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when did push to start cars come out
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Smart key - wikipedia Smart key Nissan Intelligent Key A smart key is an electronic access and authorization system that is available either as standard equipment or as an option in several car models . It was first developed by Siemens in 1995 and introduced by Mercedes - Benz under the name `` Key-less Go '' in 1998 on the W220 S - Class , after the design patent was filed by Daimler - Benz on May 17 , 1997 . Contents 1 How it works 2 Nomenclature 3 Insurance standard 4 SmartKeys 5 Display Key 6 Keyless Go 7 Inside Outside detection 8 System reaction times 9 Security requirements 10 Internal LF field dead spots 11 Battery Backup 12 Special Cases 13 History 14 Outlook 15 Effectiveness 16 See also 17 References 18 External links How it works ( edit ) The smart key allows the driver to keep the key fob pocketed when unlocking , locking and starting the vehicle . The key is identified via one of several antennas in the car 's bodywork and a radio pulse generator in the key housing . Depending on the system , the vehicle is automatically unlocked when a button or sensor on the door handle or trunk release is pressed . Vehicles with a smart - key system have a mechanical backup , usually in the form of a spare key blade supplied with the vehicle . Some manufacturers hide the backup lock behind a cover for styling . A push - button ignition switch in place of the immobilizer on a Mitsubishi RVR equipped with the Smart key . Vehicles with a smart - key system can disengage the immobilizer and activate the ignition without inserting a key in the ignition , provided the driver has the key inside the car . On most vehicles , this is done by pressing a starter button or twisting an ignition switch . When leaving a vehicle that is equipped with a smart - key system , the vehicle is locked by either pressing a button on a door handle , touching a capacitive area on a door handle , or simply walking away from the vehicle . The method of locking varies across models . Some vehicles automatically adjust settings based on the smart key used to unlock the car . User preferences such as seat positions , steering wheel position , exterior mirror settings , climate control ( e.g. temperature ) settings , and stereo presets are popular adjustments . Some models , such as the Ford Escape , even have settings to prevent the vehicle from exceeding a maximum speed if it has been started with a certain key . Nomenclature ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2017 ) Bugatti keyless entry remote A woman shows Honda Odyssey ( international ) Smart Entry System Manufacturers use keyless authorization systems under different names : Acura : Keyless Access System Audi : Advanced Key Aston Martin : Keyless Entry and Push Button Start BMW : Comfort Access or Display Key Bugatti : Keyless Entry Remote Cadillac : Adaptive Remote Start & Keyless Access FIAT - Chrysler : Keyless Enter - N - Go Ford : Intelligent Access with push - button start General Motors : Passive Entry Passive Start ( PEPS ) Honda : Smart Entry System Hyundai : Proximity Key and smart entry key Infiniti : Infiniti Intelligent Key with Push - button Ignition Isuzu : Genius Entry Jaguar Cars : Smart Key System Kia Motors : Smart Key System Lexus : Smart Access System Lincoln : Intelligent Access System Mazda : Advanced Keyless Entry & Start System Mercedes - Benz : Keyless Go integrated into SmartKeys Mini : Comfort Access Mitsubishi Motors : FAST Key System Nissan : Nissan Intelligent Key Porsche : Porsche Entry & Drive System Proton : Passive Keyless Entry Renault : Hands Free Keycard Riverside Manufacturing LLC : Intelli - Key SsangYong Motor : Smart Key System Subaru : Keyless Smart Entry With Push - Button Start Suzuki : SmartPass Keyless entry & starting system Tesla : Model S Key Toyota : Smart Key System Volkswagen : Keyless Entry & Keyless Start or KESSY Volvo : Personal Car Communicator `` PCC '' and Keyless Drive or Keyless Drive Mahindra & Mahindra : Smart Key Module Insurance standard ( edit ) In 2005 , the UK motor insurance research expert Thatcham introduced a standard for keyless entry , requiring the device to be inoperable at a distance of more than 10 cm from the vehicle . In an independent test , the Nissan Micra 's system was found to be the most secure , while certain BMW and Mercedes keys failed , being theoretically capable of allowing cars to be driven away while their owners were refueling . Despite these security vulnerabilities , auto theft rates have decreased 7 percent between 2009 and 2010 , and the National Insurance Crime Bureau credits smart keys for this decrease . SmartKeys ( edit ) SmartKeys was developed by Siemens in the mid-1990s and introduced by Mercedes - Benz in 1997 to replace the infrared security system introduced in 1989 . Daimler - Benz filed the first patents for SmartKey on February 28 , 1997 in German patent offices , with multifunction switchblade key variants following on May 17 , 1997 . The device entailed a plastic key to be used in place of the traditional metal key . Electronics that control locking systems and the ignitions made it possible to replace the traditional key with a sophisticated computerized `` Key '' . It is considered a step up from remote keyless entry . The SmartKey adopts the remote control buttons from keyless entry , and incorporates them into the SmartKey fob . Once inside a Mercedes - Benz vehicle , the SmartKey fob , unlike keyless entry fobs , is placed in the ignition slot where a starter computer verifies the rolling code . Verified in milliseconds , it can then be turned as a traditional key to start the engine . The device was designed with cooperation of Siemens Automotive and Huf exclusively for Mercedes - Benz , but many luxury manufacturers have implemented similar technology based on the same idea . In addition to the SmartKey , Mercedes - Benz now integrates as an option Keyless Go ; this feature allows the driver to keep the SmartKey in their pocket , yet giving them the ability to open the doors , trunk as well as starting the car without ever removing it from their pocket . The SmartKey 's electronics are embedded in a hollow , triangular piece of plastic , wide at the top , narrow at the bottom , squared - off at the tip with a half - inch - long insert piece . The side of the SmartKey also hides a traditional Mercedes - Benz key that can be pulled out from a release at top . The metal key is used for valet purposes such as locking the glovebox and / or trunk before the SmartKey is turned over to a parking attendant . Once locked manually , the trunk can not be opened with the SmartKey or interior buttons . The key fob utilizes a radio - frequency transponder to communicate with the door locks , but it uses infrared to communicate with the engine immobilizer system . Original SmartKeys had a limited frequency and could have only been used in line - of - sight for safety purposes . The driver can also point the smart key at the front driver side door while pushing and holding the unlock button on the SmartKey and the windows and the sunroof will open in order to ventilate the cabin . Similarly , if the same procedure is completed while holding the lock button , the windows and sunroof will close . In cars equipped with the Active Ventilated Seats , the summer opening feature will activate the seat ventilation in addition to opening the windows and sunroof . Display Key ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2017 ) Keyless Go ( edit ) Keyless Go ( also : Keyless Entry / Go ; Passive Entry / Go ) is Mercedes ' term for an automotive technology which allows a driver to lock and unlock a vehicle without using the corresponding SmartKey buttons . Once a driver enters a vehicle with an equipped Keyless Go SmartKey or Keyless Go wallet - size card , they have the ability to start and stop the engine , without inserting the SmartKey . A transponder built within the SmartKey allows the vehicle to identify a driver . An additional safety feature is integrated into the vehicle , making it impossible to lock a SmartKey with Keyless Go inside a vehicle . Hardware blocks on the Keyless Entry / Go ECU The system works by having a series of LF ( low frequency 125 kHz ) transmitting antennas both inside and outside the vehicle . The external antennas are located in the door handles . When the vehicle is triggered , either by pulling the handle or touching the handle , an LF signal is transmitted from the antennas to the key . The key becomes activated if it is sufficiently close and it transmits its ID back to the vehicle via RF ( Radio frequency > 300 MHz ) to a receiver located in the vehicle . If the key has the correct ID , the PASE module unlocks the vehicle . The hardware blocks of a Keyless Entry / Go Electronic control unit ECU are based on its functionality : transmitting low - frequency LF signals via the 125 kHz power amplifier block receiving radio frequency RF signals ( > 300 MHz ) from the built - in ISM receiver block encrypting and decrypting all relevant data signals ( security ) communicating relevant interface signals with other electronic control units microcontroller Inside outside detection ( edit ) The smart key determines if it is inside or outside the vehicle by measuring the strength of the LF fields . In order to start the vehicle , the smart key must be inside the vehicle . System reaction times ( edit ) The mark of a good passive entry system is that the user never hits the `` wall '' . This happens when the user pulls the door handle to its full extent before the door is unlocked . The handle has to be released and pulled again to gain access . Good systems have an override feature that allows the doors to be opened more quickly . Security requirements ( edit ) It is important that the vehicle ca n't be started when the user and therefore the smart key is outside the vehicle . This is especially important at fueling stations where the user is very close to the vehicle . The internal LF field is allowed to overshoot by a maximum of 10 cm to help minimise this risk . Maximum overshoot is usually found on the side windows where there is very little attenuation of the signal . Relay Station Attack A second scenario exists under the name `` relay station attack '' ( RSA ) . The RSA is based on the idea of reducing the long physical distance between the car and the regular car owner 's SmartKey . Two relay stations will be needed for this : The first relay station is located nearby the car and the second is close to the SmartKey . So on first view , the Keyless Entry / Go ECU and the SmartKey could communicate together . A third person at the car could pull the door handle and the door would open . However , in every Keyless Entry / Go system provisions exist to avoid a successful two - way communication via RSA . Some of the most known are : measuring group delay time to detect illegal high values measuring third - order intercept point to detect illegal intermodulation products measuring field strength of the electric field measuring the response time of 125 kHz LC circuit using a more complex modulation ( i.e. quadrature amplitude modulation ) which ca n't be demodulated and modulated by a simple relay station Furthermore , Keyless Entry / Go communicates with other Control Units within the same vehicle . Depending on the electric car architecture , the following are some Control Systems that can be enabled or disabled : ESCL Electric Steering Column Lock EIS Electronic Ignition Switch Central door locking system Immobiliser Engine Control Unit ( Motor management system ) BCU Body control unit Internal LF field dead spots ( edit ) Dead spots are a result of the maximum overshoot requirement from above . The power delivered to the internal LF antennas has to be tuned to provide the best performance i.e. minimum dead spots and maximum average overshoot . Dead spots are usually near the extremities of the vehicle e.g. the rear parcel shelf . Battery backup ( edit ) If the battery in the smart key becomes depleted , it is necessary for there to be a backup method of opening and starting the vehicle . Opening is achieved by an emergency ( fully mechanical ) key blade usually hidden in the smart key . On many cars emergency starting is achieved by use of an inductive coupling . The user either has to put the key in a slot or hold it near a special area on the cockpit , where there is an inductive coil hidden behind which transfers energy to a matching coil in the dead key fob using inductive charging . Slots have proven to be problematic , as they can go wrong and the key becomes locked in and can not be removed . Another problem with the slot is it ca n't compensate for a fob battery below certain operating threshold . Most smart key batteries are temperature sensitive causing the fob to become intermittent , fully functional , or inoperative all in the same day . Special cases ( edit ) A Keyless Entry / Go system should be able to detect and handle most of the following cases : SmartKey Transponder was forgotten in the rear trunk More than one SmartKey is present inside the car SmartKey getting lost during the drive Smartkey battery low ( Limp - Home ) History ( edit ) The first Keyless Entry / Go ECU of the MB S - Class car series 1998 / 99 The system is based on a technology invented by Siemens VDO called PASE : Passive Start and Entry System . It operates in the ISM band of radio frequencies . Keyless Entry / Go was introduced first by Mercedes - Benz in the S - Class car series in 1998 . Outlook ( edit ) Today a Keyless Entry / Go system is a state - of - the art technology and still has a lot of potential to optimise . Here are some general trends of the advance ( AD ) and series development ( SD ) : SD : reduction of used LF antennas in low - cost compact cars ( results in a loss of detection quality ) AD : using electric field antennas instead of magnetic field antennas ( cost reduction ) AD : using microwave frequencies ( radar ) instead of an LF and RF combination ( more comfort ) AD : Biometric authentication would identify the user and not the SmartKey transponder Effectiveness ( edit ) A test by ADAC revealed that 20 car models with Keyless Go could be entered and driven away without the key . In 2014 , 6,000 cars ( about 17 per day ) were stolen using keyless entry in London . See also ( edit ) Remote keyless system Transponder car key References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://register.dpma.de/DPMAregister/gsm/register?GSNR=M9704698-0004 Jump up ^ http://www.riversidemfg.com/intelli-key Jump up ^ Thatcham Archived 2007 - 12 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Auto Express : Micra 's Top of the Fobs Jump up ^ Saylor , Michael ( 2012 ) . The Mobile Wave : How Mobile Intelligence Will Change Everything . Perseus Books / Vanguard Press . p. 100 . ISBN 978 - 1593157203 . Jump up ^ `` Vehicle theft post Sixth Consecutive Yearly Decline '' . NICB. 2010 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ http://register.dpma.de/DPMAregister/gsm/register?GSNR=M9701993-0001 Jump up ^ http://register.dpma.de/DPMAregister/gsm/register?GSNR=M9704698-0001 Jump up ^ http://register.dpma.de/DPMAregister/gsm/register?GSNR=M9704698-0002 Jump up ^ http://register.dpma.de/DPMAregister/gsm/register?GSNR=M9704698-0003 Jump up ^ `` KEYLESS - GO ® '' . Mercedes - Benz USA . Jump up ^ Saarinen , Martin ( 18 March 2016 ) . `` Tests uncover major security risk to keyless cars '' . Auto Express . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Keyless - Diebstahl - vom ADAC untersuchte Autos Archived 2016 - 03 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . ADAC , 15 March 2016 Jump up ^ Autos mit Keyless leichter zu klauen ADAC Jump up ^ ADAC demonstrates keyless theft on YouTube Jump up ^ Finnerty , Joe ( 5 February 2015 ) . `` Keyless car crime up as gangs target vans '' . Auto Express . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . External links ( edit ) Market observation and benchmarking of automotive security systems Explanation of smart key systems Relay Attacks on Passive Keyless Entry and Start Systems in Modern Cars Security Flaws of Remote Keyless Entry and Hitag2 Remote Systems <Th_colspan="2"> Car interior <Td_colspan="2"> Part of a series of articles on cars Interior equipment Instruments Automotive navigation system Global Positioning System Automotive night vision Backup camera Blind spot monitor Boost gauge Buzzer Carputer Check engine light Electronic instrument cluster Fuel gauge Head - up display Lidar detector Odometer Parking sensor Radar detector Speedometer Tachometer Telematics Idiot light Trip computer Controls Bowden cable Brake Clutch Cruise control Electronic throttle control Gear stick Manettino dial Parking brake Power steering Steering wheel Throttle Anti-theft Alarm Automatic vehicle location Immobiliser Power door locks Remote keyless system Smart key VIN etching Safety Seating Airbag Armrest Automatic seat belts Bench seat Bucket seat Child safety lock Rear - view mirror Rumble seat Seat belt Other elements Air conditioning Automobile accessory power Center console Dashboard Glove compartment Sun visor Convenience Audio Cigarette lighter receptacle Cup holder Car Phone <Td_colspan="2"> Commons Portal <Th_colspan="3"> Locks , locksmithing & lock picking Topics Key control Key relevance Lockout - tagout Master keying Rekeying Single - point locking Three - point locking Components Bitting Interchangeable core Key blank Key code Keyhole Key retainer Lockset Shear line Snib Split pin Key types Berlin key Car key Transponder key Skeleton key Smart key Tubular key Mechanical locks Warded lock Pin tumbler lock Bored cylindrical lock Cylinder lock Disc tumbler lock Lever tumbler lock Magnetic - coded lock Magnetic keyed lock Mortise lock Padlock Combination lock Rotary combination lock Time - delay combination locks Rim lock Time lock Tubular pin tumbler lock Wafer tumbler lock Electronic locks Electromagnetic lock Electronic lock Electric strike Magnetic - coded lock Keycard lock Specific lock types Bicycle lock Bramah lock Chamber lock Chubb detector lock Child safety lock Dead bolt Keycard lock Kensington Security Slot Luggage lock Power door locks Protector lock The Club TSA lock Lock picking Lock bumping Locksport Slim Jim Snap gun Related Glossary of locksmithing terms Bolt cutter Door chain Exit control lock Famous locksmiths Interlock ( engineering ) Keychain Key ( engineering ) Lock manufacturers Lock puzzle Two - man rule <Td_colspan="3"> Category : Locksmithing Keys Locks Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smart_key&oldid=865297024 '' Categories : Smart devices Automotive technology tradenames Radio electronics Vehicle security systems Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles to be expanded from June 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with empty sections from June 2017 All articles with empty sections Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 01 : 09 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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1. Electronic access and authorization system
2. Keyless entry and start
3. SmartKey technology
4. Keyless Go
5. Vehicle security system
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-6,388,527,710,872,090,000 |
difference between extended kalman filter and kalman filter
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Extended Kalman filter - wikipedia Extended Kalman filter Jump to : navigation , search In estimation theory , the extended Kalman filter ( EKF ) is the nonlinear version of the Kalman filter which linearizes about an estimate of the current mean and covariance . In the case of well defined transition models , the EKF has been considered the de facto standard in the theory of nonlinear state estimation , navigation systems and GPS . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Formulation 3 Discrete - time predict and update equations 3.1 Predict 3.2 Update 4 Higher - order extended Kalman filters 5 Non-additive noise formulation and equations 6 Continuous - time extended Kalman filter 6.1 Discrete - time measurements 7 Disadvantages of the extended Kalman filter 8 Modifications 8.1 Iterated extended Kalman filter 8.2 Robust extended Kalman filters 8.3 Invariant extended Kalman filter 9 Unscented Kalman filters 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) The papers establishing the mathematical foundations of Kalman type filters were published between 1959 and 1961 . The Kalman Filter is the optimal estimate for linear system models with additive independent white noise in both the transition and the measurement systems . Unfortunately , in engineering , most systems are nonlinear , so some attempt was immediately made to apply this filtering method to nonlinear systems . Most of this work was done at NASA Ames . The EKF adapted techniques from calculus , namely multivariate Taylor Series expansions , to linearize a model about a working point . If the system model ( as described below ) is not well known or is inaccurate , then Monte Carlo methods , especially particle filters , are employed for estimation . Monte Carlo techniques predate the existence of the EKF but are more computationally expensive for any moderately dimensioned state - space . Formulation ( edit ) In the extended Kalman filter , the state transition and observation models do n't need to be linear functions of the state but may instead be differentiable functions . x k = f ( x k − 1 , u k ) + w k ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( x ) ) _ ( k ) = f ( ( \ boldsymbol ( x ) ) _ ( k - 1 ) , ( \ boldsymbol ( u ) ) _ ( k ) ) + ( \ boldsymbol ( w ) ) _ ( k ) ) z k = h ( x k ) + v k ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( z ) ) _ ( k ) = h ( ( \ boldsymbol ( x ) ) _ ( k ) ) + ( \ boldsymbol ( v ) ) _ ( k ) ) Where w and v are the process and observation noises which are both assumed to be zero mean multivariate Gaussian noises with covariance Q and R respectively . u is the control vector . The function f can be used to compute the predicted state from the previous estimate and similarly the function h can be used to compute the predicted measurement from the predicted state . However , f and h can not be applied to the covariance directly . Instead a matrix of partial derivatives ( the Jacobian ) is computed . At each time step , the Jacobian is evaluated with current predicted states . These matrices can be used in the Kalman filter equations . This process essentially linearizes the non-linear function around the current estimate . Consider Kalman Filter for notational remarks . Discrete - time predict and update equations ( edit ) Predict ( edit ) Predicted state estimate x ^ k k − 1 = f ( x ^ k − 1 k − 1 , u k ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ boldsymbol ( x ) ) ) _ ( k k - 1 ) = f ( ( \ hat ( \ boldsymbol ( x ) ) ) _ ( k - 1 k - 1 ) , ( \ boldsymbol ( u ) ) _ ( k ) ) ) Predicted covariance estimate P k k − 1 = F k P k − 1 k − 1 F k ⊤ + Q k ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( P ) ) _ ( k k - 1 ) = ( ( \ boldsymbol ( F ) ) _ ( k ) ) ( \ boldsymbol ( P ) ) _ ( k - 1 k - 1 ) ( ( \ boldsymbol ( F ) ) _ ( k ) ^ ( \ top ) ) + ( \ boldsymbol ( Q ) ) _ ( k ) ) Update ( edit ) Innovation or measurement residual y ~ k = z k − h ( x ^ k k − 1 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ tilde ( \ boldsymbol ( y ) ) ) _ ( k ) = ( \ boldsymbol ( z ) ) _ ( k ) - h ( ( \ hat ( \ boldsymbol ( x ) ) ) _ ( k k - 1 ) ) ) Innovation ( or residual ) covariance S k = H k P k k − 1 H k ⊤ + R k ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( S ) ) _ ( k ) = ( ( \ boldsymbol ( H ) ) _ ( k ) ) ( \ boldsymbol ( P ) ) _ ( k k - 1 ) ( ( \ boldsymbol ( H ) ) _ ( k ) ^ ( \ top ) ) + ( \ boldsymbol ( R ) ) _ ( k ) ) Near - optimal Kalman gain K k = P k k − 1 H k ⊤ S k − 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( K ) ) _ ( k ) = ( \ boldsymbol ( P ) ) _ ( k k - 1 ) ( ( \ boldsymbol ( H ) ) _ ( k ) ^ ( \ top ) ) ( \ boldsymbol ( S ) ) _ ( k ) ^ ( - 1 ) ) Updated state estimate x ^ k k = x ^ k k − 1 + K k y ~ k ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ boldsymbol ( x ) ) ) _ ( k k ) = ( \ hat ( \ boldsymbol ( x ) ) ) _ ( k k - 1 ) + ( \ boldsymbol ( K ) ) _ ( k ) ( \ tilde ( \ boldsymbol ( y ) ) ) _ ( k ) ) Updated covariance estimate P k k = ( I − K k H k ) P k k − 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( P ) ) _ ( k k ) = ( ( \ boldsymbol ( I ) ) - ( \ boldsymbol ( K ) ) _ ( k ) ( ( \ boldsymbol ( H ) ) _ ( k ) ) ) ( \ boldsymbol ( P ) ) _ ( k k - 1 ) ) where the state transition and observation matrices are defined to be the following Jacobians F k = ∂ f ∂ x x ^ k − 1 k − 1 , u k ( \ displaystyle ( ( \ boldsymbol ( F ) ) _ ( k ) ) = \ left. ( \ frac ( \ partial f ) ( \ partial ( \ boldsymbol ( x ) ) ) ) \ right \ vert _ ( ( \ hat ( \ boldsymbol ( x ) ) ) _ ( k - 1 k - 1 ) , ( \ boldsymbol ( u ) ) _ ( k ) ) ) H k = ∂ h ∂ x x ^ k k − 1 ( \ displaystyle ( ( \ boldsymbol ( H ) ) _ ( k ) ) = \ left. ( \ frac ( \ partial h ) ( \ partial ( \ boldsymbol ( x ) ) ) ) \ right \ vert _ ( ( \ hat ( \ boldsymbol ( x ) ) ) _ ( k k - 1 ) ) ) Higher - order extended Kalman filters ( edit ) The above recursion is a first - order extended Kalman filter ( EKF ) . Higher order EKFs may be obtained by retaining more terms of the Taylor series expansions . For example , second and third order EKFs have been described . However , higher order EKFs tend to only provide performance benefits when the measurement noise is small . Non-additive noise formulation and equations ( edit ) The typical formulation of the EKF involves the assumption of additive process and measurement noise . This assumption , however , is not necessary for EKF implementation . Instead , consider a more general system of the form : x k = f ( x k − 1 , u k − 1 , w k − 1 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( x ) ) _ ( k ) = f ( ( \ boldsymbol ( x ) ) _ ( k - 1 ) , ( \ boldsymbol ( u ) ) _ ( k - 1 ) , ( \ boldsymbol ( w ) ) _ ( k - 1 ) ) ) z k = h ( x k , v k ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( z ) ) _ ( k ) = h ( ( \ boldsymbol ( x ) ) _ ( k ) , ( \ boldsymbol ( v ) ) _ ( k ) ) ) Where w and v are the process and observation noises which are both assumed to be zero mean multivariate Gaussian noises with covariance Q and R respectively . Then the covariance prediction and innovation equations become P k k − 1 = F k − 1 P k − 1 k − 1 F k − 1 ⊤ + L k − 1 Q k − 1 L k − 1 T ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( P ) ) _ ( k k - 1 ) = ( ( \ boldsymbol ( F ) ) _ ( k - 1 ) ) ( ( \ boldsymbol ( P ) ) _ ( k - 1 k - 1 ) ) ( ( \ boldsymbol ( F ) ) _ ( k - 1 ) ^ ( \ top ) ) ( + ) ( ( \ boldsymbol ( L ) ) _ ( k - 1 ) ) ( ( \ boldsymbol ( Q ) ) _ ( k - 1 ) ) ( ( \ boldsymbol ( L ) ) _ ( k - 1 ) ^ ( T ) ) ) S k = H k P k k − 1 H k ⊤ + M k R k M k T ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( S ) ) _ ( k ) = ( ( \ boldsymbol ( H ) ) _ ( k ) ) ( ( \ boldsymbol ( P ) ) _ ( k k - 1 ) ) ( ( \ boldsymbol ( H ) ) _ ( k ) ^ ( \ top ) ) ( + ) ( ( \ boldsymbol ( M ) ) _ ( k ) ) ( ( \ boldsymbol ( R ) ) _ ( k ) ) ( ( \ boldsymbol ( M ) ) _ ( k ) ^ ( T ) ) ) where the matrices L k − 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( L ) ) _ ( k - 1 ) ) and M k ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( M ) ) _ ( k ) ) are Jacobian matrices : L k − 1 = ∂ f ∂ w x ^ k − 1 k − 1 , u k − 1 ( \ displaystyle ( ( \ boldsymbol ( L ) ) _ ( k - 1 ) ) = \ left. ( \ frac ( \ partial f ) ( \ partial ( \ boldsymbol ( w ) ) ) ) \ right \ vert _ ( ( \ hat ( \ boldsymbol ( x ) ) ) _ ( k - 1 k - 1 ) , ( \ boldsymbol ( u ) ) _ ( k - 1 ) ) ) M k = ∂ h ∂ v x ^ k k − 1 ( \ displaystyle ( ( \ boldsymbol ( M ) ) _ ( k ) ) = \ left. ( \ frac ( \ partial h ) ( \ partial ( \ boldsymbol ( v ) ) ) ) \ right \ vert _ ( ( \ hat ( \ boldsymbol ( x ) ) ) _ ( k k - 1 ) ) ) The predicted state estimate and measurement residual are evaluated at the mean of the process and measurement noise terms , which is assumed to be zero . Otherwise , the non-additive noise formulation is implemented in the same manner as the additive noise EKF . Continuous - time extended Kalman filter ( edit ) Model x _̇ ( t ) = f ( x ( t ) , u ( t ) ) + w ( t ) w ( t ) ∼ N ( 0 , Q ( t ) ) z ( t ) = h ( x ( t ) ) + v ( t ) v ( t ) ∼ N ( 0 , R ( t ) ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) ( \ dot ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) ( t ) & = f ( \ bigl ( ) \ mathbf ( x ) ( t ) , \ mathbf ( u ) ( t ) ( \ bigr ) ) + \ mathbf ( w ) ( t ) & \ mathbf ( w ) ( t ) & \ sim ( \ mathcal ( N ) ) ( \ bigl ( ) \ mathbf ( 0 ) , \ mathbf ( Q ) ( t ) ( \ bigr ) ) \ \ \ mathbf ( z ) ( t ) & = h ( \ bigl ( ) \ mathbf ( x ) ( t ) ( \ bigr ) ) + \ mathbf ( v ) ( t ) & \ mathbf ( v ) ( t ) & \ sim ( \ mathcal ( N ) ) ( \ bigl ( ) \ mathbf ( 0 ) , \ mathbf ( R ) ( t ) ( \ bigr ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Initialize x ^ ( t 0 ) = E ( x ( t 0 ) ) , P ( t 0 ) = V a r ( x ( t 0 ) ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) ( t_ ( 0 ) ) = E ( \ bigl ( ) \ mathbf ( x ) ( t_ ( 0 ) ) ( \ bigr ) ) ( \ text ( , ) ) \ mathbf ( P ) ( t_ ( 0 ) ) = Var ( \ bigl ( ) \ mathbf ( x ) ( t_ ( 0 ) ) ( \ bigr ) ) ) Predict - Update x ^ _̇ ( t ) = f ( x ^ ( t ) , u ( t ) ) + K ( t ) ( z ( t ) − h ( x ^ ( t ) ) ) P _̇ ( t ) = F ( t ) P ( t ) + P ( t ) F ( t ) ⊤ − K ( t ) H ( t ) P ( t ) + Q ( t ) K ( t ) = P ( t ) H ( t ) ⊤ R ( t ) − 1 F ( t ) = ∂ f ∂ x x ^ ( t ) , u ( t ) H ( t ) = ∂ h ∂ x x ^ ( t ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) ( \ dot ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) ) ( t ) & = f ( \ bigl ( ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) ( t ) , \ mathbf ( u ) ( t ) ( \ bigr ) ) + \ mathbf ( K ) ( t ) ( \ Bigl ( ) \ mathbf ( z ) ( t ) - h ( \ bigl ( ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) ( t ) ( \ bigr ) ) ( \ Bigr ) ) \ \ ( \ dot ( \ mathbf ( P ) ) ) ( t ) & = \ mathbf ( F ) ( t ) \ mathbf ( P ) ( t ) + \ mathbf ( P ) ( t ) \ mathbf ( F ) ( t ) ^ ( \ top ) - \ mathbf ( K ) ( t ) \ mathbf ( H ) ( t ) \ mathbf ( P ) ( t ) + \ mathbf ( Q ) ( t ) \ \ \ mathbf ( K ) ( t ) & = \ mathbf ( P ) ( t ) \ mathbf ( H ) ( t ) ^ ( \ top ) \ mathbf ( R ) ( t ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ \ \ mathbf ( F ) ( t ) & = \ left. ( \ frac ( \ partial f ) ( \ partial \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) \ right \ vert _ ( ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) ( t ) , \ mathbf ( u ) ( t ) ) \ \ \ mathbf ( H ) ( t ) & = \ left. ( \ frac ( \ partial h ) ( \ partial \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) \ right \ vert _ ( ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) ( t ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Unlike discrete - time extended Kalman filter , the prediction and update steps are coupled in continuous - time extended Kalman filter . Discrete - time measurements ( edit ) Most physical systems are represented as continuous - time models while discrete - time measurements are frequently taken for state estimation via a digital processor . Therefore , the system model and measurement model are given by x _̇ ( t ) = f ( x ( t ) , u ( t ) ) + w ( t ) w ( t ) ∼ N ( 0 , Q ( t ) ) z k = h ( x k ) + v k v k ∼ N ( 0 , R k ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) ( \ dot ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) ( t ) & = f ( \ bigl ( ) \ mathbf ( x ) ( t ) , \ mathbf ( u ) ( t ) ( \ bigr ) ) + \ mathbf ( w ) ( t ) & \ mathbf ( w ) ( t ) & \ sim ( \ mathcal ( N ) ) ( \ bigl ( ) \ mathbf ( 0 ) , \ mathbf ( Q ) ( t ) ( \ bigr ) ) \ \ \ mathbf ( z ) _ ( k ) & = h ( \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( k ) ) + \ mathbf ( v ) _ ( k ) & \ mathbf ( v ) _ ( k ) & \ sim ( \ mathcal ( N ) ) ( \ mathbf ( 0 ) , \ mathbf ( R ) _ ( k ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) where x k = x ( t k ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( k ) = \ mathbf ( x ) ( t_ ( k ) ) ) . Initialize x ^ 0 0 = E ( x ( t 0 ) ) , P 0 0 = V a r ( x ( t 0 ) ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) _ ( 0 0 ) = E ( \ bigl ( ) \ mathbf ( x ) ( t_ ( 0 ) ) ( \ bigr ) ) , \ mathbf ( P ) _ ( 0 0 ) = Var ( \ bigl ( ) \ mathbf ( x ) ( t_ ( 0 ) ) ( \ bigr ) ) ) Predict solve ( x ^ _̇ ( t ) = f ( x ^ ( t ) , u ( t ) ) P _̇ ( t ) = F ( t ) P ( t ) + P ( t ) F ( t ) ⊤ + Q ( t ) with ( x ^ ( t k − 1 ) = x ^ k − 1 k − 1 P ( t k − 1 ) = P k − 1 k − 1 ⇒ ( x ^ k k − 1 = x ^ ( t k ) P k k − 1 = P ( t k ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) ( \ text ( solve ) ) & ( \ begin ( cases ) ( \ dot ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) ) ( t ) = f ( \ bigl ( ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) ( t ) , \ mathbf ( u ) ( t ) ( \ bigr ) ) \ \ ( \ dot ( \ mathbf ( P ) ) ) ( t ) = \ mathbf ( F ) ( t ) \ mathbf ( P ) ( t ) + \ mathbf ( P ) ( t ) \ mathbf ( F ) ( t ) ^ ( \ top ) + \ mathbf ( Q ) ( t ) \ end ( cases ) ) \ qquad ( \ text ( with ) ) ( \ begin ( cases ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) ( t_ ( k - 1 ) ) = ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) _ ( k - 1 k - 1 ) \ \ \ mathbf ( P ) ( t_ ( k - 1 ) ) = \ mathbf ( P ) _ ( k - 1 k - 1 ) \ end ( cases ) ) \ \ \ Rightarrow & ( \ begin ( cases ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) _ ( k k - 1 ) = ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) ( t_ ( k ) ) \ \ \ mathbf ( P ) _ ( k k - 1 ) = \ mathbf ( P ) ( t_ ( k ) ) \ end ( cases ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) where F ( t ) = ∂ f ∂ x x ^ ( t ) , u ( t ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( F ) ( t ) = \ left. ( \ frac ( \ partial f ) ( \ partial \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) \ right \ vert _ ( ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) ( t ) , \ mathbf ( u ) ( t ) ) ) Update K k = P k k − 1 H k ⊤ ( H k P k k − 1 H k ⊤ + R k ) − 1 ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( K ) _ ( k ) = \ mathbf ( P ) _ ( k k - 1 ) \ mathbf ( H ) _ ( k ) ^ ( \ top ) ( \ bigl ( ) \ mathbf ( H ) _ ( k ) \ mathbf ( P ) _ ( k k - 1 ) \ mathbf ( H ) _ ( k ) ^ ( \ top ) + \ mathbf ( R ) _ ( k ) ( \ bigr ) ) ^ ( - 1 ) ) x ^ k k = x ^ k k − 1 + K k ( z k − h ( x ^ k k − 1 ) ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) _ ( k k ) = ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) _ ( k k - 1 ) + \ mathbf ( K ) _ ( k ) ( \ bigl ( ) \ mathbf ( z ) _ ( k ) - h ( ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) _ ( k k - 1 ) ) ( \ bigr ) ) ) P k k = ( I − K k H k ) P k k − 1 ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( P ) _ ( k k ) = ( \ mathbf ( I ) - \ mathbf ( K ) _ ( k ) \ mathbf ( H ) _ ( k ) ) \ mathbf ( P ) _ ( k k - 1 ) ) where H k = ∂ h ∂ x x ^ k k − 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ textbf ( H ) ) _ ( k ) = \ left. ( \ frac ( \ partial h ) ( \ partial ( \ textbf ( x ) ) ) ) \ right \ vert _ ( ( \ hat ( \ textbf ( x ) ) ) _ ( k k - 1 ) ) ) The update equations are identical to those of discrete - time extended Kalman filter . Disadvantages of the extended Kalman filter ( edit ) Unlike its linear counterpart , the extended Kalman filter in general is not an optimal estimator ( of course it is optimal if the measurement and the state transition model are both linear , as in that case the extended Kalman filter is identical to the regular one ) . In addition , if the initial estimate of the state is wrong , or if the process is modeled incorrectly , the filter may quickly diverge , owing to its linearization . Another problem with the extended Kalman filter is that the estimated covariance matrix tends to underestimate the true covariance matrix and therefore risks becoming inconsistent in the statistical sense without the addition of `` stabilising noise '' . Having stated this , the extended Kalman filter can give reasonable performance , and is arguably the de facto standard in navigation systems and GPS . Modifications ( edit ) Iterated extended Kalman filter ( edit ) The iterated extended Kalman filter improves the linearization of the extended Kalman filter by recursively modifying the centre point of the Taylor expansion . This reduces the linearization error at the cost of increased computational requirements . Robust extended Kalman filters ( edit ) The extended Kalman filter arises by linearizing the signal model about the current state estimate and using the linear Kalman filter to predict the next estimate . This attempts to produce a locally optimal filter , however , it is not necessarily stable because the solutions of the underlying Riccati equation are not guaranteed to be positive definite . One way of improving performance is the faux algebraic Riccati technique which trades off optimality for stability . The familiar structure of the extended Kalman filter is retained but stability is achieved by selecting a positive definite solution to a faux algebraic Riccati equation for the gain design . Another way of improving extended Kalman filter performance is to employ the H - infinity results from robust control . Robust filters are obtained by adding a positive definite term to the design Riccati equation . The additional term is parametrized by a scalar which the designer may tweak to achieve a trade - off between mean - square - error and peak error performance criteria . Invariant extended Kalman filter ( edit ) Main article : Invariant extended Kalman filter The invariant extended Kalman filter ( IEKF ) is a modified version of the EKF for nonlinear systems possessing symmetries ( or invariances ) . It combines the advantages of both the EKF and the recently introduced symmetry - preserving filters . Instead of using a linear correction term based on a linear output error , the IEKF uses a geometrically adapted correction term based on an invariant output error ; in the same way the gain matrix is not updated from a linear state error , but from an invariant state error . The main benefit is that the gain and covariance equations converge to constant values on a much bigger set of trajectories than equilibrium points as it is the case for the EKF , which results in a better convergence of the estimation . Unscented Kalman filters ( edit ) A nonlinear Kalman filter which shows promise as an improvement over the EKF is the unscented Kalman filter ( UKF ) . In the UKF , the probability density is approximated by a deterministic sampling of points which represent the underlying distribution as a Gaussian . The nonlinear transformation of these points are intended to be an estimation of the posterior distribution , the moments of which can then be derived from the transformed samples . The transformation is known as the unscented transform . The UKF tends to be more robust and more accurate than the EKF in its estimation of error in all the directions . `` The extended Kalman filter ( EKF ) is probably the most widely used estimation algorithm for nonlinear systems . However , more than 35 years of experience in the estimation community has shown that is difficult to implement , difficult to tune , and only reliable for systems that are almost linear on the time scale of the updates . Many of these difficulties arise from its use of linearization . '' A 2012 paper includes simulation results which suggest that some published variants of the UKF fail to be as accurate as the Second Order Extended Kalman Filter ( SOEKF ) , called also the augmented Kalman filter . The SOEKF predates the UKF by approximately 35 years with the moment dynamics first described by Bass et al . The difficulty in implementing any Kalman - type filters for nonlinear state transitions stems from the numerical stability issues required for precision , however the UKF does not escape this difficulty in that it uses linearization as well , namely linear regression . The stability issues for the UKF generally stem from the numerical approximation to the square root of the covariance matrix , whereas the stability issues for both the EKF and the SOEKF stem from possible issues in the Taylor Series approximation along the trajectory . See also ( edit ) Kalman filter Ensemble Kalman filter Fast Kalman filter Invariant extended Kalman filter Moving horizon estimation Particle filter Unscented Kalman filter References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Julier , S.J. ; Uhlmann , J.K. ( 2004 ) . `` Unscented filtering and nonlinear estimation '' . Proceedings of the IEEE : 401 -- 422 . doi : 10.1109 / jproc. 2003.823141 . Jump up ^ Courses , E. ; Surveys , T. ( 2006 ) . `` Sigma - Point Filters : An Overview with Applications to Integrated Navigation and Vision Assisted Control '' . Nonlinear Statistical Signal Processing Workshop , 2006 IEEE : 201 -- 202 . doi : 10.1109 / NSSPW. 2006.4378854 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4244 - 0579 - 4 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ R.E. Kalman ( 1960 ) . `` Contributions to the theory of optimal control '' . Bol . Soc . Mat . Mexicana : 102 -- 119 . Jump up ^ R.E. Kalman ( 1960 ) . `` A New Approach to Linear Filtering and Prediction Problems '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Basic Engineering : 35 -- 45 . Jump up ^ R.E. Kalman ; R.S. Bucy ( 1961 ) . `` New results in linear filtering and prediction theory '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Basic Engineering : 95 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Bruce A. McElhoe ( 1966 ) . `` An Assessment of the Navigation and Course Corrections for a Manned Flyby of Mars or Venus '' . Aerospace and Electronic Systems , IEEE Transactions on : 613 -- 623 . Jump up ^ G.L. Smith ; S.F. Schmidt and L.A. McGee ( 1962 ) . `` Application of statistical filter theory to the optimal estimation of position and velocity on board a circumlunar vehicle '' ( PDF ) . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Jump up ^ Einicke , G.A. ( 2012 ) . Smoothing , Filtering and Prediction : Estimating the Past , Present and Future . Rijeka , Croatia : Intech . ISBN 978 - 953 - 307 - 752 - 9 . Jump up ^ Simon , Dan ( 2006 ) . Optimal State Estimation . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 70858 - 2 . Jump up ^ Brown , Robert Grover ; Hwang , Patrick Y.C. ( 1997 ) . Introduction to Random Signals and Applied Kalman Filtering ( 3 ed . ) . New York : John Wiley & Sons . pp. 289 -- 293 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 12839 - 2 . Jump up ^ Huang , Guoquan P ; Mourikis , Anastasios I ; Roumeliotis , Stergios I ( 2008 ) . `` Analysis and improvement of the consistency of extended Kalman filter based SLAM '' . Robotics and Automation , 2008 . ICRA 2008 . IEEE International Conference on . pp. 473 -- 479 . Jump up ^ Eiugg , G.A. ; White , L.B. ; Bitmead , R.R. ( September 2003 ) . `` The Use of Fake Algebraic Riccati Equations for Co-channel Demodulation '' ( PDF ) . IEEE Trans . Signal Processing . 51 ( 9 ) : 2288 -- 2293 . doi : 10.1109 / tsp. 2003.815376 . Jump up ^ Einicke , G.A. ; White , L.B. ( September 1999 ) . `` Robust Extended Kalman Filtering '' ( PDF ) . IEEE Trans . Signal Processing . 47 ( 9 ) : 2596 -- 2599 . doi : 10.1109 / 78.782219 . Jump up ^ Gustafsson , F. ; Hendeby , G. ; , `` Some Relations Between Extended and Unscented Kalman Filters , '' Signal Processing , IEEE Transactions on , vol. 60 , no. 2 , pp. 545 - 555 , Feb. 2012 Jump up ^ R. Bass , V. Norum , and L. Schwartz , `` Optimal multichannel nonlinear filtering ( optimal multichannel nonlinear filtering problem of minimum variance estimation of state of n - dimensional nonlinear system subject to stochastic disturbance ) , '' J. Mathematical Analysis and Applications , vol. 16 , pp. 152 -- 164 , 1966 Jump up ^ M. Grewal and A. Andrews , Kalman Filtering : Theory and Practice Using MATLAB , 2nd ed . Wiley - Interscience , Jan. 2001 . Further reading ( edit ) Anderson , B.D.O. ; Moore , J.B. ( 1979 ) . Optimal Filtering . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Prentice -- Hall . Gelb , A. ( 1974 ) . Applied Optimal Estimation . MIT Press . Jazwinski , Andrew H. ( 1970 ) . Stochastic Processes and Filtering . Mathematics in Science and Engineering . New York : Academic Press . p. 376 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 381550 - 9 . Maybeck , Peter S. ( 1979 ) . Stochastic Models , Estimation , and Control . Mathematics in Science and Engineering . 141 - 1 . New York : Academic Press . p. 423 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 480701 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Position estimation of a differential - wheel robot based on odometry and landmarks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extended_Kalman_filter&oldid=817399432 '' Categories : Signal estimation Nonlinear filters Robot control Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017 , at 04 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Estimation theory
2. Kalman filter
3. Nonlinear state estimation
4. Navigation systems
5. GPS
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explain the construction and working of calomel electrode
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Saturated calomel electrode - wikipedia Saturated calomel electrode Jump to : navigation , search SCE electrode with labels The Saturated calomel electrode ( SCE ) is a reference electrode based on the reaction between elemental mercury and mercury ( I ) chloride . It has been widely replaced by the silver chloride electrode , however the calomel electrode has a reputation of being more robust . The aqueous phase in contact with the mercury and the mercury ( I ) chloride ( Hg Cl , `` calomel '' ) is a saturated solution of potassium chloride in water . The electrode is normally linked via a porous frit to the solution in which the other electrode is immersed . This porous frit is a salt bridge . In cell notation the electrode is written as : Cl − ( 4 M ) Hg 2 Cl 2 ( s ) Hg ( l ) Pt ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( Cl ^ ( - ) ) ( 4M ) ( Hg2Cl2 ( s ) ) ( Hg ( l ) ) Pt ) ) ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Theory of operation 1.1 Solubility product 1.2 SCE potential 2 Application 3 See also 4 References Theory of operation ( edit ) Solubility product ( edit ) The electrode is based on the redox reactions Hg 2 2 + + 2 e − ↽ − − ⇀ 2 Hg ( l ) , ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( Hg2 ^ ( 2 ) + ) + 2e ^ ( - ) 2Hg ( l ) , \ qquad ) ) ) with E Hg 2 2 + / Hg 0 = + 0.80 V ( \ displaystyle \ qquad E_ ( ( \ ce ( Hg2 ^ 2 + / Hg ) ) ) ^ ( 0 ) = + 0.80 \ \ mathrm ( V ) ) Hg 2 Cl 2 + 2 e − ↽ − − ⇀ 2 Hg ( l ) + 2 Cl − , ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( Hg2Cl2 ) + 2e ^ ( - ) ( 2Hg ( l ) ) + ( 2Cl ^ ( - ) ) , \ qquad ) ) ) with E Hg 2 Cl 2 / Hg , Cl − 0 = + 0.27 V ( \ displaystyle \ qquad E_ ( ( \ ce ( Hg2Cl2 / Hg , Cl - ) ) ) ^ ( 0 ) = + 0.27 \ \ mathrm ( V ) ) The half reactions can be balanced to the following reaction Hg 2 2 + + 2 Cl − + 2 Hg ( l ) ↽ − − ⇀ Hg 2 Cl 2 ( s ) + 2 Hg ( l ) , ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( Hg2 ^ ( 2 ) + ) + ( 2Cl ^ ( - ) ) + 2Hg ( l ) ( Hg2Cl2 ( s ) ) + 2Hg ( l ) , \ qquad ) ) ) with E Hg 2 Cl 2 / Hg 2 2 + , Cl − 0 = + 0.53 V ( \ displaystyle \ qquad E_ ( ( \ ce ( Hg2Cl2 / Hg2 ^ 2 + , Cl - ) ) ) ^ ( 0 ) = + 0.53 \ \ mathrm ( V ) ) . Which can be simplified to the precipitation reaction , with the equilibrium constant of the solubility product . Hg 2 2 + + 2 Cl − ↽ − − ⇀ Hg 2 Cl 2 ( s ) , k s p = a Hg 2 2 + a Cl − 2 = ( Hg 2 2 + ) ⋅ ( Cl − ) 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( Hg2 ^ ( 2 ) + ) + 2Cl ^ ( - ) Hg2Cl2 ( s ) ) ) , \ qquad k_ ( sp ) = a_ ( \ ce ( Hg2 ^ ( 2 ) + ) ) a_ ( \ ce ( Cl ^ ( - ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ ce ( ( Hg2 ^ ( 2 ) + ) ) ) \ cdot ( \ ce ( ( Cl ^ ( - ) ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) The Nernst equations for these half reactions are : E 1 2 cathode = E Hg 2 2 + / Hg 0 − R T 2 F ln 1 a Hg 2 2 + ( \ displaystyle E_ ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ text ( cathode ) ) ) = E_ ( ( \ ce ( Hg_2 ^ 2 + / Hg ) ) ) ^ ( 0 ) - ( \ frac ( RT ) ( 2F ) ) \ ln ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( a_ ( ( \ ce ( Hg2 ^ 2 + ) ) ) ) ) \ qquad ) in which E Hg 2 2 + / Hg 0 = + 0.80 V ( \ displaystyle \ qquad E_ ( ( \ ce ( Hg2 ^ 2 + / Hg ) ) ) ^ ( 0 ) = + 0.80 \ \ mathrm ( V ) ) . E 1 2 anode = E Hg 2 Cl 2 / Hg , Cl − 0 − R T 2 F ln a Cl − 2 ( \ displaystyle E_ ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ text ( anode ) ) ) = E_ ( ( \ ce ( Hg2Cl2 / Hg , Cl - ) ) ) ^ ( 0 ) - ( \ frac ( RT ) ( 2F ) ) \ ln a_ ( ( \ ce ( Cl - ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) \ qquad ) in which E Hg 2 Cl 2 / Hg , Cl − 0 = + 0.27 V ( \ displaystyle \ qquad E_ ( ( \ ce ( Hg2Cl2 / Hg , Cl - ) ) ) ^ ( 0 ) = + 0.27 \ \ mathrm ( V ) ) . The Nernst equation for the balanced reaction is : E cell = E 1 2 cathode − E 1 2 anode = E Hg 2 Cl 2 / Hg 2 2 + , Cl − 0 − R T 2 F ln 1 ( Hg 2 2 + ) ⋅ ( Cl − ) 2 = E Hg 2 Cl 2 / Hg 2 2 + , Cl − 0 − R T 2 F ln 1 k s p ( \ displaystyle E_ ( \ text ( cell ) ) = E_ ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ text ( cathode ) ) ) - E_ ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ text ( anode ) ) ) = E_ ( ( \ ce ( Hg2Cl2 / Hg2 ^ 2 + , Cl - ) ) ) ^ ( 0 ) - ( \ frac ( RT ) ( 2F ) ) \ ln ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( \ ce ( ( Hg2 ^ 2 + ) ) ) \ cdot ( \ ce ( ( Cl ^ - ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = E_ ( ( \ ce ( Hg2Cl2 / Hg2 ^ 2 + , Cl - ) ) ) ^ ( 0 ) - ( \ frac ( RT ) ( 2F ) ) \ ln ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( k_ ( sp ) ) ) \ qquad ) in which E Hg 2 Cl 2 / Hg 2 2 + , Cl − 0 = + 0.53 V ( \ displaystyle \ qquad E_ ( ( \ ce ( Hg2Cl2 / Hg2 ^ 2 + , Cl - ) ) ) ^ ( 0 ) = + 0.53 \ \ mathrm ( V ) ) where E is the standard electrode potential for the reaction and a is the activity for the mercury cation ( the activity for a liquid of 1 Molar is 1 ) . At equilibrium , : Δ G = − n F E = 0 J / m o l ( \ displaystyle \ Delta G = - nFE = 0 \ mathrm ( J / mol ) ) , or equivalently E cell = 0 V ( \ displaystyle E_ ( \ text ( cell ) ) = 0 \ \ mathrm ( V ) ) . This equality allows us to find the solubility product . E cell = E Hg 2 Cl 2 / Hg 2 2 + , Cl − 0 − R T 2 F ln 1 ( Hg 2 2 + ) ⋅ ( Cl − ) 2 = + 0.53 + R T 2 F ln k s p = 0 V ( \ displaystyle E_ ( \ text ( cell ) ) = E_ ( ( \ ce ( Hg2Cl2 / Hg2 ^ 2 + , Cl - ) ) ) ^ ( 0 ) - ( \ frac ( RT ) ( 2F ) ) \ ln ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( \ ce ( ( Hg2 ^ 2 + ) ) ) \ cdot ( \ ce ( ( Cl ^ - ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = + 0.53 + ( \ frac ( RT ) ( 2F ) ) \ ln ( k_ ( sp ) ) = 0 \ \ mathrm ( V ) ) ln k s p = − 0.53 ⋅ 2 F R T ( \ displaystyle \ ln ( k_ ( sp ) ) = - 0.53 \ cdot ( \ frac ( 2F ) ( RT ) ) ) k s p = e − 0.53 ⋅ 2 F R T = 1.184 × 10 − 18 ( \ displaystyle k_ ( sp ) = e ^ ( - 0.53 \ cdot ( \ frac ( 2F ) ( RT ) ) ) = 1.184 \ times 10 ^ ( - 18 ) ) k s p = ( Hg 2 2 + ) ⋅ ( Cl − ) 2 = 1.184 × 10 − 18 ( \ displaystyle k_ ( sp ) = ( \ ce ( ( Hg2 ^ 2 + ) ) ) \ cdot ( \ ce ( ( Cl ^ - ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) = 1.184 \ times 10 ^ ( - 18 ) ) Due to the high concentration of chloride ions , the concentration of mercury ions ( ( Hg 2 2 + ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( Hg2 ^ 2 + ) ) ) ) ) is low . This reduces risk of mercury poisoning for users and other mercury problems . SCE potential ( edit ) Hg 2 Cl 2 + 2 e − ↽ − − ⇀ 2 Hg ( l ) 2 + Cl − , ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( Hg2Cl2 + 2e ^ ( - ) 2Hg ( l ) + 2Cl ^ ( - ) , \ qquad ) ) ) with E Hg 2 Cl 2 / Hg , Cl − 0 = + 0.27 V ( \ displaystyle \ qquad E_ ( ( \ ce ( Hg2Cl2 / Hg , Cl - ) ) ) ^ ( 0 ) = + 0.27 \ \ mathrm ( V ) ) E 1 2 SCE = E Hg 2 Cl 2 / Hg , Cl − 0 − R T 2 F ln a Cl − 2 = + 0.27 − R T F ln ( Cl − ) ( \ displaystyle E_ ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ text ( SCE ) ) ) = E_ ( ( \ ce ( Hg2Cl2 / Hg , Cl - ) ) ) ^ ( 0 ) - ( \ frac ( RT ) ( 2F ) ) \ ln a_ ( ( \ ce ( Cl - ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) = + 0.27 - ( \ frac ( RT ) ( F ) ) \ ln ( \ ce ( ( Cl ^ - ) ) ) ) . The only variable in this equation is the activity ( or concentration ) of the chloride anion . But since the inner solution is saturated with potassium chloride , this activity is fixed by the solubility of potassium chloride , which is : 342 g / L 74.5513 g / m o l = 4.587 M ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 342 \ \ mathrm ( g / L ) ) ( 74.5513 \ \ mathrm ( g / mol ) ) ) = 4.587 \ \ mathrm ( M ) ) @ 20 ° C . This makes the SCE redox potential + 0.248 V at vs. SHE at 20 ° C or + 0.2444 V vs. SHE at 25 ° C , but slightly higher when the chloride solution is less than saturated . For example , a 3.5 M KCl electrolyte solution increases the reference potential to + 0.238 V vs. SHE at 25 ° C , and a 0.1 M solution to + 0.3356 V at the same temperature . Application ( edit ) The SCE is used in pH measurement , cyclic voltammetry and general aqueous electrochemistry . This electrode and the silver / silver chloride reference electrode work in the same way . In both electrodes , the activity of the metal ion is fixed by the solubility of the metal salt . The calomel electrode contains mercury , which poses much greater health hazards than the silver metal used in the Ag / AgCl electrode . See also ( edit ) Cyclic voltammetry Standard Hydrogen Electrode Table of standard electrode potentials Reference electrode References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sawyer , Donald T. ; Sobkowiak , Andrzej ; Roberts , Julian L. ( 1995 ) . Electrochemistry for Chemists ( 2nd ed . ) . p. 192 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 59468 - 0 . Banus MG ( June 1941 ) . `` A DESIGN FOR A SATURATED CALOMEL ELECTRODE '' . Science . 93 ( 2425 ) : 601 -- 602 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 93.2425. 601 - a . PMID 17795970 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saturated_calomel_electrode&oldid=839260958 '' Categories : Electrodes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 09 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Saturated calomel electrode
2. Reference electrode
3. Redox reactions
4. Solubility product
5. Electrochemistry
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Apple Music - Wikipedia Apple Music Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Apple Records . Apple Music <Td_colspan="2"> Apple Music Logo Opened June 30 , 2015 ; 2 years ago ( 2015 - 06 - 30 ) Owner Apple Inc . Pricing model US $9.99 / single license US $14.99 / family license US $4.99 / student license Key People Oliver Schusser ( head of apple music worldwide ) Platforms macOS iOS tvOS watchOS Windows Android Trial 3 months Availability Widely in the Americas , Europe , Asia , and Oceania , and in parts of Africa and the Middle East Website apple.com/apple-music/ Apple Music is a music and video streaming service developed by Apple Inc . Users select music to stream to their device on - demand , or they can listen to existing , curated playlists . The service also includes the Internet radio station Beats 1 , that broadcasts live to over 100 countries 24 hours a day . The service was announced on June 8 , 2015 , and launched on June 30 , in over 100 countries worldwide . New subscribers get a three - month free trial period before the service becomes paid - only . Originally strictly a music service , Apple Music began expanding into video in 2016 . Executive Jimmy Iovine has stated that the intention for the service is to become a `` cultural platform '' , and Apple reportedly wants the service to be a `` one - stop shop for pop culture '' . The company is actively investing heavily in the production and purchasing of video content , both in terms of music videos and concert footage that support music releases , as well as web series and feature films . The original iOS version of Apple Music received mixed reviews , with criticism directed towards a user interface deemed `` not intuitive '' and a `` mess '' . It received praise for playlist curation . In iOS 10 , the app received a significant redesign , which received mostly positive reviews for an updated interface with less clutter , improved navigation , and bigger emphasis on users ' libraries . Apple Music 's use of iCloud for a technology that attempts to match uploaded songs to those found on the service caused significant issues for some users , with duplicate songs , missing tracks , and synchronization problems , to which Apple offered no comment or acknowledgement . It also received criticism for reportedly deleting users ' local music , though publications have disagreed on the cause . In its first year , there were reports of user - uploaded content being replaced by versions locked with digital rights management , an issue later fixed . Additionally , Apple Music 's use of album exclusives caused backlash and criticism from record labels , prompting the company to scale back its exclusivity efforts . Apple Music rapidly gained popularity after its launch , passing the milestone of 10 million subscribers after only six months . There were 40 million subscribers as of April 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 History 2.1 Preparation 2.2 Royalty payment policy 2.3 Record label cartel 2.4 Announcement and launch 2.5 User growth 2.6 Evolution into video 2.7 Other developments 3 Production library 3.1 Series 3.2 Feature films 4 Reception 4.1 iCloud matching technology controversy 4.2 Album exclusives criticism 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Description ( edit ) Apple Music lets users select music to stream to their device on demand . They can also listen to playlists curated by `` music experts '' . Beats 1 , the service 's 24 - hour radio station led by DJ Zane Lowe , broadcasts in over 100 countries . This service is free for all users , even without an Apple Music subscription . In iOS 10 , the Apple Music app has several tabs . `` Library '' shows the user 's music collection , with options to view songs by `` Playlists '' , `` Artists '' , `` Albums '' , `` Songs '' , or `` Downloaded Music '' . The tab also shows music recently added to the library . The `` For You '' section recommends music for the user . Human expert selections supplement the algorithmic curation . `` Browse '' shows new album releases from popular artists , as well as different categories , including `` New Music '' , `` Curated Playlists '' , `` Videos '' , `` Top Charts '' , and `` Genres '' . The `` Radio '' tab incorporates some aspects of iTunes Radio , such as ad - supported stations that play genre - specific or artist - related music , depending on the user 's preferences . The `` Search '' tab features a search box , as well as a list of recent user searches and overall trending searches happening on the service . In iOS 11 , Apple Music users can create profiles and share music with their friends . A dedicated `` friends are listening to '' section aims to create a social environment , and a new shared `` up next '' list allows other users to control upcoming music to be played . The service is compatible with iOS devices running version 8.4 or later , iTunes version 12.2 or later on macOS or Windows PCs , on Apple Watch , and Apple TV . It is also available for Android devices . History ( edit ) Preparation ( edit ) Before Apple Music , the company 's iPod and iTunes were known for having `` revolutionized digital music '' . Former Apple CEO Steve Jobs was known to be opposed to the idea of music subscription services . When Apple bought audio equipment maker Beats Electronics in 2014 , Apple gained ownership of Beats ' own service Beats Music , and made Beats Music CEO Ian Rogers responsible for the iTunes Radio service . Business Insider later reported that Apple was planning to merge the two services together . Apple also hired noted British radio DJ Zane Lowe to serve as a music curator . After a period of rumors and anticipation , Sony Music CEO Doug Morris confirmed on June 7 , 2015 , that Apple had plans to announce a music streaming service , saying `` It 's happening tomorrow '' , with launch later in the month . Morris emphasized several times that he prefers paid streaming as opposed to ad - supported , from a financial perspective . Furthermore , Morris said he expects the service to be the `` tipping point '' to accelerate the growth of streaming , along with arguing that Apple has `` $178 billion dollars in the bank . And they have 800 million credit cards in iTunes . '' as opposed to Spotify , which `` never really advertised because it 's never been profitable '' . Morris further argued that `` Apple will promote this like crazy and I think that will have a halo effect on the streaming business . A rising tide will lift all boats . It 's the beginning of an amazing moment for our industry '' . Royalty payment policy ( edit ) Shortly before Apple Music was released , singer - songwriter Taylor Swift wrote an open letter publicly criticizing Apple 's decision to not reimburse artists during a user 's three - month free trial period and announced that she would be holding back her album 1989 from the service . She said the policy was `` unfair '' as `` Apple Music will not be paying writers , producers , or artists for those three months '' . UK independent record label Beggars Group also criticized the three - month trial period , saying it struggled `` to see why rights owners and artists should bear this aspect of Apple 's customer acquisition costs '' . The day after Swift 's letter , Apple 's Senior Vice President of Internet Software and Services Eddy Cue announced on Twitter that Apple had changed its policy , and that Apple Music `` will pay artist for streaming , even during customer 's free trial period '' . On Twitter , Swift wrote `` After the events of this week , I 've decided to put 1989 on Apple Music ... And happily so '' . She concluded saying it was `` the first time it 's felt right in my gut to stream my album '' . Record label cartel ( edit ) In negotiations with record labels for the new service , Apple allegedly attempted to encourage record labels to pull their content from the free , ad - supported tiers of competing services such as Spotify in order to drive adoption of Apple Music , and offered an incentive to Universal Music Group to pull its content from YouTube . The U.S. Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission launched an investigation into this alleged cartel in May 2015 . Announcement and launch ( edit ) The announcement happened as the signature `` one more thing ... '' reveal at Apple 's conference . Hip hop artist Drake appeared onstage at the announcement event to elaborate on how he used the Connect platform , and Apple subsequently emphasized how `` unsigned artists can share their music on Connect , too '' , in contrast to the iTunes Store , where small , independent artists were finding it difficult to participate . Global availability of Apple Music Apple Music launched on June 30 , 2015 , in 100 countries . New users receive a three - month free trial subscription , which changes to a monthly fee after three months . A family plan allows six users to share a subscription at a reduced rate . Apple originally sought to enter the market at a lower price point for the service , but the music industry rejected the plan . The service debuted as an updated Music app on the iOS 8.4 update . Apple TV and Android device support was planned for a `` fall '' 2015 launch . A previously unreleased song by Pharrell Williams , entitled `` Freedom '' , was used in promotional material and announced as an exclusive release on the launch of the service . The `` History of Sound '' advert for the launch of the Apple Music service was soundtracked by the tune There Is No Light by Wildbirds & Peacedrums , from their 2009 album The Snake . Upon its launch , Beats Music subscriptions and playlists were migrated to Apple Music , and the service was discontinued . In May 2016 , a student membership was announced , that discounted the regular price of a subscription by 50 % . The student plan was initially only available for eligible students in the United States , United Kingdom , Germany , Denmark , Ireland , Australia , and New Zealand , but was expanded to an additional 25 countries in November 2016 . In February 2016 , Music Business Worldwide reported that , with Apple Music having launched in Turkey and Taiwan in the previous week , the service was available in 113 countries . The publication further wrote that those countries accounted for 59 regions that competing service Spotify did not . In August 2016 , Apple Music was launched in Israel and South Korea . User growth ( edit ) In January 2016 , Fortune reported that , six months after launching , Apple Music had reached 10 million paying subscribers , having spent six months reaching the same customer base that took competing music streaming service Spotify six years . This customer base increased to 11 million subscribers in February , 13 million in April , 15 million in June , 17 million in September , 20 million in December , 27 million in June 2017 , and ultimately 36 million in February 2018 . And as of March 2018 , 38 million paying subscribers , just five weeks after it previous milestone As of April 2018 , the service surpassed 40 million subscribers ; adding 2 million subscribers in just about a month . Evolution into video ( edit ) In October 2015 , Drake and Apple signed a deal to release the music video for `` Hotline Bling '' exclusively on Apple Music . In December , Apple released an exclusive Taylor Swift tour documentary , called the 1989 World Tour , on Apple Music . In February 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Dr. Dre would be starring in and executive producing a `` dark semi-autobiographical drama '' called Vital Signs . The production was described as `` Apple 's first scripted television series '' . Recode subsequently reported a few days later that the announcement of Dr. Dre 's production was an effort to `` extend Apple Music '' in promotional ways rather than Apple actively exploring original television content . Citing Apple 's deals with Drake and Swift in October and December 2015 , respectively , the report referenced a Twitter user describing Apple 's efforts as `` content marketing '' . In July 2016 , Apple bought Carpool Karaoke from The Late Late Show with James Corden , with Variety writing that Apple was planning to distribute the series through Apple Music . Apple 's adaptation of the series was originally supposed to premiere in April 2017 , but was delayed without explanation . The series instead premiered on August 8 , 2017 . In January 2017 , The Wall Street Journal reported that Apple was exploring original video content , including its own television series and movies . A few days later , Apple Music executive Jimmy Iovine confirmed the reports about the move towards video , and in February , he announced that Apple Music would launch its first two television - style series in 2017 , with the aim to turn Apple Music into a `` cultural platform '' . In March , The Information reported that Apple had recently hired several people to help evolve its video platform , including YouTube product manager Shiva Rajaraman . In April , it was announced that Apple Music would be the exclusive home to Sean Combs 's documentary `` Ca n't Stop , Wo n't Stop : A Bad Boy Story '' , which premiered June 25 . On the same day , Bloomberg Businessweek reported that artist Will.i.am would make a reality show for Apple Music , in an effort to turn the service into a `` one - stop shop for pop culture '' . The reality show was later revealed to be called Planet of the Apps , and will focus on the `` app economy '' . The series has cast 100 developers , and premiered on June 6 , 2017 . In June 2017 , Apple hired two television executives from Sony , specifically Jamie Erlicht and Zack Van Amburg . The two have jointly held the title of `` President '' at Sony , and have helped develop shows including Breaking Bad and Shark Tank . The hiring was noted by the media as another significant effort by Apple to expand into original video productions . In early December 2017 , Apple hired Michelle Lee , a programming veteran , as a creative executive of Apple 's original video team , and a few days later , also hired Philip Matthys and Jennifer Wang Grazier from Hulu and Legendary Entertainment , respectively . Other developments ( edit ) In November 2015 , Apple launched the Android version of Apple Music , touted by reporters as Apple 's first `` real '' or `` user - centric '' Android app . The app was updated in April 2017 to match the service 's iOS 10 design . In August 2016 , Bloomberg announced that its Bloomberg Radio service would be available on Apple Music in over 100 countries around the world . The radio channel features global business and financial news coverage from Bloomberg journalists 24 hours a day . Apple has added personalized music playlists to the service , with the September 2016 launch of `` My New Music Mix '' , and the June 2017 launch of `` My Chill Mix '' . Production Library ( edit ) Series ( edit ) Series Aired Showrunner ( s ) Production partner ( s ) Original network Notes <Th_colspan="6"> Former We the Best TV 2016 Mohamed Khaled Apple Music We the Best Music Group Apple Music Connect We the Best TV premiered on February 5 , 2016 featuring DJ Khaled and artists signed to his label . Positioned as a reality show , it also included personal footage , as well as interviews with Khaled 's industry friends and collaborators . A companion radio station on Beats 1 called We the Best Radio aired simultaneously . The Score Shane Smith , Spike Jonze , Suroosh Alvi Apple Music Vice Media Apple Music The Score was a six - episode series dedicated to exploring local music scenes and cultures around the world . It premiered on March 22 , 2016 . Each episode comes with a curated playlist related to the artists featured in the show . <Th_colspan="6"> Ongoing Up Next 2017 -- present Jimmy Iovine , Zane Lowe Apple Music Apple Music Up Next premiered on August 16 , 2017 . The series focuses on new and upcoming artists , chronicling their journey , inspiration and influences . Each season of the mini-documentary ends with interviews and live performances called Up Next Sessions . Planet of the Apps Charles Watcher , Craig Armstrong , Rick Ringbakk 5x5 Media Apple Music Lightspeed Venture Partners Planet of the Apps is a reality television show where software developers are tasked to pitch their ideas in front of judges on a slow - moving escalator . Winners will get funding directly from LSVP . The show premiered on June 6 , 2017 to mixed reviews . Carpool Karaoke : The Series Ben Winston , Eric Pankowski , James Corden Apple Music Fulwell 73 Productions Carpool Karaoke : The Series is a reality television show that originated from the segment of the same name on The Late Late Show with James Corden . Apple bought the worldwide rights to it from CBS in 2016 and adapted it exclusively for Apple Music subscribers . The series premiered on August 9 , 2017 . <Th_colspan="6"> In development Vital Signs TBA Andre Young , Paul Hunter Aftermath Entertainment Apple Music Prettybird Apple Music Vital Signs is an upcoming semi-autobiographical drama series for Apple Music focusing on human emotion and condition , violence , and sex . The show will be executive produced by Dr. Dre through Aftermath Entertainment , and Paul Hunter through his production company Prettybird . Feature films ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Directors ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s ) Studio ( s ) The 1989 World Tour ( Live ) December 20 , 2015 Jonas Åkerlund Violaine Etienne Scott Horan , Taylor Swift Apple Music , Dirty Hit Beats 1 Presents : The 1975 February 25 , 2016 <Td_colspan="3"> Matty Healy , Zane Lowe Apple Music , Beats 1 , Dirty Hit Please Forgive Me September 26 , 2016 Anthony Mandler Anthony Mandler , Larry Jackson Larry Jackson , Kim Bradshaw Apple Music , Dirty Hit Skepta : Live from London December 3 , 2016 <Td_colspan="3"> Joseph Adenuga Apple Music , Boy Better Know 808 December 9 , 2016 Alexander Dunn Alexander Dunn , Luke Bainbridge Alexander Dunn , Arthur Baker , Craig Kallman , Alex Noyer Apple Music , Atlantic Films , You Know Films Skepta : Greatness Only December 19 , 2016 Matt Walker , Tom Knight Joseph Adenuga Joseph Adenuga , Julie Adenuga Apple Music , Boy Better Know Process March 31 , 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> Kahlil Joseph Onye Anyanwu , Rik Green Apple Music , Pulse Films , Young Turks Harry Styles : Behind the Album May 15 , 2017 <Td_colspan="3"> Harry Styles , Paul Dugdale Apple Music , Erskine Records Ti Amo Speciale June 7 , 2017 Warren Fu Jona Ward , Warren Fu Christian Mazzalai , Deck d'Arcy , Laurent Brancowitz , Thomas Mars Apple Music , Partizan Entertainment Ca n't Stop , Wo n't Stop : A Bad Boy Story June 25 , 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> Daniel Kaufman Andre Harrell , Heather Parry , Sean Combs Apple Music , Live Nation Productions HAIM : Behind the Album July 14 , 2017 <Td_colspan="3"> Paul Dugdale Apple Music , Pulse Films Kygo : Stole the Show July 26 , 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> Matt Mitchener Devin Chanda , Kyrre Gørvell - Dahll Apple Music , Ultra Enterprises Clive Davis : The Soundtrack of Our Lives October 3 , 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> Chris Perkel Blake Everhart , David Diliberto , David Schulhof , Deborah Zipser , Mary Lisio , Michael Bernstein , Ridley Scott , Samantha Kerzner , Susan Ricketts Apple Music , IM Global , Scott Free Productions <Th_colspan="6"> To be released The Cash Money Story : Before Anythang Late 2017 Clifton Bell Bryan Williams , Ronald Williams Bryan Williams , Jimmy Iovine , Larry Jackson , Ronald Williams , The Ghettonerd Company Apple Music , Cash Money Films The Story of Sosa : The Movie December 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> TBA Keith Cozart , Larry Jackson Apple Music Reception ( edit ) Apple Music received mixed reviews at launch . Among the criticism , reviewers wrote that the user interface was `` not intuitive '' , and an `` embarrassing and confusing mess '' . They also wrote about battery life problems . However , the service was praised for its smart functions . Christina Warren of Mashable noted the emphasis on human curation in Apple Music , pointing out the various human - curated radio stations and the accuracy of the curated playlists recommended to users in the `` For Me '' section . The author concluded saying `` ( The ) For Me section alone has made me excited about music for the first time in a long time . '' Sam Machkovech of Ars Technica wrote that Apple 's emphasis on unsigned artist participation in the Connect feature could be an effort to restore the company 's former reputation as a `` tastemaker '' in the mid-2000s . Apple Music 's major redesign in iOS 10 received more positive reviews . Caitlin McGarry of Macworld praised Apple for having `` cleaned up the clutter , reconsidered the navigation tools , put your library front and center , and added algorithmically created playlists to rival Spotify 's . '' She noted bigger fonts , large amounts of white space , and she welcomed changes to various functionalities , concluding with the statement that `` Apple Music 's redesign is a huge improvement over its previous incarnation , and a clear sign that Apple is listening to its customers '' . However , another Macworld editor , Oscar Raymundo , criticized the new design , writing that `` Apple Music in iOS 10 is not as elegant or intuitive as Apple promised . The music service added more needless options , key actions like repeat got buried , and the For You section leaves a lot to be desired '' . Jordan Novet of VentureBeat wrote positively about the changes , stating `` Apple has improved the overall design , as well as the experience '' . In December 2017 , singer - songwriter Neil Young released a new archive as part of his Neil Young Archives project , and criticized Apple for the audio quality offered by its Apple Music streaming service , stating : `` Apple Music controls the audio quality that is served to the masses and chooses to not make high quality available , reducing audio quality to between 5 percent and 20 percent of the master I made in studio in all cases . So , the people hear 5 percent to 20 percent of what I created ... Apple not offering a top - quality tier has led labels to stop making quality products available to the masses '' . ICloud matching technology controversy ( edit ) The implementation of iCloud Music Library caused significant issues for users . There were reports about music libraries being impacted by issues such as tracks moved to other albums , album art not matching the music , duplicate artists and songs , missing tracks , and synchronization problems . Mashable wrote that `` Apple has not yet publicly acknowledged the problem or responded to our request for comment '' . iCloud Music Library has also been reported to delete music from users ' local storage , though this has been disputed by other publications as caused by user error or another application . Additionally , the feature was reported to have replaced uploaded content with a version locked with digital rights management . In July 2016 , Apple switched the matching technology to incorporate features identical to iTunes Match , specifically the use of `` audio fingerprints '' to scan sound data . The new technology also removed DRM from downloaded matched songs . Album exclusives criticism ( edit ) In August 2016 , Frank Ocean released Blonde exclusively on Apple Music . The decision was made by Ocean independently , without Def Jam Recordings , his former label , being a part of the deal . The exclusive deal reportedly `` ignited a music streaming war '' . The move followed in the footsteps of other artists , including Adele , Coldplay , Future , Drake , Beyoncé , Rihanna , and Kanye West , who released albums on exclusive terms with music streaming competitors of leading service Spotify . Jonathan Prince , Spotify 's head of communications , told The Verge that `` We 're not really in the business of paying for exclusives , because we think they 're bad for artists and they 're bad for fans . Artists want as many fans as possible to hear their music , and fans want to be able to hear whatever they 're excited about or interested in -- exclusives get in the way of that for both sides . Of course , we understand that short promotional exclusives are common and we do n't have an absolute policy against them , but we definitely think the best practice for everybody is wide release '' . Ocean 's independent move to Apple Music exclusivity caused `` a major fight in the music industry '' , and Universal Music Group reportedly banned the practice of exclusive releases for its signed artists . Soon after , several major record labels followed Universal , marking a significant change in the industry . According to unnamed label executives , Spotify had also introduced a new policy that said that the service would not give the same level of promotion once an album arrives on Spotify after other services , including not being prominently featured in playlists . Rolling Stone wrote in October 2016 that `` if you wanted to keep up with new albums by Beyoncé , Drake , Frank Ocean and Kanye West , among many others , you would have had to subscribe to not one but two streaming services '' , adding that `` But over the past few months , a backlash has developed against this new reality '' . Lady Gaga told Apple Music 's Beats 1 radio that `` I told my label that if they signed those contracts with Apple Music and Tidal , I 'd leak all my own new music '' . In May 2017 , Apple Music executive Jimmy Iovine told Music Business Worldwide that `` We tried it . We 'll still do some stuff with the occasional artist . The labels do n't seem to like it and ultimately it 's their content . '' See also ( edit ) Beats 1 -- Apple Music 's live radio station iTunes Radio -- predecessor to Apple Music , discontinued on January 28 , 2016 Comparison of on - demand streaming music services List of Internet radio stations List of online music databases References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Apple names Oliver Schusser as head of Apple Music division as the service now surpasses 40 million subscribers '' . 9to5Mac. 2018 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Introducing Apple Music -- All The Ways You Love Music . All in One Place '' . Apple Newsroom . Apple Inc . 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Jump up ^ Cook , James ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` What we 're hearing about the new music - streaming service Apple is developing in secret '' . Business Insider . Axel Springer SE . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : O'Brien , Chris ( June 7 , 2015 ) . `` Sony Music CEO confirms launch of Apple 's music streaming service tomorrow '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peters , Mitchell ( June 21 , 2015 ) . `` Taylor Swift Pens Open Letter Explaining Why ' 1989 ' Wo n't Be on Apple Music '' . Billboard . Eldridge Industries . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bohn , Dieter ( June 21 , 2015 ) . `` Taylor Swift calls Apple Music free trial ' shocking , disappointing ' in open letter '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` Indie Label Beggars Group Expresses Apple Music Concerns '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mokoena , Tshepo ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` Beggars Group express concern over Apple Music 's free trial period '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cue , Eddy ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` # AppleMusic will pay artist for streaming , even during customer 's free trial period '' . Twitter . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dredge , Stuart ; Ellis - Petersen , Hannah ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` Apple Music to pay royalties during free trial : ' We hear you Taylor Swift ' '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fernholz , Tim ; Timmons , Heather ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` Taylor Swift has successfully shamed Apple Music into paying artists all the time '' . Quartz . Atlantic Media . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` Taylor Swift : 1989 will stream on Apple Music '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Music Labels Want to Make Free Music Hard to Get , and Apple Says They 're Right '' . Re / code . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Singleton , Micah ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Apple pushing music labels to kill free Spotify streaming ahead of Beats relaunch '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Machkovech , Sam ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` Apple Music is `` the next chapter in music , '' debuts June 30 `` . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` Pharrell 's New Single ' Freedom ' Will Serve As Apple Music 's First Exclusive '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` Wildbirds & Peacedrums soundtrack Apple Music launch '' . The Leaf Label . June 8 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Constine , Josh ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` Beats Music Tells Users To Switch To Apple Music '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hardwick , Tim ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Introduces Apple Music Student Membership Option With 50 % Discount at $4.99 per Month '' . MacRumors . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clover , Juli ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Music Student Pricing Expands to 25 More Countries Around the World '' . MacRumors . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ingham , Tim ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Music is now available in 59 countries that Spotify is not '' . Music Business Worldwide . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hardwick , Tim ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Music Launches in Israel '' . MacRumors . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sumra , Husain ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Music Launches in South Korea '' . MacRumors . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Addady , Michal ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Music Just Did in Six Months What Took Spotify Six Years '' . Fortune . Time Inc . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Kane , Sean ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Music now has over 11 million subscribers '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Singleton , Micah ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Music now has 13 million subscribers '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Salsman , Joan E. ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Music hits 15 million subscribers '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Solsman , Joan ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Music hits 17 million subscribers '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ingham , Tim ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Music Surpasses 20M Paying Subscribers 17 Months After Launch '' . Music Business Worldwide . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Chance ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Music crosses 20M paying subscribers nearly a year and a half after launch '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Music is set to surpass Spotify in paid US subscribers this summer '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ https://variety.com/2018/biz/news/apple-music-reaches-38-million-subscribers-up-2-million-in-five-weeks-1202725298/ Jump up ^ Halperin , Shirley ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) . `` New Apple Music Head Named as Service Surpasses 40 Million Subscribers ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Singleton , Micah ( October 26 , 2015 ) . `` Drake misses out on his first No. 1 hit with ' Hotline Bling ' thanks to Apple Music '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Orazio , Dante ( December 20 , 2015 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's 1989 World Tour documentary is now streaming on Apple Music '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ; Goldberg , Lesley ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Dr. Dre Filming Apple 's First Scripted Television Series ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Eldridge Industries . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kafka , Peter ( February 15 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Got Into the TV Business So It Could Make TV Commercials for Apple Music '' . Recode . Vox Media . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Music Buys ' Carpool Karaoke ' TV Series '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sinha - Roy , Piya ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Apple delays release of first original series ' Carpool Karaoke ' '' . Reuters . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clover , Juli ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Apple Delays Launch of ' Carpool Karaoke ' Series '' . MacRumors . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ha , Anthony ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Apple Music 's ' Carpool Karaoke ' will premiere on August 8 '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Palladino , Valentina ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Carpool Karaoke series rolls into Apple Music on August 8 '' . 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Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Knopper , Steve ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` How Apple Music , Tidal Exclusives Are Reshaping Music Industry '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ingham , Tim ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Jimmy Iovine : ' Musicians taught me everything . Without them , I 'm working on the docks . ' '' . Music Business Worldwide . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plaugic , Lizzie ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Apple Music is moving away from album exclusives '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website <Th_colspan="3"> Apple Inc . <Td_colspan="3"> History Outline Founders Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak Ronald Wayne Board of directors Current James A. Bell Tim Cook ( CEO ) Albert Gore Jr . Robert A. Iger Andrea Jung Arthur D. Levinson ( Chairman ) Ronald D. Sugar Susan L. Wagner Former Gil Amelio Fred D. 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1. Apple Music features
