consumer groups joined forces with Norway and Finland . Their goal is to create a united European front against iTunes ( Germany and France have each had their own negotiation process with iTunes ) . According to the press statement Apple is in favor of this . The key points in the negotiations were : Interoperability : the consumer should have the right and ability to play his or her music on any device of his or her own choice . Change of conditions : iTunes must revoke their right to change the terms and conditions ( EULA ) at any time without the consent of the consumer . Liability : iTunes should change its clause limiting its liability to recover consumer damages if they are caused by content sold by iTunes . Applicable Law : Consumers entering into a contract with iTunes should be able to rely on the consumer protection rules according to the law of the country in which they live . EU antitrust case ( edit ) In 2004 , Which ? magazine complained to the European Commission about the higher prices in the UK for the same songs sold in other parts of the European Union : typically € 0.99 in the rest of the EU and £. 79 in the UK . In 2008 , the Commission withdrew its investigation after Apple agreed to end the price disparity . Content disputes ( edit ) Universal Music Group ( edit ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( August 2010 ) On July 1 , 2007 , the New York Times reported that Universal ( currently the world 's largest music corporation ) would not renew its annual contract to sell music through iTunes . Instead , Universal said that it would market music to Apple at will , allowing it to remove its songs from the iTunes service on short notice if the two sides did not agree on pricing or other terms . On August 9 , 2007 , UMG announced a plan to sell some songs in MP3 format , without Digital rights management , through a variety of online services such as Amazon Music and the newly created gBox . While these tracks continue to be available through iTunes Store , Universal chose to license these songs in DRM - free formats only through other services . NBC Universal TV series ( edit ) On August 31 , 2007 , Apple announced that programs on NBC 's 2007 -- 08 television schedule would not be available on iTunes . NBC had informed Apple the previous day that it would not be renewing its contract . It was later clarified that this change only applied to series produced by NBC Universal - owned Universal Media Studios , including Universal - produced shows on other networks such as House . NBC programs produced by other studios , such as Chuck ( Warner Bros . ) and Journeyman ( 20th Century Fox ) , would remain available on iTunes . Apple has publicly asserted that NBC would only renew their contract if Apple agreed to a price increase of US $4.99 per episode , which they did not . NBC disputes that claim , claiming that Apple balked at NBC 's request to package shows together and make wholesale pricing more flexible . NBC claims that they never asked to double the wholesale price and insisted that their shows would be sold by iTunes Store through early December . Other networks who sell their shows via iTunes did not follow suit . On December 1 , 2007 , NBC shows were pulled from iTunes Store . On September 9 , 2008 , Apple and NBC Universal announced that NBC 's TV shows were once again available on the US iTunes Store . The UK iTunes Store has many shows from NBC available , although they are distributed by Universal Studios . The pricing for these seasons are higher than they were on the US store , an example being , Season 3 of The Office is priced at UK £ 43.47 ( roughly US $72 ) vs. $52.99 ( US Store HD ) . See also ( edit ) iTunes Apple Music iTunes Festival Apple Inc . Apple TV iBookstore Comparison of online music stores References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Apple Unveils New iTunes '' . Apple . September 12 , 2012 . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` iTunes Store Top Music Retailer in the USA '' . Apple Inc . April 3 , 2008 . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Apple 's iTunes serves up 10 - billionth song download '' . Apple . February 2010 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2011 . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Apple Keynote Jump up ^ Daniel Eran Dilger ( April 21 , 2011 ) . `` iTunes Store quietly generates record revenues of $1.4 billion '' . Apple Insider . AppleInsider . 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Jump up ^ Cohen , Peter ( January 6 , 2009 ) . `` iTunes Store goes DRM - free '' . Macworld . International Data Group . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Serenity ; Keller , Joseph ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Music will now let you store your music library DRM - free '' . iMore . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Arthur ( June 22 , 2006 ) . `` Who benefits from the death of mycokemusic.com ? '' . Guardian Unlimited . London . Retrieved February 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jeans and Music -- The Perfect Fit at Gap this Fall '' . Gap Inc . July 28 , 2005 . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2005 . Retrieved February 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Jacqui ( July 25 , 2006 ) . `` Infinite Loop : Apple and Facebook partner up for back to school iTunes promo '' . Ars Technica . Jump up ^ `` Help iTunes reach 10 billion song downloads , and you could win a $10,000 iTunes Gift Card '' . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wine Application DB -- Viewing App -- iTunes '' . winehq.org . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2004 . Retrieved May 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes 9 , now with more WebKit '' . Will Norris . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beatles Catalog To Be Remastered , Offered Online '' . World Entertainment News Network . Starpulse . November 11 , 2006 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2006 . Retrieved December 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Arungo , Tim ( November 27 , 2006 ) . `` Beatles : only on iPod ? '' . Fortune . Retrieved December 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Apple teases fans with `` Lovely Rita '' -- but no Beatles on iTunes `` . International Herald Tribune . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Inc. and The Beatles ' Apple Corps Ltd . Enter into New Agreement '' ( Press release ) . Apple Inc . February 5 , 2007 . Retrieved February 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` John Lennon Solo Catalog Debuts on iTunes Store '' ( Press release ) . Apple Inc . August 14 , 2007 . Retrieved August 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ iTunes violates Norwegian law , Homepage Forbrukerombudet Norway Jump up ^ `` iTunes ' questionable terms and conditions '' . Forbrukerportalen . January 25 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2007 . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Apple response , Simonsen Advokatfirma DA ( PDF ) Jump up ^ European consumer organisations join forces in legal dispute over iTunes Music Store . CNN . Retrieved on January 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ European drive against iTunes builds support . Homepage Forbrukerombudet Norway ^ Jump up to : `` Apple cuts UK iTunes prices '' . The Register . January 9 , 2008 . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Universal in Dispute With Apple Over iTunes '' . The New York Times . July 2 , 2007 . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aughton , Simon ( August 13 , 2007 ) . `` gBox -- Not Google -- has DRM - free Universal deal '' . PC Pro . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved August 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes Store To Stop Selling NBC Television Shows '' . Apple Inc . August 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( August 31 , 2007 ) . `` NBC Will Not Renew ITunes Contract '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ New Episodes of Fox 's House Wo n't Be on iTunes , Broadcasting & Cable , October 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( August 31 , 2007 ) . `` iTunes drops NBC 's new fall shows '' . Variety . Retrieved September 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` NBCU 's Response : Never Asked To Double Price ; Shows Will Be On iTunes Through Early December '' . August 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Michelle Quinn ( September 9 , 2008 ) . `` Apple revamps the iPod Nano , promises iPhone fixes '' . Los Angeles Times . 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1. iTunes Store features and restrictions
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3. Music, TV shows, and movies on iTunes Store
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the itcz was also called the doldrums by early sailors. suggest why it was given this name
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Intertropical convergence zone - wikipedia Intertropical convergence zone The thunderstorms of the Intertropical Convergence Zone form a line across the eastern Pacific Ocean Infrared image from GOES 14 showing the Intertropical Convergence Zone . Vertical air velocity at 500 hPa , July average . Ascent ( negative values ) is concentrated close to the solar equator ; descent ( positive values ) is more diffuse The Intertropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ ) , known by sailors as the doldrums , is the area encircling Earth near the Equator , where the northeast and southeast trade winds converge . The ITCZ was originally identified from the 1920s to the 1940s as the `` Intertropical Front '' ( `` ITF '' ) , but after the recognition in the 1940s and 1950s of the significance of wind field convergence in tropical weather production , the term ITCZ was then applied . When it lies near the Equator , it is called the near - equatorial trough . Where the ITCZ is drawn into and merges with a monsoonal circulation , it is sometimes referred to as a monsoon trough , a usage more common in Australia and parts of Asia . In the seamen 's speech , the zone is referred to as the doldrums because of its erratic ( monotonous ) weather patterns with stagnant calms and violent thunderstorms . The ITCZ appears as a band of clouds , usually thunderstorms , that encircle the globe near the Equator . In the Northern Hemisphere , the trade winds move in a southwestward direction from the northeast , while in the Southern Hemisphere , they move northwestward from the southeast . When the ITCZ is positioned north or south of the Equator , these directions change according to the Coriolis effect imparted by Earth 's rotation . For instance , when the ITCZ is situated north of the Equator , the southeast trade wind changes to a southwest wind as it crosses the Equator . The ITCZ is formed by vertical motion largely appearing as convective activity of thunderstorms driven by solar heating , which effectively draw air in ; these are the trade winds . The ITCZ is effectively a tracer of the ascending branch of the Hadley cell and is wet . The dry descending branch is the horse latitudes . The location of the ITCZ gradually varies with the seasons , roughly corresponding with the location of the thermal equator . As the heat capacity of the oceans is greater than air over land , migration is more prominent over land . Over the oceans , where the convergence zone is better defined , the seasonal cycle is more subtle , as the convection is constrained by the distribution of ocean temperatures . Sometimes , a double ITCZ forms , with one located north and another south of the Equator , one of which is usually stronger than the other . When this occurs , a narrow ridge of high pressure forms between the two convergence zones . Contents ( hide ) 1 South Pacific convergence zone 2 Effects on weather 3 Role in tropical cyclone formation 4 Hazards 5 See also 6 Notes 7 External links South Pacific convergence zone ( edit ) The South Pacific convergence zone ( SPCZ ) is a reverse - oriented , or west - northwest to east - southeast aligned , trough extending from the west Pacific warm pool southeastwards towards French Polynesia . It lies just south of the equator during the Southern Hemisphere warm season , but can be more extratropical in nature , especially east of the International Date Line . It is considered the largest and most important piece of the ITCZ , and has the least dependence upon heating from a nearby land mass during the summer than any other portion of the monsoon trough . The southern ITCZ in the southeast Pacific and southern Atlantic , known as the SITCZ , occurs during the Southern Hemisphere fall between 3 ° and 10 ° south of the equator east of the 140th meridian west longitude during cool or neutral El Niño -- Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) patterns . When ENSO reaches its warm phase , otherwise known as El Niño , the tongue of lowered sea surface temperatures due to upwelling off the South American continent disappears , which causes this convergence zone to vanish as well . Effects on weather ( edit ) The ITCZ moves further away from the equator during the Northern summer than the Southern one due to the North - heavy arrangement of the continents . Variation in the location of the intertropical convergence zone drastically affects rainfall in many equatorial nations , resulting in the wet and dry seasons of the tropics rather than the cold and warm seasons of higher latitudes . Longer term changes in the intertropical convergence zone can result in severe droughts or flooding in nearby areas . In some cases , the ITCZ may become narrow , especially when it moves away from the equator ; the ITCZ can then be interpreted as a front along the leading edge of the equatorial air . There appears to be a 15 - to 25 - day cycle in thunderstorm activity along the ITCZ , which is roughly half the wavelength of the Madden -- Julian oscillation ( MJO ) . Within the ITCZ the average winds are slight , unlike the zones north and south of the equator where the trade winds feed . Early sailors named this belt of calm the doldrums because of the inactivity and stagnation they found themselves in after days of no wind . To find oneself becalmed in this region in a hot and muggy climate could mean death in an era when wind was the only effective way to propel ships across the ocean . Even today leisure and competitive sailors attempt to cross the zone as quickly as possible as the erratic weather and wind patterns may cause unexpected delays . Role in tropical Cyclone formation ( edit ) Tropical cyclones over the West Atlantic , Central America and East Pacific ( see also Hurricane ) Tropical cyclogenesis depends upon low - level vorticity as one of its six requirements , and the ITCZ fills this role as it is a zone of wind change and speed , otherwise known as horizontal wind shear . As the ITCZ migrates more than 500 kilometres ( 300 mi ) from the equator during the respective hemisphere 's summer season , increasing Coriolis force makes the formation of tropical cyclones within this zone more possible . Surges of higher pressure from high latitudes can enhance tropical disturbances along its axis . In the north Atlantic and the northeastern Pacific oceans , tropical waves move along the axis of the ITCZ causing an increase in thunderstorm activity , and under weak vertical wind shear , these clusters of thunderstorms can become tropical cyclones . Hazards ( edit ) Thunderstorms along the Intertropical Convergence Zone played a role in the loss of Air France Flight 447 , which left Rio de Janeiro -- Galeão International Airport on Sunday , May 31 , 2009 , at about 7 : 00 p.m. local time ( 6 : 00 p.m. EDT or 10 : 00 p.m. UTC ) and had been expected to land at Charles de Gaulle Airport near Paris on Monday , June 1 , 2009 , at 11 : 15 a.m. ( 5 : 15 a.m. EDT or 9 : 15 a.m. UTC ) The aircraft crashed with no survivors while flying through a series of large ITCZ thunderstorms , and ice forming rapidly on airspeed sensors was the precipitating cause for a cascade of human errors which ultimately doomed the flight . Most aircraft flying these routes are able to avoid the larger convective cells without incident . See also ( edit ) Earth sciences portal Weather portal Asymmetry of the Intertropical Convergence Zone List of countries located on the equator Doldrums Chemical equator Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Barry , Roger Graham ; Chorley , Richard J. ( 1992 ) . Atmosphere , weather , and climate . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 07760 - 6 . OCLC 249331900 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone '' . JetStream - Online School for Weather . NOAA. 2007 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Inter Tropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ ) - SKYbrary Aviation Safety '' . www.skybrary.aero . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ E. Linacre and B. Geerts . Movement of the South Pacific convergence zone Retrieved on 2006 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Semyon A. Grodsky ; James A. Carton ( 2003 - 02 - 15 ) . `` The Intertropical Convergence Zone in the South Atlantic and the Equatorial Cold Tongue '' ( PDF ) . University of Maryland , College Park . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Djurić , D: Weather Analysis . Prentice Hall , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 501149 - 3 . Jump up ^ Patrick A. Harr . Tropical Cyclone Formation / Structure / Motion Studies . Office of Naval Research Retrieved on 2006 - 11 - 26 . Archived November 29 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ C. - P. Chang , J.E. Erickson , and K.M. Lau . Northeasterly Cold Surges and Near - Equatorial Disturbances over the Winter MONEX Area during December 1974 . Part I : Synoptic Aspects . Retrieved on 2007 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Q & A Turbulences '' 1. June. 2009 The Guardian External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Intertropical Convergence Zone . The ITCZ in Africa via the University of South Carolina A Shifting Band of Rain from March 2011 Scientific American Duane E. Waliser and Catherine Gautier , 1993 : A Satellite - derived Climatology of the ITCZ. J. Climate , 6 , 2162 -- 2174 . GND : 4261941 - 5 VIAF : 239556442 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intertropical_Convergence_Zone&oldid=836916874 '' Categories : Tropical meteorology Atmospheric dynamics Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Papiamentu Polski Português Русский Seeltersk Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 16 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
2. Weather patterns near the Equator
3. Trade winds and wind convergence
4. Thunderstorms and convective activity
5. Impact on tropical cyclone formation
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-4,763,933,452,413,009,000 |
who plays maura's mother on rizzoli & isles
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Rizzoli & Isles - Wikipedia Rizzoli & Isles Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Rizzoli & Isles <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Police procedural crime drama Based on Rizzoli & Isles novel series by Tess Gerritsen Developed by Janet Tamaro Starring Angie Harmon Sasha Alexander Lee Thompson Young Jordan Bridges Bruce McGill Lorraine Bracco Brian Goodman Idara Victor Adam Sinclair Composer ( s ) James S. Levine Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 105 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Bill Haber Janet Tamaro Michael M. Robin Joel Fields Michael Zinberg Jan Nash Ken Hanes Antoinette Stella Michael Sardo Charles Grant Craig Julie Hebert Jeff Hayes Location ( s ) Los Angeles Running time 45 -- 55 minutes Production company ( s ) Hurdler Productions Ostar Entertainment Warner Horizon Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network TNT Picture format 16 : 9 480i ( SDTV ) 720p ( HDTV ) Original release July 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 12 ) -- September 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 05 ) <Th_colspan="2"> External links Website www.tntdrama.com/shows/rizzoli-isles.html Rizzoli & Isles is a TNT television series starring Angie Harmon as police detective Jane Rizzoli and Sasha Alexander as medical examiner Dr. Maura Isles . The one - hour drama is based on the Rizzoli & Isles series of novels by Tess Gerritsen . It premiered on July 12 , 2010 , and aired 105 episodes in seven seasons , concluding on September 5 , 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Production 3 Cast and characters 3.1 Main characters 3.2 Recurring cast and characters 4 Broadcast 5 Reception 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 7.1 Works cited 8 External links Premise ( edit ) Further information : List of Rizzoli & Isles episodes The series ' backstory is inspired by the Maura Isles / Jane Rizzoli series of novels by Tess Gerritsen . Rizzoli appears in the series ' first novel , The Surgeon , and Isles is introduced in the second , The Apprentice , which serves as the basis for the television series . Boston detective Jane Rizzoli has been investigating a serial killer named Charles Hoyt . Hoyt , who was banned from medical school for fondling a corpse , used his vast medical knowledge to systematically torture and kill people , usually choosing couples so that he could induce the most fear in his victims . Jane ascertains Hoyt 's location , but as she is searching for him , she is hit in the back of the head and knocked unconscious . She is pinned to the floor by scalpels and awakes as Hoyt prepares to cut her throat , but Vince Korsak , Jane 's partner , locates her and shoots Hoyt , saving her life . Jane , reasoning that Korsak would never trust her as his partner after seeing her so vulnerable , applies for a new partner . The series pilot , `` See One . Do One . Teach One '' , is largely based on the novel The Apprentice . Jane and medical examiner Maura Isles investigate a killer with Hoyt 's modus operandi plus an interest in necrophilia . Jane and Maura discover that the copycat was John Stark ( Brendan McCarthy ) , a soldier who met Hoyt in medical school , had his identity erased for CIA black operations , and mimicked Hoyt 's MO in a killing spree during said operations . Meanwhile , Hoyt escapes from prison and rejoins his apprentice to continue in his killing . Later , Jane 's home is broken into , and she is told by someone posing as part of BPD that her neighbor had been killed ; she rushes into the van to see the body but finds Hoyt instead . Hoyt and his apprentice knock her out and kidnap her . When she wakes up they attempt to kill her , but she manages to disarm them by Tasing them and burning Hoyt 's eye with a flare . In self - defense , she shoots the apprentice to death , and , when Hoyt reaches for her gun , she shoots him through the hands , giving him injuries similar to the ones he gave her . New twists are introduced when Jane and Maura discover that a recent murder victim is actually Maura 's previously unknown half - brother , resulting in her discovery that her father is notorious criminal Patrick Doyle . Hoyt returns 18 months later through another apprentice , Lola , in `` I 'm Your Boogie Man '' . Having murdered Lola 's abusive husband two years earlier , Hoyt uses her Stockholm syndrome to his advantage and uses her to stalk Jane . Lola seduces and captures Frankie Rizzoli before tying Jane up . She plans to kidnap Jane until Hoyt can escape from prison , but Jane manages to distract Lola long enough for Frankie to kill Lola with her own revolver . Hoyt returns again when he arranges for another inmate to be stabbed while he is dying of cancer , luring Jane into the prison so that he can taunt her about another unsolved murder he committed . While speaking to Jane in the prison infirmary , Hoyt tells her to look at what he is reading -- Tess Gerritsen 's novel The Silent Girl . Although she manages to find the bodies of his victims -- the family of an old college professor of Hoyt 's who was unaware of his expulsion -- Hoyt , aided by a third apprentice , manages to capture Jane and Maura , only to have Jane beat Hoyt and then stab him when he and his apprentice try to kill Maura . Production ( edit ) The untitled project was on TNT 's development slate as early as March 2008 . In October 2009 , TNT placed a cast - contingent pilot order under the original title , Rizzoli . The pilot script was written by Janet Tamaro . Angie Harmon was the first actress cast , taking the title role of police detective Jane Rizzoli . Sasha Alexander won the role of medical examiner Dr. Maura Isles after auditioning with Harmon . Bruce McGill signed as Rizzoli 's former partner , Sgt . Vince Korsak. Lee Thompson Young was cast as her new partner , Barry Frost . The role of Rizzoli 's younger brother Frankie was filled by Jordan Bridges . Lorraine Bracco signed on as Rizzoli 's mother , Angela . In early 2010 , Billy Burke was announced as FBI agent Gabriel Dean . In late January 2010 , TNT green - lighted the pilot to series with the new title Rizzoli & Isles . Ten episodes were ordered and the show premiered on July 12 , 2010 . The series is produced on the Paramount Pictures lot in Hollywood , California . Owing to a sponsorship deal between MillerCoors and Turner Broadcasting for the summer 2010 season , the series included product placement for MGD 64 , including billboards in the backgrounds of some scenes . The first season was additionally sponsored by Vonage . After having aired three episodes in 2010 , the series was renewed for a second season , which aired from July 11 to December 26 , 2011 . In August 2011 , TNT ordered a third season , which aired from June 5 through December 25 , 2012 . On June 29 , 2012 , TNT ordered a fourth season , which aired from June 25 , 2013 , through March 18 , 2014 . On December 9 , 2014 , TNT renewed Rizzoli & Isles for an 18 - episode sixth season . In August 2013 , production on the fourth season was suspended when cast member Lee Thompson Young was found dead at his Los Angeles apartment from a self - inflicted gunshot wound . In the second half of the fifth season , a new character , crime scene analyst Nina Holiday , played by Idara Victor , was introduced . Series executive producer Jan Nash stated that Nina would not replace Young 's character , Frost , but is her own character . Instead , the existing characters were given `` new dynamics '' , according to Nash . For example , Jane and Korsak work more cases together , and Frankie is more involved and has more access . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main characters ( edit ) Jane Clementine Rizzoli ( Angie Harmon ) : a Boston detective in the Homicide Unit . From an Italian American family , Jane is brash , sarcastic , and often prickly but also a confident and independent woman as well as a brilliant detective . She is the tomboy daughter of an overprotective mother . She is extremely competitive , especially with her younger brother , Frankie ( also a cop ) , who is often caught in her shadow . Jane can tackle a perp like a linebacker . She rarely lets her guard down with anyone , except her best friend , Maura Isles . She is something of a slob ; her apartment has been shown on several occasions to be quite messy , and in one episode she claimed to have just opened a box of cereal five years after originally buying it . As a child , she was slightly chubby , earning her the nickname `` Roly - Poly Rizzoli '' . She mentioned in one episode that she played field hockey as an attacker in junior college . She is the eldest Rizzoli sibling , and graduated from high school in 1994 , which puts Jane 's birth year at 1976 . She is hopeless with men and allergic to dogs , but she winds up taking in Jo Friday , a stray dog rescued by her former partner , Korsak . Raised in the blue - collar Boston suburb of Revere , Jane has fought long and hard to win the respect of her colleagues , but it is her relationship with her equally stubborn mother , Angela Rizzoli , that sometimes proves to be her biggest headache . During her time on the force , she had a traumatic experience at the hands of a serial killer known as `` The Surgeon '' , Charles Hoyt . While trying to rescue one of his victims , she was taken by surprise from behind and almost became a victim herself . She has matching scars in the center of her palms where Hoyt stabbed her with scalpels , keeping her pinned to the ground . Her original partner , Vince Korsak , saved her life , and Jane survived the brutal , near - death attack by Hoyt . Although she put Hoyt behind bars , she is still haunted by him . She learned that she was pregnant at the end of season four , owing to a liaison with her old boyfriend Casey , but lost the baby midway through the fifth season when she was attacked while protecting a key witness in a case . In the final season , Jane takes a new job as an instructor at the FBI Academy in Quantico , Virginia , and works her final case with the Boston PD in the series finale , `` Ocean - Frank '' . Dr. Maura Dorothea Isles ( Sasha Alexander ) : the Commonwealth of Massachusetts ' Chief Medical Examiner . Isles is a forensic expert working at the Boston Police Department . She is Jane 's best friend . Maura is a walking encyclopedia , able to spout out facts regardless of whether or not they are relevant to a case . She has a pet tortoise named Bass , after noted forensic anthropologist William M. Bass . Maura is not easily ruffled and has a steady temperament . She absolutely loves examining dead bodies , but she has a tendency to diagnose living people a little too often . She is the adopted only child of a wealthy family . In high school , she was nicknamed `` Maura - The - Bore - A '' because her classmates thought she was boring . She is always impeccably dressed and is known around the force as `` Queen of the Dead '' ; her ring tone on Jane 's phone appropriately plays Chopin 's `` Funeral March '' . Maura is the complete opposite of Jane , though they are best friends ; Rizzoli is more of a tomboy , while Maura always looks like she is going to a fashion shoot rather than to the morgue or a crime scene . Though Maura is socially awkward and has trouble with men because of her brutal honesty and habit of revealing all their medical conditions , she is not awkward around Jane . She can analyze x-rays and blood chemistries and can slice open muscles and organs but possesses no scalpel with which to dissect human emotions . Maura also can not lie ; if she does , she breaks out in hives . It is later revealed that her biological father is an Irish crime boss named Paddy Doyle , something she finds out while investigating her half - brother 's death . She finds out in the episode `` What Does n't Kill You '' ( 3.1 ) that her father told her biological mother that she died on the day she was born , August 7 , 1976 . She subsequently visited a cemetery containing a gravestone with the name `` Baby Maura Doyle '' on it . In the series finale , `` Ocean - Frank '' , Maura takes a sabbatical from the ME 's office to go to Paris , France , and work on her novel . Angela Rizzoli ( Lorraine Bracco ) : Jane , Frankie and Tommy 's overbearing mother . Angela is fiercely protective of her children , saying she has not slept since Jane decided to become a cop . Angela wishes Jane could be a little more feminine and is constantly trying to set her up on dates . After her divorce , she spent some time working in the precinct 's café , and dated Lieutenant Cavanagh , but she quit the job and broke up with Cavanagh when she decided that she needed to re-evaluate her life . She currently works at the bar that Vince Korsak bought and that they all frequent . Vincent `` Vince '' Walter Korsak ( Bruce McGill ) : Rizzoli 's former partner . The two maintain a close bond after years of working together , but Korsak is clearly bothered that he is no longer partnered with Jane . He seems to care for her like a daughter and is nearly as protective of her as Angela is . It is revealed in the series pilot that he saved her life from Hoyt . He will drop whatever he is doing on a moment 's notice to rescue an animal , and enjoys watching videos of dogs on the Internet . After remaining a detective for nearly his entire career , Korsak was finally promoted to sergeant - detective in season two , and took the lieutenant 's exam in season five . In preparing for retirement , Vince bought the local bar that they all frequent , the Dirty Robber , and employed Angela . He was a US Marine and served during the Vietnam War . Korsak has been divorced 3 times , despite the jokes that he is behind the times he is very wise and observant . He also has several hobbies including playing guitar and sailing , Maura has even once before asked him for his expertise on seaman knots and skills . In the series finale , `` Ocean - Frank '' , Korsak retires from the Boston PD after a thirty - two year career . Barold `` Barry '' Frost ( Lee Thompson Young ) ( Seasons 1 - 4 ) : Rizzoli 's second partner . A whiz when it comes to computers and technology , he is terrified of dead bodies and becomes ill at the sight of blood . He is very protective of Jane and stands by her like a loyal , tough partner . In the season five premiere , he is killed in a car accident while returning from vacation . In the season five finale , the team establish the Barry Frost Memorial Scholarship , intended for students who are academically gifted and seek to go into professions that would help others but lack the resources to do so . Francesco `` Frankie '' Rizzoli , Jr . ( Jordan Bridges ) : Jane 's brother and police officer . He looks up to Jane , but does not like feeling caught in her shadow , especially as he tries to make his own way on the police force . Like all the men in Jane 's life , Frankie is more protective of Jane than she would like . He is a cop against his mother 's wishes , and sees his sister as a role model . In season four , Frankie is promoted to detective and starts taking night classes in computer science in season five to increase his skill set in Frost 's absence . In season seven , he begins a romantic relationship with Nina and eventually successfully proposes to her . Sean Cavanaugh ( Brian Goodman ) ( Seasons 3 - 4 , main ; 1 - 2 , 5 , recurring ) : the lieutenant of the Boston PD 's Homicide Unit . Fiercely loyal to Jane and an old friend of Korsak , Sean is willing to bend the rules for his guys . It is later discovered that Sean lost his wife and son in a fire ( set by Paddy Doyle ) back when he and Korsak were rookies . Nina Holiday ( Idara Victor ) ( Seasons 6 - 7 , main ; 5 , recurring ) : a crime scene analyst and computer technician . Formerly a detective , Holiday transferred to Boston Homicide in order to hone her analytical skills in an office - based environment . Following her being shot in the sixth - season finale , Frankie Rizzoli begins a romantic relationship with her and later successfully proposes to her in the seventh . Dr. Kent Drake ( Adam Sinclair ) ( Season 7 , main ; 6 , recurring ) : a lab technician , and Maura 's new assistant starting in the sixth season . In the series finale , `` Ocean - Frank '' , Kent is set to oversee the Commonwealth of Massachusetts ' Medical Examiner 's Office during Maura 's sabbatical . Recurring cast and characters ( edit ) Annabeth Gish as Alice Sands . Alice was born into a distinguished law enforcement family , but she dropped out of the police academy while Jane was enrolled . Alice was second in her class behind Jane , after having been the best at everything prior to then . This created her dangerous fixation on Jane , which led to Alice inserting herself into a circle of tunnel residents and having them do her bidding . Following a shootout at Korsak 's wedding reception , Jane seems to make a personal vendetta against Alice . Jane ultimately corners Alice , who has taken a teenager hostage , and shoots her dead . This leaves her team to wonder if Jane shot her in the line of duty or an act of vengeance . Tina Huang as Susie Chang , the senior criminalist of the Boston Police Department 's crime laboratory . She has described herself as having a very physical memory ; when circumstances required her to take point in an investigation , she made various dioramas to explain her reasoning . In the third - season episode `` Class Action Satisfaction '' , she is revealed to be a nudist . She was killed in the sixth - season episode `` Misconduct '' as part of a complex plan to frame the forensics department for poor handling of a recent case , but the subsequent investigation exposed the killer 's true agenda . Donnie Wahlberg as Lieutenant Joe Grant , an old rival of Jane 's who has known her since childhood . He constantly made fun of her , calling her `` Frog - Face '' and `` Roly - Poly Rizzoli '' because she was slightly chubby when she was younger . When he leaves for Washington , DC after being appointed as the liaison between Boston and Homeland Security , he claims that he had liked her for a very long time . John Doman as Patrick `` Paddy '' Doyle , an Irish - American crime boss and biological father and protector of Maura Isles . Paddy claimed Maura had died as a baby and made sure she was adopted . Jacqueline Bisset as Constance Isles , a visual artist and the adoptive mother of Dr. Maura Isles . She loves Maura but is sorry that they do n't have a close relationship . Colin Egglesfield as Thomas `` Tommy '' Rizzoli : the youngest brother of Jane and Frankie ; he is the youngest of the Rizzoli kids , arrested for running a priest over at a crosswalk on his third DUI violation . He returns to the family fold following his release from prison . As of the season two episode `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' , he is 32 years old . He tries to kiss Maura when he comes back to pay her back for her kindness , but she stops him and he develops a huge crush on Maura as he works on starting a new life . Chris Vance as Charles ( Casey ) Jones , an old flame of Jane 's during high school , reunited with Jane during season two . A US Army officer assigned to the Middle East , he returns to Boston in season three but breaks up with Jane because of injuries that left him partially paralyzed below the waist . He returns in season four 's first episode after a successful operation and proposes to Jane , but when he receives the offer of a promotion to colonel , he decides to stay in the army , leaving Jane behind as she was unwilling to leave her life . He is aware that Jane was pregnant with his child , but respects her decision to raise the child alone as he had also made the choice to return to the army ; she loses the baby midway through the fifth season after being attacked while protecting a witness . Darryl Alan Reed as Rondo , a man with access to information in the criminal world . Although Jane initially dismisses his offer to be her confidential informant , he does become her informant later on and is currently providing Jane with information from the criminal world . He has also been shown to have a comical character persona , similar to Larry Laffer . He frequently hits on Jane , calling her `` Vanilla '' , and eventually develops a friendship with Angela , referring to her as `` Mrs. Vanilla '' . He is revealed to be an ex -- jazz singer in `` This Is How a Heart Breaks '' . Billy Burke as Gabriel Dean , an FBI agent often seen working with the Boston Homicide detectives and Medical Examiner 's Office . He later becomes romantically involved with Detective Jane Rizzoli , but she ends this relationship when he tries to use her as part of a plan to capture Paddy Doyle that forced Jane to shoot Paddy . Chazz Palminteri as Francesco `` Frank '' Rizzoli Sr. -- Jane , Frankie , and Tommy 's father . He owns and runs a plumbing business called Rizzoli and Sons . He and Angela separate and then divorce after the first series . He later tries to have their marriage annulled so that he can remarry in a Catholic ceremony . He returns to announce he has stage 2 prostate cancer , and , despite the news , his family finds it difficult to overlook his past transgressions . Matthew Del Negro as Giovanni Gilberti , a dim - witted former classmate of Jane 's and a blue - collar auto mechanic . He is under the impression that Maura and Jane are dating , which Maura came up with in order to save the two of them from Giovanni 's advances . Michael Massee as Charles Hoyt , a former serial killer who stabbed Jane in both hands and continued to threaten Jane , even from behind bars . Hoyt appears in many episodes , including `` See One , Do One , Teach One '' ( episode 1 ) , `` I 'm Your Boogie Man '' , and `` Remember Me '' . In the episode `` See One , Do One , Teach One '' , Hoyt and the apprentice he went to medical school with kidnap Jane . Jane shoots and kills the apprentice and throws a flare at Hoyt . Jane then shoots him in the hands and says , `` We match '' . In the episode `` Remember Me '' , Hoyt , despite dying of cancer , lures Jane and Maura into his hospital room with the aid of a new apprentice with the goal of killing Jane before he dies , but Jane manages to get the upper hand and stabs and kills Hoyt with a scalpel while saying , `` I win '' . Despite his death , he continues to haunt Jane and the team and was mentioned in the next two seasons after his death ; when dealing with the murders committed by Dennis Rockmond ( `` Melt My Heart of Stone '' ) , Jane speculates that he may be an apprentice of Hoyt 's due to the ritualistic nature of his crimes , and `` No One Mourns the Wicked '' saw the team deal with a forensic pathologist and her son ( conceived by her father 's abuse ) who were committing murders inspired by Hoyt 's methods . Sharon Lawrence as Hope Martin , Maura 's biological mother , who believed Maura died as a baby . She is a noted forensic pathologist . Emilee Wallace as Cailin Martin , Hope 's daughter and Maura 's half - sister . Maura anonymously donated her kidney to Cailin to save her life . Alexandra Holden as Lydia Sparks , a ditzy young woman who is heavily pregnant when she is befriended by Angela . It is soon revealed that the child she is carrying is either Tommy 's or Angela 's ex-husband Frank 's . Eventually the child is known as TJ , for `` Tommy Junior '' , once a test confirms that Tommy is the father . Jaz Sinclair as Tasha Williams . Broadcast ( edit ) Rizzoli & Isles started to air on GEM in Australia on 000000002010 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2010 . The series started to air on Super Channel in Canada on 000000002010 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2010 . As of 2016 , Superchannel is no longer carrying the show . The series moved to Showcase in Canada on 000000002012 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2012 , on TVNorge in Norway on 000000002010 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2010 , M - Net Series in South Africa on 000000002011 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2011 , and on Warner TV in Singapore on 000000002011 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2011 . Rizzoli & Isles started to air on Alibi in the United Kingdom on 000000002011 - 09 - 13 - 0000 September 13 , 2011 . A subscription is required . The series second season premiered on 000000002012 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2012 . Season Time slot ( EST ) Number of episodes <Th_colspan="3"> Premiere <Th_colspan="3"> Finale TV season Overall rank Overall viewership Date Viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 Rating Date Viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 Rating Monday 10 : 00 pm 10 July 12 , 2010 7.55 September 13 , 2010 6.56 1.5 N / A N / A 15 July 11 , 2011 6.38 1.2 December 26 , 2011 5.79 2011 N / A N / A Tuesday 9 : 00 pm 15 June 5 , 2012 5.62 1.2 December 25 , 2012 4.42 0.8 2012 # 3 7.40 16 June 25 , 2013 6.64 1.4 March 18 , 2014 3.58 0.7 2013 -- 14 N / A N / A 5 18 June 17 , 2014 5.81 1.0 March 17 , 2015 3.62 0.6 2014 -- 15 N / A N / A 6 18 June 16 , 2015 4.39 0.7 March 15 , 2016 2.92 0.5 2015 -- 16 N / A N / A 7 Monday 9 : 00 pm 13 June 6 , 2016 3.91 0.6 September 5 , 2016 5.26 0.7 2016 TBA TBA Reception ( edit ) The series started strong in the ratings , as 7.55 million viewers tuned in for the premiere episode . Rizzoli & Isles was the second most - watched cable program on the evening of July 12 , 2010 , behind its lead - in , The Closer , which had 110,000 more viewers . The show finished the week in third behind The Closer and the final episode of Deadliest Catch . The premiere set a record as the highest - rated debut for a commercial - supported cable series , and it was the second - highest debut ever for a basic cable TV series . Rizzoli & Isles is second only to the 2008 premiere of Raising the Bar , which attracted 7.7 million viewers during its commercial - free debut . Live + 7 day ratings for the premiere updated the show 's status as the all - time most - watched cable series launch , with DVR viewers increasing the show 's rating to just over 9 million viewers . The show has ranked in the top five cable programs all five seasons and was the number one basic cable program in its fifth season . The show has been described as having lesbian undertones , and the purported sexual attraction between Rizzoli and Isles has been the subject of critical and fan attention , with sites such as The Advocate connecting the show 's lesbian subtext to its popularity . Harmon said that she was not surprised by the attention and that , while it was `` ' super fun ' to play a role that has some same - sex romantic vibes '' , the characters are `` straight '' and `` just best friends '' . Alexander said that she was not initially aware of the subtext but believed it reflected the characters ' chemistry . She also expressed skepticism that Rizzoli and Isles ' friendship was out of the ordinary . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Recipient ( s ) Result 2012 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series -- Guest Starring Young Actor 18 -- 21 Cameron Monaghan Nominated 2014 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cable TV Actress Angie Harmon Nominated 2015 Favorite Cable TV Actress Angie Harmon Won Favorite Cable TV Drama Rizzoli & Isles Nominated 2016 Favorite Cable TV Actress Sasha Alexander Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New Digs and Big Career Decisions on Tap as TNT 's The Closer Returns for Sixth Season Monday , July 12 '' . The Futon Critic . June 9 , 2010 . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What to Watch on Monday : ' Rizzoli & Isles ' series ends on TNT '' . The Charlotte Observer . September 5 , 2016 . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TNT Plans Dramatic Increase in Original Programming , Setting the Stage for a Major Primetime Shift '' . The Futon Critic . March 3 , 2008 . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Development Update : Wednesday , October 7 '' . The Futon Critic . October 7 , 2009 . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 6 , 2009 ) . `` TNT orders ' Rizzoli ' pilot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 22 , 2009 ) . `` Angie Harmon set to star in TNT 's ' Rizzoli ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 30 , 2009 ) . `` FOX renews ' American Dad , ' TNT 's ' Rizzoli ' gets a partner '' . Zap2it . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Development Update : Friday , October 30 '' . The Futon Critic . October 30 , 2009 . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 16 , 2009 ) . `` Lorraine Bracco joins ' Rizzoli ' pilot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` TNT Aggressively Expands Original Programming Slate by Greenlighting Three New Original Series '' ( Press release ) . Turner Broadcasting System . January 21 , 2010 . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Young , John ( January 21 , 2010 ) . `` TNT picks up three new series , including Spielberg 's alien - invasion show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Mike ( May 19 , 2010 ) . `` 2010 Cable Upfronts : TNT Leverages Sundays For Originals '' . Multichannel News . NewBay Media . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Information '' . Rizzoli & Isles Online . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lafayette , Jon ( June 10 , 2010 ) . `` It 's Miller Time For Turner Series '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Jump up ^ Crupi , Anthony ( June 10 , 2010 ) . `` Turner , MillerCoors Brew Up Integrations '' . Mediaweek . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TNT Orders New Seasons of Three Hit Series : The Closer , Rizzoli & Isles and Leverage '' ( Press release ) . Turner Broadcasting System . July 30 , 2010 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TNT Renews Rizzoli & Isles for a 15 Episode 3rd Season '' ( Press release ) . TV by the Numbers . August 5 , 2011 . Retrieved August 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - TNT Books Fourth Season of `` Rizzoli & Isles , '' Summer 's # 1 Returning Drama , from Warner Horizon Television `` . TheFutonCritic.com. 2012 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Renewed for a Fourth Season by TNT '' . TVBytheNumbers . June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Episodes of Rizzoli & Isles on TNT '' . Jump up ^ `` TNT 's ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Renewed for Sixth Season '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2014 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` TNT Sets Summer Dates for Last Ship , Major Crimes , Jennifer Beals Drama , Falling Skies ' Final Run and More '' . TV Line . April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Webb , Matt . `` Lee Thompson Young Dead at 29 ; Starred on Disney Channel 's Jett Jackson , Rizzoli & Isles '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eng , Joyce ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` Rizzoli & Isles : Meet Frost 's Replacement ( But Do n't Call Her That ) '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' . Rizzoli & Isles . Season 2 . Episode 12 . 5 December 2011 . TNT . Jump up ^ `` Seventeen Ai n't So Sweet '' . Rizzoli & Isles . Season 2 . Episode 13 . 12 December 2011 . TNT . Jump up ^ `` Idara Victor joins ' Rizzoli & Isles ' as Season 5 regular '' . Zap2it . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Heldenfels , Rich ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Mailbag : ' Rizzoli and Isles ' parenting ; ' Longmire ' returns this week '' . Akron Beacon - Journal . Jump up ^ `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother As of season 3 , he has a son named TJ , but his relationship with TJ 's mother is complicated by his own reluctance to take full responsibility . '' . Rizzoli & Isles . Season 2 . Episode 12 . 5 December 2011 . 1 : 05 minutes in . TNT . Your baby is thirty two -- Frankie Rizzoli , Jr . Jump up ^ `` Throng : All new Monday night line - up on GEM '' . throng.com.au . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wilford , Denette ( August 30 , 2010 ) . `` ' Rizzoli & Isles ' debuts '' . TVGuide.ca . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gerritsen , Tess ( November 2010 ) . `` Tess Gerritsen FAQ '' . TessGerritsen.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rizzoli & Isles Set for UKTV 's Alibi '' . Worldscreen.com . May 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( July 13 , 2010 ) . `` TNT 's Rizzoli & Isles Sets Record with Cable 's Biggest Ad - Supported Premiere , Draws 7.6 Million Viewers '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( September 14 , 2010 ) . `` TNT 's The Closer and Rizzoli & Isles Close Out Summer With More Big Numbers '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( July 12 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : `` All - Star '' Softball Edges Out ' Pawn Stars , ' ' Home Run Derby ' + ' Closer , ' ' Rizzoli , ' ' Alphas , ' ' Eureka ' & More `` . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monday Cable Ratings : Falcons - Saints+ ' Pawn Stars , ' ' Closer , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles , ' ' WWE RAW ' & Much More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2011 - 12 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : Celtics - Heat Lead +'Storage Wars ' , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' The Game , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 27 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Wins Night , ' Doctor Who ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Leverage ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 12 , 2012 ) . `` Top Twenty Basic Cable Shows of 2012 Including ' Walking Dead ' , ' Jersey Shore ' & ' Suits ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Catfish ' & ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Win Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Perception ' & More '' . TVbytheNumbers . June 26 , 2013 . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Game ' Wins Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Teen Mom 2 ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Justified ' , ' Cougar Town ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : World Cup Soccer Leads Night + ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' The Haves & the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Haves & The Have Nots ' & ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' Win Night , ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Tops Night + ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' SportsCenter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' and ' Fixer Upper ' stay steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop ' leads '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( September 7 , 2016 ) . TV by the Numbers http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/09/07/monday-cable-ratings-september-5-2016/ . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : Home Run Derby Goes Yard ; Pawn Stars , Closer , WWE RAW , Secret Life & Much More '' . TVbytheNumbers . July 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Umstead , R. Thomas ( July 20 , 2010 ) . `` USA Regains Ratings Crown '' . Multichannel News . Retrieved July 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TNT 's Rizzoli & Isles Sets Record with Cable 's Biggest Ad - Supported Premiere after Outstanding Season Debut of The Closer '' ( Press release ) . Turner Broadcasting System . July 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Elingburg , Nolan ( July 13 , 2010 ) . `` Rizzoli & Isles Premiere Draws Big Audience '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Mikey ( July 13 , 2010 ) . `` ' Rizzoli & Isles ' pulls in 7.6 million for first episode '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ho , Rodney ( July 13 , 2010 ) . `` ' Rizzoli & Isles ' has biggest ad - supported cable launch of all time '' . The Atlanta Journal Constitution . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 3 , 2010 ) . `` Rizzoli & Isles Premiere Goes Over 9 Million Viewers With Week of DVR Viewing ; Ratings Notes for TBS , TNT , Cartoon Network , Adult Swim and truTV '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thomlison , Adam . `` Q & A '' . TV Media . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( July 12 , 2011 ) . `` TV Preview : ' Rizzoli & Isles ' on TNT and ' Covert Affairs ' on USA '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2013 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . There 's a hunky FBI agent who shows up to investigate the case , and he distracts Rizzoli and Isles not only from their jobs but from the faintly lesbian undertones that the show keeps trying to establish . Jump up ^ Siede , Caroline ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` TNT Renews Rizzoli & Isles '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2016 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . The detective procedural with subtle lesbian undertones ( but no actual lesbian romance ) will return to TNT next summer after its fifth season wraps up in March . ^ Jump up to : Starr , Liane Brown ( July 8 , 2011 ) . `` Quick Look : So Are ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Gay Or What ? '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2013 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stanley , T.L. ( July 3 , 2011 ) . `` ' Rizzoli & Isles ' -- Are They or Are n't They ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ho , Rodney ( July 11 , 2011 ) . `` ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Angie Harmon , Sasha Alexander Riding High as Second Season Starts '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2011 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Halterman 2011 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Angie Harmon Has One Problem With All That ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Lesbian Fan - Fiction '' . The Huffington Post . July 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2016 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Halterman 2011 , p. 2 ; Anderson - Minshall 2012 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Halterman 2011 , p. 1 : `` I 'm not saying we did n't help ... We knew it was there in the first ( episode ) and it was absolutely no surprise to me . '' Jump up ^ Halterman 2011 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Anderson - Minshall 2012 , pp. 2 -- 3 . Works cited ( edit ) Anderson - Minshall , Diane ( June 1 , 2012 ) . `` Maura Could Consider a Lesbian Tryst : Sasha Alexander Talks Rizzoli & Isles '' . The Advocate . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2016 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Halterman , J. ( July 27 , 2011 ) . `` On Set with ' Rizzoli & Isles ' '' . AfterEllen.com . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2016 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Rizzoli & Isles Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rizzoli & Isles . Television portal Official website Rizzoli & Isles on Google+ Rizzoli & Isles on IMDb Rizzoli & Isles at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> Rizzoli & Isles Novels The Surgeon The Apprentice The Sinner Body Double Vanish The Mephisto Club The Keepsake Ice Cold The Silent Girl Last to Die Die Again Television TV series ( Characters Episodes Seasons : 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ) <Th_colspan="2"> TNT original programming Former 1988 -- 1999 Babylon 5 Crusade L.A. Heat The Lazarus Man MonsterVision The New Adventures of Robin Hood NFL on TNT The Rudy and Gogo World Famous Cartoon Show WCW Monday Nitro 2000 -- 2017 Agent X Boston 's Finest Bull The Closer Cold Justice Cold Justice : Sex Crimes The Company Dallas Dark Blue Falling Skies Franklin & Bash Hawthorne Heartland The Hero Into the West King & Maxwell Legends Leverage Memphis Beat Men of a Certain Age The Mists of Avalon Mob City Monday Mornings Murder in the First NASCAR on TNT Nightmares & Dreamscapes : From the Stories of Stephen King Perception Public Morals Proof Raising the Bar Rizzoli & Isles Salem 's Lot Saved Saving Grace Southland Trust Me . Wake Up Call Wanted Will Wimbledon Witchblade Inside Job Current Animal Kingdom ( since 2016 ) Claws ( since 2017 ) Good Behavior ( since 2016 ) The Last Ship ( since 2014 ) The Librarians ( since 2014 ) Major Crimes ( since 2012 ) NBA on TNT ( since 1989 ) NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament ( since 2011 ) PGA Championship ( since 1991 ) Upcoming The Alienist ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rizzoli_%26_Isles&oldid=812173979 '' Categories : Detective television series 2010 American television series debuts 2010s American crime television series 2010s American drama television series 2016 American television series endings American crime drama television series American mystery television series Boston in fiction English - language television programs Police procedural television series Television programs based on novels Television series by Warner Horizon Television Television shows set in Boston TNT ( U.S. TV network ) programs Fictional portrayals of the Boston Police Department Television series about friendship Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 11 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Rizzoli & Isles television series
2. Police procedural crime drama
3. Based on Tess Gerritsen's novel series
4. Starring Angie Harmon and Sasha Alexander
5. Seven seasons and 105 episodes
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5,856,339,290,419,207,000 |
who wrote the song woke up this morning
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Woke up This Morning - wikipedia Woke up This Morning Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Woke Up This Morning '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Alabama 3 <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Exile on Coldharbour Lane Released June 1997 Format CD single Recorded Genre Electronica , acid jazz , trip hop Length 5 : 18 4 : 05 ( Chosen One Mix ) Label One Little Indian Songwriter ( s ) Jake Black Rob Spragg Producer ( s ) Alabama 3 <Th_colspan="2"> Alabama 3 singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Ai n't Going to Goa '' ( 1996 ) `` Woke Up This Morning '' ( 1997 ) `` Speed of the Sound of Loneliness '' ( 1997 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Ai n't Going to Goa '' ( 1996 ) `` Woke Up This Morning '' ( 1997 ) `` Speed of the Sound of Loneliness '' ( 1997 ) `` Woke Up This Morning '' is a song by English band Alabama 3 from their 1997 album Exile on Coldharbour Lane . The song is best known as the opening theme music for The Sopranos , which used the `` Chosen One Mix '' of the song . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and writing 2 Musical structure 3 Use in other media 4 References Background and writing ( edit ) Described as `` a propulsive hip - hop song complete with Howlin ' Wolf samples and a swelling gospel choir '' , the song has been cited as a paradigmatic example of a `` great theme song '' , which `` generates anticipation , immediately puts the viewer in a focused frame of mind , and creates the kind of sonic familiarity that breeds audience loyalty . '' Alabama 3 frontman Rob Spragg wrote the song after hearing about the 1996 murder case of Sara Thornton , who stabbed her husband after two years of abuse , mistreatment and neglect . The song is co-written with Piers Marsh , Simon Edwards and Jake Black . `` We started with a Howlin ' Wolf loop , but a lot of blues lyrics are quite misogynist , '' Spragg explained . `` So I turned it round to be about a woman who 's had enough and gets a gun -- it 's quite ironic that it 's become a New Jersey gangster anthem . '' Musical structure ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song is in 4 / 4 time and in the key of F minor . It uses combinations of other styles such as electronic music and blues . During the breakdown , there 's an electronic chord progression in F major while the lyrics ' melodic line is in F minor . It fades out with the electric chord progression in the tonic major . Use in other media ( edit ) In film The song is used in the film The House ( 2017 ) In music Rapper Nas sampled `` Woke Up This Morning '' for his 2001 hit `` Got Ur Self A ... '' The song is also interpolated in Beenie Man 's 2002 single `` Get Yourself a Gun '' , featuring Gringo Jazz pianist Taylor Eigsti has a rendition of `` Woke Up This Morning ' '' on his album Lucky to Be Me An instrumental version of the song was performed by The Brothas & Sistas on the album Woke Up This Morning In sports Arturo Gatti used the song for his ring entrance in his fight against Oscar De La Hoya In television A remixed version of `` Woke Up This Morning '' plays during the opening credits of the HBO television series The Sopranos . `` Since it 's been on The Sopranos , '' Spragg remarked , `` we 've met some nice men in Armani suits with fat hands and eaten some nice Italian food . But we 're very happy to be associated with a programme of that calibre . While in no way endorsing the use of guns in any fetishistic manner , obviously . '' ( On the Region 4 DVD release of season 1 of the Sopranos , the music video to `` Woke Up This Morning '' is included as a special feature . It is incorrectly credited as being performed by `` Alabama 5 '' . ) A shortened alternate version of `` Woke Up This Morning '' can be heard for nearly 50 seconds in The Simpsons episode `` Poppa 's Got a Brand New Badge '' , while Fat Tony and his gang are on the ride to the Simpsons ' house . The sequence is a parody of the opening sequence of The Sopranos . * `` Woke Up This Morning '' is also heard in the later Simpsons episode `` The Mook , the Chef , the Wife and Her Homer '' , which guest - starred Sopranos regulars Michael Imperioli and Joe Pantoliano `` Woke Up This Morning '' was used in an episode of the BBC series Top Gear , in which the team were driving through Florida `` Woke Up This Morning '' was used in the episode `` Ghosts '' ( season 2 , episode 8 ) of the Netflix series Lilyhammer , in which Frank Tagliano ( Steven Van Zandt ) and his Norwegian crew are driving through New York City The song is parodied in the episode `` The Dabba Don '' of Harvey Birdman , Attorney at Law , which parodies various mob stereotypes , including The Sopranos , using The Flintstones References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Alabama 3 - Woke Up This Morning ( Chosen One Mix ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Murray Smith , `` Just What Is It That Makes Tony Soprano Such An Appealing , Attractive Murderer '' , in Ward E. Jones and Samantha Vice , eds. , Ethics at the Cinema ( Oxford University Press , 2010 ) , ISBN 978 - 0199793167 , p. 78 . Excerpts available at Google Books . Jump up ^ Ron Sobel and Dick Weissman , Music Publishing : The Roadmap to Royalties ( Routledge , 2008 ) , ISBN 978 - 0203895689 , p. 101 . Excerpts available at Google Books . Jump up ^ Duncan Campbell , `` Face off '' , The Guardian , September 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ David Johannson , `` Homeward Bound '' Those Soprano Titles Come Heavy `` , in David Lavery , ed. , Reading The Sopranos : Hit TV from HBO ( I.B. Tauris , 2006 ) , ISBN 978 - 1845111212 , pp. 35 - 36 . Excerpts available at Google Books . Jump up ^ Q , May 2001 Jump up ^ Q ( May 2001 ) Jump up ^ Gilbert , Gerard ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` TV credit where credits are due '' . The Independent . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woke_Up_This_Morning&oldid=843418081 '' Categories : 1997 songs The Sopranos Television theme songs One Little Indian Records singles Trip hop songs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Simple English Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 01 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. "Woke Up This Morning" - Alabama 3 song
2. The Sopranos - TV series
3. Theme song
4. Alabama 3 - band
5. Exile on Coldharbour Lane - album
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3,803,659,501,478,351,400 |
how old is the actor who plays prince mcqueen
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List of Hollyoaks characters - wikipedia List of Hollyoaks characters Jump to : navigation , search Hollyoaks is a British television soap opera . It was first broadcast on Channel 4 on 23 October 1995 . The following is a list of characters and cast members who are currently appearing in the show by order of first appearance . If a character has been recast to another actor , the recently cast actor is listed first . Contents ( hide ) 1 Present characters 1.1 Regular characters 1.2 Recurring and guest characters 2 Cast changes 2.1 Departing characters 2.2 Returning characters 3 Past characters 4 References 5 External links Present characters ( edit ) Regular characters ( edit ) Character Actor ( s ) Duration Tony Hutchinson Nick Pickard 1995 -- Cindy Cunningham Stephanie Waring 1995 -- 2002 , 2004 , 2008 -- Laura Crossley Mandy Richardson Sarah Jayne Dunn 1996 -- 2008 , 2010 -- 2011 , 2017 -- Jack Osborne Jimmy McKenna 1996 -- Darren Osborne Ashley Taylor Dawson 1996 -- 1997 , 1999 -- 2001 , 2003 -- Adam Booth Holly Cunningham Amanda Clapham 1997 -- 2002 , 2004 , 2008 -- 2010 , 2012 -- Wallis Day Lydia Waters Katie Hynes Karis Sharkey Luke Morgan Gary Lucy 1999 -- 2002 , 2017 -- Tom Cunningham Ellis Hollins 1999 -- Nancy Hayton Jessica Fox 2005 -- Ste Hay Kieron Richardson 2006 -- Mercedes McQueen Jennifer Metcalfe 2006 -- Myra McQueen Nicole Barber - Lane 2006 -- Charlie Dean Charlie Behan 2006 -- Joshua McConville Leah Barnes Elà - May Demircan 2007 -- Jessica Croft - Lane Magic Hurst Nana McQueen Diane Langton 2007 -- 2009 , 2012 -- Harry Thompson Parry Glasspool 2007 -- 2009 , 2015 -- Harrison George Rhodes Daniel Seymour Ella Richardson Erin Palmer 2008 , 2017 -- Lucas Hay William Hall 2009 -- Reuben Thwaites Jude Diane O'Connor Alex Fletcher 2010 -- Esther Bloom Jazmine Franks 2011 -- 2018 Dirk Savage David Kennedy 2011 -- Joel Dexter Rory Douglas - Speed 2011 -- 2013 , 2016 -- Andrew Still Oscar Osborne Noah Holdsworth 2012 -- Ralph and Zack Norman Maxine Minniver Nikki Sanderson 2012 -- Sienna Blake Anna Passey 2012 -- Peri Lomax Ruby O'Donnell 2013 -- Tegan Lomax Jessica Ellis 2013 -- Leela Lomax Kirsty - Leigh Porter 2013 -- Grace Black Tamara Wall 2013 -- Kim Butterfield Daisy Wood - Davis 2014 -- Cleo McQueen Nadine Mulkerrin 2015 -- Simone Loveday Jacqueline Boatswain 2015 -- Zack Loveday Duayne Boachie 2015 -- Louis Loveday Karl Collins 2015 -- Scott Drinkwell Ross Adams 2015 -- Mac Nightingale David Easter 2015 -- Ellie Nightingale Sophie Porley 2015 -- Alfie Nightingale Richard Linnell 2015 -- Sally St. Claire Annie Wallace 2015 -- James Nightingale Gregory Finnegan 2016 -- Marnie Nightingale Lysette Anthony 2016 -- Jesse Donovan Luke Jerdy 2016 -- Adam Donovan Jimmy Essex 2016 -- Lisa Loveday Rachel Adedeji 2016 -- Ryan Knight Duncan James 2016 -- 2018 Courtney Campbell Amy Conachan 2016 -- Goldie McQueen Chelsee Healey 2016 -- Hunter McQueen Theo Graham 2016 -- Prince McQueen Malique Thompson - Dwyer 2016 -- Lily Drinkwell Lauren McQueen 2017 -- Darcy Wilde Aisling Jarrett - Gavin 2017 -- Yasmine Maalik Haiesha Mistry 2017 -- Toby Wilde Lucas Haywood 2017 -- Kyle Kelly Adam Rickitt 2017 -- Misbah Maalik Harvey Virdi 2017 -- Farrah Maalik Krupa Pattani 2017 -- Milo Entwistle Nathan Morris 2017 -- Damon Kinsella Jacob Roberts 2017 -- Brody Hudson Adam Woodward 2017 -- Glenn Donovan Bob Cryer 2017 -- Neil Roberts Imran Maalik Ijaz Rana 2017 -- Sami Maalik Rishi Nair 2017 -- Oliver Morgan Aedan Duckworth 2018 -- Buster Smith Nathan Sussex 2018 -- Harley Frater Mollie Lambert 2018 -- Recurring and guest characters ( edit ) Character Actor ( s ) Duration Anthony Hutchinson Caelan Cobbledick - Manning 2013 -- Alfie and Harvey Dee Dee Hutchinson Lacey Findlow 2013 -- Annabelle and Charlotte White Rose Lomax Isla Pritchard 2013 -- Mia - Rae Mollie Hilton Cunningham Uncredited 2014 -- Minnie Minniver Ava Rooney and Eva Lorente 2014 -- Curtis Royle Uncredited 2015 -- Steph Cunningham - Lomax Katie 2015 -- D.S. Roxy Cassidy Lizzie Stavrou 2016 -- Daniel Lomax Beau Bell 2016 -- Carmina McQueen Harlow Mia Jones 2017 -- Granny Campbell Jenny Lee 2017 -- Jordan Cooper Mark Peachey 2017 -- Sebastian Blake Uncredited 2017 -- Sophie Blake Uncredited 2017 -- Iona Campbell Uncredited 2017 -- Scarlett Morgan Susie Amy 2018 -- Theo Jones Matt Kennard 2018 -- Cast changes ( edit ) Departing characters ( edit ) Character Actor Departure date Ref ( s ) Ryan Knight Duncan James 2018 Esther Bloom Jazmine Franks 2018 Returning characters ( edit ) Character Actor Return date Ref ( s ) Warren Fox Jamie Lomas 2018 Past characters ( edit ) Main article : List of past Hollyoaks characters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kilkelly , Daniel ( 9 October 2017 ) . `` Hollyoaks boss hints Duncan James will LEAVE the show after Ryan Knight killer reveal '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Dainty , Sophie ( 4 December 2017 ) . `` Hollyoaks star Duncan James confirms when Ryan Knight will be leaving the show '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilkelly , Daniel ( 11 April 2018 ) . `` Exclusive : Hollyoaks exit confirmed for Esther Bloom as Jazmine Franks bows out '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.ok.co.uk/tv/hollyoaks/1348515/hollyoaks-spoilers-cast-warren-fox-returning-return-storyline-jamie-lomas-joel-dexter-sienna-blake . Missing or empty title = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Character profiles at Channel4.com <Th_colspan="2"> Hollyoaks Characters Present characters Past characters Lists of characters Families Osborne Cunningham Dean Ashworth McQueen Sharpe Locations The Dog in the Pond List of Hollyoaks locations Storylines and episodes Births , marriages and deaths John Paul McQueen and Craig Dean Enjoy the Ride `` Episode 4429 '' Spin - offs Hollyoaks : In the City Episodes Hollyoaks Later Hollyoaks : The Morning After the Night Before Related articles History Awards and nominations <Th_colspan="2"> Hollyoaks characters <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Present and future characters <Td_colspan="2"> Tony Hutchinson Cindy Cunningham Mandy Richardson Jack Osborne Darren Osborne Rory Finnigan Holly Cunningham Luke Morgan Tom Cunningham Nancy Hayton Ste Hay Mercedes McQueen Myra McQueen Diane O'Connor Esther Bloom Joel Dexter Maxine Minniver Sienna Blake Peri Lomax Grace Black Kim Butterfield Cleo McQueen Zack Loveday Scott Drinkwell Sally St. Claire James Nightingale <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Past characters <Td_colspan="2"> Natasha Andersen Scott Anderson Hannah Ashworth Josh Ashworth Neville Ashworth Rhys Ashworth Suzanne Ashworth Amy Barnes Kathy Barnes Mike Barnes Sarah Barnes Alex Bell Gaz Bennett Kurt Benson Lucy Benson Elliot Bevan Nico Blake Patrick Blake Silas Blissett Jambo Bolton Bombhead Brendan Brady Cheryl Brady Doctor Browning Chloe Bruce Pete Buchanan Laura Burns Justin Burton Liz Burton Mel Burton Sophie Burton Lindsey Butterfield Duncan Button Ruby Button Ricky Campbell Dannii Carbone Joanne Cardsley Archie Carpenter Zoe Carpenter Doug Carter Emma Chambers Chloe Cameron Clark Beth Clement Dave Colburn Carl Costello Heidi Costello Jason Costello Jem Costello Riley Costello Seth Costello Diego Salvador Martinez Hernandez De La Cruz Dawn Cunningham Gordon Cunningham Helen Cunningham Max Cunningham Steph Cunningham Abby Davies Ben Davies Izzy Davies Will Davies Craig Dean Debbie Dean Jake Dean Johnno Dean Clare Devine Vincent Elegba Tilly Evans Kris Fisher Malachy Fisher Fletch Katy Fox Warren Fox Ally Gorman Spencer Gray Anna Green Carol Groves Will Hackett Kristian Hargreaves Jessica Harris Lydia Hart Rob Hawthorne Becca Hayton Leanne Holiday Andy Holt Geri Hudson Lee Hunter Les Hunter Lisa Hunter Sally Hunter Olivia Johnson Loretta Jones Mark Jury Ash Kane Callum Kane Martha Kane Sean Kennedy Charlotte Lau India Longford Texas Longford Bart McQueen Carmel McQueen Jacqui McQueen John Paul McQueen Kathleen McQueen Michaela McQueen Phoebe McQueen Theresa McQueen Ellie Mills Toby Mills Mitzeee Minniver Adam Morgan Beth Morgan Zara Morgan Maddie Morrison Jamie Nash Jodie Nash Newt Lynsey Nolan O.B. Finn O'Connor Nick O'Connor Sinead O'Connor Frankie Osborne Natalie Osborne Ruth Osborne Carrie Owen Nicole Owen Russ Owen Sam Owen Maddie Parker Gina Patrick Kate Patrick Sol Patrick Jeremy Peterson Niall Rafferty Hayley Ramsey Zak Ramsey Dominic Reilly Tina Reilly Lewis Richardson Gilly Roach Freddie Roscoe Robbie Roscoe Anita Roy Leila Roy Ravi Roy Theo Sankofa Dodger Savage Liberty Savage Amber Sharpe Gabby Sharpe Summer Shaw George Smith Joe Spencer Eva Strong Louise Summers Ali Taylor Darlene Taylor Richard Taylor Calvin Valentine Danny Valentine Lauren Valentine Leo Valentine Sasha Valentine Sonny Valentine Rae Wilson <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Lists of characters <Td_colspan="2"> By year : 1995 -- 96 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Hollyoaks_characters&oldid=837248225 '' Categories : Lists of Hollyoaks characters Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use dmy dates from February 2014 Use British English from February 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Español Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 16 : 43 . About Wikipedia
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1. Hollyoaks characters
2. British television soap opera
3. Channel 4
4. Present characters
5. Recurring and guest characters
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-6,078,872,497,184,287,000 |
when a check is issued the party being paid the cash is referred to as the