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when does sam learn to control his powers
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Sam Winchester - wikipedia Sam Winchester Jump to : navigation , search This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Sam Winchester <Td_colspan="2"> Supernatural character <Td_colspan="2"> Jared Padalecki as Sam Winchester First appearance `` Pilot '' Created by Eric Kripke Portrayed by Jared Padalecki Alex Ferris ( child ) Colin Ford ( teenager ) <Th_colspan="2"> Information Nickname ( s ) Sam Sammy ( Dean only ) Moose ( by Crowley ) Species Human Gender Male Occupation Hunter Former undergraduate and law school applicant Family Patriots Nation ( 28 - 3 ) Dean Winchester ( brother ) John Winchester ( father , deceased ) Mary Winchester ( née Campbell ) ( mother ) Samuel Campbell ( maternal grandfather , deceased ) Deanna Campbell ( maternal grandmother , deceased ) Adam Milligan ( paternal half - brother , deceased ) Henry Winchester ( paternal grandfather , deceased ) Millie Winchester ( paternal grandmother , unknown ) Significant other ( s ) Jessica Moore ( girlfriend , deceased ) Madison ( deceased ) Ruby ( deceased ) Amelia Richardson ( ex-girlfriend ) Abilities Telekinesis Precognition Demonic Power Immunity Exorcism Superhuman strength ( after drinking demon blood ) Samuel `` Sam '' Winchester is a fictional character and one of the two protagonists of the American drama television series Supernatural along with his older brother Dean . He is portrayed by Jared Padalecki . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 1.3 Season 3 1.4 Season 4 1.5 Season 5 1.6 Season 6 1.7 Season 7 1.8 Season 8 1.9 Season 9 1.10 Season 10 2 Powers and abilities 3 References 4 External links Background ( edit ) Colin Ford portrays the Young Sam Winchester . Sam was born on May 2 , 1983 to John and Mary Winchester in Lawrence , Kansas . He is one of two focal characters of the series . He is the couple 's second child , four years younger than his older brother Dean . He is named after his maternal grandfather , Samuel Campbell . When Sam was only six months old , his mother Mary was killed by the demon Azazel , whom his mother walked in on while he was feeding Sam demon blood . Sam is saved from the ensuing fire by his father , who then gives him to a four - year - old Dean to carry outside . Since that moment , Dean has felt responsible for Sam and became Sam 's protector , partially due to pressure from their father to keep his brother safe . Sam and Dean spent their childhood moving from town to town every few weeks while their father hunted supernatural beings and their mother 's unknown killer . Until the age of 8 , Sam believed that his mother had died in a car accident and his father was a traveling salesman , until Dean revealed to him the existence of the paranormal . Sam apparently started hunting alongside his brother and father around the age of twelve , however , he began wanting a normal life without monsters ; years later , a teacher encouraged him to carve out a life away from the `` family business '' after reading Sam 's story about a werewolf hunt . At nineteen , after a heated argument with John , Sam leaves for Stanford University , thus leaving his family and their hunting crusade behind him . Season 1 ( edit ) At the start of the series , 22 - year - old Sam is seen as a senior at Stanford , applying for law school . Sam also has a girlfriend , Jessica , with whom he lives and secretly plans to marry . One night , Dean comes to Sam 's apartment seeking his help after their father John goes missing . Sam eventually accompanies his brother . After defeating a woman in white and discovering a trail to lead them to their father , Sam returns to Stanford where he witnesses Jessica 's death at the hands of a demon -- exactly the same way his mother was killed . This incites him to go with Dean to find their father and to kill the demon in order to avenge the deaths of his mother and his lover . In the consequent episodes , the brothers deal with dangerous mythical creatures and urban legends such as the wendigo , Bloody Mary , and shapeshifters . During this time , Sam begins experiencing episodes of precognitive dreams and once displays telekinesis . As the search for John continues , Sam argues with Dean constantly -- mostly about the way Dean obeys his father 's orders without question , while Sam questions them and resents his father 's treatment of them as `` loyal little soldiers '' . The brothers eventually split up , with Dean going to investigate a mystery his father has assigned him while Sam decides to search for their father elsewhere . The two are eventually reunited after Dean apologizes . Later in the season , John is captured by demons , and the brothers manage to rescue him . However , they soon learn that the demon who killed their mother is in possession of their father 's body . Though John begs Sam to kill him , Sam instead shoots John in the leg using the Colt , and the demon escapes . As Sam drives his father and a badly wounded Dean to a hospital , a truck driven by a demon - possessed man crashes into them , totaling Dean 's Impala and gravely injuring the Winchesters . Season 2 ( edit ) At the beginning of the second season , the Winchesters are at the Nashville hospital , with Sam and John escaping with minor injuries , while Dean is on the brink of death . In a deal with Azazel , John sacrifices his soul and the Colt in exchange for Dean 's life . While the boys mourn their father 's death , Sam expresses much guilt about never having a chance to reconcile with John , leading him to believe that his father died knowing his own son hated him . As the boys start to take a more active role in hunting , Sam begins to search for psychic children like him to find out Azazel 's plan . Eventually Sam learns from Dean that , before their father 's death , John told Dean that Azazel is planning to turn Sam evil , and that Dean must either save him or kill him . Although angered at his father and brother upon learning this revelation , Sam decides to save as many people as possible so that he can change his destiny . In the season finale , Sam is transported to an abandoned town along with Azazel 's other chosen children . There he learns Azazel 's plans : he and the other children must kill one another until there is one survivor -- who will lead a demon army ( as the Antichrist ) . Sam also discovers that Jessica was killed because her death would lead Sam back into hunting and Mary interrupted Azazel during the process of feeding Sam demon blood , and thus was killed . It is also revealed that Mary somehow knew Azazel . Although Sam tries to protect the other children , various fights ensue , and the children are killed off one by one . Eventually , only Jake Talley and Sam are left , at which point Sam is stabbed by Jake . Sam dies in Dean 's arms . In the aftermath , a desperate and depressed Dean sells his soul to the Crossroads Demon for Sam 's resurrection . With the help of fellow hunters Bobby Singer and Ellen Harvelle , Sam and Dean track down Jake , but are unable to stop him from opening a gateway to Hell on Azazel 's orders . However , Sam subdues Jake and kills him in cold blood . Eventually Bobby and Ellen manage to close the gateway while Sam and Dean battle Azazel . With the help of John 's spirit , Dean finally kills Azazel and John shares an emotional moment with his sons before finally moving on . Afterwards , Sam learns that he was dead and Dean sold his soul to bring him back . He then promises Dean that he will save him no matter what it takes . Season 3 ( edit ) Sam continues to do whatever he can to save Dean from going to Hell ; he begins to become more ruthless and is willing to kill anything demonic even if his prey is part human ( i.e. , demonically - possessed humans ) , human witches , and even Gordon Walker who became a vampire . Sam later reveals that he 's trying to become more like Dean so that , if he fails to save Dean 's soul , he 's ready to face a world full of demons on his own . Season three also sees the introduction of the demon Ruby , who tries to gain Sam 's trust by helping the brothers in fixing The Colt , saving them numerous times , and telling Sam she can save Dean from Hell , even though in reality she ca n't . Ruby also reveals that because Sam refuses to lead the demon army , another demon named Lilith has filled the power vacuum and is leading the army while carrying intentions to kill Sam ; she is also revealed to hold Dean 's contract for his soul . In the season finale , Sam and Dean , armed with Ruby 's demon - killing knife , confront Lilith in a last - ditch effort to save Dean 's soul . Sam is incapacitated by Lilith and forced to watch as his brother is killed by a hellhound . Lilith then tries to kill Sam ; however , her powers have no effect on him and she flees , leaving a crying Sam with Dean 's mutilated corpse . Season 4 ( edit ) Four months after the season three finale , Dean has returned from Hell . He and Bobby meet up with Sam at a motel , where an overwhelmed Sam joyously reunites with Dean . While trying to figure out how Dean returned from Hell , Dean and Bobby confront the being who revived him , Castiel , an angel who was ordered by the Archangel Michael to resurrect Dean . They discover that this came to be because the angels need Dean and Sam 's help to stop Lilith , who is breaking the 66 Seals , and once they are all broken , Lucifer the first fallen angel will be freed from Hell , bringing the Apocalypse upon the Earth . It is revealed that in the months without Dean , Sam -- depressed , drinking heavily , and carrying a death wish -- tries to bargain with various Crossroads Demons in order to exchange his soul for Dean 's . None of them accept the offer . Realizing he ca n't save Dean , Sam plans to kill Lilith in revenge . He makes contact with Ruby -- now in a different host -- who teaches him how to use his powers to exorcise demons . In time , he and Ruby become lovers and he appears to be moving on from Dean 's death -- to an extent , at least . When Dean finds out about Sam 's powers and all the secrets Sam has been keeping from him , Sam responds by saying that he does this because Dean looks and treats him like a freak . Sam then promises Dean that he wo n't use his powers anymore but breaks the promise when it becomes apparent that his powers may be needed to prevent the Apocalypse . Sam 's powers become an important part of the fourth season as they are shown to fluctuate -- at times so weak that he can barely exorcise a demon , whereas at other times they are strong enough to kill a demon . It is revealed that drinking demon blood makes Sam 's powers grow stronger while at the same time making him `` cold '' and `` arrogant '' . Sam eventually becomes addicted to demon blood , a fact that Dean soon discovers . With Bobby 's help they lock Sam in a protected panic room so that he can detox , but the withdrawal symptoms are painful and he begins experiencing hallucinations . Just as the process becomes easier for Sam , Castiel appears and frees Sam . He meets up with Ruby and learns that he will need to drink more demon blood than he has ever done in order to have the strength to kill Lilith . Dean finds and confronts them and tries to kill Ruby , but Sam intervenes . He and Dean argue about how to stop the Apocalypse , whereupon Dean tells Sam he 's changing into a monster , leading to a vicious fight between the brothers . Sam is the victor and as he leaves , Dean tells him not to return -- just as their father John , years ago , told Sam not to return when he left for college . As Sam begins to feel the guilt over abandoning his brother , he and Ruby capture a demon that knows Lilith 's location . Using his powers to torture the demon , she gives the location , but as Sam is about to drink her blood , the demon gives control to her human host , inciting immense guilt in Sam . A message from Dean , altered by the angel Zachariah , manipulates Sam , pushing him to continue his original mission to kill Lilith ; he then drains the woman of her blood anyway . Ruby and Sam go to St. Mary 's Convent in Ilchester , Maryland , where they find Lilith . As Sam attempts to kill Lilith , Ruby holds the doors shut to keep Dean , who has just arrived , from interfering . Sam hesitates when he hears his brother yelling for him , but when Lilith mocks him for his inability to do the job -- even after becoming a monster to do so -- he finishes her off , fulfilling his true destiny as the `` special child . '' Lilith 's death breaks the final seal and begins forming a portal for Lucifer . At this point , Ruby reveals that she was leading Sam along the entire time so he would break the seal . Dean finally enters the room and kills Ruby with her own knife , while Sam holds her in place . Sam apologizes to his brother as a white light shows a portal beginning to open . Season 5 ( edit ) As the portal for Lucifer opens , Sam and Dean are teleported onto an airplane by an unknown force ( God ) . Sam loses his demon powers , claiming that the force that transported him and Dean onto the plane cleaned him up . He feels tremendous guilt for starting Armageddon and is told by Dean that he does n't think he can trust Sam anymore due to Sam choosing a demon over his own brother . Over time , Sam realizes that he is too dangerous to be involved in hunting , and he and Dean go their separate ways . During this time , Sam tries to start living a normal life , but is approached by Lucifer in his dreams in the form of Jessica , who tells him that Sam is his true vessel in conjunction with Dean being the true vessel for Michael . Sam decides to start hunting again with Dean as he is tired of demons controlling his life and seeks redemption for starting the Judgment Day ; although Dean refuses at first , after he is sent to a nightmarish future in which he sees how awful things got with him and Sam not being together , he decides to join up with Sam once more . On their search to find a way to defeat Lucifer , the boys attempt to use the Colt and look for God , but it is revealed that the Colt can not kill Lucifer and God does not care about the Apocalypse . These actions make Dean decide to become Michael 's vessel even if the end result is the deaths of millions of people , however , Sam 's faith in Dean pulls him back into finding another solution . Upon the death of the Archangel Gabriel , the brothers discover that by using the rings from the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse , they can reopen and trap Lucifer back into Hell . As Dean and Sam already have War and Famine 's rings , they search for Pestilence and Death 's location , leading Sam to meet his old college friend Brady : the guy who introduced Sam to Jessica and the demon ordered by Azazel to kill Jessica . Although tempted to kill Brady immediately , Sam realizes that Brady is needed to find Pestilence 's location and with the help of the demon Crowley they discover the horseman 's location -- after which Dean allows Sam to kill Brady . After Castiel captures Pestilence 's ring and Death hands his ring to Dean , both Bobby and Dean reluctantly decide to go with Sam 's plan -- that is , for Sam to agree to being Lucifer 's vessel , then jump into the cage trapping them both in Hell . Upon arriving in Detroit , Sam begs Dean to go live a normal life with his old flame Lisa Braeden and says his goodbyes to Bobby and Castiel . He then proceeds to confront Lucifer , who reveals that he knows about their plan . Seeing no other options left , Sam says yes anyway . A bright light shines and Dean looks upon an unconscious Sam as he opens the portal to Lucifer 's prison . Although `` Sam '' says that he has Lucifer under control , it is shown that Lucifer was just taunting Dean . Lucifer closes the portal and takes the rings before disappearing . At an unknown location , Sam continues to fight Lucifer internally for control over his body . While talking through a mirror , Lucifer tries to persuade Sam to embrace their union by slaughtering demons that were watching Sam throughout his entire life . During Lucifer 's confrontation at Stull Cemetery with Michael ( using Adam as his vessel ) , he beats Dean , slamming him against the door of the Impala . As Lucifer is about to deliver a fatal blow , he catches a glimpse of a toy soldier stuck in the car 's ash tray triggering Sam 's memory of jamming the soldier in there as a boy . The sudden arousal of Sam 's childhood memories and those of the bond of brotherhood he shares with Dean allows him to overpower Lucifer and regain control of his body . Sam takes out the rings , reopens the portal , and prepares to throw himself in . Having been temporarily banished by Castiel , Michael returns and attempts to stop him , but Sam jumps in , pulling Michael also with him -- trapping both Lucifer and Michael in Lucifer 's cage . The ground closes up with a stunned , devastated Dean watching . Later , it is shown that Dean fulfills his promise to Sam and has gone back to find Lisa . As he sits down with her and Ben for dinner , a street light outside goes out , and underneath it inexplicably is Sam secretly watching the three with a blank look on his face . Season 6 ( edit ) Almost a year has passed since Sam went to Hell , and he reappears to Dean after saving him from Djinn poisoning . Upon their reunion , Sam reveals that he has been back this whole time searching for whatever force brought him back and hunting with his mother 's side of the family , the Campbells , led by their grandfather Samuel who was also resurrected . While hunting with Sam again , Dean quickly notices how different he acts . These include using a baby as bait , allowing a child to go through a torturous treatment to gain information , and allowing Dean to become a vampire . After facing the goddess Veritas , Dean and Castiel question Sam 's behavior . Castiel then reveals that Sam 's soul is not with him and is still trapped in Lucifer 's Cage . It is revealed that Crowley brought back Samuel so that they could help him find Purgatory , the afterlife of monsters , and that Samuel has been working for him . Crowley then states that if Sam and Dean help him he will return Sam 's soul , but if they do not help him he will send Sam back to Hell . Although Sam still retains his memories , likes , dislikes , and is capable of making rational decisions , he is completely without emotion and appears almost inhuman . Upon Dean 's request , Death retrieves Sam 's soul from the Cage and returns it to him at the end of the sixth season 's mid-season finale `` Appointment in Samarra '' . He gives Sam 's mind a `` protective wall '' to prevent any negative effects it might have on him otherwise , but Death also warns him not to scratch at the wall he has built , or his memories from Hell will destroy him . However , Castiel , in an attempt to distract Dean and Bobby while he attempts to enter Purgatory , brings down the wall , ultimately causing Sam to remember his time in Hell . In the season finale , Sam spends much of the episode attempting to recoup his shattered soul , including the memories of his soulless self and tortured self . Once complete , he reawakens , though still struggling with the visions of the Cage that his soul endured . Season 7 ( edit ) After Castiel 's actions result in the release of the Leviathans -- God 's first creations -- Sam is left struggling with the restoration of his memories of his time in Hell , even if he remains dedicated to helping Dean and others stop the Leviathans . During this time , he has a reunion with his old Kitsune friend , Amy Pond , who has become a mortician feeding on the dead to sustain her , although Dean nevertheless kills her when he discovers that she has been killing to help her sick son . As Sam experiences hallucinations of Lucifer taunting him with the idea that he is still in Hell , he initially tries to control them by focusing on wounds he sustains in the real world , but matters become worse when he is forced to rely on information from the hallucination to save Dean . As his mental state becomes worse , Sam foregoes sleep to stop his visions , but is sent to an asylum when he is hit by a car while running away from Lucifer . While trying to find a healer who may be able to repair Sam , Dean encounters an amnesiac Castiel , who , when restored to his full powers , sacrifices himself by taking Sam 's mental damage . Sam is shown to possess great guilt about this and rejects hope that Bobby 's ghost may be helping them out after an attempt to communicate with him fails . Sam is initially happy when it is shown that Bobby 's ghost is there helping them , but changes his mind after Bobby shows more and more signs of becoming a vengeful spirit . During the final battle at Sucrocorp , Sam rescues Kevin Tran -- a Prophet who can read the Word of God -- and is horrified to hear of Dick Roman 's plan to kill all the skinny people in the world through poison in their coffee creamers . He and Kevin head to the lab where they find Dick Roman being killed by Dean and Castiel . After Dick explodes , Dean and Castiel disappear and Crowley appears and takes Kevin , leaving Sam completely on his own , not knowing Dean and Castiel are now trapped in Purgatory . Season 8 ( edit ) The year Sam spends while Dean and Castiel are trapped in Purgatory is revealed through various flashbacks in the first half of the season . Now left on his own , Sam believes that Dean had been killed when Dick exploded , and gives up hunting . After several months , he accidentally runs over a stray dog and , panicked , takes it to an animal hospital . The veterinarian who saves the dog 's life -- Amelia Richardson -- convinces Sam to take responsibility for the stray by adopting it . Despite a rocky start , Sam and Amelia fall in love and even buy a house together in Kermit , Texas . They later find out that her husband Don , who she had believed was killed in action , was actually still alive . Sam wants to stay with Amelia , but ultimately decides to leave and give her the opportunity to reconnect with Don . In the season premiere `` We Need to Talk About Kevin '' , Sam runs into Dean and learns that Dean had just escaped from Purgatory ; upon learning about what Sam had been doing the past year , Dean is upset that Sam had not even tried to save him or continued hunting . They find out that Kevin had managed to escape from Crowley six months ago and left Sam a string of desperate voice messages , begging for help . Sam feels guilty and joins Dean in tracking down Kevin , who reveals that he has discovered a passage in the Word of God that would banish all demons from Earth forever . The spell requires three trials be performed by one person . Although Dean tries to do it himself in order to protect Sam from any possible consequence of the trials , Sam ends up completing the first trial ( killing a hellhound and bathing in its blood ) in `` Trial and Error '' to protect Dean ; he persuades his brother to let him finish the rest by reasoning that Dean would be all - too - willing to sacrifice himself for the trials whereas Sam would fight so that both of them could live . However , taking on the trials quickly begins `` damaging '' Sam , which worries Dean . After meeting Benny -- the vampire who helped Dean escape from Purgatory in exchange for Dean resurrecting him -- at the end of `` Blood Brother '' , Sam immediately distrusts him , and asks Martin ( a friend of their father 's who had previously appeared in Season 5 's `` Sam , Interrupted '' ) to monitor Benny . Martin contacts Sam in `` Citizen Fang '' to tell him that he believes Benny killed somebody , bringing the Winchesters to Carencro , Louisiana to help investigate . However , upon receiving an emergency text from Amelia and being unable to get a hold of her , Sam tears back to Kermit . He finds Amelia happily reunited with Don , and realizes that the text had been a trick by Dean to divert him from Benny . Enraged , Sam initially refuses to continue hunting with Dean in the following episode . Castiel -- who has been mysteriously rescued from Purgatory -- enlists his help in saving the angel Samandriel from being tortured by Crowley , forcing the brothers to reluctantly work together again . When forced by both Dean and Amelia to choose , Sam decides to rejoin his brother and fully commit himself to sealing Hell over returning to his normal life with Amelia . Around this time , Sam and Dean encounter their time - traveling paternal grandfather Henry Winchester and discover that through him , they are the legacies to an extinct secret society of compilers of supernatural information and artifacts known as the Men of Letters . Although they manage to subdue the demonic Abaddon , who has pursued Henry into the present , their grandfather is killed , leaving Sam and Dean the last link to the Men of Letters . They then inherit the bunker of the Men of Letters as their first real home . Sam completes the second trial -- saving an innocent soul ( in this case , Bobby ) from Hell and sending it to Heaven -- in `` Taxi Driver '' with the help of Benny , who sacrifices himself in the process of guiding Sam and Bobby out of Hell and thus finally causes Sam to admit that he had been wrong about Benny . Unfortunately , Sam 's illness from the trials worsens to the point that Dean temporarily restricts him from hunting out of worry for his condition . Nevertheless , Sam remains determined to finish the trials and seal Hell because , viewing all the times he has failed Dean in the past ( such as not looking for him when he was in Purgatory ) as his worst sins , he has become obsessed with not letting Dean down anymore . He and Dean attempt to use Abaddon for the third trial , that of restoring a demon 's humanity , but she escapes while they are distracted by a call from Crowley , who has begun murdering everyone they 've ever saved to force them to call off the trials . After Crowley kills Sam 's love interest Sarah Blake from Season 1 's `` Provenance '' , Sam is devastated and briefly contemplates giving in to Crowley 's demands , but he and Dean ultimately feign surrender to lure Crowley to them and take him prisoner in the season finale `` Sacrifice '' so that they can use him for the third trial instead . Sam is on the verge of fully restoring Crowley 's humanity when Dean finds out that completing the trials will kill Sam . Although Sam , having fallen into deep guilt and despair due to constant reminders from Dean of how he 'd failed him , wants to finish the trials anyway , Dean convinces him to let it go . The effects of the trials remain , however , leaving Sam in dire condition in the final moments of the finale . Season 9 ( edit ) Sam is close to death in the premiere , `` I Think I 'm Gonna Like It Here '' ; it is revealed that the trials have severely burned his internal organs as well as cut off oxygen - flow to his brain , and that he has virtually no chance of survival . Having slipped into a coma , Sam has a dream in which he realizes that he is dying and struggles between whether or not he should even try to fight , eventually electing to let himself die with the guarantee that this time he can not be revived and cause anymore damage . However , the angel Gadreel is called in by Dean to save Sam through any means necessary . Disguised as Dean , Gadreel convinces Sam to let him save him and Sam agrees , unwittingly providing permission to Gadreel so that the angel can possess him due to Gadreel 's ambiguously - worded question . Gadreel spends the next eight episodes healing Sam from within without Sam realizing it . In fact , Sam is completely unaware of Gadreel 's presence , as the angel spends most of this time laying dormant in Sam 's subconscious and he and Dean go to some lengths to prevent him finding out about it because Sam could prematurely expel Gadreel if he found out . Sam is alerted to Gadreel 's possession of him by Crowley in the later episode `` Road Trip '' , at which point he revokes his permission and forcibly expels Gadreel from his body by ordering the angel out . To his horror , he also finds out that Gadreel has killed Kevin using his body to prove his loyalty to Metatron . Sam is appalled and angry at how far Dean will go to keep him alive , feeling betrayed that Dean not only helped Gadreel possess him and hid the truth from him but also for persuaded him not to finish the trials and thus kept the gates of Hell open and allowed demons to continue wreaking havoc , all to keep Sam alive . Sam lets a guilt - ridden Dean leave at the end of the episode . In the following episode `` First Born '' , Sam works with Castiel to extract a lingering piece of Gadreel 's grace ( angelic energy ) so that they can track him . Feeling guilty over the deaths he could have stopped , especially Kevin 's , Sam urges Castiel to extract all of the grace still inside him , even though it may kill Sam because the grace is keeping him from reverting to his deathly state prior his possession . However , Castiel refuses to risk Sam 's life . As a result , the amount of grace they gather is insufficient to track Gadreel . Sam runs into Dean on the same case in `` Sharp Teeth '' . Although Dean tries to divert Sam from the case so that they wo n't have to work together again , Sam reveals that he is willing to work with Dean again so long as it is on a strictly professional basis , telling him that they can not work on a brotherly basis anymore because Dean has lost his trust . At the end of `` The Purge '' , Sam responds to Dean 's attempts to justify his decisions by saying that Dean 's choices are not as selfless as Dean paints them and that he would not have done what Dean did given the same situation , which stuns Dean into silence . The two eventually begin to come back together as Sam learns more about Abaddon 's history and plans after he learns that she has been taking souls while leaving the victims ' alive ' , much like he was after his escape from Hell . They eventually manage to determine the location of a portal to Heaven that allows Castiel to trap Metatron while Dean kills Abaddon with the First Blade -- acquired from Cain himself and the only weapon capable of killing a Knight of Hell -- but Castiel is left dying of the grace he stole to regain his powers while Dean is transformed into a demon due to the First Blade 's influence . Season 10 ( edit ) After spending six weeks tracking the transformed Dean -- along with a brief confrontation with a man named Cole whose father was killed by Dean on a prior hunt -- Sam manages to capture Dean while he is distracted , taking him back to the bunker to treat him with the demon cure . Despite demon - Dean 's attempts to undermine his and Sam 's relationship through his demonically - warped perspective , Sam is eventually able to cure Dean and restore him to humanity , although he continues to be concerned about Dean 's emotional state after his time as a demon and the possibility that the Mark of Cain could transform him again . Powers and abilities ( edit ) Sam 's supernatural abilities are the result of him being fed Azazel 's demon blood while he was an infant . Sam exhibits signs of precognition throughout the first season , manifesting as dreams of others ' deaths and later as visions . Sam has also shown signs of sensing spirits , once displayed telekinesis , and immunity to certain demonic powers . Sam states that his abilities are connected to Azazel and anything related to his actions , such as the other special children . This argument was further proven after Azazel 's death , as Sam stopped having visions of both the demon and the other psychics , however , according to Ruby his powers were simply dormant . After training with Ruby , Sam develops new abilities , such as exorcising demons with his mind , and his telekinesis becomes more potent . By drinking demon blood Sam 's power become stronger , to the point where he can outright kill demons and even torture them while in their human hosts ; by drinking at least three gallons of demon blood , he can kill demons just by concentrating and willing it to happen . After being affected by the Horseman Famine , Sam uses his powers to defeat him by attacking the demon spirits that Famine had recently consumed , although Dean and Bobby were subsequently forced to lock Sam in the panic room to detox . In addition , with the training given to him by his father , Sam is a skilled fighter , proficient with firearms , shotguns and melee weapons . Like his brother Dean , he possesses many abilities that are frowned upon by law , including but not limited to : lock picking , computer hacking , disguised conning , and carjacking . Throughout the series , Sam has been shown to be highly intelligent with reading and recalling Latin incantations , which can be used to summon , exorcise , and vanquish demons ; typically , when the two brothers are working together , Dean is the superior physical fighter while Sam 's expertise lies in carrying out research and recalling information to determine the nature of the threat that they are currently facing . Through Ruby , he knows how to make hex bags to cloak himself from demons and angels . Sam also displays the ability to read one 's `` poker face '' and has a great sense of direction and time , at one point being able to find a vampire 's nest while blindfolded by keeping track of the time and the turns of the car . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Writer : Eric Kripke , Director : David Nutter ( September 13 , 2005 ) . `` Pilot '' . Supernatural . Season 1 . Episode 1 . WB . Jump up ^ Writer : Jeremy Carver , Director : Steve Boyum ( October 2 , 2008 ) . `` In the Beginning '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 3 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Jeremy Carver , Director : J. Miller Tobin ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` A Very Supernatural Christmas '' . Supernatural . Season 3 . Episode 8 . CW . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Sera Gamble , Director : Phil Sgriccia ( May 6 , 2010 ) . `` Two Minutes to Midnight '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 21 . CW . Jump up ^ Writers : Andrew Dabb & Daniel Loflin , Director : Adam Kane ( January 29 , 2009 ) . `` After School Special '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 13 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Ron Milbauer , Terri Hughes Burton , Eric Kripke , Director : David Nutter ( September 20 , 2005 ) . `` Wendigo '' . Supernatural . Season 1 . Episode 2 . WB . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Eric Kripke , Ron Milbauer , Terri Hughes Burton , Director : Peter Ellis ( October 11 , 2005 ) . `` Bloody Mary '' . Supernatural . Season 1 . Episode 5 . WB . Jump up ^ Writer : John Shiban , Director : Robert Duncan McNeill ( October 18 , 2005 ) . `` Skin '' . Supernatural . Season 1 . Episode 6 . WB . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Sera Gamble and Raelle Tucker , Director : Phil Sgriccia ( February 7 , 2006 ) . `` Nightmare '' . Supernatural . Season 1 . Episode 14 . WB . Jump up ^ Writer : Patrick Sean Smith and John Shiban , Director : Kim Manners ( January 10 , 2006 ) . `` Scarecrow '' . Supernatural . Season 1 . Episode 11 . WB . Jump up ^ Writer : Eric Kripke , Director : Kim Manners ( May 4 , 2006 ) . `` Devil 's Trap '' . Supernatural . Season 1 . Episode 22 . WB . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Eric Kripke , Director : Kim Manners ( September 28 , 2006 ) . `` In My Time of Dying '' . Supernatural . Season 2 . Episode 1 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : John Shiban , Director : Phil Sgriccia ( October 5 , 2006 ) . `` Everybody Loves a Clown '' . Supernatural . Season 2 . Episode 2 . CW . Jump up ^ Writers : Ben Edlund , Director : Tim Lacofano ( October 26 , 2006 ) . `` Simon Said '' . Supernatural . Season 2 . Episode 5 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Raelle Tucker , Director : Rachel Talalay ( January 11 , 2007 ) . `` Hunted '' . Supernatural . Season 2 . Episode 10 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Matt Witten , Director : Charles Beeson ( January 18 , 2007 ) . `` Playthings '' . Supernatural . Season 2 . Episode 11 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Sera Gamble , Director : Robert Singer ( May 10 , 2007 ) . `` All Hell Breaks Loose , Part One '' . Supernatural . Season 2 . Episode 21 . CW . Jump up ^ Story : Eric Kripke & Michael T. Moore , Teleplay : Eric Kripke , Director : Kim Manners ( May 17 , 2007 ) . `` All Hell Breaks Loose , Part Two '' . Supernatural . Season 2 . Episode 22 . CW . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Charles Beeson , Director : Robert Singer and Jeremy Carver ( October 25 , 2007 ) . `` Sin City '' . Supernatural . Season 3 . Episode 4 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Cathryn Humphris , Director : Mike Rohl ( November 1 , 2007 ) . `` Bedtime Stories '' . Supernatural . Season 3 . Episode 5 . CW . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Ben Edlund , Director : Robert Singer ( January 31 , 2008 ) . `` Malleus Maleficarum '' . Supernatural . Season 3 . Episode 9 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Laurence Andries , Director : Sera Gamble ( November 15 , 2007 ) . `` Fresh Blood '' . Supernatural . Season 3 . Episode 7 . CW . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Sera Gamble , Director : Phil Sgriccia ( October 11 , 2007 ) . `` The Kids Are Alright '' . Supernatural . Season 3 . Episode 2 . CW . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Sera Gamble , Director : Kim Manners ( February 21 , 2008 ) . `` Jus in Bello '' . Supernatural . Season 3 . Episode 12 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Sera Gamble , Director : Charles Beeson ( May 8 , 2008 ) . `` Time Is On My Side '' . Supernatural . Season 3 . Episode 15 . CW . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Eric Kripke , Director : Kim Manners ( May 15 , 2008 ) . `` No Rest for the Wicked '' . Supernatural . Season 3 . Episode 16 . CW . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Eric Kripke , Director : Kim Manners ( September 18 , 2008 ) . `` Lazarus Rising '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 1 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Sera Gamble , Director : Phil Sgriccia ( September 25 , 2008 ) . `` Are You There God ? It 's Me , Dean Winchester '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 2 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Sarah Gamble , Director : Charles Beeson ( November 13 , 2008 ) . `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 9 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Cathryn Humphris , Director : Kim Manners ( October 9 , 2008 ) . `` Metamorphosis '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 4 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Juile Siege , Director : Charles Beeson ( October 30 , 2008 ) . `` It 's the Great Pumpkin , Sam Winchester '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 7 . CW . ^ Jump up to : `` The Rapture '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 20 . April 30 , 2009 . CW . ^ Jump up to : `` On the Head of a Pin '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 16 . March 19 , 2009 . CW . Jump up ^ `` When the Levee Breaks '' . Supernatural . Episode 21 . May 7 , 2009 . CW . ^ Jump up to : `` Lucifer Rising '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 22 . May 14 , 2009 . CW . ^ Jump up to : `` Sympathy For The Devil '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 1 . September 10 , 2009 . CW . Jump up ^ `` Good God , Y'All ! '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 2 . September 17 , 2009 . CW . Jump up ^ `` Free to be You and Me '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 3 . September 24 , 2009 . CW . Jump up ^ `` The End '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 4 . October 1 , 2009 . CW . Jump up ^ `` Abandon All Hope '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 10 . November 19 , 2009 . CW . Jump up ^ `` Dark Side of the Moon '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 16 . April 1 , 2010 . CW . Jump up ^ `` Point of no return '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 18 . April 15 , 2010 . CW . Jump up ^ `` Hammer of the Gods '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 19 . April 22 , 2010 . CW . ^ Jump up to : `` The Devil You Know '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 20 . April 29 , 2010 . CW . ^ Jump up to : `` Swan Song '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 22 . May 13 , 2010 . CW . Jump up ^ `` Exile on Main St . '' . Supernatural . Season 6 . Episode 1 . September 24 , 2010 . CW . Jump up ^ `` Two and a Half Men '' . Supernatural . Season 6 . Episode 2 . October 1 , 2010 . CW . Jump up ^ `` The Third Man . '' . Supernatural . Season 6 . Episode 1 . October 8 , 2010 . CW . Jump up ^ `` Live Free or TwiHard '' . Supernatural . Season 6 . Episode 1 . October 22 , 2010 . CW . ^ Jump up to : `` You Ca n't Handle the Truth '' . Supernatural . Season 6 . Episode 6 . October 29 , 2010 . CW . ^ Jump up to : `` Family Matters '' . Supernatural . Season 6 . Episode 7 . November 5 , 2010 . CW . ^ Jump up to : `` All Dogs Go to Heaven '' . Supernatural . Season 6 . Episode 8 . November 12 , 2010 . CW . Jump up ^ `` All Dogs Go to Heaven '' . Supernatural . Season 6 . Episode 11 . December 10 , 2010 . CW . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Jeremy Carver Director : Robert Singer ( October 3 , 2012 ) . `` We Need to Talk About Kevin '' . Supernatural . Season 8 . Episode 1 . CW . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Andrew Dabb Director : Paul Edwards ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` Hunteri Heroici '' . Supernatural . Season 8 . Episode 8 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Adam Glass Director : Tim Andrew ( November 7 , 2012 ) . `` Southern Comfort '' . Supernatural . Season 8 . Episode 6 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Daniel Loflin Director : Nick Copus ( December 5 , 2012 ) . `` Citizen Fang '' . Supernatural . Season 8 . Episode 9 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Brad Buckner & Eugenie Ross - Leming Director : John Showalter ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` Man 's Best Friend with Benefits '' . Supernatural . Season 8 . Episode 15 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Robbie Thompson Director : Thomas J. Wright ( March 20 , 2013 ) . `` Goodbye Stranger '' . Supernatural . Season 8 . Episode 17 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Jenny Klein Director : Robert Singer ( January 16 , 2013 ) . `` Torn and Frayed '' . Supernatural . Season 8 . Episode 10 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Adam Glass Director : Serge Ladouceur ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` As Time Goes By '' . Supernatural . Season 8 . Episode 12 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Ben Edlund Director : Phil Sgriccia ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Everybody Hates Hitler '' . Supernatural . Season 8 . Episode 13 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Brad Buckner & Eugenie Ross - Leming Director : Guy Bee ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` Taxi Driver '' . Supernatural . Season 8 . Episode 19 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Robbie Thompson Director : Robert Singer ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` Pac - Man Fever '' . Supernatural . Season 8 . Episode 20 . CW . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Jeremy Carver Director : Phil Sgriccia ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Sacrifice '' . Supernatural . Season 8 . Episode 23 . CW . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Andrew Dabb Director : Thomas J. Wright ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` Clip Show '' . Supernatural . Season 8 . Episode 22 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Eric Kripke , Director : Ken Girotti ( November 15 , 2005 ) . `` Home '' . Supernatural . Season 1 . Episode 9 . WB . Jump up ^ Writers : Sera Gamble & Raelle Tucker , Director : Robert Singer ( April 27 , 2006 ) . `` Salvation '' . Supernatural . Season 1 . Episode 21 . WB . Jump up ^ Writer : Sera Gamble , Director : Robert Singer ( October 12 , 2006 ) . `` Bloodlust '' . Supernatural . Season 2 . Episode 3 . CW . External links ( edit ) Supernatural Wiki <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Supernatural Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Devil 's Trap '' Season 2 `` What Is and What Should Never Be '' `` All Hell Breaks Loose '' Season 3 `` Fresh Blood '' `` A Very Supernatural Christmas '' `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' `` No Rest for the Wicked '' Season 4 `` Lazarus Rising '' Season 5 `` Sympathy for the Devil '' `` Good God , Y'All ! '' `` Swan Song '' Season 6 `` Exile on Main St . '' Season 7 `` Meet the New Boss '' `` Hello , Cruel World '' Season 8 `` Sacrifice '' Season 9 Season 10 `` Black '' `` Reichenbach '' `` Soul Survivor '' `` Brother 's Keeper '' Season 11 `` Out of the Darkness , Into the Fire '' `` Form and Void '' `` The Bad Seed '' `` Baby '' `` Thin Lizzie '' `` Our Little World '' `` O Brother Where Art Thou ? 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1. Sam Winchester - Supernatural character
2. Sam's background and family
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who are the actors that have played spiderman
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Spider - Man in film - wikipedia Spider - Man in film Jump to : navigation , search Modern Spider - Man feature film actors : ( clockwise from top left ) Tobey Maguire in the Sam Raimi trilogy ; Andrew Garfield in the Marc Webb duology ; Tom Holland in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . The fictional character Spider - Man , a comic book superhero created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko and featured in Marvel Comics publications , has currently appeared in ten live - action films since his inception . Spider - Man is the alter - ego of Peter Parker , a talented young freelance photographer and aspiring scientist , imbued with superhuman abilities after being bitten by a radioactive / genetically - altered spider . The first live - action film based on Spider - Man was the short Spider - Man by Donald F. Glut in 1969 . This was followed by Spider - Man , an American made - for - television film that premiered on the CBS network in 1977 . It starred Nicholas Hammond and was intended as a backdoor pilot for what became a weekly episodic TV series . The rights to further films featuring the character were purchased in 1985 , and moved through various production companies and studios before being secured by Sony Pictures Entertainment ( Columbia Pictures ) , who hired Sam Raimi to direct Spider - Man ( 2002 ) , Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) , and Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) starring Tobey Maguire . The first two films were met with positive reviews from critics , while the third film met mixed reviews . In 2010 , Sony announced that the franchise would be rebooted . Marc Webb was hired to direct , with Andrew Garfield starring , and The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ) was released to positive reviews . The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 2014 ) saw mixed reviews . In February 2015 , Disney , Marvel Studios and Sony announced a deal to share the Spider - Man film rights , leading to a new iteration of Spider - Man being introduced and integrated into the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . This younger version of Peter Parker is played by Tom Holland , and appears in Captain America : Civil War in 2016 ( distributed by Disney ) and Spider - Man : Homecoming in 2017 ( distributed by Sony ) , before starring in Avengers : Infinity War and its untitled sequel ( both distributed by Disney ) in 2018 and 2019 respectively . A sequel to Homecoming is also slated for 2019 . Raimi 's trilogy grossed nearly US $ 2.5 billion worldwide on a $597 million total budget , while Webb 's films grossed over $1.4 billion on a $480 million total budget . Spider - Man : Homecoming has grossed over $874 million on a $175 million budget . The Spider - Man films are the ninth highest - grossing film franchise , having grossed over $4.8 billion collectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early films 1.1 The Amazing Spider - Man film series ( 1977 -- 1981 ) 1.1. 1 Spider - Man ( 1977 ) 1.1. 2 Spider - Man Strikes Back ( 1978 ) 1.1. 3 Spider - Man : The Dragon 's Challenge ( 1981 ) 1.2 Spider - Man ( 1978 ) 2 Development 2.1 Cannon Films 2.2 Carolco Pictures 2.2. 1 James Cameron `` scriptment '' 2.2. 2 Litigation 2.3 Columbia Pictures 3 Sam Raimi films 3.1 Spider - Man ( 2002 ) 3.2 Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) 3.3 Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) 3.4 Cancelled films 3.4. 1 Spider - Man 4 3.4. 2 Venom 4 Marc Webb films 4.1 The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ) 4.2 The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 2014 ) 4.3 Cancelled films 4.3. 1 Sequels 4.3. 2 Spin - offs 5 Licensing agreement with Marvel Studios 5.1 Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) 5.2 Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) 5.3 Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) and its untitled sequel ( 2019 ) 5.4 Untitled Spider - Man : Homecoming sequel ( 2019 ) 6 Animation 7 Recurring cast and characters 8 Crew 9 Home media 10 Reception 10.1 Box office 10.2 Critical and public response 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Early films ( edit ) The Amazing Spider - Man film series ( 1977 -- 1981 ) ( edit ) Spider - Man ( 1977 ) ( edit ) Main article : Spider - Man ( 1977 film ) In 1977 , the pilot episode of The Amazing Spider - Man television series was released by Columbia Pictures as Spider - Man outside of the United States . It was directed by E.W. Swackhamer , written by Alvin Boretz and stars Nicholas Hammond as the titular character , David White as J. Jonah Jameson and Jeff Donnell as May Parker . The film premiered on CBS on September 14 , 1977 , and received a VHS release in 1980 . Spider - Man Strikes Back ( 1978 ) ( edit ) Main article : Spider - Man Strikes Back In 1978 , the two - parter episode `` Deadly Dust '' from the television series The Amazing Spider - Man was re-edited and released outside of the United States as a feature film titled Spider - Man Strikes Back . Nicholas Hammond reprises his role as Peter Parker / Spider - Man while Robert F. Simon replaces David White in the role of J. Jonah Jameson . The film was theatrically released on 8 May 1978 . Spider - Man : The Dragon 's Challenge ( 1981 ) ( edit ) Main article : Spider - Man : The Dragon 's Challenge In 1981 , a film made from The Amazing Spider - Man television series finale `` The Chinese Web '' using the same method used to make Spider - Man Strikes Back was released as Spider - Man : The Dragon 's Challenge in European territories . Nicholas Hammond and Robert F. Simon respectively reprise their roles as Peter Parker / Spider - Man and J. Jonah Jameson . It was directed by Ron Satlof , written by Robert Janes and stars Nicholas Hammond as the titular character , Rosalind Chao , Robert F. Simon , Benson Fong , and Ellen Bry Spider - Man ( 1978 ) ( edit ) Main article : Spider - Man ( 1978 film ) On July 22 , 1978 , Tōei released a theatrical spin - off of their Spider - Man TV series at the Tōei Cartoon Festival . The film was directed by Kōichi Takemoto , who also directed eight episodes of the TV series . The week after the film 's release , a character introduced in the film , Jūzō Mamiya ( played by Noboru Nakaya ) , began appearing in episodes of the TV series . Like the rest of the series , the film was made available for streaming on Marvel 's official website in 2009 . Development ( edit ) Cannon films ( edit ) The low box office performance of 1983 's Superman III made feature - film adaptations of comic book properties a very low priority in Hollywood until the 1990s . In 1985 , after a brief option on Spider - Man by Roger Corman expired , Marvel Comics optioned the property to Cannon Films . Cannon chiefs Menahem Golan and his cousin Yoram Globus agreed to pay Marvel Comics $225,000 over the five - year option period , plus a percentage of any film 's revenues . However , the rights would revert to Marvel if a film was not made by April 1990 . Tobe Hooper , then preparing both Invaders From Mars and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 , was mooted as director . Golan and Globus misunderstood the concept of the character ( `` They thought it was like The Wolf Man '' , said director Joseph Zito ) and instructed writer Leslie Stevens , creator of The Outer Limits , to write a treatment reflecting their misconception . In Stevens ' story , a corporate scientist intentionally subjects ID - badge photographer Peter Parker to radioactive bombardment , transforming him into a hairy , suicidal , eight - armed monster . This human tarantula refuses to join the scientist 's new master - race of mutants , battling a succession of mutations kept in a basement laboratory . Unhappy with this perceived debasement of his comic book creation , Marvel 's Stan Lee pushed for a new story and screenplay , written for Cannon by Ted Newsom and John Brancato . The variation on the origin story had Otto Octavius as a teacher and mentor to a college - aged Peter Parker . The cyclotron accident which `` creates '' Spider - Man also deforms the scientist into Doctor Octopus and results in his mad pursuit of proof of the Fifth Force . `` Doc Ock '' reconstructs his cyclotron and causes electromagnetic abnormalities , anti-gravity effects , and bilocation which threatens to engulf New York City and the world . Joseph Zito , who had directed Cannon 's successful Chuck Norris film Invasion USA , replaced Tobe Hooper . The new director hired Barney Cohen to rewrite the script . Cohen , creator of TV 's Sabrina the Teenage Witch and Forever Knight , added action scenes , a non-canonical comic for the villain , gave Doc Ock the catch phrase , `` Okey - dokey '' , and altered his goal from the Fifth Force to a quest for anti-gravity . Producer Golan ( using his pen name `` Joseph Goldman '' ) then made a minor polish to Cohen 's rewrite . Zito scouted locations and studio facilities in both the U.S. and Europe , and oversaw storyboard breakdowns supervised by Harper Goff . Cannon planned to make the film on the then - substantial budget of between $15 and $20 million . While no casting was finalized , Zito expressed interest in actor / stunt man Scott Leva , who had posed for Cannon 's promotional photos and ads , and made public appearances as Spider - Man for Marvel . The up - and - coming actor Tom Cruise was also discussed for the leading role . Zito considered Bob Hoskins as Doc Ock . Stan Lee expressed his desire to play Daily Bugle editor J. Jonah Jameson . Lauren Bacall and Katharine Hepburn were considered for Aunt May , Peter Cushing as a sympathetic scientist , and Adolph Caesar as a police detective . With Cannon finances siphoned by the expensive Superman IV : The Quest for Peace and Masters of the Universe , the company slashed the proposed Spider - Man budget to under $10 million . Director Zito opted out , unwilling to make a compromised Spider - Man . The company commissioned low - budget rewrites from writers Shepard Goldman , Don Michael Paul , and finally Ethan Wiley , and penciled in company workhorse Albert Pyun as director , who also made script alterations . Scott Leva was still associated with the character through Marvel ( he had appeared in photo covers of the comic ) , and read each draft . Leva commented , `` Ted Newsom and John Brancato had written the script . It was good but it needed a little work . Unfortunately , with every subsequent rewrite by other writers , it went from good to bad to terrible . '' Due to Cannon 's assorted financial crises , the project shut down after spending about $1.5 million on the project . In 1989 , Pathé , owned by corrupt Italian financier Giancarlo Parretti , acquired the overextended Cannon . The filmmaking cousins parted , Globus remaining associated with Pathé , Golan leaving to run 21st Century Film Corporation , keeping a number of properties ( including Spider - Man ) in lieu of a cash buy - out . He also extended his Spider - Man option with Marvel up to January 1992 . Golan shelved the low - budget rewrites and attempted to finance an independent production from the original big - budget script , already budgeted , storyboarded and laid out . At Cannes in May 1989 , 21st Century announced a September start date , with ads touting the script by `` Barney Cohen , Ted Newsom & John Brancato and Joseph Goldman . '' As standard practice , Golan pre-sold the unmade film to raise production funds , with television rights bought by Viacom and home video rights by Columbia Pictures , which wanted to establish a studio franchise . Stephen Herek was attached as director at this point . Golan submitted this `` new '' screenplay to Columbia in late 1989 ( actually the 1985 script with an adjusted `` 1989 '' date ) and the studio requested yet another rewrite . Golan hired Frank LaLoggia , who turned in his draft but grew disenchanted with 21st Century . Neil Ruttenberg was hired for one more draft , which was also `` covered '' by script readers at Columbia . Columbia 's script analysts considered all three submissions `` essentially the same story . '' A tentative production deal was set . Said Stan Lee in 1990 , `` 21st Century ( is ) supposed to do Spider - Man and now they 're talking to Columbia and the way it looks now , Columbia may end up buying Spider - Man from 21st Century . '' Carolco Pictures ( edit ) 21st Century 's Menahem Golan still actively immersed himself mounting `` his '' Spider - Man , sending the original `` Doc Ock '' script for production bids . In 1990 , he contacted Canadian effects company Light and Motion Corporation regarding the visual effects , which in turn offered the stop - motion chores to Steven Archer ( Krull , Clash of the Titans ) . Toward the end of shooting True Lies , Variety carried the announcement that Carolco Pictures had received a completed screenplay from James Cameron . This script bore the names of James Cameron , John Brancato , Ted Newsom , Barry ( sic ) Cohen and `` Joseph Goldmari '' , a typographical scrambling of Golan 's pen name ( `` Joseph Goldman '' ) with Marvel executive Joseph Calamari . The script text was identical to the one Golan submitted to Columbia the previous year , with the addition of a new 1993 date . Cameron stalwart Arnold Schwarzenegger was frequently linked to the project as the director 's choice for Doctor Octopus . James Cameron `` scriptment '' ( edit ) Months later , James Cameron submitted an undated 57 - page `` scriptment '' with an alternate story ( the copyright registration was dated 1991 ) , part screenplay , part narrative story outline . The `` scriptment '' told the Spider - Man origin , but used variations on the comic book characters Electro and Sandman as villains . This `` Electro '' ( named Carlton Strand , instead of Max Dillon ) was a megalomaniacal parody of corrupt capitalists . Instead of Flint Marko 's character , Cameron 's `` Sandman '' ( simply named Boyd ) is mutated by an accident involving Philadelphia Experiment - style bilocation and atom - mixing , in lieu of getting caught in a nuclear blast on a beach . The story climaxes with a battle atop the World Trade Center and had Peter Parker revealing his identity to Mary Jane Watson . In addition , the treatment was also heavy on profanity , and had Spider - Man and Mary Jane having sex on the Brooklyn Bridge . This treatment reflected elements in previous scripts : from the Stevens treatment , organic web - shooters , and a villain who tempts Spider - Man to join a coming `` master race '' of mutants ; from the original screenplay and rewrite , weird electrical storms causing blackouts , freak magnetic events and bi-location ; from the Ethan Wiley draft , a villain addicted to toxic super-powers and multiple experimental spiders , one of which escapes and bites Peter , causing an hallucinatory nightmare invoking Franz Kafka 's The Metamorphosis ; from the Frank LaLoggia script , a blizzard of stolen cash fluttering down onto surprised New Yorkers ; and from the Neil Ruttenberg screenplay , a criminal assault on the NYC Stock Exchange . In 1991 , Carolco Pictures extended Golan 's option agreement with Marvel through May 1996 , but in April 1992 , Carolco ceased active production on Spider - Man due to continued financial and legal problems . Litigation ( edit ) When James Cameron agreed to make Spider - Man , Carolco lawyers simply used his previous Terminator 2 contract as a template . A clause in this agreement gave Cameron the right to decide on movie and advertising credits . Show business trade articles and advertisements made no mention of Golan , who was still actively assembling the elements for the film . In 1993 , Golan complained publicly and finally instigated legal action against Carolco for disavowing his contractual guarantee credit as producer . On the other hand , Cameron had the contractual right to decide on credits . Eventually , Carolco sued Viacom and Columbia to recover broadcast and home video rights , and the two studios countersued . 20th Century Fox , though not part of the litigation , contested Cameron 's participation , claiming exclusivity on his services as a director under yet another contract . In 1996 , Carolco , 21st Century , and Marvel went bankrupt . Via a quitclaim from Carolco dated March 28 , 1995 , MGM acquired 21st Century 's film library and assets , and received `` ... all rights in and to all drafts and versions of the screenplay ( s ) for Spider - Man written by James Cameron , Ted Newsom & John Brancato , Menahem Golan , Jon ( sic ) Michael Paul , Ethan Wiley , Leslie Stevens , Frank Laloggia , Neil Ruttenberg , Barney Cohen , Shepard Goldman and any and all other writers . '' MGM also sued 21st Century , Viacom , and Marvel Comics , alleging fraud in the original deal between Cannon and Marvel . In 1998 , Marvel emerged from bankruptcy with a reorganization plan that merged the company with Toy Biz . The courts determined that the original contract of Marvel 's rights to Golan had expired , returning the rights to Marvel , but the matter was still not completely resolved . In 1999 , Marvel licensed Spider - Man rights to Columbia , a subsidiary of Sony Pictures Entertainment . MGM disputed the legality , claiming it had the Spider - Man rights via Cannon , 21st Century , and Carolco . Columbia Pictures ( edit ) Further information : Spider - Man ( 2002 film ) § Development In the meantime , MGM / UA chief executive John Calley moved to Columbia Pictures . Intimately familiar with the legal history of producer Kevin McClory 's claim to the rights to both Thunderball and other related James Bond characters and elements , Calley announced that Columbia would produce an alternate 007 series , based on the `` McClory material '' , which Calley acquired for Columbia . ( Columbia had made the original 1967 film spoof of Casino Royale , a non-Eon production ) . Both studios now faced rival projects , which could undercut their own long - term financial stability and plans . Columbia had no consistent movie franchise , and had sought Spider - Man since 1989 ; MGM / UA 's only reliable source of theatrical income was a new James Bond film every two or three years . An alternate 007 series could diminish or even eliminate the power of MGM / UA 's long - running Bond series . Likewise , an MGM / UA Spider - Man film could negate Columbia 's plans to create an exclusive cash cow . Both sides seemed to have strong arguments for the rights to do such films . The two studios made a trade - off in March 1999 ; Columbia relinquished its rights to create a new 007 series in exchange for MGM 's giving up its claim to Spider - Man . Columbia acquired the rights to all previous scripts in 2000 , but exercised options only on the `` Cameron Material '' , i.e. , both the completed multi-author screenplay and the subsequent `` scriptment . '' After more than a decade of attempts , Spider - Man truly went into production and since then all of the Spider - Man films were distributed by Columbia Pictures , the primary film production holding of Sony . The first three were directed by Sam Raimi , and the reboot and its sequel were directed by Marc Webb . Laura Ziskin served as producer until her death in 2011 . Sam Raimi films ( edit ) Sam Raimi series logo Spider - Man ( 2002 ) ( edit ) Main article : Spider - Man ( 2002 film ) Spider - Man follows Peter Parker ( Tobey Maguire ) , an orphaned high schooler who pines after popular girl - next - door Mary Jane Watson ( Kirsten Dunst ) . While on a science class field trip , Peter is bitten by a genetically - engineered `` super spider . '' As a result , Peter gains superhuman abilities , including increased strength , speed , and the abilities to scale walls and generate organic webbing . After his beloved Uncle Ben ( Cliff Robertson ) is murdered , the teenager realizes that he must use his newfound abilities to protect New York City . Meanwhile , wealthy industrialist Norman Osborn ( Willem Dafoe ) , the father of Peter 's best friend Harry Osborn ( James Franco ) , subjects himself to an experimental performance - enhancing serum , which creates a psychotic and murderous split personality . Donning a military battlesuit , Norman becomes a freakish `` Green Goblin '' , who begins to terrorize the city . Peter , as Spider - Man , now must do battle with the Goblin , all while trying to express his true feelings for Mary Jane . Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) ( edit ) Main article : Spider - Man 2 Two years after the events of the first film , Peter struggles to balance his superhero and private lives and still pines after Mary Jane Watson , who is now engaged . Harry Osborn continues to believe Spider - Man is responsible for his father Norman Osborn 's death . Spider - Man contends with scientist Otto Octavius ( Alfred Molina ) , a.k.a. Dr. Octopus , who has four mechanical tentacles fused to his spine and sets out to recreate a fusion - based experiment that could destroy much of New York City . Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Main article : Spider - Man 3 Spider - Man 3 picks up one year after the events of the second film . Peter is still seeing Mary Jane Watson , while Harry Osborn succeeds his father as the new Green Goblin . Eddie Brock ( Topher Grace ) , who like Peter is a photographer for the Daily Bugle , sets out to defame Spider - Man and incriminate him . Flint Marko ( Thomas Haden Church ) , an escaped convict , falls into a particle accelerator and becomes a shape - shifting sand monster later known as Sandman . Peter later learns that Marko is the one that killed Uncle Ben , causing Peter 's own dark intentions to grow . This vendetta is enhanced by the appearance of the mysterious black alien symbiotic substance that bonds to Peter , resulting in the formation of a new black costume . Once Peter separates himself from the alien , it finds a new host in the form of Brock , resulting in the creation of Venom . Cancelled films ( edit ) Spider - Man 4 ( edit ) In 2008 , Spider - Man 4 entered development , with Raimi attached to direct and Maguire , Dunst and other cast members set to reprise their roles . Both a fourth and a fifth film were planned and at one time the idea of shooting the two sequels concurrently was under consideration . However , Raimi stated in March 2009 that only the fourth film was in development at that time and that if there were fifth and sixth films , those two films would actually be a continuation of each other . James Vanderbilt was hired in October 2007 to pen the screenplay after initial reports in early 2007 that Sony Pictures was in contact with David Koepp , who wrote the first Spider - Man film . The script was being rewritten by Gary Ross in October 2009 . Sony also engaged Vanderbilt to write scripts for Spider - Man 5 and Spider - Man 6 . In 2008 , Raimi expressed interest in portraying the transformation of Dr. Curt Connors into his villainous alter - ego , the Lizard ; the character 's actor Dylan Baker and producer Grant Curtis were also enthusiastic about the idea . Raimi also discussed his desire to upgrade Bruce Campbell from a cameo appearance to a significant role , later revealed to be Quentin Beck / Mysterio . It was reported in December 2009 that John Malkovich was in negotiations to play Vulture and that Anne Hathaway would play Felicia Hardy , though she would not have transformed into the Black Cat as in the comics . Instead , Raimi 's Felicia was expected to become a new superpowered figure called the Vulturess . However , several years later , in 2013 , Raimi stated that Hathaway was going to be Black Cat if Spider - Man 4 had been made . Concept art revealed in June 2016 showed the inclusion of an opening montage of Spider - Man going up against C and D - list villains , such as Mysterio , the Shocker , the Prowler , and the Rhino , with the Vulture serving as the main antagonist . As disagreements between Sony and Raimi threatened to push the film off the intended May 6 , 2011 release date , Sony Pictures announced in January 2010 that plans for Spider - Man 4 had been cancelled due to Raimi 's withdrawal from the project . Raimi reportedly ended his participation due to his doubt that he could meet the planned May 6 , 2011 release date while at the same time upholding the film creatively ; he admitted that he was `` very unhappy '' with the way Spider - Man 3 had turned out , and was under pressure to make the fourth film the best that he could . Raimi purportedly went through four iterations of the script with different screenwriters and still `` hated it '' . Venom ( edit ) In July 2007 , Avi Arad revealed a Venom spin - off was in the works . The studio commissioned Jacob Aaron Estes to write a script , but rejected it the following year . In September 2008 , Paul Wernick and Rhett Reese signed on to write . Stan Lee signed on to make a cameo in the film . Rhett Reese later revealed that they had written two drafts for the film and that the studio was pushing the film forward . In 2009 , Gary Ross , who was then rewriting the latest draft of the unproduced Spider - Man 4 , was assigned to rewrite the Venom script and direct the film , in which Venom would be an antihero rather than a supervillain . In March 2012 , Chronicle director Josh Trank negotiated with Sony about his interest in directing the film after Ross left development to direct The Hunger Games . In June 2012 , The Amazing Spider - Man producer Matt Tolmach , speaking of his and fellow producer Avi Arad 's next project , a Venom film , suggested it could follow the shared - universe model of the film The Avengers : `` What I 'm trying to say to you without giving anything away is hopefully all these worlds will live together in peace someday . '' Marc Webb films ( edit ) Marc Webb series logo The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 film ) Sony announced that the franchise would be rebooted with a new director and new cast . The Amazing Spider - Man was released on July 3 , 2012 in 3D and IMAX 3D , and focused on Peter Parker ( Andrew Garfield ) developing his abilities in high school . He fights the Lizard , the monstrous form of Dr. Curt Connors , his father 's former partner and a scientist at OsCorp . The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Amazing Spider - Man 2 The film takes place two years after the first film 's events . Peter Parker graduates from high school , continues his relationship with Gwen Stacy , and combats the electricity - manipulating Electro and the villainous green Goblin . Cancelled films ( edit ) Sequels ( edit ) In June 2013 , Sony Pictures announced it had set release dates for the next two Spider - Man films . The third film was scheduled to be released on June 10 , 2016 , and the fourth was scheduled to be released on May 4 , 2018 . Paul Giamatti confirmed that Rhino would return in the third film . That November , Sony Pictures Entertainment chief Michael Lynton told analysts , `` We do very much have the ambition about creating a bigger universe around Spider - Man . There are a number of scripts in the works . '' Andrew Garfield stated that his contract is for three films , and is unsure of his involvement for the fourth film . In February 2014 , Sony announced that Webb would return to direct the third Amazing Spider - Man film . In March 2014 , Webb stated that he would not be directing the fourth film , but would like to remain as a consultant for the series . On July 11 , 2014 , Roberto Orci told IGN that he is not working on the third film due to the third Star Trek film . Alex Kurtzman revealed in an interview that the third film is still continuing production and there is a possibility of seeing a Black Cat film . On July 23 , 2014 , Sony Pictures announced that The Amazing Spider - Man 3 was delayed to 2018 . After the announcement in February 2015 of a new franchise with Marvel Studios , the sequels to The Amazing Spider - Man 2 were cancelled . Spin - offs ( edit ) On December 12 , 2013 , Sony issued a press release through the viral site Electro Arrives announcing that two films were in development , with Alex Kurtzman , Roberto Orci and Ed Solomon writing a spin - off to The Amazing Spider - Man focused on Venom ( with Kurtzman attached to direct ) and Drew Goddard writing one focused on the villain team Sinister Six with an eye to direct . Hannah Minghella and Rachel O'Connor would oversee the development and production of these films for the studio . In April 2014 , it was announced that Goddard would direct the Sinister Six film , and that both spin - offs would be released before a fourth Amazing Spider - Man , with Spider - Man potentially appearing in both spin - offs . Later in the month , Tolmach and Arad revealed the Sinister Six film would be a redemption story and that the film 's lineup might differ from the comics . On July 23 , 2014 , Sony Pictures announced that The Sinister Six was scheduled for release on November 11 , 2016 . By August 2014 , Sony was also looking to release a female - centered spin - off film in 2017 , with Lisa Joy writing , and had given the Venom spin - off the potential title of Venom : Carnage . Despite the announcement in February 2015 of a new franchise with Marvel Studios , the Sinister Six , Venom , and the female - led spin - off films set in The Amazing Spider - Man franchise were then `` still moving forward '' . Feige was not expected to be creatively involved with these films . However , the Sinister Six film was cancelled due to The Amazing Spider - Man 2 underperforming commercially , and by November 2015 , the other prospective spin - off films were cancelled as well . Licensing agreement with Marvel Studios ( edit ) Further information : List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films In December 2014 , following the hacking of Sony Pictures ' computers , Sony and Marvel were revealed to have had discussions about allowing Spider - Man to appear in the 2016 Marvel Cinematic Universe film Captain America : Civil War while having control of the film rights remaining with Sony . However , talks between the studios then broke down . Instead , Sony had considered having Sam Raimi return to direct a new trilogy . However , on February 9 , 2015 , Sony Pictures and Marvel Studios announced that Spider - Man would appear in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , with the character appearing in a Marvel Cinematic Universe film and Sony releasing a Spider - Man film co-produced by Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige and Amy Pascal . Sony Pictures will continue to own , finance , distribute , and exercise final creative control over the Spider - Man films . The next month , Marvel Entertainment CCO Joe Quesada indicated that the Peter Parker version of the character would be used , which Feige confirmed in April . Feige also stated that Marvel had been working to add Spider - Man to the MCU since at least October 2014 . The following June , Feige clarified that the initial Sony deal does not allow the character to appear in any of the MCU television series , as it was `` very specific ... with a certain amount of back and forth allowed . '' In November 2016 , Holland revealed that he was signed for `` three Spider - Man movies and three solo movies '' . In June 2017 , Holland , Feige and Watts confirmed that a child wearing an Iron Man mask who Stark saves from a drone in Iron Man 2 ( portrayed by Max Favreau ) was a young Peter Parker , retroactively making it the introduction of the character to the MCU . Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Captain America : Civil War Reports indicated that the MCU film that Spider - Man would appear in as part of the deal would be Captain America : Civil War . Joe and Anthony Russo , the directors of Captain America : Civil War , had lobbied for months to include the character in the film . Anthony Russo stated that , despite Marvel telling them to have a `` plan B '' should the deal with Sony fail , the Russos never created one because `` it was very important to us to reintroduce '' Spider - Man in the film , adding , `` We only have envisioned the movie with Spider - Man . '' By the end of May 2015 , Asa Butterfield , Tom Holland , Judah Lewis , Matthew Lintz , Charlie Plummer and Charlie Rowe screen tested for the lead role , against Robert Downey Jr. , who portrays Iron Man , for chemistry . The six were chosen out of a search of over 1,500 actors to test in front of Feige , Pascal and the Russo brothers . In June , Feige and Pascal narrowed the actors considered to Holland and Rowe . Both screen tested again with Downey , with Holland also testing with Chris Evans , who portrays Captain America , and emerged as the favorite . On June 23 , 2015 , Sony Pictures and Marvel Studios jointly announced that Holland would play Spider - Man . The following month , Marisa Tomei was in talks for the role of May Parker , later appearing in Civil War . In the film , Parker is recruited by Tony Stark / Iron Man to join his team of Avengers to stop Steve Rogers / Captain America and his faction of Avengers from opposing the Sokovia Accords . During the fight with Rogers and his team , Parker proves to be a formidable opponent and is able to help take down Scott Lang / Ant - Man in his giant - sized form . Upon returning home , Parker discovers new StarkTech implementations in his suit , which he received from Stark . Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Spider - Man : Homecoming Spider - Man : Homecoming was released on July 7 , 2017 . The film is directed by Jon Watts , from a screenplay by Jonathan M. Goldstein & John Francis Daley and Watts & Christopher Ford and Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers . Holland , Tomei , and Downey reprise their roles as Peter Parker / Spider - Man , May Parker , and Tony Stark / Iron Man , respectively , and are joined by Michael Keaton , who plays Adrian Toomes / Vulture . Production began in June 2016 in Atlanta , Georgia and ended in October . Set approximately a few months after Captain America : Civil War , Parker under the tutelage of Stark continues fighting crime in New York City while dealing with the threat of a new villain named Vulture . Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) and its untitled sequel ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Avengers : Infinity War and Untitled Avengers film In October 2016 , Holland said the possibility of him appearing in Avengers : Infinity War and its untitled sequel was `` all up in the air '' , but that `` some sort of deal is in the mix , '' with Sony for him to appear . Holland was confirmed to appear in Infinity War in February 2017 , and its untitled sequel in April 2017 . Untitled Spider - Man : Homecoming sequel ( 2019 ) ( edit ) In December 2016 , Sony Pictures announced a sequel for Spider - Man : Homecoming , scheduled to be released on July 5 , 2019 . In June 2017 , Feige stated that the film would be titled in a similar fashion to Homecoming , using a subtitle , and would not have a number in the title . Animation ( edit ) Main article : Untitled animated Spider - Man film On April 2015 , Sony announced that Phil Lord and Chris Miller were writing and producing a Spider - Man animated comedy in development at Sony Pictures Animation . As revealed by the e-mail leak one year before , the duo had been previously courted by Sony to take over the studio 's animation division . Originally scheduled to be released on December 21 , 2018 , Sony announced on April 26 , 2017 the film will be released a week earlier on December 14 , 2018 . Sony Pictures Animation president Kristine Belson unveiled the film 's logo , with the working title Animated Spider - Man , at CinemaCon 2016 , and declared that `` conceptually and visually , ( the film ) will break new ground for the superhero genre . '' On June 20 , 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Bob Persichetti will direct the animated film . Sony announced that Miles Morales will be the Spider - Man in the film and Peter Ramsey will serve as co-director . Recurring cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of Marvel Cinematic Universe film actors List indicator ( s ) This table only includes characters which have appeared in multiple `` franchises '' of Spider - Man film . A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the franchise , or that the character 's presence in a film of the franchise has not yet been announced . Character <Th_colspan="3"> E.W. Swackhamer / Ron Satloff films Spider - Man ( 1978 ) <Th_colspan="3"> Sam Raimi films <Th_colspan="2"> Marc Webb films <Th_colspan="6"> Marvel Cinematic Universe Untitled animated Spider - Man film ( 2018 ) Spider - Man ( 1977 ) Spider - Man Strikes Back ( 1978 ) Spider - Man : The Dragon 's Challenge ( 1981 ) Spider - Man ( 2002 ) Spider - Man ( 2004 ) Spider - Man ( 2007 ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ) The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 2014 ) Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) Untitled Avengers : Infinity War sequel ( 2019 ) Untitled Spider - Man film ( 2019 ) Peter Parker Spider - Man Takuya Yamashiro Spider - Man <Td_colspan="3"> Nicholas Hammond Shinji Todō <Td_colspan="3"> Tobey Maguire <Td_colspan="2"> Andrew Garfield Max Favreau <Td_colspan="5"> Tom Holland May Parker Jeff Donnell <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="3"> Rosemary Harris <Td_colspan="2"> Sally Field <Td_colspan="2"> Marisa Tomei <Td_colspan="4"> J. Jonah Jameson David White <Td_colspan="2"> Robert F. Simon <Td_colspan="3"> J.K. Simmons <Td_colspan="9"> Joseph `` Robbie '' Robertson Hilly Hicks <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="3"> Bill Nunn <Td_colspan="9"> Benjamin Parker <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="3"> Cliff Robertson <Td_colspan="1"> Martin Sheen <Td_colspan="8"> Harry Osborn New Goblin Green Goblin <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="3"> James Franco Dane DeHaan <Td_colspan="7"> Norman Osborn Green Goblin <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="3"> Willem Dafoe Chris Cooper <Td_colspan="7"> Betty Brant <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="3"> Elizabeth Banks <Td_colspan="4"> Angourie Rice <Td_colspan="4"> Eugene `` Flash '' Thompson <Td_colspan="4"> Joe Manganiello Joe Manganiello Chris Zylka <Td_colspan="3"> Tony Revolori <Td_colspan="4"> Dennis Carradine Burglar <Td_colspan="4"> Michael Papajohn Michael Papajohn Leif Gantvoort <Td_colspan="8"> Liz Allan <Td_colspan="4"> Sally Livingstone <Td_colspan="6"> Laura Harrier <Td_colspan="4"> Curtis `` Curt '' Connors The Lizard <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="2"> Dylan Baker Rhys Ifans <Td_colspan="8"> Gwendolyn `` Gwen '' Stacy <Td_colspan="6"> Bryce Dallas Howard <Td_colspan="2"> Emma Stone <Td_colspan="7"> George Stacy <Td_colspan="6"> James Cromwell <Td_colspan="2"> Denis Leary <Td_colspan="7"> Venom Symbiote <Td_colspan="6"> Topher Grace Appeared <Td_colspan="7"> Aaron Davis The Prowler <Td_colspan="11"> Donald Glover <Td_colspan="3"> Mahershala Ali Stan Lee , one of the co-creators of Spider - Man , has appeared in varied cameos in all films except the 1977 and 1978 films . Bruce Campbell , a long - time colleague of Sam Raimi , appeared in all three of his films . In Spider - Man , he was the announcer at the wrestling ring Peter was in and gave him the name `` Spider - Man '' , instead of the `` Human Spider '' ( the name with which Peter wanted to be introduced ) . In Spider - Man 2 , he was an usher who refuses to let Peter enter the theater for Mary Jane 's play when arriving late . In Spider - Man 3 , Campbell appears as a French maître d ' . In the ultimately unmade Spider - Man 4 , Campbell 's character would have been revealed as Quentin Beck / Mysterio . Crew ( edit ) Occupation <Th_colspan="8"> Film Spider - Man ( 2002 ) Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ) The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 2014 ) Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) Director ( s ) <Td_colspan="3"> Sam Raimi <Td_colspan="2"> Marc Webb Jon Watts Producer ( s ) Laura Ziskin , Ian Bryce Laura Ziskin , Avi Arad Laura Ziskin , Avi Arad , Grant Curtis Laura Ziskin , Avi Arad , Matt Tolmach Avi Arad , Matt Tolmach Kevin Feige , Amy Pascal Executive producer ( s ) Avi Arad , Stan Lee <Td_colspan="2"> Stan Lee , Kevin Feige , Joseph M. Caracciolo Stan Lee , Kevin Feige , Michael Grillo E. Bennett Walsh , Stan Lee , Alex Kurtzman , Roberto Orci Louis D'Esposito , Victoria Alonso , Patricia Whitcher , Jeremy Latcham , Avi Arad , Matt Tolmach , Stan Lee Writer ( s ) Screenplay by : David Koepp Screenplay by : Alvin Sargent Story by : Alfred Gough , Miles Millar , Michael Chabon Screenplay by : Sam Raimi , Ivan Raimi , Alvin Sargent Story by : Sam Raimi , Ivan Raimi Screenplay by : James Vanderbilt , Alvin Sargent , Steve Kloves Story by : James Vanderbilt Screenplay by : Alex Kurtzman , Roberto Orci , Jeff Pinkner Story by : Alex Kurtzman , Roberto Orci , Jeff Pinkner , James Vanderbilt Screenplay by : John Francis Daley , Jonathan M. Goldstein , Jon Watts , Christopher Ford , Chris McKenna , Erik Sommers Story by : John Francis Daley , Jonathan M. Goldstein Composer ( s ) <Td_colspan="2"> Danny Elfman Christopher Young James Horner Hans Zimmer , Pharrell Williams , Johnny Marr , Junkie XL , Mike Einziger , Steve Mazzaro , Andrew Kawczynski Michael Giacchino Director of photography Don Burgess <Td_colspan="2"> Bill Pope John Schwartzman Dan Mindel Salvatore Totino Editor ( s ) Bob Murawski , Arthur Coburn <Td_colspan="2"> Bob Murawski Alan Edward Bell , Michael McCusker , Pietro Scalia Pietro Scalia Dan Lebental , Debbie Berman Home media ( edit ) The Sam Raimi trilogy was released on DVD , the first two being released exclusively as two - disc sets and on VHS , with the third film being released in both single and two - disc editions . All three films were later packaged in a `` Motion Picture DVD Trilogy '' box set . Spider - Man 3 was initially the only Spider - Man film to be released individually on the high - definition Blu - ray format . The first two films were made available on Blu - ray , but only as part of a boxed set with the third film , called Spider - Man : The High - Definition Trilogy . The first two films lacked the bonus features from the DVDs , although Spider - Man 2 did contain both cuts of the film . Sony announced on April 2 , 2012 that the three films would be re-released on June 12 , 2012 . The DVDs of the first two films reinstated a selection of the bonus features missing from the earlier Blu - ray releases , although the Spider - Man 3 reissue did not include the bonus disc of additional special features that appeared on earlier Blu - ray releases . All three films which comprise the Raimi trilogy are available in the U.S. on iTunes . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Film <Th_colspan="2"> Release date <Th_colspan="3"> Box office gross <Th_colspan="2"> Box office ranking Budget Ref ( s ) North America Other territories North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide <Th_colspan="10"> Sam Raimi films Spider - Man <Td_colspan="2"> May 3 , 2002 $403,706,375 $418,200,000 $821,708,551 24 63 $140 million Spider - Man 2 <Td_colspan="2"> June 30 , 2004 $373,585,825 $410,180,516 $783,766,341 33 73 $200 million Spider - Man 3 May 4 , 2007 May 1 , 2007 $336,530,303 $554,341,323 $890,871,626 46 46 $258 million <Th_colspan="10"> Marc Webb films The Amazing Spider - Man July 3 , 2012 June 27 , 2012 $262,030,663 $495,900,000 $757,930,663 92 80 $230 million The Amazing Spider - Man 2 May 2 , 2014 April 16 , 2014 $202,853,933 $506,128,390 $708,982,323 177 96 $250 million <Th_colspan="10"> Marvel Cinematic Universe Spider - Man : Homecoming July 7 , 2017 July 5 , 2017 $331,893,662 $542,500,000 $874,393,662 50 52 $175 million <Th_colspan="3"> Total $1,910,600,761 $2,927,052,405 $4,837,653,166 7 9 $1.25 billion The first three Spider - Man films set new opening day records in North America in their opening weekend . The films are among the top of North American rankings of films based on Marvel Comics , with Spider - Man ranking fifth , Spider - Man 2 ranking seventh , and Spider - Man 3 ranking ninth . In North America , Spider - Man , Spider - Man 2 , and Spider - Man 3 are ranked eighth , tenth and twelfth for all superhero films , with the third film ranking seventh worldwide for superhero films ( behind The Avengers , Avengers : Age of Ultron , Iron Man 3 , Captain America : Civil War , The Dark Knight Rises , and The Dark Knight ) . Spider - Man , Spider - Man 2 , and Spider - Man 3 are the most successful films produced by Sony / Columbia Pictures in North America . Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore <Th_colspan="6"> Sam Raimi films Spider - Man 89 % ( 237 reviews ) 73 ( 38 reviews ) A − Spider - Man 2 94 % ( 266 reviews ) 83 ( 41 reviews ) A − Spider - Man 3 63 % ( 251 reviews ) 59 ( 40 reviews ) B+ <Th_colspan="6"> Marc Webb films The Amazing Spider - Man 72 % ( 309 reviews ) 66 ( 42 reviews ) A − The Amazing Spider - Man 2 52 % ( 282 reviews ) 53 ( 49 reviews ) B+ <Th_colspan="10"> Marvel Cinematic Universe Spider - Man : Homecoming 92 % ( 290 reviews ) 73 ( 51 reviews ) David Ansen of Newsweek enjoyed Spider - Man as a fun film to watch , though he considered Spider - Man 2 to be `` a little too self - important for its own good . '' Ansen saw Spider - Man 3 as a return to form , finding it `` the most grandiose chapter and the nuttiest . '' Tom Charity of CNN appreciated the films ' `` solidly redemptive moral convictions '' , also noting the vast improvement of the visual effects from the first film to the third . While he saw the second film 's Doc Ock as the `` most engaging '' villain , he applauded the third film 's Sandman as `` a triumph of CGI wizardry . '' Richard Corliss of Time enjoyed the action of the films and thought that they did better than most action movies by `` rethinking the characters , the franchise and the genre . '' Colin Covert of the Star Tribune praised Spider - Man as a `` superb debut '' of the superhero as well as Spider - Man 2 as a `` superior sequel '' for filmgoers who are fans `` of spectacle and of story . '' Covert expressed disappointment in Spider - Man 3 as too ambitious with the multiple storylines leaving one `` feeling overstuffed yet shortchanged . '' Manohla Dargis of The New York Times enjoyed the humor of the first two films , but found it missing in the third installment . Dargis also noted , `` The bittersweet paradox of this franchise is that while the stories have grown progressively less interesting the special effects have improved tremendously . '' Robert Denerstein of the Rocky Mountain News ranked the films from his favorite to his least favorite : Spider - Man 2 , Spider - Man , and Spider - Man 3 . While Denerstein missed the presence of Alfred Molina as Doctor Octopus from the second film , he found the third film -- despite being `` bigger , though not necessarily better '' -- to have a `` satisfying conclusion . '' See also ( edit ) List of accolades received by Sam Raimi 's Spider - Man film trilogy List of films based on Marvel Comics Spider - Man in television Superhero fiction portal Film in the United States portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hiltzik , Michael A. 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Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Holland Learned He Got His ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Role From a Marvel Instagram Post '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Holland Confirms Popular Fan Theory : Spider - Man Was In ' Iron Man 2 ' '' . HuffPost . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Mark ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Director Jon Watts Explains Real Story Behind Peter Parker 's ' Iron Man 2 ' Cameo '' . Uproxx . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel and Sony Reach Deal on Spider - Man Movie Production '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , David ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Russo Brothers Sign First - Look Deal with Sony '' . Variety.com . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cabin , Chris ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Directors on Landing Spider - Man , ' Infinity War ' Shooting Schedule '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Anthony Russo Reveals Spider - Man Was Always `` Plan A '' For `` Captain America : Civil War '' `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( May 30 , 2015 ) . `` Spider - Man Hopefuls Screen - Test in Atlanta as Marvel Decision Nears ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2015 . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ; Siegel , Tatiana ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Robert Downey Jr. and Secret Screen - Tests : How the New ' Spider - Man ' Team Was Chosen '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Pictures and Marvel Studios Find Their ' Spider - Man ' Star and Director '' ( Press release ) . Marvel.com . June 23 , 2015 . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Marisa Tomei to Play Aunt May in New ' Spider - Man ' Movie ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mallenbaum , Carly ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' premiere : 5 things we learned '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Lucas ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel and Sony 's Spider - Man Reboot is Officially Spider - Man : Homecoming '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jumanji ' Release Date Pushed , ' Spider - Man ' Shifts Up '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2016 . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Pictures and Marvel Studios Find Their ' Spider - Man ' Star and Director '' . Marvel.com . June 23 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2015 . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` SDCC 2016 : ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Introduces Its Villain '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Robert Downey Jr . Joins ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive photo : Spider - Man Tom Holland unmasked in ' Homecoming ' '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Chris Pratt , Tom Holland cross paths as Spider - Man : Homecoming starts filming '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leslie , Jennifer ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` '' Captain America : Civil War '' was shot in , around Atlanta `` . WXIA - TV . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peters , Megan ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Holland Shares Photo From Spider - Man : Homecoming 's Last Day Of Filming '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brett ( October 16 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Holland Dishes on ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Featurette Shows Off First Footage From Set '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Couch , Aaron ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Kevin Feige on Why the Studio Wo n't Make R - Rated Movies , ' Guardians 2 ' and Joss Whedon 's DC Move '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming 2 ' Shoots Web Around Independence Day 2019 Frame ; ' Bad Boys 4 ' Moves To Memorial Day '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2016 . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming 2 ' Filming Dates , Title Details Revealed '' . Collider . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( December 23 , 2015 ) . `` Spider - Man Animated Movie Pushed Back to December 2018 '' . Variety . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Molly ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Animated Spider - Man Movie Release Date Moved Up a Week '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Sony Says Animated Spider - Man Movie Will Visually Break New Ground for the Superhero Genre ( CinemaCon 2016 ) '' . SlashFilm . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Sony Unveils Plans for Animated ' Spider - Man ' and ' Emojimovie : Express Yourself ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Sony 's Animated ' Spider - Man ' Movie To Star Miles Morales '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Zendaya Joins ' Spider - Man ' Reboot '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' Captain Marvel , ' ' Black Panther ' boost Marvel diversity '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Every Easter Egg , Nod , And Wink You May Have Missed In Spider - Man 2 Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( May 1 , 2007 ) . `` Campbell Explains `` Spider - Man 3 '' Cameos to Maguire `` . Rotten Tomatoes . Jump up ^ Spider - Man 4 Storyboards Reveal Iconic Villains and Huge Action That Never Was Jump up ^ `` Original Spider - Man Trilogy Coming to Blu - ray '' . April 2 , 2012 . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Movies - Spider - Man '' . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Movies - Spider - Man 2 '' . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Movies - Spider - Man 3 '' . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man ( 2002 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man Moviesat the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man Special Briefing '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Comics Movies '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Superhero Movies '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sony / Columbia All Time Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man ( 2002 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man 3 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Spider - Man '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Spider - Man 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 2014 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man : Homecoming Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ansen , David ( May 7 , 2007 ) . `` Spidey the Swinger '' . Newsweek . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2007 . Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Charity , Tom ( May 3 , 2007 ) . `` Review : ' Spider - Man 3 ' mixes highs and lows '' . CNN.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( May 3 , 2007 ) . `` Spider - Man Gets Sensitive '' . Time . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Covert , Colin ( May 3 , 2007 ) . `` Movie review : ' Spider - Man ' weaves tangled web '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2007 . Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( May 4 , 2007 ) . `` Superhero Sandbagged '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Denerstein , Robert ( May 4 , 2007 ) . `` Denerstein : Spidey sense and sensibility '' . Rocky Mountain News . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Spider - Man film franchise overview at Box Office Mojo Spider - Man film series at AllMovie <Th_colspan="2"> Spider - Man in film Films The Amazing Spider - Man Spider - Man ( 1977 ) Spider - Man Strikes Back ( 1978 ) Spider - Man : The Dragon 's Challenge ( 1981 ) Spider - Man Spider - Man ( 1978 ) Spider - Man Spider - Man ( 2002 ) Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) Accolades The Amazing Spider - Man The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ) The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 2014 ) Marvel Cinematic Universe Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) Untitled Avengers film ( 2019 ) Animated Untitled animated Spider - Man film ( 2018 ) Soundtracks <Td_colspan="2"> Music from and Inspired by Spider - Man Spider - Man Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man 3 The Amazing Spider - Man The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Captain America : Civil War Spider - Man : Homecoming Songs `` Hero '' `` What We 're All About '' Spider - Man theme song `` Vindicated '' `` We Are '' `` Meant to Live '' `` Web of Night '' `` Najane Kyun '' `` Signal Fire '' `` It 's On Again '' Video games Spider - Man Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man 3 Spider - Man : Friend or Foe The Amazing Spider - Man ( pinball ) Spider - Man pinball The Amazing Spider - Man The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Miscellaneous Spider - Man : The New Animated Series Lego Spider - Man Spider - Man 1969 fan film Spider - Man Versus Kraven the Hunter 1974 fan film Viva Spider - Man 1989 fan film The Green Goblin 's Last Stand 1992 fan film Spider - Man Lives : A Miles Morales Story 2015 fan film <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category <Th_colspan="2"> Spider - Man in popular media Television Spider - Man ( 1967 -- 70 ) episodes Spidey Super Stories ( 1974 -- 77 ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( 1977 -- 79 ) Spider - Man ( 1978 -- 79 ) Spider - Woman ( 1979 -- 80 ) Spider - Man ( 1981 -- 82 ) The Capture of Captain America Spider - Man and His Amazing Friends ( 1981 -- 83 ) episodes characters Spider - Man ( 1994 -- 98 ) episodes characters Spider - Man Unlimited ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Spider - Man : The New Animated Series ( 2003 ) The Spectacular Spider - Man ( 2008 -- 09 ) episodes characters Ultimate Spider - Man / Spider - Man : Web Warriors / Spider - Man VS . 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Spider - Man : Turn Off the Dark Video games Spider - Man ( 1982 ) Questprobe Featuring Spider - Man Doctor Doom 's Revenge The Amazing Spider - Man ( Amiga ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( Game Boy ) The Amazing Spider - Man vs. The Kingpin Spider - Man : The Video Game The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 1992 ) Return of the Sinister Six Arcade 's Revenge Invasion of the Spider - Slayers Maximum Carnage Lethal Foes Separation Anxiety Spider - Man ( 1995 ) Web of Fire Spider - Man ( 2000 ) The Sinister Six Enter Electro Mysterio 's Menace Spider - Man ( 2002 ) Spider - Man 2 Ultimate Spider - Man Battle for New York Spider - Man 3 Friend or Foe Web of Shadows Toxic City Total Mayhem Shattered Dimensions Edge of Time The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ) The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 2014 ) Spider - Man Unlimited ( 2014 ) Spider - Man ( 2018 ) Literature Novels book series Spider - Man : Down These Mean Streets Spider - Man : The Darkest Hours Comic strips The Amazing Spider - Man ( 1977 -- present ) Mr. and Mrs. Spider - Man ( 2008 ) Theme park attractions The Amazing Adventures of Spider - Man Meet Spider - Man and the Marvel Super Heroes Fan films Spider - Man ( 1969 ) Viva Spider - Man ( 1989 ) The Green Goblin 's Last Stand ( 1992 ) Spider - Man Lives : A Miles Morales Story ( 2015 ) Spider - Man Versus Kraven the Hunter ( 1974 ) Parody and unofficial films 3 Dev Adam ( 1973 ) SpiderBabe ( 2003 ) Spider - Plant Man ( 2005 ) Italian Spiderman ( 2007 ) Superhero Movie ( 2008 ) Spider - Man XXX : A Porn Parody ( 2011 ) Superman vs. Spider - Man XXX : An Axel Braun Parody ( 2012 ) Related articles Green Goblin in other media Spider - Man enemies in other media <Td_colspan="2"> Category <Th_colspan="2"> Spider - Man <Td_colspan="2"> Stan Lee Steve Ditko Spider - Man family By secret identity Spider - Man Scarlet Spider Spider - Woman Steel Spider Silk By public identity Peter Parker Ben Reilly Julia Carpenter Kaine Parker Mattie Franklin Anya Corazon Supporting characters Liz Allan Black Cat Betty Brant Billy Connors Martha Connors Carlie Cooper Jean DeWolff Glory Grant J. Jonah Jameson John Jameson Ashley Kafka Ned Leeds Madame Web Anna Maria Marconi Max Modell Harry Osborn Ben Parker May Parker Richard and Mary Parker Prowler Puma Randy Robertson Robbie Robertson Rocket Racer Silver Sable Sophia `` Chat '' Sanduval George Stacy Gwen Stacy Flash Thompson Ben Urich Mary Jane Watson Debra Whitman Will o ' the Wisp Antagonists Central rogues gallery Carnage Chameleon Doctor Octopus Electro Green Goblin Norman Osborn Hobgoblin Roderick Kingsley Jason Macendale Phil Urich Hydro - Man Jackal Kingpin Kraven the Hunter Lizard Morbius , the Living Vampire Mysterio Rhino Sandman Scorpion Shocker Sinister Six Venom Eddie Brock Vulture Recurring antagonists Beetle Abner Jenkins Janice Lincoln Big Wheel Boomerang Burglar Calypso Cyclone Demogoblin Enforcers Fancy Dan Montana Ox Grizzly Hammerhead Human Fly Jack O ' Lantern Jason Macendale Kangaroo Lady Octopus Living Brain Man - Wolf Menace Mendel Stromm Mister Negative Molten Man Morlun Moses Magnum Ringer Speed Demon Alistair Smythe Spencer Smythe Spider - Slayer list Silvermane Spot Stegron Swarm Tinkerer Tombstone Walrus Alternative versions Spider - Man Spider - Man 2099 Spider - Girl Spider - Gwen Spider - Ham Spider - Man Noir Ultimate Spider - Man Miles Morales <Td_colspan="2"> Alternative versions of Mary Jane Watson Alternative versions of the Green Goblin Alternative versions of Venom Locations Midtown High School Daily Bugle Empire State University Oscorp Parker Industries Alchemax Comic books The Amazing Spider - Man issues Storylines In other media In film In television In video games In literature novels book series Toys Spider - Man ( 2010 toy line ) Spider - Man Classics Spider - Man and Friends Lego Spider - Man Spider - Man ( pinball ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( pinball ) Related topics Powers and equipment Goblin Slingers Symbiotes <Td_colspan="2"> Category <Th_colspan="2"> Live - action theatrical films based on Marvel Comics Franchises Ant - Man Ant - Man Ant - Man and the Wasp Avengers The Avengers Avengers : Age of Ultron Avengers : Infinity War Untitled Avengers film production Blade Blade Blade II Blade : Trinity Captain America Captain America ( serial ) Captain America ( 1990 ) Captain America : The First Avenger Captain America : The Winter Soldier Captain America : Civil War Daredevil Daredevil Elektra Deadpool Deadpool Deadpool 2 Fantastic Four The Fantastic Four ( 1994 ) Fantastic Four ( 2005 ) Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer Fantastic Four ( 2015 ) Ghost Rider Ghost Rider Ghost Rider : Spirit of Vengeance Guardians of the Galaxy Guardians of the Galaxy Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Hulk Hulk The Incredible Hulk Iron Man Iron Man Iron Man 2 Iron Man 3 Punisher The Punisher ( 1989 ) The Punisher ( 2004 ) Punisher : War Zone Spider - Man Spider - Man Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man 3 The Amazing Spider - Man The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor Thor Thor : The Dark World Thor : Ragnarok Wolverine X-Men Origins : Wolverine The Wolverine Logan X-Men X-Men X2 X-Men : The Last Stand X-Men : First Class X-Men : Days of Future Past X-Men : Apocalypse X-Men : Dark Phoenix Single films Howard the Duck Red Sonja Man - Thing Doctor Strange Black Panther New Mutants Franchises from Marvel Comics imprints Kick - Ass Kick - Ass Kick - Ass 2 Kingsman Kingsman : The Secret Service Kingsman : The Golden Circle Men in Black Men in Black Men in Black II Men in Black 3 See also Marvel Studios Marvel Cinematic Universe films Marvel One - Shots Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King No Good Deed Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spider-Man_in_film&oldid=802480412 '' Categories : Spider - Man films Spider - Man in other media Sony Pictures franchises Columbia Pictures franchises Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use mdy dates from April 2014 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Cymraeg Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latviešu 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska తెలుగు Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 12 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Spider-Man film franchise
2. Tobey Maguire, Andrew Garfield, Tom Holland as Spider-Man
3. Development history of Spider-Man films
4. Integration of Spider-Man into the Marvel Cinematic Universe
5. Box office success of Spider-Man films
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640,958,944,562,257,200 |
the objective of the clinical laboratory improvement amendments (clia) is
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Clinical laboratory Improvement Amendments - wikipedia Clinical laboratory Improvement Amendments Jump to : navigation , search `` CLIA '' redirects here . For trade association , see Cruise Lines International Association . Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments ( CLIA ) of 1988 are United States federal regulatory standards that apply to all clinical laboratory testing performed on humans in the United States , except clinical trials and basic research . Contents ( hide ) 1 CLIA Program 2 CLIA Waived Tests 3 See also 4 References CLIA Program ( edit ) In accord with the CLIA , the CLIA Program sets standards and issues certificates for clinical laboratory testing . CLIA defines a clinical laboratory as any facility which performs laboratory testing on specimens derived from humans for the purpose of providing information for : diagnosis , prevention , or treatment of disease or impairment Health assessments An objective of the CLIA is to ensure the accuracy , reliability and timeliness of test results regardless of where the test was performed . Per CLIA , each specific laboratory system , assay , examination is graded for level of complexity by assigning scores of 1 , 2 , or 3 for each of the following seven criteria . A score 1 is the lowest level of complexity and a score of 3 indicates the highest level . Score 2 is assigned when the characteristics for a particular test are intermediate between the descriptions listed for scores of 1 and 3 . Criteria for categorization : Knowledge Training and experience Reagents and materials preparation Characteristics of operational steps Calibration , quality control , and proficiency testing materials Test system troubleshooting and equipment maintenance Interpretation and judgment Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) has the primary responsibility for the operation of the CLIA Program . Within CMS , the program is implemented by the Center for Medicaid and State Operations , Survey and Certification Group , and the Division of Laboratory Services . The CLIA Program is funded by user fees collected from approximately 200,000 laboratories , most located in the United States . CLIA waived tests ( edit ) Under CLIA , tests and test systems that meet risk , error , and complexity requirements are issued a CLIA certificate of waiver . In November 2007 , the CLIA waiver provisions were revised by the United States Congress to make it clear that tests approved by the FDA for home use automatically qualify for CLIA waiver , although many waived tests are not done according to designed protocols -- more than 50 % of such tests are done incorrectly -- and result in medical errors , some with fatal consequences . See also ( edit ) Medical technologist References ( edit ) Jump up ^ CLIA related Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulation Announcements , and the FDA 's Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments ( CLIA ) . Accessed Nov. 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ CLIA Program homepage Jump up ^ CLIA Categorization Criteria ( December 2012 ) Jump up ^ CLIA Overview ( March 2007 ) Jump up ^ CLIA Waived Testing booklet ( December 2012 ) Jump up ^ CLIA Waived IVD Regulatory Assistance ( November 2007 ) Jump up ^ Gabler , Ellen , Hidden Errors - A Watchdog Report - Common medical tests escape scrutiny but often fall short , Milwaukee Journal Sentinel , Oct 31 , 2015 . Accessed Nov 15 , 2015 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clinical_Laboratory_Improvement_Amendments&oldid=768612896 '' Categories : Health standards Standards organizations Safety Health in the United States Medicare and Medicaid ( United States ) Organizations established in 1988 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 March 2017 , at 21 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)
2. United States federal regulatory standards
3. Clinical laboratory testing
4. CLIA Program
5. CLIA Waived Tests
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8,456,465,702,816,914,000 |
when did the crazy frog song come out
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Crazy Frog - wikipedia Crazy Frog Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Crazy Frog <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Background information Origin Gothenburg , Sweden Genres Eurodance Years active 1997 -- 2009 Labels Ministry of Sound , Mach 1 Records GmbH , Universal Music Group , Warner Music Crazy Frog , originally known as The Annoying Thing , is a Swedish computer - animated character created in 2003 by Swedish actor and playwright Erik Wernquist . Marketed by the ringtone provider Jamba ! ( later known as Jamster ) , the animation was originally created to accompany a sound effect produced by Australian singer songwriter Sav Martino and Daniel Malmedahl in 1997 while attempting to imitate the sound of a two - stroke engine . The Crazy Frog spawned a worldwide hit single with a remix of `` Axel F '' , which reached the number one spot in Turkey , New Zealand , Australia and most of Europe . The subsequent album Crazy Frog Presents Crazy Hits and second single `` Popcorn '' also enjoyed worldwide chart success , and a second album entitled Crazy Frog Presents More Crazy Hits was released in 2006 . The Crazy Frog has also spawned a range of merchandise and toys , and two video games . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Other media 3 Discography 3.1 Albums 3.2 Singles 4 Commercial controversies 5 See also 6 Citations 7 External links History ( edit ) In 1997 , 17 - year - old Gothenburg student Daniel Malmedahl recorded himself imitating the noises produced by a two stroke engine . He posted this on a website and caught the attention of a Swedish television researcher , who convinced Daniel to perform the sound live on air . After it debuted on television , recordings of his performance began appearing on file sharing networks and various websites under the filename `` 2TAKTARE. MP3 '' ( `` Tvåtaktare '' is Swedish for `` two stroker '' ) . The sound was adopted as the sound of a Formula One car as early as 2001 in the form of `` Deng Deng Form '' and later `` The Insanity Test '' both of which were a static background of a Ferrari Formula One car accompanied by the sound . In late 2003 , another Swede , Erik Wernquist , encountered the sound effect and , not knowing about the previous incarnations of the sound , was inspired to create the 3D animated character he named `` The Annoying Thing '' to accompany it . Wernquist worked on the first animation in his spare time using the LightWave 3D modeling application , and the whole process took between 6 and 8 weeks . In October 2003 he posted it on his website and on the CGTalk forum . The animation was a popular attraction at Erik 's website , but the sound was credited to `` Anonymous '' . Eventually , word reached Malmedahl that his impressions had been used in a now well - known animation . He contacted Wernquist , apparently giving an impromptu performance to confirm his claims . Wernquist was convinced , and gave credit to Malmedahl for his creation . The animation received attention through filesharing and word of mouth , and when Ringtone Europe and Jamster België ( now both merged into Jamba ! ) got wind of this , realizing the monetary possibilities through capitalizing on the underground cult - status they licensed the rights to the creation , renaming it `` Crazy Frog '' and starting to market it in mid-2004 . In an interview with HitQuarters , Wernquist expressed his displeasure at the choice of name : `` If I had known that this was going to be such a big thing I would not have allowed them to use that stupid name . It has nothing to do with the character . It 's not a frog and it 's not particularly crazy either . '' Other Media ( edit ) On 1 July 2005 , UK - based publishers Digital Jesters announced that they had acquired the rights to the video game licence for the Crazy Frog . Crazy Frog Racer ( featuring The Annoying Thing ) , released in December 2005 on PlayStation 2 and PC as a racing game . A year later in 2006 a sequel was released , entitled Crazy Frog Racer 2 . Both were extremely panned by critics . A string of Crazy Frog merchandise was released in the UK . In 2005 , the German production company The League of Good People was in talks with broadcasters about a TV series based on Crazy Frog . The Crazy Frog toured Australia in late 2005 , beginning in Perth on 4 December and continuing through other major capital cities . He made appearances at numerous shopping centres and major hospitals around the country . In 2007 , the Animation World Network wrote in connection with `` The Annoying Thing '' that there was a `` planned feature film '' to `` be completed by the end of next year '' into an animated feature film . Discography ( edit ) The Crazy Frog was broadcast for the first time on Belgian Television in mid-2004 , though was named `` The Annoying Thing '' There it was marketed as Albert Motàr . `` Axel F '' ( a remix of the 1980s Harold Faltermeyer song produced by the German band Resource ) , was released on 23 May 2005 and became one of the most successful singles of the year 2005 . The single debuted at number one in the UK , remaining there for four weeks , and it was released on the debut album Crazy Frog Presents Crazy Hits . Albums ( edit ) List of studio albums , with selected chart positions and certifications Title Album details <Th_colspan="10"> Peak chart positions Certifications SWE AUS CAN FRA GER IRL NZ SWI UK US Crazy Hits Released : 25 July 2005 Label : Ministry of Sound Format : CD , digital download 6 22 6 13 5 19 IFPI SWE : Platinum ARIA : Gold BPI : Gold IFPI SWI : Gold MC : 2 × Platinum RIANZ : 3 × Platinum SNEP : Gold More Crazy Hits Released : 26 June 2006 Label : Ministry of Sound Format : CD , digital download 19 38 8 17 -- 20 14 64 40 Everybody Dance Now Released : 19 August 2009 Label : Ministry of Sound Format : CD , digital download -- -- -- 23 -- -- -- -- -- -- <Td_colspan="14"> `` -- '' denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory . Singles ( edit ) List of singles , with selected chart positions and certifications , showing year released and album name Title Year <Th_colspan="10"> Peak chart positions Certifications Album SWE AUS BEL FRA GER IRE NZ SWI UK US `` Axel F '' 2005 50 IFPI SWE : Platinum ARIA : 2 × Platinum BEA : 2 × Platinum BPI : Platinum IFPI SWI : Platinum RIAA : Gold RIANZ : 2 × Platinum SNEP : Diamond Crazy Hits `` Popcorn '' 9 11 35 14 6 12 -- ARIA : Gold RIANZ : Platinum SNEP : Diamond `` Jingle Bells '' 10 5 -- 11 -- 5 -- ARIA : Gold RIANZ : Gold `` We Are the Champions ( Ding a Dang Dong ) '' 2006 11 13 10 23 20 5 11 -- BEA : Gold SNEP : Gold More Crazy Hits `` Last Christmas '' 10 30 6 19 -- 16 19 -- 16 -- `` Crazy Frog in the House '' 2007 -- -- 24 12 22 -- -- 19 -- -- `` Daddy DJ '' 2009 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Everybody Dance Now `` Cha Cha Slide '' -- -- -- 18 -- -- -- -- -- -- <Td_colspan="14"> `` -- '' denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory . Commercial controversies ( edit ) In February 2005 , viewers submitted a number of complaints to the United Kingdom 's Advertising Standards Authority ( ASA ) regarding Jamster ! 's advertising campaign , complaining that Crazy Frog appeared to have a visible penis and scrotum . Some parents complained that this made inappropriate viewing for children . There were also complaints regarding the frequency with which the advertisement appeared on television , reportedly up to twice an hour across most of the day , with some channels showing it more than once per commercial break . The ASA did not uphold the complaints , pointing out that the advert was already classified as inappropriate for airing during children 's television programmes as it contained a premium rate telephone number , and that it was the broadcasters ' decision how often an advertisement should be shown . Jamster ! voluntarily censored the character 's genital area ( via pixelization ) in later broadcasts of its advertisements . Similar action occurred in Australia , with similar results . In April 2005 , television viewers complained about misleading advertisements produced by Jamba ! , trading as Jamster ! and RingtoneKing . Viewers felt that it was not made sufficiently clear that they were subscribing to a service , rather than paying a one - time fee for their ringtone . The complaints were upheld ; the full adjudication ( PDF ) is available online . In May 2005 , viewers inundated the ASA with new complaints regarding the continuous airing of the latest Crazy Frog advertisements . The intensity of the advertising was unprecedented in British television history . According to The Guardian , Jamster bought 73,716 spots across all TV channels in May alone -- an average of nearly 2,378 slots daily -- at a cost of about £ 8 million , just under half of which was spent on ITV. 87 % of the population saw the Crazy Frog adverts an average of 26 times , 15 % of the adverts appeared twice during the same advertising break and 66 % were in consecutive ad breaks . An estimated 10 % of the population saw the advert more than 60 times . This led to many members of the population finding the crazy frog , as its original name suggests , immensely irritating . As the authority had already adjudicated on the matter and confirmed the matter was not within its remit , the unusual step was taken of adding a notice to the ASA 's online and telephone complaints system informing viewers that Jamster ! - related complaints should be directed towards the broadcaster or the regulator , Ofcom . On 21 September 2005 , the ASA ruled that the Crazy Frog , along with other Jamba ringtone advertisements , could not be shown before 9 pm . This adjudication was revised on 25 January 2006 , maintaining the ' upheld ' decision but revising the wording of one of the points . In March 2005 , anti-virus vendors discovered the `` W32 / Crog. worm '' computer virus ( a contraction of Crazy Frog ) , which spreads through file - sharing networks and MSN Messenger , exploiting the Crazy Frog 's notoriety with a promise of an animation depicting his demise . See also ( edit ) Giancarlo Meo Gummibär Holly Dolly Mickael Turtle Schnappi Schnuffel Citations ( edit ) Notes A ^ ^ In some territories , `` Jingle Bells '' was released as a double A-side single with a cover of MC Hammer 's `` U Ca n't Touch This '' , whereas in others it was released as a double A-side single with `` Last Christmas '' : the latter was later released as a single in its own right . References Jump up ^ Wilson , Giles ( 27 January 2005 ) . `` ' The Crazy Frog sound ? That 's my fault . ' '' . BBC . Retrieved 27 July 2010 . Jump up ^ The Evolution of Crazy Frog -- from Deng Deng to Ringtone . Bloggerheads.com ( 16 January 2005 ) . Retrieved on 6 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' The Crazy Frog sound ? That 's my fault . ' '' . BBC . 27 January 2005 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Crazy Frog Racer 2 video game Review by British Gaming Television Presenter Wesley Lock . Blisteredthumbs.net . Retrieved on 6 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Crazy Frog -- Ringtones , Music , Posters , Games , T - Shirts and more ! . www.crazyfrog.co.uk . Retrieved on 6 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Grant , Jules ( 17 October 2005 ) . `` Crazy Frog hops on to small screen '' . C21 Media . Archived from the original on 4 January 2011 . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Cashmere , Paul . `` Crazy Frog Tour Dates '' . undercover.com.au . Archived from the original on 25 August 2007 . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Cartoon Movie 2007 : Sneak Peeks European Animated Features . Mag.awn.com ( 14 March 2007 ) . Retrieved on 6 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Fligstein , Neil ( 2008 ) . Euroclash : The EU , European Identity , and the Future of Europe . OUP Oxford . ISBN 9780191647949 . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Crazy Frog -- Historia '' . Archived from the original on 30 April 2008 . Retrieved 28 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Crazy Frog profile on Discogs.com '' . Retrieved 24 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Seenan , Gerard ( 25 May 2005 ) . `` Crazy Frog ringtone outsells Coldplay '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discography Crazy Frog '' . swedishcharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discography Crazy Frog '' . australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 16 July 2015 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Crazy Frog -- Chart History : Canadian Albums '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discographie Crazy Frog '' . lescharts.com ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chartverfolgung / Crazy Frog / Longplay '' . musicline.de ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discography Crazy Frog '' . irish-charts.com . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 14 January 2016 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discography Crazy Frog '' . charts.org.nz . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 25 August 2015 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discography Crazy Frog '' . swisscharts.com . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 28 April 2015 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crazy Frog '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Crazy Frog -- Chart History : Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( Guld & Platina ) ÅR 2005 '' ( ( Gold & Platinum ) Year 2005 ) ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . p. 7 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 July 2014 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2005 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 21 December 2008 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` BPI Certified Awards Search '' . British Phonographic Industry . Archived from the original ( insert `` Crazy Frog '' into the `` Search '' box , and then select `` Go '' ) on 11 January 2013 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Crazy Frog ) '' . swisscharts.com . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 21 April 2015 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gold and Platinum Search ( Crazy Frog ) '' . Music Canada . Archived from the original on 2 February 2014 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Albums Chart : Chart # 1494 ( Monday 9 January 2006 ) '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Archived from the original on 21 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certifications Albums Or -- année 2005 '' . disqueenfrance.com ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Archived from the original on 26 September 2012 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Discografie Crazy Frog '' . ultratop.be ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chartverfolgung / Crazy Frog / Single '' . musicline.de ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Crazy Frog Album & Song Chart History : Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2005 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 16 March 2009 . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Goud En Platina -- Singles -- 2005 '' . ultratop.be ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum : Crazy Frog '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Singles Chart : Chart # 1478 ( Monday 19 September 2005 ) '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Archived from the original on 21 May 2013 . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certifications Singles Diamant -- année 2005 '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Archived from the original on 23 January 2013 . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Singles Chart : Chart # 1500 ( Monday 20 February 2006 ) '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Archived from the original on 21 May 2013 . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Singles Chart : Chart # 1491 ( Monday 19 December 2005 ) '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Archived from the original on 21 May 2013 . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Goud En Platina -- Singles -- 2006 '' . ultratop.be ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Certifications Singles Or -- année 2006 '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Archived from the original on 22 January 2013 . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Crazy Frog can keep his ding - ding di - di - ding ASA says - Brand Republic News '' . Brandrepublic.com. 2 February 2005 . Retrieved 8 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Scotsman.com News . The Scotsman . Retrieved on 6 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 November 2008 . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Advertising Standards Board : Ref 18 / 05 '' ( PDF ) . Advertising Standards Board . 17 February 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 June 2005 . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcast Advertising Adjucations '' . Archived from the original on 11 August 2011 . Jump up ^ ( source : Media Guardian , 20 June 2005 ) Jump up ^ Rae , Charles ( 20 May 2005 ) . `` Frog drives viewers crazy '' . The Sun . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 October 2008 . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ASA stamps on Crazy Frog TV ads '' . The Register . Archived from the original on 1 October 2005 . Jump up ^ W32 / Crog. worm . Vil.nai.com . Retrieved on 6 July 2011 . Jump up ^ W32. Serflog. A -- Symantec.com . Securityresponse.symantec.com . Retrieved on 6 July 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Crazy Frog BBC article : The Crazy Frog sound ? That 's my fault . Includes an interview with the creator of the sound , Daniel Malmedahl . The Times : Crazy Frog turns into a real prince . ASA : A Frog 's Tale that spawned viewer outrage . Erik Wernquist interview Interview , HitQuarters Oct 2005 <Th_colspan="2"> Studio albums by Crazy Frog <Td_colspan="2"> Crazy Frog Presents Crazy Hits ( 2005 ) Crazy Xmas Edition ( 2005 ) Crazy Frog Presents More Crazy Hits ( 2006 ) Everybody Dance Now ( 2009 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Crazy Frog singles Crazy Frog Presents Crazy Hits ( 2005 ) `` Axel F '' `` Popcorn '' `` Jingle Bells / U Ca n't Touch This '' Crazy Frog Presents More Crazy Hits ( 2006 ) `` We Are the Champions ( Ding a Dang Dong ) '' `` Last Christmas '' `` Crazy Frog in the House '' Everybody Dance Now ( 2009 ) `` Daddy DJ '' `` Cha Cha Slide '' VIAF : 80178993 GND : 135430062 MusicBrainz : 3df914b9 - e0bc - 493c - 875a - c412f84ecdad Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crazy_Frog&oldid=805482640 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1997 Advertising characters Frog mascots Internet memes Internet humor 2000s fads and trends Swedish Eurodance groups Fictional frogs and toads Obscenity controversies in music Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from March 2016 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2017 , at 18 : 10 . 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1. Crazy Frog - Swedish computer-animated character
2. Axel F - worldwide hit single by Crazy Frog
3. Commercial controversies - complaints about Crazy Frog advertisements
4. Discography - albums and singles released by Crazy Frog
5. Merchandise and toys - range of products based on Crazy Frog
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4,675,480,969,335,434,000 |
who played prince eric in the little mermaid
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The Little Mermaid ( 1989 film ) - wikipedia The Little Mermaid ( 1989 film ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> The Little Mermaid <Td_colspan="2"> Original theatrical release poster Directed by Ron Clements John Musker Produced by John Musker Howard Ashman Screenplay by Ron Clements John Musker Story by John Musker Ron Clements Howard Ashman Gerrit Graham Sam Graham Chris Hubbell Based on The Little Mermaid by Hans Christian Andersen Starring René Auberjonois Christopher Daniel Barnes Jodi Benson Pat Carroll Paddi Edwards Buddy Hackett Jason Marin Kenneth Mars Edie McClurg Will Ryan Ben Wright Samuel E. Wright Music by Alan Menken Edited by Mark Hester Production companies Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Feature Animation Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date November 17 , 1989 ( 1989 - 11 - 17 ) Running time 83 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $40 million Box office $211.3 million The Little Mermaid is a 1989 American animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures . Based on the Danish fairy tale of the same name by Hans Christian Andersen , The Little Mermaid tells the story of a mermaid princess who dreams of becoming human . Written , produced , and directed by Ron Clements and John Musker , with music by Alan Menken and Howard Ashman ( who also served as a co-producer ) , the film features the voices of Jodi Benson , Christopher Daniel Barnes , Pat Carroll , Samuel E. Wright , Jason Marin , Kenneth Mars , Buddy Hackett , and René Auberjonois . The 28th Disney animated feature film , The Little Mermaid was released to theaters on November 17 , 1989 to largely positive reviews , garnering $84 million at the domestic box office during its initial release , and $211 million in total lifetime gross worldwide . After the success of the 1988 Disney / Amblin film Who Framed Roger Rabbit , The Little Mermaid is given credit for breathing life back into the art of Disney animated feature films after a string of critical or commercial failures produced by Disney that dated back to the early 1970s . It also marked the start of the era known as the Disney Renaissance . A stage adaptation of the film with a book by Doug Wright and additional songs by Alan Menken and new lyricist Glenn Slater opened in Denver in July 2007 and began performances on Broadway January 10 , 2008 starring Sierra Boggess . In May 2016 , Disney announced that a live - action film adaptation of The Little Mermaid is currently in the works . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Story development 3.2 Animation 3.3 Music 4 Release 4.1 Home media 4.2 Live presentations 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Accolades 5.4 Controversy 6 Sequels and spin - offs 7 Live - action adaptation 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot Ariel , a sixteen - year - old mermaid princess , is dissatisfied with underwater life in the kingdom of Atlantica , and is curious about the human world . With her best friend Flounder , Ariel collects human artifacts in her grotto , and often goes to the surface of the ocean to visit Scuttle , a seagull who offers very inaccurate knowledge of human culture . She ignores the warnings of her father King Triton , the ruler of Atlantica , and Sebastian , a crab who serves as Triton 's adviser and court composer , that contact between merpeople and humans is forbidden . One night , Ariel , Flounder , and Sebastian travel to the ocean surface to watch a celebration for the birthday of Prince Eric on a ship . Ariel instantly becomes enamored with Eric . A violent storm arrives , with a bolt of lightning striking the ship , engulfing it in flames and eventually destroying it , tossing Eric overboard . She rescues Eric and brings him to shore . Ariel sings to Eric , but immediately leaves just as he regains consciousness to avoid being discovered . Fascinated by the memory of her voice , Eric vows to find who saved and sang to him , and Ariel vows to find a way to join him and his world . When Triton discovers Ariel 's love for Eric , Triton confronts her in the grotto and destroys most of the artifacts with his trident . After Triton leaves , two eels named Flotsam and Jetsam convince Ariel to visit Ursula , a sea witch . Ursula tricks Ariel into making a deal to transform her into a human for three days in exchange for Ariel 's voice , which Ursula puts in a nautilus shell . Within these three days , Ariel must receive the `` kiss of true love '' from Eric . If Ariel gets Eric to kiss her , she will remain a human permanently . Otherwise , she will transform back into a mermaid and be captured by Ursula . Ariel accepts , and is given human legs to emerge to the land above . Eric finds Ariel on the beach and takes her to his castle , unaware that she is the one who had rescued him earlier . Ariel spends time with Eric , and at the end of the second day , they almost kiss , but are disrupted by Flotsam and Jetsam . Furious at their narrow escape , Ursula sets a trap for Eric and Ariel : she disguises herself as a beautiful young woman named Vanessa and hypnotizes Eric with her singing voice . Discovering that Vanessa is actually Ursula in disguise , Scuttle informs Ariel of Ursula 's plan to marry Eric while Sebastian informs Triton about Ursula 's actions . Assisted by her friends , Ariel stops Eric 's wedding to Ursula , destroying the nautilus shell around Ursula 's neck and restoring Ariel 's voice . Realizing that Ariel is the girl who saved his life , Eric rushes to kiss her , but the sun sets , and Ariel transforms back into a mermaid before Ursula kidnaps her . Triton furiously confronts Ursula and demands Ariel 's release , but the deal is inviolable . Ursula tricks Triton into taking Ariel 's place as Ursula 's prisoner , giving up his trident . Ariel is released as Triton is transformed into a polyp . Ursula steps forward as the new queen , but before she can use the trident , Eric intervenes with a harpoon . Ursula attempts to attack Eric , but inadvertently kills Flotsam and Jetsam in the process . Enraged , Ursula uses the trident to expand into monstrous proportions . Ariel and Eric reunite on the surface before Ursula gains full control of the entire ocean , creating a storm and bringing sunken ships to the surface . In her attempt to murder Ariel , Ursula herself is impaled on one of the wrecked ships piloted by Eric . With Ursula slain , Triton and the other polyps are restored to their original forms . Realizing that Ariel truly loves Eric , Triton willingly changes her from a mermaid into a human and approves her marriage to Eric . Ariel and Eric marry on a ship and depart . Cast Main article : List of Disney 's The Little Mermaid characters Jodi Benson as Princess Ariel Christopher Daniel Barnes as Prince Eric Pat Carroll as Ursula Jodi Benson as Vanessa ( Ursula 's human alter - ego ) Samuel E. Wright as Sebastian Jason Marin as Flounder Kenneth Mars as King Triton Buddy Hackett as Scuttle Ben Wright as Grimsby Paddi Edwards as Flotsam and Jetsam Edie McClurg as Carlotta the maid Kimmy Robertson and Caroline Vasicek as Ariel 's Sisters Will Ryan as Harold the Seahorse Frank Welker as Max the Sheepdog René Auberjonois as Chef Louis Production Story development The Little Mermaid was originally planned as part of one of Walt Disney 's earliest feature films , a proposed package film featuring vignettes of Hans Christian Andersen tales . Development started soon after Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in the late 1930s , but was delayed due to various circumstances . In 1985 , Ron Clements became interested in a film adaptation of The Little Mermaid while he was serving as a director on The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) alongside John Musker . Clements discovered the Hans Christian Andersen fairy tale while browsing through a bookstore . Believing the story provided an `` ideal basis '' for an animated feature film and keen on creating a film that took place underwater , Clements wrote and presented a two - page treatment of Mermaid to Disney CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg at a `` gong show '' idea suggestion meeting . Katzenberg passed the project over , because at that time the studio was in development on a sequel to their live - action mermaid comedy Splash ( 1984 ) and felt The Little Mermaid would be too similar a project . The next day , however , Katzenberg approved of the idea for possible development , along with Oliver & Company . While in production in the 1980s , the staff found , by chance , original story and visual development work done by Kay Nielsen for Disney 's proposed 1930s Andersen feature . Many of the changes made by the staff in the 1930s to Hans Christian Andersen 's original story were coincidentally the same as the changes made by Disney writers in the 1980s . That year Clements and Musker expanded the two - page idea into a 20 - page rough script , eliminating the role of the mermaid 's grandmother and expanding the roles of the Merman King and the sea witch . However , the film 's plans were momentarily shelved as Disney focused its attention on Who Framed Roger Rabbit and Oliver & Company as more immediate releases . In 1987 , songwriter Howard Ashman became involved with the writing and development of Mermaid after he was asked to contribute a song to Oliver & Company . He proposed changing the minor character Clarence , the English - butler crab , to a Jamaican crab and shifting the music style throughout the film to reflect this . At the same time , Katzenberg , Clements , Musker , and Ashman revised the story format to make Mermaid a musical with a Broadway - style story structure , with the song sequences serving as the tentpoles of the film . Ashman and composer Alan Menken , both noted for their work as the writers of the successful Off - Broadway stage musical Little Shop of Horrors , teamed up to compose the entire song score . In 1988 , with Oliver out of the way , Mermaid was slated as the next major Disney release . Animation More money and resources were dedicated to Mermaid than any other Disney animated film in decades . Aside from its main animation facility in Glendale , California , Disney opened a satellite feature animation facility during the production of Mermaid in Lake Buena Vista , Florida ( near Orlando , Florida ) , within Disney - MGM Studios Theme Park at Walt Disney World . Opening in 1989 , the Disney - MGM facility 's first projects were to produce an entire Roger Rabbit cartoon short , Roller Coaster Rabbit , and to contribute ink and paint support to Mermaid . Another first for recent years was the filming of live actors and actresses for motion reference material for the animators , a practice used frequently for many of the Disney animated features produced under Walt Disney 's supervision . Sherri Lynn Stoner , a former member of Los Angeles ' Groundlings improvisation comedy group , and Joshua Finkel , a Broadway actor , performed key scenes as Ariel and Eric respectively . Jodi Benson had already been cast as Ariel 's voice actor by this time , and her recorded dialogue was used as playback to guide these live - action references . Mermaid 's supervising animators included Glen Keane and Mark Henn on Ariel , Duncan Marjoribanks on Sebastian , Andreas Deja on King Triton , and Ruben Aquino on Ursula . Originally , Keane had been asked to work on Ursula , as he had established a reputation for drawing large , powerful figures , such as the bear in The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) and Professor Ratigan in The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) . Keane , however , was assigned as one of the two lead artists on the petite Ariel and oversaw the `` Part of Your World '' musical number . He jokingly stated that his wife looks exactly like Ariel `` without the fins . '' The character 's body type and personality were based upon that of Alyssa Milano , then starring on TV 's Who 's the Boss ? and the effect of her hair underwater was based on both footage of Sally Ride when she was in space , and scenes of Stoner in a pool for guidance in animating Ariel 's swimming . The design of the villainous Ursula was based upon drag performer Divine . An additional early inspiration before Divine was Joan Collins in her role as Alexis Carrington in the television show Dynasty , due to a suggestion from Howard Ashman , who was a fan of the series . Pat Carroll was not Clements and Musker 's first choice to voice Ursula ; the original script had been written with Bea Arthur of the Disney - owned TV series The Golden Girls in mind . After Arthur turned the part down , actresses such as Nancy Marchand , Nancy Wilson , Roseanne , Charlotte Rae , and Elaine Stritch were considered for the part . Stritch was eventually cast as Ursula , but clashed with Howard Ashman 's style of music production and was replaced by Carroll . Various actors auditioned for additional roles in the film , including Jim Carrey for the role of Prince Eric , and comedians Bill Maher and Michael Richards for the role of Scuttle . The underwater setting required the most special effects animation for a Disney animated feature since Fantasia in 1940 . Effects animation supervisor Mark Dindal estimated that over a million bubbles were drawn for this film , in addition to the use of other processes such as airbrushing , backlighting , superimposition , and some computer animation . The artistic manpower needed for Mermaid required Disney to farm out most of the underwater bubble effects animation in the film to Pacific Rim Productions , a China - based firm with production facilities in Beijing . An attempt to use Disney 's famed multiplane camera for the first time in years for quality `` depth '' shots failed because the machine was reputedly in dilapidated condition . The multiplane shots were instead photographed at an outside animation camera facility . The Little Mermaid was the last Disney feature film to use the traditional hand - painted cel method of animation . Disney 's next film , The Rescuers Down Under , used a digital method of coloring and combining scanned drawings developed for Disney by Pixar called CAPS ( Computer Animation Production System ) , which would eliminate the need for cels , the multiplane camera , and many of the optical effects used for the last time in Mermaid . A CAPS prototype was used experimentally on a few scenes in Mermaid , and one shot produced using CAPS -- the penultimate shot in the film , of Ariel and Eric 's wedding ship sailing away under a rainbow -- appears in the finished film . Computer - generated imagery was used to create some of the wrecked ships in the final battle , a staircase behind a shot of Ariel in Eric 's castle , and the carriage Eric and Ariel are riding in when she bounces it over a ravine . These objects were animated using 3D wireframe models , which were plotted as line art to cels and painted traditionally . Music Main article : The Little Mermaid ( soundtrack ) The Little Mermaid was considered by some as `` the film that brought Broadway into cartoons '' . Alan Menken wrote the Academy Award winning score , and collaborated with Howard Ashman on the songs . One of the film 's most prominent songs , `` Part of Your World '' , was nearly cut from the film when it seemingly tested poorly with an audience of school children , who became rowdy during the scene . This caused Jeffrey Katzenberg to feel that the song needed to be cut , an idea that was resisted by Musker , Clements , and Keane . Both Muscker and Clements cited the similar situation of the popular song `` Over the Rainbow '' nearly being cut from 1939 's The Wizard of Oz when appealing to Katzenberg . Keane pushed for the song to remain until the film was in a more finalized state . During a second test screening , the scene , now colorized and further developed , tested well with a separate child audience , and the musical number was kept . Release The film was originally released on November 17 , 1989 , followed by a November 14 , 1997 , reissue . After the success of the 3D re-release of The Lion King , Disney announced a 3D re-release of The Little Mermaid scheduled for September 13 , 2013 , but this was cancelled on January 14 , 2013 , due to the under - performances of other Disney 3D re-releases . The 3D version was released on Blu - ray instead , but it did play a limited engagement at the El Capitan Theatre from September to October 2013 . On September 20 , 2013 , The Little Mermaid began playing in select theaters where audiences could bring iPads and use an app called Second Screen Live . The film was also screened out of competition at the 1990 Cannes Film Festival . Home Media In a then atypical and controversial move for a new Disney animated film , The Little Mermaid was released as part of the Walt Disney Classics line of VHS and Laserdisc home video releases in May 1990 , six months after the release of the film . Before Mermaid , only a select number of Disney 's catalog animated films had been released to home video , as the company was afraid of upsetting its profitable practice of theatrically reissuing each film every seven years . Mermaid became that year 's top - selling title on home video , with over 10 million units sold ( including 7 million in its first month ) . This success led future Disney films to be released soon after the end of their theatrical runs , rather than delayed for several years . Following Mermaid 's 1997 re-release in theaters , a new VHS version was released in March 1998 as part of the Masterpiece Collection and included a bonus music video of Jodi Benson singing `` Part of Your World '' during the end credits , replacing `` Under the Sea '' as the end credit song . The VHS sold 13 million units and ranked as the third best - selling video of the year . The Little Mermaid was released in a Limited Issue `` bare - bones '' DVD in 1999 , with a standard video transfer . The film was re-released on DVD on October 3 , 2006 , as part of the Walt Disney Platinum Editions line of classic Walt Disney animated features , including the song `` Kiss the Girl '' performed by Ashley Tisdale . Deleted scenes and several in - depth documentaries were included , as well as an Academy Award - nominated short film intended for the shelved Fantasia 2006 , The Little Match Girl . The DVD sold 1.6 million units on its first day of release , and over 4 million units during its first week , making it the biggest animated DVD debut for October . By year 's end , the DVD had sold about 7 million units and was one of the year 's top ten selling DVDs . The Platinum Edition DVD was released as part of a `` Little Mermaid Trilogy '' boxed set on December 16 , 2008 . The Platinum Edition of the film , along with its sequels , went on moratorium in January 2009 . The film was re-released on 3 - disc Blu - ray / DVD / Digital Copy Combo , a 2 - disc Blu - ray / DVD combo and 3D Blu - ray on October 1 , 2013 , as part of the Walt Disney Diamond Editions line . Live presentations In June 2016 , Disney held special presentations of the film at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles , entitled The Little Mermaid in Concert . The performances combined a screening of The Little Mermaid with live accompaniment by guest musicians , including Sara Bareilles ( who performed as Ariel ) , Tituss Burgess , Darren Criss , Rebel Wilson and Norm Lewis ( who performed as King Triton as a reprisal of his role in the stage adaptation ) . The four additional songs written for the stage adaptation were also incorporated into the presentation , accompanied by scenes of the film 's original concept art . During the third and final performance , Jodi Benson joined the cast in lieu of Bareilles to reprise her original role as Ariel . The final performance also featured special appearances by Brad Kane ( the singing voice of the title character of Aladdin ) and Susan Egan ( who played Belle in the stage adaptation of Beauty and the Beast ) , who sang songs from their respective films , and a duet of A Whole New World . On May 16 , 2017 , ABC announced that it planned to air a special broadcast of the film , The Wonderful World of Disney : The Little Mermaid Live , on October 3 , 2017 . The special was to feature a presentation of the film intertwined with live performances of its songs by guest musicians , in a similar fashion to the Hollywood Bowl concerts . However , on August 3 , 2017 , it was announced that the special was postponed due to budget constraints . Reception Box office Early in the production of The Little Mermaid , Jeffrey Katzenberg cautioned Clements , Musker , and their staff , reminding them that since Mermaid was a `` girl 's film '' , it would make less money at the box office than Oliver & Company , which had been Disney 's biggest animated box office success in a decade . However , by the time the film was closer to completion , Katzenberg was convinced Mermaid would be a hit and the first animated feature to earn more than $100 million and become a `` blockbuster '' film . During its original 1989 theatrical release , Mermaid earned $84.4 million at the North American box office , falling just short of Katzenberg 's expectations but earning 64 % more than Oliver . The film was theatrically reissued on November 14 , 1997 , on the same day as Anastasia , a Don Bluth animated feature for Fox Animation Studios . The reissue brought $27.2 million in additional gross . The film also drew $99.8 million in box office earnings outside the United States and Canada between both releases , resulting in a total international box office figure of $211 million . Critical reception The Little Mermaid received largely positive reviews from critics . Review aggregation site Rotten Tomatoes reported that the film has a 93 % `` Certified Fresh '' score based on 67 reviews , with an average rating of 8.2 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads `` The Little Mermaid ushered in a new golden era for Disney animation with warm and charming hand - drawn characters and catchy musical sequences '' . Roger Ebert , film critic for the Chicago Sun - Times , was enthusiastic about the film and wrote that , `` The Little Mermaid is a jolly and inventive animated fantasy -- a movie that 's so creative and so much fun it deserves comparison with the best Disney work of the past . '' Ebert also commented positively on the character of Ariel , stating , `` ... Ariel is a fully realized female character who thinks and acts independently , even rebelliously , instead of hanging around passively while the fates decide her destiny . '' The staff of TV Guide wrote a positive review , praising the film 's return to the traditional Disney musical as well as the film 's animation . Yet they also wrote that the film is detracted from by the juvenile humor and the human characters ' eyes . While still giving a positive review , they stated that the film `` ca n't compare to the real Disney classics ( which appealed equally to both kids and adults ) . '' The staff of Variety praised the film for its cast of characters , Ursula in particular , as well as its animation , stating that the animation `` proves lush and fluid , augmented by the use of shadow and light as elements like fire , sun and water illuminate the characters . '' They also praised the musical collaboration between Howard Ashman and Alan Menken `` whose songs frequently begin slowly but build in cleverness and intensity . '' Todd Gilchrist of IGN wrote a positive review of the film , stating that the film is `` an almost perfect achievement . '' Gilchrist also praised how the film revived interest in animation as it was released at a time when interest in animation was at a lull . Hal Hinson of The Washington Post wrote a mixed review of the film , referring to it as a `` likably unspectacular adaptation of the Hans Christian Andersen classic . '' Hinson went on to write that the film is average even at its highest points . He wrote that while there is nothing wrong with the film , it would be difficult for children to identify with Ariel and that the characters seemed bland . Hinson concluded his review saying that the film is `` accomplished but uninspiring , The Little Mermaid has enough to please any kid . All that 's missing is the magic . '' Empire gave a positive review of the film , stating that `` ( The Little Mermaid is ) a charmer of a movie , boasting all the ingredients that make a Disney experience something to treasure yet free of all the politically correct , formulaic elements that have bogged down the more recent productions . '' In April 2008 -- almost 20 years after the film 's initial release in 1989 -- Yahoo ! users voted `` The Little Mermaid '' as No. 14 on the top 30 animated films of all time . Later , when Yahoo ! updated the list in June of the same year , the film remained on the list but dropped six slots to end at # 20 . ( Only three other traditionally animated Disney animated films - Aladdin , Beauty and the Beast , and The Lion King , respectively - scored above it in the poll even after the update . ) In 2011 , Richard Corliss of TIME Magazine named it one of `` The 25 All - TIME Best Animated Films '' . The Little Mermaid , Disney 's first animated fairy tale since Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) , is an important film in animation history for many reasons . Chief among these are its re-establishment of animation as a profitable venture for The Walt Disney Company , as the company 's theme parks , television productions , and live - action features had overshadowed the animated output since the 1950s . Mermaid was the second film , following Oliver & Company , produced after Disney began expanding its animated output following its successful live action / animated film Who Framed Roger Rabbit , and became Disney 's first animated major box office and critical hit since The Rescuers in 1977 . Walt Disney Feature Animation was further expanded as a result of Mermaid and increasingly successful follow - ups -- Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) , Aladdin ( 1992 ) , and The Lion King ( 1994 ) . The staff increased from 300 members in 1988 to 2,200 in 1999 spread across three studios in Burbank , California , Lake Buena Vista , Florida , and Montreuil , Seine - Saint - Denis , France . In addition , Mermaid signaled the re-establishment of the musical film format as a standard for Disney animated films . The majority of Disney 's most popular animated films from the 1930s on had been musicals , though by the 1970s and 1980s the role of music had been de-emphasized in the films . 1988 's Oliver & Company had served as a test of sorts to the success of the musical format before Disney committed to the Broadway - style structure of The Little Mermaid . Accolades In January 1990 , The Little Mermaid earned three Academy Award nominations , making it the first Disney animated film to earn an Academy Award nomination since The Rescuers in 1977 . The film won two of the awards , for Best Song ( `` Under the Sea '' ) and Best Score . The film also earned four Golden Globe nominations , including Best Picture -- Comedy or Musical , and won the awards for Best Song ( `` Under the Sea '' ) and Best Score . In addition to the box office and critical success of the film itself , the Mermaid soundtrack album earned two awards at the 33rd Grammy Awards in 1991 : the Grammy Award for Best Album for Children and the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media . Bolstered by the film 's success and the soundtrack 's Oscars , Golden Globes and Grammy Awards , was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in September 1990 for shipments of two million copies of the soundtrack album , an unheard of feat for an animated film at the time . To date , the soundtrack has been certified six times platinum . The Little Mermaid won two Academy Awards for Best Original Score as well as Best Song for Alan Menken and Howard Ashman 's `` Under the Sea '' , sung by Samuel E. Wright in a memorable scene . Another song from the film , `` Kiss the Girl '' , was nominated but lost to `` Under the Sea '' . The film also won two Golden Globes for Best Original Score as well Best Original Song for `` Under the Sea '' . It was also nominated in two other categories , Best Motion Picture and another Best Original Song . Menken and Ashman also won a Grammy Award in 1991 for `` Under the Sea . '' The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2002 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- Nominated 2003 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains : Ursula -- Nominated Villain 2004 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` Under the Sea '' -- Nominated 2006 : AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals -- Nominated 2008 : AFI 's 10 Top 10 : Nominated Animation Film Controversy Controversy arose regarding the artwork for the cover for the Classics VHS cassette when the film was first released on video when close examination of the artwork revealed an oddly shaped structure on the castle , closely resembling a human penis . Disney and the cover designer insist it was an accident , resulting from a late night rush job to finish the cover artwork . The questionable object does not appear on the cover of the second releasing of the movie . A second allegation is that a clergyman is seen with an erection during a scene late in the film . The clergyman is a short man , dressed in Bishop 's clothing , and a small bulge is slightly noticeable in a few of the frames that are actually later shown to be the stubby - legged man 's knees , but the image is small and is very difficult to distinguish . The combined incidents led an Arkansas woman to file suit against The Walt Disney Company in 1995 , though she dropped the suit two months later . Sequels and spin - offs An animated series prequel based on the film premiered in late 1992 on the CBS television network , following Ariel 's adventures before the events of the film . The show ran for 31 episodes . A series of shorts starring Sebastian were aired as part of the Disney animated series Marsupilami . A direct - to - video sequel titled The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea was released on September 19 , 2000 . The plot focuses on Ariel 's daughter Melody who longs to be a part of the ocean world . A direct - to - video prequel , titled The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning , was released on August 26 , 2008 . The story is set before the events of the original film , in which King Triton has banned music from Atlantica . Ariel , Sebastian , Flounder , King Triton , Ursula , Prince Eric , Scuttle and Chef Louie are `` guests '' in House of Mouse . Ursula appears as one of the leading villains in Mickey 's House of Villains . Ariel , Prince Eric and Ursula also appear in Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse . The Little Mermaid is featured as a playable world in the Kingdom Hearts Series known as Atlantica . Characters from the film include , Ariel , Sebastian , Flounder , King Triton , Prince Eric , Ursula , Flotsam and Jetsam . Live - action adaptation In May 2016 , Deadline Hollywood reported that Disney is in early development for a live - action version of the film . Three months later , it was announced that Alan Menken would return as the film 's composer and write new songs alongside Lin - Manuel Miranda , who will also co-produce the movie with Marc Platt . Studio veteran Lindsay Lohan has expressed interest in starring in the adaption . In December 2017 , it was reported that Rob Marshall was Disney 's top choice to direct the film with Jane Goldman to write the screenplay for the film . See also The Little Mermaid ( musical ) Mermaids in popular culture List of Disney theatrical animated features References Jump up ^ `` THE LITTLE MERMAID ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 28 , 1989 . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stewart , James B. ( 2005 ) . 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'' , Orlando Sentinel , pp. F1 , retrieved May 8 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : ( 2013 ) The Real Little Mermaid : Live Action Reference Model ( Documentary featurette ) . Bonus material from The Little Mermaid : Diamond Edition Blu - Ray . Walt Disney Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ ( 2004 ) Interview with Glen Keane . Bonus material from Pocahontas : 10th Anniversary Edition ( DVD ) . Walt Disney Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Under The Scene . The Little Mermaid Blu - Ray : Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment . 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Clayton - Wright , Harry ( September 2 , 2013 ) . Harry Clayton - Wright interviews the directors of The Little Mermaid ( Web video content ) ( Digital video ) . YouTube . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Neuwirth , Allan ( 2003 ) . Makin ' Toons : Inside the Most Popular Animated TV Shows and Movies . Allworth Communications , Inc . pp. 46 -- 47 . ISBN 1 - 58115 - 269 - 8 . Jump up ^ Aladdin Platinum Edition , Disc 2 : Alan Menken : Musical Jump up ^ Smith , Grady ( October 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast , ' ' The Little Mermaid , ' ' Finding Nemo , ' ' Monsters , Inc . ' get 3 - D re-releases '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` Disney cancels ' Little Mermaid 3 - D , ' dates ' Pirates 5 ' for 2015 '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mermaid fall Blu 3D ; no Disneynature Retrieved February 11 , 2013 Jump up ^ More Details On October 's Little Mermaid Blu - ray Set Retrieved April 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ Hollywood 's El Capitan Will Be the Only Theatre in the World to Screen THE LITTLE MERMAID 3D , 9 / 13 - 10 / 13 Retrieved November 3 , 2013 Jump up ^ Arellano , Jennifer ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Little Mermaid ' returns to theaters with a new - millennium twist : iPads allowed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Little Mermaid '' . Festival de Cannes . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Little Mermaid ( A Walt Disney Classic ) ( VHS ) : Ron Clements , John Musker , René Auberjonois , Christopher Daniel Barnes , Jodi Benson , Pat Carroll , Paddi Edwards , Buddy Hackett , Jason Marin , Kenneth Mars , Edie McClurg , Will Ryan , Ben Wright , Samuel E. Wright : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Peter M. ( September 12 , 1993 ) . `` THE NEW SEASON : HOME ENTERTAINMENT ; ' Beauty ' Was Big , but Make Way for ' Aladdin ' -- New York Times '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Little Mermaid ( Fully Restored Special Edition ) ( VHS ) : Jodi Benson , Samuel E. Wright , René Auberjonois , Christopher Daniel Barnes , Pat Carroll , Paddi Edwards , Buddy Hackett , Jason Marin , Kenneth Mars , Edie McClurg , Will Ryan , Ben Wright , John Musker , Ron Clements , Chris Hubbell , Gerrit Graham , Hans Christian Andersen , Howard Ashman : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release Page '' . Mickey-mouse.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` VidNews Archives '' . OnVideo . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Little Mermaid ( Limited Issue ) : Jodi Benson , Samuel E. Wright , René Auberjonois , Christopher Daniel Barnes , Pat Carroll , Paddi Edwards , Buddy Hackett , Jason Marin , Kenneth Mars , Edie McClurg , Will Ryan , Ben Wright , John Musker , Ron Clements , Chris Hubbell , Gerrit Graham , Hans Christian Andersen , Howard Ashman : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Little Mermaid ( Two - Disc Platinum Edition ) : René Auberjonois , Christopher Daniel Barnes , Jodi Benson , Pat Carroll , Paddi Edwards , Buddy Hackett , Jason Marin , Kenneth Mars , Edie McClurg , Will Ryan , Ben Wright , Samuel E. Wright , Hamilton Camp , Kimmy Robertson , Mickie McGowan , Jim Cummings , Tim Curry , Jennifer Darling , Gerrit Graham , Malachi Pearson : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Little Mermaid : Platinum Edition -- DVD Press Release '' . UltimateDisney . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Record Starts for X-Men and Mermaid -- ComingSoon.net '' . ComingSoon . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Breakdown Sales For The Little Mermaid DVD '' . The-numbers.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Little Mermaid Trilogy : The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning , The Little Mermaid , The Little Mermaid II : Return To The Sea Special Edition , . : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Check Out The Little Mermaid 's First Blu - ray Trailer Retrieved February 13 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Sara Bareilles and Tituss Burgess Headline Little Mermaid at the Hollywood Bowl Tonight '' . Playbill . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's ' Little Mermaid in Concert ' Caps Hollywood Bowl Run With Original Ariel , Jodi Benson '' . Billboard . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Slates ' Little Mermaid ' and Rolling Stone Live Musicals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ABC drops plans for ' Little Mermaid ' musical '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Little Mermaid '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( November 17 , 1989 ) . `` The Little Mermaid review '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved December 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Little Mermaid movie review '' . TV Guide . Retrieved December 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Little Mermaid movie review '' . Variety . January 1 , 1989 . Retrieved December 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Double Dip Digest : The Little Mermaid '' . IGN . October 3 , 2006 . Retrieved December 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Little Mermaid review '' . The Washington Post . November 17 , 1997 . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Little Mermaid '' . Empire . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2012 . Retrieved July 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Making the Grade : Yahoo Users ' Top Rated Animated Films photos on Yahoo ! Summer Movie Guide ( June 25 , 2008 ) '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2008 . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Richard Corliss ( June 23 , 2011 ) . `` The 25 All - TIME Best Animated Films -- The Little Mermaid '' . TIME . Retrieved August 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 47th Annual Golden Globe Awards ( 1952 ) '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2011 . Retrieved May 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( January 9 , 2014 ) . `` The GRAMMYs ' Biggest Winners : The ' 90s '' . Grammy.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Gold and Platinum '' search for `` Little Mermaid '' `` . RIAA.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1989 Academy Awards Nominations and Winners by Category '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ AP ( January 22 , 1990 ) . `` 4 Golden Globe Awards To ' Born on 4th of July ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Little Mermaid Phallus '' . snopes.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Viets , Elaine ( November 24 , 1992 ) . `` Mermaid 's Tower is Kettle of Fish '' . Everyday Magazine ( St. Louis Post-Dispatch ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Smith , Russell W. ( September 8 , 1995 ) . `` Sex Seen ( by Some ) in Films by Disney '' . Austin American - Statesman . pp. d1 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Little Mermaid Minister '' . snopes.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Beck , Susan ( January 5 , 1996 ) . `` Help the Needy ; Help Yourself '' . The Recorder . p. 2 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Emery Jr. , C. Eugene ( March 1996 ) . `` When the Media Miss Real Messages in Subliminal Stories '' . Skeptical Inquirer . p. 16 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Disney Catches Hell '' . Entertainment Weekly . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Omaha World - Herald `` Filth ' Found in Disney Movies Is a Stretch of the Imagination . '' Jump up ^ Jaafer , Ali ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Mulling Live - Action Version Of ' The Little Mermaid ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Lin - Manuel Miranda , Alan Menken team up for live - action Little Mermaid '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Respers France , Lisa ( February 20 , 2017 ) . `` Lindsay Lohan really wants a ' Little Mermaid ' gig '' . CNN . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` Lindsay Lohan wants Bill Condon to direct her in The Little Mermaid musical '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Rob Marshall Top Choice To Helm Disney 's Live Action ' The Little Mermaid ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . External links Official website The Little Mermaid on IMDb The Little Mermaid at The Big Cartoon DataBase The Little Mermaid at Box Office Mojo The Little Mermaid at Rotten Tomatoes The Little Mermaid at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2015 . <Th_colspan="2"> Hans Christian Andersen 's `` The Little Mermaid '' Films The Daydreamer ( 1966 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1968 ) Hans Christian Andersen 's The Little Mermaid ( 1975 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1976 Czech film ) The Little Mermaid ( 1976 Russian film ) The Little Mermaid ( 1992 ) Mermaid ( 2007 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2018 ) Television Mahō no Mako - chan ( 1970 ) Adventures of the Little Mermaid ( 1991 ) The Idle Mermaid ( 2014 ) Other The Little Mermaid ( statue ) Mermaids The Lure Disney franchise Films The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea ( 2000 ) The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning ( 2008 ) Series The Little Mermaid ( 1992 -- 1994 ) episodes Characters Ariel Ursula Sebastian Music Albums The Little Mermaid Sebastian from The Little Mermaid Sebastian : Party Gras ! Songs from the Sea Splash Hits Songs `` Fathoms Below '' `` Part of Your World '' `` Under the Sea '' `` Poor Unfortunate Souls '' `` Les Poissons '' `` Kiss the Girl '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Adaptations Musical Once Upon a Time `` Ariel '' `` Dark Hollow '' `` The Jolly Roger '' `` Poor Unfortunate Soul '' Attractions Ariel 's Grotto Ariel 's Undersea Adventure King Triton 's Carousel of the Sea Mermaid Lagoon Scuttle 's Scooters Voyage of the Little Mermaid Video games The Little Mermaid Ariel the Little Mermaid Ariel 's Story Studio Disney 's The Little Mermaid Print Studio Disney 's The Little Mermaid Activity Center The Little Mermaid II : Pinball Frenzy <Th_colspan="2"> Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films <Td_colspan="2"> Book <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Ron Clements and John Musker <Td_colspan="2"> The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Moana ( 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Alan Menken Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Weird Romance ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) King David ( 1997 ) The Bellringer of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Sister Act ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Leap of Faith ( 2010 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz ( 2015 ) A Bronx Tale ( 2016 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Newsies ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Songs `` Part of Your World '' `` Under the Sea '' `` Kiss the Girl '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Friend Like Me '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Just Around the Riverbend '' `` Colors of the Wind '' `` If I Never Knew You '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` The Bells of Notre Dame '' `` Out There '' `` God Help the Outcasts '' `` Hellfire '' `` Someday '' `` Go the Distance '' `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' `` Happy Working Song '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` So Close '' `` Ever Ever After '' `` Mother Knows Best '' `` I See the Light '' <Th_colspan="2"> Howard Ashman Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Smile ( 1986 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Related articles Alan Menken Howard Sings Ashman <Th_colspan="2"> Walt Disney Animation Studios <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> List of feature films <Td_colspan="2"> Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> People <Td_colspan="2"> Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Related topics <Td_colspan="2"> History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time VIAF : 229341071 GND : 1024739848 Disney portal Film in the United States portal 1980s portal Animation portal Cartoon portal United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Little_Mermaid_(1989_film)&oldid=825158354 '' Categories : 1989 films English - language films The Little Mermaid ( franchise ) 1989 animated films 1980s American animated films American animated films American children 's animated fantasy films American romantic fantasy films American romantic musical films Animated musical films Animated films about fish Disney Renaissance Films scored by Alan Menken Films about princesses Films about shapeshifting Films about wish fulfillment Films based on fairy tales Films based on The Little Mermaid Films directed by John Musker Films directed by Ron Clements Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films featuring hypnosis Films set in the 19th century Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Pictures films Witchcraft in film Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Good articles Use mdy dates from October 2015 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 20 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. The Little Mermaid (1989 film)