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Cheque - Wikipedia Cheque Jump to : navigation , search A cheque with Thomas Jefferson as payee and payor from 1809 A cheque from 1905 A cheque from 1933 A cheque sample from Canada 2006 A cheque or check ( American English ; see spelling differences ) is a document that orders a bank to pay a specific amount of money from a person 's account to the person in whose name the cheque has been issued . The person writing the cheque , known as the drawer , has a transaction banking account ( often called a current , cheque , chequing or checking account ) where their money is held . The drawer writes the various details including the monetary amount , date , and a payee on the cheque , and signs it , ordering their bank , known as the drawee , to pay that person or company the amount of money stated . Cheques are a type of bill of exchange and were developed as a way to make payments without the need to carry large amounts of money . Paper money evolved from promissory notes , another form of negotiable instrument similar to cheques in that they were originally a written order to pay the given amount to whoever had it in their possession ( the `` bearer '' ) . A cheque is a negotiable instrument instructing a financial institution to pay a specific amount of a specific currency from a specified transactional account held in the drawer 's name with that institution . Both the drawer and payee may be natural persons or legal entities . Cheques are order instruments , and are not in general payable simply to the bearer as bearer instruments are , but must be paid to the payee . In some countries , such as the US , the payee may endorse the cheque , allowing them to specify a third party to whom it should be paid . Although forms of cheques have been in use since ancient times and at least since the 9th century , it was during the 20th century that cheques became a highly popular non-cash method for making payments and the usage of cheques peaked . By the second half of the 20th century , as cheque processing became automated , billions of cheques were issued annually ; these volumes peaked in or around the early 1990s . Since then cheque usage has fallen , being partly replaced by electronic payment systems . In an increasing number of countries cheques have either become a marginal payment system or have been completely phased out . Numismatics Currency Coins Banknotes Forgery List ISO Circulating currencies Africa The Americas Europe Asia Oceania Local currencies Company scrip LETS Time dollars Fictional currencies History Historical currencies Greek Roman China India Persian Tibetan Thai Filipino Malay Byzantine Medieval currencies Production Mint Designers Coining Milling Hammering Cast Exonumia Credit cards Medals Tokens Cheques Notaphily Banknotes Scripophily Stocks Bonds Terminology Numismatics portal Contents ( hide ) 1 Spelling and etymology 2 History 2.1 Early years 2.2 Modern era 3 Parts of a cheque 3.1 Attached documents 4 Usage 5 Declining use 5.1 Alternatives to cheques 5.2 Europe 5.3 North America ( Canada and the United States ) 5.4 Asia 5.5 Oceania 6 Variations on regular cheques 6.1 Cashier 's cheques and bank drafts 6.2 Certified cheque 6.3 Payroll cheque 6.4 Warrants 6.5 Travellers cheque 6.6 Money or postal order 6.7 Oversized cheques 6.8 Payment vouchers 7 Cheques around the world 7.1 Australia 7.2 Canada 7.3 India 7.4 Japan 7.5 New Zealand 7.6 United Kingdom 7.7 United States 7.8 Turkey 8 Cheque fraud 8.1 Embezzlement 8.2 Forgery 8.3 Identity theft 9 Dishonoured cheques 9.1 Consumer reporting 10 Lock box 11 See also 12 Notes 12.1 Footnotes 12.2 Citations 13 External links Spelling and Etymology ( edit ) The spellings check , checque , and cheque were used interchangeably from the 17th century until the 20th century . However , since the 19th century , the spelling cheque ( from the French word chèque ) has become standard for the financial instrument in the Commonwealth and Ireland , while check is used only for other meanings , thus distinguishing the two definitions in writing . In American English , the usual spelling for both is check . Etymological dictionaries attribute the financial meaning to come from `` a check against forgery '' , with the use of `` check '' to mean `` control '' stemming from a check in chess , a term which came into English through French , Latin , Arabic and ultimately from the Persian word `` shah '' or `` king '' . History ( edit ) See also : History of banking The cheque had its origins in the ancient banking system , in which bankers would issue orders at the request of their customers , to pay money to identified payees . Such an order was referred to as a bill of exchange . The use of bills of exchange facilitated trade by eliminating the need for merchants to carry large quantities of currency ( for example , gold ) to purchase goods and services . Early years ( edit ) The ancient Romans are believed to have used an early form of cheque known as praescriptiones in the 1st century BCE . Muslim traders are known to have used the cheque or ṣakk system since the time of Harun al - Rashid ( 9th century ) of the Abbasid Caliphate . Transporting a paper sakk was more secure than transporting money . In the 9th century , a merchant in country A could cash a saqq drawn on his bank in country B . In the 13th century in Venice the bill of exchange was developed as a legal device to allow international trade without the need to carry large amounts of gold and silver . Their use subsequently spread to other European countries . In the early 1500s in the Dutch Republic , to protect large accumulations of cash , people began depositing their money with `` cashiers '' . These cashiers held the money for a fee . Competition drove cashiers to offer additional services including paying money to any person bearing a written order from a depositor to do so . They kept the note as proof of payment . This concept went on to spread to England and elsewhere . Modern era ( edit ) By the 17th century , bills of exchange were being used for domestic payments in England . Cheques , a type of bill of exchange , then began to evolve . Initially they were called drawn notes , because they enabled a customer to draw on the funds that he or she had in the account with a bank and required immediate payment . These were handwritten , and one of the earliest known still to be in existence was drawn on Messrs Morris and Clayton , scriveners and bankers based in the City of London , and dated 16 February 1659 . In 1717 , the Bank of England pioneered the first use of a pre-printed form . These forms were printed on `` cheque paper '' to prevent fraud , and customers had to attend in person and obtain a numbered form from the cashier . Once written , the cheque was brought back to the bank for settlement . The suppression of banknotes in eighteenth - century England further promoted the use of cheques . Until about 1770 , an informal exchange of cheques took place between London banks . Clerks of each bank visited all the other banks to exchange cheques , whilst keeping a tally of balances between them until they settled with each other . Daily cheque clearing began around 1770 when the bank clerks met at the Five Bells , a tavern in Lombard Street in the City of London , to exchange all their cheques in one place and settle the balances in cash . This was the first bankers ' clearing house . In America , the Bank of New York , after its establishment by Alexander Hamilton in 1784 , began issuing cheques . The oldest surviving example of a complete American chequebook from the 1790s was discovered by a family in New Jersey . It is thought that the Commercial Bank of Scotland was the first bank to personalize its customers ' cheques , in 1811 , by printing the name of the account holder vertically along the left - hand edge . In 1830 the Bank of England introduced books of 50 , 100 , and 200 forms and counterparts , bound or stitched . These cheque books became a common format for the distribution of cheques to bank customers . In the late 19th century , several countries formalized laws regarding cheques . The UK passed the Bills of Exchange Act in 1882 , and India passed the Negotiable Instruments Act ( NI Act ) 1881 ; which both covered cheques . An English cheque from 1956 having a bank clerk 's red mark verifying the signature , a two - pence stamp duty , and holes punched by hand to cancel it . This is a `` crossed cheque '' disallowing transfer of payment to another account . In 1931 an attempt was made to simplify the international use of cheques by the Geneva Convention on the Unification of the Law Relating to Cheques . Many European and South American states as well as Japan joined the convention . However , countries including the US and members of the British Commonwealth did not participate and so it remained very difficult for cheques to be used across country borders . In 1959 a standard for machine - readable characters ( MICR ) was agreed and patented in the US for use with cheques . This opened the way for the first automated reader / sorting machines for clearing cheques . As automation increased , the following years saw a dramatic change in the way in which cheques were handled and processed . Cheque volumes continued to grow ; in the late 20th century , cheques were the most popular non-cash method for making payments , with billions of them processed each year . Most countries saw cheque volumes peak in the late 1980s or early 1990s , after which electronic payment methods became more popular and the use of cheques declined . In 1969 cheque guarantee cards were introduced in several countries , allowing a retailer to confirm that a cheque would be honoured when used at a point of sale . The drawer would sign the cheque in front of the retailer , who would compare the signature to the signature on the card and then write the cheque - guarantee - card number on the back of the cheque . Such cards were generally phased out and replaced by debit cards , starting in the mid-1990s . From the mid-1990s , many countries enacted laws to allow for cheque truncation , in which a physical cheque is converted into electronic form for transmission to the paying bank or clearing - house . This eliminates the cumbersome physical presentation and saves time and processing costs . In 2002 , the Eurocheque system was phased out and replaced with domestic clearing systems . Old eurocheques could still be used , but they were now processed by national clearing systems . At that time , a number of countries took the opportunity to phase out the use of cheques altogether . As of 2010 , many countries have either phased out the use of cheques altogether or signalled that they would do so in the future . Parts of a cheque ( edit ) Parts of a cheque based on a UK example drawee , the financial institution where the cheque can be presented for payment payee date of issue amount of currency drawer , the person or entity making the cheque signature of drawer Machine readable routing and account information The four main items on a cheque are Drawer , the person or entity who makes the cheque Payee , the recipient of the money Drawee , the bank or other financial institution where the cheque can be presented for payment Amount , the currency amount As cheque usage increased during the 19th and 20th centuries additional items were added to increase security or to make processing easier for the bank or financial institution . A signature of the drawer was required to authorize the cheque and this is the main way to authenticate the cheque . Second it became customary to write the amount in words as well as in numbers to avoid mistakes and make it harder to fraudulently alter the amount after the cheque had been written . It is not a legal requirement to write down the amount in words , although some banks will refuse to accept cheques that do not have the amount in both numbers and words . An issue date was added , and cheques may not be valid a certain amount of time after issue . In the US and Canada a cheque is typically valid for six months after the date of issue , after which it is a stale - dated cheque , but this depends on where the cheque is drawn ; in Australia this is typically fifteen months . A cheque that has an issue date in the future , a post-dated cheque , may not be able to be presented until that date has passed , writing a post dated cheque may simply be ignored or is illegal in some countries . Conversely , an antedated cheque has an issue date in the past . A cheque number was added and cheque books were issued so that cheque numbers were sequential . This allowed for some basic fraud detection by banks and made sure one cheque was not presented twice . In some countries such as the US , cheques contain a memo line where the purpose of the cheque can be indicated as a convenience without affecting the official parts of the cheque . In the United Kingdom this is not available and such notes are sometimes written on the reverse side of the cheque . In the US , at the top ( when cheque oriented vertically ) of the reverse side of the cheque , there are usually one or more blank lines labelled something like `` Endorse here '' . Starting in the 1960s machine readable routing and account information was added to the bottom of cheques in MICR format . This allowed automated sorting and routing of cheques between banks and led to automated central clearing facilities . The information provided at the bottom of the cheque is country specific and is driven by each country 's cheque clearing system . This meant that the payee no longer had to go to the bank that issued the cheque , instead they could deposit it at their own bank or any other banks and the cheque would be routed back to the originating bank and funds transferred to their own bank account . In the US , the bottom 5 / 8 '' of the cheque is a keep out zone reserved for MICR characters only which should not be intruded upon by handwriting . One must be especially careful of lower case descenders when filling out the signature and memo lines which are often at the bottom of the cheque in close proximity . It is advisable to treat the signature and memo lines as boundaries rather than baselines and sign above them . Intrusion into the MICR area can cause problems when the cheque runs through the clearinghouse , requiring someone to print an MICR cheque correction strip and glue it to the cheque . Many new ATMs do not use deposit envelopes and actually scan the cheque at the time it is deposited and will reject cheques due to handwriting incursion which interferes with reading the MICR . This can cause considerable inconvenience as the depositor may have to wait days for the bank to be open and may have difficulty getting to the bank even when they are open ; this can delay the availability of the portion of a deposit which their bank makes available immediately as well as the balance of the deposit . Terms of service for many mobile ( cell phone camera ) deposits also require the MICR section to be readable . Not all of the MICR characters have been printed at the time you manually fill in the cheque as additional characters will be printed later to encode the amount ; thus your sloppy signature could obscure characters that you did n't realize would later be printed there . Since MICR characters are no longer necessarily printed in magnetic ink and will be scanned by optical rather than magnetic means , the readers will be unable to distinguish pen ink from pre-printed magnetic ink ; these changes allow cheques to be printed on ordinary home and office printers without requiring pre-printed cheque forms , allow ATM deposit capture , allow mobile deposits , and facilitate electronic copies of cheques . For additional protection , a cheque can be crossed , which restricts the use of the cheque so that the funds must be paid into a bank account . The format and wording varies from country to country , but generally two parallel lines may be placed either vertically across the cheque or in the top left hand corner . In addition the words ' or bearer ' must not be used , or if pre-printed on the cheque must be crossed out on the payee line . If the cheque is crossed with the words ' Account Payee ' or similar then the cheque can only be paid into the bank account of the person initially named as the payee , thus it can not be endorsed to a different payee . Attached documents ( edit ) Cheques sometimes include additional documents . A page in a chequebook may consist of both the cheque itself and a stub or counterfoil -- when the cheque is written , only the cheque itself is detached , and the stub is retained in the chequebook as a record of the cheque . Alternatively , cheques may be recorded with carbon paper behind each cheque , in ledger sheets between cheques or at the back of a chequebook , or in a completely separate transaction register that comes with a chequebook . When a cheque is mailed , a separate letter or `` remittance advice '' may be attached to inform the recipient of the purpose of the cheque -- formally , which account receivable to credit the funds to . This is frequently done formally using a provided slip when paying a bill , or informally via a letter when sending an ad hoc cheque . Usage ( edit ) Parties to regular cheques generally include a drawer , the depositor writing a cheque ; a drawee , the financial institution where the cheque can be presented for payment ; and a payee , the entity to whom the drawer issues the cheque . The drawer drafts or draws a cheque , which is also called cutting a cheque , especially in the US . There may also be a beneficiary -- for example , in depositing a cheque with a custodian of a brokerage account , the payee will be the custodian , but the cheque may be marked `` F / B / O '' ( `` for the benefit of '' ) the beneficiary . Ultimately , there is also at least one endorsee which would typically be the financial institution servicing the payee 's account , or in some circumstances may be a third party to whom the payee owes or wishes to give money . Cheques may be valid regardless of denomination and are used within numerous scenarios in place of cash . A payee that accepts a cheque will typically deposit it in an account at the payee 's bank , and have the bank process the cheque . In some cases , the payee will take the cheque to a branch of the drawee bank , and cash the cheque there . If a cheque is refused at the drawee bank ( or the drawee bank returns the cheque to the bank that it was deposited at ) because there are insufficient funds for the cheque to clear , it is said that the cheque has been dishonoured . Once a cheque is approved and all appropriate accounts involved have been credited , the cheque is stamped with some kind of cancellation mark , such as a `` paid '' stamp . The cheque is now a cancelled cheque . Cancelled cheques are placed in the account holder 's file . The account holder can request a copy of a cancelled cheque as proof of a payment . This is known as the cheque clearing cycle . Cheques can be lost or go astray within the cycle , or be delayed if further verification is needed in the case of suspected fraud . A cheque may thus bounce some time after it has been deposited . Following concerns about the amount of time it took the Cheque and Credit Clearing Company to clear cheques , the United Kingdom Office of Fair Trading set up a working group in 2006 to look at the cheque clearing cycle . Their report said that clearing times could be improved , but that the costs associated with speeding up the cheque clearing cycle could not be justified considering the use of cheques was declining . However , they concluded the biggest problem was the unlimited time a bank could take to dishonour a cheque . To address this , changes were implemented so that the maximum time after a cheque was deposited that it could be dishonoured was six days , what was known as the `` certainty of fate '' principle . An advantage to the drawer of using cheques instead of debit card transactions , is that they know the drawer 's bank will not release the money until several days later . Paying with a cheque and making a deposit before it clears the drawer 's bank is called `` kiting '' or `` floating '' and is generally illegal in the US , but rarely enforced unless the drawer uses multiple chequing accounts with multiple institutions to increase the delay or to steal the funds . Declining use ( edit ) Cheque usage has been declining for some years , both for point of sale transactions ( for which credit cards and debit cards are increasingly preferred ) and for third party payments ( for example , bill payments ) , where the decline has been accelerated by the emergence of telephone banking and online banking . Being paper - based , cheques are costly for banks to process in comparison to electronic payments , so banks in many countries now discourage the use of cheques , either by charging for cheques or by making the alternatives more attractive to customers . In particular the handling of money transfer requires more effort and is time consuming . The cheque has to be handed over in person or sent through mail . The rise of automated teller machines ( ATMs ) means that small amounts of cash are often easily accessible , so that it is sometimes unnecessary to write a cheque for such amounts instead . Alternatives to cheques ( edit ) Alternative payment systems include : Cash Debit card payments Credit card payments Direct debit ( initiated by payee ) Direct credit ( initiated by payer ) , ACH in US , giro in Europe , Direct Entry in Australia Wire transfer ( local and international ) such as Western Union and MoneyGram Electronic bill payments using Internet banking Online payment services , e.g. PayPal , Unified Payments Interface , PhonePe , Paytm and Worldpay Money orders Europe ( edit ) In most European countries , cheques are now rarely used , even for third party payments . In these countries , it is standard practice for businesses to publish their bank details on invoices , to facilitate the receipt of payments by giro . Even before the introduction of online banking , it has been possible in some countries to make payments to third parties using ATMs , which may accurately and rapidly capture invoice amounts , due dates , and payee bank details via a bar code reader to reduce keying . In some countries , entering the bank account number results in the bank revealing the name of the payee as an added safeguard against fraud . In using a cheque , the onus is on the payee to initiate the payment , whereas with a giro transfer , the onus is on the payer to effect the payment ( The writer of a paper cheque is pushing on a rope : he can not force money out of his own account and into the destination 's account . By writing the paper cheque , he is handing the far end of the rope to the payee , who will pull in his own good time . In contrast , giro is more akin to wire transfer , in that the payer pushes his money away towards the payee ) . The process is also procedurally more simple , as no cheques are ever posted , can claim to have been posted , or need banking or clearance . In Germany , Austria , the Netherlands , Belgium , and Scandinavia , cheques have almost completely vanished in favour of direct bank transfers and electronic payments . Direct bank transfers , using so - called giro transfers , have been standard procedure since the 1950s to send and receive regular payments like rent and wages and even mail - order invoices . In the Netherlands , Austria , and Germany , all kinds of invoices are commonly accompanied by so - called acceptgiros ( Netherlands ) or Überweisungen ( German ) , which are essentially standardized bank transfer order forms preprinted with the payee 's account details and the amount payable . The payer fills in his account details and hands the form to a clerk at his bank , which will then transfer the money . It is also very common to allow the payee to automatically withdraw the requested amount from the payer 's account ( Lastschrifteinzug ( German ) or Incasso ( machtiging ) ( Netherlands ) ) . Though similar to paying by cheque , the payee only needs the payer 's bank and account number . Since the early 1990s , this method of payment has also been available to merchants . Due to this , credit cards are rather uncommon in Germany , Austria and the Netherlands , and are mostly used to give access to credit rather than as a payment mechanism . However , debit cards are widespread in these countries , since virtually all Austrian , German and Dutch banks issue debit cards instead of simple ATM cards for use on current accounts . Acceptance of cheques has been further diminished since the late 1990s , because of the abolition of the Eurocheque . Cashing a foreign bank cheque is possible , but usually very expensive . In Finland , banks stopped issuing personal cheques in about 1993 in favour of giro systems , which are now almost exclusively electronically initiated either via internet banking or payment machines located at banks and shopping malls . All Nordic countries have used an interconnected international giro system since the 1950s , and in Sweden , cheques are now almost totally abandoned ; in Denmark , all banks stopped accepting cheques starting on January 1 , 2017 . Debit cards are now preferred for direct shop payments when not using cash . For large shop payments , such as car purchases , a type of cheque , a money order ( Swedish : postväxel ) is still used . In Poland cheques were withdrawn from use in 2006 , mainly because of lack of popularity due to the widespread adoption of credit and debit cards . Electronic payments across the European Union are now fast and inexpensive -- usually free for consumers . In the United Kingdom , Ireland , and France , cheques are still popular , partly because cheques remain free of charge to personal customers ; however , bank - to - bank transfers are increasing in popularity . Since 2001 , businesses in the United Kingdom have made more electronic payments than cheque payments . Automated payments rose from 753 million in 1995 to 1.1 billion in 2001 and cheques declined in that same period of time from 1.14 to 1.1 billion payments . Most utilities in the United Kingdom charge lower prices to customers who pay by direct debit than for other payment methods , including electronic methods . The vast majority of retailers in the United Kingdom and many in France have not accepted cheques as a means of payment for several years , and cheque guarantee cards are no longer issued . For example , Shell announced in September 2005 that it would no longer accept cheques at its UK petrol stations . This was soon followed by other major fuel retailers , such as Texaco , BP , and Total . Asda announced in April 2006 that it would stop accepting cheques , initially as a trial in the London area , and Boots announced in September 2006 that it would stop accepting cheques , initially as a trial in Sussex and Surrey . Currys ( and other stores in the DSGi group ) and WH Smith also no longer accept cheques . Cheques are now widely predicted to become a thing of the past , or at most , a niche product used to pay private individuals or for the very large number of small service providers who are not willing to provide their bank details to customers to allow electronic payments to be made to them or do not wish to be burdened with checking their bank accounts frequently and reconciling them with amounts due ( for example , music teachers , driving instructors , children 's sports lessons , small shops , schools ) . The UK Payments Council announced in December 2009 that cheques would be phased out by October 2018 , but only if adequate alternatives were developed . They intended to perform annual checks on the progress of other payments systems and a final review of the decision would have been held in 2016 . Concerns were expressed , however , by charities and older people , who are still heavy users of cheques , and replacement plans were criticized as open to fraud . It was therefore announced by the UK Payments Council in July 2011 that the cheque would not be eliminated . 