2. Hans Christian Andersen
3. Disney Renaissance
4. Ariel
5. Underwater animation
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-409,253,604,714,148,000 |
what is the genre of three times lucky
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Three Times Lucky - wikipedia Three Times Lucky This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 12 February 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : needs less plot , more analysis Please help improve this article if you can . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Three Times Lucky <Td_colspan="2"> Author Sheila Turnage Country United States Language English Genre novel Publisher The Penguin Group Publication date 2012 Media type Print Pages 312 pp ISBN 9780142426050 Three Times Lucky is a 2013 New York Times Best Seller adolescent novel by author Sheila Turnage . Three Times Lucky was a Newbery Medal Honor Book in 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Critical reception 4 Sequels 5 References Plot ( edit ) Three Times Lucky is the story of Miss Moses `` Mo '' LoBeau , a sixth grader living in Tupelo Landing , North Carolina . Eleven years ago she has washed ashore during a flood . She is being raised by the Colonel and Miss Lana and together operates a cafe , along with Mo 's best friend Dale . Since then , Mo has been sending numerous letters down the river , hoping her `` Upstream Mother '' would find them and tell her why she let her go . The Colonel is one of the town 's other mysteries . He lost his memory in a car accident the night of the same hurricane that washed Mo ashore . After Mr. Jesse , a local and main customer of the cafe is found murdered in his boat , Detective Starr is introduced . He is n't welcomed and many of the townspeople are very skeptical about him , especially the Colonel . But the people of Tupelo are shocked when Dale and Mo go to the Colonel 's house to find a packet . Mo takes a quick peek and finds old newspaper clippings . Before they have a chance to leave , Slate enters the house . They head toward the living room and run into Marla , Detective Starr 's deputy , who points a gun at them . The kids tie her up and run away to Dale 's house . They find Dale 's drunk and angry father , Mr. Macon , physically assaulting his mother . As Dale threatens his father with a shotgun , the Colonel barges through the door . They tie up Mr. Macon . He tells them that Miss Lana is being held at Mr. Jesse 's house . When the Colonel returns , Mo and Dale tie Slate up . Detective Starr appears at the door and safely has Miss Lana . Once the investigation is complete , Detective Starr presents a newspaper clipping that upsets and also brings some comfort to the Colonel about who he was before the car accident . It shows that he was a defense lawyer at Slate 's trial , and he hates lawyers . They find a metal box under the floor that contains the remainder of the bank robbery money . Slate and Marla are arrested and the town gets back to its normal routine . Characters ( edit ) Miss Moses `` Mo '' Lobeau -- A young girl who was abandoned during a hurricane eleven years ago . She helps run her adoptive parents ' cafe while searching for her `` Upstream Mother '' . She also is A witty and wise `` rising sixth grader '' . Mr. Dale Earnhardt Johnson III -- Dale is Mo 's best friend who `` borrows '' Mr. Jesse 's boat ; the same boat that he is found murdered in . He also works with Mo at the cafe . The Colonel -- He found Mo floating down the river during a hurricane eleven years ago . He was also in a car accident the same night he found Mo and has lost his memory . Miss Lana -- Mo 's other guardian , and the Colonel 's lover , who is kidnapped by Robert Slate . Mr. Jesse -- The frequent cafe patron who is found murdered . Detective Joe Starr -- A lawman who comes into town to investigate Mr. Jesse 's murder . Robert Slate -- The man who murdered Mr. Jesse and kidnapped the Colonel and Miss Lana . Miss Rose -- Dale 's mother , who later divorces her husband . Mr. Macon Johnson -- Dale 's alcoholic and abusive father . He is hired by Robert Slate to hide him and bring him food . Marla -- One of Detective Starr 's deputies , who turned out to secretly be working with Robert Slate . Lavender -- Dale 's older brother who left his parents house to live on his own after fighting with his father . Mo has a huge crush on him and hopes to marry him someday . He also drives a race car and has won a lot of races and money at the community racetrack . Miss Retzel -- Mo 's teacher and Detective Joe Starr 's girlfriend . Critical reception ( edit ) Many critics say Three Times Lucky is a one of a kind Southern - style novel . A writer for Kirkus Reviews claims that Sheila Turnage 's first adolescent novel is `` an engaging , spirit - lifting and unforgettable debut for young readers '' . With a complex and multi-layered plot and its themes of romance , mystery and secret identities , readers of both genders will enjoy it . But some critics have mixed reviews . They believe it is hard to focus on reading when there too much plot . Throughout the novel , Turnage constantly introduces new characters , plots , and sub-plots which can cause readers to be confused about what the story is actually about . Jonathan Hunt of School Library Journal starts off by saying `` the beginning is awfully slow '' , suggesting that readers will have to plow through the first couple chapters before the novel starts to actually make sense . But Hunt reassures that `` the story does pick up steam '' . Carolyn Phelan of Booklist supports Hunt by saying `` the pace quickens considerably as the mystery gains momentum , climaxing in an epic scene '' . Sequels ( edit ) Three Times Lucky started the series of books called the Mo and Dale Mysteries . The Ghosts of Tupelo Landing came out in 2015 , The Odds of Getting Even in 2017 and The Law of Finders Keepers in 2018 . References ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Jump up ^ `` Newbery Medal and Honor Books : 2010s '' . American Library Association . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` THREE TIMES LUCKY by Sheila Turnage . '' Kirkus Reviews . Dial , 28 Mar. 2012 . Web . 18 Nov. 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hunt , Jonathan . `` Three Times Lucky . '' Heavy Medal . N.p. , 21 Oct. 2012 . Web . 18 Nov. 2014 . Jump up ^ Phelan , Carolyn . `` Booklist Online . '' Three Times Lucky , by Sheila Turnage . Booklist , n.d. Web . 18 Nov. 2014 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three_Times_Lucky&oldid=825322468 '' Categories : 2012 American novels American young adult novels Novels set in North Carolina Newbery Honor - winning works Children 's mystery novels 2012 children 's books Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles needing cleanup from October 2014 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from October 2014 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from October 2014 Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 19 : 12 . About Wikipedia
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1. Three Times Lucky - novel by Sheila Turnage
2. Plot summary of Three Times Lucky
3. Characters in Three Times Lucky
4. Critical reception of Three Times Lucky
5. Sequels to Three Times Lucky
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-1,766,242,329,827,982,000 |
when can a president call a special session of congress
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Special session - Wikipedia Special session Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In a legislature , a special session ( also extraordinary session ) is a period when the body convenes outside of the normal legislative session . This most frequently occurs in order to complete unfinished tasks for the year ( often delayed by conflict between political parties ) , such as outlining the government 's budget for the next fiscal year , biennium , or other period . Special sessions may also be called during an economic downturn in order to cut the budget . In other cases , a special session may be convened to address special topics , or emergencies such as war or natural disaster . Who calls a special session varies - by vote of the legislature during regular session , by the executive , or by the legislature 's speaker or presiding officer . The United Nations has both special sessions and emergency special sessions . United States ( edit ) In the United States of America , Article II , Section 3 of the United States Constitution gives the President of the United States the power to `` on extraordinary occasions , convene both Houses or either of them . '' This power exists for urgent or extraordinary situations that require congressional action when Congress is adjourned . Presidents have exercised this power 46 times to recall only the Senate and 28 times to recall both Chambers of Congress , most recently by Harry Truman in 1948 . The Senate itself differentiates between `` extraordinary sessions '' called by the Presidential proclamation and `` special sessions '' that merely indicate a session not normally scheduled . The term `` session '' can refer to either the formal start and end of a Congressional session or the daily sessions of the chambers of Congress . Thus a formal `` special session '' will only happen when Congress has adjourned sine die and is not simply in recess ( in other words Congress may or may not already be in an official session , but in recess , when convened ) . The power is also given to some principals in the United States by their respective school constitutions . An example is the Constitution of TCM states that on extraordinary occasions the principal may convene neither or both houses of the legislature . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ United States Archives : Transcript of the Constitution Jump up ^ U.S. Senate History Jump up ^ `` Types of Sessions '' . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Beth , Richard ; Tollestrup , Jessica ( 23 February 2013 ) . `` Sessions , Adjournments , and Recesses of Congress '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . pp. Summary . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . This government - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special_session&oldid=832877246 '' Categories : Parliamentary procedure Government stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 13 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Special session in legislature
2. Unfinished tasks in legislative session
3. Budget outline for next fiscal year
4. Emergency special sessions
5. Power of the President to convene Congress
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372,614,075,124,595,000 |
who controlled new york before it became an english colony in 1664
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History of New York ( state ) - wikipedia History of New York ( state ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the history of New York State . For a history of the city , see History of New York City . For the book by Washington Irving , see A History of New York . `` New York history '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with `` New York History '' , a publication of the New York State Historical Association . A historical juxtaposition : a replica of Henry Hudson 's 17th - century Halve Maen passes modern - day lower Manhattan where the original ship would have sailed while investigating New York harbor . The history of New York begins around 10,000 BC , when the first native peoples arrived . By 1100 AD , New York 's main native cultures , the Iroquoian and Algonquian , had developed . European discovery of New York was led by the French in 1524 and the first land claim came in 1609 by the Dutch . As part of New Netherland , the colony was important in the fur trade and eventually became an agricultural resource thanks to the patroon system . In 1626 the Dutch bought the island of Manhattan from Native Americans . In 1664 , England renamed the colony New York , after the Duke of York ( later James II & VII . ) New York City gained prominence in the 18th century as a major trading port in the Thirteen Colonies . New York played a pivotal role during the American Revolution and subsequent war . The Stamp Act Congress in 1765 brought together representatives from across the Thirteen Colonies to form a unified response to British policies . The Sons of Liberty were active in New York City to challenge British authority . After a major loss at the Battle of Long Island , the Continental Army suffered a series of additional defeats that forced a retreat from the New York City area , leaving the strategic port and harbor to the British army and navy as their North American base of operations for the rest of the war . The Battle of Saratoga was the turning point of the war in favor of the Americans , convincing France to formally ally with them . New York 's constitution was adopted in 1777 , and strongly influenced the United States Constitution . New York City was the national capital at various times between 1785 and 1790 , where the Bill of Rights was drafted . Albany became the permanent state capital in 1797 . In 1787 , New York became the eleventh state to ratify the United States Constitution . New York hosted significant transportation advancements in the 19th century , including the first steamboat line in 1807 , the Erie Canal in 1825 , and America 's first regularly scheduled rail service in 1831 . These advancements led to the expanded settlement of western New York and trade ties to the Midwest settlements around the Great Lakes . Due to New York City 's trade ties to the South , there were numerous southern sympathizers in the early days of the American Civil War and the mayor proposed secession . Far from any of the battles , New York ultimately sent the most men and money to support the Union cause . Thereafter , the state helped create the industrial age and consequently was home to some of the first labor unions . During the 19th century , New York City became the main entry point for European immigrants to the United States , beginning with a wave of Irish during their Great Famine . Millions came through Castle Clinton in Battery Park before Ellis Island opened in 1892 to welcome millions more , increasingly from eastern and southern Europe . The Statue of Liberty opened in 1886 and became a symbol of hope . New York boomed during the Roaring Twenties , before the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , and skyscrapers expressed the energy of the city . New York City was the site of successive tallest buildings in the world from 1913 to 1974 . The buildup of defense industries for World War II turned around the state 's economy from the Great Depression , as hundreds of thousands worked to defeat the Axis powers . Following the war , the state experienced significant suburbanization around all the major cities , and most central cities shrank . The Thruway system opened in 1956 , signalling another era of transportation advances . Following a period of near - bankruptcy in the late 1970s , New York City renewed its stature as a cultural center , attracted more immigration , and hosted the development of new music styles . The city developed from publishing to become a media capital over the second half of the 20th century , hosting most national news channels and broadcasts . Some of its newspapers became nationally and globally renowned . The state 's manufacturing base eroded with the restructuring of industry , and the state transitioned into service industries . The September 11 attacks of 2001 destroyed the World Trade Center , killing almost 3,000 people ; they were the largest terrorist attacks on United States soil . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prehistory 2 Pre-colonial period 3 Dutch and British colonial period 4 Province of New York ( 1664 -- 1776 ) 5 New York in the American Revolution 6 Statehood to the Civil War 7 New York in the American Civil War 8 End of the Civil War to 1900 9 1900 through the Great Depression 10 World War II and the modern era 11 Last decades of the 20th century 12 September 11 , 2001 to the present 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Bibliography 16.1 Regions and cities 17 External links Prehistory ( edit ) See also : Lenape New York was dominated by Iroquoian ( purple ) and Algonquian ( pink ) Indian tribes . The first peoples of New York are estimated to have arrived around 10,000 BC . Around AD 800 , Iroquois ancestors moved into the area from the Appalachian region . The people of the Point Peninsula Complex were the predecessors of the Algonquian peoples of New York . By around 1100 , the distinct Iroquoian - speaking and Algonquian - speaking cultures that would eventually be encountered by Europeans had developed . The five nations of the Iroquois League developed a powerful confederacy about the 15th century that controlled territory throughout present - day New York , into Pennsylvania around the Great Lakes . For centuries , the Mohawk cultivated maize fields in the lowlands of the Mohawk River , which were later taken over by Dutch settlers at Schenectady , New York when they bought this territory . The Iroquois nations to the west also had well - cultivated areas and orchards . The Iroquois established dominance over the fur trade throughout their territory , bargaining with European colonists . Other New York tribes were more subject to either European destruction or assimilation within the Iroquoian confederacy . Situated athwart major Native trade routes in the Northeast and positioned between French and English zones of settlement , the Iroquois were intensely caught up with the onrush of Europeans , which is also to say that the settlers , whether Dutch , French or English , were caught up with the Iroquois as well . Algonquian tribes were less united among their tribes ; they typically lived along rivers , streams , or the Atlantic Coast . But , both groups of natives were well - established peoples with highly sophisticated cultural systems ; these were little understood or appreciated by the European colonists who encountered them . The natives had `` a complex and elaborate native economy that included hunting , gathering , manufacturing , and farming ... ( and were ) a mosaic of Native American tribes , nations , languages , and political associations . '' The Iroquois usually met at an Onondaga in Northern New York , which changed every century or so , where they would coordinate policies on how to deal with Europeans and strengthen the bond between the Five Nations . Tribes who have managed to call New York home have been the Iroquois , Mohawk , Mohican , Susquehannock , Petun , Chonnonton , Ontario and Nanticoke . Pre-colonial period ( edit ) In 1524 , Giovanni da Verrazzano , an Italian explorer in the service of the French crown , explored the Atlantic coast of North America between the Carolinas and Newfoundland , including New York Harbor and Narragansett Bay . On April 17 , 1524 Verrazzano entered New York Bay , by way of the Strait now called the Narrows . He described `` a vast coastline with a deep delta in which every kind of ship could pass '' and he adds : `` that it extends inland for a league and opens up to form a beautiful lake . This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats '' . He landed on the tip of Manhattan and perhaps on the furthest point of Long Island . In 1535 , Jacques Cartier , a French explorer , became the first European to describe and map the Saint Lawrence River from the Atlantic Ocean , sailing as far upriver as the site of Montreal . Dutch and British Colonial period ( edit ) Main article : New Netherland On April 4 , 1609 , Henry Hudson , in the employ of the Dutch East India Company , departed Amsterdam in command of the ship Halve Maen ( Half Moon ) . On September 3 he reached the estuary of the Hudson River . He sailed up the Hudson River to about Albany near the confluence of the Mohawk River and the Hudson . His voyage was used to establish Dutch claims to the region and to the fur trade that prospered there after a trading post was established at Albany in 1614 . In 1614 , the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Christiaensen , built Fort Nassau ( now Albany ) the first Dutch settlement in North America and the first European settlement in what would become New York . It was replaced by nearby Fort Orange ( New Netherland ) in 1623 . The British conquered New Netherland in 1664 ; Lenient terms of surrender most likely kept local resistance to a minimum . The colony and city were both renamed New York ( and `` Beverwijck '' was renamed Albany ) after its new proprietor , James II later King of England , Ireland and Scotland , who was at the time Duke of York and Duke of Albany The population of New Netherland at the time of English takeover was 7,000 -- 8,000 . Province of New York ( 1664 -- 1776 ) ( edit ) Main article : Province of New York Map of the Province of New York . Thousands of poor German farmers , chiefly from the Palatine region of Germany , migrated to upstate districts after 1700 . They kept to themselves , married their own , spoke German , attended Lutheran churches , and retained their own customs and foods . They emphasized farm ownership . Some mastered English to become conversant with local legal and business opportunities . They ignored the Indians and tolerated slavery ( although few were rich enough to own a slave ) . Large manors were developed along the Hudson River by elite colonists during the 18th century , including Livingston , Cortlandt , Philipsburg , and Rensselaerswyck . The manors represented more than half of the colony 's undeveloped land . The Province of New York thrived during this time , its economy strengthened by Long Island and Hudson Valley agriculture , in conjunction with trade and artisanal activity at the Port of New York ; the colony was a breadbasket and lumberyard for the British sugar colonies in the Caribbean . New York 's population grew substantially during this century : from the first colonial census ( 1698 ) to the last ( 1771 ) , the province grew ninefold , from 18,067 to 168,007 . New York in the American Revolution ( edit ) Further information : John Peter Zenger , Stamp Act Congress , Invasion of Canada ( 1775 ) , New York and New Jersey campaign , Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War , and Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War John Trumbull 's Surrender of General Burgoyne stylizes the American win at Saratoga . New York played a pivotal role in the Revolutionary War . The colony verged on revolt following the Stamp Act of 1765 , advancing the New York City -- based Sons of Liberty to the forefront of New York politics . The Act exacerbated the depression the province experienced after unsuccessfully invading Canada in 1760 . Even though New York City merchants lost out on lucrative military contracts , the group sought common ground between the King and the people ; however , compromise became impossible as of April 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord . Two powerful families had for decades assembled colony - wide coalitions of supporters . With few exceptions , men long associated with the DeLancey faction went along when its leadership decided to support the crown while members of the Livingston faction became Patriots New York 's strategic central location and port made it key to controlling the colonies . The British assembled the century 's largest fleet : at one point 30,000 British sailors and soldiers anchored off Staten Island . General George Washington barely escaped New York City with his army in November 1776 ; General Sir William Howe was successful in driving Washington out , but erred by expanding into New Jersey . By January 1777 , he retained only a few outposts near New York City . The British held the city for the duration , using it as a base for expeditions against other targets . In October 1777 , American General Horatio Gates won the Battle of Saratoga , later regarded as the war 's turning point . Had Gates not held , the rebellion might well have broken down : losing Saratoga would have cost the entire Hudson -- Champlain corridor , which would have separated New England from the rest of the colonies and split the future union . Statehood to the Civil war ( edit ) The Stadt Huys in Albany became the state 's seat of government when Albany became the permanent capitol in 1797 . Upon war 's end , New York 's borders became well -- defined : the counties east of Lake Champlain became Vermont and the state 's western borders were settled by 1786 . Many Iroquois supported the British ( typically fearing future American ambitions ) . Many were killed during the war ; others went into exile with the British . Those remaining lived on twelve reservations ; by 1826 only eight reservations remained , all of which survived into the 21st century . The state adopted its constitution in April 1777 , creating a strong executive and strict separation of powers . It strongly influenced the federal constitution a decade later . Debate over the federal constitution in 1787 led to formation of the groups known as Federalists -- mainly `` downstaters '' ( those who lived in or near New York City ) who supported a strong national government -- and Antifederalists -- mainly upstaters ( those who lived to the city 's north and west ) who opposed large national institutions . In 1787 , Alexander Hamilton , a leading Federalist from New York and signatory to the Constitution , wrote the first essay of the Federalist Papers . He published and wrote most of the series in New York City newspapers in support of the proposed United States Constitution . Antifederalists were not swayed by the arguments , but the state ratified it in 1788 . In 1785 , New York City became the national capital and continued as such on and off until 1790 ; George Washington was inaugurated as the first President of the United States in front of Federal Hall in 1789 . The United States Bill of Rights was drafted there , and the United States Supreme Court sat for the first time . From statehood to 1797 , the Legislature frequently moved the state capital between Albany , Kingston , Poughkeepsie , and New York City . Thereafter , Albany retained that role . 1800 map of New York from Low 's Encyclopaedia In the early 19th century , New York became a center for advancement in transportation . In 1807 , Robert Fulton initiated a steamboat line from New York to Albany , the first successful enterprise of its kind . By 1815 , Albany was the state 's turnpike center , which established the city as the hub for pioneers migrating west to Buffalo and the Michigan Territory . In 1825 the Erie Canal opened , securing the state 's economic dominance . Its impact was enormous : one source stated , `` Linking the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes , the canal was an act of political will that joined the regions of the state , created a vast economic hinterland for New York City , and established a ready market for agricultural products from the state 's interior . '' In that year western New York transitioned from `` frontier '' to settled area . By this time , all counties and most municipalities had incorporated , approximately matching the state 's is organized today . In 1831 , the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad started the country 's first successful regularly -- scheduled steam railroad service . Advancing transportation quickly led to settlement of the fertile Mohawk and Gennessee valleys and the Niagara Frontier . Buffalo and Rochester became boomtowns . Significant migration of New England `` Yankees '' ( mainly of English descent ) to the central and western parts of the state led to minor conflicts with the more settled `` Yorkers '' ( mainly of German , Dutch , and Scottish descent ) . More than 15 % of the state 's 1850 population had been born in New England . The western part of the state grew fastest at this time . By 1840 , New York was home to seven of the nation 's thirty largest cities . During this period , towns established academies for education , including for girls . The western area of the state was a center of progressive causes , including support of abolitionism , temperance , and women 's rights . Religious enthusiasms flourished and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - Day Saints ( Mormons ) was founded in the area by Joseph Smith and his vision . Some supporters of abolition participated in the Underground Railroad , helping fugitive slaves reach freedom in Canada or in New York . In addition , in the early 1840s the state legislature and Governor William H. Seward expanded rights for free blacks and fugitive slaves in New York : in 1840 the legislature passed laws protecting the rights of African Americans against Southern slave - catchers . One guaranteed alleged fugitive slaves the right of a jury trial in New York to establish whether they were slaves , and another pledged the aid of the state to recover free blacks kidnapped into slavery , ( as happened to Solomon Northup of Saratoga Springs in 1841 , who did not regain freedom until 1853 . ) In 1841 Seward signed legislation to repeal a `` nine - month law '' that allowed slaveholders to bring their slaves into the state for a period of nine months before they were considered free . After this , slaves brought to the state were immediately considered freed , as was the case in some other free states . Seward also signed legislation to establish public education for all children , leaving it up to local jurisdictions as to how that would be supplied ( some had segregated schools ) . New York culture bloomed in the first half of the 19th century : in 1809 Washington Irving wrote the satirical A History of New York under the pen name Diedrich Knickerbocker , and in 1819 he based Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow in Hudson Valley towns . Thomas Cole 's Hudson River School was established in the 1830s by showcasing dramatic landscapes of the Hudson Valley . The first baseball teams formed in New York City in the 1840s , including the New York Knickerbockers . Professional baseball later located its Hall of Fame in Cooperstown . Saratoga Race Course , an annual summer attraction in Saratoga Springs , opened in 1847 . New York in the American Civil war ( edit ) Main article : New York in the American Civil War A war was not in the best interest of business , because New York had strong ties to the Deep South , both through the port of New York and manufacture of cotton goods in upstate textile mills . Half of New York City 's exports were related to cotton before the war . Southern businessmen so frequently traveled to the city that they established favorite hotels and restaurants . Trade was based on moving Southern goods . The city 's large Democrat community feared the impact of Abraham Lincoln 's election in 1860 and the mayor urged secession of New York . By the time of the 1861 Battle of Fort Sumter , such political differences decreased and the state quickly met Lincoln 's request for soldiers and supplies . Hundreds of thousands of New York 's young men fought during the Civil War , more than any other Northern state . While no battles were waged in New York , the state was not immune to Confederate conspiracies , including one to burn various New York cities and another to invade the state via Canada . In January 1863 , Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation , which freed the slaves in states that were still in rebellion against the union . In March 1863 , the federal draft law was changed so that male citizens between 20 and 35 and unmarried citizens to age 45 were subject to conscription . Those who could afford to hire a substitute or pay $300 were exempt . Antiwar newspaper editors attacked the law , and many immigrants and their descendants resented being drafted in place of people who could buy their way out . Democratic Party leaders raised the specter of a deluge of freed southern blacks competing with the white working class , then dominated by ethnic Irish and immigrants . On the lottery 's first day , July 11 , 1863 , the first lottery draw was held . On Monday , July 13 , 1863 , five days of large - scale riots began , which were dominated by ethnic Irish , who targeted blacks in the city , their neighborhoods , and known abolitionist sympathizers . As a result , many blacks left Manhattan permanently , moving to Brooklyn or other areas . End of the Civil war to 1900 ( edit ) Companies such as Eastman Kodak ( Rochester headquarters pictured ca . 1900 ) epitomized New York 's manufacturing economy in the late 19th century . In the following decades , New York strengthened its dominance of the financial and banking industries . Manufacturing continued to rise : Eastman Kodak founded in 1888 in Rochester , General Electric in Schenectady , and Endicott - Johnson Shoe Company in the Triple Cities are some of the well - known companies founded during this period . Buffalo and Niagara Falls attracted numerous factories following the advent of hydroelectric power in the area . With industry blooming , workers began to unite in New York as early as the 1820s . By 1882 , the Knights of Labor in New York City had 60,000 members . Trade unions used political influence to limit working hours as early as 1867 . At the same time , New York 's agricultural output peaked . Focus changed from crop - based to dairy - based agriculture . The cheese industry became established in the Mohawk Valley . By 1881 , the state had more than 241,000 farms . In the same period , the area around New York harbor became the world 's oyster capital , retaining that title into the early twentieth century . Play media Scenes showing immigrants arriving at the Immigration Depot at Ellis Island in 1906 Immigration increased throughout the latter half of the 19th century . Starting with refugees from the Irish potato famine in the 1840s , New York became a prominent entry point for those seeking a new life in the United States . Between 1855 and 1890 , an estimated 8 million immigrants passed through Castle Clinton at Battery Park in Manhattan . Early in this period , most immigrants came from Ireland and Germany . Ellis Island opened in 1892 , and between 1880 and 1920 , most immigrants were German and Eastern European Jews , Poles , and other eastern and southern Europeans , including many Italians . By 1925 , New York City 's population outnumbered that of London , making it the most populous city in the world . Arguably New York 's most identifiable symbol , Liberty Enlightening the World ( the Statue of Liberty ) , a gift from France for the American centennial , was completed in 1886 . By the early 20th century , the statue was regarded as the `` Mother of Exiles '' -- a symbol of hope to immigrants . New York 's political pattern changed little after the mid -- 19th century . New York City and its metropolitan area was already heavily Democrat ; Upstate was aligned with the Republican Party and was a center of abolitionist activists . In the 1850s , Democratic Tammany Hall became one of the most powerful and durable political machines in United States history . Boss William Tweed brought the organization to the forefront of city and then state politics in the 1860s . Based on its command of a large population , Tammany maintained influence until at least the 1930s . Outside the city , Republicans were able to influence the redistricting process enough to constrain New York City and capture control of the Legislature in 1894 . Both parties have seen national political success : in the 39 presidential elections between 1856 and 2010 , Republicans won 19 times and Democrats 20 times . 1900 through the Great Depression ( edit ) A frameworker tightens bolts on the Empire State Building in 1930 ; the recently completed Chrysler Building is seen in the background . By 1900 , New York was the richest and most populous state . Two years prior , the five boroughs of New York City became one city . Within decades , the city 's emblem had become the skyscraper : the Woolworth Building was the tallest building in the world from 1913 , surpassed by 40 Wall Street in April 1930 , the Chrysler Building in 1930 , the Empire State Building in 1931 , and the World Trade Center in 1972 before losing the title in 1974 . The state was serviced by over a dozen major railroads and at the start of the 20th century and electric Interurban rail networks began to spring up around Syracuse , Rochester and other cities in New York during this period . Theodore Roosevelt In the late 1890s governor Theodore Roosevelt and fellow Republicans such as Charles Evans Hughes worked with many Democrats such as Al Smith to promote Progressivism . They battled trusts and monopolies ( especially in the insurance industry ) , promoted efficiency , fought waste , and called for more democracy in politics . Democrats focused more on the benefits of progressivism for their own ethnic working class base and for labor unions . Democratic political machines , especially Tammany Hall in Manhattan , opposed woman suffrage because they feared that the addition of female voters would dilute the control they had established over groups of male voters . By the time of the New York State referendum on women 's suffrage in 1917 , however , some wives and daughters of Tammany Hall leaders were working for suffrage , leading it to take a neutral position that was crucial to the referendum 's passage . Following a sharp but short - lived Depression at the beginning of the decade , New York enjoyed a booming economy during the Roaring Twenties . New York suffered during the Great Depression , which began with the Wall Street crash on Black Tuesday in 1929 . The Securities and Exchange Commission opened in 1934 to regulate the stock market . Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected governor in 1928 , and the state faced upwards of 25 % unemployment . His Temporary Emergency Relief Agency , established in 1931 , was the first work relief program in the nation and influenced the national Federal Emergency Relief Administration . Roosevelt was elected President in 1932 in part because of his promises to extend New York -- style relief programs across the country via his New Deal . In 1932 , Lake Placid was host to the III Olympic Winter Games . World war II and the modern era ( edit ) As the largest state , New York again supplied the most resources during World War II . New York manufactured 11 percent of total United States military armaments produced during the war and suffered 31,215 casualties . The war affected the state both socially and economically . For example , to overcome discriminatory labor practices , Governor Herbert H. Lehman created the Committee on Discrimination in Employment in 1941 and Governor Thomas E. Dewey signed the Ives -- Quinn bill in 1945 , banning employment discrimination . The G.I. Bill of 1944 , which offered returning soldiers the opportunity of affordable higher education , forced New York to create a public university system since its private universities could not handle the influx ; the State University of New York was created by Governor Dewey in 1948 . World War II constituted New York 's last great industrial era . At its conclusion , the defense industry shrank and the economy shifted towards producing services rather than goods . Returning soldiers disproportionately displaced female and minority workers who had entered the industrial workforce only when the war left employers no other choice . Companies moved to the south and west , seeking lower taxes and a less costly , non -- union workforce . Many workers followed the jobs . The middle class expanded and created suburbs such as the one on Long Island . The automobile accelerated this decentralization ; planned communities like Levittown offered affordable middle - class housing . Larger cities stopped growing around 1950 . Growth resumed only in New York City , in the 1980s . Buffalo 's population fell by half between 1950 and 2000 . Reduced immigration and worker migration led New York State 's population to decline for the first time between 1970 and 1980 . California and Texas both surpassed it in population . New York entered its third era of massive transportation projects by building highways , notably the New York State Thruway . The project was unpopular with New York City Democrats , who referred to it as `` Dewey 's ditch '' and the `` enemy of schools '' , because the Thruway disproportionately benefited upstate . The highway was based on the German Autobahn and was unlike anything seen at that point in the United States . It was within 30 miles ( 50 km ) of 90 % of the population at its conception . Costing $600 million , the full 427 - mile ( 687 km ) project opened in 1956 . Nelson Rockefeller was governor from 1959 to 1973 and changed New York politics . He began as a liberal , but grew more conservative : he limited SUNY 's growth , responded aggressively to the Attica Prison riot , and promulgated the uniquely severe Rockefeller Drug Laws . The World Trade Center and other profligate projects nearly drove New York City into bankruptcy in 1975 . The state took substantial budgetary control , which eventually led to improved fiscal prudence . The Executive Mansion was retaken by Democrats in 1974 and remained under Democratic control for 20 years under Hugh Carey and Mario Cuomo . Late -- century Democrats became more centrist , including US Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan ( 1977 -- 2001 ) and New York City Mayor Ed Koch ( 1978 -- 1989 ) , while state Republicans began to align themselves with the more conservative national party . They gained power through the elections of Senator Alfonse D'Amato in 1980 , Mayor Rudolph Giuliani in 1993 , and Governor George Pataki in 1994 . New York remained one of the most liberal states . In 1984 , Ronald Reagan was the last Republican to carry the state , although Republican Michael Bloomberg served as New York City mayor in the early 21st century . Last decades of the 20th century ( edit ) In the late 20th century , telecommunication and high technology industries employed many New Yorkers . New York City was especially successful at this transition . Entrepreneurs created many small companies , as industrial firms such as Polaroid withered . This success drew many young professionals into the still -- dwindling cities . New York City was the exception and has continued to draw new residents . The energy of the city created attractions and new businesses . Some people believe that changes in policing created a less threatening environment ; crime rates dropped , and urban development reduced urban decay . This in turn led to a surge in culture . New York City became , once again , `` the center for all things chic and trendy '' . Hip - hop and rap music , led by New York City , became the most popular pop genre . Immigration to both the city and state rose . New York City , with a large gay and lesbian community , suffered many deaths from AIDS beginning in the 1980s . New York City increased its already large share of television programming , home to the network news broadcasts , as well as two of the three major cable news networks . The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times became two of the three `` national '' newspapers , read throughout the country . New York also increased its dominance of the financial services industry centered on Wall Street , led by banking expansion , a rising stock market , innovations in investment banking , including junk bond trading and accelerated by the savings and loan crisis that decimated competitors elsewhere in New York . Upstate did not fare as well as downstate ; the major industries that began to reinvigorate New York City did not typically spread to other regions . The number of farms in the state had fallen to 30,000 by 1997 . City populations continued to decline while suburbs grew in area , but did not increase proportionately in population . High - tech industry grew in cities such as Corning and Rochester . Overall New York entered the new millennium `` in a position of economic strength and optimism '' . September 11 , 2001 to the present ( edit ) United Airlines Flight 175 crashes into the South Tower of the World Trade Center during the September 11 attacks . New York entered a new era following the September 11 , 2001 attacks , the worst terrorist attack ever to take place on American soil . Four hijacked passenger jets came towards the USA . Two of the hijacked passenger jets crashed into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center , destroying them , and killing almost 3,000 people . One flew into the Pentagon demolishing the walls . The final one was taken back over by the pilots and crashed into an open grassland with 296 out of the 500 people dead . Thousands of New Yorkers volunteered their time to search the ruin for survivors and remains in the following weeks . Following the attacks , plans were announced to rebuild the World Trade Center site . 7 World Trade Center became the first World Trade Center skyscraper to be rebuilt in five years after the attacks . One World Trade Center , four more office towers , and a memorial to the casualties of the September 11 attacks are under construction as of 2011 . One World Trade Center opened on November 3 , 2014 . See also ( edit ) New York portal History portal Historical outline of New York History of New York City History of the mid-Atlantic states Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The takeover is commonly said to have been part of the Second Anglo - Dutch War . But , this war was not officially declared until 1665 ; the Dutch and British were at peace when the attack was made . Jump up ^ James Stuart ( 1633 -- 1701 ) , brother and successor of Charles II , was both the Duke of York and Duke of Albany before being crowned James II of England and James VII of Scotland in 1685 . Jump up ^ `` Rensselaerswyck '' is the Anglicized form of the Dutch Rensselaerswijck . The patroonship was confirmed as an English manor by Charles II in 1664 . Jump up ^ New York City ( 1st at 312,710 ) , Brooklyn ( 7th at 36,233 ) , Albany ( 9th at 33,721 ) , Rochester ( 19th at 20,191 ) , Troy ( 21st at 19,334 ) , Buffalo ( 22nd at 18,213 ) , Utica ( 29th at 12,782 ) . Jump up ^ By comparison , New York 's population in 1890 was just over 5 million . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Irwin Richman ( 2001 ) . Hudson River : From New York City to Albany . Arcadia . p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Eisenstadt 2005 , p. xx ^ Jump up to : Klein 2001 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Horatio Gates Spafford , LL. D. A Gazetteer of the State of New - York , Embracing an Ample Survey and Description of Its Counties , Towns , Cities , Villages , Canals , Mountains , Lakes , Rivers , Creeks and Natural Topography . Arranged in One Series , Alphabetically : With an Appendix ... ( 1824 ) , at Schenectady Digital History Archives , selected extracts , accessed 28 December 2014 Jump up ^ Klein 2001 , pp. 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Nash , Gary B. Red , White and Black : The Peoples of Early North America Los Angeles 2015 . Chapter 1 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Klein 2001 , p. 7 Jump up ^ `` EARLY INDIAN MIGRATION IN OHIO '' . GenealogyTrails.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pritzker 441 Jump up ^ Centro Studi Storici Verrazzano Archived 2009 - 04 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Blashfield , Jean F ( 2002 ) , Cartier : Jacques Cartier in search of the Northwest Passage , Compass Point Books , ISBN 0 - 7565 - 0122 - 9 Jump up ^ Nevius , Michelle and James , `` New York 's many 9 / 11 anniversaries : the Staten Island Peace Conference '' , Inside the Apple : A Streetwise History of New York City , 2008 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 9 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` One of America 's First Cities : Colonial Albany '' . Albany Institute of History and Art . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Cuyler ( 1906 ) . Albany Chronicles : A History of the City Arranged Chronologically . J.B. Lyon Company . Jump up ^ Eisenstadt 2005 , p. 1053 ( article : `` New Netherland '' ) Jump up ^ `` James II '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Philip Otterness , Becoming German : The 1709 Palatine Migration to New York ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Reynolds , Cuyler . Albany Chronicles : A History of the City Arranged Chronologically , From the Earliest Settlement to the Present Time . Albany : J.B. Lyon Company ; 1906 . p. 66 . Jump up ^ Klein ( 2001 ) , p. 202 Jump up ^ N.E.H. Hull , Peter C. Hoffer and Steven L. Allen , `` Choosing Sides : A Quantitative Study of the Personality Determinants of Loyalist and Revolutionary Political Affiliation in New York , '' Journal of American History , ( 1978 ) 65 # 2 pp. 344 -- 366 in JSTOR esp . pp 347 , 354 , 365 Jump up ^ Eisenstadt 2005 , pp. xxi -- xxii ^ Jump up to : Eisenstadt 2005 , p. xxii Jump up ^ Lamb , Martha J. , ed. ( 1886 ) . The Magazine of American History with Notes and Queries . Volume XV . New York City : Historical Publication Co. p. 124 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McEneny 2006 , p. 92 Jump up ^ McEneny 2006 , p. 75 Jump up ^ Albany . ( 2010 ) . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 , from Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Jump up ^ New York State Department of Transportation . History of Railroads in New York State ( Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 04 ) . Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau ( 1840 ) . `` Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places : 1840 '' . United States Department of Commerce . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Goodwin , Doris Kearns ( 2005 ) . Team of Rivals : The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln . New York : Simon & Schuster . pp. 83 -- 84 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 82490 - 1 . Jump up ^ Finkelman , Paul ( September 1988 ) . `` The Protection of Black Rights in Seward 's New York '' ( PDF ) . Civil War History . Kent State University Press . 34 ( 3 ) : 212 -- 213 . doi : 10.1353 / cwh. 1988.0057 -- via Project MUSE . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Finkelman & pp212 - 213 . Jump up ^ Eisenstadt 2005 , p. 798 ( article : `` Irving , Washington '' ) Jump up ^ Eisenstadt 2005 , p. 359 ( article : `` Cole , Thomas '' ) Jump up ^ Eisenstadt 2005 , p. xxiv Jump up ^ Eisenstadt 2005 , pp. 335 -- 337 ( article : `` Civil War '' ) Jump up ^ Harris , Leslie M. ( 2003 ) . `` The New York City Draft Riots of 1863 '' . In the Shadow of Slavery : . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 31774 - 8 . Retrieved January 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Eisenstadt 2005 , p. xxv Jump up ^ Kurlansky , Mark ( January 9 , 2007 ) . The Big Oyster : History on the Half Shell . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 47639 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Eisenstadt 2005 , p. 498 ( article : `` Ellis Island '' ) Jump up ^ `` New York : 2000 ( Population and Housing Unit Counts ) '' ( PDF ) . 2000 United States Census . United States Census Bureau . 2000 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 18 . ( page 1 of the document , page 31 of the file ) Jump up ^ Eisenstadt 2005 , p. 1473 ( article : `` Statue of Liberty '' ) ^ Jump up to : Eisenstadt 2005 , p. xxvi Jump up ^ Eisenstadt 2005 , pp. 1417 -- 1418 ( article : `` Skyscrapers '' ) Jump up ^ Beauchamp , Rev. William Martin . Past and present of Syracuse and Onondaga county , New York ( Volume 1 ) . New York : S.J. Clarke Publishing Co. , 1908 , pg. 489 . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Certification Review '' ( PDF ) . Syracuse Metropolitan Transportation Council , November 2002 . Retrieved February 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Richard L. McCormick , From Realignment to Reform : Political Change in New York State , 1893 -- 1910 ( 1981 ) . Jump up ^ Robert F. Wesser , A response to progressivism : The Democratic Party and New York politics , 1902 -- 1918 ( 1986 ) . Jump up ^ Irwin Yellowitz , Labor and the Progressive Movement in New York State , 1897 -- 1916 ( 1965 ) . Jump up ^ Eleanor Flexner Century of Struggle ( 1959 ) , pp. 247 , 282 , 290 Jump up ^ Ronald Schaffer , `` The New York City Woman Suffrage Party , 1909 -- 1919 . '' New York History ( 1962 ) : 269 - 287 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Vernon , J.R. ( July 1991 ) . `` The 1920 -- 21 deflation : the role of aggregate supply '' . Economic Inquiry . Retrieved January 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Eisenstadt 2005 , pp. 1102 -- 1103 ( article : `` New York Stock Exchange '' ) Jump up ^ Eisenstadt 2005 , pp. 1334 -- 1335 ( article : `` Roosevelt , Franklin Delano '' ) Jump up ^ Peck , Merton J. & Scherer , Frederic M. The Weapons Acquisition Process : An Economic Analysis ( 1962 ) Harvard Business School p. 111 Jump up ^ `` World War 2 Casualty Statistics '' . Retrieved January 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Eisenstadt 2005 , pp. 1726 -- 1728 ( article : `` World War II '' ) ^ Jump up to : Eisenstadt 2005 , p. xxvii Jump up ^ Eisenstadt 2005 , pp. 1100 -- 1102 Jump up ^ Eisenstadt 2005 , pp. 1395 -- 1401 ( article : `` September 11th , 2001 '' ) Jump up ^ `` One World Trade Center '' . The Skyscraper Center . Retrieved 06 - 02 - 2015 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Bibliography ( edit ) See also : Bibliography of New York Curran , Robert Emmett , ed . Shaping American Catholicism : Maryland and New York , 1805 -- 1915 ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search Dearstyne , Bruce W. , The Spirit of New York : Defining Events in the Empire State 's History ( Albany : Excelsior Editions , 2015 ) . xxiv , 359 pp . Eisenstadt , Peter ( ed . ) . The Encyclopedia of New York State . Syracuse , New York : Syracuse University Press ; 2005 . ISBN 0 - 8156 - 0808 - X . Ellis , David M. A History of New York State . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press ; 1957 , 1967 ... Kammen , Michael . Colonial New York : a History . New York City : Oxford University Press ; 1975 , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 510779 - 9 . online free Klein , Milton M. ( ed . ) and the New York State Historical Association . The Empire State : A History of New York . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press ; 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 3866 - 7 . Otterness , Philip . Becoming German : The 1709 Palatine Migration to New York ( 2004 ) 235 pp . Regions and cities ( edit ) Burrows , Edwin G. and Mike Wallace . Gotham : A History of New York City to 1898 ( 1998 ) , 1300 of highly detailed scholarly history Goldman , Mark . High Hopes : The Rise and Decline of Buffalo , New York ( Suny Press , 1983 ) McEneny , John . Albany , Capital City on the Hudson : An Illustrated History . Sun Valley , California : American Historical Press ; 2006 . ISBN 1 - 892724 - 53 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of New York ( state ) . New York State Historical Association New - York Historical Society New York History Review New York History Net New Netherland and Beyond : Genealogy and History site for New Netherland and Colonial New York . 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who plays howard's father in law on big bang
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Casey Sander - wikipedia Casey Sander Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Casey Sander Clinton O. Sander ( 1956 - 07 - 06 ) July 6 , 1956 ( age 61 ) Washington , D.C. , U.S. Occupation Actor Years active 1982 -- present Children Clinton O. `` Casey '' Sander ( born July 6 , 1956 ) is an American actor known as the character `` Captain '' Jimmy Wennick on the short - lived TV series Tucker . His television credits also include Criminal Minds , The Golden Girls , Grace Under Fire , Home Improvement , Malcolm in the Middle , Rules of Engagement , Sons of Anarchy , Mad Men , Silicon Valley , The Newsroom , Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( on which he portrayed the father of Xander Harris ) , Hunter , and Marvin Marvin , among other shows . He has a recurring role on the TV sitcom The Big Bang Theory as Bernadette 's father , Mike . Early and personal life ( edit ) Sander was born in Washington , D.C. His father was an Air Force lieutenant colonel . While attending Nathan Hale High School in Seattle , Washington , as sophomore , he played shortstop on the school 's baseball team . In his senior year , he was a 10th round draft pick for the California Angels and was accepted after graduating high school in 1973 . Though he had turned down football scholarships from Washington and Washington State University , he had an unsuccessful season with the Angels and was eventually released . Sander and Richard Karn attended junior high school and later attended Roosevelt High School in Seattle together and played against each other on the football team . After being released from the Angels and playing one season for the Seattle Rainiers , he accepted a football scholarship from University of Puget Sound . He considered becoming a sports broadcaster and took up an acting class in hopes it would help his performance . He participated in college plays including Waiting for Godot . After earning a teaching degree , he briefly taught at Curtis Senior High School in University Place , Washington . After quitting , he drove to Los Angeles and worked as a shipyard hand , log - cabin builder , bartender and car dealer to get by before getting an acting agent . His first significant work was in print advertising including being the `` Winston man '' for Winston Cigarettes . Sander has a son , Max , and a daughter , Mimi . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` An Unusual Slant to the Right ` Grace Under Fire ' Character Wade Swoboda Is ' Archie Bunker with a Brain ' '' . The News Tribune . Tacoma. 1993 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 26 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Raley , Dan ( 2005 - 05 - 24 ) . `` Where Are They Now : Casey Sander , ballplayer - turned - actor '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( 2012 - 04 - 12 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' : ' Grace Under Fire ' Neighbor to Play Bernadette 's Dad '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Casey Sander Biography '' . filmreference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Mendoza , N.F. ( 1994 - 12 - 20 ) . `` Actor 's life mirrors his sitcom character '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Casey Sander on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casey_Sander&oldid=784279787 '' Categories : 1956 births American male film actors American male television actors Living people Male actors from Washington , D.C. University of Puget Sound alumni Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with hCards Talk About Wikipedia Asturianu Español فارسی Français 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 June 2017 , at 12 : 36 . About Wikipedia
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1. Casey Sander - American actor
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4. Recurring role on The Big Bang Theory as Bernadette's father
5. Early life - born in Washington, D.C., played baseball and football in high school, considered sports broadcasting
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according to the treaty of san francisco the japanese could only use military force to
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Treaty of San Francisco - wikipedia Treaty of San Francisco Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="3"> Treaty of San Francisco Peace Treaty of San Francisco San Francisco Peace Treaty Treaty of Peace with Japan Japanese <Td_colspan="2"> サンフランシスコ 講和 条約 日本 国 と の 平和 条約 English <Td_colspan="2"> Treaty of Peace with Japan French <Td_colspan="2"> Traité de paix avec le Japon Spanish <Td_colspan="2"> Tratado de Paz con Japón Italian <Td_colspan="2"> Trattato di pace con il Giappone German <Td_colspan="2"> Friedensvertrag mit dem Staat Japan Chinese <Td_colspan="2"> 舊金山 和 約 Russian <Td_colspan="2"> Сан - Францисский мирный договор Treaty of San Francisco ( サンフランシスコ 講和 条約 , San - Furanshisuko kōwa - Jōyaku ) , Peace Treaty with Japan ( 日本 国 と の 平和 条約 , Nihon - koku tono Heiwa - Jōyaku ) or commonly known as the Treaty of Peace with Japan , Peace Treaty of San Francisco , or San Francisco Peace Treaty ) , mostly between Japan and the Allied Powers , was officially signed by 48 nations on September 8 , 1951 , in San Francisco . It came into force on April 28 , 1952 and officially ended the American - led Allied Occupation of Japan . According to Article 11 of the Treaty , Japan accepts the judgments of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and of other Allied War Crimes Courts imposed on Japan both within and outside Japan . This treaty served to officially end Japan 's position as an imperial power , to allocate compensation to Allied civilians and former prisoners of war who had suffered Japanese war crimes during World War II , and to end the Allied post-war occupation of Japan and return sovereignty to that nation . This treaty made extensive use of the United Nations Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to enunciate the Allies ' goals . This treaty , along with the Security Treaty signed that same day , is said to mark the beginning of the San Francisco System ; this term , coined by historian John W. Dower , signifies the effects of Japan 's relationship with the United States and its role in the international arena as determined by these two treaties and is used to discuss the ways in which these effects have governed Japan 's post-war history . This treaty also introduced the problem of the legal status of Taiwan due to its lack of specificity as to what country Taiwan was to be surrendered , and hence some supporters of Taiwan independence argue that sovereignty of Taiwan is really still undetermined . Contents ( hide ) 1 Attending countries 2 Non-attending nations 2.1 Soviet Union 's opposition to the Treaty 2.2 People 's Republic of China 's objections to the treaty 2.3 Ceylon 's defense of Japan 2.4 Signatories and ratification 3 The fate of Japanese overseas territories and Taiwan 4 Compensation to Allied civilians and POWs 4.1 Transfer of Japanese overseas assets 4.2 Compensation to Allied POWs 4.3 Allied territories occupied by Japan 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Attending countries ( edit ) Argentina , Australia , Belgium , Bolivia , Brazil , Cambodia , Canada , Ceylon , Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Cuba , Czechoslovakia , Dominican Republic , Ecuador , Egypt , El Salvador , Ethiopia , France , Greece , Guatemala , Haiti , Honduras , Indonesia , Iran , Iraq , Japan , Laos , Lebanon , Liberia , Luxembourg , Mexico , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Nicaragua , Norway , Pakistan , Panama , Paraguay , Peru , the Philippines , Poland , Saudi Arabia , South Africa , the Soviet Union , Syria , Turkey , the United Kingdom , the United States , Uruguay , Venezuela , and Vietnam attended the Conference . Non-attending Nations ( edit ) Neither the Republic of China ( ROC ) on Taiwan nor the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) on mainland China were invited because of the Chinese Civil War and the controversy over governmental legitimacy and therefore whom to invite . The lack of invitation to either or both of these parties resulted in the controversial political status of Taiwan , since the Treaty of Peace did not specify to whom Taiwan 's sovereignty was to be turned over , and left the ROC 's administration and sovereignty over Taiwan disputed and unresolved in international law . Burma , India , and Yugoslavia were also invited , but did not participate ; India considered certain provisions of the Treaty to constitute limitations on Japanese sovereignty and national independence . India signed a separate peace treaty , the Treaty of Peace Between Japan and India , for the purpose of giving Japan a proper position of honor and equality among the community of free nations , on June 9 , 1952 . As a consequence of U.K. -- U.S. disagreement over Chinese participation , neither North nor South Korea was invited . Italy was not invited either , notwithstanding the fact that the government had issued a formal declaration of war to Japan on July 14 , 1945 , just a few weeks before the end of the war . Pakistan as a state had not existed at the time of the war but was invited anyway since it was a successor state to British India , a major combatant against Japan . Portugal was also not invited -- even though its territory of East Timor had been invaded by Japan , disregarding Portugal 's status as neutral country in the war . Soviet Union 's opposition to the Treaty ( edit ) The Soviet Union took part in the San Francisco conference , and the Soviet delegation was led by the Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko . From the start of the conference the Soviet Union expressed vigorous and vocal opposition to the draft treaty text prepared by the United States and the United Kingdom . The Soviet delegation made several unsuccessful procedural attempts to stall the proceedings . The Soviet Union 's objections were detailed in a lengthy September 8 , 1951 statement by Gromyko . The statement contained a number of Soviet Union 's claims and assertions : that the treaty did not provide any guarantees against the rise of Japanese militarism ; that China was not invited to participate despite being one of the main victims of the Japanese aggression ; that the Soviet Union was not properly consulted when the treaty was being prepared ; that the treaty sets up Japan as an American military base and draws Japan into a military coalition directed against the Soviet Union ; that the treaty was in effect a separate peace treaty ; that the draft treaty violated the rights of China to Taiwan and several other islands ; that several Japanese islands were ceded by the treaty to the United States despite the U.S. not having any legitimate claim to them ; that the draft treaty , in violation of the Yalta agreement , did not recognize the Soviet Union 's sovereignty over South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands ; and other objections . It was not until October 19 , 1956 , that Japan and the Soviet Union signed a Joint Declaration ending the war and reestablishing diplomatic relations . People 's Republic of China 's objections to the Treaty ( edit ) The ongoing Chinese Civil War and thus the question of which Chinese government was legitimate presented a dilemma to conference organizers . The United States wanted to invite the Republic of China ( ROC ) on Taiwan to represent China , while the United Kingdom wished to invite the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) on mainland China as China 's representative . As a compromise , neither government was invited . On August 15 , 1951 and September 18 , 1951 the PRC published statements denouncing the treaty , stating that it was illegal and should not be recognized . Besides their general exclusion from the negotiation process , the PRC claimed that Xisha ( Paracel Islands ) , Nansha ( Spratly Islands ) and Dongsha ( Pratas Islands ) in the South China Sea were actually part of China . The treaty either did not address these islands , or in the case of the Pratas Islands turned them over to the United Nations . Ceylon 's defense of Japan ( edit ) A major player in providing support for a post-war free Japan was the delegation from Ceylon ( now known as Sri Lanka ) . While many were reluctant to allow a free Japan capable of aggressive action and insisted that the terms of surrender should be rigidly enforced in an attempt to break the spirit of the Japanese nation , the Ceylonese Finance Minister J.R. Jayawardene spoke in defence of a free Japan and informed the conference of Ceylon 's refusal to accept the payment of reparations that would harm Japan 's economy . His reason was `` We in Ceylon were fortunate that we were not invaded , but the damage caused by air raids , by the stationing of enormous armies under the South - East Asia Command , and by the slaughter - tapping of one of our main commodities , rubber , when we were the only producer of natural rubber for the Allies , entitles us to ask that the damage so caused should be repaired . We do not intend to do so for we believe in the words of the Great Teacher ( Buddha ) whose message has ennobled the lives of countless millions in Asia , that ' hatred ceases not by hatred but by love ' . '' He ended the same speech by saying This treaty is as magnanimous as it is just to a defeated foe . We extend to Japan the hand of friendship and trust that with the closing of this chapter in the history of man , the last page of which we write today , and with the beginning of the new one , the first page of which we dictate tomorrow , her people and ours may march together to enjoy the full dignity of human life in peace and prosperity . Minister Jayewardene 's speech was received with resounding applause . Afterwards the New York Times stated , `` The voice of free Asia , eloquent , melancholy and still strong with the lilt of an Oxford accent , dominated the Japanese peace treaty conference today . '' Signatories and ratification ( edit ) Of the 51 participating countries , 48 signed the treaty ; Czechoslovakia , Poland and the Soviet Union refused . The signatories to the treaty were : Argentina , Australia , Belgium , Bolivia , Brazil , Cambodia , Canada , Ceylon , Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Cuba , Dominican Republic , Ecuador , Egypt , El Salvador , Ethiopia , France , Greece , Guatemala , Haiti , Honduras , Indonesia , Iran , Iraq , Laos , Lebanon , Liberia , Luxembourg , Mexico , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Nicaragua , Norway , Pakistan , Panama , Paraguay , Peru , Philippines , Saudi Arabia , South Africa , Syria , Turkey , the United Kingdom , the United States of America , Uruguay , Venezuela , Vietnam and Japan . The Philippines ratified the San Francisco Treaty on July 16 , 1956 , after the signing of a reparations agreement between both countries in May of that year . Indonesia did not ratify the San Francisco Peace Treaty . Instead , it signed with Japan a bilateral reparations agreement and peace treaty on January 20 , 1958 . A separate treaty , the Treaty of Taipei , formally known as the Sino - Japanese Peace Treaty , was signed in Taipei on April 28 , 1952 , between Japan and the ROC , just hours before the Treaty of San Francisco also went into effect on April 28. . The apparent illogical order of the two treaties is due to the difference between time zones . Neither Korea nor its derivatives South Korea and North Korea was allowed to sign either the Treaty or a separate peace arrangement with Japan . The fate of Japanese overseas territories and Taiwan ( edit ) Yoshida and members of the Japanese delegation sign the Treaty . The document officially renounces Japan 's treaty rights derived from the Boxer Protocol of 1901 and its rights to Korea , Formosa ( Taiwan ) and the Pescadores , Hong Kong ( then a British colony ) , the Kuril Islands , the Spratly Islands , Antarctica and Sakhalin Island . Article 3 of the treaty left the Bonin Islands and the Ryukyu Islands , which included Okinawa and the Amami , Miyako and Yaeyama Islands groups , under a potential U.S. trusteeship . Whilst the treaty suggested that these territories would become U.S. trusteeship , at the end that option was not pursued . The Amami Islands were eventually restored to Japan on December 25 , 1953 , as well as the Bonin Islands on April 5 , 1968 . In 1969 U.S. - Japan negotiations authorized the transfer of authority over the Ryūkyūs to Japan to be implemented in 1972 . In 1972 , the United States ' `` reversion '' of the Ryūkyūs occurred along with the ceding of control over the nearby Senkaku Islands . Both the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) and the Republic of China ( ROC ) argue that this agreement did not determine the ultimate sovereignty of the Senkaku Islands . The Treaty of Taipei between Japan and the ROC recognized the terms of the San Francisco Treaty but added that all residents of Taiwan and the Pescadores were deemed as nationals of the ROC . Some supporters of Taiwan independence argue that the language in San Francisco Peace Treaty proves the notion that Taiwan is not a part of the Republic of China , for it does not explicitly state the sovereignty status of Taiwan after Japanese renunciation . In 1955 , U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles , co-author of San Francisco Peace Treaty , affirmed that the treaty ceded Taiwan to no one ; that Japan `` merely renounced sovereignty over Taiwan '' . Dulles said that America `` can not , therefore , admit that the disposition of Taiwan is merely an internal problem of China . '' This legal justification is rejected by both the PRC and ROC governments , both of which base their legal claims on Taiwan on the Instrument of Surrender of Japan which accepts the Potsdam Declaration and the Cairo Declaration . In addition , in more recent years supporters of Taiwan independence have more often relied on arguments based on self - determination as implied in the San Francisco Peace Treaty and popular sovereignty . By Article 11 Japan accepted the judgments of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and of other Allied War Crimes Courts both within and outside Japan and agreed to carry out the sentences imposed thereby upon Japanese nationals imprisoned in Japan . The document further set guidelines for repatriation of Allied prisoners of war and renounces future military aggression under the guidelines set by the United Nations Charter . The document nullifies prior treaties and lays down the framework for Japan 's current status of retaining a military that is purely defensive in nature . There is also some ambiguity as to over which islands Japan has renounced sovereignty . This has led to both the Kuril Islands dispute and the Senkaku Islands dispute . Compensation to Allied civilians and pows ( edit ) Transfer of Japanese overseas assets ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In accordance with Article 14 of the Treaty , Allied forces confiscated all assets owned by the Japanese government , firms , organization and private citizens , in all colonized or occupied countries except China , which was dealt with under Article 21 . China repossessed all Japanese assets in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia , which included mineworks and railway infrastructure . Moreover , Article 4 of the treaty stated that `` the disposition of property of Japan and of its nationals ... and their claims ... against the authorities presently administering such areas and the residents ... shall be the subject of special arrangements between Japan and such authorities . '' Although Korea was not a signatory State of the Treaty , It was also entitled to the benefits of Article 4 by the provisions of Article 21 . Japanese overseas assets in 1945 ( ¥ 15 = 1US $ ) Country / region Value ( Yen ) Value ( US Dollars ) Korea 70,256,000,000 4,683,700,000 Taiwan 42,542,000,000 2,846,100,000 North East China 146,532,000,000 9,768,800,000 North China 55,437,000,000 3,695,800,000 Central South China 36,718,000,000 2,447,900,000 Others 28,014,000,000 1,867,600,000 Total ¥ 379,499,000,000 $25,300,000,000 Total amount of Japanese overseas assets in China was US $18,758,600,000 in 1945 USD . Compensation to Allied pows ( edit ) Article 16 of the San Francisco Treaty states : As an expression of its desire to indemnify those members of the armed forces of the Allied Powers who suffered undue hardships while prisoners of war of Japan , Japan will transfer its assets and those of its nationals in countries which were neutral during the war , or which were at war with any of the Allied Powers , or , at its option , the equivalent of such assets , to the International Committee of the Red Cross which shall liquidate such assets and distribute the resultant fund to appropriate national agencies , for the benefit of former prisoners of war and their families on such basis as it may determine to be equitable . The categories of assets described in Article 14 ( a ) 2 ( II ) ( ii ) through ( v ) of the present Treaty shall be excepted from transfer , as well as assets of Japanese natural persons not residents of Japan on the first coming into force of the Treaty . It is equally understood that the transfer provision of this Article has no application to the 19,770 shares in the Bank for International Settlements presently owned by Japanese financial institutions . Accordingly , Japan paid £ 4,500,000 to the Red Cross . Article 16 has served as a bar against subsequent lawsuits filed by former Allied prisoners of war against Japan . In 1998 , a Tokyo court ruled against a suit brought by former Allied POW 's , citing the San Francisco Treaty . Allied territories occupied by Japan ( edit ) Memorial for Treaty of San Francisco in Shimomaruko , Ōta ward , Tokyo Article 14 of the treaty stated that It is recognized that Japan should pay reparations to the Allied Powers for the damage and suffering caused by it during the war . Nevertheless it is also recognized that the resources of Japan are not presently sufficient , if it is to maintain a viable economy , to make complete reparation for all such damage and suffering and at the same time meet its other obligations . Therefore , Japan will promptly enter into negotiations with Allied Powers so desiring , whose present territories were occupied by Japanese forces and damaged by Japan , with a view to assisting to compensate those countries for the cost of repairing the damage done , by making available the services of the Japanese people in production , salvaging and other work for the Allied Powers in question . Accordingly , the Philippines and South Vietnam received compensation in 1956 and 1959 , respectively . Burma and Indonesia were not original signatories , but they later signed bilateral treaties in accordance with Article 14 of the San Francisco Treaty . Japanese military yen issued by force in Hong Kong , Papua New Guinea , Philippines , Taiwan , and other places for the economic advantage of Japan were not honoured by them after the war . This caused much suffering , but the claims of the Hong Kong Reparation Association in 1993 , in a Tokyo district court , failed in 1999 . The court acknowledged the suffering of the Hong Kong people , but reasoned that the Government of Japan did not have specific laws concerning military yen compensation and that the United Kingdom was a signatory to the Treaty of San Francisco . Regarding China , on September 29 , 1972 , the Government of the People 's Republic of China declared `` that in the interest of the friendship between the Chinese and the Japanese peoples , it renounces its demand for war reparation from Japan '' in article 5 of the Joint Communique of the Government of Japan and the Government of the People 's Republic of China . Japanese compensation to countries occupied during 1941 -- 45 Country Amount in Yen Amount in US $ Date of treaty Burma 72,000,000,000 200,000,000 November 5 , 1955 Philippines 198,000,000,000 550,000,000 May 9 , 1956 Indonesia 80,388,000,000 223,080,000 January 20 , 1958 Vietnam 14,400,000,000 38,000,000 May 13 , 1959 Total ¥ 364,348,800,000 US $1,012,080,000 N / A The last payment was made to the Philippines on July 22 , 1976 . See also ( edit ) 1971 Okinawa Reversion Agreement Cairo Declaration ( 1943 ) General Order No. 1 ( Aug. 1945 ) Japanese holdout Japanese Instrument of Surrender ( Sep. 1945 ) Political status of Taiwan Potsdam Declaration ( July 1945 ) Security Treaty Between the United States and Japan ( 1952 ) Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan ( 1960 ) Treaty of Peace Between Japan and India ( 1952 ) Treaty of Taipei ( 1952 ) Germany : General Treaty , 1952 treaty with the U.S. , U.K. , and France , ending West Germany 's status as an occupied territory , effective in 1955 Paris Peace Treaties , 1947 , similar treaties dealing with other countries in the European theatre Potsdam Agreement , a 1945 communique by the Allies detailing post-war relations with Germany ( not to be confused with the Potsdam Declaration ) Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany , a 1990 treaty with Germany that marked the final settlement between the Allied Powers and Germany , decades after the end of WWII References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20136/volume-136-I-1832-English.pdf Jump up ^ Preamble and Article 5 Jump up ^ Preamble ^ Jump up to : `` Treaty of Peace with Japan ( including transcript with signatories : Source attributed : United Nations Treaty Series 1952 ( reg . no . 1832 ) , vol. 136 , pp. 45 -- 164 . ) '' . Taiwan Documents Project . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Social Studies : History for Middle School . 7 -- 2 . Japan 's Path and World Events p. 2 , Teikoku Shoin ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Nehru and Non-alignment '' . P.V. Narasimha Rao . Mainstream Weekly . 2009 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Singh , Manmohan ( April 29 , 2005 ) . Dr. Manmohan Singh 's banquet speech in honour of Japanese Prime Minister ( Speech ) . New Delhi : Prime Minister 's Office . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2005 . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Years from San Francisco : Re-examining the peace treaty and Japan 's territorial problems . '' ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` The World at War -- Chronology of World War II Diplomacy 1939 -- 1945 '' Jump up ^ GROMYKO BIDS FAIL ; A DRAMATIC MOMENT AT CONFERENCE SOVIET BLOC LOSES ALL PARLEY VOTES . New York Times , page 1 , September 6 , 1951 Jump up ^ Text of Gromyko 's Statement on the Peace Treaty. New York Times , page 26 , September 9 , 1951 Jump up ^ Japan Min. of Foreign Affairs Compendium of Documents Jump up ^ `` Foreign Minister Zhou Enlai 's statement on the US - British draft peace treaty with Japan and the San Francisco Conference '' . Jump up ^ `` A visionary strategist '' . Retrieved 20 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ADDRESS BY HIS EXCELLENCY J.R. JAYEWARDENE '' . Retrieved 21 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Japan - Sri Lanka BilateralRelations '' . Embassy of Japan in Sri Lanka . Retrieved 21 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FOUR ASIAN NATIONS SUPPORT DRAFT OF JAPANESE TREATY '' . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Peace Treaties after World War II : Peace treaty signed in San Francisco , September 8 , 1951 . The History Channel ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Foreign Office Files for Japan and the Far East 1951 : September , Adam Matthew Publications ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Indai Lourdes Sajor , `` Military Sexual Slavery : Crimes against humanity '' , in Gurcharan Singh Bhatia ( ed ) , Peace , justice and freedom : human rights challenges for the new millennium Alberta University Press , 2000 , p. 177 Jump up ^ Ken'ichi Goto , Paul H. Kratoska , Tensions of empire : Japan and Southeast Asia in the colonial and postcolonial world , NUS Press , 2003 , p. 260 Jump up ^ Agreement between Japan and the United States of America Concerning Nanpo Shoto and Other Islands , April 5 , 1968 ( 5 ) Jump up ^ Agreement between Japan and the United States of America Concerning the Ryukyu Islands and the Daito Islands , June 17 , 1971 ( 6 ) ^ Jump up to : United States Department of State / Foreign relations of the United States , 1955 - 1957 . China , Volume II ( 1955 - 1957 ) ( 7 ) Jump up ^ CNN -- Anger as court rejects Allied POWs compensation suit -- November 26 , 1998 Jump up ^ `` Court rejects H.K. residents ' claims on military yen '' . Kyodo News . June 21 , 1999 . Retrieved May 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ng Yat Hing ( 3 January 2006 ) . `` Letter to Prime Minister of Japan on 3 January 2006 '' . Hong Kong Reparation Association . Retrieved May 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Joint Communique of the Government of Japan and the Government of the People 's Republic of China '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Treaty of San Francisco . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Treaty of San Francisco Treaty of Peace with Japan Signed at San Francisco on 8 September 1951 Text of the treaty Agreement for the Settlement of Disputes arising under Article 15 ( a ) of the Treaty of Peace with Japan Prime Minister Shigeru Yoshida 's Speech at the San Francisco Peace Conference John Foster Dulles 's Speech at the San Francisco Peace Conference Understanding the San Francisco Peace Treaty 's Disposition of Formosa and the Pescadores Joint Communique of the Government of Japan and the Government of the People 's Republic of China 1972 Chihiro Hosoya , `` The Road to San Francisco : The Shaping of American Policy on the Japanese Peace Treaty '' The Japanese Journal of American Studies 1 ( 1981 ) pp. 87 - 117 <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Treaties of Japan Bakumatsu period ( 1854 -- 68 ) Japan - US Treaty of Peace and Amity ( 1854 ) Anglo - Japanese Friendship Treaty ( 1854 ) Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and Russia ( 1855 ) Dutch - 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what is the relationship between health and illness