432 million inter-bank cheques and credit - items worth £ 472 billion were processed in the United Kingdom in 2016 according to Payments UK . In June 2014 , following a successful trial in the UK by Barclays , the British government gave the go - ahead for a cheque photo plan allowing people to pay in a cheque by taking a photo of it , rather than physically depositing the paper cheque at a bank . North America ( Canada and the United States ) ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( August 2010 ) The US still relies heavily on cheques , due to the convenience it affords payers , and due to the absence of a high volume system for low value electronic payments . In the US , an estimated 18.3 billion cheques were paid in 2012 , with a value of $25.9 trillion . About 70 billion cheques were written annually in the US by 2001 , though around 17 million adult Americans do not have bank accounts at all . Certain companies whom a person pays with a cheque will turn it into an Automated Clearing House ( ACH ) or electronic transaction . Banks try to save time processing cheques by sending them electronically between banks . Cheque clearing is usually done through an electronic cheque broker , such as The Clearing House , Viewpointe LLC or the Federal Reserve Banks . Copies of the cheques are stored at a bank or the broker , for periods up to 99 years , and this is why some cheque archives have grown to 20 petabytes . The access to these archives is now worldwide , as most bank programming is now done offshore . Many utilities and most credit cards will also allow customers to pay by providing bank information and having the payee draw payment from the customer 's account ( direct debit ) . Many people in the US still use paper money orders to pay bills or transfer money which is a unique type of cheque . They have security advantages over mailing cash , and do not require access to a bank account . Canada 's usage of cheques is less than that of the US and is declining rapidly at the urging of the Canadian Banking Association . The Government of Canada claims it is 6.5 times more expensive to mail a cheque than to make a direct deposit . The Canadian Payments Association reported that in 2012 , cheque use in Canada accounted for only 40 % of total financial transactions . The Interac system , which allows instant fund transfers via chip or magnetic strip and PIN , is widely used by merchants to the point that few brick and mortar merchants accept cheques . Many merchants accept Interac debit payments but not credit card payments , even though most Interac terminals can support credit card payments . Financial institutions also facilitate transfers between accounts within different institutions with the Email Money Transfer ( EMT ) service . Cheques are still used for government payments , payroll , rent , and utility bill payments , though direct deposits and online / telephone bill payments are more widely and increasingly used . The Canadian government began phasing out all government cheques from April 2016 . Asia ( edit ) In many Asian countries cheques were never widely used and generally only used by the wealthy , with cash being used for the majority of payments . Where cheques were used they have been declining rapidly , by 2009 there was negligible consumer cheque usage in Japan , South Korea and Taiwan . This declining trend was accelerated by these developed markets advanced financial services infrastructure . Many of the developing countries in Asia have seen an increasing use of electronic payment systems , ' leap - frogging ' the less efficient chequeing system altogether . India is one of the few countries in Asia that did have significant cheque usage . It had a long tradition of using cheques and passed laws to formalize cheque usage as early as 1881 . As of 2009 there was still wide usage of cheques as payment method in trade , and also by individuals when paying other individuals or for paying utility bills . One of the reasons was that banks usually provided cheques for free to their individual account holders . However , cheques are now rarely accepted at point of sale in retail stores where cash and cards are payment methods of choice . Electronic payment transfer continued to gain popularity in India and like other countries this has caused a subsequent reduction in volumes of cheques issued each year . In 2009 the Reserve Bank of India reported there had been five percent decline in cheque usage compared to the previous year . Oceania ( edit ) In Australia , following global trends , the use of cheques continues to decline . In 1994 the value of daily cheque transactions was A $25 billion ; by 2004 this had dropped to only A $5 billion , almost all of this for B2B transactions . Personal cheque use is practically non-existent thanks to the longstanding use of the EFTPOS system , BPAY , Electronic transfers and debit cards . In New Zealand , payments by cheque have declined since the mid-1990s in favour of electronic payment methods . In 1993 , cheques accounted for over half of transactions through the national banking system , with an annual average of 130 cheques per capita . By 2006 cheques lagged well behind EFTPOS ( debit card ) transaction and electronic credits , making up only nine percent of transactions , with an annual average of 41 cheque transaction per capita . Most retail stores no longer accept cheques , and those that do often require government - issued identification or a store - issued `` cheque identification card '' before they can be accepted as payment . Variations on regular cheques ( edit ) In addition to regular cheques , a number of variations were developed to address specific needs or to address issues when using a regular cheque . Cashier 's cheques and bank drafts ( edit ) Main article : Cashier 's check Cashier 's cheques and banker 's drafts , also known as bank cheques , banker 's cheques or treasurer 's cheques , are cheques issued against the funds of a financial institution rather than an individual account holder . Typically , the term cashier 's check is used in the US and banker 's draft is used in the UK and most of the Commonwealth . The mechanism differs slightly from country to country but in general the bank issuing the cheque or draft will allocate the funds at the point the cheque is drawn . This provides a guarantee , save for a failure of the bank , that it will be honoured . Cashier 's cheques are perceived to be as good as cash but they are still a cheque , a misconception sometimes exploited by scam artists . A lost or stolen cheque can still be stopped like any other cheque , so payment is not completely guaranteed . Certified cheque ( edit ) Main article : Certified cheque When a certified cheque is drawn , the bank operating the account verifies there are currently sufficient funds in the drawer 's account to honour the cheque . Those funds are then set aside in the bank 's internal account until the cheque is cashed or returned by the payee . Thus , a certified cheque can not `` bounce '' , and its liquidity is similar to cash , absent failure of the bank . The bank indicates this fact by making a notation on the face of the cheque ( technically called an acceptance ) . Payroll cheque ( edit ) Main article : Paycheck A cheque used to pay wages may be referred to as a payroll cheque . Even when the use of cheques for paying wages and salaries became rare , the vocabulary `` pay cheque '' still remained commonly used to describe the payment of wages and salaries . Payroll cheques issued by the military to soldiers , or by some other government entities to their employees , beneficiants , and creditors , are referred to as warrants . Warrants ( edit ) Main article : Warrant of payment Warrants look like cheques and clear through the banking system like cheques , but are not drawn against cleared funds in a deposit account . A cheque differs from a warrant in that the warrant is not necessarily payable on demand and may not be negotiable . They are often issued by government entities such as the military to pay wages or suppliers . In this case they are an instruction to the entity 's treasurer department to pay the warrant holder on demand or after a specified maturity date . Travellers cheque ( edit ) Main article : Traveller 's cheque A traveller 's cheque is designed to allow the person signing it to make an unconditional payment to someone else as a result of paying the issuer for that privilege . Traveller 's cheques can usually be replaced if lost or stolen , and people often used to use them on vacation instead of cash as many businesses used to accept traveller 's cheques as currency . The use of credit or debit cards has begun to replace the traveller 's cheque as the standard for vacation money due to their convenience and additional security for the retailer . This has resulted in many businesses no longer accepting traveller 's cheques . Money or postal order ( edit ) Main articles : Money order and Postal order A cheque sold by a post office , bank or merchant such as a grocery store for payment by a third party for a customer is referred to as a money order or postal order . These are paid for in advance when the order is drawn and are guaranteed by the institution that issues them and can only be paid to the named third party . This was a common way to send low value payments to third parties , avoiding the risks associated with sending cash via the mail , prior to the advent of electronic payment methods . Oversized cheques ( edit ) Presentation of the Ansari X Prize $10 million award Oversized cheques are often used in public events such as donating money to charity or giving out prizes such as Publishers Clearing House . The cheques are commonly 18 by 36 inches ( 46 cm × 91 cm ) in size ; however , according to the Guinness Book of World Records , the largest ever is 12 by 25 metres ( 39 ft × 82 ft ) . Until recently , regardless of the size , such cheques could still be redeemed for their cash value as long as they would have the same parts as a normal cheque , although usually the oversized cheque is kept as a souvenir and a normal cheque is provided . Any bank could levy additional charges for clearing an oversized cheque . Most banks need to have the machine - readable information on the bottom of cheques read electronically , so only very limited dimensions can be allowed due to standardized equipment . Payment vouchers ( edit ) In the US some public assistance programmes such as the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women , Infants and Children , or Aid to Families with Dependent Children make vouchers available to their beneficiaries , which are good up to a certain monetary amount for purchase of grocery items deemed eligible under the particular programme . The voucher can be deposited like any other cheque by a participating supermarket or other approved business . Cheques around the World ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) The Cheques Act 1986 is the body of law governing the issuance of cheques and payment orders in Australia . Procedural and practical issues governing the clearance of cheques and payment orders are handled by Australian Payments Clearing Association ( APCA ) . In 1999 , banks adopted a system to allow faster clearance of cheques by electronically transmitting information about cheques , this brought clearance times down from five to three days . Prior to that cheques had to be physically transported to the paying bank before processing began . If it was dishonoured , it was physically returned . All licensed banks in Australia may issue cheques in their own name . Non-banks are not permitted to issue cheques in their own name but may issue , and have drawn on them , payment orders ( which functionally are no different from cheques ) . Canada ( edit ) In Canada , cheque sizes and types , endorsement requirements and MICR tolerances are overseen by Payments Canada . Canadian cheques can legally be written in English , French or Inuktitut . A tele - cheque is a paper payment item that resembles a cheque except that it is neither created nor signed by the payer -- instead it is created ( and may be signed ) by a third party on behalf of the payer . Under CPA Rules these are prohibited in the clearing system effective 1 January 2004 . India ( edit ) The Cheque was introduced in India by the Bank of Hindustan , the first joint stock bank established in 1770 . In 1881 , the Negotiable Instruments Act ( NI Act ) was enacted in India , formalizing the usage and characteristics of instruments like the cheque , the bill of exchange and promissory note . The NI Act provided a legal framework for non-cash paper payment instruments in India . In 1938 , the Calcutta Clearing Banks ' Association , which was the largest bankers ' association at that time , adopted clearing house . Until 1 April 2012 , cheques in India were valid for a period of six months from the date of their issue , before the Reserve Bank of India issued a notification reducing their validity to three months from the date of issue . Japan ( edit ) In Japan , cheques are called Kogitte ( 小切手 ) , and are governed by Kogitte Law . Bounced cheques are called Fuwatari Kogitte ( 不渡り 小切手 ) . If an account owner bounces two cheques in six months , the bank will suspend the account for two years . If the account belongs to a public company , their stock will also be suspended from trading on the stock exchange , which can lead to bankruptcy . New Zealand ( edit ) Instrument - specific legislation includes the Cheques Act 1960 , part of the Bills of Exchange Act 1908 , which codifies aspects related to the cheque payment instrument , notably the procedures for the endorsement , presentment and payment of cheques . A 1995 amendment provided for the electronic presentment of cheques and removed the previous requirement to deliver cheques physically to the paying bank , opening the way for cheque truncation and imaging . Truncation allows for the transmission of an electronic image of all or part of the cheque to the paying bank 's branch , instead of the cumbersome physical presentment . This reduced the total cheque clearance time , as well as eliminating the costs of physically moving the cheque . The registered banks under supervision of Reserve Bank of New Zealand provide the cheque payment services . Once banked , cheques are processed electronically together with other retail payment instruments . Homeguard v Kiwi Packaging is often cited case law regarding the banking of cheques tendered as full settlement of disputed accounts . United Kingdom ( edit ) In the UK all cheques must now conform to `` Cheque and Credit Clearing Company ( C&CCC ) Standard 3 '' , the industry standard detailing layout and font , be printed on a specific weight of paper ( CBS1 ) , and contain explicitly defined security features . Since 1995 , all cheque printers must be members of the Cheque Printer Accreditation Scheme ( CPAS ) . The scheme is managed by the Cheque and Credit Clearing Company and requires that all cheques for use in the British clearing process are produced by accredited printers who have adopted stringent security standards . The rules concerning crossed cheques are set out in Section 1 of the Cheques Act 1992 and prevent cheques being cashed by or paid into the accounts of third parties . On a crossed cheque the words `` account payee only '' ( or similar ) are printed between two parallel vertical lines in the centre of the cheque . This makes the cheque non-transferable and is to avoid cheques being endorsed and paid into an account other than that of the named payee . Crossing cheques basically ensures that the money is paid into an account of the intended beneficiary of the cheque . Following concerns about the amount of time it took banks to clear cheques , the United Kingdom Office of Fair Trading set up a working group in 2006 to look at the cheque clearing cycle . They produced a report recommending maximum times for the cheque clearing which were introduced in UK from November 2007 . In the report the date the credit appeared on the recipient 's account ( usually the day of deposit ) was designated `` T '' . At `` T + 2 '' ( two business days afterwards ) the value would count for calculation of credit interest or overdraft interest on the recipient 's account . At `` T + 4 '' clients would be able to withdraw funds on current accounts or at `` T + 6 '' on savings accounts ( though this will often happen earlier , at the bank 's discretion ) . `` T + 6 '' is the last day that a cheque can bounce without the recipient 's permission -- this is known as `` certainty of fate '' . Before the introduction of this standard ( also known as 2 - 4 - 6 for current accounts and 2 - 6 - 6 for savings accounts ) , the only way to know the `` fate '' of a cheque has been `` Special Presentation '' , which would normally involve a fee , where the drawee bank contacts the payee bank to see if the payee has that money at that time . `` Special Presentation '' needed to be stated at the time of depositing in the cheque . Cheque volumes peaked in 1990 when four billion cheque payments were made . Of these , 2.5 billion were cleared through the inter-bank clearing managed by the C&CCC , the remaining 1.5 billion being in - house cheques which were either paid into the branch on which they were drawn or processed intra-bank without going through the clearings . As volumes started to fall , the challenges faced by the clearing banks were then of a different nature : how to benefit from technology improvements in a declining business environment . Although the UK did not adopt the euro as its national currency when other European countries did in 1999 , many banks began offering euro denominated accounts with chequebooks , principally to business customers . The cheques can be used to pay for certain goods and services in the UK . The same year , the C&CCC set up the euro cheque clearing system to process euro denominated cheques separately from sterling cheques in Great Britain . The UK Payments Council from 30 June 2011 withdrew the existing Cheque Guarantee Card Scheme in the UK . This service allowed cheques to be guaranteed at point of sales up to a certain value , normally £ 50 or £ 100 , when signed in front of the retailer with the additional cheque guarantee card . This was after a long period of decline in their use in favour of debit cards . The Payments Council proposed to close the centralized cheque clearing altogether in the UK and had set a target date for this of 31 October 2018 . However , on 12 July 2011 , the Payments Council announced that after opposition from MPs , charity groups and public opinion , the cheque will remain in use and there would no longer be a reason to seek an alternative paper - initiated payment . United States ( edit ) In the United States , cheques are referred to as checks and are governed by Article 3 of the Uniform Commercial Code , under the rubric of negotiable instruments . An order check -- the most common form in the US -- is payable only to the named payee or his or her endorsee , as it usually contains the language `` Pay to the order of ( name ) . '' A bearer check is payable to anyone who is in possession of the document : this would be the case if the cheque does not state a payee , or is payable to `` bearer '' or to `` cash '' or `` to the order of cash '' , or if the cheque is payable to someone who is not a person or legal entity , for example if the payee line is marked `` Happy Birthday '' . A counter check is a bank cheque given to customers who have run out of cheques or whose cheques are not yet available . It is often left blank -- hence sometimes called a `` blank check '' , though this term has other uses -- and is used for purposes of withdrawal . In the US , the terminology for a cheque historically varied with the type of financial institution on which it is drawn . In the case of a savings and loan association it was a negotiable order of withdrawal ( compare Negotiable Order of Withdrawal account ) ; if a credit union it was a share draft . `` Checks '' were associated with chartered commercial banks . However , common usage has increasingly conformed to more recent versions of Article 3 , where check means any or all of these negotiable instruments . Certain types of cheques drawn on a government agency , especially payroll cheques , may be called a payroll warrant . At the bottom of each cheque there is the routing / account number in MICR format . The ABA routing transit number is a nine - digit number in which the first four digits identifies the US Federal Reserve Bank 's cheque - processing centre . This is followed by digits 5 through 8 , identifying the specific bank served by that cheque - processing centre . Digit 9 is a verification check digit , computed using a complex algorithm of the previous eight digits . Typically the routing number is followed by a group of eight or nine MICR digits that indicates the particular account number at that bank . The account number is assigned independently by the various banks . Typically the account number is followed by a group of three or four MICR digits that indicates a particular cheque number from that account . Directional routing number -- also known as the transit number , consists of a denominator mirroring the first four digits of the routing number , and a hyphenated numerator , also known as the ABA number , in which the first part is a city code ( 1 -- 49 ) , if the account is in one of 49 specific cities , or a state code ( 50 -- 99 ) if it is not in one of those specific cities ; the second part of the hyphenated numerator mirrors the 5th through 8th digits of the routing number with leading zeros removed . A draft in the US Uniform Commercial Code is any bill of exchange , whether payable on demand or at a later date . If payable on demand it is a `` demand draft '' , or if drawn on a financial institution , a cheque . The electronic cheque or substitute cheque was formally adopted in the US in 2004 with the passing of the `` Check Clearing for the 21st Century Act '' ( or Check 21 Act ) . This allowed the creation of electronic cheques and translation ( truncation ) of paper cheques into electronic replacements , reducing cost and processing time . The specification for US cheques is given by ANSI committee X9 Technical Report 2 . Turkey ( edit ) In Turkey , cheques are usually used for commercial transactions only , and using post-dated cheques is legally possible . Cheque fraud ( edit ) Main article : Cheque fraud Cheques have been a tempting target for criminals to steal money or goods from the drawer , payee or the banks . A number of measures have been introduced to combat fraud over the years . These range from things like writing a cheque so it is difficult to alter after it is drawn , to mechanisms like crossing a cheque so that it can only be paid into another bank 's account providing some traceability . However , the inherent security weaknesses of cheques as a payment method , such as having only the signature as the main authentication method and not knowing if funds will be received until the clearing cycle to complete , have made them vulnerable to a number of different types of fraud . Embezzlement ( edit ) Taking advantage of the float period ( cheque kiting ) to delay the notice of non-existent funds . This often involves trying to convince a merchant or other recipient , hoping the recipient will not suspect that the cheque will not clear , giving time for the fraudster to disappear . Forgery ( edit ) Sometimes , forgery is the method of choice in defrauding a bank . One form of forgery involves the use of a victim 's legitimate cheques , that have either been stolen and then cashed , or altering a cheque that has been legitimately written to the perpetrator , by adding words or digits to inflate the amount . Identity theft ( edit ) Since cheques include significant personal information ( name , account number , signature and in some countries driver 's license number , the address or phone number of the account holder ) , they can be used for fraud , specifically identity theft . The practice was discontinued as identity theft became widespread . Dishonoured cheques ( edit ) A dishonoured cheque can not be redeemed for its value and is worthless ; they are also known as an RDI ( returned deposit item ) , or NSF ( non-sufficient funds ) cheque . Cheques are usually dishonoured because the drawer 's account has been frozen or limited , or because there are insufficient funds in the drawer 's account when the cheque was redeemed . A cheque drawn on an account with insufficient funds is said to have bounced and may be called a rubber cheque . Banks will typically charge customers for issuing a dishonoured cheque , and in some jurisdictions such an act is a criminal action . A drawer may also issue a stop on a cheque , instructing the financial institution not to honour a particular cheque . In England and Wales , they are typically returned marked `` Refer to Drawer '' -- an instruction to contact the person issuing the cheque for an explanation as to why the cheque was not honoured . This wording was brought in after a bank was successfully sued for libel after returning a cheque with the phrase `` Insufficient Funds '' after making an error -- the court ruled that as there were sufficient funds the statement was demonstrably false and damaging to the reputation of the person issuing the cheque . Despite the use of this revised phrase , successful libel lawsuits brought against banks by individuals remained for similar errors . In Scotland , a cheque acts as an assignment of the amount of money to the payee . As such , if a cheque is dishonoured in Scotland , what funds are present in the bank account are `` attached '' and frozen , until either sufficient funds are credited to the account to pay the cheque , the drawer recovers the cheque and hands it into the bank , or the drawer obtains a letter from the payee stating that they have no further interest in the cheque . A cheque may also be dishonoured because it is stale or not cashed within a `` void after date '' . Many cheques have an explicit notice printed on the cheque that it is void after some period of days . In the US , banks are not required by the Uniform Commercial Code to honour a stale - dated cheque , which is a cheque presented six months after it is dated . Consumer reporting ( edit ) In the United States some consumer reporting agencies such as ChexSystems , Early Warning Services , and TeleCheck have been providing cheque verification services that track how people manage their chequing accounts . Banks use the agencies to screen chequing account applicants . Those with low debit scores are denied chequing accounts because a bank can not afford an account to be overdrawn . In the United Kingdom , in common with other items such as Direct Debits or standing orders , dishonoured cheques can be reported on a customer 's credit file , although not individually and this does not happen universally amongst all banks . Dishonoured payments from current accounts can be marked in the same manner as missed payments on the customer 's credit report . Lock box ( edit ) Main article : Lock box Typically when customers pay bills with cheques ( like gas or water bills ) , the mail will go to a `` lock box '' at the post office . There a bank will pick up all the mail , sort it , open it , take the cheques and remittance advice out , process it all through electronic machinery , and post the funds to the proper accounts . In modern systems , taking advantage of the Check 21 Act , as in the US , many cheques are transformed into electronic objects and the paper is destroyed . See also ( edit ) Allonge - slip of paper attached to a cheque used to endorse it when there is not enough space . Blank cheque - cheque where amount has been left blank . Certified cheque - guaranteed by a bank . E-cheque - electronic fund transfer . Hundi - historic Indian cheque like instrument . Labour cheque - political concept to distribute goods in exchange for work . Negotiable cow - urban legend where a cow was used as a cheque . Remote deposit - scanning of cheques and transmitting to the bank electronically . Substitute cheque - the act of scanning paper cheques and turning them into electronic payments . Traveler 's cheque - a pre-paid cheque that could be used to make payments in stores . Railway pay cheques - identification used to collect railway workers pay packet . Notes ( edit ) Cheques ( in the UK ) are a bedrock of small businesses and clubs ( sports etc . ) who do not have credit card facilities and do not want to deal with amounts of cash . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ James William Gilbart in 1828 explains in a footnote ' Most writers spell it check . I have adopted the above form because it is free from ambiguity and is analogous to the ex-chequer , the royal treasury . It is also used by the Bank of England `` Cheque Office '' ' . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cheques and Bankers ' Drafts Facts and Figures '' . UK Payment Administration . UKPA. 2010 . Archived from the original on 13 June 2010 . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cheque , check '' . Oxford English Dictionary . London : Oxford University Press . 2009 . p. 350 . Jump up ^ Gilbart , James William ( 1828 ) . A practical treatise on Banking , containing an account of the London and County Banks ... a view of Joint Stock Banks , and the Branch Banks of the Bank of England , etc ( 2nd ed . ) . London : E Wilson . p. 115 . Jump up ^ `` Cheque - Definition of cheque by Merriam - Webster '' . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` check ( n . 1 ) '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Archived from the original on 9 March 2013 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` check '' . Dictionary.com Unabridged . Random House . Archived from the original on 2 April 2014 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Durant , Will ( 1944 ) . Caesar and Christ : a history of Roman civilization and of Christianity from their beginnings to A.D. 325 . The story of civilization . 3 . New York : Simon & Schuster . p. 749 . Jump up ^ Glubb , John Bagot ( 1988 ) , A Short History Of The Arab Peoples , Dorset Press , p. 105 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 88029 - 226 - 9 , OCLC 603697876 Jump up ^ `` How Islamic inventors changed the world '' . The Independent . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Checks and Check Fraud '' ( PDF ) . Wachovia Bank . 2003 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Cheque and Credit Clearing Company ( 2009 ) . `` Cheques and cheque clearing : An historical perspective '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta , The Evolution of the cheque as a Means of Payment : A Historical Survey , 2008 Archived 19 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Domett , Henry Williams . A history of the Bank of New York , 1784 - 1884 ( 1884 ) '' . Archive.org. 2010 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` '' Newly Discovered Oldest Surviving American chequebook `` . Rarebookbuyer.com. 2014 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evolution of Payment Systems in India = Reserve Bank of India '' . Jump up ^ `` 1 - Progressive Development of the Law of International Trade : Report of the Secretary - General of the United Nations , 1966 '' . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Uniform Commercial Code § 4 - 404 '' . United States Congress . A bank is under no obligation to a customer having a chequing account to pay a cheque , other than a certified cheque , which is presented more than six months after its date , but it may charge its customer 's account for a payment made thereafter in good faith . Jump up ^ `` Cheque Clearing FAQ , question 7 '' . Canadian Payments Association . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Legal Issues Guide for Small Business : How long is a cheque valid for ? '' . Department of Innovation , Industry , Science , and Research . 4 July 2008 . Archived from the original on 14 September 2010 . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ MICR Basics Handbook Archived 21 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` SKU : USCST850 , U.S. Bank Supply , Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 20 '' . Usbanksupply.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ CPM Federal Credit Union Deposit ATM FAQ Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 20 . Also , this author received a couple checks with handwriting incursion of the MICR characters which were rejected . ^ Jump up to : `` Cheques Working Group Report '' ( PDF ) . London : The Office of Fair Trading . November 2006 . p. 297 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Denmark officially kills the cheque '' . 16 December 2016 . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Popularity of cheques wanes '' . London : BBC News . 25 July 2002 . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Shell bans payment by cheque '' . London : BBC News . 10 September 2005 . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cheques get the chop at Asda '' . Guardian . London . Press Association . 3 April 2006 . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` High Street retailer bans cheques '' . London : BBC News . 12 September 2006 . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Jonathan , Duffy ( 27 November 2003 ) . `` Chequeing out '' . London : BBC News . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cheques to be phased out in 2018 '' . BBC News . 16 December 2009 . Retrieved 16 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Plans to end cheques criticised by banks '' . BBC News . 11 December 2010 . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cheques not to be scrapped after all , banks say '' . BBC News . 12 July 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.paymentsuk.org.uk/sites/default/files/publication-free/Pages%20from%20UK%20Payment%20Statistics%202016.pdf Jump up ^ `` Cheque photo plan gets the go - ahead '' . BBC News . 25 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , ed. ( 2002 ) . The Future of Money . Paris : OECD . pp. 76 -- 79 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 64 - 19672 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Federal Reserve Payments Study '' . Federal Reserve Bank Services . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Ellis , David ( 2 December 2009 ) . `` 17 million Americans have no bank account '' . CNN News . Retrieved 3 September 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.cba.ca/b2b-mobile-payments Jump up ^ `` Examining Canadian Payment Methods and Trends '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Payment Association . October 2012 . Jump up ^ Please select all that apply : ( 2015 - 12 - 07 ) . `` Direct deposit - Canada.ca '' . Servicecanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ' Green payment ' movement set to impact the American payments landscape '' . euromonitor.com. 4 May 2010 . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` E-transactions grow , cheque usage drops 5 percent '' . SiliconIndia news . 27 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Payment and Settlement Systems in New Zealand '' . Reserve Bank of New Zealand . March 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Cheque '' . Glossary of Accounting terms . A-Z-Dictionaries.com. 2005 . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Big Cheques '' . Megaprint Inc . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` GWR Day - Kuwait : A Really Big cheque '' . Guinness World Records . 2009 . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Holden , Lewis ( 2009 ) . `` A cheque is a cheque -- whatever it is printed on '' . Bankrate , Inc . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Paying by Cheque '' . www.payments.ca . Payments Canada . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Standard 006 -- Specifications for MICR - Encoded Payment Items '' ( PDF ) . payments.ca . Canadian Payments Association . 2015 . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Prohibition of Tele - cheques in the Automated Clearing Settlement System '' ( PDF ) . payments.ca . Payments Canada . 1 June 2003 . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Negotiable Instruments Act , 1881 , India '' . Jump up ^ `` Cheques valid for 3 months from April 1 '' . Bangalore : The Times of India . 21 March 2012 . Retrieved 30 April 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1981 ) 2 NZLR 322 Jump up ^ Miles , Brignall ( 30 November 2007 ) . `` Cheque changes leave consumers in the clear '' . Guardian . London . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` R.I.P. Cheque guarantee cards '' . BBC News . 29 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Press Releases '' . Payments Council . Archived from the original on 20 January 2010 . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.C.C. - ARTICLE 3 - NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS '' . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Inside Check Numbers '' . Supersat-tech.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on 21 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` X9 TR - 2 : 2005 Understanding , Designing Producing Checks '' . webstore.ansi.org . ANSI. 2005 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ÇEK KANUNUNDA DEĞİŞİKLİK YAPILMASINA DAİR KANUN '' ( in Turkish ) . Jump up ^ Garner , Bryan A. ( 1995 ) . A dictionary of modern legal usage ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 953 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507769 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Bounced cheques yield libel damages '' . The Independent . UK . 21 July 1992 . Retrieved 24 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Tugend , Alina ( 2006 - 06 - 24 ) . `` New York Times '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Blake Ellis ( 16 August 2012 ) . `` Bank customers - you 're being tracked '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CFPB to supervise credit reporting agencies '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . External links ( edit ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to cheques . Cheques found in the Cairo Geniza from the 12th century Information on cheques in the UK from UK Payments Administration Malaysia Introduces New Cheque Clearing System Bills of Exchange Act 1882 Cheques Act 1957 Cheques Act 1992 Negotiable Instruments Act , 1881 , India GND : 4179443 - 6 NDL : 00566163 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheque&oldid=835436966 '' Categories : Accounting source documents Banking terms Banking Numismatics Cheques Paper products Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) Use dmy dates from June 2013 Use British English Oxford spelling from October 2016 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2010 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from December 2017 Articles containing Japanese - language text Wikipedia external links cleanup from February 2013 Wikipedia spam cleanup from February 2013 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon ייִדיש 粵語 中文 65 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 18 : 20 . 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1. Cheque definition and usage
2. History of cheques
3. Parts of a cheque
4. Declining use of cheques
5. Cheque fraud and dishonoured cheques
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most points scored by team in nba quarter
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NBA Regular season records - wikipedia NBA Regular season records Jump to : navigation , search For NBA playoff and Finals records , see NBA post-season records . For NBA All - Star Game records , see NBA All - Star Game records . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . This article lists all - time records achieved in the NBA regular season in major statistical categories recognized by the league , including those set by teams and individuals in a game , season , and career . The NBA also recognizes records from its original incarnation , the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regular season records 1.1 Game 1.2 Season 1.3 Career 2 Rookie and age - related records 3 Team records 3.1 Game 3.2 Season 3.3 Franchise 4 Other records 5 Awards 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 References Regular season records Game Most minutes in a game 69 by Dale Ellis , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Milwaukee Bucks ) on November 9 , 1989 ( 5 OT ) Most points in a game 100 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most points in a half 59 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most points in a quarter 37 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 3rd ) Most points in an overtime period 16 by Gilbert Arenas , Washington Wizards ( vs. Los Angeles Lakers ) on December 17 , 2006 Most points in a triple - double 60 by James Harden , Houston Rockets ( vs. Orlando Magic ) on January 30 , 2018 Quickest to reach a triple - double 14 minutes and 33 seconds by Nikola Jokić , Denver Nuggets ( at Milwaukee Bucks ) on February 15 , 2018 . Most field goals made in a game 36 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most field goals attempted in a game 63 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most field goals missed in a game 30 by Kobe Bryant , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Boston Celtics ) on November 7 , 2002 Most field goals made in a half 22 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most field goals attempted in a half 37 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most field goals made in a quarter 13 by David Thompson , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on April 9 , 1978 ( 1st ) 13 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 3rd ) Most field goals attempted in a quarter 21 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 4th ) Most field goals made in a game , no misses 18 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. Baltimore Bullets ) on February 24 , 1967 Most field goals attempted in a game , none made 17 by Tim Hardaway , Golden State Warriors ( at Minnesota Timberwolves ) on December 27 , 1991 Most 3 - point field goals made in a game 13 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. New Orleans Pelicans ) on November 7 , 2016 ( 13 / 17 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 22 by J.R. Smith , New York Knicks ( at Miami Heat ) on April 6 , 2014 ( 10 / 22 ) Most 3 - point field goals made in a game , no misses 9 by Latrell Sprewell , New York Knicks ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 4 , 2003 9 by Ben Gordon , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Washington Wizards ) on April 14 , 2006 9 by Ben Gordon , Detroit Pistons ( at Denver Nuggets ) on March 21 , 2012 Most consecutive 3 - point field goals made to start a game 10 by Ty Lawson , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Minnesota Timberwolves ) on April 9 , 2011 ( 10 / 11 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game , none made 11 by Antoine Walker , Boston Celtics ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on December 17 , 2001 11 by Trey Burke , Utah Jazz ( vs. Atlanta Hawks ) on January 2 , 2015 11 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on February 27 , 2017 Most 3 - point field goals made in a half 10 by Chandler Parsons , Houston Rockets ( vs. Memphis Grizzlies ) on January 24 , 2014 ( 10 / 11 ) Most 3 - point field goals made in a quarter 9 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 9 / 9 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a quarter , no misses 9 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 9 / 9 ) Most free throws made in a game 28 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 28 / 32 ) 28 by Adrian Dantley , Utah Jazz ( vs. Houston Rockets ) on January 4 , 1984 ( 28 / 29 ) Most free throws made in a game , no misses 23 by Dominique Wilkins , Atlanta Hawks ( vs. Chicago Bulls ) on December 8 , 1992 Most consecutive free throws made in a game 24 by DeMar DeRozan , Toronto Raptors ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on March 4 , 2016 Most free throws attempted in a game , none made 11 by Shaquille O'Neal , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Seattle SuperSonics ) on December 8 , 2000 Most free throws attempted in a game 39 by Dwight Howard , Orlando Magic ( vs. Golden State Warriors ) on January 12 , 2012 ( 21 / 39 ) 39 by Dwight Howard , Los Angeles Lakers ( at Orlando Magic ) on March 12 , 2013 ( 25 / 39 ) Most free throws missed in a game 23 by Andre Drummond , Detroit Pistons ( at Houston Rockets ) on January 20 , 2016 ( 13 / 36 ) Most free throws made in a half 20 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Miami Heat ) on December 30 , 1992 Most free throws attempted in a half 26 by Josh Smith , Houston Rockets ( vs. San Antonio Spurs ) on April 10 , 2015 ( 12 / 26 ) Most free throws made in a quarter 16 by Vince Carter , New Jersey Nets ( at Miami Heat ) on December 23 , 2005 Most free throws attempted in a quarter 24 by Ben Simmons , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs Washington Wizards ) on November 29 , 2017 Most rebounds in a game 55 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Boston Celtics ) on November 24 , 1960 Most rebounds in a half 32 by Bill Russell , Boston Celtics ( vs. Philadelphia Warriors ) on November 16 , 1957 Most rebounds in a quarter 18 by Nate Thurmond , San Francisco Warriors ( at Baltimore Bullets ) on February 28 , 1965 Most offensive rebounds in a game 21 by Moses Malone , Houston Rockets ( vs. Seattle SuperSonics ) on February 11 , 1982 Most defensive rebounds in a game 29 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on December 14 , 1975 Most offensive rebounds in a half 13 by Charles Barkley , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 4 , 1987 Most defensive rebounds in a half 18 by Swen Nater , San Diego Clippers ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on December 14 , 1979 Most offensive rebounds in a quarter 11 by Charles Barkley , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 4 , 1987 11 by Larry Smith , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on March 23 , 1986 Most defensive rebounds in a quarter 13 by Happy Hairston , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on November 15 , 1974 Most assists in a game 30 by Scott Skiles , Orlando Magic ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on December 30 , 1990 Most assists in a half 19 by Bob Cousy , Boston Celtics ( vs. Minneapolis Lakers ) on February 27 , 1959 Most assists in a quarter 14 by John Lucas , San Antonio Spurs ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on April 15 , 1984 14 by Steve Blake , Portland Trail Blazers ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 22 , 2009 Most steals in a game 11 by Larry Kenon , San Antonio Spurs ( at Kansas City Kings ) on December 26 , 1976 11 by Kendall Gill , New Jersey Nets ( vs. Miami Heat ) on April 3 , 1999 Most steals in a half 8 by Quinn Buckner , Milwaukee Bucks ( vs. New York Nets ) on November 27 , 1976 8 by Fred Brown , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Philadelphia 76ers ) on December 3 , 1976 8 by Gus Williams , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Washington Bullets ) on January 23 , 1979 8 by Eddie Jordan , New Jersey Nets ( at Chicago Bulls ) on October 23 , 1979 8 by Dudley Bradley , Indiana Pacers ( at Utah Jazz ) on November 10 , 1980 8 by Rob Williams , Denver Nuggets ( at New Jersey Nets ) on February 17 , 1983 8 by Fat Lever , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on March 9 , 1985 8 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( at Boston Celtics ) on November 9 , 1988 8 by Clyde Drexler , Houston Rockets ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on November 1 , 1996 8 by Doug Christie , Toronto Raptors ( at Philadelphia 76ers ) on April 2 , 1997 8 by Michael Finley , Dallas Mavericks ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on January 23 , 2001 8 by Rafer Alston , Houston Rockets ( vs. Charlotte Bobcats ) on February 10 , 2007 Most steals in a quarter 8 by Fat Lever , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on March 9 , 1985 Most blocks in a game 17 by Elmore Smith , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on October 28 , 1973 Most blocks in a half 11 by Elmore Smith , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on October 28 , 1973 11 by George T. Johnson , San Antonio Spurs ( vs. Golden State Warriors ) on February 24 , 1981 11 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Milwaukee Bucks ) on December 12 , 1985 Most blocks in a quarter 8 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Milwaukee Bucks ) on December 12 , 1985 8 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on February 26 , 1987 8 by Dikembe Mutombo , Philadelphia 76ers ( at Chicago Bulls ) on December 1 , 2001 8 by Erick Dampier , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on April 17 , 2002 Most turnovers in a game 14 by John Drew , Atlanta Hawks ( at New Jersey Nets ) on March 1 , 1978 14 by Jason Kidd , Phoenix Suns ( vs. New York Knicks ) on November 17 , 2000 Quickest disqualification 3 minutes by Bubba Wells , Dallas Mavericks ( vs. Chicago Bulls ) on December 29 , 1997 Season Most games played 88 by Walt Bellamy , 1968 -- 69 Most minutes per game average 48.52 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most minutes 3,882 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest points per game average 50.36 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most points 4,029 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most 50 - point games 45 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most 40 - point games 63 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals made 1,597 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals attempted 3,159 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals missed 1,562 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest field goal percentage 72.7 % by Wilt Chamberlain , 1972 -- 73 Most free throws made 840 by Jerry West , 1965 -- 66 Most free throws attempted 1,363 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest free throw percentage 98.05 % by José Calderón , 2008 -- 09 Most 3 - point field goals made 402 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goals per game average 5.1 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Most 3 - point field goals attempted 886 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goals attempted per game average 11.2 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goal percentage 53.6 % by Kyle Korver , 2009 -- 10 Highest rebounds per game average 27.2 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1960 -- 61 Most rebounds 2,149 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1960 -- 61 Highest defensive rebounds per game average 13.7 by Elvin Hayes , 1973 -- 74 Most defensive rebounds 1,111 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , 1975 -- 76 Highest offensive rebounds per game average 7.2 by Moses Malone , 1978 -- 79 Most offensive rebounds 587 by Moses Malone , 1978 -- 79 Highest assists per game average 14.54 by John Stockton , 1989 -- 90 Most assists 1164 by John Stockton , 1990 -- 91 Highest steals per game average 3.67 by Alvin Robertson , 1985 -- 86 Most steals 301 by Alvin Robertson , 1985 -- 86 Highest blocks per game average 5.56 by Mark Eaton , 1984 -- 85 Most blocks 456 by Mark Eaton , 1984 -- 85 Highest turnovers per game average 5.73 by James Harden , 2016 -- 17 Most turnovers 464 by James Harden , 2016 -- 17 Most personal fouls 386 by Darryl Dawkins , 1983 -- 84 Most technical fouls 41 by Rasheed Wallace , 2000 -- 01 Most disqualifications 26 by Don Meineke , 1952 -- 53 Most consecutive disqualifications 6 by Don Boven , 1951 -- 52 Triple - double per game average Oscar Robertson : 30.8 points , 12.5 rebounds , and 11.4 assists , 1961 -- 62 . Russell Westbrook : 31.6 points , 10.7 rebounds , and 10.4 assists , 2016 -- 17 . Most triple - doubles 42 by Russell Westbrook , 2016 -- 17 Most consecutive triple - doubles 9 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1967 -- 68 Career Most games 1,611 by Robert Parish Most consecutive games 1,192 by A.C. Green Most minutes per game 45.8 by Wilt Chamberlain Most minutes 57,446 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Highest points per game average 30.12 by Michael Jordan Most points 38,387 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most seasons leading league in points 11 by Michael Jordan Most seasons leading league in points per game 10 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in points 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1959 -- 60 -- 1965 -- 66 ) and Michael Jordan ( 1986 -- 87 -- 1992 -- 93 ) Most 60 + point games 32 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 50 + point games 118 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 40 + point games 271 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 30 + point games 562 by Michael Jordan Most 20 + point games 1,134 by Karl Malone Most 10 + point games 1,509 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most consecutive 50 + point games 7 by Wilt Chamberlain from December 16 -- 29 , 1961 Most consecutive 40 + point games 14 by Wilt Chamberlain from December 8 -- 30 , 1961 and January 11 -- February 1 , 1962 Most consecutive 30 + point games 65 by Wilt Chamberlain from November 4 , 1961 -- February 22 , 1962 Most consecutive 20 + point games 126 by Wilt Chamberlain from October 19 , 1961 -- January 19 , 1963 Most consecutive 10 + point games 866 by Michael Jordan from March 25 , 1986 -- December 26 , 2001 Most field goals made 15,837 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most field goals