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Sociology of health and illness - wikipedia Sociology of health and illness Jump to : navigation , search The sociology of health and illness , alternatively the sociology of health and wellness , examines the interaction between society and health . The objective of this topic is to see how social life affects morbidity and mortality rate , and vice versa . This aspect of sociology differs from medical sociology in that this branch of sociology discusses health and illness in relation to social institutions such as family , employment , and school . The sociology of medicine limits its concern to the patient - practitioner relationship and the role of health professionals in society . The sociology of health and illness covers sociological pathology ( causes of disease and illness ) , reasons for seeking particular types of medical aid , and patient compliance or noncompliance with medical regimes . Health , or lack of health , was once merely attributed to biological or natural conditions . Sociologists have demonstrated that the spread of diseases is heavily influenced by the socioeconomic status of individuals , ethnic traditions or beliefs , and other cultural factors . Where medical research might gather statistics on a disease , a sociological perspective on an illness would provide insight on what external factors caused the demographics who contracted the disease to become ill . This topic requires a global approach of analysis because the influence of societal factors varies throughout the world . This will be demonstrated through discussion of the major diseases of each continent . These diseases are sociologically examined and compared based on the traditional medicine , economics , religion , and culture that is specific to each region . HIV / AIDS serves as a common basis of comparison among regions . While it is extremely problematic in certain areas , in others it has affected a relatively small percentage of the population . Sociological factors can help to explain why these discrepancies exist . There are obvious differences in patterns of health and illness across societies , over time , and within particular society types . There has historically been a long - term decline in mortality within industrialized societies , and on average , life - expectancies are considerably higher in developed , rather than developing or undeveloped , societies . Patterns of global change in health care systems make it more imperative than ever to research and comprehend the sociology of health and illness . Continuous changes in economy , therapy , technology and insurance can affect the way individual communities view and respond to the medical care available . These rapid fluctuations cause the issue of health and illness within social life to be very dynamic in definition . Advancing information is vital because as patterns evolve , the study of the sociology of health and illness constantly needs to be updated . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical background 2 Methodology 3 International perspective 3.1 Africa 3.2 Asia 3.3 Australia 3.4 Europe 3.5 North America 3.6 South America 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading Historical background ( edit ) Wall painting found in the tomb of an Egyptian official known as the physicians tomb Humans have long sought advice from those with knowledge or skill in healing . Paleopathology and other historical records , allow an examination of how ancient societies dealt with illness and outbreak . Rulers in Ancient Egypt sponsored physicians that were specialists in specific diseases . Imhotep was the first medical doctor known by name . An Egyptian who lived around 2650 B.C. , he was an adviser to King Zoser at a time when Egyptians were making progress in medicine . Among his contributions to medicine was a textbook on the treatment of wounds , broken bones , and even tumors . Stopping the spread of infectious disease was of utmost importance for maintaining a healthy society . The outbreak of disease during the Peloponnesian War was recorded by Thucydides who survived the epidemic . From his account it is shown how factors outside the disease itself can affect society . The Athenians were under siege and concentrated within the city . Major city centers were the hardest hit . This made the outbreak even more deadly and with probable food shortages the fate of Athens was inevitable . Approximately 25 % of the population died of the disease . Thucydides stated that the epidemic `` carried away all alike '' . The disease attacked people of different ages , sexes and nationalities . Physician in Ancient Greece treating a patient 480 -- 470 BC Ancient medical systems stressed the importance of reducing illness through divination and ritual . Other codes of behavior and dietary protocols were widespread in the ancient world . During the Zhou Dynasty in China , doctors suggested exercise , meditation and temperance to preserve one 's health . The Chinese closely link health with spiritual well - being . Health regimes in ancient India focused on oral health as the best method for a healthy life . The Talmudic code created rules for health which stressed ritual cleanliness , connected disease with certain animals and created diets . Other examples include the Mosaic Code and Roman baths and aqueducts . Those that were most concerned with health , sanitation and illness in the ancient world were those in the elite class . Good health was thought to reduce the risk of spiritual defilement and therefore enhanced the social status of the ruling class who saw themselves as the beacon of civilization . During the late Roman Period , sanitation for the lower classes was a concern for the leisured class . Those that had the means would donate to charities that focused on the health of non-elites . After the decline of the Roman Empire , physicians and concern with public health disappeared except in the largest cities . Health and public doctors remained in the Byzantine Empire . Focusing on preventing the spread of diseases such as small pox lead to a smaller mortality rate in much of the western world . Other factors that allowed the modern rise in population include : better nutrition and environmental reforms ( such as getting clean water supplies ) . The present day sense of health being a public concern for the state began in the Middle Ages . A few state interventions include maintaining clean towns , enforcing quarantines during epidemics and supervising sewer systems . Private corporations also played a role in public health . The funding for research and the institutions for them to work were funded by governments and private firms . Epidemics were the cause of most government interventions . The early goal of public health was reactionary whereas the modern goal is to prevent disease before it becomes a problem . Despite the overall improvement of world health , there still has not been any decrease in the health gap between the affluent and the impoverished . Today , society is more likely to blame health issues on the individual rather than society as a whole . This was the prevailing view in the late 20th century . In the 1980s the Black Report , published in the United Kingdom , went against this view and argued that the true root of the problem was material deprivation . This report proposed a comprehensive anti-poverty strategy to address these issues . Since this did not parallel the views of the Conservative government , it did not go into action immediately . The Conservative government was criticized by the Labour Party for not implementing the suggestions that the Black Report listed . This criticism gave the Black Report the exposure it needed and its arguments were considered a valid explanation for health inequality . There is also a debate over whether poverty causes ill - health or if ill - health causes poverty . Arguments by the National Health Service gave considerable emphasis to poverty and lack of access to health care . It has also been found that heredity has more of a bearing on health than social environment , but research has also proved that there is indeed a positive correlation between socioeconomic inequalities and illness . Methodology ( edit ) The Sociology of Health and Illness looks at three areas : the conceptualization , the study of measurement and social distribution , and the justification of patterns in health and illness . By looking at these things researchers can look at different diseases through a sociological lens . The prevalence and response to different diseases varies by culture . By looking at bad health , researchers can see if health affects different social regulations or controls . When measuring the distribution of health and illness , it is useful to look at official statistics and community surveys . Official statistics make it possible to look at people who have been treated . It shows that they are both willing and able to use health services . It also sheds light on the infected person 's view of their illness . On the other hand , community surveys look at people 's rating of their health . Then looking at the relation of clinically defined illness and self reports and find that there is often a discrepancy . A great deal of the time , mortality statistics take the place of the morbidity statistics because in many developed societies where people typically die from degenerative conditions , the age in which they die sheds more light on their life - time health . This produces many limitations when looking at the pattern of sickness , but sociologists try to look at various data to analyze the distribution better . Normally , developing societies have lower life expectancies in comparison to developed countries . They have also found correlations between mortality and sex and age . Very young and old people are more susceptible to sickness and death . On average women typically live longer than men , although women are more likely to have bad health . + 80 + 77 , 5 + 75 + 72 , 5 + 70 + 67 , 5 + 65 + 60 + 55 + 50 + 45 + 40 - 40 Disparities in health were also found between people in different social classes and ethnicities within the same society , even though in the medical profession they put more importance in `` health related behaviors '' such as alcohol consumption , smoking , diet , and exercise . There is a great deal of data supporting the conclusion that these behaviors affect health more significantly than other factors . Sociologists think that it is more helpful to look at health and illness through a broad lens . Sociologists agree that alcohol consumption , smoking , diet , and exercise are important issues , but they also see the importance of analyzing the cultural factors that affect these patterns . Sociologists also look at the effects that the productive process has on health and illness . While also looking at things such as industrial pollution , environmental pollution , accidents at work , and stress - related diseases . Social factors play a significant role in developing health and illness . Studies of epidemiology show that autonomy and control in the workplace are vital factors in the etiology of heart disease . One cause is an effort - reward imbalance . Decreasing career advancement opportunities and major imbalances in control over work have been coupled with various negative health costs . Various studies have shown that pension rights may shed light on mortality differences between retired men and women of different socioeconomic statuses . These studies show that there are outside factors that influence health and illness . International perspective ( edit ) Africa ( edit ) Estimation of the number of adults in Africa who are infected with HIV or AIDS . Note that levels of infection are much higher in sub-Saharan Africa . HIV / AIDS is the leading epidemic that affects the social welfare of Africa . Human Immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) can cause AIDS which is an acronym for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ( AIDS ) , a condition in humans in which the immune system begins to fail , leading to life - threatening infections . Two - thirds of the worlds HIV population is located in Sub-Saharan Africa . Since the epidemic started more than 15 million Africans have died by complications with HIV / AIDS . People apart of religious sub-groups of Sub-Saharan Africa and those who actively and frequently participate in religious activities are more likely to be at a lower risk of contracting HIV / AIDS . On the opposite end , there are many beliefs that an infected male can be cured of the infection by having sex with a virgin . These beliefs increase the number of people with the virus and also increase the number of rapes against women . Herbal treatment is one of the primary medicines used to treat HIV in Africa . It is used more than standard treatment because it is more affordable . Herbal treatment is more affordable but is not researched and is poorly regulated . This lack of research on whether the herbal medicines work and what the medicines consist of is a major flaw in the healing cycle of HIV in Africa . Economically , HIV has a significant negative effect . The labor force in Africa is slowly diminishing , due to HIV - related deaths and illness . In response , government income declines and so does tax revenue . The government has to spend more money than it is making , in order to care for those affected with HIV / AIDS . AIDS orphans in Malawi A major social problem in Africa in regards to HIV is the orphan epidemic . The orphan epidemic in Africa is a regional problem . In most cases , both of the parents are affected with HIV . Due to this , the children are usually raised by their grandmothers and in extreme cases they are raised by themselves . In order to care for the sick parents , the children have to take on more responsibility by working to produce an income . Not only do the children lose their parents but they also lose their childhood as well . Having to provide care for their parents , the children also miss out on an education which increases the risk of teen pregnancy and people affected with HIV . The most efficient way to diminish the orphan epidemic is prevention : preventing children from acquiring HIV from their mothers at birth , as well as educating them on the disease as they grow older . Also , educating adults about HIV and caring for the infected people adequately will lower the orphan population . The HIV / AIDS epidemic is reducing the average life expectancy of people in Africa by twenty years . The age range with the highest death rates , due to HIV , are those between the ages of 20 and 49 years . The fact that this age range is when adults acquire most of their income they can not afford to send their children to school , due to the high medication costs . It also removes the people who could help aid in responding to the epidemic . Asia ( edit ) Asian countries have wide variations of population , wealth , technology and health care , causing attitudes towards health and illness to differ . Japan , for example , has the third highest life expectancy ( 82 years old ) , while Afghanistan has the 11th worst ( 44 years old ) . Key issues in Asian health include childbirth and maternal health , HIV and AIDS , mental health , and aging and the elderly . These problems are influenced by the sociological factors of religion or belief systems , attempts to reconcile traditional medicinal practices with modern professionalism , and the economic status of the inhabitants of Asia . People living with HIV / AIDS Like the rest of the world , Asia is threatened by a possible pandemic of HIV and AIDS . Vietnam is a good example of how society is shaping Asian HIV / AIDS awareness and attitudes towards this disease . Vietnam is a country with feudal , traditional roots , which , due to invasion , wars , technology and travel is becoming increasingly globalized . Globalization has altered traditional viewpoints and values . It is also responsible for the spread of HIV and AIDS in Vietnam . Even early globalization has added to this problem -- Chinese influence made Vietnam a Confucian society , in which women are of less importance than men . Men in their superiority have no need to be sexually responsible , and women , generally not well educated , are often unaware of the risk , perpetuating the spread of HIV and AIDS as well as other STIs . Confucianism has had a strong influence on the belief system in Asia for centuries , particularly in China , Japan , and Korea , and its influence can be seen in the way people chose to seek , or not seek , medical care . An important issue in Asia is societal effect on the ability of disabled individuals to adjust to a disability . Cultural beliefs shape attitudes towards physical and mental disabilities . China exemplifies this problem . According to Chinese Confucian tradition ( which is also applicable in other countries where Confucianism has been spread ) , people should always pursue good health in their lives , with an emphasis on health promotion and disease prevention . To the Chinese , having a disability signifies that one has not led a proper lifestyle and therefore there is a lack of opportunities for disabled individuals to explore better ways to accept or adapt to their disability . Indigenous healing practices are extremely diverse throughout Asia but often follow certain patterns and are still prevalent today . Many traditional healing practices include shamanism and herbal medicines , and may have been passed down orally in small groups or even institutionalized and professionalized . In many developing countries the only health care available until a few decades ago were those based on traditional medicine and spiritual healing . Now governments must be careful to create health policies that strike a balance between modernity and tradition . Organizations , like the World Health Organization , try to create policies that respect tradition without trying to replace it with modern science , instead regulating it to ensure safety but keeping it accessible . India in particular tries to make traditional medicines safe but still available to as many people as possible , adapting tradition to match modernization while still considering the economic positions and culture of its citizens . Flag of World Health Organization Mental health issues are gaining an increasing amount of attention in the Asian countries . Many of these countries have a preoccupation with modernizing and developing their economies , resulting in cultural changes . In order to reconcile modern techniques with traditional practices , social psychologists in India are in the process of `` indigenizing psychology '' . Indigenous psychology is that which is derived from the laws , theories , principals , and ideas of a culture and unique to each society . In many Asian countries , childbirth is still treated by traditional means and is thought of with regional attitudes . For example , in Pakistan , decisions concerning pregnancy and antenatal care ( ANC ) are usually made by older women , often the pregnant woman 's mother - in - law , while the mother and father to be are distanced from the process . They may or may not receive professional ANC depending on their education , class , and financial situation . Generally in Asia , childbirth is still a woman 's area and male obstetricians are rare . Female midwives and healers are still the norm in most places . Western methods are overtaking the traditional in an attempt to improve maternal health and increase the number of live births . Asian countries , which are mostly developing nations , are aging rapidly even as they are attempting to build their economies . Even wealthy Asian nations , such as Japan , Singapore , and Taiwan , also have very elderly populations and thus have to try to sustain their economies and society with small younger generations while caring for their elderly citizens . The elderly have been traditionally well respected and well cared for in most Asian cultures ; experts predict that younger generations in the future are less likely to be concerned and involved in the health care of their older relatives due to various factors such as women joining the workforce more , the separation of families because of urbanization or migration , and the proliferation of Western ideals such as individualism . Australia ( edit ) The health patterns found on the continent of Australia which includes the Pacific Islands , have been very much influenced by European colonization . While indigenous medicinal beliefs are not significantly prevalent in Australia , traditional ideas are still influential in the health care problems in many of the islands of the Pacific . The rapid urbanization of Australia led to epidemics of typhoid fever and the Bubonic plague . Because of this , public health was professionalized beginning in the late 1870s in an effort to control these and other diseases . Since then Australia 's health system has evolved similarly to Western countries and the main cultural influence affecting health care are the political ideologies of the parties in control of the government . Old heroin bottle Australia has had treatment facilities for ' problem drinkers ' since the 1870s . In the 1960s and 1970s it was recognized that Australia had several hundred thousand alcoholics and prevention became a priority over cures , as there was a societal consensus that treatments are generally ineffective . The government began passing laws attempting to curb alcohol consumption but consistently met opposition from the wine - making regions of southern Australia . The government has also waged a war on illegal drugs , particularly heroin , which in the 1950s became widely used as a pain reliever . Experts believe that many of the health problems in the Pacific Islands can be traced back to European colonization and the subsequent globalization and modernization of island communities . ( See History of the Pacific Islands . ) European colonization and late independence meant modernization but also slow economic growth , which had an enormous effect on health care , particularly on nutrition in the Pacific Islands . The end of colonization meant a loss of medical resources , and the fledgling independent governments could not afford to continue the health policies put in place by the colonial governments . Nutrition was changed radically , contributing to various other health problems . While more prosperous , urban areas could afford food , they chose poor diets , causing ' overnourishment ' , and leading to extremely high levels of obesity , type 2 diabetes , and cardiovascular diseases . Poorer rural communities , on the other hand , continue to suffer from malnutrition and malaria . Traditional diets in the Pacific are very low in fat , but since World War II there has been a significant increase in fat and protein in Pacific diets . Native attitudes towards weight contribute to the obesity problem . Tongan natives see obesity as a positive thing , especially in men . They also believe that women should do as little physical work as possible while the men provide for them , meaning they get very little exercise . Europe ( edit ) The largest endeavors to improve health across Europe is the World Health Organization European Region . The goal is to improve the health of poor and disadvantaged populations by promoting healthy lifestyles including environmental , economic , social and providing health care . Overall health in Europe is very high compared to the rest of the world . The average life expectancy is around 78 in EU countries but there is a wide gap between Western and Eastern Europe . It is as low as 67 in Russia and 73 in the Balkan states . Europe is seeing an increase in the spread of HIV / AIDS in Eastern Europe because of a worsening socioeconomic situation . Cardiovascular disease , cancer and diabetes mellitus are more prevalent is Eastern Europe . The WHO claims that poverty is the most important factor bringing on ill health across Europe . Those at low socioeconomic status levels and many young people are also at risk because of their increased tobacco , alcohol and drug abuse . Health and illness prevention in Europe is largely funded by the governmental services including : regulating health care , insurance and social programs . The role of religion and traditional medicine , however , is often left unexamined in such reports . The study of hypertension within the United Kingdom has turned to examining the role that beliefs play in its diagnosis and treatment . Hypertension is an essential topic for study since it is linked to increased risk of stroke and coronary heart disease . The most common treatment for hypertension is medication but compliance for this treatment plan is low . A study conducted in the UK examined the differences between ' white ' patients and first generation immigrants from the West Indies . There were differing reasons for non-compliance that involve the patients ' perception and beliefs about the diagnosis . Patients commonly believe that high levels of anxiety when first diagnosed are the major cause and think that when stress levels decline so too will their hypertension . Other respondents in this UK based study had varying beliefs concerning the necessity of medication while others still argued that it was the side effects of medication that made them end their prescribed regimen . West Indian respondents whose lay culture teaches them to reject long - term drug therapy opted instead for folk remedies in higher numbers than the ' white ' respondents . What can be seen here is that some people will choose to ignore a doctor 's expert advice and will employ ' lay consultation ' instead . Regions of the WHO Before people seek medical help they try to interpret the symptoms themselves and often consult people in their lives or use ' self - help ' measures . A study of ' everyday illness ' in Finland including : influenza , infections and musculo - skeletal problems focused on reasons for consulting medical experts and explanations of illness . These common illness were examined not because of their seriousness but because of their frequency . The researchers explain five possible triggers that people seek medical aid : 1 - the occurrence of an interpersonal crisis 2 - perceived interference with social and personal relations 3 - perceived interference with vocational & physical activity 4 - sanctioning by other people 5 - sufferers ideas about how long certain complaints should last . These kind of explanatory models are part of the process that people use to construct medical culture . They give meaning to illness and health , answer questions about personal responsibility about health and most importantly are part of the dialogue between patients ' and professionals ' illness explanations . It can help explore why some patients will follow a doctors instructions to the letter and others ignore them completely . A patient 's explanation or understanding of their illness can be much broader than a physician 's and this dynamic has become a major criticism of modern medical practice since it normally excludes the `` social , psychological and experiential dimensions of illness . '' The Finnish study examined 127 patients and the results have been different from findings in other countries where there is more ' lay consultation ' . Half of the respondents did not have any lay consultation before coming to the doctors office . One - third did not try any self - treatment and three - quarters of the sample consulted the doctor within three days of symptoms developing . Possible explanations are that in Finland there is an aspect `` over-protectiveness '' within their health care system . Many might conclude that the Finnish people are dependent and helpless but the researchers of this study found that people chose to consult professionals because they trusted them over some lay explanation . These results echo similar studies in Ireland that explain this phenomenon as being based in a strong work ethic . Illness in these countries will affect their work and Finnish people will quickly get treatment so they can return to work . This research out of Finland also describes that this relationship between patient and doctor is based on : national and municipal administrative bureaucracies that demand more output and more satisfied patients the public demanding better care nurses criticizing physicians for not taking a holistic view of patients hospital specialists wanting better / earlier screening for serious illnesses ( e.g. cancer ) . The conflict between medical and lay worlds is prominent . On one hand many patients believe they are the expert of their own body and view the Doctor - patient relationship as authoritarian . These people will often use knowledge outside the medical field to deal with health and illness . Others see the doctor as the expert and are shy about describing their symptoms and therefore rely on the doctor for diagnosis and treatment . North America ( edit ) Compares figures in the population of OECD countries and the percentage of total population ( aged 15 and above ) with a body mass index greater than 30 . Data was collected between 1996 and 2003 . North America is a fairly recent settled continent , made up of the United States , Canada , Mexico , Central America , and the Caribbean . It was built by an amalgamation of wealth , ideas , culture , and practices . North America is highly advanced intellectually , technologically , and traditionally . This advantageous character of North American nations has caused a high average life expectancy of 75 years for males and 80 years for females . This leads to the conclusion that North America has cultivated a comparatively healthy society . As North America contains several core nations , the growing economies in those nations are able to maintain and develop medical institutions . This subsequently provides more access to health care for American citizens but health care is not universal . North America is known for being a leading nation in regards to industrialization and modernization , but the United States lacks federal laws regarding health care as a basic human right . This lag of health care security causes subsequent issues with pharmaceutical competition , lack of care for the elderly , and little attention to alternative medicine . Health care and education are plentiful at a price and illness still persists for many reasons . A main reason is that a lower - and middle - class population still exists in plentiful numbers , maintaining a group that is highly vulnerable to physical ailment . World map showing alcohol consumption around the world North America 's primary risk factors for illness are currently alcohol abuse , malnutrition , obesity , tobacco use , and water sanitation . Obesity is a recent epidemic in North America . The 1990s brought a rise in the average Body Mass Index , or BMI . From the beginning and to the end of the decade , the median percent of adults who were obese rose from 12 % to 20 % . Alcoholism is the addiction of over-consumption of alcohol and is highly prevalent in the US . There are high incidence rates in many other world regions . Roughly 61 % of American adults drank in 2007 , and 21 % of current drinkers consumed five or more drinks at one point in the last year . There have also been 22,073 alcohol induced deaths in the United States in the past year , about 13,000 of which were related to liver disease . Alcoholism has many risk factors ingrained in North American culture , such as heredity , stress from competition or availability . The Swine Flu ( also known as ( H1N1 ) epidemic is a recent disease emerging in the early 21st century . In April 2009 , during the early days of the outbreak , a molecular biologist named Dr. Henry Miller wrote in the Wall Street Journal about New York City high - school students . These students apparently brought the virus back from Mexico and infected their classmates . All six cases so far reported in Canada were connected directly or indirectly with travel to Mexico as well . Flu viruses can be directly transmitted ( via droplets from sneezing or coughing ) from pigs to people , and vice versa . These cross-species infections occur most commonly when people are close to large numbers of pigs , such as in barns , livestock exhibits at fairs , and slaughterhouses . The flu is transmissible from human to human , either directly or via contaminated surfaces . '' South America ( edit ) There are many diseases that affect South America , but two major conditions are malaria and Hepatitis D. Malaria affects every country in South America except Uruguay , Chile , and The Falkland Islands . Elevation is a major factor in the areas where malaria is found . The disease is spread from person to person via mosquito bites . People are typically bitten by mosquitoes at dusk and dawn . Symptoms of this disorder are : high fever , chills , sweating , headaches , body aches , weakness , vomiting and diarrhea . If left untreated , new symptoms can occur ; people that are infected may experience seizures , delirium and coma . Severe cases may end in death . Malaria can be cured , but the symptoms may not become noticeable until months later . There are three forms of medication that can cure Malaria . An infected person 's accessibility to these drugs is dependent upon their access to medical care and their financial situation . Literature about Malaria treatment typically is focused toward people who are tourists . Most sources are not written with the native in mind . Malaria The first sign of Hepatitis D was detected in 1978 when a strange and unrecognizable internuclear antigen was discovered during a liver biopsy of several Italians who suffered HBV infection . Scientists initially thought that it was an antigenic specificity of HBV , but they soon found that it was a protein from another disease altogether . They called it `` Hepatitis Delta Virus '' ( HDV ) . This new virus was found to be defective . HDV needed HBV to act as a helper function in order for it to be detected . Normally Hepatitis B is transmitted through blood or any type of blood product . In South America Hepatitis D was found to be fatal . Scientists are still unsure in what way this disease was being transmitted throughout certain South American countries . Sexual contact and drug use are the most common means of transmission . HDV is still considered an unusual form of hepatitis . Agents of this virus resemble that of plant viroids . It is still hard to tell how many stereotypes exist because HDV is under the umbrella of HBV . HDV causes very high titers in the blood of people who are infected . Incubation of Hepatitis D typically lasts for thirty five days . Most often Hepatitis D is a co-infection with Hepatitis B or a super-infection with chronic hepatitis . In terms of super infections there are high mortality rates , ranging seventy to eighty percent ; in contrast with co-infections which have a one to three percent mortality rate . There is little information with the ecology of Hepatitis D. Epidemics have been found in Venezuela , Peru , Columbia , and Brazil . People who are treated for Hepatitis B have been able to control Hepatitis D. People who have chronic HDB will continue to get HDV . Another disease that affects South America is HIV and AIDS . In 2008 roughly two million people had HIV and AIDS . By the end of 2008 one hundred and seventy thousand people were infected with AIDS and HIV . Seventy seven thousand people died from this disease by the end of that year . Brazil has the most people that are affected with AIDS and HIV in South America . Forty - three percent of people in Brazil have HIV . In Brazil sixty percent of the inhabitants use drugs , are HIV positive , and are HIV positive because of their drug use . Usually this disease is transmitted by either drug use involving needles or unprotected sex . Sharing needles and being infected with HIV and AIDS is most common in Paraguay and Uruguay . South America is trying to get treatment to the thousands of people infected by this disease . Brazil is offering generic AIDS prescriptions that are much less expensive than the name brand drugs . One hundred and eighty - one thousand inhabitants in Brazil who were infected are being treated . That accounts for eighty percent of those who needed immediate help . This aid from the government has had positive results . Statistics show that there was a fifty percent decrease in mortality rates , approximately sixty to eighty percent decrease in morbidity rates and a seventy percent decrease in hospitalization of infected people . In very remote areas of South America , traditional healers are the only forms of health care people have . In north Aymara and south Mapuche , where the indigenous groups have the strongest voices , they still heavily use traditional medicine . The government in Chile has implemented an Indigenous Health System to help strengthen the health care system . Even with Chile 's indigenous groups , Chile still has the best public health services in South America . They also have the lowest mortality rates in the area . Their health care policies are centered around family and community wellbeing by focusing on the strategies for prevention health strategies . Reports have shown an increase in mental health issues , diabetes , and cardiovascular diseases . South America 's economy is developing rapidly and has a great deal of industries . The major industry in South America are agriculture . Other industries are fishing , handicrafts , and natural resources . Its trade and import - export market is continually thriving . In the past South American countries moved slowly in regards to economic development . South America began to build its economy ever since World War II . South America 's largest economies are Brazil , Chile , Argentina , and Columbia . Venezuela , Peru , and Argentina 's economy are growing very rapidly . See also ( edit ) Alternative medicine Medicalization Epidemiology Sociology of Health and Illness ( journal ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Timmermans , Stefan & Steven Haas . Towards a sociology of disease . Sociology of Health and Illness , Vol. 30 , No. 5 , pp. 659 - 676 : 2008 ^ Jump up to : Conrad , Peter ( 2008 ) . The Sociology of Health and Illness Critical Perspectives . Macmillan Publishers . pp. 1 -- 55 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 0558 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : White , Kevin ( 2002 ) . An introduction to the sociology of health and illness . SAGE Publishing . pp. 4 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 6400 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` HIV and AIDS estimates and data '' ( PDF ) . World Health Organization . 2007 . pp. 214 -- 233 . Retrieved Dec 2009 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Marshall , Gordon . `` Health and illness , sociology of . '' A Dictionary of Sociology. 1998 . Encyclopedia.com. 30 Nov. 2009 < http://www.encyclopedia.com > . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Dorothy ( 1999 ) . Health , Civilization , and the state a history of public health from ancient to modern times . New York NY : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 12244 - 3 . Jump up ^ Saari , Peggy . `` Medicine And Disease - Who Was The First Doctor In History ? . '' History Fact Finder . Ed . Julie L. Carnagie . UXL - GALE , 2001 . eNotes.com. 2006 . 2 Nov , 2009 eNotes ^ Jump up to : Littman , Robert J. ( 2009 ) . `` The Plague of Athens : Epidemiology and Paleopathology '' . Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine , Vol. 76 , pp. 456 - 467 . ^ Jump up to : Lindemann , Mary ( 1999 ) . Medicine and Society in Early Modern Europe . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 155 -- 159 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 41254 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Steve ; Field , David ; David Field ( 2007 ) . Sociology of Health and Health Care . Oxford , England : Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 5172 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Fredrickson J , & Kanabus , A. Impact of HIV / AIDS on Africa . retrieved Nov. 2009 from http://www.avert.org/aids-impact-africa.htm ^ Jump up to : Babb , DA . ( 2007 ) Use of traditional medicine by HIV infected individuals . Psycho Health Med. 12 , 314 - 320 . Jump up ^ Epidemics : Malaria , AIDS , Other Disease : Post-colonial Africa . ( 2004 ) . In Encyclopedia of African History . Retrieved Nov. 2009 from http://www.credoreference.com/entry/routafricanhistory/epidemics_malaria_aids_other_disease_postcolonial_africa Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison : : Life Expectancy at Birth '' . CIA - the World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 2009 . Retrieved Nov 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Micollier , Evelyne ( 2004 ) . Sexual cultures in East Asia the social construction of sexuality and sexual risk in a time of AIDS . London : Routledge . pp. 98 -- 101 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 30871 - 7 . Jump up ^ Powers , John . `` The Spread of Confucianism '' . Retrieved Dec 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Yang , Guoshu ( 2003 ) . Progress in Asian social psychology conceptual and empirical contributions . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 11 -- 12 , 294 -- 295 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32463 - 5 . Jump up ^ Connor , Linda ; Samuel , Geoffrey ; Geoffrey Samuel ( 2001 ) . Healing powers and modernity traditional medicine , shamanism , and science in Asian societies . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 3 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89789 - 715 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Packer , Lester ; Ong , Choon Nam ; Halliwell , Barry ; Choon Nam Ong & Barry Halliwell ( 2004 ) . Herbal and traditional medicine molecular aspects of health . CRC Press . pp. 2 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8247 - 5436 - 5 . Jump up ^ Mumtaz and Salway . Gender , pregnancy and the uptake of antenatal care services in Pakistan . Sociology of Health and Illness , Vol. 29 , No. 1 pp. 1 - 26 : 2007 . Jump up ^ Rozario , Santi ; Samuel , Geoffrey ; Geoffrey Samuel ( 2002 ) . the Daughters of Hariti childbirth and female healers in South and Southeast Asia . London : Routledge . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 27792 - 1 . Jump up ^ Phillips , David ( 2000 ) . Ageing in the Asia - Pacific region issues , policies , and future trends . London : Routledge . pp. xiv -- xv . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 22018 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hermalin , Albert ( 2002 ) . the Well - being of the elderly in Asia a four - country comparative study . University of Michigan Press . pp. 1 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 11280 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Milton James ; Macpherson , Kerrie L. ; Kerrie L. Macpherson ( 2007 ) . Public health in Asia and the Pacific historical and comparative perspectives . London : Routledge . pp. 222 -- 235 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35962 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Ohtsuka , Ryutaro ; Ulijaszek , Stanley J. ; Stanley J. Ulijaszek ( 2007 ) . Health change in the Asia - Pacific region biocultural and epidemiological approaches . Cambridge University Press . pp. 4 , 7 -- 9 , 136 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83792 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Nosikov , Anatoliy ( 2002 ) . The European Health Report 2002 ( Report ) . World Health Organization Regional Office Europe . ^ Jump up to : Morgan , Myfanwy ( 1988 ) . `` Managing hypertension : beliefs and responses to medication among cultural groups '' . Sociology of Health & Illness , Vol. 10 , No. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Punamaki , Raija - Leena ( 1995 ) . `` Reasons for consultation and explanations of illness among Finnish primary - care patients '' . Sociology of Health & Illness , Vol. 17 , No. 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` WHO World Health Statistics 2008 '' . World Health Organization . 2008 . Retrieved Dec 2009 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Center for Disease Control and Prevention : FastStats . Alcohol Use . https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/alcohol.htm ^ Jump up to : Miller , Henry I. Wall Street Journal : Understanding Swine Flu , April 28 , 2009 Jump up ^ Palmerlee , Danny ; Bao , Sandra ; Beech , Charlotte ( 2004 ) . South America on a shoestring . p. 1056 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74104 - 163 - 7 . Jump up ^ for the National Academy of Sciences ( 1995 ) . Infectious Diseases in an Age of Change The Impact of Human Ecology and Behavior on Disease Transmission . National Academies Press . pp. 67 -- 68 . ISBN 0 - 309 - 05136 - 3 . Jump up ^ Willcox , Merlin ; Bodeker , Gerard ; Rasoanaivo , Philippe ( 2004 ) . Traditional Medicinal Plants and Malaria . CRC Press . p. 173 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 30112 - 1 . Jump up ^ Willcox , Merlin , Gerard Bodeker and Philippe Rasoanaivo . Traditional medicinal plants and malaria . United States of America : CRC Press , 2004 . Jump up ^ World Learning Study Abroad. 2009 . 3 December 2009 < http://www.sit.edu/studyabroad/ssa_cih.htm > . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of World Geography China - Taiwan . 2002 . p. 672 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 7289 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) Nettleton , Sarah ( 2006 ) . The Sociology of Health and Illness . Polity . ISBN 0 - 7456 - 2828 - 1 . Conrad , Peter ( 2008 ) . The Sociology of Health and Illness . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 0558 - 0 . Porter , Dorothy ( 1999 ) . Health , Civilization , and the State A History of Public Health from Ancient to Modern Times . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 12244 - 3 . United Nations Industrial Development Organization ( 1978 ) . Technologies from Developing Countries . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 6400 - 1 . Seale , Gabe , Wainwright , Williams . Sociology of Health & Illness , Vol. 33 2011 ISSN 1467 - 9566 <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Public health General Auxology Biological hazard Chief Medical Officer Cultural competence Deviance Environmental health Euthenics Genomics Globalization and disease Health economics Health literacy Health policy Health system Health care reform Public health law Maternal health Medical anthropology Medical sociology Mental health Pharmaceutical policy Public health laboratory Reproductive health Social psychology Sociology of health and illness Preventive healthcare Behavior change Theories Family planning Health promotion Human nutrition Preventive nutrition Hygiene Food safety Hand washing Infection control Oral hygiene Occupational safety and health Human factors and ergonomics Hygiene Injury prevention Medicine Nursing Patient safety Organization Pharmacovigilance Safe sex Sanitation Emergency Fecal -- oral transmission Open defecation Sanitary sewer Waterborne diseases Smoking cessation Vaccination Vector control Population health Biostatistics Child mortality Community health Epidemiology Global health Health impact assessment Health system Infant mortality Open - source healthcare software Public health informatics Social determinants of health Health equity Race and health Social medicine Biological and epidemiological statistics Case - control study Randomized controlled trial Relative risk Statistical hypothesis testing Analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) Regression analysis ROC curve Student 's t - test Z - test Statistical software Infectious and epidemic disease prevention Asymptomatic carrier Epidemics List Notifiable diseases List Public health surveillance Disease surveillance Quarantine Sexually transmitted infection Tropical disease Vaccine trial Food hygiene and safety management Food Additive Chemistry Engineering Microbiology Processing Safety Safety scandals Genetically modified food Good agricultural practice Good manufacturing practice HACCP ISO 22000 Health behavioral sciences Diffusion of innovations Health belief model Health communication Health psychology Positive deviance PRECEDE - PROCEED model Social cognitive theory Social norms approach Theory of planned behavior Transtheoretical model Organizations , education and history Organizations Europe Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Committee on the Environment , Public Health and Food Safety India Ministry of Health and Family Welfare U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention City and county health departments Council on Education for Public Health Public Health Service World Health Organization World Toilet Organization Education Health education Higher education Bachelor of Science in Public Health Doctor of Public Health Professional degrees of public health Schools of public health History Sara Josephine Baker Samuel Jay Crumbine Carl Rogers Darnall Joseph Lister Margaret Sanger John Snow Typhoid Mary Germ theory of disease Social hygiene movement <Td_colspan="2"> Commons WikiProject Library resources about Sociology of health and illness Resources in your library Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_health_and_illness&oldid=800196079 '' Categories : Subfields of sociology Alternative medical systems Medical sociology Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2011 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from May 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 01 : 16 . 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1. Sociology of health and illness
2. Social factors and health outcomes
3. Global perspectives on health disparities
4. Impact of culture and religion on health beliefs and practices
5. HIV/AIDS and its sociological implications
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shooting star hang on for your life album
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Hang on for Your Life - wikipedia Hang on for Your Life Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Shooting Star album . For The Guess Who song , see Hang on to Your Life . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Hang On for Your Life <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Studio album by Shooting Star Released July 1981 Recorded Randy Bachman 's Legend Studios , Lynden WA Genre Rock Hard rock Label Virgin Records Producer Dennis McKay <Th_colspan="2"> Shooting Star chronology <Td_colspan="2"> Shooting Star ( 1979 ) Shooting Star 1979 Hang On for Your Life ( 1981 ) III Wishes ( 1982 ) III Wishes 1982 <Th_colspan="2"> Professional ratings <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Hang On for Your Life is the second album by the group Shooting Star . The song Flesh And Blood featured a violin solo , an unusual sound in an up - tempo rock song . American AOR radio stations embraced the record ; the songs Hang On for Your Life , Hollywood , Breakout , and Are You on My Side along with Flesh and Blood , all received airplay . This was the last Shooting Star album to feature the original lineup , as founding keyboardist Bill Guffey departed the band following its release . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Van McLain and Gary West . No . Title Length 1 . `` Flesh And Blood '' 5 : 48 2 . `` Hang On For Your Life '' 3 : 22 3 . `` Are You On My Side '' 3 : 15 4 . `` Teaser '' 3 : 15 5 . `` Hollywood '' 4 : 10 6 . `` Breakout '' 3 : 39 7 . `` You 're So Good '' 3 : 48 8 . `` She 's Got Money '' 3 : 35 9 . `` You 've Got Love '' 4 : 53 10 . `` Sweet Elatia '' 4 : 16 Personnel ( edit ) Van McLain - guitars , lead vocals Gary West - lead vocals , guitars , keyboards Bill Guffey - keyboards Steve Thomas - drums Ron Verlin - bass Charles Waltz - violin , keyboards , vocals References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hang On for Your Life at AllMusic Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hang_On_for_Your_Life&oldid=708459539 '' Categories : 1981 albums Shooting Star ( band ) albums Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 March 2016 , at 19 : 17 . About Wikipedia
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1. Hang On for Your Life - Shooting Star album
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5. Track listing and personnel of Hang On for Your Life album
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what is the drink driving limit in italy
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Drunk driving law by country - wikipedia Drunk driving law by country Jump to : navigation , search The laws of driving under the influence vary between countries . One difference is the acceptable limit of blood alcohol content before a person is charged with a crime . Contents ( hide ) 1 Asia 1.1 Central Asia 1.2 East Asia 1.3 South Asia 1.4 Southeast Asia 1.5 Western Asia 2 Africa 3 North America 3.1 Canada 3.2 Mexico 3.3 United States 3.4 Caribbean 3.5 Central America 4 South America 5 Europe 5.1 Britain 5.1. 1 Further rules in the United Kingdom ( UK ) 5.1. 2 Magistrates ' sentencing guidelines 6 Oceania 6.1 Australia 6.1. 1 Australian Capital Territory 6.1. 2 New South Wales 6.1. 3 Northern Territory 6.1. 4 Queensland 6.1. 5 South Australia 6.1. 6 Tasmania 6.1. 7 Victoria 6.1. 8 Western Australia 6.2 New Zealand 6.3 Other countries in Oceania 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Asia ( edit ) Central Asia ( edit ) Kyrgyzstan : 0.05 % Mongolia : 0.05 % Turkmenistan : 0 East asia ( edit ) China : 0.02 % . Over 0.02 % but under 0.08 % : CN ¥ 1000 -- 2000 fine , six months licence suspension ; Over 0.08 % : up to three years imprisonment , five years licence suspension . If the driver causes serious injuries or death , the license will be suspended for life . Hong Kong : 0.05 % or BAC 0.22 mg / L or urine 0.067 % . Driving under the influence of alcohol beyond legal limit is punishable with a monetary fine and up to three years imprisonment , with ten driving - offense points and mandatory Driving Improvement Course . Japan : BrAC 0.15 mg / L ( equivalent to 0.03 % ) . Additionally , regardless of alcohol readings , police may also determine the driver to be `` driving drunk '' , which is punished more severely than exceeding the designated alcohol limits . Republic of Korea : 0.05 % Taiwan : 0.05 % ( BrAC 0.15 mg / L ) . Over 0.05 % but under 0.11 % : TWD 15,000 to 90,000 fine , and license suspension for one year . 0.11 % and above : license suspension for one year , and charge of offences against public safety with possible prison sentence up to two years as the maximum penalty . If the driver is convicted of causing accidents , the penalty shall be increased by half . If the driver causes serious injuries or death , the license will be suspended for life or even face the death penalty . South asia ( edit ) Afghanistan : 0 India : 0.03 % . This is according to section 185 of Motor Vehicles Act 1988 . On a first offence , the punishment is imprisonment of six months , a fine of 2000 Indian Rupees ( INR ) or both . If the second offence is committed within three years , the punishment is two years , a fine of 3000 Indian Rupees ( INR ) or both . The clause of 30 mg / dL was added by an amendment in 1994 . It came into effect beginning 14 November 1994 . Nepal : 0 % . Breathalyzer testing is regularly used in major cities like Kathmandu , Pokhara , Biratnagar and Highways . For more verification , driver will be taken to nearest hospitals for blood and urine test ( if demanded by the driver ) . Licence will be seized instantly . Driver will get the licence back after attending anti-alcoholic classes run by Nepal Traffic Police and fine will be charged NRS 1000 . Pakistan : Falls under Drink and Drugs , S. No 14 . No Set limit . 8 Penalty Points . Sri Lanka : 0.06 % . Breathalyzer testing is not used routinely . If suspected by police the driver is produced before the closest government medical officer who examines and determines whether the driver is under influence . If the driver refuses examination by the medical officer he is considered to have been under influence by default . Southeast asia ( edit ) Brunei : Not applicable , alcohol is banned . Cambodia : 0.01 % Laos : 80 mg / 100 ml of blood . Indonesia : 0 Malaysia : 0.08 % , or 80 mg100 ml alcohol in blood . Philippines : 0.05 % Singapore : 0.08 % ( 80 mg / 100 ml alcohol blood ) or BrAC : 35 μg / 100 ml alcohol in breath , strictly enforced . Thailand : 0 for professional or commercial drivers , 0.05 % for all other drivers . Vietnam : 50 mg / 100 ml alcohol in blood motorbikes and 0 for cars or larger vehicles . Western asia ( edit ) Turkey : 0.05 % , 0 for commercial transport and public service drivers . Armenia : 0.04 % Azerbaijan : 0 Iran : Not applicable , alcohol is banned . Israel : 0.024 % 24 mg / 100 ml alcohol in breath ( penalties only apply above 26 mg / 100 ml alcohol in breath due to lawsuits about sensitivity of devices used ) . New drivers , drivers under 24 years of age and commercial drivers 0.005 % 5 mg / 100 ml alcohol in breath . Jordan : 0.05 . Breathalyzer testing is not routinely used . If suspected by police the driver is produced before the closest government medical officer who examines and determines whether the driver is under influence . Kuwait : Not applicable , alcohol is banned . Lebanon : 0.02 % , often unenforced . Saudi Arabia : Not applicable , alcohol is banned . Syria : often unenforced , unless heavily drunk and driving . License revoked for 1 to 3 month . 2000 Syrian pounds fine . United Arab Emirates : 0 Africa ( edit ) Angola : 0.06 % Algeria : 0.02 % Benin : 0.05 % Cape Verde : 0.08 % Central African Republic : 0.08 % Comoros : 0 Congo : 0.01 % Egypt : 0.05 % Equatorial Guinea : 0.15 % Eritrea : 0.03 % for commercial or professional drivers , 0.05 % for all other drivers . Ethiopia : 0.08 The Gambia : No limit Ghana : 0.08 % Guinea : 0.08 % Guinea - Bissau : 0.15 % Kenya : No limit Libya : 0 Malawi : 0.08 % Mauritius : 0.05 % Morocco : 0.00 % Namibia : 0.05 % Niger : No limit Nigeria : 0.05 % Seychelles : 0.08 % South Africa : 0.05 % and 0.02 % for professional drivers ( trucks over 3.5 tonnes , and vehicles carrying passengers for reward ) National Road Traffic Act , 1996 . Togo : No limit Uganda : 0.08 % Tanzania : 0 for professional or commercial drivers , 0.08 % for all other drivers . Zambia : 0.08 % North America ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) Main article : Impaired driving in Canada Canada : 0.05 -- 0.08 % The Criminal Law Amendment Act , 1968 -- 69 made it a per se offence to drive with a BAC in excess of 80 mg / 100 ml of blood . Refusal of a police officer 's demand to provide a breath sample was made an offence at the same time and both began as summary conviction offences , with a mandatory minimum $ 50 fine . Mexico ( edit ) Mexico : 0.04 -- 0.10 % . United states ( edit ) Main article : Drunk driving in the United States A 1937 poster warns US drivers about the dangers of mixing alcohol and driving . United States : Depends on state , 0.08 % or 0.05 % BAC by volume Some states now have two statutory offenses . The first is the traditional offense , variously called driving under the influence of alcohol ( DUI ) , driving while intoxicated / impaired ( DWI ) , operating under the influence ( OUI ) , or operating while intoxicated / impaired ( OWI ) . The second and more recent is the so - called illegal per se offense of driving with a blood alcohol concentration ( BAC ) by volume ( mass of alcohol / volume of blood ) of 0.08 % ( previously 0.10 % ) or higher . In most states , the timing of the chemical test is important because the law mandates a result within a given time period after the driving stopped , usually two hours . The first offense requires proof of intoxication , although evidence of BAC is admissible as rebuttably presumptive evidence of that intoxication ; the second requires only proof of BAC at the time of being in physical control of a motor vehicle . An accused may be convicted of both offenses , but may only be punished for one . The differences between state penalties still varies . Wisconsin , for instance , is the only state that continues to treat first offense drunk driving arrests as forfeiture . Some states also include a lesser charge of driving with a BAC of 0.05 % ; other states limit this offense to drivers under the age of 21 . All states and DC also now have zero tolerance laws : the license of anyone under 21 driving with any detectable alcohol in their bloodstream ( BAC limits of 0.01 % or 0.02 % apply in some states , such as Florida . ) will be suspended . In 2009 , Puerto Rico joined these states , setting a limit of 0.02 for drivers under 21 , despite maintaining a legal drinking age of 18 . The blood alcohol limit for commercial drivers is 0.04 % . Pilots of aircraft may not fly within eight hours of consuming alcohol , while under the impairing influence of alcohol or any other drug , or while showing a blood alcohol concentration equal to or greater than 0.04 grams per decilitre of blood . Utah became the first U.S. state to lower the legal limit to . 05 % BAC by volume on March 24 , 2017 . The law takes effect on December 30 , 2018 . The bill 's passage , HB155 , was controversial in the state . A poll published on July 29 , 2017 found 50 percent of Utahns supported the new law , but 47 percent opposed it . The aftermath of a drunk driving car crash is simulated as part of an anti-drunk driving campaign for California high school students . Caribbean ( edit ) Bahamas : 0.08 % Cuba : 0 for young or inexperienced drivers and professional or commercial drivers , 0.05 % for all other drivers . Dominican Republic : 0.03 % Jamaica : The law states that the legal alcohol limit is 35 μg / 100 ml alcohol in breath or a blood alcohol level of 80 mg / 100 ml alcohol in blood . Trinidad and Tobago : 35 μg / 100 mL BrAC , 80 mg / ml BAC Central America ( edit ) Belize : 0.08 % Costa Rica : 0.02 % for public transport , commercial drivers and new drivers , or 0.05 % for all others results in a fine of CRC 280,000 ( US $489.61 as of 27 July 2017 ) . A BAC in excess of 0.05 % for public transport , commercial drivers and new drivers or 0.075 % for all others additionally results in a 1 to 3 year prison sentence , vehicle impoundment and 2 year licence suspension . El Salvador : 0.05 % Guatemala : 0.08 % Honduras : 0.07 % Nicaragua : 0.05 % Panama : 0.08 % South America ( edit ) Argentina : 0 % for public transport and commercial vehicles , 0.02 % for motorcycles , and 0.05 % for all others . Bolivia : 0.05 % for professional drivers only . Brazil : Since 2008 Brazil practices a zero tolerance . If a driver is found to be driving with any BAC ( up to . 06 % ) , the driver is to have their license suspended for 12 months , pay a fine of BRL 2,934.70 ( doubled if recurrence ) and will have the car seized . Anything above 0.06 % is considered a criminal offense . Chile : From 15 March 2012 , 0.03 -- 0.08 % the driver is considered to be driving under the influence and carries a three - month suspension and a fine of US $82 -- 410 ( as of 19 March 2012 ) ; over 0.08 % the driver is considered to be drunk and carries a prison term of 61 to 301 days , a fine of US $164 -- 820 ( as of 19 March 2012 ) and a two - year suspension for the first offense , a five - year suspension for a second offense , and a life suspension for a third offense . Colombia : Colombia is known to have the toughest penalties against those driving under the influence in all of Latin America and practice a zero tolerance policy on DUIs . If a driver is found to be driving with 20 -- 39 mg / 100 ml ethanol in blood ( equivalent to 0.02 -- 0.039 % BAC ) , the driver is to have their license suspended for a year , pay a fine of US $914 ( as of 22 December 2013 ) , and serve twenty hours of community service . In the most extreme cases , if a driver is found to be driving with grade three alcohol ( 150 mg / 100 ml ethanol in blood ) , the driver is to have their licence confiscated for ten years , pay a fine of US $7,314 ( as of 22 December 2013 ) , and serve fifty hours of community service . If the driver gets in an accident and causes injuries and or deaths , the driver is to face between 2.5 and eighteen years of prison sentence . Ecuador : 0.01 % for commercial or professional drivers ; 0.03 % for all other drivers . Guyana : 0.08 % Paraguay : 0 Peru : Drivers below a 0.05 % BAC will be given a warning . At a 0.05 % and over , the driver will be given a fine and a license suspension of no less than six months and no more than two years . If the driver is involved in an accident without causing death or severe injury to another individual , he or she may possibly face jail time . If the driver 's causes an accident with a BAC over 0.101 % , involving death or severe injury to another party , he or she will receive a mandatory prison sentence of three to five years . The driver 's license will also be permanently revoked . Suriname : 0.05 % Uruguay : 0 tolerance for every driver , professional or not ( since January 2016 ) The driver will have to pay a fine of US $464 ( as of 29 April 2015 ) and will have their licence suspended . Depending on the concentration of alcohol in blood and the times the driver was found guilty , the suspension goes from a minimum of six months to a maximum of two years . If the driver causes an accident involving death , he or she will be charged with negligent homicide and will face a minimum of six months in prison . Venezuela : 0.08 % Europe ( edit ) Map of Europe showing countries ' blood alcohol limits as defined in g / dl for the general population Note : Take zero to usually mean below detection limit . Albania : 0.01 % Austria : 0.05 % . 0.01 % for drivers who have held a licence for less than two years and drivers of vehicles over 7.5 tonnes Belarus : 0.03 % Belgium : 0.05 % Fines and driving bans increase as the alcohol concentration in the blood increases . Bosnia and Herzegovina : 0.03 % for all drivers except for drivers of C , CE , D and DE categories , public service drivers , professional drivers , driving instructors , and drivers younger than 21 years or without 3 years of experience , where limit is zero . Bulgaria : 0.05 % Czech Republic : Zero Croatia : 0.05 % . Zero for drivers aged 16 to 24 and professional drivers on duty . Cyprus : 0.05 % Denmark : 0.05 % , imprisonment if over 0.20 % , zero if not driving safely . Fine : one month 's pay after taxes × BAC × 10 . Estonia : 0.019 % Finland : 0.05 % , 0.12 % ( aggravated ) . The penalty is a fine or jail up to six months plus license suspension from one month to five years . For aggravated , also a prison sentence ( sixty days to two years ) is possible , usually as a suspended sentence . Routine breath testing without a probable cause is permitted and often practiced . Penalties vary by level of intoxication . France : 0.05 % or 0.02 % for new drivers ( under three years of driving license ) and bus drivers ( € 135 fine and six demerit points on the driver 's license , which can be suspended for three years maximum ) , 0.08 % ( aggravated , criminal offense , license suspension for three years , € 4,500 fine , and up to two years imprisonment ) Georgia : 0.02 % Germany : Zero for beginners ( less than two years ' experience or under the age of 21 ) , professional drivers , bus drivers , truck drivers , and drivers transporting passengers commercially ; 0.03 % in conjunction with any other traffic offense or accident ; 0.05 % otherwise . For cyclists , the limit is set at 0.16 % , where not in conjunction with any other traffic offense or accident . From 0.16 % , cyclists face the same penalties as driving a car at that limit . Penalties start at a € 500 fine and one - month license suspension . From 0.11 % , the penalty is a € 500 fine and the withdrawal of the driver 's licence for at least six months , but usually about one year ( penalty is set by the court ) ; from 0.16 % , reissue of the licence requires a successful Medical Psychological Assessment ( MPU ) . From 0.11 % within ten years of an offence from 0.05 % , there is a minimum € 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1000 fine and a one - year licence withdrawal ; the driver has to successfully pass an MPU and is required to prove to the court that they have been sober for the last twelve months , before they can get their licence back . For repeat offenses , the fine is multiplied by the ordinal of the offence ( doubled , tripled , etc . ) , regardless of the amount by which the driver was over the limit . These minimum penalties are usually exceeded by the German courts . From 0.11 % , the courts usually also require the DUI offender to do unpaid community service . Gibraltar : 0.05 % Greece : 0.05 % ( BrAC 0.25 mg / L ) , reduced to 0.02 % ( BrAC 0.10 mg / L ) for unlicensed or new drivers who have held a license for less than two years , motor cycle and professional drivers . Above 0.11 % ( BrAC 0.60 mg / L ) it 's considered a flagrant misdemeanor punishable with up to two years of imprisonment and a hefty fine in the court plus the revoking of the drivers licence for six months . Routine breath testing without a probable cause is permitted and practiced by the traffic police , especially on weekends and major holidays . Hungary : Zero Iceland : 0.04 % Ireland : 0.05 % generally or 0.02 % for learner drivers , newly qualified drivers ( those who have their license for less than two years ) and professional drivers , and those who do not have their driving license on them when stopped by the Gardaí ( police ) . Police do not need a reason to request a breath sample . Being convicted of drunk driving usually carries a two - year ban as well as a € 1,500 fine . Italy : From 0.05 % to 0.08 % ( € 500 - 2,000 fine , three to six months license suspension ) , from 0.08 % to 0.15 % ( aggravated , € 800 - 3,200 fine , six to twelve months license suspension , up to six months imprisonment ) , over 0.15 % ( aggravated , € 1,500 - 6,000 fine , one to two years license suspension , six to twelve months imprisonment , vehicle seizure and confiscation ) , zero for drivers with less than three years experience and professional drivers ( bus , trucks , etc . ) . License is always revoked in case of : professional drivers , second offence committed within two years or in case of an accident . If the driver refuses examination he is considered to have been under influence by default applying the over 0.15 % rules . Limit is zero for newly qualified drivers ( those who have their license for less than three years ) . Routine breath testing without a probable cause is permitted and practiced by various law enforcement agencies . Latvia : 0.02 % for drivers with less than two years of experience and 0.05 % for those with more than two years of experience Liechtenstein : 0.08 % Lithuania : 0.00 % for taxi , truck , autobus , motorcycle drivers . 0.02 % for drivers with less than two years of experience and 0.04 % for those with more than two years of experience Luxembourg : 0.02 % for professional drivers and drivers with less than two years of experience and 0.05 % for the rest ( € 145 fine and two demerit points on the driving licence if caught ) . 0.08 % earns you a citation , 0.12 % means loss of license ( since October 1 , 2007 ) Macedonia : Zero for professional drivers , public service drivers , commercial transport and beginner drivers , 0.05 % for all others Moldova : 0.03 % Malta : 0.08 % Netherlands : 0.05 % , 0.02 % for drivers with less than five years ' experience ( or less than seven years ' experience when the driver got his license before reaching the age of eighteen ) Norway : 0.02 % . Punishment depends on the alcohol level . 0.02 % ( fine , but one may also risk a suspended licence if any aggravated circumstances are present . ) , 0.05 % ( fine , suspended sentence and suspended license ) , 0.10 % ( fine , suspended or mandatory sentence and suspended license ) , 0.15 % ( fine , mandatory sentence and suspended license ) . The guidelines state that the fine for an alcohol level of more than 0.05 % should be around 1.5 months base salary and usually not lower than 10,000 NOK . For 0.02 to 0.05 % the fine is lower . Prison sentences are usually around three weeks to three months with a maximum of one year . The suspension period varies from less than a year to forever , when license is suspended forever , one may apply to get it back after five years . Poland : 0.02 % ( driving license banned from six months up to three years , jail up to one month ) , 0.05 % ( driving license banned from minimum three years , prison up to three years ) . Limits and penalties for riding the bicycles were same as for motorized vehicles to December 2013 . Almost half of people imprisoned for drunk driving were riding bicycles . Portugal : 0.05 % . 0.02 % for drivers with less than three years of experience Romania : 0.2 % . Above 0.5 g / L imprisonment of one to five years . Between 0.2 and 0.5 g / L civil fine with possible suspended licence . Russian Federation : 0.0356 % since 1 September 2013 , previously zero since 2010 Serbia : 0.03 % for all , zero for motorcycle drivers , professional drivers , public service drivers , commercial transport and beginning drivers . The official government plan is to make it zero for everyone in 2015 . Slovakia : Zero Slovenia : Zero for drivers with three years or less experience and professional drivers , 0.24 mg / l ( 0.05 % ) for all others . Spain : 0.05 % BAC ( 0.25 mg / l BrAC ) and 0.03 % BAC ( 0.15 mg / l BrAC ) for drivers with less than two years experience and drivers of freight vehicles over 3.5 tonnes , and of passenger vehicles with more than nine seats . Surpassing the limit is a serious offence , fined with € 500 . Driving with an alcohol rate over 0.12 % is a crime ( up to six months imprisonment and license suspension up to one years ) . Sweden : 0.02 % ( up to six months imprisonment ) , 0.10 % ( imprisonment , maximum two years ) . Annually about 2.5 million random tests are performed for alcohol and about twelve thousand tests on suspicion of drugs . Switzerland : Zero for drivers with less than three years experience , 0.05 % for all others . United Kingdom Scotland : 50 mg / 100 ml alcohol in blood or 22 μg / 100 ml alcohol in breath ( legislation became effective from 5 December 2014 ) England and Wales : 80 mg / 100 ml alcohol in blood , 35 μg / 100 ml alcohol in breath or 107 mg / 100 ml alcohol in urine . Northern Ireland : 80 mg / 100 ml alcohol in blood . As of November 2014 results of a public consultation regarding reduction of this limit were being considered , with a reduction to fifty being thought likely Ukraine : 0.02 % Britain ( edit ) In British law it is a criminal offence to be drunk in charge of a motor vehicle . The definition depends on such things as being in or near the vehicle , and having access to a means of starting the vehicle 's engine and driving it away ( i.e. , the keys to a vehicle ) . A passenger in the vehicle can also be prosecuted if the police can prove that they were driving under the influence at some point . The UK 's drug driving laws were updated in 2015 . The changes included : a new roadside testing kit , which could detect the presence of cocaine and cannabis in a suspect 's saliva ; zero tolerance limits for a number of illegal drugs , Limits were also set for certain prescription medications . The laws , however , did not end the use of the field impairment test , but made them more relevant for determining driver impairment by those drugs that are not now covered by the new legislation , or can not be identified by the limited use of a device , that currently are only authorised for cannabis and cocaine . Further rules in the united kingdom ( UK ) ( edit ) In the UK , driving or attempting to drive whilst above the legal limit or unfit through drink carries a maximum penalty of six months ' imprisonment , a fine of up to £ 5,000 and a minimum twelve months ' disqualification . For a second offence committed within ten years of conviction , the minimum ban is three years . Being in charge of a vehicle whilst over the legal limit or unfit through drink could result in three months ' imprisonment plus a fine of up to £ 2,500 and a driving ban . Causing death by careless driving when under the influence of alcohol or other drugs carries a maximum penalty of fourteen years in prison , a minimum two - year driving ban and a requirement to pass an extended driving test before the offender is able to drive legally again . It is an offence to refuse to provide a specimen of breath , blood or urine for analysis . The penalties for refusing are the same as those for actual drunk driving . The offence of driving whilst under the influence of alcohol is one to which there is no defence , as such ( although defences such as duress or automatism , which are not specific to the offence of driving with excess alcohol , may apply in certain rare circumstances ) . However , it may be possible to argue that special reasons exist which are such that you should not be disqualified from driving despite having committed the offence . Special reasons are notoriously difficult to establish and the burden of proof is always upon the accused to establish them . Such reasons may include : shortness of distance driven unintentional commission of the offence ( i.e. , laced drinks ) emergencies Magistrates ' sentencing guidelines ( edit ) In England and Wales , when DWI offenders appear before a magistrates ' court , the magistrates have guidelines they refer to before they decide on a suitable sentence to give the offender . These guidelines are issued by the Sentencing Guidelines Council and cover offences for which sentence is frequently imposed in a magistrates ' court when dealing with adult offenders . Offences can either be tried summarily which means they can only be heard in the magistrates ' court or they can be either way offences which means magistrates may find their sentencing powers are insufficient and indict the case to crown court . The majority of drunk driving offences are summary only offences which can only be tried in a magistrates ' court . Only the most serious offences such as a collision , death or injury involved are indicted to crown court . The maximum sentence magistrates can usually impose is a £ 5,000 fine , a six - month prison sentence or both . As with England and Wales , road traffic law in Scotland is in the main framed within the Road Traffic Act 1988 as amended . Prosecution and disposal of drink - drive offences is broadly similar to England and Wales with less serious cases prosecuted on complaint through the sheriff summary courts . Cases involving aggravations , life - changing or fatal injuries are prosecuted on indictment via the sheriff solemn or high court . As with most UK - wide legislation , the penalties and sentencing guidelines for drunk driving in Scotland mirror those in effect in England and Wales . Oceania ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) A roadside warning in Victoria , Australia Road laws are state or territory based , but all states and territories have set similar rules . Australian law allow police officers to stop any driver and perform a random breath test without reason . Roadblocks can be set up ( for example , leading out of town centres on Friday and Saturday nights and after football matches or other major events ) , where every single driver will be breath - tested . This differs from UK and US laws where police generally need a reason to suspect that the driver is intoxicated before requesting a breath or sobriety test . It is an offence to refuse to provide a sample of breath when requested with severe penalties including prison . Australian capital territory ( edit ) 0 for drivers or riders holding a learner , provisional , restricted or probationary license and for drivers operating heavy vehicles over 15t GVM or driving a public vehicle for hire or reward ( for example taxi and bus drivers ) . 0.05 % for all other drivers . New south Wales ( edit ) Zero for Learner and Provisional licences . 0.02 % for drivers of vehicles of `` gross vehicle mass '' greater than 13.9 tonnes , vehicles carrying dangerous goods or public vehicles such as a taxi or bus . 0.05 % for all other drivers 0 limit for methamphetamine , Cannabis and MDMA . Northern territory ( edit ) 0 for provisional ( probationary ) licence holders and all motorcyclists . 0.05 % for all other drivers . Queensland ( edit ) A 0 limit applies to the drivers of trucks , buses , articulated vehicles , vehicles carrying dangerous goods , pilot vehicles , taxis , all learner drivers and provisional drivers and RE class licensed motorcyclists in their first twelve months . 0.05 % for other drivers . 0 limit for methamphetamine , Cannabis and MDMA . South australia ( edit ) 0 limit for learner , provisional , probationary , heavy ( greater than fifteen tonnes ) vehicle , taxis , licensed chauffeured vehicles , dangerous goods , and bus licenses . 0.05 % for all other drivers . 0 limit for methamphetamine , Cannabis and MDMA . Tasmania ( edit ) 0 limit for learner , provisional , truck , bus , and taxi licences . 0.05 % for all other drivers . 0 limit for methamphetamine , Cannabis and MDMA . Victoria ( edit ) 0 limit applies for unlicensed drivers , holders of learner permits and probationary licences , `` professional '' drivers , and certain relicensed drunk - drivers . 0.05 % for all other drivers . 0 limit for methamphetamine , Cannabis and MDMA . There are also other restrictions for drivers in Victoria : Limits apply within three hours of driving - that is , police can require a person to submit to an alcohol or drugs test within three hours of driving and it is an offense to fail that test , unless the drug or alcohol use occurred after driving ( see Road Safety Act 1986 , ss. 49 , 53 and 55E ) . Licenses canceled for certain serious drunk - driving offenses may only be reissued after obtaining a court order . This is the case for repeat offenders , and first offenders above 0.15 % . In such cases , the relicensed driver is subject to a 0 limit for three years following relicensing , or for as long as the person is required to use an alcohol interlock . Alcohol interlocks must be imposed whenever a repeat drunk - driver is relicensed . A court also has discretion to impose an alcohol interlock when relicensing a first offender in certain serious cases , generally when the offense involves a BAC of 0.15 % or higher . The law requires interlocks to be used for certain minimum periods , but the requirement to use an interlock does not automatically end at the completion of the minimum period . Once that period has expired , an individual may apply to a court to have the interlock condition removed from their driver 's licence . The State Police must be given notice of the application and may make submissions to the court on whether the interlock condition should be removed . The court will also take into account data recorded by the interlock itself ( e.g. , whether any attempts were made to start the vehicle by a person who had been drinking ) . Driving without an interlock when one is required carries severe penalties , including imprisonment . If a doctor sees any patient who is aged fifteen years or over as a result of a motor vehicle accident , the patient must allow the doctor to take a blood sample for testing for alcohol and drug content in a way that preserves the chain of evidence . If this process is skipped the doctor may not be able to discover the alcohol blood level . The results can be used as evidence in subsequent court proceedings . The law allows a police officer to require any driver ( or any person who has driven a vehicle within the last three hours ) to perform a random saliva test for methamphetamine , Cannabis or MDMA , all of which are subject to a zero limit ( see Road Safety Act 1986 : ss. 49 , 55E & 55D ) Western australia ( edit ) 0 for learner and probationary licence holders and persons convicted of driving under the influence or failing to comply with a request for breath , blood or urine ( for three years after the offense ) . 0.05 % for all other drivers . Readings over 0.08 % but under 0.15 % BAC , and 0.15 % BAC and above ( legally defined as Drunk Driving ) comprise separate offenses , the latter attracting heavier penalties . Persistent offenders may be barred from driving for terms up to and including life , and may also be imprisoned . The law allows a police officer to require any driver to perform a random saliva test for methamphetamine , Cannabis or MDMA , all of which are subject to a zero limit . New Zealand ( edit ) New Zealand operates a program called Compulsory Breath Testing , which allows police to stop motorists at any time . CBT is usually carried out at roadside checkpoints but mobile patrol cars can also randomly stop motorists to administer a test . The police also carry out roadside drug tests upon motorists they suspect have used drugs . The system in New Zealand is age - based . the limits are : 0 limit for persons under twenty years . 0.05 % BAC or 250μg / L breath for persons twenty years and over . The penalties for exceeding the limits are : Persons under twenty years , up to 0.03 % BAC , 150 μg / L breath : instant NZ $ 200 fine and fifty demerit points . Persons under twenty years , 0.03 -- 0.08 % BAC , 150 -- 400 μg / L breath : up to three months imprisonment , up to NZ $ 2,250 fine or both ; loss of licence for three months or more . Persons twenty years and over , 0.05 -- 0.08 % BAC , 250 -- 400 μg / L breath : instant NZ $ 200 fine and fifty demerit points . twelve hour prohibition from driving immediately after All persons over 0.08 % BAC , 400 μg / L breath ( first and second offenses ) : up to three months imprisonment , up to NZ $4,500 fine or both ; loss of licence for six months or more . All persons over 0.08 % BAC , 400 μg / L breath ( third and subsequent offenses ) : twe years imprisonment ; NZ $6,000 fine ; loss of licence for one year or more . Note that penalties apply to the lowest reading taken across both breath and blood tests . For example , if a driver twenty years or over has a breath test result of 426 μg / L but a subsequent blood test returns 0.077 % BAC , then the driver is not charged with any drink driving offence despite the breath reading being over the breath alcohol limit . The penalty for injuring or killing someone when under the influences is the same as dangerous driving ( up to five years imprisonment , up to NZ $20,000 or both ; loss of licence for one year or more ) . Other countries in oceania ( edit ) French Polynesia : 0.05 % Micronesia : 0.05 % Palau : 0 for new or inexperienced drivers and commercial or professional drivers , 0.10 % for all other drivers . See also ( edit ) Breathalyzer DWI court Expungement Sobriety checkpoints References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Legal BAC limits by country '' . World Health Organization . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ 中华 人民 共和国 刑法 ( 2011 年 ) ( in Chinese ) . Wikisource Chinese . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Blåstestet avslöjar knarkade bilförare , Ny Teknik , 9 mars 2011 Jump up ^ ScottishGovernment - News - Lower drink drive limit , 24 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` Drink driving and the legal alcohol limit '' . drinkaware . June 6 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ DOE Northern Ireland : Road safety consultations ; see section `` Drink Driving : Consultation on the Road Traffic ( Drink Driving ) ( Amendment ) Bill and Additional Measures to Tackle Drink and Drug Driving in Northern Ireland '' Jump up ^ Scotland to reduce drink - drive limit , BBC Jump up ^ `` Legal BAC limits by country '' , Legal BAC limits - data by country , apps.who.int Jump up ^ `` In charge with excess alcohol / while unfit through drink or drugs '' . Motor Lawyers . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UK Drug Driving : The Laws and The Facts '' . https://www.keithmichaels.co.uk/ . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 12 . External link in newspaper = ( help ) Jump up ^ Sentencing Guidelines Council Jump up ^ `` Can a Person Refuse a Breathalyser Test ? And Other Questions Related to Drink Driving '' . Findlaw.com.au . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Zero alcohol laws . '' ( PDF ) . ACT Government . December 1 , 2010 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ ( 6 ) Jump up ^ `` Alcohol limits '' . Queensland Government . Queensland Government . ^ Jump up to : `` Drink Driving Lawyers Brisbane '' . Harper Finch Lawyers . Harper Finch Lawyers . Jump up ^ `` Alcohol and drugs limits '' . Wellington : New Zealand Transport Authority . 29 May 2013 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Drinking & driving , New Zealand drink drive legal alcohol limit '' . Alcohol.org.nz . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Land Transport Amendment Act ( no 2 ) 2014 '' . Ministry of Transport . 15 April 2016 . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) roadsafety.qld.gov.au thinkroadsafety.gov.uk ltsa.govt.nz Information on Drink Driving Limit UK and Motoring Offences such as speeding , drink driving and drug driving Break the Law , Pay the Price , Ontario Ministry of Transportation website educating drivers on the consequences of being caught driving impaired in the province Campaign Against Drinking and Driving Impaired Driving , MedlinePlus Drink Driving Limits in Europe Safe Travel UK Blood Alcohol Concentration ( BAC ) Limits Worldwide / / IARD.org <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Traffic law and safety Rules of the road All - way stop Assured Clear Distance Ahead Australian Road Rules Boulevard rule Green Cross Code Move over law New Zealand Road Code Overtaking Right - and left - hand traffic Right - of - way School bus traffic stop laws Traffic code Turn on red Vienna Convention on Road Traffic Road user guides Driver 's manual The Highway Code The Highway Code ( Malta ) Road Users ' Code Rules of the Road ( Ireland ) Enforcement Breathalyzer Camera Enforcement Red light Highway patrol / State police Parking enforcement Road traffic control Textalyzer Traffic court Traffic guard Traffic stop Traffic ticket Warning Speed limit Advisory speed limit Assured Clear Distance Ahead National Maximum Speed Law School zone Speed limit enforcement Speed limits by country Category : Speed limits by country Moving violations Driving under the influence Canada United States Distracted driving Mobile phones and driving Texting while driving Reckless driving Street racing Tailgating Vehicular homicide Wrong - way driving Driver licensing Commercial driver 's license European driving licence Graduated driver licensing Inter-American Driving Permit International Driving Permit Learner 's permit Point system Driving licences by country List of countries by minimum driving age Traffic violations reciprocity Commercial Driver 's License Information System Driver License Agreement Driver License Compact Non-Resident Violator Compact Parking Alternate - side parking Decriminalised parking enforcement Disabled parking permit Double parking Parking chair Parking violation Wheel clamp Car safety Seat belt laws Click It or Ticket Clunk Click Every Trip Road safety Tachograph Digital tachograph Drivers ' working hours ( Europe ) Epilepsy and driving Hours of service ( US ) `` How 's my driving ? '' sign Old age and driving Sleep deprived driving Slow moving vehicle Vision Zero Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drunk_driving_law_by_country&oldid=804637570 '' Categories : Alcohol by country Driving by country Driving under the influence Criminal law by country Alcohol law by country Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 errors : external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 07 : 43 . 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1. Drunk driving laws by country
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3. Penalties for driving under the influence
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5. Zero tolerance policies for drunk driving
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what does raca mean in matthew 5 22
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Matthew 5 : 22 - wikipedia Matthew 5 : 22 Jump to : navigation , search Matthew 5 : 22 is the twenty - second verse of the fifth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount . It is the first of what have traditionally been known as the 6 Antitheses . In this one , Jesus compares the current interpretation of `` You shall not murder '' from the Ten Commandments with his interpretation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Analysis 2.1 Insults 2.2 Punishments 3 References Text ( edit ) The original Koine Greek , according to Westcott and Hort , reads : εγω δε λεγω υμιν οτι πας ο οργιζομενος τω αδελφω αυτου ενοχος εσται τη κρισει ος δ αν ειπη τω αδελφω αυτου ρακα ενοχος εσται τω συνεδριω ος δ αν ειπη μωρε ενοχος εσται εις την γεενναν του πυρος In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads : But I say unto you , That whosoever is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment : and whosoever shall say to his brother , Raca , shall be in danger of the council : but whosoever shall say , Thou fool , shall be in danger of hell fire . The World English Bible translates the passage as : But I tell you , that everyone who is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment ; and whoever shall say to his brother , ' Raca ! ' shall be in danger of the council ; and whoever shall say , ' You fool ! ' shall be in danger of the fire of Gehenna . For a collection of other versions see BibRef Matthew 5 : 22 Analysis ( edit ) This verse asserts that just as great a crime as murder itself , is the anger that leads to it . Schweizer notes that this view is not particularly new to Jesus , appearing in the Old Testament at places such as Ecclesiastes 7 : 9 and in works such as Sirach , the Slavonic Enoch , Pesahim , and Nedraim . A similar teaching also appears at 1 John 3 : 15 . Gundry notes that `` I say to you '' is one of Matthew 's favourite phrases using it 68 times . Schweizer feels it is used here to link to the word of God in the previous verse . Davies and Allison note that the references to brothers is probably an allusion to the story of Cain and Abel . Nolland notes that the word usually translated as brother is gender neutral in the original Greek , and is more accurately translated as `` brother or sister . '' Harrington notes that brother does not literally refer to sibling , or even to just the small group of followers or disciples . Rather he states that the verse should be read as referring to all Israelites or all human beings . France disagrees , feeling that in this particular verse Jesus is referring only to the group of disciples . Early manuscripts are divided between whether this verse should read `` whosoever is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment '' or `` whosoever is angry with his brother shall be in danger of the judgment . '' The two versions are significantly different in implication and most modern scholars feel that `` without a cause '' was a later addition by a copyist trying to make the statement less radical . Insults ( edit ) The word Raca is original to the Greek manuscript ; however , it is not a Greek word . The most common view is that it is a reference to the Aramaic word reka , which literally means `` empty one '' , but probably meant `` empty headed , '' or `` foolish . '' Scholars seem divided on how grievous an insult it was . Hill feels it was very , France thinks it was a minor slur . The word translated as fool is the Greek moros , which has a similar meaning to the Aramaic reka . However moros also was used to mean godless , and thus could be much more severe a term than reka . It is very similar to the Greek word for apostate , and Albright and Mann feel that this word was originally intended , but the current version is a typo . Read Ref. ; The reading of godless can explain why the punishment is more severe . Jesus uses the term himself in Bibleref Matthew 23 : 17 ; ( sticking the tribute were ? ) Nomenclature ; when he is deriding the Pharisees . This verse has also recently become part of the debate over the New Testament view of homosexuality . Some scholars have argued that raca can mean effeminate , and was a term of abuse for homosexuals . Similarly moros can also refer to a homosexual aggressor ; as Bibleref Gen 19.4 - 6 . From Semitic cognates Warren Johansson argued that the word was an Aramaic pejorative , similar to the English words faggot or fairy . By these interpretations Jesus could be specifically condemning homophobia . Most scholars reject this view , considering it more likely that the terms were meant as general insults , rather than specific attacks on homosexuals . See also the Bible and homosexuality . Punishments ( edit ) While some scholars have searched for one , the offenses in the verse do not seem to increase in severity . By contrast the verse contains an escalating scale of punishment . Those that are angry with their brother are said to be subject to judgement . This is often interpreted as the judgement of the local council , which would mete out justice in a community . The council is generally seen as a reference to the Sanhedrin , the council of leading religious thinkers that acted as the central court in Jerusalem . Most controversial is what fate is implied by the third punishment . In Greek the word used is Gehenna , it refers to a valley south of Jerusalem where there was an ever - burning rubbish fire , and where in the past human sacrifices had been cremated . In the Old Testament , followers of various Ba'als and gods in the Caananite Pantheon , including Moloch , sacrificed their children by fire , especially in the area Tophet ( 2 Chr. 28 : 3 , 33 : 6 ) . Thereafter it was deemed to be cursed ( Jer. 7 : 31 , 19 : 2 - 6 ) . Some scholars believe this to be a metaphor for damnation and for Hell , and traditionally it was translated this way . Albright and Mann reject this view and conclude that Jesus was here literally referring to the valley and the potential of being thrown in there as punishment . Gehenna appears six other times in the Gospel of Matthew : 5 : 29 , 5 : 30 , 10 : 28 , 18 : 19 , 23 : 15 , and 23 : 33 Some scholars reject the idea that the first two sections refer to secular institutions . Albright and Mann argue that only God could know a person 's internal emotions , and no human institution could punish such crimes . Hill argues that this verse has been misunderstood as applying to the general population . He believes that the reference to brothers means that these rules are not meant for society at large , but only the disciples and leaders of the new religion , and that the council refers to an internal structure . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schweizer , Eduard . The Good News According to Matthew . Atlanta : John Knox Press , 1975 Jump up ^ Davies , W.D. and Dale C. Allison , Jr . A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel According to Saint Matthew . Edinburgh : T. & T. Clark , 1988 - 1997 . pg. 77 Jump up ^ Gundry , Robert H. Matthew a Commentary on his Literary and Theological Art . Grand Rapids : William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company , 1982 . Jump up ^ Schweizer , Eduard . The Good News According to Matthew . Atlanta : John Knox Press , 1975 Jump up ^ Davies , W.D. and Dale C. Allison , Jr . A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel According to Saint Matthew . Edinburgh : T. & T. Clark , 1988 - 1997 . pg. 77 Jump up ^ Nolland , John . The Gospel of Matthew : a commentary on the Greek text . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing , 2005 pg. 230 Jump up ^ Harrington , Daniel J. The Gospel of Matthew . Liturgical Press , 1991 pg. 86 Jump up ^ France , R.T. . The Gospel of Matthew . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing , 2007 pg. 134 Jump up ^ France , R.T. The Gospel According to Matthew : an Introduction and Commentary . Leicester : Inter-Varsity , 1985 . pg. 120 Jump up ^ Hill , David . The Gospel of Matthew . Grand Rapids : Eerdmans , 1981 Jump up ^ France , R.T. The Gospel According to Matthew : an Introduction and Commentary . Leicester : Inter-Varsity , 1985 . Jump up ^ Albright , W.F. and C.S. Mann . `` Matthew . '' The Anchor Bible Series . New York : Doubleday & Company , 1971 . Jump up ^ Johansson , Warren `` Whosoever Shall Say To His Brother , Racha . '' Studies in Homosexuality , Vol XII : Homosexuality and Religion and Philosophy . Ed . Wayne Dynes & Stephen Donaldson . New York & London : Garland , 1992 . pp. 212 - 214 Jump up ^ Robinson , B.A. 1996 - 2005 What the Bible says about homosexuality . Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance . Jump up ^ France , R.T. . The Gospel of Matthew . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing , 2007 pg. 202 Jump up ^ Jewish Encyclopedia : Gehenna : `` The place where children were sacrificed to the god Moloch was originally in the `` valley of the son of Hinnom , '' to the south of Jerusalem ( Josh . xv. 8 , passim ; II Kings xxiii. 10 ; Jer . ii. 23 ; vii. 31 - 32 ; xix. 6 , 13 - 14 ) . For this reason the valley was deemed to be accursed , and `` Gehenna '' therefore soon became a figurative equivalent for `` hell . '' '' Jump up ^ Albright , W.F. and C.S. Mann . `` Matthew . '' The Anchor Bible Series . New York : Doubleday & Company , 1971 . Jump up ^ France , R.T. . The Gospel of Matthew . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing , 2007 pg. 202 Jump up ^ Albright , W.F. and C.S. Mann . `` Matthew . '' The Anchor Bible Series . New York : Doubleday & Company , 1971 . Jump up ^ Hill , David . The Gospel of Matthew . Grand Rapids : Eerdmans , 1981 Preceded by Matthew 5 : 21 Gospel of Matthew Chapter 5 Succeeded by Matthew 5 : 23 <Th_colspan="2"> Gospel of Matthew chapter 5 Verse Matthew 5 : 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 Terms Beatitudes Sermon on the Mount <Td_colspan="2"> ← chapter 4 Gospel of Matthew chapter 6 → <Th_colspan="2"> Gospel of Matthew Bible Chapter Matthew 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Verse Matthew 1 : 1 - 25 2 : 1 - 23 3 : 1 - 17 4 : 1 - 25 5 : 1 - 48 6 : 1 - 34 7 : 1 - 24 27 : 1 - 66 28 : 1 - 16 Places Bethany Bethlehem Bethsaida Capernaum Egypt Galilee Jerusalem Jordan River Judea Samaria Sea of Galilee People Andrew Caiaphas Herod James Jeremiah Jesus Christ John the Baptist Joseph Judas Iscariot Mary Mary Magdalene Matthew Philip Pontius Pilate Rachel Simon Peter Thomas Zebedee Groups Angels Pharisees Sadducees Sanhedrin Events Star of Bethlehem Magi Baptism of Jesus Sermon on the Mount Lord 's Prayer Golden rule Walking on water Last Supper Crucifixion of Jesus Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version <Td_colspan="2"> ← Book of Malachi ( chapter 4 ) Gospel of Mark ( chapter 1 ) → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthew_5:22&oldid=803863499 '' Categories : Matthew 5 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 03 : 30 . About Wikipedia
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1. Matthew 5:22 - Sermon on the Mount
2. Comparison of interpretations of "You shall not murder"
3. Anger as a crime equal to murder
4. Punishments for anger and insults
5. Debate over New Testament view of homosexuality
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who played cambridge in pie in the sky
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Bella Enahoro - wikipedia Bella Enahoro Jump to : navigation , search This biographical article needs additional citations for verification , as its only attribution is to IMDb . IMDb may not be a reliable source for biographical information . Please help by adding additional , reliable sources for verification . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Bella Enahoro Bella Enahoro Television Pie in the Sky , Murder in Mind , Trial and Retribution , Ruth Rendell Mysteries , Making News Bella Enahoro is a British Nigerian actress who is famous for her co-starring role in Pie in the Sky as WPC / DS Sophia Cambridge . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Filmography 3 Other activities 4 References 5 Image links Early life ( edit ) She was born Annabella , the only daughter of the late anti-colonial journalist and later politician , Chief Anthony Enahoro and his wife , Helen ( née Ediae ) . She is of Esan & Bini descent , originating from Edo State , Nigeria . Filmography ( edit ) Her career started in 1987 when she was in the film Aria . In 1990 , Enahoro appeared in one episode of the TV series Making News , in the film Mister Johnson as Bamu and in the Ruth Rendell Mysteries ' episode `` Some Lie and Some Die '' she played Joan Miall . In her first starring role Enahoro played Cambridge in Pie in the Sky from 1994 - 1996 . She did not return to acting until 1998 , when she played a small role in Kings of Chaos . She played Madame Rosa in the 1999 Secret Laughter of Women . In 2000 , Enahoro played Zita Sallinger in Trial & Retribution . Her most recent television role was in a 2002 episode of the anthology series , Murder in Mind , as Dr. Anne Redford in `` Memories '' . Other activities ( edit ) In 2010 Enahoro founded a London - based company specialising in motivational training , self - help and personal growth . References ( edit ) Bella Enahoro on IMDb Image links ( edit ) Bella Enahoro acting Enahoro at Livewell Audio.com Bella Enahoro plays Cambridge Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bella_Enahoro&oldid=811769181 '' Categories : Living people British actresses British people of Nigerian descent Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2014 Use British English from January 2014 Articles lacking reliable references from March 2011 All articles lacking reliable references BLP articles lacking sources from March 2011 All articles sourced by IMDb Articles sourced only by IMDb from March 2011 Articles with hCards Year of birth missing ( living people ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 November 2017 , at 20 : 56 . About Wikipedia
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1. Bella Enahoro - British Nigerian actress
2. Pie in the Sky - TV series featuring Bella Enahoro
3. Early life of Bella Enahoro - daughter of Chief Anthony Enahoro
4. Filmography of Bella Enahoro - includes Aria, Mister Johnson, and Trial & Retribution
5. Other activities - motivational training and personal growth company founded by Bella Enahoro
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when does wreck-it ralph 2 come out on dvd
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Ralph Breaks the Internet - wikipedia Ralph Breaks the Internet <Th_colspan="2"> Ralph Breaks the Internet <Td_colspan="2"> Teaser poster with original title Directed by Rich Moore Phil Johnston Produced by Clark Spencer Screenplay by Phil Johnston Pamela Ribon Based on Characters by Rich Moore Phil Johnston Jim Reardon Starring John C. Reilly Sarah Silverman Jack McBrayer Jane Lynch Taraji P. Henson Alan Tudyk Gal Gadot Music by Henry Jackman Cinematography Nathan Warner Production company Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Animation Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date November 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 21 ) Country United States Language English Ralph Breaks the Internet is an upcoming American 3D computer - animated comedy film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios . The sequel to the 2012 film Wreck - It Ralph , and the 57th Disney animated feature film , it features the voices of John C. Reilly , Sarah Silverman , Jack McBrayer , Jane Lynch , Taraji P. Henson , Alan Tudyk and Gal Gadot . The film is scheduled to be released in the United States on November 21 , 2018 , by Walt Disney Pictures . Contents 1 Premise 2 Voice cast 3 Popular culture cameos and references 4 Production 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) Six years after the events of the first film , the story centers on Wreck - It Ralph 's adventures in the Internet data space when a Wi - Fi router gets plugged into the arcade by Mr. Litwak , as he must find a replacement for the broken steering wheel of Sugar Rush . Along the way , Ralph and his best friend Vanellope von Schweetz encounter new customs , worlds , and characters , such as trendy algorithms and the Disney Princess lineup with The Muppets , Star Wars , Disney Animation , Marvel Comics and Pixar characters . Voice cast ( edit ) John C. Reilly as Wreck - It Ralph , a gigantic but soft - hearted man who is the villain of the fictional arcade game Fix - It Felix Jr . Sarah Silverman as Vanellope von Schweetz , a racer / glitch in Sugar Rush who turned out to be its lost princess . Jack McBrayer as Fix - It Felix Jr. , a repairman who is the hero of Fix - It Felix Jr. , as well as the husband of Sergeant Calhoun . Jane Lynch as Sergeant Tamora Jean Calhoun , the lead character of Hero 's Duty and Fix - It Felix Jr. 's wife . Taraji P. Henson as Yesss , an algorithm that determines the trending videos on BuzzTube . Alan Tudyk as KnowsMore , a search engine . Tudyk previously voiced King Candy in Wreck - It Ralph . Gal Gadot as Shank , a racer in Slaughter Race . James Corden Ana Ortiz Susan Lucci as Susan Bill Hader as JP Spamly . Hamish Blake as Pyro All of the Disney Princesses appear , including : Jennifer Hale as Cinderella , Kate Higgins as Aurora , Jodi Benson as Ariel , Paige O'Hara as Belle , Linda Larkin as Jasmine , Irene Bedard as Pocahontas , Ming - Na Wen as Mulan , Anika Noni Rose as Tiana , Mandy Moore as Rapunzel , Kelly Macdonald as Merida , Kristen Bell as Anna , Idina Menzel as Elsa and Auliʻi Cravalho as Moana , all of whom reprise their roles from the films and other media , while screenwriter Pamela Ribon will voice Snow White . Popular culture cameos and references ( edit ) Similar to the first film , which included a number of cameos and references to video games , Ralph Breaks the Internet has additional features to Internet culture and to various Disney properties , including their own films , Pixar films , the Star Wars franchise , Marvel Comics , and The Muppets . Eeyore , C - 3PO , R2 - D2 , Yoda , First Order Stormtroopers , and Iron Man will appear in the film as well . Production ( edit ) In October 2012 , director Rich Moore said that he and Disney had ideas about a sequel that would bring the characters up to date and explore online gaming and console gaming . Moore stated that many of the crew and voice cast were open to the sequel , believing that they have `` barely scratched the surface '' of the video game world they envisioned . He also stated that he planned to include Mario and Tron in the sequel . In 2014 , the film 's composer Henry Jackman said that a story for the sequel was being written . In July 2015 , John C. Reilly said he had signed on to reprise his role of Ralph in a projected sequel . On March 24 , 2016 , Moore stated that a sequel was still being planned . Moore specifically stated that a sequel would include an appearance from Mario , citing a `` good relationship with Nintendo '' . On June 30 , 2016 , Walt Disney Animation Studios announced that the sequel would be released on March 9 , 2018 , with Reilly , Moore and writer Phil Johnston attached , and that it would focus on `` Ralph leaving the arcade and wrecking the Internet '' . On December 2016 , Alan Tudyk confirmed his return in the sequel . The sequel 's title was officially announced in March 2017 as Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 . Further , Disney had confirmed that Reilly , Jane Lynch , Jack McBrayer , and Sarah Silverman are set to reprise their roles , while Moore returns as director joined by the first film 's co-writer , Phil Johnston , in his directing debut in an animated film and Clark Spencer returns as producer . In July 2018 , Disney shortened the film 's title to simply Ralph Breaks the Internet . In August 2018 , actress Gal Gadot joined the film . Release ( edit ) On June 30 , 2016 , Walt Disney Animation Studios initially announced that the sequel , titled Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 , would be released on March 9 , 2018 . However , in April 2017 , A Wrinkle in Time took over its date , and the film was pushed back . In July 2018 , Disney shortened the film 's title to simply Ralph Breaks the Internet . The film will be released on November 21 , 2018 in 3D , 2D and IMAX 3D . Marketing ( edit ) A new poster for the film was released on February 26 , 2018 . Two days later , a teaser trailer for the film was released on February 28 , 2018 , and it quickly became viral , getting more than 4.5 million views in 24 hours . A second trailer was released on June 4 , 2018 with the Daft Punk song `` Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger '' . A sneak peek of the film was released on August 10 , 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robinson , Laurann ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Oscars Preview : What goes in to making an Oscar - winning animated film ? '' . KETV . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Serrao , Nivea ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` Inside Slam ! the new comic series all about roller derby '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : ' Wreck - It Ralph 2 ' Director Rich Moore Teases Internet Setting , Returning Characters , and More '' . Collider . June 30 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Shares New ' Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ' Scenes at Annecy '' . Variety . June 15 , 2018 . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wreck - It Ralph 2 ' Brings Disney Princesses Together with Marvel & Star Wars ( D23 Expo 2017 ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Otterson , Joe ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` John C. Reilly Says He Will Star in ' Wreck - It Ralph ' Sequel '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2015 . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sequel to `` Wreck - It Ralph '' Hits Theaters on March 9 , 2018 `` . The Walt Disney Company . June 30 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Radish , Christina ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Jane Lynch on ' Mascots ' , Returning for ' Wreck - It Ralph 2 ' and More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2016 . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taraji P. Henson Joins ' Wreck - It Ralph ' Sequel , Footage Shown at D23 '' . Variety . July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Truitt , Brian ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` See exclusive first photos of Taraji P. Henson , Disney princesses in ' Wreck - It Ralph 2 ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Alan Tudyk Will Be Back for ' Frozen 2 ' and ' Wreck - It Ralph 2 ' , Wants In On Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` Gal Gadot Buckles Up For Disney 's ' Ralph Breaks The Internet ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Ana Ortiz has joined the voice cast of Disney 's Wreck - It Ralph 2 '' . The Tracking Board . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carter , Brooke ( May 25 , 2018 ) . `` Susan Lucci Net Worth 2018 '' . Gazette Review . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` The Emmy Contenders Giving Us Hope '' . Little Gold Men ( Podcast ) . Vanity Fair . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hamish Blake lands voice role in upcoming Disney movie ' Ralph Breaks the Internet ' '' . Nine Network Australia . Retrieved 29 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Holmes , Adam ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Wreck - It Ralph 2 Is Bringing The Original Disney Princesses Back '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Wreck - It Ralph sequel will unite the Disney princesses -- and Star Wars ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Zach ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` Disney Princesses Meet Vanellope von Schweetz in Wreck It Ralph 2 Trailer '' . E ! News . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ NCZ ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` Wreck - It Ralph 2 Trailer '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ribon , Pamela ( @ PamelaRibon ) ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` You guys . I finally get to tell you . I 'm Snow White '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Outlaw , Kofi ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wreck - It Ralph 2 ' Bringing Back Original Disney Princess Voice Actresses '' . Comic Book . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carbone , Gina ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wreck - It Ralph 2 ' Brings All of the Disney Princesses Together ( With C - 3PO ) '' . Moviefone . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Julia ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` Wreck - It Ralph 2 trailer mocks Google 's annoying predictive search '' . Polygon . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Disney Wreck - It Ralph Director Rich Moore Is a Huge Gamer . GamerHub Videos . October 25 , 2012 . Event occurs at 4 : 22 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2013 . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Dekel - Daks , Tal ( February 8 , 2013 ) . `` ' Wreck - It Ralph ' director Rich Moore wants Nintendo 's Mario for sequel '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` Wreck - It Ralph Director Wants Tron in the Sequel '' . IGN . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Sheila ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` Composer Henry Jackman Talks Captain America : The Winter Soldier , His Influences , Wreck - It Ralph 2 , The Interview , and More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2016 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . I ca n't tell you more , not because I 'm being coy , but I believe that it is officially on the cards . I do n't know any more other than a story is indeed being written . Jump up ^ Tilly , Chris ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Wreck - It Ralph 2 Still Happening , Might Feature Mario '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2016 . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Snetiker , Marc ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Wreck - It Ralph 2 officially announced at Disney '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Alan Tudyk Will Be Back for ' Frozen 2 ' and ' Wreck - It Ralph 2 ' , Wants In On Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Lucy ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Wreck - It Ralph 2 is Called Ralph Breaks the Internet '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` Disney Pushes ' Indiana Jones 5 ' a Year to 2021 , Dates ' Maleficent 2 , ' ' Jungle Cruise ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2018 . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` Gal Gadot Buckles Up For Disney 's ' Ralph Breaks The Internet ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' Sets Summer 2019 Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Films To Show On Imax Through 2019 With New Distribution Deal '' . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Disney ( @ Disney ) ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` '' There 's no one I 'd rather be than me . '' 😇 😡 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Bonomolo , Cameron ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` New ' Wreck - It Ralph 2 ' Trailer Features Gal Gadot and More Disney Princesses '' . Movies . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Ralph Breaks the Internet on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Rich Moore <Td_colspan="2"> Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet ( 2018 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Disneytoon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films <Td_colspan="2"> Book <Th_colspan="2"> Walt Disney Animation Studios <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> List of feature films <Td_colspan="2"> Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> People <Td_colspan="2"> Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Jennifer Lee Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Related topics <Td_colspan="2"> History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios DisneyToon Studios ( defunct ) Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Disney portal Cartoon portal Animation portal Comedy portal Film portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Breaks_the_Internet&oldid=857050174 '' Categories : Upcoming films 2018 films English - language films 2018 3D films 2018 computer - animated films Upcoming animated films 2010s action films 2010s comedy films 2010s fantasy films 2010s sequel films American films American action comedy films American buddy films American children 's animated comedy films American children 's animated fantasy films American computer - animated films American sequel films Animated buddy films Animated comedy films Animated films about revenge Crossover animation Crossover films Directorial debut films Disney Princess Films scored by Henry Jackman Films about the Internet Films about royalty Films about video games Films directed by Rich Moore Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Metafictional works Parallel universes in fiction Science fantasy films Star Wars Upcoming English - language films Upcoming sequel films Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Pictures films Upcoming IMAX films IMAX films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Português Русский Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 06 : 57 ( UTC ) . 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1. Ralph Breaks the Internet - upcoming animated film
2. Sequel to Wreck-It Ralph
3. Voice cast includes John C. Reilly and Sarah Silverman
4. Story centers on Ralph's adventures in the Internet
5. Features cameos and references to various Disney properties
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5,060,067,900,257,864,000 |
who plays tony in west side story movie
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West Side Story ( film ) - Wikipedia West Side Story ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> West Side Story <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster by Joe Caroff Directed by Robert Wise Jerome Robbins Produced by Robert Wise Screenplay by Ernest Lehman Based on West Side Story by Jerome Robbins Leonard Bernstein Stephen Sondheim Arthur Laurents Starring Natalie Wood Richard Beymer Rita Moreno George Chakiris Russ Tamblyn Music by Leonard Bernstein Irwin Kostal Cinematography Daniel L. Fapp , A.S.C. Edited by Thomas Stanford Production company The Mirisch Company Seven Arts Productions Distributed by United Artists Release date October 18 , 1961 ( 1961 - 10 - 18 ) Running time 152 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $6 million Box office $43.7 million West Side Story is a 1961 American romantic musical tragedy film directed by Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins . The film is an adaptation of the 1957 Broadway musical of the same name , which in turn was inspired by William Shakespeare 's play Romeo and Juliet . It stars Natalie Wood , Richard Beymer , Russ Tamblyn , Rita Moreno , and George Chakiris , and was photographed by Daniel L. Fapp , A.S.C. , in Super Panavision 70 . Released on October 18 , 1961 , through United Artists , the film received high praise from critics and viewers , and became the second highest grossing film of the year in the United States . The film was nominated for 11 Academy Awards and won 10 , including Best Picture ( as well as a special award for Robbins ) , becoming the record holder for the most wins for a movie musical . The film has been deemed `` culturally significant '' by the United States Library of Congress and was selected for the National Film Registry in 1997 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Jets 2.2 Jet Girls 2.3 Sharks 2.4 Shark Girls 3 Musical numbers 4 Production 4.1 Casting 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 6 Accolades and honors 6.1 Academy Awards 6.2 Others 7 Score and soundtrack 8 Remakes and legacy 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In the late summer of 1957 , in the West Side 's Lincoln Square neighborhood in Manhattan , there is tension between a white American gang , the Jets , led by Riff Lorton , and a Puerto Rican gang , the Sharks , led by Bernardo Nunez . After a brawl erupts , Lieutenant Schrank and Officer Krupke arrive and break it up . The Jets decide to challenge the Sharks to a rumble at an upcoming dance for neighborhood control . Riff decides that his best friend Tony Wyzek , the co-founder of the Jets who left the gang , should join them for the rumble . Riff invites Tony to the dance , and Tony is uninterested , but eventually agrees to come . He tells Riff that he senses something important will happen in his life , which Riff suggests could be related to the dance . Bernardo 's younger sister , Maria , tells her best friend and Bernardo 's girlfriend , Anita Palacio , with whom she works at a bridal shop , how excited she is about the dance as they work on altering Maria 's dress . She also complains that she has no interest in Chino , the young Puerto Rican man Bernardo brought to the U.S. for her to marry . At the dance , the gangs and girls refuse to intermingle . Tony arrives and he and Maria fall in love at first sight . Bernardo angrily demands Tony stay away from Maria and sends her home . Riff confronts Bernardo about meeting to arrange the fight . At home , Bernardo admonishes Maria for being naive , and he and Anita argue that he is being overprotective . They and their friends debate the advantages and disadvantages of America . Tony quietly meets Maria on her fire escape , where they reaffirm their love . At Doc 's store , both gangs agree on a one - on - one fist fight rumble the following night under a highway . When Schrank arrives , the gangs feign friendship . Schrank forces the Sharks out and unsuccessfully tries to discover information about the fight . The next day at the bridal shop Anita accidentally tells Maria about the rumble . Tony arrives to see Maria , revealing their romance to Anita who initially objects and warns them that Bernardo would never approve , but later agrees to keep it secret . Maria has Tony promise to prevent the rumble . Tony and Maria fantasize about their wedding ceremony . The following night , the Jets and Sharks meet under the highway and the fight begins as planned . Tony arrives to stop it , but Bernardo antagonizes him . Unwilling to watch Tony be humiliated , Riff initiates a knife fight . Tony tries to intervene , which leads to Bernardo killing Riff . Tony kills Bernardo with Riff 's knife in retaliation and a melee ensues . Police sirens blare and everyone flees , leaving behind the dead bodies . Maria waits for Tony on the rooftop of her apartment building when Chino arrives and tells her what happened . Tony arrives and explains what transpired and asks for her forgiveness before he turns himself in to the police . Maria confirms her love for him and asks Tony to stay with her . The Jets have reassembled outside a garage with their new leader , Ice , having them focus on keeping cool no matter how emotional they feel . The tomboy Anybodys arrives and warns them that Chino is now after Tony with a gun . The Jets split up to find Tony . Anita arrives home after learning of Bernardo 's death . Maria and Tony quickly and quietly agree to meet up at Doc 's and run away . Anita catches Tony leaving and tells Maria she should let him go since he is a killer , and Maria changes her mind . Anita tells her of Chino 's plans and Maria tells her Tony is headed for Doc 's store . Schrank arrives to question Maria about the disagreement at the dance . Maria fakes having a headache and asks Anita go to Doc 's store for medicine and to tell Doc she has been detained . Knowing Maria 's real meaning , she agrees . At Doc 's , the Jets harass Anita , despite her pleas that she wants to help . After Doc breaks things up , Anita proclaims that Bernardo was right to hate them and says that Chino killed Maria when he found out about her and Tony . Doc delivers getaway money and Anita 's message to Tony who then bursts into street , yelling for Chino to kill him too . Maria arrives and they run to each other in the middle of the playground . Just before they embrace , Chino shoots Tony and he dies in Maria 's arms . Maria takes the gun from Chino and blames the deaths of Riff , Bernardo , and Tony on all of them and their hate for each other . Schrank , Krupke , and Doc arrive as the Jets and Sharks , together , carry Tony 's body away , forming a funeral procession with Maria following . The police arrest Chino and lead him away . Cast ( edit ) Natalie Wood as Maria Nunez , Bernardo 's younger sister , Chino 's arranged fiancée , who falls in love with Tony Marni Nixon as Maria 's singing voice Richard Beymer as Tony Wyzek , who is co-founder of the Jets but has outgrown their street culture . Remains best friend of Riff , works at Doc 's drug store , and becomes Maria 's star - crossed lover . Jimmy Bryant as Tony 's singing voice Russ Tamblyn as Riff Lorton , leader of the Jets , best friend of Tony Tucker Smith as Riff 's singing voice for `` Jet Song '' ( Tamblyn did his own singing for `` Gee , Officer Krupke ! '' and `` Quintet '' ) Rita Moreno as Anita Palacio , Bernardo 's girlfriend , Maria 's closest confidante Betty Wand as Anita 's singing voice for `` A Boy Like That '' ( Moreno did her own singing for `` America '' and `` Quintet '' ) George Chakiris as Bernardo Nunez , leader of the Sharks , older brother of Maria and Anita 's boyfriend Simon Oakland as Lieutenant Schrank , police lieutenant Ned Glass as Doc , drugstore owner , Tony 's boss ; a decent , elderly man William Bramley as Officer Krupke , neighborhood cop and Schrank 's sergeant Uncredited John Astin as Glad Hand , well - meaning but ineffective social worker Penny Santon as Madam Lucia , bridal shop owner Jets ( edit ) Tucker Smith as Ice , Riff 's lieutenant , becomes leader of the Jets after Riff 's death . Tony Mordente as Action , a hot - tempered Jet . Eliot Feld as Baby John , the youngest member of the Jets . A relative innocent . David Winters as A-Rab , Baby John 's best friend Bert Michaels as Snowboy David Bean as Tiger Robert Banas as Joyboy Anthony ' Scooter ' Teague as Big Deal Harvey Evans ( Harvey Hohnecker ) as Mouthpiece Tommy Abbott as Gee - Tar Jet Girls ( edit ) Susan Oakes as Anybodys , a tomboy and wannabe Jet Gina Trikonis as Graziella , Riff 's girlfriend . Carole D'Andrea as Velma , Ice 's girlfriend Uncredited Rita Hyde d'Amico as Clarice , Big Deal 's girlfriend Pat Tribble as Minnie , Baby John 's girlfriend Francesca Bellini as Debby , Snowboy 's girlfriend Elaine Joyce as Hotsie , Tiger 's girlfriend Sharks ( edit ) Jose DeVega as Chino Martin , Bernardo 's best friend Jay Norman as Pepe , Bernardo 's lieutenant Gus Trikonis as Indio , Pepe 's best friend Eddie Verso as Juano Jaime Rogers as Loco Larry Roquemore as Rocco Robert E. Thompson as Luis Nick Covacevich as Toro Rudy Del Campo as Del Campo Andre Tayir as Chile Shark girls ( edit ) Yvonne Othon as Consuelo , Pepe 's girlfriend Suzie Kaye as Rosalia , Indio 's girlfriend Joanne Miya as Francisca , Toro 's girlfriend Uncredited The passenger liner SS United States makes a brief overhead view appearance at the United States Lines pier in New York Harbor at the very beginning of the movie . Maria Jimenez Henley as Teresita , Juano 's girlfriend Yvonne Wilder as Alicia , Chile 's girlfriend Luci Stone as Estella , Loco 's girlfriend Olivia Perez as Margarita , Rocco 's girlfriend Musical numbers ( edit ) Act I `` Overture '' -- Orchestra `` Prologue '' -- Orchestra `` Jet Song '' -- Riff and Jets `` Something 's Coming '' -- Tony `` Dance at the Gym '' -- Orchestra `` Maria '' -- Tony `` America '' -- Anita , Bernardo , Sharks and Girls `` Tonight '' -- Tony and Maria `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' -- Riff and Jets `` Maria ( violin ) '' -- Orchestra Act II `` I Feel Pretty '' -- Maria , Consuelo , Rosalia , and Francisca `` One Hand , One Heart '' -- Tony and Maria `` Tonight Quintet '' -- Maria , Tony , Anita , Riff , Bernardo , Jets , and Sharks `` The Rumble '' -- Orchestra `` Somewhere '' -- Tony and Maria `` Cool '' -- Ice and Jets `` A Boy Like That / I Have a Love '' -- Anita and Maria `` Somewhere ( Reprise ) '' -- Maria `` Finale '' -- Orchestra Production ( edit ) Veteran director Robert Wise was chosen to direct and produce because of his experience with urban New York dramas such as Odds Against Tomorrow ( 1959 ) . Since he had no experience directing a musical , Wise agreed that Jerome Robbins , who had directed the stage version of West Side Story , would direct the musical and dance sequences . After about one - third of the movie had been shot , the Mirisch Company , concerned that the production was running over-budget , dismissed Robbins . According to Saul Chaplin , Robbins nearly suffered a nervous breakdown during the time he worked on the film . The remaining dance numbers were directed with the help of Robbins ' assistants . Recognizing Robbins ' considerable creative contribution to the film , Wise agreed that Robbins should be given co-directing credit , even though Wise directed the greater part of the film . The opening titles and end credits sequences were created by Saul Bass , who is also credited for `` visual consultation '' on the film . Exterior shots used the buildings of Lincoln Square , which were vacant and about to be torn down , allowing them to be used as a set . Casting ( edit ) Because the producers wanted actors who looked believable as teenagers , they did not consider 30 - year - old Larry Kert , the first Tony on Broadway , or 29 - year - old Carol Lawrence , the first Maria , but some had experience in stage productions . Tony Mordente , who played A-Rab on stage , was cast as Action in the film , and George Chakiris , Riff in the London stage production , played Bernardo in the film . Tucker Smith , who joined the Broadway production several months into its run , played Diesel , renamed Ice for the film . David Winters , the first stage Baby John , played A-Rab , Eliot Feld , an ensemble member and understudy for Baby John on Broadway , played Baby John . Jay Norman , Juano on stage , appeared as Pepe . Reprising their stage roles in the film were Carole D'Andrea as Velma , Tommy Abott as Gee - Tar , and William Bramley as Officer Krupke . Elvis Presley was approached for Tony , but his manager , Colonel Tom Parker , strongly believed the role to be wrong for Elvis and made him decline in favor of other movie musicals . According to legend , the Colonel did n't want Elvis associated with gang warfare and knife crime , although three years earlier , Elvis ' character Danny Fisher stabbed and killed the small - time gangster ' Shark ' played by Vic Morrow in the movie King Creole . When the movie became a hit and earned 10 Oscars , Elvis regretted having given up the part . Others who auditioned for the part included Warren Beatty , Tab Hunter , Anthony Perkins , Russ Tamblyn , Burt Reynolds , Troy Donahue , Bobby Darin , Richard Chamberlain , Dennis Hopper , and Gary Lockwood . Bobby Darin made a strong impression on the producers at his audition and was , at one point , in talks for the role . However , he turned it down due to his concert and recording commitments . Tab Hunter , then 30 , and Burt Reynolds , nearly 26 , were also considered , due to their Broadway and singing credits , but they were dismissed because of their age . Richard Chamberlain was also thought too old at age 26 . The producers settled on their `` final five '' : Warren Beatty , Anthony Perkins , Russ Tamblyn , Troy Donahue , and Richard Beymer . Although he was 28 before filming began , Perkins ' boyish looks and Broadway resume seemed to make him a contender for the role , and he was trying to avoid getting typecast after the success of Psycho . Robert Wise originally chose Beatty for the role , figuring that youth was more important than experience . Ultimately , Beymer , the most unlikely of the candidates , won the part of Tony . Tamblyn , after several callbacks , impressed the producers and was given the role of Riff . Natalie Wood was filming Splendor in the Grass with Warren Beatty and was romantically involved with him off - screen . The producers were considering her for the role of Maria . When Beatty went to screen test for the role of Tony , Wood read opposite him as Maria as a favor because she had been practicing with him . The producers fell in love with the idea of Wood as Maria but did not cast Beatty . Jill St. John , Audrey Hepburn , Diane Baker , Valerie Harper , Elizabeth Ashley , and Suzanne Pleshette were among the many actresses who lobbied for the role of Maria in the film . However , Hepburn later withdrew because she became pregnant . Reception ( edit ) West Side Story holds a 94 % `` Certified fresh '' rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 62 reviews for an average rating of 8.3 / 10 ; the site 's critical consensus states : `` Buoyed by Robert Wise 's dazzling direction , Leonard Bernstein 's score , and Stephen Sondheim 's lyrics , West Side Story remains perhaps the most iconic of all the Shakespeare adaptations to visit the big screen . '' Box Office ( edit ) The film earned $19,645,000 in North American rentals . Because of profit participation , United Artists earned a profit of $2.5 million on the film . Accolades and honors ( edit ) Its ten Academy Awards make it the musical film with the most Academy wins , including Best Picture . Three other films ( Ben - Hur , Titanic and The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ) won 11 Oscars , but they were not musical films . Academy Awards ( edit ) Awards Academy Award for Best Picture -- Robert Wise , producer Academy Award for Best Director -- Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor -- George Chakiris Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Rita Moreno Academy Award for Best Art Direction -- Set Decoration ( Color ) -- Victor A. Gangelin and Boris Leven Academy Award for Best Cinematography ( Color ) -- Daniel L. Fapp Academy Award for Best Costume Design ( Color ) -- Irene Sharaff Academy Award for Best Film Editing -- Thomas Stanford Academy Award for Best Music , Scoring of a Musical Picture -- Saul Chaplin , Johnny Green , Irwin Kostal , and Sid Ramin Academy Award for Best Sound -- Fred Hynes ( Todd - AO SSD ) , and Gordon E. Sawyer ( Samuel Goldwyn SSD ) Nominations Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay -- Ernest Lehman Others ( edit ) Academy Award for Brilliant Achievements in the Art of Choreography on Film -- Jerome Robbins American Film Institute lists : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- # 41 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- # 3 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` Somewhere '' -- # 20 `` America '' -- # 35 `` Tonight '' -- # 59 AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals -- # 2 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- # 51 The film 's cast appeared and was honored at the 50th anniversary of West Side Story at the 2011 Ventura Film Festival . Score and soundtrack ( edit ) Leonard Bernstein was displeased with the orchestrations for the movie , which was the work of Sid Ramin and Irwin Kostal , who had orchestrated the original Broadway production . That show had been orchestrated for roughly 30 musicians ; for the movie , United Artists allowed them triple that , including six saxophone parts , eight trumpets , five pianos and five xylophones . Bernstein found it `` overbearing and lacking in texture and subtlety . '' Stephen Sondheim , who did not like the arrangement of the songs in the Broadway version , had the song `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' being sung before the Rumble in place of the song `` Cool '' which is sung instead after the Rumble ; the song `` I Feel Pretty '' is also sung before the Rumble instead of after . In addition , the song `` America '' was sung in - between the two love songs `` Maria '' and `` Tonight '' , instead of having the two love songs being sung consecutively . The `` Somewhere '' Ballet was omitted , because it slowed down the pace of the film , and was sung instead by Tony and Maria . Reprises of the lyrics were omitted as well , especially in the songs `` One Hand , One Heart '' and `` A Boy Like That '' . Some lyrics were changed in order to avoid censorship , especially in the songs `` Jet Song , '' `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' , `` America '' and the `` Tonight Quintet . '' Even the phrase `` Womb to Tomb , Sperm to Worm '' between Riff and Tony had to be replaced with `` Womb to Tomb , Birth to Earth '' between Riff and Tony near the beginning of the film and `` One - Two - Three , One - Two - Three '' between Riff and Diesel in the Quintet . As provided in her contract , Wood prerecorded her songs and allowed the production team to decide whether to use her voice or not . She found the songs challenging , but was allowed to film her scenes lip - synching to her own vocals and was led to believe that these versions would be used , although music supervisors Saul Chaplin and Johnny Green had already decided to use Marni Nixon 's voice . Wood 's singing voice is only heard during the reprise of the song `` Somewhere '' when Tony dies . Though Nixon had recorded the songs in the same orchestra sessions as Wood , she had to re-record them to synch with Wood 's filmed performances . Even the one song for which Wood had lip - synched to Nixon 's voice , `` One Hand , One Heart '' , had to be recorded again because Wood 's lip - synching was unsatisfactory . When Marni Nixon learned that she had not signed a contract for participating in the recording and demanded a percentage of the LP record , she was told that all percentages had been allocated . Bernstein gave her 0.25 % of his album royalties . This set a precedent for all future `` ghost singers '' . Beymer 's vocals were performed by Jimmy Bryant . Tucker Smith , who played Ice , dubbed the singing voice of Riff in `` Jet Song '' , instead of Russ Tamblyn . Tamblyn 's own voice was used in `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' and the `` Quintet '' . Rita Moreno was dubbed by Betty Wand in the song `` A Boy Like That '' because the song needed to be performed at a register that was too low for her . However , Moreno sang her own vocals in `` America '' . Marni Nixon sang some of Moreno 's parts in the `` Quintet '' when illness prevented Moreno from doing so . Wand was also ill on the day of final recording , and so Nixon recorded Anita 's vocal line as well . For the 50th anniversary of the film 's 1961 release , a score closer to the Broadway version was created by Garth Edwin Sunderland of the Leonard Bernstein Office to be performed live at screenings of the movie with the score removed , but with the original vocals maintained . The score 's New York City premiere was presented at Lincoln Center 's Avery Fisher Hall , built atop the original film locations , which were razed in a late 1950s urban renewal project . The Stan Kenton Orchestra recorded Kenton 's West Side Story , an entire album of Johnny Richards ' jazz orchestrations based on the Bernstein scores in 1961 . It was previewed at Capitol Records by the producers of the motion picture during the editing and mix down who lamented that , had they known of its existence , it would have been used as the musical foundation of the new film . The Kenton version won the 1962 Grammy Award for Best Jazz Recording by a Large Group . A still picture from the movie is the front cover of the Kenton LP . Remakes and legacy ( edit ) The 2000 Bollywood film Josh is a loose adaptation of West Side Story . In 2014 , director Steven Spielberg had expressed interest in directing a remake of the film . In 2018 , Spielberg announced that he was officially working on a remake to the film . In 2009 , photographer Mark Seliger re-created scenes from the film for magazine Vanity Fair called West Side Story Revisited , using Camilla Belle as Maria , Ben Barnes as Tony , Jennifer Lopez as Anita , Rodrigo Santoro as Bernardo and Chris Evans as Riff . Portraying the Sharks are Minka Kelly , Jay Hernandez , Natalie Martinez , Brandon T. Jackson and Melonie Diaz . Portraying the Jets are Ashley Tisdale , Sean Faris , Robert Pattinson , Cam Gigandet , Trilby Glover , Brittany Snow and Drake Bell . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1961 List of American films References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` West Side Story ( AA ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . January 12 , 1962 . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://people.com/archive/natalies-tragic-west-side-story-vol-16-no-24/ Jump up ^ https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=3514&context=etd Jump up ^ http://www.boxofficemojo.com/reviews/?id=1802&p=.htmdirected ^ Jump up to : Berson , Misha ( 2011 ) . Something 's Coming , Something Good : West Side Story and the American Imagination . Applause Theatre & Cinema Books . p. 155 . Jump up ^ `` David Winters Tribute Site '' . Davidwinters.net. 2003 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ www.elvisechoesofthepast.com Jump up ^ West Side Story at Rotten Tomatoes Retrieved July 19 , 2014 Jump up ^ Internet Movie Database Jump up ^ Tino Balio , United Artists : The Company That Changed the Film Industry , University of Wisconsin Press , 1987 , p. 177 Jump up ^ Grant , Barry Keith ( 2012 ) . The Hollywood Film Musical . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 100 . Jump up ^ `` West Side Story ( 1961 ) -- Awards '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The 34th Academy Awards ( 1962 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ http://www.jeromerobbins.org/about/awards Jump up ^ West Side Story 50th Anniversary at the Ventura Film Festival ^ Jump up to : Wakin , Daniel ( September 6 , 2011 ) , `` Classic Score by Bernstein is Remade '' , The New York Times , retrieved September 7 , 2011 Jump up ^ West Side Story -- `` Something 's Coming , '' YouTube Jump up ^ Nixon , Marni ( 2006 ) . I Could Have Sung All Night : My Story . Billboard Books . pp. 132ff . Jump up ^ Secret Voices of Hollywood . BBC4. 3 Jan 2014 Jump up ^ `` Path of Discovery : West Side Story at 50 '' , Justin M. Craig , September 27 , 2011 , leonardbernstein.com Jump up ^ Sarah Waxman , `` The History of the Upper West Side '' , ny.com Jump up ^ Nemiroff , Perri ( 2014 - 08 - 08 ) . `` West Side Story Remake Is Still on Steven Spielberg 's Mind '' . Collider . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Seliger , Mark ( March 17 , 2009 ) . `` West Side Story Revisited '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : West Side Story Official website West Side Story on IMDb West Side Story at the TCM Movie Database West Side Story at Rotten Tomatoes West Side Story at the American Film Institute Catalog Official West Side Story site for all incarnations <Th_colspan="2"> William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c. 1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1964 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2007 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. 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Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' ( 2012 ) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Do n't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Sherlock Gnomes <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Romeo and Juliet <Th_colspan="2"> Arthur Laurents , Leonard Bernstein and Stephen Sondheim 's West Side Story ( 1957 ) Characters Maria Inspiration William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Adaptations West Side Story ( 1961 film ) West Side Story Suite ( 1995 ballet ) Variations Deaf Side Story ( c. 2002 musical ) Swango ( 2002 musical ) West Bank Story ( 2005 parody film ) Boogie Town ( 2012 film ) Songs Act 1 `` Something 's Coming '' `` Maria '' `` Tonight '' `` America '' `` Cool '' `` One Hand , One Heart '' `` Tonight ( Quintet & Chorus ) '' Act 2 `` I Feel Pretty '' `` Somewhere '' `` A Boy Like That '' Albums West Side Story ( 1957 original cast ) West Side Story ( 1959 Previn ) West Side Story ( 1961 soundtrack ) West Side Story ( 1961 Tjader ) Bernstein Plays Brubeck Plays Bernstein ( 1961 Brubeck Quartet ) West Side Story ( 1962 Peterson Trio ) Kenton 's West Side Story ( 1962 Kenton ) Toshiko -- Mariano Quartet ( in West Side ) ( 1963 Akiyoshi ) West Side Story ( 1974 Earl Hines ) Related `` The First Time '' `` Upper West Side Story '' Wild Side Story China Girl `` Roses '' Play It Again Josh Superjail ! <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Robert Wise <Td_colspan="2"> The Curse of the Cat People ( 1944 ) Mademoiselle Fifi ( 1944 ) The Body Snatcher ( 1945 ) A Game of Death ( 1945 ) Criminal Court ( 1946 ) Born to Kill ( 1947 ) Mystery in Mexico ( 1948 ) Blood on the Moon ( 1948 ) The Set - Up ( 1949 ) Two Flags West ( 1950 ) Three Secrets ( 1950 ) The House on Telegraph Hill ( 1951 ) The Day the Earth Stood Still ( 1951 ) The Captive City ( 1952 ) Something for the Birds ( 1952 ) Destination Gobi ( 1953 ) The Desert Rats ( 1953 ) So Big ( 1953 ) Executive Suite ( 1954 ) Helen of Troy ( 1956 ) Tribute to a Bad Man ( 1956 ) Somebody Up There Likes Me ( 1956 ) This Could Be the Night ( 1957 ) Until They Sail ( 1957 ) Run Silent , Run Deep ( 1958 ) I Want to Live ! 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In the Night Interplay Ives , Songs Mother Goose Moves Les Noces NY Export : Opus Jazz Opus 19 / The Dreamer Other Dances Piano Pieces Requiem Canticles Suite of Dances A Suite of Dances Tricolore Watermill West Side Story Suite Musicals Peter Pan ( 1954 ) Films West Side Story ( 1961 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Awards for West Side Story <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1932 / 33 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! 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( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Walk the Line ( 2005 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Vicky Cristina Barcelona ( 2008 ) The Hangover ( 2009 ) The Kids Are All Right ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) American Hustle ( 2013 ) The Grand Budapest Hotel ( 2014 ) The Martian ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Lady Bird ( 2017 ) Film portal New York City portal Dance portal 1960s portal Cold War portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Side_Story_(film)&oldid=841637366 '' Categories : 1961 films English - language films 1960s musical films 1960s romantic drama films American films American dance films American musical drama films American romantic musical films American teen musical films Films directed by Robert Wise Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners Best Picture Academy Award winners Films about race and ethnicity Films about racism Films based on musicals Films based on Romeo and Juliet Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe - winning performance Films set in 1957 Films set in New York City Films shot in New York City Films that won the Best Costume Design Academy Award Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award American gang films Films about interracial romance Historical romance films Modern adaptations of works by William Shakespeare United States National Film Registry films United Artists films American romantic drama films Compositions by Leonard Bernstein Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2014 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 02 : 08 . 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who was killed in the night of long knives