attempted 28,307 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most seasons leading league in field goals made 10 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in field goals made 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1960 -- 66 ) and Michael Jordan ( 1987 -- 93 ) Most seasons leading league in field goals attempted 9 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in field goals attempted 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1960 -- 66 ) Highest field goal percentage 59.9 % by Artis Gilmore Most seasons leading league in field goal percentage 10 by Shaquille O'Neal Most consecutive field goals made 35 by Wilt Chamberlain from February 17 -- 28 , 1967 Most consecutive games with a field goal made 1,360 by Tim Duncan from October 31 , 1997 to December 30 , 2015 . Most seasons leading league in free throws made 8 by Karl Malone Most consecutive free throws made 97 by Micheal Williams from March 24 -- November 9 , 1993 Most free throws made 9,787 by Karl Malone Most free throws attempted 13,188 by Karl Malone Most seasons leading league in free throws attempted 9 by Wilt Chamberlain Highest free throw percentage 90.43 % by Steve Nash ( 3,060 / 3,384 ) Most seasons leading league in free throw percentage 7 by Bill Sharman Most 3 - point field goals made 2,973 by Ray Allen Most 3 - point field goals attempted 7,429 by Ray Allen Highest 3 - point field goal percentage 45.4 % by Steve Kerr Most seasons leading league in 3 - point percentage 4 by Kyle Korver Most consecutive games with a 3 - point field goal made 157 by Stephen Curry from November 13 , 2014 -- November 4 , 2016 ( 73 in 2014 -- 15 ; 79 in 2015 -- 16 ; 5 in 2016 -- 17 ) Most consecutive 3 - point field goals made 13 by Brent Price from January 15 -- 19 , 1996 and Terry Mills from December 4 -- 7 , 1996 Most 50 -- 40 -- 90 seasons 4 by Steve Nash ( 2006 , 2008 -- 2010 ) Most rebounds 23,924 by Wilt Chamberlain Highest rebounds per game average 22.9 by Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons leading league in rebounds 11 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons leading league in rebounds 7 by Dennis Rodman Most offensive rebounds 6,731 by Moses Malone Highest offensive rebounds per game average 5.1 by Moses Malone Most seasons leading league in offensive rebounds 8 by Moses Malone Most consecutive seasons leading league in offensive rebounds 6 by Moses Malone Most defensive rebounds 11,453 by Kevin Garnett Highest defensive rebounds per game average 9.8 by Dave Cowens Most seasons leading league in defensive rebounds 6 by Dwight Howard ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2012 -- 13 ) Most consecutive seasons leading league in defensive rebounds 6 by Dwight Howard ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2012 -- 13 ) Most assists 15,806 by John Stockton Most seasons leading league in assists 9 by John Stockton Most consecutive seasons leading league in assists 9 by John Stockton ( 1988 -- 89 -- 1996 -- 97 ) Highest assists per game average 11.2 by Magic Johnson Most steals 3,265 by John Stockton Highest steals per game average 2.71 by Alvin Robertson Most consecutive games with at least 1 steal 108 by Chris Paul Most seasons leading league in steals 6 by Chris Paul ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 -- 2013 -- 14 ) Most consecutive seasons leading league in steals 4 by Chris Paul ( 2010 -- 11 -- 2013 -- 14 ) Most blocks 3,830 by Hakeem Olajuwon Highest blocks per game average 3.5 by Mark Eaton Most seasons leading league in blocks 4 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Mark Eaton , and Marcus Camby Most consecutive seasons leading league in blocks 3 by Dikembe Mutombo and Marcus Camby Most turnovers 4,524 by Karl Malone Most triple - doubles 181 by Oscar Robertson Most consecutive triple - doubles 9 by Wilt Chamberlain from March 8 -- 20 , 1968 Most personal fouls 4,657 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most disqualifications 127 by Vern Mikkelsen Most technical fouls 304 by Rasheed Wallace Rookie and age - related records In 2006 , the NBA introduced age requirement restrictions . Prospective high school players must wait a year before entering the NBA , making age - related records harder to break . Youngest player to be drafted Andrew Bynum was the youngest player to be drafted in NBA history at 17 years and 249 days after the Los Angeles Lakers selected him as the 10th overall pick in the 2005 NBA draft . He made his debut at 18 years and 6 days and was also the youngest to ever play in the NBA . Oldest player to be drafted Bernard James was the oldest player to be drafted in NBA history at 27 years and 148 days after the Cleveland Cavaliers selected him as the 33rd overall pick in the 2012 NBA draft before trading his rights to the Dallas Mavericks . He made his debut at 27 years and 266 days . Youngest player debut Andrew Bynum was the youngest player to debut in NBA history at 18 years and 6 days on his first game with the Los Angeles Lakers against the Denver Nuggets on November 2 , 2005 . Oldest player debut Nat Hickey was the oldest player to debut in NBA history at 45 years and 362 days on his first game with the Providence Steamrollers against the St. Louis Bombers on January 27 , 1948 . He was the team 's coach and activated himself as a player . He only played 2 games . Oldest NBA debut as a starter Arvydas Sabonis was the oldest rookie as a starter in NBA history at 30 years and 319 days on his first game with the Portland Trail Blazers against the Vancouver Grizzles on November 3 , 1995 . He was drafted 24th overall during the 1986 NBA Draft but elected to play professionally in Europe for 9 years before officially entering the NBA . Youngest NBA debut as a starter LeBron James was the youngest rookie as a starter in NBA history at 18 years and 303 days on his first game with the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Sacramento Kings on October 29 , 2003 . Youngest player to start a game Kobe Bryant was the youngest player to start a game at 18 years , 158 days against the Dallas Mavericks on January 28 , 1997 . Oldest player to play a game Nat Hickey was the oldest player to play a game at 45 years , 363 days against the New York Knicks on January 28 , 1948 . Oldest player to start a game Robert Parish was the oldest player to start a game at 43 years , 118 days against the Atlanta Hawks on December 26 , 1996 . Most points per game by a rookie 37.6 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1959 -- 60 Most rebounds per game by a rookie 27.0 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1959 -- 60 Most assists per game by a rookie 10.6 by Mark Jackson , 1987 -- 88 Most steals per game by a rookie 2.57 by Dudley Bradley , 1979 -- 80 Most blocks per game by a rookie 4.96 by Manute Bol , 1985 -- 86 Most points in a game by a rookie 58 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on January 25 , 1960 58 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( at New York Knicks ) on February 21 , 1960 Most rebounds in a game by a rookie 45 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Syracuse Nationals ) on February 6 , 1960 Most assists in a game by a rookie 25 by Ernie DiGregorio , Buffalo Braves ( at Portland Trail Blazers ) on January 1 , 1974 25 by Nate McMillan , Seattle SuperSonics ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 23 , 1987 Most steals in a game by a rookie 10 by Ron Harper , Cleveland Cavaliers ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on March 10 , 1987 Most blocks in a game by a rookie 15 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Atlanta Hawks ) on January 25 , 1986 Most consecutive games with a 3 - point field goal made by a rookie 33 by Rudy Fernández , from December 7 , 2008 -- February 22 , 2009 . Youngest / oldest player to score in a game Andrew Bynum is the youngest to score in a game , doing so on November 20 , 2005 , 18 days after his debut , for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Chicago Bulls at the age of 18 years , 24 days . He had a total of 4 points with two free throws made and a field goal . Nat Hickey is the oldest to score in a game , doing so on January 27 , 1948 for the Providence Steamrollers vs. the St. Louis Bombers at the age of 45 years , 363 days . He had a total of 2 points with two free throws made and no field goals . These are the only points recorded by Hickey in his entire NBA career . Youngest / oldest player to record a triple - double Lonzo Ball is the youngest , doing so on November 11 , 2017 for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Milwaukee Bucks at the age of 20 years , 15 days . He had 19 points , 12 rebounds and 13 assists . Karl Malone is the oldest , doing so on November 28 , 2003 for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the San Antonio Spurs at the age of 40 years , 127 days . He had 10 points , 11 rebounds and 10 assists . Leading the league in scoring Youngest : Kevin Durant , Oklahoma City Thunder ( 21 years , 197 days on April 14 , 2010 ) Oldest : Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( 35 years , 61 days on April 19 , 1998 ) Leading the league in rebounding Youngest : Dwight Howard , Orlando Magic ( 22 years , 130 days on April 16 , 2008 ) Oldest : Dennis Rodman , Chicago Bulls ( 36 years , 341 days on April 19 , 1998 ) Most consecutive games with 40 + points by a rookie 5 by Allen Iverson in 1997 Only players to average 20 + points , 5 + assists and 5 + rebounds as a rookie Oscar Robertson ( 1960 -- 61 ) Michael Jordan ( 1984 -- 85 ) LeBron James ( 2003 -- 04 ) Tyreke Evans ( 2009 -- 10 ) Only player to average 30 + points and 20 + rebounds as a rookie Wilt Chamberlain Youngest / Oldest player to score 70 + points in a game Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to score 70 + points in a game , scoring 70 points for the Phoenix Suns vs. the Boston Celtics at the age of 20 years , 145 days . Oldest : David Robinson is the oldest player to score 70 + points in a game , scoring 71 points for the San Antonio Spurs vs. the Los Angeles Clippers at the age of 28 years , 261 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 60 + points in a game Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to score 60 + points in a game , scoring 70 points for the Phoenix Suns vs. the Boston Celtics at the age of 20 years , 145 days . Oldest : Kobe Bryant is the oldest player to score 60 + points in a game , scoring 60 points for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Utah Jazz at the age of 37 years , 234 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 50 + points in a game Youngest : Brandon Jennings is the youngest player to score 50 + points in a game , scoring 55 points for the Milwaukee Bucks against the Golden State Warriors at the age of 20 years , 52 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 50 + points in a game , scoring 51 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the Charlotte Hornets at the age of 38 years , 315 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 40 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 40 + points in a game , scoring 41 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 19 years , 88 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player and only 40 - year - old player to score 40 + points in a game , doing so with 43 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the New Jersey Nets at the age of 40 years , 4 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 30 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 30 + points in a game , scoring 33 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Memphis Grizzlies at the age of 18 years , 334 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 30 + points in a game , doing so with 39 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the New York Knicks at the age of 40 years , 20 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 20 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 20 + points in a game , scoring 28 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Washington Wizards at the age of 18 years , 324 days . Oldest : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar is the oldest player to score 20 + points in a game , doing so with 21 points for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Houston Rockets at the age of 41 years , 331 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 30 + points in a game as a reserve Youngest : Kobe Bryant is the youngest player to score 30 + while coming off the bench , he scored 30 points for the Los Angeles Lakers against the Dallas Mavericks at the age of 19 years , 113 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 30 + while coming off the bench , he scored 34 points for the Washington Wizards against the Milwaukee Bucks at the age of 39 years , 40 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 20 + points in a game as a reserve Youngest : Jermaine O'Neal is the youngest player to score 20 + while coming off the bench , he scored 20 points for the Portland Trail Blazers against the Seattle SuperSonics at the age of 18 years , 101 days . Oldest : Vince Carter is the oldest player to score 20 + while coming off the bench , he scored 21 points for the Sacramento Kings against the San Antonio Spurs at the age of 41 years , 2 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 20 + rebounds in a game Youngest : Dwight Howard is the youngest player to rebound 20 + in a game , he grabbed 20 rebounds for the Orlando Magic against the Toronto Raptors at the age of 18 years , 359 days . Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player to rebound 20 + in a game , he grabbed 22 rebounds for the Houston Rockets against the Denver Nuggets at the age of 40 years , 250 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 15 + rebounds in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to rebound 15 + in a game , he grabbed 16 rebounds for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Memphis Grizzlies at the age of 18 years , 334 days . Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player to rebound 15 + in a game , he grabbed 15 rebounds for the Houston Rockets against the Golden State Warriors at the age of 42 years , 289 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + rebounds in a game as a reserve Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to rebound 10 + in a game coming off the bench , he grabbed 10 rebounds for the Phoenix Suns against the Charlotte Hornets at the age of 19 years , 68 days . Oldest : Kevin Willis is the oldest player to rebound 10 + in a game coming off the bench , he grabbed 10 rebounds for the Atlanta Hawks against the New York Knicks at the age of 42 years , 85 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + steals in a game Youngest : Ron Harper is the youngest player with 10 + steals in a game , he had 10 steals for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Philadelphia 76ers at the age of 23 years , 49 days . Oldest : Jerry West is the oldest player with 10 + steals in a game , he had 10 steals for the Los Angeles Lakers against the Seattle Supersonics at the age of 35 years , 193 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 20 + assists in a game Youngest : Ennis Whatley is the youngest player with 20 + assists in a game , he had 22 assists for the Chicago Bulls against the New York Knicks at the age of 21 years , 156 days . Oldest : Steve Nash is the oldest player with 20 + assists in a game , he had 20 assists for the Phoenix Suns against the Los Angeles Lakers at the age of 37 years , 43 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + assists in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player with 10 + assists in a game , he had 13 assists for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 19 years , 88 days . Oldest : John Stockton is the oldest player with 10 + assists in a game , he had 10 assists for the Utah Jazz against the San Antonio Spurs at the age of 41 years , 19 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + blocks in a game Youngest : Josh Smith is the youngest player with 10 + blocks in a game , he had 10 blocks for the Atlanta Hawks against the Dallas Mavericks at the age of 19 years , 13 days . Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player with 10 + blocks in a game , he had 10 blocks for the New York Knicks against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 37 years , 193 days . LeBron James is the youngest player to record every point milestone from 1,000 to 30,000 . Youngest player to reach ... ( career ) 1,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 19 years , 41 days ) on February 9 , 2004 5,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 21 years , 22 days ) on January 21 , 2006 10,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 23 years , 59 days ) on February 27 , 2008 15,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 25 years , 72 days ) on March 19 , 2010 20,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 28 years , 17 days ) on January 16 , 2013 25,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 30 years , 307 days ) on November 2 , 2015 30,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 33 years , 24 days ) on January 23 , 2018 1,000 Rebounds -- Dwight Howard ( 19 years , 356 days ) on November 29 , 2005 5,000 Rebounds -- Dwight Howard ( 23 years , 112 days ) on March 30 , 2009 10,000 Rebounds -- Wilt Chamberlain ( 28 years , 81 days ) on November 10 , 1964 1,000 Assists -- LeBron James ( 20 years , 102 days ) on April 11 , 2005 5,000 Assists -- Magic Johnson ( 26 years , 246 days ) on April 17 , 1986 Fewest games played to reach 15,000 points 358 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 20,000 points 499 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 25,000 points 691 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 30,000 points 941 by Wilt Chamberlain Youngest player to receive All - NBA First Team honors LeBron James ( 21 years , 138 days ) Oldest player to receive All - NBA First Team honors Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , he was 39 years and 35 days old in his last game for the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1985 -- 86 regular season . Youngest player to receive regular season NBA MVP award Derrick Rose ( 22 years , 191 days ) Oldest player to receive regular season NBA MVP award Karl Malone ( 35 years , 284 days ) Team records Game Note : Other than the longest game and disqualifications in a game , all records in this section are since the 24 - second shot clock was instituted for 1954 -- 55 season onward . Longest game The longest NBA game occurred on January 6 , 1951 between the Olympians and Royals . Indianapolis beat Rochester 75 -- 73 after 6 overtimes . Most points in a game -- overtime 186 by the Detroit Pistons vs. the Denver Nuggets on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) Most points in a game -- regulation 173 by the Boston Celtics vs. the Minneapolis Lakers on February 27 , 1959 173 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in a half 107 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in 1st half 107 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in 2nd half 97 by the Atlanta Hawks at the San Diego Rockets on February 11 , 1970 Most points in a quarter 58 by the Buffalo Braves at the Boston Celtics on October 20 , 1972 Most points in an overtime period 25 by the New Jersey Nets at Los Angeles Clippers on November 30 , 1996 Most combined points in a game 370 -- Detroit Pistons ( 186 ) at the Denver Nuggets ( 184 ) in 3 overtimes on December 13 , 1983 Most combined points in a half 174 -- Phoenix Suns ( 107 ) vs. the Denver Nuggets ( 67 ) on November 10 , 1990 Most combined points in 1st half 174 -- Phoenix Suns ( 107 ) vs. the Denver Nuggets ( 67 ) on November 10 , 1990 Most combined points in 2nd half 172 -- San Antonio Spurs ( 91 ) at the Denver Nuggets ( 81 ) on January 11 , 1984 Most combined points in a quarter 99 -- San Antonio Spurs ( 53 ) at Denver Nuggets ( 46 ) on January 11 , 1984 Most combined points in an overtime period 46 -- Dallas Mavericks ( 23 ) at Houston Rockets ( 23 ) on April 11 , 1995 ( 1st OT ) Fewest points in a game 49 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the Miami Heat on April 10 , 1999 Fewest points in a half 16 by the New Orleans Hornets at the Los Angeles Clippers on March 1 , 2006 Fewest points in 1st half 19 by the Los Angeles Clippers vs. the Los Angeles Lakers on December 14 , 1999 Fewest points in 2nd half 16 by the New Orleans Hornets at the Los Angeles Clippers on March 1 , 2006 Fewest points in a quarter 2 by the Dallas Mavericks at the Los Angeles Lakers on April 6 , 1997 2 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the Toronto Raptors on February 8 , 2004 Fewest points in an overtime period 0 by the Houston Rockets vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on January 22 , 1983 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 1 , 1989 0 by the Seattle SuperSonics at the Philadelphia 76ers on February 16 , 1990 0 by the Indiana Pacers at the Portland Trail Blazers on March 10 , 1996 ( 2nd OT ) 0 by the Denver Nuggets vs. the Charlotte Hornets on January 13 , 1997 0 by the Washington Bullets at the Atlanta Hawks on November 18 , 1997 0 by the Los Angeles Clippers vs. the Chicago Bulls on November 21 , 1997 ( 2nd OT ) 0 by the Vancouver Grizzlies vs. the Indiana Pacers on December 1 , 2000 0 by the Sacramento Kings vs. the Cleveland Cavaliers on December 23 , 2009 0 by the Atlanta Hawks vs. the Miami Heat on January 5 , 2012 ( 3rd OT ) 0 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the Minnesota Timberwolves on November 7 , 2015 Fewest combined points in a game 119 -- The Milwaukee Hawks ( 57 ) vs. the Boston Celtics ( 62 ) on February 27 , 1955 Fewest combined points in 1st half 55 -- The Houston Rockets ( 25 ) vs. the San Antonio Spurs ( 30 ) on December 11 , 2003 55 -- The New Jersey Nets ( 25 ) at the Portland Trail Blazers ( 30 ) on November 28 , 2004 Fewest combined points in 2nd half 51 -- The Boston Celtics ( 25 ) vs. the Milwaukee Hawks ( 26 ) on February 27 , 1955 51 -- The Charlotte Hornets ( 19 ) at the New York Knicks ( 32 ) on November 11 , 2000 Fewest combined points in a quarter 15 -- The New York Knicks ( 8 ) at the Orlando Magic ( 7 ) on April 11 , 2015 Fewest combined points in an overtime period 2 -- The Denver Nuggets ( 0 ) vs. the Charlotte Hornets ( 2 ) on January 13 , 1997 Fewest field goals made in a game 16 by the Orlando Magic vs. the Boston Celtics on January 23 , 2012 Most 3 - point field goals made in a game 25 by the Cleveland Cavaliers at the Atlanta Hawks on March 3 , 2017 Most combined 3 - point field goals made in a game 40 -- The Minnesota Timberwolves ( 19 ) vs. the Cleveland Cavaliers ( 21 ) on February 7 , 2018 ( OT ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 61 by the Houston Rockets vs. the New Orleans Pelicans on December 16 , 2016 Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game , none made 22 by the Denver Nuggets vs. Portland Trail Blazers , December 21 , 2012 Most combined 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 88 -- The Houston Rockets ( 44 ) at the Golden State Warriors ( 44 ) on December 1 , 2016 88 -- The Houston Rockets ( 61 ) vs. the New Orleans Pelicans ( 27 ) on December 16 , 2016 88 -- The Houston Rockets ( 44 ) at the Brooklyn Nets ( 44 ) on January 15 , 2017 88 -- The Houston Rockets ( 45 ) vs. the Cleveland Cavaliers ( 43 ) on March 12 , 2017 Most 3 - point field goals made in a half 16 by the Cleveland Cavaliers vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on November 23 , 2016 Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a half 31 by the Houston Rockets vs. the New Orleans Pelicans on December 16 , 2016 Most free throws made in a game 61 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Utah Jazz on April 9 , 1990 Most free throws attempted in a game 80 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Utah Jazz on April 9 , 1990 Most combined free throws made in a game 92 -- The Boston Celtics ( 50 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 42 ) on November 18 , 2006 Most combined free throws attempted in a game 121 -- The Phoenix Suns ( 80 ) vs. the Utah Jazz ( 41 ) on April 9 , 1990 Fewest free throws made in a game 0 by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Charlotte Hornets on January 9 , 1996 ( 0 / 3 ) Fewest free throws attempted in a game 1 by the Memphis Grizzlies vs. the Atlanta Hawks on February 8 , 2014 Fewest combined free throws made in a game 8 -- The Toronto Raptors ( 1 ) vs. the Chicago Bulls ( 7 ) on January 14 , 2012 8 -- The Atlanta Hawks ( 4 ) vs. the New Orleans Hornets ( 4 ) on January 1 , 2013 Fewest combined free throws attempted in a game 13 -- The Orlando Magic ( 8 ) vs. the Philadelphia 76ers ( 5 ) on February 4 , 2013 13 -- The Chicago Bulls ( 9 ) vs. the Boston Celtics ( 4 ) on March 12 , 2017 Largest margin of victory in a game 68 -- The Cleveland Cavaliers defeated the Miami Heat 148 -- 80 on December 17 , 1991 Only team to double its opponents ' score in a game The Indiana Pacers defeated the Portland Trail Blazers 124 -- 59 on February 27 , 1998 Largest margin of victory in an overtime period 17 -- The Portland Trail Blazers defeated the Houston Rockets on January 22 , 1983 ( 113 -- 96 game , 17 -- 0 OT ) Most rebounds in a game 109 by the Boston Celtics vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 24 , 1960 Fewest rebounds in a game 17 by the Brooklyn Nets vs. the Oklahoma City Thunder on January 31 , 2014 Most assists in a game 53 by the Milwaukee Bucks vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 26 , 1978 Most assists in a half 33 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Fewest assists in a game 3 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the New Jersey Nets on December 26 , 1999 Fewest combined assists in a game 18 -- The Atlanta Hawks ( 5 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 13 ) on April 28 , 1999 18 -- The Denver Nuggets ( 7 ) vs. the Miami Heat ( 11 ) on February 21 , 2004 Most steals in a game 27 by the Seattle SuperSonics vs. the Toronto Raptors on January 15 , 1997 Most steals in a half 17 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the San Antonio Spurs on February 15 , 1989 Most steals in a quarter 12 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the Indiana Pacers on January 16 , 2008 Most combined steals in a game 40 -- The Golden State Warriors ( 24 ) vs. the Los Angeles Lakers ( 16 ) on January 21 , 1974 40 -- The Philadelphia 76ers ( 24 ) vs. the Detroit Pistons ( 16 ) on November 11 , 1978 40 -- The Golden State Warriors ( 25 ) vs. the San Antonio Spurs ( 15 ) on February 15 , 1989 Fewest combined steals in a game 2 -- The Detroit Pistons ( 1 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 1 ) on October 9 , 1973 2 -- The San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) vs. the Charlotte Hornets ( 1 ) on February 6 , 1996 2 -- The Miami Heat ( 1 ) vs. the Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) on January 16 , 2006 2 -- The New York Knicks ( 0 ) vs. the New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets ( 2 ) on February 10 , 2006 2 -- The Orlando Magic ( 0 ) vs. the Houston Rockets ( 2 ) on January 22 , 2011 Most blocks in a game 23 by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Atlanta Hawks on March 23 , 2001 Most blocks in a half 16 during the 1st half by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Atlanta Hawks on March 23 , 2001 16 during the 2nd half by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Golden State Warriors on November 7 , 2001 Most combined blocks in a game 32 -- The Philadelphia 76ers ( 20 ) vs. the Seattle SuperSonics ( 12 ) on March 9 , 1984 Most turnovers in a game 45 by the San Francisco Warriors vs. the Boston Celtics on March 9 , 1971 Most combined turnovers in a game 69 -- The Phoenix Suns ( 39 ) vs. the Denver Nuggets ( 30 ) on October 29 , 1985 Fewest turnovers in a game 2 by the Milwaukee Bucks vs. the Indiana Pacers on April 1 , 2006 2 by the Cleveland Cavaliers vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on March 19 , 2009 ( OT ) 2 by the Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Los Angeles Lakers on March 6 , 2013 2 by the Charlotte Hornets vs. the Milwaukee Bucks on March 28 , 2017 Fewest combined turnovers in a game 9 -- The San Antonio Spurs ( 4 ) vs. the Los Angeles Clippers ( 5 ) on December 13 , 2005 ( OT ) 9 -- The Cleveland Cavaliers ( 4 ) vs. the New Jersey Nets ( 5 ) on March 22 , 2009 Most fouls in a game 52 by the Utah Jazz at the Phoenix Suns on April 9 , 1990 ( OT ) Most disqualifications in a game 8 by the Syracuse Nationals vs the Baltimore Bullets on November 15 , 1952 ( OT ) Most fast - break points in a game 56 by the Phoenix Suns at the Golden State Warriors on March 15 , 2009 Largest comebacks 36 points ( : 20 left in 2nd ) -- The Utah Jazz overcame a 36 - point deficit to defeat the Denver Nuggets at home on November 27 , 1996 . Utah trailed 70 -- 34 with 20 seconds left in the 1st half , but outscored Denver 73 -- 33 during the rest of the game to win 107 -- 103 . This is the largest overall deficit overcome in NBA history . 