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Victims of the Night of the Long Knives - Wikipedia Victims of the Night of the Long Knives Jump to : navigation , search Ernst Röhm with Kurt Daluege and Heinrich Himmler , August 1933 Part of a series on Nazism Organizations ( show ) National Socialist German Workers ' Party ( NSDAP ) Sturmabteilung ( SA ) Schutzstaffel ( SS ) Geheime Staatspolizei ( Gestapo ) Hitler Youth ( HJ ) Deutsches Jungvolk ( DJ ) League of German Girls ( BDM ) National Socialist German Students ' League ( NSDStB ) National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise ( NSRL ) National Socialist Flyers Corps ( NSFK ) National Socialist Motor Corps ( NSKK ) National Socialist Women 's League ( NSF ) Combat League of Revolutionary National Socialists ( KGRNS ) History ( show ) Early timeline Hitler 's rise to power Machtergreifung German re-armament Nazi Germany Religion in Nazi Germany Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg Rally Anti-Comintern Pact Kristallnacht World War II Tripartite Pact The Holocaust Nuremberg trials Neo-Nazism Ideology ( show ) Fascism Totalitarianism Führerprinzip Anti-democratic thought Houston Stewart Chamberlain Gleichschaltung Arthur de Gobineau Hitler 's political views Mein Kampf The Myth of the Twentieth Century Militarism National Socialist Program New Order Preussentum und Sozialismus Propaganda Religious aspects Strasserism Symbolism Women in Nazi Germany Racial ideology ( show ) Aryan race Blood and Soil An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races Eugenics The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Master race The Passing of the Great Race Racial policy of Nazi Germany Völkisch equality Final Solution ( show ) Concentration camps Deportations Doctors ' trial Extermination camps Genocide Ghettos Human experimentation Labour camps Pogroms Racial segregation People ( show ) Adolf Hitler Joseph Goebbels Heinrich Himmler Hermann Göring Gregor Strasser Otto Strasser Nazism outside of Germany ( show ) American Nazi Party Aria Party ( Persia ) Arrow Cross Party ( Hungary ) Azure Party ( Persia ) Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party German American Bund German National Movement in Liechtenstein Greek National Socialist Party South African Gentile National Socialist Movement Hungarian National Socialist Party Nasjonal Samling ( Norway ) National Movement of Switzerland National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands National Socialist Bloc ( Sweden ) National Socialist League ( UK ) National Socialist Movement of Chile National Socialist Movement ( United States ) National Socialist Workers ' Party of Denmark National Unity Party ( Canada ) Nazism in Brazil Nationalist Liberation Alliance ( Argentina ) SUMKA Ossewabrandwag ( South Africa ) World Union of National Socialists Lists ( show ) Books by or about Adolf Hitler Nazi ideologues Nazi Party leaders and officials Nazi Party members Speeches given by Adolf Hitler SS personnel Related topics ( show ) Antisemitism Denazification Enabling Act of 1933 Fascism Glossary of Nazi Germany The Holocaust Neo-Nazism Völkisch movement Zweites Buch Nazi Germany portal The Night of the Long Knives ( German : Nacht der langen Messer ) was a purge in which the Nazi regime murdered at least 85 people for political reasons . This took place in Germany between June 30 and July 2 , 1934 . Most of those killed were members of the Storm Division ( SA ) ( German : Sturmabteilung ) , a Nazi paramilitary organization . Contents ( hide ) 1 Debate over number of victims 1.1 Official list of those killed 1.2 Estimates of people killed in addition to those on the official list 2 Partial list of victims 3 References 4 External links Debate over number of victims ( edit ) The precise number of victims of the Night of the Long Knives is disputed and will probably never be known with certainty . During the Purge itself official radio and newspaper reports only gave the names of 10 people killed ( the six SA - leaders executed in Stadelheim Prison on June 30 , Schleicher and his wife , Karl Ernst -- who was wrongly reported to have been shot in Stadelheim , whereas in fact he was shot in the barracks of Hitler 's Personal Guard Unit in Berlin Lichterfelde -- and Ernst Röhm ) . While the German newspapers avoided disclosing the names of further victims of the purge , in the weeks and months to follow , the international press would set out to detail a more comprehensive account of how many people had been killed between June 30 to July 2 . They managed to present about 100 names of people allegedly killed , although a number of those eventually turned out to have survived , such as the former SA chief of Berlin Wolf - Heinrich Graf von Helldorf ( who was actually one of the organizers of the purge - e.g. he warned Werner von Alvensleben , Schleicher 's go - between to Hitler -- but not Schleicher -- to spend the fateful weekend at his hunting lodge ; and was himself only killed after participating in the fateful 20th of July 1944 coup attempt . ) and Adolf Morsbach , the head of the cosmopolitan - minded Akademischer Austauschdienst ( Academic Exchange Programme ) , who had instead been sent to a Nazi concentration camp . Official list of those killed ( edit ) Immediately after the events of the purge the Gestapo compiled an official list of those killed at the order of Hitler himself who wished to gain an overall view on the number and identity of those killed in order to prepare the Reichstag speech in which he intended to present his interpretation of the occurrences of June 30 to July 2 to the German public and the world in general , and which he finally delivered on July 13 . This `` Gestapo List '' comprised a total of 77 names . In his Reichstag speech Hitler sub-divided those into 61 persons who had been shot during `` the action '' ; allegedly 13 had died resisting arrest while three committed suicide . In his speech Hitler revealed the names of 11 of those 77 ( Ferdinand von Bredow , Georg von Detten , Karl Ernst , Hans Hayn , Edmund Heines , Peter von Heydebreck , Ernst Röhm , Kurt von Schleicher , Gregor Strasser , and Julius Uhl ) . However , the list of 77 was far from being complete : Hitler admitted that some excesses had taken place and stated that he had handed over the cases of several people who had been killed as part of unauthorized actions by subordinate organs to the authorities , who were supposed to implement a regular prosecution of the perpetrators . Among those cases who were at first subject to regular investigation and prosecution by the locally responsible Attorney Offices were those of the city clerk Kuno Kamphausen who was murdered at the order of an SS officer who bore a grudge against him for refusing to give a construction permission to his brother and the cases of four Jews and two Communists who were killed without permission from Berlin in the course of arbitrary actions by lower SS echelons in the province of Silesia . In September 1934 Heinrich Himmler -- eager to shield his SS men from legal prosecution -- managed to convince Hitler to change his mind on the latter six people , whose names as a consequence , were subsequently added to the official list whose killing was to be considered rightful and which now encompassed 83 names . The list of 77 or 83 names respectively was kept in several copies -- which were stored under lock and key -- in the Ministry of Justice and the Gestapo Headquarters . After a law entitled `` Gesetz über Maßnahmen der Staatsnotwehr '' ( `` Law pertaining to the Measures of Self - Defense of the State '' ) had been passed by the Reich Cabinet on July 3 , which declared : `` Die zur Niederschlagung hoch - und landesverräterischer Angriffe am 30 . Juni , 1 . und 2 . Juli 1934 vollzogenen Maßnahmen sind als Staatsnotwehr rechtens '' ( `` The measures taken to clamp down on the treasonous attacks of June 30th , July 1st and 2nd are rightful , due to having been acts of self - defense of the State . '' ) it was decided that the killing of everybody on that list was to be considered lawful and that therefore the police and Attorney Offices were prohibited from investigating and prosecuting anyone for those killings . The lists thus were used by the Ministry and the Gestapo as a referential tool which could be consulted to decide , whether requests of relatives and friends of those killed to be given information on the circumstances of death of their beloved ones , or requests to prosecute those responsible for their killing would be answered in the affirmative ( people killed and not mentioned on the Gestapo list ) or in the negative ( people whose names were to be found on the list ) . The same applied to requests of other state authorities ( especially police departments and Attorney Offices ) who inquired at the Ministry of Justice or the Gestapo headquarters whether they should open and or continue investigation of a specific killing that had taken place on the three days from June 30 to July 2 . The official list of those killed was first published in 1964 by Heinrich Bennecke ( 1902 - 1972 ) in the appendix of his book Die Reichswehr und der `` Röhm - Putsch '' . Estimates of people killed in addition to those on the official list ( edit ) Later research by historians has shown that in addition to those listed by the Gestapo a number of others also had been killed . Heinrich Bennecke complemented the names of the city clerk Kuno Kamphausen from Waldenburg and the music critic Willi Schmid to his reprint of the official Gestapo list , whereupon he concluded that at least 85 people were killed during the purge . Later , Hans Günther Richardi , in his study on the Dachau concentration camp , added the names of four inmates of Dachau ( lawyer Julius Adler ( 1882 -- 1934 ) , worker Erich Gans ( 1908 - 1934 ) , Walter Häbich and worker Adam Hereth ( 1897 - 1934 ) ) , claiming they were murdered by the SS during the purge . In 1993 Otto Gritschneder published a book on the post -- World War II prosecution of those involved in the killings which lists 90 names of people killed ( adding the doctor and Röhm associate Karl Günther Heimsoth to the list ) . Fritz Gerlich ( 1929 ) Kurt von Schleicher in uniform , 1932 Herbert von Bose in early 1934 Willi Schmid in 1930 Gregor Strasser in 1928 Richard J. Evans states that at least 85 people were killed and more than 1,000 were arrested . Ian Kershaw also cites the number of deaths at 85 . Kershaw notes that `` some estimates ... put the total number killed at between 150 and 200 . '' William L. Shirer writes in his Rise and Fall of the Third Reich , that `` The White Book of the Purge , published by émigrés in Paris claims 401 deaths , but lists only 116 of them . At the 1957 trial in Munich the figure ' more than 1,000 ' was used . '' Both of those figures are much higher than the ones most historians of the period rely on , and that Shirer himself was not necessarily citing the figures as accurate , but was simply relaying them in his book . The most recent study on the matter lists by name 89 people who were definitely killed , as well as two other cases of whom it is unclear whether they were murdered during the events or slightly earlier or later . Partial list of victims ( edit ) Otto Ballerstedt , former Chief of the `` Bayernbund '' , a secessionist political group in Bavaria , responsible for putting Hitler in prison for a month in 1922 after he had physically attacked Ballerstedt during a rally Fritz Beck , director of the Munich Students ' Welfare Fund Herbert von Bose , associate of Franz von Papen Ferdinand von Bredow , close associate of Kurt von Schleicher Georg von Detten , member of the Reichstag , department chief of the highest SA - leadership Karl Ernst , member of the Reichstag , leader of the SA - lower group East Hans Joachim von Falkenhausen , chief of staff of Georg von Detten Fritz Gerlich , newspaper journalist , editor of Munich 's Catholic weekly ( Der Gerade Weg ) and publisher , Catholic Action Alexander Glaser , lawyer Hans Hayn , member of the Reichstag , SA - group leader of Sachsen Karl - Günther Heimsoth , physician , publicist , politician Edmund Heines , SA - senior group leader in Breslau Oskar Heines , younger brother of Edmund Heines Peter von Heydebreck , member of the Reichstag , SA - group leader Anton von Hohberg und Buchwald , SS Obergruppenführer , the only SS victim , killed on the orders of Obergruppenführer von dem Bach Zelewski Edgar Julius Jung , lawyer , author of the `` Marburg speech '' of Franz von Papen , Catholic Action worker Gustav Ritter von Kahr , former prime minister of Bavaria , Member of Triumvirate who ruled Bavaria during the Beer Hall Putsch Dr. Kuno Kamphausen , architect , member of the Zentrum political party Eugen von Kessel , former officer and police captain Erich Klausener , leader of the police department in the Prussian ministry of internal affairs , president of Berlin 's Catholic Action group . Hans - Karl Koch , member of the Reichstag , SA - general in the group of Westmark Fritz von Krausser , member of the Reichstag , chief the leading office of the OSAF Adalbert Probst , the national director of the Catholic Youth Sports Association ( German : Deutsche Jugendkraft - Sportverbands ) Hans Ramshorn , member of the Reichstag , SA - general in Oberschlesien and chief of police of Gleiwitz Ernst Röhm , SA - chief of staff Paul Röhrbein , SA - captain , leader of the first SA of Berlin Erich Schiewek , SA - man from Breslau , accompanied Heines to Bad Wiessee as substitute adjutant Kurt von Schleicher , former Chancellor of Germany Elisabeth von Schleicher , wife of Kurt von Schleicher Willi Schmid , the music critic of the Münchener Neueste Nachrichten , a Munich newspaper ( killed in a case of mistaken identity ) August Schneidhuber , member of the Reichstag , chief of police of Munich Johann Konrad Schragmüller , member of the Reichstag , chief of police of Magdeburg Emil Sembach , member of the Reichstag , ex-SS - general Father Bernhard Stempfle , defrocked priest , former co-prisoner in Landsberg , Bavaria , and by few sources considered to have been one of the editors of Mein Kampf Gregor Strasser , former high - ranking Nazi party member , father of Hitler 's godchildren Vogel , chauffeur of Ernst Röhm Gerd Voß , lawyer Jeanette Zweig , a Jewish woman from Hirschberg Ernestine Zoref , Housewife and mistress to SA supporter Baron Paul Edmund von Hahn The proprietor and head - waiter of the Bratwurst - Gloeckle in Munich , Röhm 's favourite tavern , where Goebbels had met secretly with Röhm prior to the purge . Although the two men were not involved politically , it was deemed that they ' knew too much ' . The list of victims was retrieved from the German Wikipedia unless otherwise stated . References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ wikisource Jump up ^ de : Otto Gritschneder : Der Führer hat sie zum Tode verurteilt , Munich 1993 , ISBN 3 - 406 - 37651 - 7 . Jump up ^ Evans , Richard ( 2005 ) . The Third Reich in Power . Penguin Group . p. 39 . At least eighty - five people are known to have been summarily killed without any formal legal proceedings being taken against them . Göring alone had over a thousand people arrested . Jump up ^ Kershaw , Ian ( 1999 ) . Hitler : 1889 -- 1936 Hubris . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 517 . Jump up ^ Shirer , William J. ( 1960 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich . Simon and Schuster . pp. 221 -- 222 . Jump up ^ Rainer Orth : Der SD - Mann Johannes Schmidt . Der Mörder des Reichskanzlers Kurt von Schleicher ? , Marburg 2011 , ps. 102 -- 112 . ( ISBN 978 - 3828828728 ) ^ Jump up to : United Press ( 1934 - 07 - 05 ) . `` Hitler Issues Anti-Jewish Decree '' . The Pittsburgh Press . p. 1 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Bullock , Alan ( 1962 ) , Hitler : A Study in Tyranny , London : Pelican , p. 297 Jump up ^ Manvell , Roger ; Fraenkel , Heinrich ( 2010 ) , Doctor Goebbels : His Life and Death , New York : Skyhorse Publishing , p. 134 This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bibliography Evans , Richard ( 2005 ) The Third Reich in Power . New York : Penguin Group Kershaw , Ian ( 1999 ) Hitler : 1889 -- 1936 : Hubris . New York : W.W. Norton & Company Shirer , William L. ( 1960 ) The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich . New York : Simon and Schuster External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Victims of the Night of the Long Knives . Victims of the Night of the Long Knives Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victims_of_the_Night_of_the_Long_Knives&oldid=812763111 '' Categories : Adolf Hitler Deaths by firearm in Germany LGBT history in Germany Sturmabteilung Nazi SS Political and cultural purges Victims of the Night of the Long Knives Hidden categories : Articles containing German - language text All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2011 Articles needing additional references from July 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 29 November 2017 , at 18 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what is the meaning behind the song hallelujah by rufus wainwright
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Hallelujah ( Leonard Cohen song ) - wikipedia Hallelujah ( Leonard Cohen song ) For other uses , see Hallelujah ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` Hallelujah '' <Td_colspan="2"> Artwork for Spain vinyl release <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Leonard Cohen <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Various Positions Released December 1984 Recorded June 1984 Genre Folk rock Length 4 : 39 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Leonard Cohen Producer ( s ) John Lissauer <Td_colspan="2"> `` Hallelujah '' is a song written by Canadian singer Leonard Cohen , originally released on his album Various Positions ( 1984 ) . Achieving little initial success , the song found greater popular acclaim through a recording by John Cale , which inspired a recording by Jeff Buckley . It is considered as the `` baseline '' of secular hymns . Following its increased popularity after being featured in the film Shrek ( 2001 ) , many other arrangements have been performed by many and various singers , both in recordings and in concert , with over 300 versions known . The song has been used in film and television soundtracks and televised talent contests . `` Hallelujah '' experienced renewed interest following Cohen 's death in November 2016 and appeared on multiple international singles charts , including entering the American Billboard Hot 100 for the first time . Contents 1 Musical composition and lyrical interpretation 2 Charts 3 Certifications 4 Cover versions 4.1 John Cale 4.2 Jeff Buckley 4.3 Rufus Wainwright 4.4 k.d. lang 4.5 Espen Lind featuring Kurt Nilsen , Alejandro Fuentes and Askil Holm 4.6 Alexandra Burke 4.7 Pentatonix 4.8 Other cover versions 5 Accolades and achievements 6 Other charted versions 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Musical composition and lyrical interpretation ( edit ) John Cale `` Hallelujah '' cover excerpt John Cale 's selection of Cohen 's verses have since been followed by most covers . First recorded by Cale in 1991 for the Cohen tribute album I 'm Your Fan . Cale 's version is used in the film Shrek . Jeff Buckley `` Hallelujah '' cover excerpt From the album Grace , released in 1994 . In 2007 , Sony BMG rereleased the album ( subtitled `` The Legacy Edition '' ) with a live music video of the song . Allison Crowe `` Hallelujah '' cover excerpt Different in style , Allison Crowe 's single - take recording , from Tidings , released in 2003 , is among a new generation of interpretations . Rufus Wainwright `` Hallelujah '' cover excerpt Rufus Wainwright recorded a version similar to Cale 's , also on piano , and is the version included on the Shrek soundtrack . <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing these files ? See media help . `` Hallelujah '' , in its original version , is in time , which evokes both early rock and roll and gospel music . Written in the key of C major , the chord progression matches lyrics from the song : `` goes like this , the fourth , the fifth , the minor fall , and the major lift '' : C , F , G , A minor , F . Cohen wrote around 80 draft verses for `` Hallelujah '' , with one writing session at the Royalton Hotel in New York where he was reduced to sitting on the floor in his underwear , banging his head on the floor . His original version , as recorded on his Various Positions album , contains several biblical references , most notably evoking the stories of Samson and treacherous Delilah from the Book of Judges ( `` she cut your hair '' ) as well as King David and Bathsheba ( `` you saw her bathing on the roof , her beauty and the moonlight overthrew you '' ) . Following his original 1984 studio - album version , Cohen performed the original song on his world tour in 1985 , but live performances during his 1988 and 1993 tours almost invariably contained a quite different set of lyrics , with only the last verse being common to the two versions . Numerous singers mix lyrics from both versions , and occasionally make direct lyric changes ; for example , in place of Cohen 's `` holy dove '' , Canadian - American singer Rufus Wainwright substituted `` holy dark '' , while Canadian singer - songwriter Allison Crowe sang `` holy ghost '' . Cohen 's lyrical poetry and his view that `` many different hallelujahs exist '' is reflected in wide - ranging covers with very different intents or tones , allowing the song to be `` melancholic , fragile , uplifting ( or ) joyous '' depending on the performer : The Welsh singer - songwriter John Cale , the first person to record a cover version of the song ( in 1991 ) , promoted a message of `` soberness and sincerity '' in contrast to Cohen 's dispassionate tone ; the cover by Jeff Buckley , an American singer - songwriter , is more sorrowful and was described by Buckley as `` a hallelujah to the orgasm '' ; Crowe interpreted the song as a `` very sexual '' composition that discussed relationships ; Wainwright offered a `` purifying and almost liturgical '' interpretation ; and Guy Garvey of the British band Elbow made the hallelujah a `` stately creature '' and incorporated his religious interpretation of the song into his band 's recordings . Canadian singer k.d. lang said in an interview shortly after Cohen 's death that she considered the song to be about `` the struggle between having human desire and searching for spiritual wisdom . It 's being caught between those two places . '' Former Barenaked Ladies frontman Steven Page , who sang the song at Canadian politician Jack Layton 's funeral , described the song as being `` about disappointing ( other ) people '' . Charts ( edit ) the Australian release Chart ( 1985 -- 2016 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 59 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 13 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 17 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 65 Finland Download ( Latauslista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 27 Ireland ( IRMA ) 55 Italy ( FIMI ) 66 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 27 New Zealand Heatseekers ( RMNZ ) Portugal ( AFP ) 69 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 30 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 58 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 16 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 36 US Billboard Hot 100 59 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 20 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 <Td_colspan="3"> shipments figures based on certification alone Cover versions ( edit ) Since 1991 , `` Hallelujah '' has been performed by a wide variety of singers : over 300 , and in various languages . Statistics from the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , the Canadian Recording Industry Association , the Australian Recording Industry Association , and the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry , show that , by late 2008 , more than five million copies of the song sold in CD format . It has been the subject of a BBC Radio documentary , a book , and been in the soundtracks of numerous films and television programs . Different interpretations of the song may include different verses , out of the over 80 verses Cohen originally wrote . In an April 2009 CBC Radio interview , Cohen said he found the number of covers of his song `` ironic and amusing '' , given that his record label refused to release it when he first wrote it ; however , he then claimed the song could benefit from a break in exposure : I was just reading a review of a movie called Watchmen that uses it and the reviewer said -- `` Can we please have a moratorium on ' Hallelujah ' in movies and television shows ? '' And I kind of feel the same way ... I think it 's a good song , but I think too many people sing it . Conversely , in early 2012 , while promoting his then - current album , Old Ideas , Cohen stated he was n't tired of the song being covered : There 's been a couple of times when other people have said can we have a moratorium please on `` Hallelujah '' ? Must we have it at the end of every single drama and every single Idol ? And once or twice I 've felt maybe I should lend my voice to silencing it but on second thought no , I 'm very happy that it 's being sung . John Cale ( edit ) John Cale 's cover first appeared on I 'm Your Fan ( 1991 ) , a Leonard Cohen tribute album , and later on his live album Fragments of a Rainy Season ( 1992 ) . Cale 's version has vocals , piano , and different lyrics that Cohen had only performed live such as `` I used to live alone before I knew you '' and `` All I ever learned from love was how to shoot at someone who outdrew you '' . Cale had watched Cohen perform the song and asked Cohen to send him the lyrics . Cohen then faxed Cale fifteen pages of lyrics . Cale claims that he `` went through and just picked out the cheeky verses . '' Cale 's version forms the basis of most subsequent performances , including Cohen 's performances during his 2008 -- 09 world tour . It was the version used in the film Shrek ( 2001 ) , although it is Rufus Wainwright 's version that is used on the soundtrack album . It also appears on the first soundtrack album for the TV series Scrubs and as the ending song of the Cold Case episode `` Death Penalty , Final Appeal '' . Jeff Buckley ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Hallelujah '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Jeff Buckley <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Grace Released 2007 Recorded Late 1993 -- 94 , at Bearsville Studios , Bearsville , New York Genre Folk alternative rock Length 6 : 53 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Leonard Cohen Producer ( s ) Jeff Buckley Andy Wallace <Th_colspan="2"> Jeff Buckley singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Forget Her '' ( 2004 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( 2007 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Jeff Buckley , inspired by Cale 's earlier cover , recorded one of the most acclaimed versions of `` Hallelujah '' for his only complete album , Grace , in 1994 . It was posthumously released as a single in 2007 , ten years after Buckley 's death . Critical reception In 2004 , Buckley 's version was ranked number 259 on Rolling Stone 's `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . The same year Time called Buckley 's version `` exquisitely sung , '' observing `` Cohen murmured the original like a dirge , but ... Buckley treated the ... song like a tiny capsule of humanity , using his voice to careen between glory and sadness , beauty and pain ... It 's one of the great songs . '' In September 2007 , a poll of fifty songwriters conducted by the magazine Q listed `` Hallelujah '' among the all - time `` Top 10 Greatest Tracks '' with John Legend calling Buckley 's version `` as near perfect as you can get . The lyrics to ' Hallelujah ' are just incredible and the melody 's gorgeous and then there 's Jeff 's interpretation of it . It 's one of the most beautiful pieces of recorded music I 've ever heard . '' In July 2009 , the Buckley track was ranked number three on the 2009 Triple J Hottest 100 of All Time , a listener poll held every decade by the Australian radio station Triple J. In 2017 , The International Observer named Buckley 's version of `` Hallelujah '' the greatest song of all time . On 2 April 2014 , it was announced that Buckley 's version of the song will be inducted into the Library of Congress 's National Recording Registry . Commercial performance Buckley 's version was not an instant hit , nor did Buckley live to see the full measure of the reception his recording would ultimately have ; he died in 1997 . The album on which it appeared did not go Gold in the U.S. until 2002 , nine years after its release . In fact , like Cohen 's original , the Buckley version was not released as a single , until much later , and it did n't chart until 2006 , posthumously for Buckley . In March of that year , Buckley had his first national top 10 best - seller when `` Hallelujah '' was at number seven in Norway . In 2007 , it made the top 3 on the Swedish charts . In March 2008 , it topped Billboard 's Hot Digital Songs in the U.S. after a performance of the song by Jason Castro in the seventh season of American Idol . The sudden resurgence of interest provided both Gold and Platinum status , the RIAA certifying the digital track on 22 April 2008 . It has sold 1,144,000 digital copies in the US as of May 2010 . It also hit number one in France in March 2008 . Usage in media The Buckley version has been widely used in film and television dramas , including the series The West Wing , Crossing Jordan , Without a Trace , The O.C. , House , Dirt , Criminal Minds , ER , Third Watch , Ugly Betty , LAX , NCIS , Justiça and Sense8 and the films Feast of Love , The Edukators , Vinterkyss and Lord of War . `` Hallelujah can be joyous or bittersweet , depending on what part of it you use '' , Time quoted Buckley 's publisher as saying , and the magazine opined that its liberal use in some cases was `` a tacit admission that neither the writers nor the actors could convey their characters ' emotions as well as Buckley . '' On 20 April 2013 , Buckley 's version of the song was played at Fenway Park during a tribute honoring the victims of the Boston Marathon bombing before the Red Sox played their first home game following the tragedy . Charts Chart ( 2006 -- 16 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 70 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 38 Canadian Digital Songs ( Billboard ) European Hot 100 Singles 10 France ( SNEP ) 64 France Downloads Chart ( SNEP ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 14 Ireland ( IRMA ) 8 Italy ( FIMI ) 45 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 22 Norway ( VG - lista ) 7 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 5 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 38 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) 7 US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Certifications Region Certification Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum Belgium ( BEA ) Gold Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold Sweden ( GLF ) Gold United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold United States ( RIAA ) Platinum Rufus Wainwright ( edit ) Canadian - American musician and singer Rufus Wainwright had briefly met Jeff Buckley and recorded a tribute to him after his 1997 death . That song , `` Memphis Skyline '' , referenced Buckley 's version of `` Hallelujah '' , which Wainwright would later record , though using piano and a similar arrangement to Cale 's . Wainwright 's version is included on the album Shrek : Music from the Original Motion Picture , although it was Cale 's version that was used in the film itself . The Shrek soundtrack , containing Wainwright 's cover , was certified 2 × Platinum in the United States in 2003 as selling over two million copies . Rufus Wainwright , his sister Martha Wainwright , and Joan Wasser performed the song in the film Leonard Cohen : I 'm Your Man . Charts Chart ( 2007 -- 10 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 97 US Rock Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 34 K.D. Lang ( edit ) In 2004 , k.d. lang recorded a version of `` Hallelujah '' on her album Hymns of the 49th Parallel . She has since sung it at several major events , such as at the Canadian Juno Awards of 2005 , where it `` brought the audience to its feet for a two - minute ovation . '' Lang also sang it at the 2006 Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame when Cohen was inducted into the Hall of Fame . Cohen 's partner , singer Anjani Thomas , said : `` After hearing k.d. lang perform that song at the Canadian Songwriter 's Hall of Fame in 2006 we looked at each other and said , ' well , I think we can lay that song to rest now ! It 's really been done to its ultimate blissful state of perfection ' . '' Lang sang it at the opening ceremony of the 2010 Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver , before a claimed TV audience of three billion . Charts Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 13 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 40 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 23 Norway ( VG - lista ) 11 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 12 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 21 US Billboard Hot 100 61 Certifications Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 <Td_colspan="3"> shipments figures based on certification alone Espen Lind featuring Kurt Nilsen , Alejandro Fuentes and Askil Holm ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Hallelujah '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Espen Lind featuring Kurt Nilsen , Alejandro Fuentes and Askil Holm <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Hallelujah -- Live Released 2006 Format Digital download Genre Folk Label Universal Songwriter ( s ) Leonard Cohen <Th_colspan="2"> Espen Lind singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Million Miles Away '' ( 2005 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( 2006 ) `` The Boys of Summer '' ( 2006 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` Hallelujah '' on YouTube <Td_colspan="2"> In 2006 , the Norwegian quartet of Espen Lind , Kurt Nilsen , Alejandro Fuentes and Askil Holm released a cover of the song . After debuting at number 8 on the Norwegian VG - lista , the single reached number one in January 2007 . The song remained listed on the Norwegian top 20 for 37 ( non-consecutive ) weeks between 2006 and 2007 . The song also appears on the 2006 album Hallelujah Live , credited to Espen Lind with Kurt Nilsen , Alejandro Fuentes and Askil Holm , which also reached the top of the Norwegian VG - lista . Charts Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position Norway ( VG - lista ) Alexandra Burke ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Hallelujah '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Alexandra Burke <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Overcome B - side `` Candyman '' ( Live on The X Factor ) `` Without You '' ( Live on The X Factor ) Released 17 December 2008 Format CD digital download Recorded 2008 Genre R&B Length 3 : 39 Label Syco Songwriter ( s ) Leonard Cohen Producer ( s ) Quiz & Larossi <Th_colspan="2"> Alexandra Burke singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Hero '' ( 2008 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( 2008 ) `` Bad Boys '' ( 2009 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` Hallelujah '' on YouTube <Td_colspan="2"> Alexandra Burke , the winner of the fifth series of the reality television show The X Factor , released a condensed cover version of the song as a prize for her victory . It reached Christmas number one on the UK Singles Chart on 21 December 2008 . Background The release of Burke 's cover created interest in the previous versions of the song , including a Buckley fan campaign to take Buckley 's cover to the top of the Christmas chart and therefore deny Burke the top spot . The campaign was fuelled by Buckley fans ' dislike of The X Factor 's commercialism and the song 's arrangement , as well as their desire to introduce younger people to Buckley 's version . Burke herself was not enamoured of the choice of song , remarking `` It just did n't do anything for me . '' Commercial performance Burke 's version broke a European sales record after selling over 105,000 digital downloads in just one day , breaking the previous record set by Leona Lewis . The song sold 576,000 copies in its first week , becoming the fastest - selling single released by a woman in the United Kingdom and the 2008 Christmas number one , while Buckley 's cover charted at number two and Cohen 's original version at number 36 . On 28 December 2008 , the UK Singles Chart listed Burke 's version as the biggest - selling single of the year , with NME announcing sales of over one million copies since its release . This also made Burke the first ever female British artist to have a million - selling single in the UK . It has sold 1.297 million as of August 2016 , making it the biggest - selling X Factor winner 's single to date . Charts Chart ( 2008 -- 17 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 53 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 27 European Hot 100 Singles 6 France ( SNEP ) 175 Ireland ( IRMA ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 25 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Certifications Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,297,000 <Td_colspan="3"> shipments figures based on certification alone Pentatonix ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Hallelujah '' <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Pentatonix <Th_colspan="2"> from the album A Pentatonix Christmas Released 21 October 2016 Format CD digital download Recorded 2016 Genre A cappella Length 4 : 28 Label RCA Records Songwriter ( s ) Leonard Cohen Producer ( s ) PTX , Ben Bram <Th_colspan="2"> Pentatonix singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Jolene '' ( 2016 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( 2016 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` Hallelujah '' on YouTube <Td_colspan="2"> The a cappella group Pentatonix covered the song in the quintet 's 2016 album , A Pentatonix Christmas . On 21 October 2016 , Pentatonix also released a music video for its cover . Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 22 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 14 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 16 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 83 France ( SNEP ) 20 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Italy ( FIMI ) 37 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 87 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 53 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 23 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 US Billboard Hot 100 23 Certifications Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 200,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 <Td_colspan="3"> shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Other cover versions ( edit ) it 's a beautifully constructed melody that steps up , evolves , and slips back , all in quick time . But this song has a connective chorus , which when it comes in has a power all of its own . The ' secret chord ' and the point - blank I - know - you - better - than - you - know - yourself aspect of the song has plenty of resonance for me . -- Bob Dylan Bob Dylan was among the first to perform Cohen 's song in concert with his earliest noted performance being in Montreal on 8 July 1988 . Other notable singers who have covered `` Hallelujah '' include Brandi Carlile , Regina Spektor , Willie Nelson , Susan Boyle , Tim Minchin , Myles Kennedy , and Bono . Bono 's version , which is mostly spoken , was included in Tower of Song , an all - star tribute to Cohen in 1995 . Bon Jovi has covered the song several times in concert , including on their 2008 Live at Madison Square Garden DVD . International group Il Divo released a Spanish - language adaptation with different lyrics on their album The Promise ( 2008 ) , which topped the charts in the UK . The song was performed by recording artist Damien Rice at the 2008 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductions when Cohen was inducted . That same year Welsh mezzo - soprano Katherine Jenkins recorded a classical - crossover version for her album Sacred Arias . Kate Voegele performed it in character as Mia Catalano in the U.S. teen drama One Tree Hill . Also appearing on an album , her version made the Hot 100 Billboard charts and reached number 53 in the UK shortly after airing of the episode there . Also in 2008 , the Welsh band Brigyn released a version in Welsh . In 2009 Swedish artist Ebba Forsberg released a version sung in Swedish . The song has become a staple of television talent shows . Jason Castro , an American Idol season 7 contestant , performed a version on 4 March 2008 , which propelled Jeff Buckley 's version of the song to the top of the Billboard digital song chart . His version was included in his self - titled debut album and his second studio album , Who I Am. Lisa Hordijk , winner of the 2009 Dutch X Factor , released `` Hallelujah '' as her debut single , which went double platinum and remained at the top of the Dutch charts for ten weeks . A 2009 hit by Orthodox Jewish singer Ohad Moskowitz , `` Bo'i Kala '' , featuring the words of the traditional tune accompanying a Jewish bride to the chuppah , is a musical adaptation of `` Hallelujah '' . On 22 January 2010 , American musicians Justin Timberlake , Matt Morris , and Charlie Sexton performed a live cover version of `` Hallelujah '' during the Hope for Haiti Now telethon in support of those affected by the 2010 Haiti earthquake . A recorded version was released the following day on the Hope for Haiti Now soundtrack album and reached a peak of No. 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . On 16 April 2010 , the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra and the Richard Eaton Singers conducted by Jack Everly premiered a new arrangement for orchestra and chorus by Claude Lapalme . Also in 2010 , the Maccabeats of Yeshiva University released Voices from the Heights , with an a cappella version of `` Hallelujah '' set to the Hebrew words of the Shabbat liturgical poem `` Lecha Dodi '' . Steven Page performed the song live at the state funeral of Canadian Opposition Leader Jack Layton on 27 August 2011 . Raul Esparza performed the song live at the Kennedy Center 's 11 September Memorial Concert on 8 September 2011 . In May 2012 , Canada 's Royal Winnipeg Ballet presented the World Premiere of The Doorway -- Scenes from Leonard Cohen , created and choreographed by Jorden Morris -- with `` Hallelujah '' performed by Allison Crowe ( voice and piano ) and ballerinas Sophia Lee and Jo - Ann Gudilin dancing alternate dates . On the third season of the American version of The Voice , contestant Nicole Nelson sang `` Hallelujah '' in the `` Blind Audition '' stages , and all four coaches selected Nelson for their team . Later in the season , the show recorded a shortened version in honor of the victims of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting . All four coaches -- Adam Levine , Blake Shelton , CeeLo Green and Christina Aguilera -- performed , with hosts Carson Daly and Christina Milian along with the show contestants singing background vocals . Each person in the ensemble held up a card that displayed the name and age of one of the people lost in the tragedy . American entertainer Adam Sandler performed an off - color parody of `` Hallelujah '' in December 2012 at Madison Square Garden in New York City as part of 12 - 12 - 12 : The Concert for Sandy Relief . Sandler 's version contained numerous references to Hurricane Sandy and contemporary events in local culture , sports and politics . On 31 May 2015 , a 167 - piece operatic choir , Côr Glanaethwy , sang a rendition in Welsh in the final of Britain 's Got Talent ( series 9 ) . They came third in the competition . Singer Tori Kelly recorded a cover of `` Hallelujah '' for the animated film Sing and has done two notable live performances of the song : during the `` In Memoriam '' portion of the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards , and alongside Luis Fonsi during the 2017 Hand in Hand : A Benefit for Hurricane Relief telethon . On 12 November 2016 , an episode of Saturday Night Live opened with cast member Kate McKinnon as Hillary Clinton performing a rendition of the song in tribute to both Cohen and Clinton ; the preceding week had seen both Cohen 's death and Clinton 's unexpected loss to Donald Trump in the 2016 U.S. presidential election . Multiple orchestral and instrumental versions of the song have also been performed . Violinist Lindsey Stirling recorded an arrangement of the song in accordance with the A Savior is Born campaign , created by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . Stirling uploaded a video of her performing the piece in a New York City Subway station to her YouTube channel . During the performance , not one person stopped to listen . On 7 May 2018 , Madonna performed a version of the song at the Metropolitan Museum of Art 's Costume Institute in New York City . Accolades and achievements ( edit ) The BBC commemorated the 25th anniversary of the first recording with an hour - long radio documentary , The Fourth , The Fifth , The Minor Fall , in which the song 's history and numerous cover versions were presented and discussed . It was named one of the top ten greatest tracks of all time in a poll of songwriters conducted by the British music magazine Q . It was listed as one of the 500 greatest songs by Rolling Stone magazine . In the February 2009 issue of Blender , `` Hallelujah '' was named that month 's `` Greatest Song Ever '' ( a monthly feature ) . In 2005 , `` Hallelujah '' was named the tenth - greatest Canadian song of all time in Chart magazine 's annual readers ' poll . On 21 December 2008 , `` Hallelujah '' became the first song in 51 years to be numbers one and 2 on the UK Singles Chart ; The X Factor winner Alexandra Burke 's and American singer Jeff Buckley 's covers were the two highest - selling songs in the week beginning 15 December 2008 . Leonard Cohen 's version was number 36 in the same chart . Pulitzer Prize - winning author Geraldine Brooks took the title of her 2015 novel about King David , The Secret Chord from this song . Other charted versions ( edit ) Covering Artist ( s ) Year <Th_colspan="14"> Peak chart positions Certifications AUS AUT BEL ( FL ) BEL ( WA ) CAN DEN EU FRA NL NZ SWE SWI UK US Bon Jovi 2008 -- 29 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 177 -- Kate Voegele -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 53 68 Lisa Lois 2009 -- -- -- -- -- -- 99 -- -- -- -- -- -- Justin Timberlake and Matt Morris featuring Charlie Sexton -- 22 25 31 5 37 -- -- -- 8 10 -- 91 13 Natalia and Gabriel Ríos -- -- 6 -- -- 81 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- BEA : Platinum Karise Eden 2012 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 35 -- -- -- -- ARIA : Platinum Bastian Baker -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 18 -- -- -- 24 -- -- Matthew Schuler 2013 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 40 Xavier Naidoo 2014 -- 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 36 -- -- Notes A ^ Bastian Baker 's version of `` Hallelujah '' did not enter the Ultratop 50 , but peaked at number 5 on the Wallonia Ultratip chart . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Christensen , Andrea ( 12 January 2017 ) . `` Seeking spirituality in pop songs : BYU researchers identify criteria for ' secular hymns ' '' . BYU News . Brigham Young University . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fetters , Ashley ( 2 December 2012 ) . `` How Leonard Cohen 's ' Hallelujah ' Became Everybody 's ' Hallelujah ' '' . The Atlantic . The Atlantic Monthly Group . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Singer backs Welsh ' Hallelujah ' '' . BBC . 7 November 2008 . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Arjatsalo , J. , Riise , A. , & Kurzweil , K. `` A Thousand Covers Deep : Leonard Cohen Covered by Other Artists '' . The Leonard Cohen files . Archived from the original on 7 June 2008 . Retrieved 6 November 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( 21 November 2016 ) . `` Leonard Cohen 's ' Hallelujah ' Hits Hot 100 for First Time '' . Billboard . 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Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 2009 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Jeff Buckley -- Hallelujah '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Gold in the Certification field . Type Hallelujah in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( 22 November 2017 ) . `` Leonard Cohen by numbers : the legend 's chart history in detail '' . Music Week . Intent Media . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Jeff Buckley -- Hallelujah '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH . Jump up ^ `` Chart Archive -- Rufus Wainwright -- Hallelujah '' . Chartarchive.org . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . 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VG - lista . ^ Jump up to : Jamieson , Alastair ( 21 December 2008 ) . `` Hallelujah , the Leonard Cohen song recorded by X Factor television show winner Alexandra Burke , has become both the Christmas number one and number two best - selling single '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Buckley , Leonard Cohen fans unite on Facebook to keep reality show version of ' Hallelujah ' off British chart '' . National Post . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hallelujah ! You Buck the trend '' . The Sun . United Kingdom . 15 December 2008 . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Fight for a ' Hallelujah ' Christmas Victory '' . The Times . 18 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : ' Hallelujah ' Hits Number One and Two Slots in Christmas Charts . The Times . 22 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Lawson : Warring ' Hallelujahs ' '' . The Guardian , 19 December 2008 ^ Jump up to : Singh , Anita ( 15 December 2008 ) . `` X Factor Winner Alexandra Burke Sets New Chart Record with `` Hallelujah '' `` . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Duffy and Burke Top 2008 Charts '' . BBC . 29 December 2008 . Retrieved 29 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Alexandra Burke 's ' Hallelujah ' Joins ' Million - Selling ' Singles List '' . NME. 9 January 2009 . Retrieved 10 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alexandra is first million - seller '' . BBC News . BBC Online . 9 January 2009 . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sedghi , Ami ( 26 August 2016 ) . `` The winner takes it all ? The biggest selling X Factor winner 's singles revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Alexandra Burke -- Hallelujah '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 200936 into search . Jump up ^ `` Chart Search Results -- European Hot 100 Singles 2009 - 01 - 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 20 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Alexandra Burke -- Hallelujah '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 51 , 2008 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alexandra Burke : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Alexandra Burke -- Hallelujah '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Type Hallelujah in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Mitchell Peters ( 22 October 2016 ) . `` Pentatonix Cover Leonard Cohen 's ' Hallelujah ' in Moving Video '' . Billboard . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pentatonix Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201649 into search . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés - SNEP ( Week 44 , 2016 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica settimanale WK 52 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 28 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201649 into search . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pentatonix Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Pentatonix ; ' Hallelujah ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH . Jump up ^ David Remnick ( 17 October 2016 ) . `` Leonard Cohen Makes It Darker '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Elisa Bray ( 5 December 2008 ) . `` Hallelujah -- a song with a life of its own '' . The Independent . Retrieved 12 July 2009 . 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Jump up ^ Wilson , Jess ( 31 May 2015 ) . `` Britain 's Got Talent final : Simon Cowell thinks Cor Glanaethwy will WIN 2015 show '' . Mirror . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Kathryn ( 1 June 2015 ) . `` Britain 's Got Talent : Cor Glanaethwy should have won after revelations about first and second place acts '' . Mirror . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sing ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack / Deluxe ) '' . Amazon.com . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Legaspi , Althea ( 2016 - 09 - 18 ) . `` Emmys 2016 : Watch Tori Kelly 's Touching ' Hallelujah ' for ' In Memoriam ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Andrew ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) . `` Justin Bieber Introduces ' Hand in Hand ' Prayer , Tori Kelly & Luis Fonsi Perform ' Hallelujah ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Editor , Lee Moran Trends ; Post , The Huffington ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) . `` Kate McKinnon As Clinton Sings Leonard Cohen 's ' Hallelujah ' On ' SNL ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Mormons Release ' A Savior Is Born ' Christmas Message '' . www.mormonnewsroom.org. 2015 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Hear a beautiful violin cover of ' Hallelujah ' in New York City subway '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Editor , Althea ; Legaspi , Rolling Stone ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) . `` See Madonna 's Surprise Performance of ' Like a Prayer , ' ' Hallelujah ' at Met Gala '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ Aidin Vaziri ( 4 November 2012 ) , ' Hallelujah ' : Song of Leonard Cohen , San Francisco Chronicle , retrieved 6 November 2012 Jump up ^ `` Greatest Songs Ever : `` Hallelujah '' . Blender Magazine . 22 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 28 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hallelujah ' Set for Chart Trinity '' . BBC News . 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 21 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( 3 October 2015 ) . `` ' The Secret Chord ' by Geraldine Brooks '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 4 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Peak positions on the Australian ARIA Singles chart : For the version by Karise Eden : `` Australian Charts -- Karise Eden -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . For the version by Pentatonix : `` ARIA CHART WATCH # 392 '' . auspOp. 29 October 2016 . Retrieved 29 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Peak positions on the Ö3 Austria Top 40 chart : For the version by Bon Jovi : `` Austria Top 40 -- Bon Jovi -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' ( in German ) . Austriancharts.at / Hung Medien . Retrieved 30 October 2012 . For the version by Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton : `` Austria Top - 40 -- Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' . Austriancharts.at . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Peak positions on the Belgian Ultratop 50 Flanders chart : For the version by Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton : `` Charts Vlaanderen -- Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . For the version by Natalia & Gabriel Ríos : `` Charts Vlaanderen -- Natalia & Gabriel Ríos -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . For the version by Pentatonix : `` Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Peak positions on the Belgian Ultratop 50 Wallonia chart : For the version by Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton : `` Charts Wallonie -- Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . For the version by Natalia & Gabriel Ríos : `` Charts Wallonie -- Natalia & Gabriel Ríos -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Peak chart positions on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 : For the version by Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton : `` Justin Timberlake Album & Song Chart History -- Canadian Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . For the version by Pentatonix : `` Pentatonix -- Chart History '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Peak positions on the Danish Tracklisten : For the version by Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton : `` Danish Charts -- Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' . Danishcharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Peak positions on the European Hot 100 Singles chart : For the version by Lisa : `` Chart Search Results -- European Hot 100 Singles 2009 - 05 - 30 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . For the version by Natalia & Gabriel Ríos : `` Chart Search Results -- European Hot 100 Singles 2010 - 03 - 20 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Peak positions on the French Singles Chart : For the version by Bastian Baker : `` Classements -- Bastian Baker -- Hallelujah ( chanson ) '' ( in French ) . Lescharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 November 2012 . For the version by Pentatonix : `` Classements -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah ( chanson ) '' ( in French ) . Lescharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Peak chart positions on the Dutch Single Top 100 : For the version by Lisa : `` Dutch Charts -- Lisa ( Lois ) -- Hallelujah '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Peak chart positions on the New Zealand Singles Chart : For the version by Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton : `` New Zealand Charts -- Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' . Charts.org.nz . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . For the version by Karise Eden : `` New Zealand Charts -- Karise Eden -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' . / charts.org.nz . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Peak chart positions on the Swedish Singles Chart : For the version by Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton : `` Swedish Charts -- Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' . Swedishcharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Peak positions on the Swiss Singles Chart : For the version by Bastian Baker : `` Swiss Charts -- Bastian Baker -- Hallelujah '' ( in German ) . Hitparade.ch . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 November 2012 . For the version by Pentatonix : `` Swiss Charts -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' ( in German ) . Hitparade.ch . Hung Medien . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Peak chart positions on the UK Singles Chart : For the version by Bon Jovi : ( 2 ) For the version by Kate Voegele : `` Chart Archive -- Kate Voegele -- Hallelujah '' . Chartarchive.org . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . For the version by Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton : `` Chart Archive -- Timberlake / Morris / Sexton -- Hallelujah '' . Chartarchive.org . Jump up ^ Peak chart positions on the US Billboard Hot 100 : For the version by Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton : `` The Hot 100 -- February 13 , 2010 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 8 November 2016 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . For the version by Kate Voegele : `` Kate Voegele -- Chart History '' . Billboard . For the version by Pentatonix : `` Pentatonix -- Chart History '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Les Disques d'Or / de Platine -- 2010 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2012 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 15 September 2013 . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bastian Baker -- Hallelujah '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Light , Alan ( 2013 ) . The Holy or the Broken : Leonard Cohen , Jeff Buckley , and the Unlikely Ascent of `` Hallelujah '' . New York : Atria Books . ISBN 9781451657845 . Babich , Babette ( 2013 ) . The Hallelujah Effect : Philosophical Reflections on Music , Performance Practice , and Technology ) . UK : Routledge . ISBN 9781138274136 . External links ( edit ) 1984 version lyrics , on The Leonard Cohen Files 1988 version lyrics , on The Leonard Cohen Files BBC : Just whose hallelujah is it anyway ? -- article on writing and meaning of song The Birth of kd lang 's `` Hallelujah '' out of the ' Spirit of Music ' Perfect Sound Forever online music magazine presents ... 2011 article , by philosopher Babette Babich BBC : Hallelujah ! The rise and rise of Leonard Cohen 's once - forgotten classic -- 2012 report , by writer Alan Light Guitar chords Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> Articles and topics related to `` Hallelujah '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Leonard Cohen Studio albums Songs of Leonard Cohen Songs from a Room Songs of Love and Hate New Skin for the Old Ceremony Death of a Ladies ' Man Recent Songs Various Positions I 'm Your Man The Future Ten New Songs Dear Heather Old Ideas Popular Problems You Want It Darker Live albums Live Songs Cohen Live Field Commander Cohen : Tour of 1979 Live in London Live at the Isle of Wight 1970 Songs from the Road Live in Dublin Ca n't Forget : A Souvenir of the Grand Tour Compilations The Best of Leonard Cohen So Long , Marianne More Best of Leonard Cohen The Essential Leonard Cohen Tribute albums Famous Blue Raincoat I 'm Your Fan Tower of Song Leonard Cohen : I 'm Your Man Judy Collins Sings Leonard Cohen : Democracy The Songs of Leonard Cohen Covered Concert tours The Smokey Life Tour Various Positions Tour I 'm Your Man Tour The Future World Tour Leonard Cohen Tour 2008 -- 2010 Old Ideas World Tour Songs `` Ai n't No Cure for Love '' `` Avalanche '' `` Bird on the Wire '' `` Dance Me to the End of Love '' `` Everybody Knows '' `` Famous Blue Raincoat '' `` First We Take Manhattan '' `` The Gypsy 's Wife '' `` Hallelujah '' `` Hey , That 's No Way to Say Goodbye '' `` I 'm Your Man '' `` In My Secret Life '' `` Joan of Arc '' `` The Partisan '' `` So Long , Marianne '' `` Suzanne '' `` Take This Waltz '' `` Tower of Song '' `` You Want It Darker '' Books Let Us Compare Mythologies The Spice - Box of Earth The Favourite Game Flowers for Hitler Beautiful Losers Selected Poems 1956 - 1968 Stranger Music Book of Longing Related Awards and nominations Discography Leonard Cohen : I 'm Your Man Sharon Robinson Jennifer Warnes Anjani Thomas Perla Batalla Julie Christensen Marianne Ihlen Blue Alert Bob Johnston I Am a Hotel Ladies and Gentlemen ... Mr. Leonard Cohen The Holy or the Broken <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category <Th_colspan="2"> Jeff Buckley Studio albums Grace Sketches for My Sweetheart the Drunk Live albums Live at Sin - é Live from the Bataclan Mystery White Boy Live À L'Olympia Live at Sin - é ( Legacy Edition ) Grace Around the World Compilations Songs to No One 1991 -- 1992 The Grace EPs So Real : Songs from Jeff Buckley You and I Singles `` Grace '' `` Last Goodbye '' `` So Real '' `` Eternal Life '' `` Everybody Here Wants You '' `` Forget Her '' `` Hallelujah '' DVDs Live in Chicago Grace Around the World Related articles Discography Tim Buckley Gary Lucas Mick Grøndahl Matt Johnson Michael Tighe Parker Kindred Amazing Grace : Jeff Buckley Dream Brother : The Lives and Music of Jeff and Tim Buckley Dream Brother : The Songs of Tim and Jeff Buckley Greetings from Tim Buckley `` Teardrop '' <Th_colspan="2"> Kate Voegele Studio albums Do n't Look Away A Fine Mess Gravity Happens EPs The Other Side Louder Than Words Wild Card Singles `` Only Fooling Myself '' `` Hallelujah '' `` 99 Times '' `` Heart In Chains '' Promotional singles `` Angel '' `` Sweet Silver Lining '' Featured songs `` Good to You '' ( with Marianas Trench ) Tours Parakate Tour Back 2 School Tour Lift Me Up Tour Battlefield Tour Less is More Tour Related articles One Tree Hill ( season 5 6 7 ) MySpace Records Interscope Records The Veronicas Stephen Kellogg and the Sixers The Wreckers Natasha Bedingfield Amy Kuney Marianas Trench Angel Taylor Jordin Sparks Parachute Tyler Hilton <Th_colspan="2"> Alexandra Burke <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Songs Studio albums Overcome Heartbreak on Hold The Truth Is Extended plays Christmas Gift Singles `` Hallelujah '' `` Bad Boys '' `` Broken Heels '' `` All Night Long '' `` Start Without You '' `` The Silence '' `` Elephant '' `` Let It Go '' Concert tours All Night Long Tour ( 2011 ) Related articles Melissa Bell <Th_colspan="2"> k.d. lang Studio albums with The Reclines A Truly Western Experience Angel with a Lariat Absolute Torch and Twang Solo Shadowland Ingénue All You Can Eat Invincible Summer Watershed with The Siss Boom Bang Sing It Loud Covers Drag Hymns of the 49th Parallel with Tony Bennett A Wonderful World Live and compilation albums Live by Request Reintarnation Recollection Singles `` Rose Garden '' `` Crying '' `` Full Moon Full of Love '' `` Three Days '' `` Luck in My Eyes '' `` Constant Craving '' `` Miss Chatelaine '' Related Discography case / lang / veirs <Td_colspan="2"> Book <Th_colspan="2"> Rufus Wainwright <Td_colspan="2"> Awards and nominations Discography Songs Studio albums Rufus Wainwright Poses Want One Want Two Release the Stars All Days Are Nights : Songs for Lulu Out of the Game Take All My Loves : 9 Shakespeare Sonnets Live albums Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall Milwaukee at Last ! ! ! Rufus Wainwright : Live from the Artists Den Compilations Want House of Rufus Vibrate : The Best of Rufus Wainwright EPs Waiting for a Want Alright , Already : Live in Montréal Tiergarten Video albums All I Want Rufus ! Rufus ! Rufus ! Does Judy ! Judy ! Judy ! : Live from the London Palladium Milwaukee at Last ! ! ! Singles `` I Do n't Know What It Is '' `` Oh What a World '' `` Across the Universe '' `` The One You Love '' `` Hallelujah '' `` Going to a Town '' `` Rules and Regulations '' `` Tiergarten '' `` Me and Liza '' Other songs `` April Fools '' `` Cigarettes and Chocolate Milk '' `` One Man Guy '' `` Dinner at Eight '' `` The Art Teacher '' `` Gay Messiah '' `` Sanssouci '' Concerts Odd Man Out Tour Out of the Game Tour The Best of Rufus Wainwright If I Loved You : Gentlemen Prefer Broadway Wainwright Libre All These Poses Anniversary Tour Operas Prima Donna album Prima Donna : A Symphonic Visual Concert Hadrian Related articles Blackoutsabbath Stuyvesant family Loudon Wainwright III Kate McGarrigle Martha Wainwright Jörn Weisbrodt <Td_colspan="2"> Category Portal WikiProject <Th_colspan="2"> Bon Jovi <Td_colspan="2"> Jon Bon Jovi Tico Torres David Bryan Hugh McDonald Phil X Richie Sambora Alec John Such Dave Sabo Studio albums Bon Jovi 7800 ° Fahrenheit Slippery When Wet New Jersey Keep the Faith These Days Crush Bounce Have a Nice Day Lost Highway The Circle What About Now This House Is Not for Sale Compilation albums Hard & Hot ( Best of Bon Jovi ) Cross Road This Left Feels Right Greatest Hits Burning Bridges 100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Ca n't Be Wrong Live albums One Wild Night Live 1985 -- 2001 Inside Out This House Is Not for Sale -- Live from the London Palladium Singles `` Runaway '' `` She Do n't Know Me '' `` Burning for Love '' ( Japan only ) `` Only Lonely '' `` In and Out of Love '' `` The Hardest Part Is the Night '' `` Silent Night '' `` You Give Love a Bad Name '' `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' `` Never Say Goodbye '' `` Bad Medicine '' `` Born to Be My Baby '' `` I 'll Be There for You '' `` Lay Your Hands on Me '' `` Living in Sin '' `` Keep the Faith '' `` Bed of Roses '' `` In These Arms '' `` I 'll Sleep When I 'm Dead '' `` I Believe '' `` Dry County '' `` Please Come Home for Christmas '' `` Always '' `` Someday I 'll Be Saturday Night '' `` This Ai n't a Love Song '' `` Something for the Pain '' `` Lie to Me '' `` These Days '' `` Hey God '' `` Real Life '' `` It 's My Life '' `` Say It Is n't So '' `` Thank You for Loving Me '' `` One Wild Night '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' ( Live ) `` Everyday '' `` Misunderstood '' `` All About Lovin ' You '' `` Bounce '' ( promo single ) `` The Distance '' ( Japan only ) `` It 's My Life ( 2003 ) '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive ( 2003 ) '' ( promo single ) `` Have a Nice Day '' `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' ( with Jennifer Nettles ) `` Welcome to Wherever You Are '' `` ( You Want To ) Make a Memory '' `` Lost Highway '' `` Till We Ai n't Strangers Anymore '' ( with LeAnn Rimes ) `` Summertime '' ( Canada only ) `` Whole Lot of Leavin ' '' `` We Were n't Born to Follow '' `` Superman Tonight '' `` When We Were Beautiful '' `` What Do You Got ? '' `` No Apologies '' `` This Is Our House '' ( promo single ) `` Because We Can '' `` What About Now '' `` This House Is Not for Sale '' Other songs `` Edge of a Broken Heart '' Video albums Breakout : Video Singles Slippery When Wet : The Videos New Jersey : The Videos Access All Areas : A Rock & Roll Odyssey Keep the Faith : An Evening with Bon Jovi Keep the Faith : The Videos Cross Road Live from London The Crush Tour This Left Feels Right Live Lost Highway : The Concert When We Were Beautiful Live at Madison Square Garden Greatest Hits : The Ultimate Video Collection Concert tours Runaway Tour Slippery When Wet Tour Jersey Syndicate Tour Keep the Faith Tour I 'll Sleep When I 'm Dead Tour These Days Tour Crush Tour One Wild Night Tour Bounce Tour Have a Nice Day Tour Lost Highway Tour The Circle Tour Bon Jovi Live Because We Can Bon Jovi Live ! This House Is Not for Sale Tour Solo albums Blaze of Glory ( Jon Bon Jovi ) Stranger in This Town ( Sambora ) On a Full Moon ( Bryan ) Destination Anywhere ( Jon Bon Jovi ) Undiscovered Soul ( Sambora ) Lunar Eclipse ( Bryan ) The Power Station Years : The Unreleased Recordings ( Jon Bon Jovi ) Aftermath of the Lowdown ( Sambora ) Related articles Discography Songs recorded Awards <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category Commons Portal <Th_colspan="2"> The X Factor ( UK ) <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Controversy and criticism Series Main 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Celebrity Battle of the Stars Finalists Series 1 Steve Brookstein G4 Tabby Callaghan Rowetta Satchell Roberta Howett Series 2 Shayne Ward Andy Abraham Journey South Brenda Edwards Chico Slimani The Conway Sisters Maria Lawson Series 3 Leona Lewis Ray Quinn Ben Mills The MacDonald Brothers Kerry McGregor Series 4 Leon Jackson Rhydian Roberts Same Difference Niki Evans Hope Matthew Protheroe Daniel de Bourg Series 5 Alexandra Burke JLS Eoghan Quigg Diana Vickers Ruth Lorenzo Laura White Series 6 Joe McElderry Olly Murs Stacey Solomon Jedward Lucie Jones Rachel Adedeji Series 7 Matt Cardle Rebecca Ferguson One Direction Cher Lloyd Mary Byrne Katie Waissel Aiden Grimshaw Belle Amie John Adeleye Series 8 Little Mix Marcus Collins Amelia Lily Misha B Janet Devlin Kitty Brucknell Frankie Cocozza Series 9 James Arthur Jahméne Douglas Christopher Maloney Union J Rylan Clark Ella Henderson Lucy Spraggan Carolynne Poole Series 10 Sam Bailey Nicholas McDonald Luke Friend Rough Copy Kingsland Road Series 11 Ben Haenow Fleur East Andrea Faustini Lauren Platt Stereo Kicks Stevi Ritchie Only the Young Jake Quickenden Chloe Jasmine Blonde Electra Series 12 Louisa Johnson Reggie ' n ' Bollie 4th Impact Series 13 Matt Terry Saara Aalto 5 After Midnight Honey G Ryan Lawrie Series 14 Rak - Su Alisah Bonaobra Spencer Sutherland Series 15 Brendan Murray Janice Robinson Olatunji Yearwood Singles Winners singles `` Against All Odds '' `` That 's My Goal '' `` A Moment Like This '' `` When You Believe '' `` Hallelujah '' `` The Climb '' `` When We Collide '' `` Cannonball '' `` Impossible '' `` Skyscraper '' `` Something I Need '' `` Forever Young '' `` When Christmas Comes Around '' `` Dimelo '' Charity singles `` Hero '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Heroes '' `` Wishing on a Star '' Related articles The X Factor franchise The Xtra Factor I Ca n't Sing ! The X Factor Musical X Factor Around the World <Th_colspan="2"> UK Christmas number - one singles in the 2000s <Td_colspan="2"> `` Can We Fix It ? '' ( Bob the Builder , 2000 ) `` Somethin ' Stupid '' ( Robbie Williams & Nicole Kidman , 2001 ) `` Sound of the Underground '' ( Girls Aloud , 2002 ) `` Mad World '' ( Michael Andrews & Gary Jules , 2003 ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( Band Aid 20 , 2004 ) `` That 's My Goal '' ( Shayne Ward , 2005 ) `` A Moment Like This '' ( Leona Lewis , 2006 ) `` When You Believe '' ( Leon Jackson , 2007 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( Alexandra Burke , 2008 ) `` Killing in the Name '' ( Rage Against the Machine , 2009 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Complete list 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s <Th_colspan="2"> UK Christmas number - one single downloads in the 2000s <Td_colspan="2"> `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( Band Aid 20 , 2004 ) `` JCB '' ( Nizlopi , 2005 ) `` Patience '' ( Take That , 2006 ) `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' ( Mariah Carey , 2007 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( Alexandra Burke , 2008 ) `` Killing in the Name '' ( Rage Against the Machine , 2009 ) <Td_colspan="2"> 2000s 2010s <Th_colspan="2"> Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Here in My Heart '' -- Al Martino 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- Royal Scots Dragoon Guards ( UK ) 1973 : `` I Love You Love Me Love '' -- Gary Glitter ( UK ) 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Tainted Love '' -- Soft Cell ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` ( Is This the Way to ) Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Just the Way You Are '' -- Bruno Mars 2011 : `` Someone like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) 2017 : `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran ( UK ) BNF : cb161653609 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hallelujah_(Leonard_Cohen_song)&oldid=865133878 '' Categories : Christmas number - one singles in the United Kingdom Christmas number - one single downloads in the United Kingdom 1980s ballads 1984 singles Leonard Cohen songs Columbia Records singles 1994 singles Jeff Buckley songs 2003 singles Rufus Wainwright songs 2008 singles Alexandra Burke songs The X Factor ( UK TV series ) Bon Jovi songs SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Scotland UK Singles Chart number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Debut singles Songs written by Leonard Cohen Black - and - white music videos Songs about music Rock ballads Contemporary R&B ballads Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Metasongs Syco Music singles Universal Records singles United States National Recording Registry recordings 1984 songs Cultural depictions of David Bathsheba Samson Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Archived copy as title CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use dmy dates from December 2012 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Finnishdownload Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010 Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for ItalyFIMI Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2018 , at 23 : 54 ( UTC ) . 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1. "Hallelujah" - Leonard Cohen song
2. Cover versions of "Hallelujah"
3. Jeff Buckley's version of "Hallelujah"
4. Rufus Wainwright's version of "Hallelujah"
5. k.d. lang's version of "Hallelujah"
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where does the term wisdom teeth come from
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Wisdom tooth - wikipedia Wisdom tooth Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the anatomy of wisdom teeth . For wisdom teeth removal surgery , see Impacted wisdom teeth . For the upcoming Hong Kong film , see Wisdom Tooth ( film ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Wisdom tooth <Td_colspan="2"> Wisdom teeth <Td_colspan="2"> 3D CT of an impacted wisdom tooth near the inferior alveolar nerve <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers TA A05. 1.03. 008 <Td_colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) A wisdom tooth or third molar is one of the three molars per quadrant of the human dentition . It is the most posterior of the three . Wisdom teeth generally erupt between the ages of 17 and 25 . Most adults have four wisdom teeth , one in each of the four quadrants , but it is possible to have fewer or more , in which case the extras are called supernumerary teeth . Wisdom teeth commonly affect other teeth as they develop , becoming impacted . They are often extracted when or even before this occurs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Anatomy 1.1 Variation 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 4 History 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Anatomy ( edit ) Main article : Human tooth Variation ( edit ) Agenesis of wisdom teeth differs by population , ranging from practically zero in Aboriginal Tasmanians to nearly 100 % in indigenous Mexicans ( see research paper with world map showing prevalence ) . The difference is related to the PAX9 gene ( and perhaps other genes ) . Function ( edit ) See also : Human vestigiality Wisdom teeth are vestigial third molars that helped human ancestors to grind plant tissue . It is thought that the skulls of human ancestors had larger jaws with more teeth , which possibly helped to chew foliage to compensate for a lack of ability to efficiently digest the cellulose that makes up a plant cell wall . After the advent of agriculture 10,000 years ago , soft human diets became the norm , including carbohydrate and high energy foods . Such diets typically result in jaws growing with less forwards growth than our paleolithic ancestors and not enough room for the wisdom teeth . Clinical significance ( edit ) See also : Dental extraction and Impacted wisdom teeth A wisdom tooth protrudes outwards from the gumline with inflamed tissue at the back ( pericoronitis ; green arrow ) Wisdom teeth ( often notated clinically as M3 for third molar ) have long been identified as a source of problems and continue to be the most commonly impacted teeth in the human mouth . The oldest known impacted wisdom tooth belonged to a European woman of the Magdalenian period ( 18,000 -- 10,000 BCE ) . A lack of room to allow the teeth to erupt results in a risk of periodontal disease and dental cavities that increases with age . Less than 2 % of adults age 65 years or older maintain the teeth without cavities or periodontal disease and 13 % maintain unimpacted wisdom teeth without cavities or periodontal disease . Some problems which may or may not occur with third molars : A Mesio - impacted , partially erupted mandibular third molar , B Dental caries and periodontal defects associated with both the third and second molars , caused by food packing and poor access to oral hygiene methods , C Inflamed operculum covering partially erupted lower third molar , with accumulation of food debris and bacteria underneath , D The upper third molar has over-erupted due to lack of opposing tooth contact , and may start to traumatically occlude into the operculum over the lower third molar . Unopposed teeth are usually sharp because they have not been blunted by another tooth . Impacted wisdom teeth are classified by the direction and depth of impaction , the amount of available space for tooth eruption and the amount soft tissue or bone that covers them . The classification structure allows clinicians to estimate the probabilities of impaction , infections and complications associated with wisdom teeth removal . Wisdom teeth are also classified by the presence of symptoms and disease . Treatment of an erupted wisdom tooth is the same as any other tooth in the mouth . If impacted , treatment can be localized to the infected tissue overlying the impaction , extraction or coronectomy . The upper left ( picture right ) and upper right ( picture left ) wisdom teeth are distoangularly impacted . The lower left wisdom tooth is horizontally impacted . The lower right wisdom tooth is vertically impacted ( unidentifiable in orthopantomogram ) . History ( edit ) Although formally known as third molars , the common name is wisdom teeth because they appear so late -- much later than the other teeth , at an age where people are presumably `` wiser '' than as a child , when the other teeth erupt . The term probably came as a translation of the Latin dens sapientiae . Their eruption has been known to cause dental issues for centuries ; it was noted at least as far back as Aristotle : The last teeth to come in man are molars called ' wisdom - teeth ' , which come at the age of twenty years , in the case of both sexes . Cases have been known in women upwards of eighty years old where at the very close of life the wisdom - teeth have come up , causing great pain in their coming ; and cases have been known of the like phenomenon in men too . This happens , when it does happen , in the case of people where the wisdom - teeth have not come up in early years . -- Aristotle , The History of Animals See also ( edit ) Dentistry portal This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wisdom Teeth '' . American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 28 . This generally occurs between the ages of 17 and 25 Jump up ^ Rozkovcová , E. ; Marková , M. ; Dolejší , J. ( 1999 ) . `` Studies on agenesis of third molars amongst populations of different origin '' . Sborník lékařský. 100 ( 2 ) : 71 -- 84 . PMID 11220165 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Tiago V. ; Salzano , Francisco M. ; Mostowska , Adrianna ; Trzeciak , Wieslaw H. ; Ruiz - Linares , Andrés ; Chies , José A.B. ; Saavedra , Carmen ; Nagamachi , Cleusa ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Natural selection and molecular evolution in primate PAX9 gene , a major determinant of tooth development '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 103 ( 15 ) : 5676 -- 81 . Bibcode : 2006PNAS ... 103.5676 P . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0509562103 . JSTOR 30050159 . PMC 1458632 . PMID 16585527 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Rachele ( February 5 , 2007 ) . `` Why Do We Have Wisdom Teeth ? '' . Scienceline.org . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ von Cramon - Taubadel , Noreen ( 2011 - 12 - 06 ) . `` Global human mandibular variation reflects differences in agricultural and hunter - gatherer subsistence strategies '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 108 ( 49 ) : 19546 -- 19551 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1113050108 . ISSN 0027 - 8424 . PMC 3241821 . PMID 22106280 . Jump up ^ `` Magdalenian Girl is a woman and therefore has oldest recorded case of impacted wisdom teeth '' ( Press release ) . Field Museum of Natural History . March 7 , 2006 . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Juodzbalys , Gintaras ; Daugela , Povilas ( Apr -- Jun 2013 ) . `` Mandibular Third Molar Impaction : Review of Literature and a Proposal of a Classification ( review ) '' . J Oral Maxillofac Res. 4 ( 2 ) : e1 . doi : 10.5037 / jomr. 2013.4201 . PMC 3886113 . PMID 24422029 . Jump up ^ Marciani RD ( 2012 ) . `` Is there pathology associated with asymptomatic third molars ( review ) '' . J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 70 ( Suppl 1 ) : 15 -- 19 . doi : 10.1016 / j. joms. 2012.04. 025 . Jump up ^ Dodson TB ( Sep 2012 ) . `` The management of the asymptomatic , disease - free wisdom tooth : removal versus retention . ( review ) '' . Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 20 ( 2 ) : 169 -- 76 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cxom. 2012.06. 005 . PMID 23021394 . Jump up ^ Newman MG , Takei HH , Klokkevold PR , Carranza FA ( 2012 ) . Carranza 's Clinical Periodontology . Elsevier Saunders . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4377 - 0416 - 7 . Jump up ^ Pogrel MA ( 2012 ) . `` What are the Risks of Operative Intervention ( review ) '' . J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 70 ( Suppl 1 ) : 33 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Ghaeminia H ( 2013 ) . `` Coronectomy may be a way of managing impacted third molars ( systematic review ) '' . Evid Based Dent. 14 ( 2 ) : 57 -- 8 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. ebd. 6400939 . PMID 23792405 . Jump up ^ `` Wisdom tooth '' . Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford : Oxford University Press . 1989 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 861186 - 2 . Jump up ^ Aristotle ( 2015 ) . The History of Animals . Translated by D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson . Aeterna Press . p. 49 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wisdom teeth . National Institute of Clinical Health and Excellence Guideline to Wisdom teeth removal Wisdom tooth extraction WebMD article <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Dental anatomy Teeth Permanent incisor canine premolar molar Deciduous Maxillary teeth Incisor Central incisor Lateral incisor Canine Premolar First premolar Second premolar Molar First molar Second molar Third molar Mandibular teeth Incisor Central incisor Lateral incisor Canine Premolar First premolar Second premolar Molar First molar Second molar Third molar Parts Crown Cusp Cusp of Carabelli Zuckerkandl 's tubercle <Td_colspan="2"> Pulp Root canal Apical foramen <Td_colspan="2"> Cementoenamel junction Enamel Dental - enamel junction Dentin Dental papilla <Td_colspan="2"> Mamelon <Td_colspan="2"> Dental alveolus GND : 4189482 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wisdom_tooth&oldid=815125885 '' Categories : Types of teeth Vestigial organs Human mouth anatomy Acute pain Supernumerary body parts Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 22 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Wisdom tooth anatomy
2. Impacted wisdom teeth
3. Supernumerary teeth
4. Clinical significance of wisdom teeth
5. History of wisdom teeth
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-1,047,054,903,936,004,200 |
the sources of law in the united states
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List of sources of law in the united States - wikipedia List of sources of law in the united States Contents ( hide ) 1 Federal 1.1 Statutes 1.2 Administrative regulations 1.3 Court precedents 2 States 2.1 Court precedents 2.2 Statutes 2.3 Regulations 2.4 Local codes and ordinances 3 Secondary sources 4 See also Federal ( edit ) Constitution of the United States Statutes ( edit ) List of United States federal legislation Acts listed by popular name , via Cornell University United States Statutes at Large Volumes 1 through 18 , 1789 -- 1875 , via Library of Congress Public Laws ( PL ) Current Congress only , via the U.S. Government Printing Office 104th Congress through current Congress , via the U.S. Government Printing Office United States Code ( USC ) U.S. Code , via Cornell University U.S. Code , via the U.S. Government Printing Office U.S. Code , via FindLaw.com U.S. Code via house.gov U.S. Code , via USCodeSurf.com Administrative regulations ( edit ) Code of Federal Regulations ( CFR ) List of United States federal executive orders ( EO ) Court precedents ( edit ) Findlaw Cases and Codes United States Reports -- Supreme Court cases Lists of United States Supreme Court cases Federal Reporter -- Courts of Appeals and Federal Claims cases List of notable United States Courts of Appeals cases Federal Supplement -- District Courts cases Federal Appendix -- `` Unpublished '' cases States ( edit ) State constitutions Court precedents ( edit ) List of notable United States state supreme court cases Findlaw Cases and Codes Statutes ( edit ) Findlaw State Government page Regulations ( edit ) List of State Administrative Codes and Registers from the National Association of Secretaries of State Local codes and ordinances ( edit ) American Legal Publishing 's Code Library E-Codes from the General Code Corporation Municipal Code Corporation 's Online Library Secondary sources ( edit ) List of Uniform Acts ( United States ) American Jurisprudence Corpus Juris Secundum Restatements of the Law Casebooks Law reviews See also ( edit ) United States law List of legal abbreviations Legal research Legal Research in the United States For more information on official , unofficial , and authenticated online state laws and regulations , see Matthews & Baish , State - by - State Authentication of Online Legal Resources , American Association of Law Libraries , 2007 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_sources_of_law_in_the_United_States&oldid=818260827 '' Categories : United States law Legal research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 15 : 13 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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1. Federal sources of law in the United States
2. Statutes, administrative regulations, and court precedents at the federal level
3. State sources of law in the United States
4. Court precedents, statutes, regulations, and local codes at the state level
5. Secondary sources of law in the United States
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6,074,810,234,696,227,000 |
where do you find a black widow spider