35 points ( 8 : 50 left in 3rd ) -- The Sacramento Kings were down 79 -- 44 to the Chicago Bulls on December 21 , 2009 , but the Kings , led by Tyreke Evans 's 23 points , charged back , winning the game 102 -- 98 . 29 points ( 8 : 43 left in 4th ) -- The Milwaukee Bucks overcame a 29 - point deficit to beat the Atlanta Hawks on the road on November 25 , 1977 . This is the largest 4th quarter deficit overcome in NBA history . Atlanta led 111 -- 82 when Milwaukee went on a 35 -- 4 run to win 117 -- 115 . Teams that had two players score 40 + points in a game The Baltimore Bullets vs. the Los Angeles Lakers on November 14 , 1964 ( Gus Johnson 41 , Walt Bellamy 40 ) The Los Angeles Lakers at the San Francisco Warriors on February 11 , 1970 ( Elgin Baylor 43 , Jerry West 43 ) The New Orleans Jazz vs. the Denver Nuggets on April 10 , 1977 ( Pete Maravich 45 , Nate Williams 41 ) The Phoenix Suns at the Boston Celtics on January 5 , 1978 ( Paul Westphal 43 , Walter Davis 40 ) The San Antonio Spurs vs. the Milwaukee Bucks on March 6 , 1982 ( 3 OT ) ( George Gervin 50 , Mike Mitchell 45 ) The Detroit Pistons at the Denver Nuggets on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) ( Isiah Thomas 47 , John Long 41 ) The Denver Nuggets vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) ( Kiki Vandeweghe 51 , Alex English 47 ) The Utah Jazz vs. the Detroit Pistons on March 19 , 1984 ( Adrian Dantley 43 , John Drew 42 ) The Chicago Bulls at the Indiana Pacers on February 18 , 1996 ( Michael Jordan 44 , Scottie Pippen 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Denver Nuggets on February 19 , 2012 ( OT ) ( Kevin Durant 51 , Russell Westbrook 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Minnesota Timberwolves on March 23 , 2012 ( 2 OT ) ( Russell Westbrook 45 , Kevin Durant 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Orlando Magic on October 30 , 2015 ( 2 OT ) ( Russell Westbrook 48 , Kevin Durant 43 ) The Minnesota Timberwolves at the Los Angeles Lakers on April 9 , 2017 ( Andrew Wiggins 41 , Karl - Anthony Towns 40 ) Season Best record 73 -- 9 (. 890 ) by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst record 7 -- 59 (. 106 ) by the Charlotte Bobcats in the 2011 -- 12 season Most losses 73 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season Fewest wins 6 by the Providence Steamrollers in the 1947 -- 48 season Best home record 40 -- 1 (. 976 ) by the Boston Celtics in the 1985 -- 86 season 40 -- 1 (. 976 ) by the San Antonio Spurs in the 2015 -- 16 season Fewest home losses 1 by the Washington Capitols in the 1946 -- 47 season 1 by the Minneapolis Lakers , Syracuse Nationals , and Rochester Royals in the 1949 -- 50 season 1 by the Boston Celtics in the 1985 -- 86 season 1 by the San Antonio Spurs in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst home record 4 -- 29 (. 121 ) by the Charlotte Bobcats in the 2011 -- 12 season Fewest home wins 3 by the Providence Steamrollers in the 1947 -- 48 season Most home losses 35 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season Best road record 34 -- 7 (. 829 ) by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Most road wins 34 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst road record 0 -- 20 (. 000 ) by the Baltimore Bullets in the 1953 -- 54 season Most road losses 40 by the Sacramento Kings in the 1990 -- 91 season Longest winning streak 33 by the Los Angeles Lakers from November 5 , 1971 -- January 7 , 1972 Longest home winning streak 54 by the Golden State Warriors over 2 regular seasons from January 31 , 2015 -- March 29 , 2016 Longest road winning streak 16 by the Los Angeles Lakers from November 6 , 1971 -- January 7 , 1972 Longest losing streak 28 by the Philadelphia 76ers over 2 regular seasons from March 27 -- November 29 , 2015 Longest single - season losing streak 26 by the Cleveland Cavaliers from December 20 , 2010 -- February 9 , 2011 26 by the Philadelphia 76ers from January 31 -- March 27 , 2014 Best start ( 41 games ) 38 -- 3 by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1971 -- 72 season ( went to 39 -- 3 ) 38 -- 3 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1995 -- 96 season ( went to 41 -- 3 ) Best finish ( 41 games ) 38 -- 3 by the Miami Heat in the 2012 -- 13 season Worst start ( 41 games ) 2 -- 39 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season Worst finish ( 41 games ) 4 -- 37 by the San Diego Rockets in the 1967 -- 68 season Best starts ( number of losses ) 0 : 24 -- 0 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season ( October 27 -- December 11 , 2015 ) 1 : 29 -- 1 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 2 : 36 -- 2 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 3 : 41 -- 3 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1995 -- 96 season 4 : 48 -- 4 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 5 : 55 -- 5 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 6 : 62 -- 6 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 7 : 68 -- 7 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 8 : 69 -- 8 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 9 : 73 -- 9 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst starts ( number of wins ) 0 : 0 -- 18 by the New Jersey Nets in the 2009 -- 10 season ( October 28 -- December 2 , 2009 ) 0 : 0 -- 18 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2015 -- 16 season ( October 28 -- November 29 , 2015 ) 1 : 1 -- 30 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2015 -- 16 season 2 : 2 -- 39 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season 3 : 3 -- 40 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season 3 : 3 -- 40 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1997 -- 98 season 4 : 4 -- 58 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 5 : 5 -- 58 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 6 : 6 -- 59 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 7 : 7 -- 64 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season 8 : 8 -- 68 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season 9 : 9 -- 73 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season Highest average point differential 12.3 by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1971 -- 72 season Lowest average point differential - 15.2 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season Largest average margin of victory 17.5 by the Milwaukee Bucks in the 1970 -- 71 season Most points per game 126.5 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1981 -- 82 season Fewest points per game 81.9 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1998 -- 99 season Most consecutive 100 - point games 136 by the Denver Nuggets from January 21 , 1981 -- December 8 , 1982 Most consecutive games with less than 100 points 35 by the Miami Heat from October 31 , 2001 -- January 14 , 2002 Most steals per game 12.9 by the Phoenix Suns in the 1977 -- 78 season Fewest steals per game 5.54 by the Portland Trail Blazers in the 2013 -- 14 season Most blocks per game 8.7 by the Washington Bullets in the 1985 -- 86 season Fewest blocks per game 2.49 by the New York Knicks in the 2008 -- 09 season Most turnovers per game 24.5 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1976 -- 77 season Fewest turnovers per game 11.2 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2011 -- 12 season Undefeated months ( min . 12 games ) 12 -- 0 by the Washington Capitols in November 1948 15 -- 0 by the Boston Celtics in December 1959 14 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in November 1971 16 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in December 1971 12 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in November 1972 13 -- 0 by the Milwaukee Bucks in March 1973 14 -- 0 by the Phoenix Suns in December 1992 14 -- 0 by the Houston Rockets in November 1993 14 -- 0 by the New York Knicks in March 1994 14 -- 0 by the Chicago Bulls in January 1996 16 -- 0 by the San Antonio Spurs in March 1996 13 -- 0 by the Houston Rockets in February 2008 16 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Clippers in December 2012 16 -- 0 by the San Antonio Spurs in March 2014 17 -- 0 by the Atlanta Hawks in January 2015 16 -- 0 by the Golden State Warriors in November 2015 Best record to not qualify for Playoffs 49 -- 33 (. 598 ) by the Phoenix Suns in the 1971 -- 72 season ( 8 - team playoff of 17 - team league ) Worst record to qualify for Playoffs 16 -- 54 (. 229 ) by the Baltimore Bullets in the 1952 -- 53 season Best single - season improvement The Boston Celtics improved from 24 wins in the 2006 -- 07 season to 66 in the 2007 -- 08 season . Only teams to have three players on NBA All - Defensive First Team 1969 -- 70 New York Knicks : Dave DeBusschere , Walt Frazier , Willis Reed 1975 -- 76 Boston Celtics : Dave Cowens , John Havlicek , Paul Silas 1977 -- 78 Portland Trail Blazers : Lionel Hollins , Maurice Lucas , Bill Walton 1982 -- 83 Philadelphia 76ers : Maurice Cheeks , Bobby Jones , Moses Malone 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls : Michael Jordan , Scottie Pippen , Dennis Rodman Franchise Highest winning percentage 62.1 % by the San Antonio Spurs ( 2,006 -- 1,226 ) Lowest winning percentage 39.1 % by the Minnesota Timberwolves ( 847 -- 1,319 ) Best record over 2 Seasons : 141 -- 23 by the Chicago Bulls ( 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 ) 3 Seasons : 207 -- 39 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 ) 4 Seasons : 258 -- 70 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2013 -- 14 , 2016 -- 17 ) 5 Seasons : 311 -- 99 by the Boston Celtics ( 1981 -- 82 , 1985 -- 86 ) 10 Seasons : 570 -- 209 by the Boston Celtics ( 1957 -- 58 , 1966 -- 67 ) Best home record over 2 Seasons : 79 -- 3 by the Boston Celtics ( 1985 -- 86 , 1986 -- 87 ) 3 Seasons : 115 -- 8 by the Boston Celtics ( 1984 -- 85 , 1986 -- 87 ) and Chicago Bulls ( 1995 -- 96 , 1997 -- 98 ) Best road record over 2 Seasons : 65 -- 17 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 ) 3 Seasons : 93 -- 30 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 ) Longest streak of at least one 3 - point field goal made 1,109 + games : Phoenix Suns ( March 29 , 2004 -- Present ) Most consecutive 50 + win seasons 18 seasons : by the San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 -- 2000 -- present ) Other records Most consecutive points in a regular season game 26 by Carmelo Anthony , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Minnesota Timberwolves ) , December 10 , 2008 Most consecutive unanswered points in a regular season game 13 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) , January 23 , 2015 ( starting at 79 -- 70 with 3 : 04 left in 3rd quarter , until 92 -- 70 with 1 : 02 left in the same quarter ) Largest attendance at a game Regular season or Playoffs : 62,046 on March 27 , 1998 , Chicago Bulls at the Atlanta Hawks in the Georgia Dome . This was one of the last regular season games Michael Jordan played before his 2nd retirement . Only player to record a double - triple - double ( 20 + in any 3 stats ) Wilt Chamberlain had 22 points , 25 rebounds , and 21 assists on February 4 , 1968 Quadruple - doubles ( 10 + in any 4 stats ) Nate Thurmond , October 18 , 1974 , Chicago Bulls vs. Atlanta Hawks ; 22 points , 14 rebounds , 13 assists , 12 blocks . Alvin Robertson , February 18 , 1986 , San Antonio Spurs vs. Phoenix Suns ; 20 points , 11 rebounds , 10 assists , 10 steals . Hakeem Olajuwon , March 29 , 1990 , Houston Rockets vs. Milwaukee Bucks ; 18 points , 16 rebounds , 10 assists , 11 blocks . David Robinson , February 17 , 1994 , San Antonio Spurs vs. Detroit Pistons ; 34 points , 10 rebounds , 10 assists , 10 blocks . ' Only player to ever record two 40 + totals in the same game Wilt Chamberlain ( 40 + for both points and rebounds , achieved eight times ) Only player to average 40 + and 50 + points in a season Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons with 40 + points per game 2 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 40 + points per game 2 by Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons with 30 + points per game 8 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons with 30 + points per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain and Michael Jordan Only player to average 30 + points , 20 + rebounds in a season Wilt Chamberlain ( 7 times ) Most seasons with 30 + points , 20 + rebounds per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 30 + points , 20 + rebounds per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 20 + points , 10 + rebounds 13 by Shaquille O'Neal Most seasons with 20 + rebounds per game 10 by Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 20 + rebounds per game 10 by Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain Only players to average 30 + points and 10 + assists in a season Oscar Robertson ( Cincinnati Royals , 1961 -- 62 , 1963 -- 64 , 1964 -- 65 , 1965 -- 66 , 1966 -- 67 ) Nate Archibald ( Kansas City -- Omaha Kings , 1972 -- 73 ) Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder , 2016 -- 17 ) Only player to lead the league in scoring and assists in the same season Nate Archibald ( Kansas City -- Omaha Kings , 1972 -- 73 ) Most blocks by a guard ( career ) 893 by Michael Jordan Most blocks by a guard ( season ) 131 by Michael Jordan in the 1987 -- 88 season Only players to record 200 steals and 100 blocks in the same season Michael Jordan ( Chicago Bulls , 1986 -- 87 , 1987 -- 88 ) Hakeem Olajuwon ( Houston Rockets , 1988 -- 89 ) Scottie Pippen ( Chicago Bulls , 1989 -- 90 ) Only players to lead a team in all 5 major statistics in the same season ( points , rebounds , assists , steals , blocks ) Dave Cowens ( Boston Celtics , 1977 -- 78 ) Scottie Pippen ( Chicago Bulls , 1994 -- 95 ) Kevin Garnett ( Minnesota Timberwolves , 2002 -- 03 ) LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers , 2008 -- 09 ) Giannis Antetokounmpo ( Milwaukee Bucks , 2016 -- 17 ) Only players to lead the league in scoring and steals in the same season Michael Jordan ( Chicago Bulls , 1987 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 , 1992 -- 93 ) Allen Iverson ( Philadelphia 76ers , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 ) Stephen Curry ( Golden State Warriors , 2015 -- 16 ) Only players to lead the league in assists and steals in the same season Don `` Slick '' Watts ( Seattle SuperSonics , 1975 -- 76 ) Don Buse ( Indiana Pacers , 1976 -- 77 ) Micheal Ray Richardson ( New York Knicks , 1979 -- 80 ) John Stockton ( Utah Jazz , 1988 -- 89 , 1991 -- 92 ) Chris Paul ( New Orleans Hornets , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 ; Los Angeles Clippers , 2013 -- 14 ) Only players to lead the league in blocks and rebounding in the same season Kareem Abdul - Jabbar ( Los Angeles Lakers , 1975 -- 76 ) Bill Walton ( Portland Trail Blazers , 1976 -- 77 ) Hakeem Olajuwon ( Houston Rockets , 1989 -- 90 ) Ben Wallace ( Detroit Pistons , 2001 -- 02 ) Dwight Howard ( Orlando Magic , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 ) Awards Most regular season NBA MVP Awards 6 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most All - NBA First Team honors 11 by Karl Malone , Kobe Bryant and LeBron James Most All - NBA Team honors 15 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Tim Duncan and Kobe Bryant Most NBA All - Defensive First Team honors * 9 by Michael Jordan , Gary Payton , Kobe Bryant , and Kevin Garnett Most NBA All - Defensive Team honors * 15 by Tim Duncan Most Defensive Player of the Year awards * * 4 by Dikembe Mutombo and Ben Wallace Most Sixth Man of the Year awards 3 by Jamal Crawford * This award has only been given since the 1968 -- 69 season . * * This award has only been given since the 1982 -- 83 season . See also National Basketball Association portal NBA post-season records List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association career assists leaders List of National Basketball Association career steals leaders List of National Basketball Association career blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association top rookie scoring averages List of National Basketball Association single - season scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association single - season rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association single - game scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association single - game rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association players with most assists in a game List of National Basketball Association players with most steals in a game List of National Basketball Association players with most blocks in a game List of National Basketball Association longest winning streaks List of National Basketball Association longest losing streaks List of NBA teams by single season win percentage Basketball statistics Footnotes Jump up ^ `` Regular Season Records : Miscellaneous '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Wilt Scores 100 ! '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA.com : Wilt Chamberlain 's NBA Records '' . www.nba.com . Jump up ^ `` Klay Thompson nets NBA - record 37 - point quarter , finishes with 52 '' . ESPN.com . AP . 2015 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Zero to 60 : Gilbert Arenas ' Historic 60 Points '' . NBA.com . NBA . 2006 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Harden first to net 60 points in triple - double '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cato , Tim ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Nikola Jokic records triple - double in 14 minutes , fastest in NBA history '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` J.R. Smith shoots an NBA - record 22 three - pointers in Knicks ' loss '' . FoxSports.com . FOX. 2014 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Ty Lawson scores career - high 37 to help short - handed Nuggets '' . ESPN.com. April 9 , 2011 . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Notebook : Hawks 98 , Jazz 92 '' . NBA.com . National Basketball Association . January 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fromal , Adam . `` Chandler Parsons Hits 10 Threes in 1 Half , Sets NBA Record '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Regular Season Records : Free Throws '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard breaks FT attempts mark as Magic top Warriors '' . ESPN.com . January 12 , 2012 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard ties FT mark , dominates in return to Orlando '' . ESPN.com . March 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2609690-andre-drummond-sets-nba-record-with-23-missed-free-throws-vs-rockets# Jump up ^ `` Do You Know Vince Carter ? '' . GrizzlyBearBlues.com . Jump up ^ `` Ben Simmons sets NBA free - throw record after Wizards go full ' Hack - a-Shaq ' '' . sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Russell Mini Bio '' . IMDB . IMDB . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Skiles : The Game I 'll Never Forget '' . NBA.com . NBA . 2005 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Blake ties NBA mark with 14 first - quarter assists as Blazers dismantle Clippers , ESPN.com . Retrieved on February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Regular Season Records : Turnovers '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Single Game Leaders and Records for Turnovers '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Marion scores 34 as Raptors beat Bulls , thestar.com , April 15 , 2009 , accessed April 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bryant , Bynum lift Lakers ; Blazers win 11th straight -- chicagotribune.com '' . Chicago Tribune . December 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ National Basketball Association ( NBA ) Individual Records Jump up ^ Tim Duncan records first - ever career game without a made field goal , Spurs still win by 11 Jump up ^ Nba.Com Líderes Jump up ^ Paul beats Robertson 's steal record , ESPN.com . Retrieved from December 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Chris Forsberg . `` Wallace fined $35,000 for criticizing officials '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/h/hickena01.html Jump up ^ http://basketball.realgm.com/nba/boxscore/1948-01-27/St-Louis-at-Providence/181661 Jump up ^ Latzke , Jeff ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Durant Becomes NBA 's Youngest Scoring Champ '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Durant becomes youngest to win scoring title in Thunder victory '' . espn.com. April 14 , 2010 . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Magic rest starters , ride Redick , Gortat to blowout of Wizards '' . espn.com. April 16 , 2008 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brandon Jennings to visit with shoppers at Boston Store at Mayfair Mall on Thursday The official site of the Milwaukee Bucks '' . Nba.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan becomes first 40 - year - old to score 40 '' . espn.com . February 21 , 2003 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron joins 30K club as Cavs ' slide continues '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Elias : Top 5 questions from Wednesday , Nov. 19 '' . NBA.com/stats . November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- January , NBA.com . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- December , NBA.com . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- February , NBA.com . Jump up ^ `` Bulls Reach a New Low by Scoring 49 Points in Loss '' . Los Angeles Times . April 11 , 1999 . Jump up ^ espn.com , Clippers hold Hornets to NBA - low 16 points in second half , accessed August 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Orlando Magic / Boston Celtics Recap -- NBA.com Jump up ^ Nuggets set futility record going 0 -- 22 from three in loss to Trail Blazers Jump up ^ Pacers double hapless Blazers , 124 -- 59 , to land in record book Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Kevin Durant 's 30 - point streak ends at 12 in Thunder 's rout of Nets ^ Jump up to : `` Regular Season Records : Assists '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ NBA -- Golden State Warriors / Indiana Pacers Recap Wednesday January 16 , 2008 -- Yahoo ! Sports Jump up ^ April 1 , 2006 Box Scores accessed January 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ NBA.com : James leads Cavaliers past Trail Blazers in OT Jump up ^ Russell Westbrook scores 37 as Thunder stave off Lakers rally Jump up ^ Oracle Arena , Oakland , California ( 2009 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Phoenix Suns vs. Golden State Warriors - Recap - March 15 , 2009 - ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Denver Nuggets @ Utah Jazz - Wednesday , November 27th , 1996 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jazz Zips Back In Record Style , New York Times . Jump up ^ Greatest NBA Comebacks . Jump up ^ On , Esteban ( 2012 - 03 - 20 ) . `` 13 Worst NBA Teams of All Time '' . Total Pro Sports . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Mark Murphy , C 's can do as they please -- Stars sit , but team still clinches homecourt , Boston Herald , April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ https://www.basketball-reference.com/play-index/tstreak.cgi?request=1&lg_id=NBA&is_playoffs=N&c3stat=fg3&c3comp=ge&c3val=1&m1math=s&m1comp=ge Jump up ^ Howard becomes youngest player to win top defensive honor Archived April 24 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , nba.com , April 21 , 2009 , accessed April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Howard wins Kia Defensive Player of the Year Award again Archived April 23 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , nba.com , April 20 , 2010 , accessed April 23 , 2013 . 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