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Latrodectus - wikipedia Latrodectus Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Latrodectus <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Subphylum : Chelicerata Class : Arachnida Order : Araneae Infraorder : Araneomorphae Family : Theridiidae Genus : Latrodectus Walckenaer , 1805 <Th_colspan="2"> Species <Td_colspan="2"> 31 described species , estimated 65 species living Latrodectus is a genus of spiders in the family Theridiidae , most of which are commonly known as widow spiders . The genus contains 31 recognized species distributed worldwide , including the North American black widows ( L. mactans , L. hesperus , and L. variolus ) , the button spiders of Africa , and the Australian redback spider . Species vary widely in size . In most cases , the females are dark - coloured and readily identifiable by reddish markings on the abdomen , which are often ( but not always ) hourglass - shaped . The venomous bite of these spiders is considered particularly dangerous because of the neurotoxin latrotoxin , which causes the condition latrodectism , both named after the genus . The female black widow has unusually large venom glands and its bite can be particularly harmful to humans . However , despite the genus ' notoriety , Latrodectus bites are rarely fatal . Only female bites are dangerous to humans . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Behavior 3 Taxonomy 3.1 Species 4 Distribution 5 Bite 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Description ( edit ) Female widow spiders are typically dark brown or a shiny black in colour when they are full grown , usually exhibiting a red or orange hourglass on the ventral surface ( underside ) of the abdomen ; some may have a pair of red spots or have no marking at all . The male widow spiders often exhibit various red or red and white markings on the dorsal surface ( upper side ) of the abdomen , ranging from a single stripe to bars or spots . Females of a few species are paler brown and some have no bright markings . The bodies of black widow spiders range from 3 -- 10 millimetres ( 0.12 -- 0.39 in ) in size ; some females can measure 13 millimetres ( 0.51 in ) in their body length . Behavior ( edit ) An atypical black widow spider , with multiple red spots on her back , and vaguely yellow stripes on her legs . The prevalence of sexual cannibalism , a behavior in which the female eats the male after mating , has inspired the common name `` widow spiders '' . This behaviour may promote the survival odds of the offspring ; however , females of some species only rarely show this behaviour , and much of the documented evidence for sexual cannibalism has been observed in laboratory cages where the males could not escape . Male black widow spiders tend to select their mates by determining if the female has eaten already to avoid being eaten themselves . They are able to tell if the female has fed by sensing chemicals in the web . Like other members of the family Theridiidae , widow spiders construct a web of irregular , tangled , sticky silken fibres . Black widow spiders prefer to nest near the ground in dark and undisturbed areas , usually in small holes produced by animals , or around construction openings or wood piles . Indoor nests are in dark , undisturbed places as well such as under desks or furniture or in a basement . The spider very frequently hangs upside down near the centre of its web and waits for insects to blunder in and get stuck . Then , before the insect can extricate itself , the spider rushes over to bite it and wrap it in silk . To feed , it uses its fangs to inject digestive enzymes , liquefying the prey 's internal organs . Their prey consists of small insects such as flies , mosquitoes , grasshoppers , beetles , and caterpillars . If the spider perceives a threat , it quickly lets itself down to the ground on a safety line of silk . As with other web - weavers , these spiders have very poor eyesight and depend on vibrations reaching them through their webs to find trapped prey or warn them of larger threats . When a widow spider is trapped , it is unlikely to bite , preferring to play dead or flick silk at the potential threat ; bites are the result of continual harassment . While some species are more aggressive , most are not ; many injuries to humans are due to defensive bites delivered when a spider gets unintentionally squeezed or pinched . The ultimate tensile strength and other physical properties of Latrodectus hesperus ( western black widow ) silk were found to be similar to the properties of silk from orb - weaving spiders that had been tested in other studies . The tensile strength for the three kinds of silk measured in the Blackledge study was about 1,000 MPa . The ultimate strength reported in a previous study for Nephila edulis was 1,290 ± 160 MPa . The tensile strength of spider silk is comparable to that of steel wire of the same thickness . However , as the density of steel is about six times that of silk , silk is correspondingly stronger than steel wire of the same weight . Spiders of the genus Steatoda ( also of the Theridiidae family ) are often mistaken for widow spiders , and are known as `` false widow spiders '' ; they are significantly less harmful to humans . Taxonomy ( edit ) Male L. elegans from Japan L. hesperus hair and markings L. hesperus profile Ventral side of a L. geometricus displaying the hourglass marking Dorsal side of a L. geometricus in Colorado , US L. hesperus with egg sac L. tredecimguttatus ( female swollen with eggs ) The genus Latrodectus was erected by Walckenaer in 1805 , for the species Latrodectus tredecimguttatus and Latrodectus mactans . Arachnologist Herbert Walter Levi revised the genus in 1959 , studying the female sexual organs and noting their similarity across described species . He concluded the colour variations were variable across the world and were not sufficient to warrant species status , and reclassified the redback and several other species as subspecies of the black widow spider . Levi also noted that study of the genus had been contentious ; in 1902 , both F.P Cambridge and Friedrich Dahl had revised the genus , with each criticising the other . Cambridge questioned Dahl 's separating species on what he considered minor anatomical details , and the latter dismissed the former as an `` ignoramus '' . Species ( edit ) As of July 2017 , the World Spider Catalog accepted the following species : Latrodectus antheratus ( Badcock , 1932 ) -- Paraguay , Argentina Latrodectus apicalis Butler , 1877 -- Galapagos Is . Latrodectus bishopi Kaston , 1938 -- US Latrodectus cinctus Blackwall , 1865 -- Cape Verde Is. , Africa , Kuwait , Iran Latrodectus corallinus Abalos , 1980 -- Argentina Latrodectus curacaviensis ( Müller , 1776 ) -- Lesser Antilles , South America Latrodectus dahli Levi , 1959 -- Morocco to Central Asia Latrodectus diaguita Carcavallo , 1960 -- Argentina Latrodectus elegans Thorell , 1898 -- India , Myanmar , China , Japan Latrodectus erythromelas Schmidt & Klaas , 1991 -- India , Sri Lanka Latrodectus geometricus C.L. Koch , 1841 -- Cosmopolitan Latrodectus hasselti Thorell , 1870 -- Southeast Asia to Australia , New Zealand Latrodectus hesperus Chamberlin & Ivie , 1935 -- North America , Israel Latrodectus hystrix Simon , 1890 -- Yemen , Socotra Latrodectus indistinctus O. Pickard - Cambridge , 1904 -- Namibia , South Africa Latrodectus karrooensis Smithers , 1944 -- South Africa Latrodectus katipo Powell , 1871 -- New Zealand Latrodectus lilianae Melic , 2000 -- Spain , Algeria Latrodectus mactans ( Fabricius , 1775 ) -- probably native to North America only ( introduced elsewhere ) Latrodectus menavodi Vinson , 1863 -- Madagascar , Comoro Is. , Aldabra Latrodectus mirabilis ( Holmberg , 1876 ) -- Argentina Latrodectus obscurior Dahl , 1902 -- Cape Verde Is. , Madagascar Latrodectus pallidus O. Pickard - Cambridge , 1872 -- Cape Verde Is. , Libya to Central Asia Latrodectus quartus Abalos , 1980 -- Argentina Latrodectus renivulvatus Dahl , 1902 -- Africa , Saudi Arabia , Yemen , Iraq Latrodectus revivensis Shulov , 1948 -- Israel Latrodectus rhodesiensis Mackay , 1972 -- Southern Africa Latrodectus thoracicus Nicolet , 1849 -- Chile Latrodectus tredecimguttatus ( Rossi , 1790 ) ( type species ) -- Mediterranean to China Latrodectus variegatus Nicolet , 1849 -- Chile , Argentina Latrodectus variolus Walckenaer , 1837 -- US , Canada Distribution ( edit ) Widow spiders can be found on every continent of the world except Antarctica . In North America , the black widows commonly known as southern ( Latrodectus mactans ) , western ( Latrodectus hesperus ) , and northern ( Latrodectus variolus ) can be found in the United States , as well as parts of southern Canada -- particularly in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia , as can the `` gray '' or `` brown widow spiders '' ( Latrodectus geometricus ) and the `` red widow spiders '' ( Latrodectus bishopi ) . The blue mud dauber ( Chalybion californicum ) is a wasp that is the primary predator of black widow spiders . The most prevalent species occurring in Australia is commonly called the redback ( Latrodectus hasselti ) . Bite ( edit ) Due to the presence of latrotoxin in their venom , black widow bites are potentially dangerous and may result in systemic effects ( latrodectism ) including severe muscle pain , abdominal cramps , hyperhidrosis , tachycardia , and muscle spasms . Symptoms usually last for 3 -- 7 days , but may persist for several weeks . Each year , about 2,200 people report being bitten by a black widow , but most recover within 24 hours with medical treatment ( male spiders produce the toxins to help with their own hunting , but they make such a diluted version that they are not harmful to most people ) . Also , many people who are bitten develop few symptoms since the spider may not inject its venom . Black widows are not especially aggressive spiders , and they rarely bite humans unless startled or otherwise threatened . Contrary to popular belief , most people who are bitten suffer no serious damage , let alone death . Fatal bites were reported in the early - 20th century mostly with Latrodectus tredecimguttatus , the Mediterranean black widow . Since the venom is not likely to be life - threatening , antivenom has been used as pain relief and not to save lives . However , a study demonstrated that standardized pain medication , when combined with either antivenom or a placebo , had similar improvements in pain and resolution of symptoms . See also ( edit ) List of spiders associated with cutaneous reactions References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Gen. Latrodectus Walckenaer , 1805 '' , World Spider Catalog , Natural History Museum Bern , retrieved 2016 - 01 - 28 ^ Jump up to : `` Species list for Latrodectus '' . World Spider Catalog . Natural History Museum Bern . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Black Widow Spiders '' . Orkin Pest Control . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Breene , R.G. ; Sweet , M.H. ( 1985 ) . `` Evidence of insemination of multiple females by the male Black Widow Spider , Latrodectus mactans ( Araneae , Theridiidae ) '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Arachnology. 13 ( 3 ) : 331 -- 335 . Jump up ^ `` Male spiders let females eat them for kids ' sake : Study '' . livescience. 23 December 2011 . Retrieved 23 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Johnson , J. Chadwick ; Trubl , Patricia ; Blackmore , Valerie ; Miles , Lindsay ( August 2011 ) . `` Male black widows court well - fed females more than starved females : silken cues indicate sexual cannibalism risk '' . Animal Behaviour. 82 ( 2 ) : 383 -- 390 . doi : 10.1016 / j. anbehav. 2011.05. 018 . Jump up ^ Baruffaldi , Luciana ; Andrade , Maydianne C.B. ( April 2015 ) . `` Contact pheromones mediate male preference in black widow spiders : avoidance of hungry sexual cannibals ? '' . Animal Behaviour. 102 : 25 -- 32 . doi : 10.1016 / j. anbehav. 2015.01. 007 . Jump up ^ `` Black Widow Spider - Facts , Bite & Habitat Information '' . Animal Corner . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Black Widow Spiders '' . National Geographic . 10 September 2010 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Nelsen , David ; Kelln , Wayne ; Hayes , William . `` Poke but do n't pinch : risk assessment and venom metering in the western black widow spider , Latrodectus hesperus '' . Animal Behaviour. 89 : 107 -- 114 . doi : 10.1016 / j. anbehav. 2013.12. 019 . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Blackledge , T.A. ; Swindeman , John E. ; Hayashi , Cheryl Y. ( 15 May 2005 ) . `` Quasistatic and continuous dynamic characterization of the mechanical properties of silk from the cobweb of the black widow spider Latrodectus hesperus '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Experimental Biology . 208 ( 10 ) : 1937 -- 1949 . doi : 10.1242 / jeb. 01597 . Jump up ^ `` Astm a36 '' . OnlineMetals.com . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Elices , Manuel ; Guinea , Gustavo V. ; Pérez - Rigueiro , José ; Plaza , Gustavo R. ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Finding Inspiration in Argiope Trifasciata Spider Silk Fibers '' . JOM. 57 ( 2 ) : 60 -- 66 . Bibcode : 2005JOM ... 57b ... 60E . doi : 10.1007 / s11837 - 005 - 0218 - 7 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Walckenaer , C.A. ( 1805 ) , Tableau des aranéides ou caractères essentiels des tribus , genres , familles et races que renferme le genre Aranea de Linné , avec la désignation des espèces comprises dans chacune de ces divisions , Paris : Dentu , pp. 81 -- 82 ^ Jump up to : Levi , Herbert W. ( 1959 ) . `` The Spider Genus Latrodectus ( Araneae , Theridiidae ) '' . Transactions of the American Microscopical Society . 78 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 43 . JSTOR 3223799 . doi : 10.2307 / 3223799 . Jump up ^ ( Preston - Malfham , 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Drees , Bastiaan M. ; Jackman , John A. ( 1999 ) . `` Mud Daubers '' . Field Guide to Texas Insects . Gulf Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87719 - 263 - 3 . Archived from the original on 12 July 2007 . Retrieved 10 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Ushkaryov , YA ; Rohou , A ; Sugita , S ( 2008 ) . `` alpha - Latrotoxin and its receptors '' . Handbook of experimental pharmacology . Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology . 184 ( 184 ) : 171 -- 206 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 74804 - 5 . PMC 2519134 . PMID 18064415 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 540 - 74805 - 2_7 . Jump up ^ Peterson , ME ( November 2006 ) . `` Black widow spider envenomation '' . Clinical techniques in small animal practice . 21 ( 4 ) : 187 -- 90 . PMID 17265903 . doi : 10.1053 / j. ctsap. 2006.10. 003 . Jump up ^ Why Black Widow Spider Venom Is So Potent . By Jennifer Viegas , Discovery News January 6 , 2015 Jump up ^ Bettini , S ( 1964 ) . `` Epidemiology of latrodectism '' . Toxicon. 2 ( 2 ) : 93 -- 102 . PMID 14301291 . doi : 10.1016 / 0041 - 0101 ( 64 ) 90009 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Isbister , Geoffrey K. ; Page , Colin B. ; Buckley , Nicholas A. ; Fatovich , Daniel M. ; Pascu , Ovidiu ; MacDonald , Stephen P.J. ; Calver , Leonie A. ; Brown , Simon G.A. ( 2014 ) . `` Randomized Controlled Trial of Intravenous Antivenom Versus Placebo for Latrodectism : The Second Redback Antivenom Evaluation ( RAVE - II ) Study '' . Annals of Emergency Medicine . 64 : 620 -- 8. e2 . PMID 24999282 . doi : 10.1016 / j. annemergmed. 2014.06. 006 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Further reading ( edit ) Insects and Spiders . New York : St. Remy Media Inc . / Discovery Books . 2000 . p. 35 . Freeman , Scott ( 2003 ) . Biological Science . Prentice - Hall . Hillyard , Paul ( 1994 ) . The Book of Spiders . New York : Random House , Inc . pp. 47 -- 50 . Hillyard , Paul ( 1994 ) . The Book of the Spiders . New York : Avon Books . pp. 22 -- 35 . Martin , Louise ( 1988 ) . Black Widow Spiders . Rourke Enterprises , Inc . pp. 18 -- 20 . Preston - Malfham , Ken ( 1998 ) . Spiders . Edison , New Jersey : Chartwell Books . p. 40 . `` Arthropod '' . Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia . 2004 . Abalos , J.W. ( 1962 ) . `` The egg - sac in the Identification of Species of Latrodectus ( Black - Widow Spiders ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Levi , H.W. ; McCrone , J.D. ( 1964 ) . `` North American Widow Spiders of the Latrodectus curacaviensis Group '' . External links ( edit ) Media related to Latrodectus at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Latrodectus at Wikispecies Tree of Life : Latrodectus Black Widow Spider : Large format photographs and information Description of crossing experiments between various Latrodectus species widow spider parasitoids on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site Taxon identifiers Wd : Q385932 ADW : Latrodectus BugGuide : 1999 GBIF : 2157920 iNaturalist : 47370 ITIS : 848644 NCBI : 6923 WSC : urn : lsid : nmbe.ch : spidersp : 007816 World Spider Catalog : 00702 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latrodectus&oldid=802064457 '' Categories : Latrodectus Spider genera Venomous spiders Cosmopolitan spiders Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from June 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Hrvatski Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Magyar Македонски Nederlands Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Sranantongo Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt Winaray Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 19 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Latrodectus - genus of spiders
2. Widow spiders - commonly known as black widows
3. Venomous bite - dangerous due to latrotoxin
4. Behavior - sexual cannibalism, web construction, prey capture
5. Distribution - found worldwide, except Antarctica
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3,961,418,564,369,917,400 |
when was the wreck of the titanic found
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Wreck of the RMS Titanic - wikipedia Wreck of the RMS Titanic This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 30 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Wreck of the RMS Titanic <Td_colspan="2"> Bow of the RMS Titanic , photographed in 2004 Event Shipwreck of RMS Titanic Cause Struck an iceberg while on maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City Location 370 miles ( 600 km ) south - southeast of Newfoundland , North Atlantic Ocean Operator White Star Line ( now merged with Cunard Line ) The wreck of the RMS Titanic lies at a depth of about 12,500 feet ( 3,800 m ) ( 2.37 miles ( 3.81 km ) ) , about 370 miles ( 600 km ) south - southeast off the coast of Newfoundland . It lies in two main pieces about a third of a mile ( 600 m ) apart . The bow is still largely recognizable with many preserved interiors , despite its deterioration and the damage it sustained hitting the sea floor . In contrast , the stern is completely ruined . A debris field around the wreck contains hundreds of thousands of items spilled from the ship as she sank . The bodies of the passengers and crew would have also been distributed across the sea bed , but have been consumed by other organisms . Titanic sank in 1912 , when she collided with an iceberg during her maiden voyage . The wreck could not be located at the time and was not discovered until 1985 . Numerous expeditions tried using sonar to map the sea bed in the hope of spotting it , but were unsuccessful . The wreck was finally located by a joint French - American expedition led by Jean - Louis Michel of IFREMER and Robert Ballard of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution . The wreck has been the focus of intense interest since its discovery and has been visited by numerous expeditions , including salvage operations which have controversially recovered thousands of items which have been conserved and put on public display . Over the years after her sinking , many impractical , expensive and often physically impossible schemes have been put forward to raise Titanic from her resting place . They have included ideas such as filling the wreck with ping - pong balls , injecting it with 180,000 tons of Vaseline , or using half a million tons of liquid nitrogen to encase it inside a giant iceberg that would float back to the surface . However , the wreck is far too fragile to be raised and is now protected by a UNESCO convention . Contents ( hide ) 1 Salvaging Titanic 1.1 Salvage proposals in the 1960s and 1970s 1.2 Jack Grimm 's expeditions , 1980 -- 1983 2 Discovery 2.1 Subsequent expeditions 2.1. 1 1986 -- 1998 2.1. 2 2000 -- present 3 Description of the wreck 3.1 Bow section 3.2 Interiors 3.3 Stern section 3.4 Debris fields 4 Condition and deterioration of the wreck 5 Ownership 5.1 Litigation and controversy 5.2 Conservation issues 6 Exhibitions of Titanic artifacts 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Footnotes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Salvaging Titanic ( edit ) Location of the wreck of Titanic in the North Atlantic . Almost immediately after Titanic sank on 15 April 1912 , proposals were advanced to salvage her from her resting place in the North Atlantic Ocean , despite her exact location and condition being unknown . The families of several wealthy victims of the disaster -- the Guggenheims , Astors , and Wideners -- formed a consortium and contracted the Merritt and Chapman Derrick and Wrecking Company to raise Titanic . The project was soon abandoned as impractical as the divers could not even reach a significant fraction of the necessary depth , where the pressure is over 6,000 pounds per square inch ( 410 bar ) . The lack of submarine technology at the time as well as the outbreak of World War I also put off such a project . The company considered dropping dynamite on the wreck to dislodge bodies which would float to the surface , but finally gave up after oceanographers suggested that the extreme pressure would have compressed the bodies into gelatinous lumps . ( In fact , this was incorrect . Whale falls , a phenomenon not discovered until 1987 -- coincidentally , by the same submersible used for the first manned expedition to Titanic the year before -- demonstrate that water - filled corpses , in this case cetaceans , can sink to the bottom essentially intact . The high pressure and cold temperature of the water would have prevented significant quantities of gas forming during decomposition , preventing the bodies of Titanic victims from rising back to the surface . ) In later years , numerous proposals were put forward to salvage Titanic . However , all fell afoul of practical and technological difficulties , a lack of funding and , in many cases , a lack of understanding of the physical conditions at the wreck site . Charles Smith , an architect from Denver , proposed in March 1914 to attach electromagnets to a submarine which would be irresistibly drawn to the wreck 's steel hull . Having found its exact position , more electromagnets would be sent down from a fleet of barges which would winch Titanic to the surface . An estimated cost of $1.5 million ( £ 35,451,827 today ) and its impracticality meant that the idea was not put into practice . Another proposal involved raising Titanic by means of attaching balloons to her hull using electromagnets . Once enough balloons had been attached , the ship would float gently to the surface . Again , the idea got no further than the drawing board . Salvage proposals in the 1960s and 1970s ( edit ) Titanic surfacing in the film Raise the Titanic In the mid-1960s , a hosiery worker from Baldock named Douglas Woolley devised a plan to find Titanic using a bathyscaphe ( like Trieste , used to reach the bottom of the Mariana Trench in 1960 ) and raise the wreck by inflating nylon balloons that would be attached to her hull . The declared objective was to `` bring the wreck into Liverpool and convert it to a floating museum . '' The Titanic Salvage Company was established to manage the scheme and a group of businessmen from West Berlin set up an entity called Titanic - Tresor to support it financially . It fell apart when its proponents found they could not overcome the problem of how the balloons would be inflated in the first place . Calculations showed that it could take ten years to generate enough gas to overcome the water pressure . A variety of audacious but equally impractical schemes were put forward during the 1970s . One proposal called for 180,000 tons of molten wax ( or alternatively , Vaseline ) to be pumped into Titanic , lifting her to the surface . Another proposal involved filling Titanic with ping - pong balls , but overlooked the fact that the balls would be crushed by the pressure long before reaching the depth of the wreck . A similar idea involving the use of Benthos glass spheres , which could survive the pressure , was scuppered when the cost of the number of spheres required was put at over $238 million . An unemployed haulage contractor from Walsall named Arthur Hickey proposed to turn Titanic into an iceberg , freezing the water around the wreck to encase it in a buoyant jacket of ice . This , being lighter than liquid water , would float to the surface and could be towed to shore . The BOC Group calculated that this would require half a million tons of liquid nitrogen to be pumped down to the sea bed . In his 1976 thriller Raise the Titanic ! , author Clive Cussler 's hero Dirk Pitt repairs the holes in Titanic 's hull , pumps it full of compressed air and succeeds in making it `` leap out of the waves like a modern submarine blowing its ballast tanks '' , a scene depicted on the posters of the subsequent film of the book . Although this was an `` artistically stimulating '' highlight of the film , made using a 55 ft ( 17 m ) model of Titanic , it would not have been physically possible . At the time of the book 's writing , it was still believed that she sank in one piece . Robert Ballard of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution had long been interested in finding Titanic . Despite early negotiations with possible backers being abandoned when it emerged that they wanted to turn the wreck into souvenir paperweights , more sympathetic backers joined Ballard to form a company named Seasonics International Ltd. as a vehicle for rediscovering and exploring Titanic . In October 1977 he made his first attempt to find the ship with the aid of the Alcoa Corporation 's deep sea salvage vessel Seaprobe . This was essentially a drillship with sonar equipment and cameras attached to the end of the drilling pipe . It could lift objects from the seabed using a remote - controlled mechanical claw . The expedition ended in failure when the drilling pipe broke , sending 3,000 feet ( 910 m ) of pipe and $600,000 worth of electronics plunging to the sea bed . In 1978 , The Walt Disney Company and National Geographic magazine considered mounting a joint expedition to find Titanic , using the aluminium submersible Aluminaut . Titanic would have been well within the submersible 's depth limits , but the plans were abandoned for financial reasons . The following year , the British billionaire financier and tycoon Sir James Goldsmith set up Seawise & Titanic Salvage Ltd. with the involvement of underwater diving and photographic experts . His aim was to use the publicity of finding Titanic to promote his newly established magazine , NOW ! . An expedition to the North Atlantic was scheduled for 1980 but was cancelled due to financial difficulties . A year later , NOW ! folded after 84 issues with Goldsmith incurring huge financial losses . Fred Koehler , an electronics repairman from Coral Gables , Florida , sold his electronics shop to finance the completion of a two - man deep - sea submersible called Seacopter . He planned to dive to Titanic , enter the hull and retrieve a fabulous collection of diamonds rumored to be contained in the purser 's safe . However , he was unable to obtain financial backing for his planned expedition . Another proposal involved using a semi-submersible platform mounted with cranes , resting on two watertight supertankers , that would winch the wreck off the seabed and carry it to shore . A proponent was quoted as saying , `` It 's like the Great Wall of China -- given enough time and money and people , you can do anything . '' Time , money and people were not forthcoming and the proposal got no further than any of its predecessors . Jack Grimm 's expeditions , 1980 -- 1983 ( edit ) On 17 July 1980 , an expedition sponsored by Texan oilman Jack Grimm set off from Port Everglades , Florida , in the research vessel H.J.W. Fay. Grimm had previously sponsored expeditions to find Noah 's Ark , the Loch Ness Monster , Bigfoot , and the giant hole in the North Pole predicted by the pseudoscientific Hollow Earth hypothesis . To raise funds for his Titanic expedition , he obtained sponsorship from friends with whom he played poker , sold media rights through the William Morris Agency , commissioned a book , and obtained the services of Orson Welles to narrate a documentary . He acquired scientific support from Columbia University by donating $330,000 to the Lamont -- Doherty Geological Observatory for the purchase of a wide - sweep sonar , in exchange for five years ' use of the equipment and the services of technicians to support it . Drs . William B. Ryan of Columbia University and Fred Spiess of Scripps Institution of Oceanography in California joined the expedition as consultants . They nearly stayed ashore when Grimm introduced them to a new consultant -- a monkey called Titan , which was trained to point at a spot on the map to supposedly indicate where Titanic was . The scientists issued an ultimatum : `` It 's either us or the monkey . '' Grimm preferred the monkey , but was prevailed upon to leave it behind and bring the scientists instead . The results were inconclusive , as three weeks of surveying in almost continuous bad weather during July and August 1980 failed to find Titanic . The problem was exacerbated by technological limitations ; the Sea MARC sonar used by the expedition had a relatively low resolution and was a new and untested piece of equipment . It was nearly lost only 36 hours after it was first deployed when the tail was ripped off during a sharp turn , destroying the magnetometer , which would have been vital for detecting Titanic 's hull . Nonetheless it managed to survey an area of some 500 square nautical miles and identified 14 possible targets . Grimm mounted a second expedition in June 1981 aboard the research vessel Gyre , with Spiess and Ryan again joining the expedition . To increase their chances of finding the wreck , the team employed a much more capable sonar device , the Scripps Deep Tow . The weather was again very poor , but all 14 of the targets were successfully covered and found to be natural features . On the last day of the expedition , an object that looked like a propeller was found . Grimm announced on his return to Boston that Titanic had been found , but the scientists declined to endorse his identification . In July 1983 , Grimm went back a third time with Ryan aboard the research vessel Robert D. Conrad to have another look at the `` propeller '' . This time nothing was found and very bad weather brought an early end to the expedition . It later turned out that Sea MARC had actually passed over Titanic but had failed to detect it , while Deep Tow passed within 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) of the wreck . Discovery ( edit ) Dr. Robert D. Ballard , the discoverer of the wreck of Titanic in September 1985 D. Michael Harris and Jack Grimm had failed to find Titanic but their expeditions did succeed in producing fairly detailed mapping of the area in which the ship had sunk . It was clear that the position given in Titanic 's distress signals was inaccurate , which was a major expedition difficulty because it increased the search area 's already - massive size . Despite the failure of his 1977 expedition , Robert Ballard had not given up hope and devised new technologies and a new search strategy to tackle the problem . The new technology was a system called Argo / Jason . This consisted of a remotely controlled deep - sea vehicle called Argo , equipped with sonar and cameras and towed behind a ship , with a robot called Jason tethered to it that could roam the sea floor , take close - up images and gather specimens . The images from the system would be transmitted back to a control room on the towing vessel where they could be assessed immediately . Although it was designed for scientific purposes , it also had important military applications and the United States Navy agreed to sponsor the system 's development , on condition that it was to be used to carry out a number of programmes -- many still classified -- for the Navy . The Navy commissioned Ballard and his team to carry out a month - long expedition every year for four years , to keep Argo / Jason in good working condition . It agreed to Ballard 's proposal to use some of the time to search for Titanic once the Navy 's objectives had been met ; the search would provide an ideal opportunity to test Argo / Jason . In 1984 the Navy sent Ballard and Argo to map the wrecks of the sunken nuclear submarines USS Thresher and USS Scorpion , lost in the North Atlantic at depths of up to 9,800 feet ( 3,000 m ) . The expedition found the submarines and made an important discovery . As Thresher and Scorpion sank , debris spilled out from them across a wide area of the seabed and was sorted by the currents , so that light debris drifted furthest away from the site of the sinking . This `` debris field '' was far larger than the wrecks themselves . By following the comet - like trail of debris , the main pieces of wreckage could be found . A second expedition to map the wreck of Scorpion was mounted in 1985 . Only twelve days of search time would be left at the end of the expedition to look for Titanic . As Harris / Grimm 's unsuccessful efforts had taken more than forty days , Ballard decided that extra help would be needed . He approached the French national oceanographic agency , IFREMER , with which Woods Hole had previously collaborated . The agency had recently developed a high - resolution side - scan sonar called SAR and agreed to send a research vessel , Le Suroît , to survey the sea bed in the area where Titanic was believed to lie . The idea was for the French to use the sonar to find likely targets , and then for the Americans to use Argo to check out the targets and hopefully confirm whether they were in fact the wreck . The French team spent five weeks , from 5 July to 12 August 1985 , `` mowing the lawn '' -- sailing back and forth across the 150 - square - mile ( 390 km ) target area to scan the sea bed in a series of stripes . However , they found nothing , though it turned out that they had passed within a few hundred yards of Titanic in their first run . Ballard realized that looking for the wreck itself using sonar was unlikely to be successful and adopted a different tactic , drawing on the experience of the surveys of Thresher and Scorpion ; he would look for the debris field instead , using Argo 's cameras rather than sonar . Whereas sonar could not distinguish man - made debris on the sea bed from natural objects , cameras could . The debris field would also be a far bigger target , stretching a mile ( 1.6 km ) or longer , whereas Titanic itself was only 90 feet ( 27 m ) wide . The search required round - the - clock towing of Argo back and forth above the sea bed , with shifts of watchers aboard the research vessel Knorr looking at the camera pictures for any sign of debris . After a week of fruitless searching , at 12.48 am on Sunday 1 September 1985 pieces of debris began to appear on Knorr 's screens . One of them was identified as a boiler , identical to those shown in pictures from 1911 . The following day , the main part of the wreck was found and Argo sent back the first pictures of Titanic since her sinking 73 years before . The discovery made headlines around the world . Subsequent expeditions ( edit ) 1986 -- 1998 ( edit ) DSV Alvin , used in 1986 to mount the first manned expedition to the wreck of Titanic Following his discovery of the wreck site , Ballard returned to Titanic in July 1986 aboard the research vessel RV Atlantis II . Now the deep - diving submersible DSV Alvin could take people back to Titanic for the first time since her sinking , and the remotely operated vehicle ( ROV ) Jason Jr. would allow the explorers to investigate the interior of the wreck . Another system , ANGUS , was used to carry out photo surveys of the debris field . Jason Jr. descended the ruined Grand Staircase as far as B Deck , and photographed remarkably well preserved interiors , including some chandeliers still hanging from the ceilings . Between 25 July and 10 September 1987 , an expedition mounted by IFREMER and a consortium of American investors which included George Tulloch , G. Michael Harris , D. Michael Harris and Ralph White made 32 dives to Titanic using the submersible Nautile . Controversially , they salvaged and brought ashore more than 1,800 objects . A joint Russian - Canadian - American expedition took place in 1991 using the research vessel Akademik Mstislav Keldysh and its two MIR submersibles . Sponsored by Stephen Low and IMAX , CBS , National Geographic and others , the expedition carried out extensive scientific research with a crew of 130 scientists and engineers . The MIRs carried out 17 dives , spending over 140 hours at the bottom , shooting 40,000 feet ( 12,000 m ) of IMAX film . This was used to create the 1995 documentary film Titanica , which was later released in the US on DVD in a re-edited version narrated by Leonard Nimoy . IFREMER and RMS Titanic Inc. , the successors to the sponsors of the 1987 expedition , returned to the wreck with Nautile and the ROV Robin in June 1993 . Over the course of fifteen days , Nautile made fifteen dives lasting between eight and twelve hours . Another 800 artefacts were recovered during the expedition including a two - tonne piece of a reciprocating engine , a lifeboat davit and the steam whistle from the ship 's forward funnel . In 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1998 and 2000 , RMS Titanic Inc. carried out an intensive series of dives that led to the recovery of over 4,000 items in the first two expeditions alone . The 1996 expedition controversially attempted to raise a section of Titanic itself , a section of the outer hull that originally comprised part of the wall of two First Class cabins on C Deck , extending down to D Deck . It weighed 20 tons , measured 15 by 25 feet ( 4.6 m × 7.6 m ) and had four portholes in it , three of which still had glass in them . The section had come loose either during the sinking or as a result of the impact with the sea bed . Its recovery using diesel - filled floatation bags was turned into something of an entertainment event with two cruise ships accompanying the expedition to the wreck site . Passengers were offered the chance , at $5,000 per person , to watch the recovery on television screens in their cabins while enjoying luxury accommodation , Las Vegas - style shows and casino gambling aboard the ships . Various celebrities were recruited to enliven the proceedings , including Burt Reynolds , Debbie Reynolds and Buzz Aldrin , and `` Grand Receptions '' for VIPs were scheduled on - shore where the hull section would be displayed . However , the lift ended disastrously when rough weather caused the ropes supporting the bags to snap . At the moment the ropes broke , the hull section had been lifted to within only 200 feet ( 61 m ) of the surface . It hurtled 12,000 feet ( 3,700 m ) back down , embedding itself upright on the sea floor . Although the attempt was strongly criticised by marine archaeologists , scientists and historians as a money - making publicity stunt , a second , successful attempt to lift the fragment was carried out in 1998 . The so - called `` Big Piece '' was conserved in a laboratory in Santa Fe for two years before being put on display at the Luxor Las Vegas hotel and casino . In 1995 , Canadian director James Cameron chartered the Akademik Mstislav Keldysh and the MIRs to make 12 dives to Titanic . He used the resulting footage to considerable effect in his blockbuster 1997 film Titanic . The discovery of the wreck in 1985 and a National Geographic documentary of Ballard 's 1986 expedition had inspired Cameron to write a synopsis in 1987 of what eventually became the film Titanic : `` Do story with bookends of present day scene of wreck using submersibles intercut with memories of a survivor and re-created scenes of the night of the sinking . A crucible of human values under stress . '' Cameron 's expedition did not salvage anything from the ship . 2000 -- present ( edit ) The partly collapsed bathroom of Captain Edward Smith , with the bathtub now filled with rusticles The 2000 expedition by RMS Titanic Inc. carried out 28 dives during which over 800 artefacts were recovered , including the ship 's engine telegraphs , perfume vials and watertight door gears . In 2001 , an American couple -- David Leibowitz and Kimberly Miller -- caused controversy when they were married aboard a submersible that had set down on the bow of Titanic , in a deliberate echo of a famous scene from James Cameron 's 1997 film . The wedding was essentially a publicity stunt , sponsored by a British company called SubSea Explorer which had offered a free dive to Titanic that Leibowitz had won . He asked whether his fiancée could come too and was told that she could -- but only if she agreed to get married during the trip . The same company also brought along Philip Littlejohn , the grandson of one of Titanic 's surviving crew members , who became the first relative of a Titanic passenger or crew member to visit the wreck . Cameron himself also returned to Titanic in 2001 to carry out filming for Walt Disney Pictures ' Ghosts of the Abyss , filmed in 3D . In 2003 and 2004 , the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration carried out two expeditions to Titanic . The first , carried out between 22 June and 2 July 2003 , performed four dives in two days . Its key aims were to assess the current condition of the wreck site and carry out scientific observations to support ongoing research . The stern section , which had previously received relatively little attention from explorers , was specifically targeted for analysis . The microbial colonies aboard Titanic were also a key focus of investigation . The second expedition , from 27 May -- 12 June 2004 , saw the return of Robert Ballard to Titanic nearly 20 years after he discovered it . The expedition spent 11 days on the wreck , carrying out high - resolution mapping using video and stereoscopic still images . 2005 saw two expeditions to the Titanic . James Cameron returned for the third and last time to film Last Mysteries of the Titanic . Another expedition searched for previously unseen pieces of wreckage , and led to the documentary Titanic 's Final Moments : Missing Pieces . RMS Titanic Inc. mounted further expeditions to Titanic in 2004 and 2010 , when the first comprehensive map of the entire debris field was produced . Two autonomous underwater vehicles -- torpedo - shaped robots -- repeatedly ran backwards and forwards across the 3 by 5 miles ( 4.8 km × 8.0 km ) debris field , taking sonar scans and over 130,000 high - resolution images . This enabled a detailed photomosaic of the debris field to be created for the first time , giving scientists a much clearer view of the dynamics of the ship 's sinking . The expedition encountered difficulties : several hurricanes passed over the wreck site , and the Remora ROV was caught in a piece of wreckage . This same year saw the discovery of the new bacteria living in the rusticles on the Titanic , Halomonas titanicae . Tourist and scientific visits to Titanic are still continuing ; by April 2012 , 100 years since the disaster and nearly 25 since the discovery of the wreck , around 140 people had visited . On 14 April 2012 ( the 100th anniversary of the ship 's sinking ) , the wreck of the Titanic became eligible for protection under the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage . In the same month , Robert Ballard , the wreck 's discoverer , announced a plan to preserve the wreck of the Titanic by using deep - sea robots to paint the wreck with anti-fouling paint , to help keep the wreck in its current state for all time . The proposed plan that Ballard announced has been outlined in a documentary made to time with the Titanic 's 100th sinking anniversary called Save the Titanic With Bob Ballard where Ballard himself talks about how this proposed paint job on the wreck will work . Ballard says that he proposed to robotically clean and repaint the Titanic with a colour scheme mimicking rusticles because he saw `` original anti-fouling paint on the ship 's hull , which was still working even after 74 years on the seabed '' when he visited the Titanic in 1986 . Description of the wreck ( edit ) The position of the wreck is a considerable distance from the location transmitted by the ship 's wireless operators before she went down . The initial location was given as 41 ° 44 ′ N 50 ° 24 ′ W / 41.733 ° N 50.400 ° W / 41.733 ; - 50.400 ( RMS Titanic 's initial reported position ) , 20.8 miles ( 33.5 km ) from the wreck . A corrected location was later transmitted as 41 ° 46 ′ N 50 ° 14 ′ W / 41.767 ° N 50.233 ° W / 41.767 ; - 50.233 ( RMS Titanic 's corrected reported position ) , but this too was inaccurate , by 13.2 miles ( 21.2 km ) . Titanic is in two main pieces 370 miles ( 600 km ) south - east of Mistaken Point , Newfoundland . The bow is located at 41 ° 43 ′ 57 '' N 49 ° 56 ′ 49 '' W / 41.73250 ° N 49.94694 ° W / 41.73250 ; - 49.94694 ( Position of RMS Titanic 's bow section ) Coordinates : 41 ° 43 ′ 57 '' N 49 ° 56 ′ 49 '' W / 41.73250 ° N 49.94694 ° W / 41.73250 ; - 49.94694 ( Position of RMS Titanic 's bow section ) and the stern is about 1,970 feet ( 600 m ) to the south at 41 ° 43 ′ 35 '' N 49 ° 56 ′ 54 '' W / 41.72639 ° N 49.94833 ° W / 41.72639 ; - 49.94833 ( Position of RMS Titanic 's stern section ) . The boilers found by Argo , which mark the point at which the ship went down , are about 600 feet ( 180 m ) east of the stern at 41 ° 43 ′ 32 '' N 49 ° 56 ′ 49 '' W / 41.72556 ° N 49.94694 ° W / 41.72556 ; - 49.94694 ( Position of RMS Titanic boilers located by Argo ) . The two main parts of the wreck of Titanic present a striking contrast . Although fourteen survivors testified that the ship had broken apart as she sank , this testimony was discounted by the official inquiries , and it was supposed that the ship had sunk intact . It is now clear that the stresses on Titanic caused the ship to split apart between the second and third funnels at or just below the surface . Bow section ( edit ) The bow section , which measures about 470 feet ( 140 m ) long , is thought to have descended at an angle of about 45 ° . Its distance from the stern was caused by its planing forward horizontally by about 1 foot ( 0.30 m ) for every 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) of its descent . During the descent to the sea bed , the funnels were swept away , taking with them the rigging and large lengths of cables . These dragged along the boat deck , tearing away many of the davits and much of the other deck equipment . The foremast was also torn down , falling onto the port bridge area . The ship 's wheelhouse was swept away , possibly after being hit by the falling foremast . The bow hit the bottom at a speed of about 20 knots ( 23 mph ; 37 km / h ) , digging about 60 feet ( 18 m ) deep into the mud , up to the base of the anchors . The impact bent the hull in two places and caused it to buckle downwards by about 10 ° under the forward well deck cranes and by about 4 ° under the forward expansion joint . When the bow section hit the sea bed , the weakened decks at the rear , where the ship had broken apart , collapsed on top of each other . The forward hatch cover was also blown off and landed a couple of hundred feet in front of the bow , possibly due to the force of water being pushed out as the bow impacted the bottom . The area around the bridge is particularly badly damaged ; as Robert Ballard has put it , it looks `` as if it had been squashed by a giant 's fist '' . The roof of the officers ' quarters and the sides of the gymnasium appear pushed in , railings were bent outwards and vertical steel columns supporting the decks were bent into a C - shape . Charles R. Pellegrino has proposed that this was the result of a `` down - blast '' of water , caused by a slipstream that had followed the bow section as it fell towards the sea bed . According to Pellegrino 's hypothesis , when the bow came to an abrupt halt the inertia of the slipstream caused a rapidly moving column of water weighing thousands of tons to strike the top of the wreck , striking it near the bridge . This , argues Pellegrino , caused large parts of the bow 's interior to be demolished by surges of water and violent eddies kicked up by the wreck 's sudden halt . The damage caused by the collision with the iceberg is not visible at the bow as it is buried under mud . Interiors ( edit ) See also : First class facilities of the RMS Titanic Despite the exterior devastation caused by the bow 's descent and collision with the ocean floor , there are parts of the interior in reasonably good condition . The bow 's slow flooding and its relatively smooth descent to the sea floor mitigated interior damage . The stairwell of the First - Class Grand Staircase between the Boat Deck and E Deck is an empty chasm within the wreck , providing a convenient point of access for ROVs . Dense rusticles hanging from the steel decking combined with the deep layers of silt that have accumulated in the interior make navigating the wreck disorienting . Passenger staterooms have largely deteriorated because they were framed in perishable softwoods like teak and pine , leaving a warren of hanging electrical wire , light fixtures and debris interspersed with more durable items like brass bed frames , light fixtures , and marble - topped washstands . Woodwork with attachments like doorknobs , drawer - pulls or push - plates survive in better condition because of the small electric charge emitted by metal which repels fish and other harmful organisms . On the whole hardwoods like mahogany , the material for most stateroom furnishings , is more resistant to decay . Lavatories and bathrooms within the passenger quarters survive because they were framed in steel . The only intact public rooms remaining in either the stern or bow sections are the First - Class Reception Room and Dining Saloon , both on D - Deck . Most of the Dining Saloon has collapsed because of its proximity to the break - up point midships , but the very forward part is accessible and the rectangular leaded glass windows , table bases , and ceiling lamps are noticeably preserved . The Reception Room with its leaded glass windows and mahogany paneling remains remarkably intact , although the ceiling is sagging and there is a deep layer of silt obstructing the floor . The Turkish Baths on F - Deck were found to be in excellent condition during their rediscovery in 2005 , preserving the blue - green tiles , carved teak woodwork , bronze lamps , and inlaid furniture . The Grand Staircase was very likely destroyed during the sinking , but the surrounding First - Class foyers and elevator entrances preserve many of the ormolu and crystal lamps , oak timbers , and oak - framed stanchions . In addition to the passenger areas , crew areas like the Firemen 's Mess , dormitories , parts of `` Scotland Road '' on E-Deck and the cargo holds on the Orlop Deck have also been explored . The Ghosts of the Abyss expedition in 2001 attempted to locate the famed Renault automobile belonging to William Carter , but the cargo was indistinguishable beneath the silt and rusticles . Stern section ( edit ) The stern section , which measures about 350 feet ( 110 m ) long , was catastrophically damaged during the descent and in landing on the sea bed . It had not fully filled with water when it sank and the increasing water pressure caused trapped air pockets to implode , tearing apart the hull . It was loud enough that multiple survivors reported hearing explosions about ten seconds after the stern had sank beneath the waves . Data from a sonar map made during a 2010 expedition showed that the stern section rotated like a helicopter blade as it sank . The rudder appears to have swung over to an angle of about 30 -- 45 ° during the stern 's descent , causing the section to follow a tight spiral to the bottom . It probably struck rudder - first , burying most of the rudder in the mud up to a depth of 50 feet ( 15 m ) . The decks pancaked on top of each other and the hull plating splayed out to the sides of the shattered section . The pancaking is so severe that the combined height of the decks , which are piled up on top of the reciprocating engines , is now generally not more than about 12 to 15 feet ( 3.7 to 4.6 m ) high . No individual deck is more than about 1 foot ( 30 cm ) high . Large sections of the hull plating seem to have fallen off well before the wreck hit the bottom . One such section , thought to have been from the galleys , separated from the stern in one piece and landed nearby . The force of the water tore up the poop deck and folded it back on itself . The center propeller is totally buried , while the force of the impact caused the two wing propellers and shafts to be bent upwards by an angle of about 20 ° . A large V - shaped section of the ship just aft of midships , running from the keel upwards through Number 1 Boiler Room and upwards to cover the area under the third and fourth funnels , was believed to have disintegrated entirely when the ship broke up . This was one of the weakest parts of the ship as a result of the presence of two large open spaces -- the forward end of the engine room and the aft First Class passenger staircase . The rest of this part of the ship are scattered across the seabed at distances of 130 to 260 feet ( 40 to 79 m ) from the main part of the stern . During the 2010 expedition to map the wreck site , a major chunk of the deck house ( the base of the third funnel ) along with pieces of the third funnel was found . This showed that instead of simply disintegrating into a mass of debris , large sections of the ship broke off in chunks and that the ship broke in half between the second and third funnels , not the third and fourth funnels . Five of the boilers from Number 1 Boiler Room came loose during its disintegration and landed in the debris field around the stern . Experts believe that this tight cluster of the boilers marks the hypocenter of where the ship broke up 12,000 feet above . The rest of the boilers are still presumably located in the bow section . Debris fields ( edit ) As Titanic broke apart , many objects and pieces of hull were scattered across the sea bed . There are two debris fields in the vicinity of the wreck , each between 2,000 -- 2,600 ft ( 610 -- 790 m ) long , trailing in a south - westerly direction from the bow and stern . They cover an area of about 2 square miles ( 5.2 km ) . Most of the debris is concentrated near the stern section of Titanic . It consists of thousands of objects from the interior of the ship , ranging from tons of coal spilled from ruptured bunkers to suitcases , clothes , corked wine bottles ( many still intact despite the pressure ) , bathtubs , windows , washbasins , jugs , bowls , hand mirrors and numerous other personal effects . The debris field also includes numerous pieces of the ship itself , with the largest pieces of debris in the vicinity of the partially disintegrated stern section . Condition and deterioration of the wreck ( edit ) A rattail or grenadier fish , typical of the deep - sea fauna around Titanic Prior to the discovery of Titanic 's wreck , in addition to the common assumption that she had sunk in one piece , it had been widely believed that conditions at 12,000 feet down would preserve the ship virtually intact . The water is bitterly cold at only about 1 -- 2 ° C ( 34 -- 36 ° F ) , there is no light and the high pressure was thought to be likely to lower oxygen and salinity levels to the point that organisms would not be able to gain a foothold on the wreck . Titanic would effectively be in a deep freeze . The reality has turned out to be very different , and the ship has increasingly deteriorated since she sank in April 1912 . Her gradual decay is due to a number of different processes -- physical , chemical and biological . She is situated on an undulating , gently sloping area of seabed in Titanic Canyon which is swept by the Western Boundary Current . Eddies from the current flow constantly across the wreck , scouring the sea bed and keeping sediment from building up over the hull . The current is strong and often changeable , gradually opening up holes in the ship 's hull . Salt corrosion eats away at the hull and it is also affected by galvanic corrosion . The most dramatic deterioration has been caused by biological factors . It used to be thought that the depths of the ocean were a lifeless desert , but research carried out since the mid-1980s has found that the ocean floor is teeming with life and may rival the tropical rainforests for biodiversity . During the 1991 IMAX expedition , scientists were surprised by the variety of organisms that they found in and around Titanic . A total of 28 species were observed , including sea anemones , crabs , shrimp , starfish , and rattail fish up to a yard ( 1 m ) long . Much larger creatures have been glimpsed by explorers . Some of Titanic 's fauna has never been seen anywhere else ; James Cameron 's 2001 expedition discovered a previously unknown type of sea cucumber , lavender with a glowing row of phosphorescent `` portholes '' along its side . A newly discovered species of rust - eating bacterium found on the ship has been named Halomonas titanicae , which has been found to cause rapid decay of the wreck . Henrietta Mann , who discovered the bacteria , has estimated that the Titanic will completely collapse possibly as soon as 2025 . The Canadian geophysicist Steve Blasco has commented that the wreck `` has become an oasis , a thriving ecosystem sitting in a vast desert . '' In mid 2016 , using an imaging technique neutron radiation , the facilities of the Institut Laue - Langevin demonstrate that a molecule called ectoine is used by Halomonas titanicae to survive the osmotic pressure that causes salt water on their membranes . Analysis by Henrietta Mann and Bhavleen Kaur , both of Dalhousie University in Halifax , Nova Scotia , in conjunction with other scientists and researchers of the University of Seville in Spain , has determined that the wreck of Titanic will not exist by 2037 and that preservation of Titanic is impossible . `` Unfortunately , because Titanic is 2.3 miles down , it is very difficult or impossible to preserve . It is film which will preserve it for history now , '' says Mann . `` It has already lasted for 100 years , but eventually there will be nothing left but a rust stain on the bottom of the Atlantic ... I think Titanic has maybe 15 or 20 years left . I do n't think it will have too much longer than that . '' Other scientists have estimated that Titanic will last no longer than 14 years , as of 2017 . The soft organic material aboard and dispersed onto the seabed around the hull would have been the first to disappear , rapidly devoured by fish and crustaceans . Wood - boring molluscs such as Teredo colonized the ship 's decks and interior in huge numbers , eating away the wooden decking and other wooden objects such as furniture , paneling , doors and staircase banisters . When their food ran out they died , leaving behind calcareous tubes . The question of the victims ' bodies is one that has often troubled explorers of the wreck site . When the debris field was surveyed in Robert Ballard 's 1986 expedition , pairs of shoes were observed lying next to each other on the sea bed . The flesh , bones , and clothes had long since been consumed but the tannin in the shoes ' leather had apparently resisted the bacteria , leaving the shoes as the only markers of where a body had once lain . Ballard has suggested that skeletons may remain deep within Titanic 's hull , such as in the engine rooms or third - class cabins . This has been disputed by scientists , who have estimated that the bodies would have completely disappeared by the early 1940s at the latest . In any event , the molluscs and scavengers did not consume everything organic . Some of the wooden objects on the ship and in the debris field have not been consumed , particularly those made of teak , a dense wood that seems to have resisted the borers . The First Class reception area off the ship 's Grand Staircase is still remarkably intact and furniture is still visible among the debris on the floor . Although most of the corridors have lost their walls , furniture is still in place in many cabins ; in one , a mattress is still on the bed , with an intact and undamaged dresser behind it . Robert Ballard has suggested that areas within the ship or buried under debris , where scavengers may not have been able to reach , may still contain human remains . According to Charles Pellegrino , who dived on Titanic in 2001 , a finger bone encircled by the partial remains of a wedding ring was found concreted to the bottom of a soup tureen that was retrieved from the debris field . It was returned to the sea bed on the next dive . Part of the Titanic wreck in 2003 with rusticles hanging from the hull The longest - lasting inhabitants of Titanic are likely to be bacteria and archaea which have colonized the metal hull of the ship . They have produced `` reddish - brown stalactites of rust ( hanging ) down as much as several feet , looking like long needle - like icicles '' , as Robert Ballard has put it . The formations , which Ballard dubbed `` rusticles '' , are extremely fragile and disintegrate in a cloud of particles if touched . The bacteria consume the iron in the hull , oxidizing it and leaving rust particles behind as a waste product . To protect themselves from the seawater , they secrete an acidic viscous slime that flows where gravity takes it , carrying ferric oxides and hydroxides . These form the rusticles . When scientists were able to retrieve a rusticle , it was discovered that it was far more complex than had been imagined , with complex systems of roots infiltrating the metal , interior channels , bundles of fibers , pores and other structures . Charles Pellegrino comments that they seem more akin to `` levels of tissue organization found in sponges or mosses and other members of the animal or plant kingdoms . '' The bacteria are estimated to be consuming Titanic 's hull at the rate of 400 pounds ( 180 kg ) per day , which is about 17 pounds ( 7.7 kg ) per hour or 4.4 ounces ( 120 grams ) per minute . Roy Collimore , a microbiologist , estimates that the bow alone now supports some 650 tons of rusticles and that they will have devoured fifty per cent of the hull within 200 years . Since Titanic 's wreck was discovered in 1985 , radical changes have been observed in the marine ecosystem around the ship . The 1996 expedition recorded 75 per cent more brittle stars and sea cucumbers than Ballard 's 1985 expedition , while crinoids and sea squirts had taken root all over the sea bed . Red krill had appeared and an unknown organism had built numerous nests across the seabed from black pebbles . The amount of rusticles on the ship had increased greatly . Curiously , the same thing had happened over about the same timescale to the wreck of the German battleship Bismarck , sunk at a depth of 4,791 metres ( 15,719 ft ) on the other side of the Atlantic . The mud around the ship was found to contain hundreds of different species of animals . The sudden explosion of life around Titanic may be a result of an increased amount of nutrients falling from the surface , possibly a result of human overfishing eliminating fish that would otherwise have consumed the nutrients . Many scientists , including Robert Ballard , are concerned that visits by tourists in submersibles and the recovery of artifacts are causing the wreck to decay faster . Underwater bacteria have been eating away at Titanic 's steel and transformed it into rust since the ship sank , but because of the extra damage caused by visitors , the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration estimates that `` the hull and structure of the ship may collapse to the ocean floor within the next 50 years . '' The promenade deck has deteriorated significantly in recent years , partly because of damage caused by submersibles landing on the ship . The mast has almost completely deteriorated and has been stripped of its bell and brass light . Other damage includes a gash on the bow section where block letters once spelled Titanic , part of the brass telemotor which once held the ship 's wooden wheel is now twisted and the crow 's nest has completely deteriorated . The Canadian director James Cameron is responsible for some of the more significant damage during his expedition to the ship in 1995 to acquire footage for his film Titanic two years later . One of the MIR submersibles used on the expedition collided with the hull , damaging both and leaving fragments of the submersible 's propeller shroud scattered around the superstructure . Captain Smith 's quarters were heavily damaged by the collapse of the external bulkhead , which exposed the cabin 's interior . Ownership ( edit ) Titanic 's discovery in 1985 sparked a debate over the ownership of the wreck and the valuable items inside and on the sea bed around it . Ballard and his crew did not bring up any artifacts from the wreck , considering such an act to be tantamount to grave robbing . Ballard has since argued strongly `` that it be left unmolested by treasure seekers '' . As Ballard has put it , the development of deep - sea submersibles has made `` the great pyramids of the deep ... accessible to man . He can either plunder them like the grave robbers of Egypt or protect them for the countless generations which will follow ours . '' However , within only two weeks of the discovery , a British insurance company claimed that it owned the wreck , and several more schemes to raise it were announced . A Belgian entrepreneur offered trips to Titanic for $25,000 a head . Spurred by Ballard 's appeals for the wreck to be left alone , North Carolina Congressman Walter B. Jones , Jr. introduced the RMS Titanic Maritime Memorial Act in the United States House of Representatives in 1986 . It called for strict scientific guidelines to be introduced to govern the exploration and salvage of Titanic and urged the United States Secretary of State to lobby Canada , the United Kingdom and France to pass similar legislation . It passed the House and Senate by an overwhelming majority and was signed into law by President Ronald Reagan on 21 October 1986 . However , the law has been ineffective as the wreck lies outside United States waters , and the Act was set aside by the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia , Norfolk Division , in 1998 . Although negotiations among the four countries were carried out between 1997 and 2000 , the resulting `` Agreement Concerning the Shipwrecked Vessel R.M.S. Titanic '' has been ratified by only the US and the UK . Litigation and controversy ( edit ) Telly Savalas presenting the much - criticized Return to Titanic Live show on 28 October 1987 Only a few days after Ballard 's discovery of the wreck , Jack Grimm -- the author of the unsuccessful early 1980s attempts to find Titanic -- claimed ownership of it on the grounds that he had allegedly been the first to find it . He announced that he intended to begin salvaging the wreck . He said that he `` ( could n't ) see them just lie there and be absorbed by the ocean floor . What possible harm can ( salvage ) do to this mass of twisted steel ? '' Titanic Ventures Inc. , a Connecticut - based consortium , co-sponsored a survey and salvage operation in 1987 with the French oceanographic agency IFREMER . The expedition produced an outcry , not least because of the damage that it caused to the wreck . When the crow 's nest bell was pulled from the mast , the crow 's nest itself , where the lookouts first saw the iceberg , collapsed . A Titanic survivor , Eva Hart , was outspoken in her condemnation of what many saw as the looting of a mass grave : `` To bring up those things from a mass sea grave just to make a few thousand pounds shows a dreadful insensitivity and greed . The grave should be left alone . They 're simply going to do it as fortune hunters , vultures , pirates ! '' Public misgivings were increased when , on 28 October 1987 , a glitzy television program titled Return to the Titanic Live was broadcast from the Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie in Paris with Telly Savalas hosting . In front of a live TV audience , a valise recovered from the sea bed was opened , revealing a number of personal items apparently belonging to Richard L. Beckwith of New York , who survived the sinking . A safe was also opened , revealing a few items of memorabilia and some soggy banknotes . The tone of the event has been described by one commentator as `` unsympathetic , lack ( ing ) dignity and finesse , and ( with ) all the superficial qualities of a ' media event ' . '' The TV critic of The New York Times , John Corry , called the event `` a combination of the sacred and profane and sometimes the downright silly . '' Paul Heyer comments that it was `` presented as a kind of deep sea striptease '' and that Savalas `` seemed haggard , missed several cues and at one point almost tripped over a chair '' . Controversy persisted after the broadcast when claims were made that the safe had been opened beforehand and that the show had effectively been a fraud . In the meantime , Marex - Titanic Inc. was formed in 1992 to launch an expedition to the Titanic . Marex - Titanic 's CEO was James Kollar . The company was a subsidiary of Marex International , an international marine salvage firm located in Memphis , Tennessee . In 1992 Marex made a bid to seize control of the artefacts and the wreck itself by suing Titanic Ventures , arguing that the latter had abandoned its claim by not returning to the wreck since the 1987 expedition . It claimed a superior right of salvage based on a `` pill bottle '' and hull fragment that were said to have been retrieved by Marex . Marex simultaneously sent a vessel , the Sea Mussel , to carry out its own salvage operation . However , the Marex artefacts were alleged to have been illegally retrieved by the 1991 Russian - American - Canadian expedition and Marex was issued with a temporary injunction preventing it from carrying out its plans . In October 1992 the injunction was made permanent and the salvage claims of Titanic Ventures were upheld . The decision was later reversed by an appeals court but Marex 's claims were not renewed . Even so , Titanic Ventures ' control of the artefacts recovered in 1987 remained in question until 1993 when a French administrator in the Office of Maritime Affairs of the Ministry of Equipment , Transportation , and Tourism awarded the company title to the artefacts . In May 1993 Titanic Ventures sold its interests in the salvage operations and artefacts to RMS Titanic Inc. , a subsidiary of Premier Exhibitions Inc. headed by George Tulloch and Arnie Geller . It had to go through a laborious legal process of having itself legally recognised as the sole and exclusive salvager of the wreck . Its claim was opposed for a while by the Liverpool and London Steamship Protection and Indemnity Association , Titanic 's former insurer , but was eventually settled . It was awarded ownership and salvaging rights by the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia on 7 June 1994 in a ruling that declared the company to be the `` salvor in possession '' of the wreck . Litigation has continued over the artefacts in recent years . In a motion filed on 12 February 2004 , RMS Titanic Inc. requested that the United States district court enter an order awarding it `` title to all the artifacts ( including portions of the hull ) which are the subject of this action pursuant to the Law of Finds '' or , in the alternative , a salvage award in the amount of $225 million . RMS Titanic Inc. excluded from its motion any claim for an award of title to the objects recovered in 1987 , but it did request that the district court declare that , based on the French administrative action , `` the artifacts raised during the 1987 expedition are independently owned by RMST . '' Following a hearing , the district court entered an order dated 2 July 2004 , in which it refused to grant comity or recognise the 1993 decision of the French administrator , and rejected RMS Titanic Inc. 's claim that it should be awarded title to the items recovered since 1993 under the Maritime Law of Finds . RMS Titanic Inc. appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit . In its decision of 31 January 2006 the court recognised `` explicitly the appropriateness of applying maritime salvage law to historic wrecks such as that of Titanic '' and denied the application of the Maritime Law of Finds . The court also ruled that the district court lacked jurisdiction over the `` 1987 artifacts '' , and therefore vacated that part of the court 's 2 July 2004 order . In other words , according to this decision , RMS Titanic Inc. has ownership title to the objects awarded in the French decision ( valued $16.5 million earlier ) and continues to be salvor - in - possession of the Titanic wreck . The Court of Appeals remanded the case to the District Court to determine the salvage award ( $225 million requested by RMS Titanic Inc . ) . On 24 March 2009 , it was revealed that the fate of 5,900 artefacts retrieved from the wreck would rest with a U.S. District Judge 's decision . The ruling was later issued in two decisions on 12 August 2010 and 15 August 2011 . As announced in 2009 , the judge ruled that RMS Titanic Inc. owned the artefacts and her decision dealt with the status of the wreck as well as establishing a monitoring system to check future activity upon the wreck site . On 12 August 2010 , Judge Rebecca Beach Smith granted RMS Titanic , Inc. fair market value for the artefacts but deferred ruling on their ownership and the conditions for their preservation , possible disposition and exhibition until a further decision could be reached . On 15 August 2011 , Judge Smith granted title to thousands of artefacts from the Titanic , that RMS Titanic Inc. did not already own under a French court decision concerning the first group of salvaged artefacts , to RMS Titanic Inc. subject to a detailed list of conditions concerning preservation and disposition of the items . The artefacts can be sold only to a company that would abide by the lengthy list of conditions and restrictions . RMS Titanic Inc. can profit from the artefacts through exhibiting them . RMS Titanic Inc. has also attempted to secure exclusive physical access to the wreck site . In 1996 , it obtained a court order finding that it had `` the exclusive right to take any and all types of photographic images of the Titanic wreck and wreck site . '' It obtained another order in 1998 against Deep Ocean Expeditions and Chris Haver , a British Virgin Islands corporation that aimed to run tourist trips to Titanic at a cost of $32,000 per person ( it now charges $60,000 ) . This was overturned in March 1999 by the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit , which ruled that the law of salvage did not extend to obtaining exclusive rights to view , visit and photograph a wreck . The court pointed out that Titanic is `` located in a public place '' in international waters , rather than in a private or controllable location to which access could be restricted by the owner . Granting such a right would also create a perverse incentive ; since the aim of salvage is to carry out a salvage operation , leaving property in place so that it could be photographed would run counter to this objective . Conservation issues ( edit ) One of the pieces of coal retrieved from Titanic and controversially sold by RMS Titanic Inc . RMS Titanic Inc. has attracted considerable controversy for its approach to Titanic . Two rival camps have formed following the wreck 's discovery : the `` conservationists '' , championed by RMS Titanic Inc. 's George Tulloch ( who died in 2004 ) , and the `` protectionists '' , whose most prominent advocate is Robert Ballard . The first camp has argued that artefacts from around the wreck should be recovered and conserved , while the latter camp argues that the entire wreck site should have been left undisturbed as a mass grave . Both camps agree that the wreck itself should not be salvaged -- though RMS Titanic Inc. did not stick to its proclaimed `` hands - off '' policy when it managed to demolish Titanic 's crow 's nest in the course of retrieving the bell . Its predecessor Titanic Ventures agreed with IFREMER that it would not sell any of the artefacts but would put them on public display , for which it could charge an entry fee . Tulloch 's approach has undoubtedly resulted in outcomes that would not have been possible otherwise . In 1991 , he presented Edith Brown Haisman , a 96 - year - old survivor of the disaster , with her father 's pocket watch which had been retrieved from the sea bed . She had last seen it on 15 April 1912 when he waved goodbye to his wife and daughter as they left aboard lifeboat 14 . They never saw him again and he presumably went down with the ship . The watch was loaned to Haisman `` for life '' ; when she died four years later it was reclaimed by RMS Titanic Inc . On another occasion , a steamer trunk spotted in the debris field was found to contain three musical instruments , a deck of playing cards , a diary belonging to one Howard Irwin , and a bundle of letters from his girlfriend Pearl Shuttle . It was first thought that Irwin , a musician and professional gambler , had boarded the ship under a false identity . There was no record of him being among the passengers , even though a ticket had been purchased for him . It turned out that he had stayed ashore but his trunk had been brought aboard the ship by his friend Henry Sutehall , who was among the victims of the disaster . The fragile contents of the trunk were preserved due to the interior being starved of oxygen , which prevented bacteria from consuming the paper . Very few other shipwrecks have yielded readable paper . On the other hand , the heavily commercialised approach of RMS Titanic Inc. has caused repeated controversy and many have argued that salvaging Titanic is an inherently disrespectful act . The wreck site has been called a `` tomb and a reliquary '' , a `` gravestone for the 1,500 people who died '' and `` hallowed ground '' . Titanic historians John Eaton and Charles Haas argue that the salvagers are little more than `` plunderers and armchair salvage experts '' and others have characterised them as `` grave robbers '' . The Return to Titanic ... Live ! television show in 1987 was widely condemned as a `` circus '' , though the 1987 expedition 's scientific and financial leaders had no control over the show . In a particularly controversial episode , RMS Titanic Inc. sold some 80,000 lumps of coal retrieved from the debris field in order to fund the rumoured $17 million cost of lifting the `` Big Piece '' of the ship 's hull . It attempted to get around the no - sale agreement with IFREMER by charging the new owners a $25 `` fee '' to act as `` conservators '' , in order to claim that the coal lumps had not actually been sold . This attracted strong criticism from all sides . Nonetheless , in 1999 Tulloch was ousted by the company 's shareholders and was replaced by Arnie Geller , who promised a more aggressive approach to making a profit . The company declared that it had an `` absolute right '' to sell recovered gold , coins and currency . It was prevented from doing this by a court order in the United States and IFREMER withdrew its cooperation and its submersibles , threatening a lawsuit . Exhibitions of Titanic artifacts ( edit ) Pocket watch retrieved from an unknown victim of the disaster . It had stopped at 02 : 28 , a few minutes after its owner went into the water . Objects from Titanic have been exhibited for many years , though only a few were retrieved before the discovery of the wreck in 1985 . The Maritime Museum of the Atlantic in Halifax , Nova Scotia has a collection of wooden fragments and an intact deckchair plucked from the sea by the Canadian search vessels that recovered the victims ' bodies . Various other museums , including the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich and the SeaCity Museum in Southampton , have objects donated by survivors and relatives of victims , including some items that were retrieved from the bodies of victims . More donated Titanic artifacts are to be found in the Merseyside Maritime Museum in Liverpool and the Titanic Historical Society 's museum in Indian Orchard , Springfield , Massachusetts . The latter 's collection includes items such as the life jacket of Madeleine Astor , the wife of millionaire Titanic victim John Jacob Astor IV , a rivet which was removed from the hull before Titanic went to sea , an ice warning which never reached the bridge , a restaurant menu and a sample square of carpet from a First Class stateroom . RMS Titanic Inc. organizes large - scale exhibitions around the world of artifacts retrieved from the wreck site . After minor exhibitions were held in Paris and Scandinavia , the first major exhibition of recovered artifacts was held at the National Maritime Museum in 1994 -- 95 . It was hugely popular , drawing an average of 21,000 visitors a week during the year - long exhibition . Since then , RMS Titanic Inc. has established a large - scale permanent exhibition of Titanic artifacts at the Luxor hotel and casino in Las Vegas , Nevada . The 25,000 square feet ( 2,300 m ) exhibit is the home of the `` Big Piece '' of the hull retrieved in 1998 and features conserved items including luggage , Titanic 's whistles , floor tiles and an unopened bottle of champagne . The exhibit includes a full - scale replica of the ship 's Grand Staircase and part of the Promenade Deck , and even a mock - up of the iceberg . It also runs a traveling exhibition called Titanic : The Artifact Exhibition which has opened in various cities around the world and has been seen by over 20 million people . The exhibition typically runs for six to nine months featuring a combination of artifacts , reconstructions and displays of the ship , her passengers and crew and the disaster itself . In a similar fashion to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington , D.C. , visitors are given a `` boarding pass '' in the name of an individual passenger at the start of the exhibition . They do not discover the fate of their assigned passenger until the end . See also ( edit ) Nautical portal United Kingdom portal International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea List of films about the RMS Titanic List of archaeological sites beyond national boundaries Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Made by Teledyne Benthos , they are used as flotation devices and for instrument housing in deep - sea environments . See `` Glass Spheres '' for more information . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1987 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , p. 307 Jump up ^ Wade 1992 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Little 2010 . Jump up ^ Estes 2006 , p. 298 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard 1987 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Lord 1987 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Lord 1987 , p. 227 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton & Haas 1987 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 302 . Jump up ^ Lord 1987 , pp. 230 -- 1 . ^ Jump up to : Lord 1987 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Serway & Jewett 2006 , p. 494 . Jump up ^ New Scientist & 6 October 1977 . Jump up ^ Suid 1996 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Hicks & Kropf 2002 , p. 194 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard 1987 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Time , 11 May 1981 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 304 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton & Haas 1987 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Lord 1987 , pp. 232 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard 1987 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 50 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard 1987 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Ballard 2008 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Ballard & Hively 2002 , p. 235 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard 2008 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Ballard & Hively 2002 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Ballard & Hively 2002 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Ballard 2008 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Ballard 2008 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Ballard & Hively 2002 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Lynch 1992 , p. 207 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , pp. 312 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Lynch 1992 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , pp. 314 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 324 . ^ Jump up to : Butler 1998 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , pp. 217 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 258 . Jump up ^ MacInnis & Cameron 2005 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Parisi 1998 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Timeline for 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic couple take the plunge '' . BBC News . 28 July 2001 . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 239 . ^ Jump up to : Timeline for 2001 . Jump up ^ R.M.S. Titanic Expedition 2003 . Jump up ^ R.M.S. Titanic Expedition 2004 . Jump up ^ Timeline for 2004 . Jump up ^ Canfield & 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Symonds & April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The wreck of the Titanic now protected by UNESCO '' . UNESCO . 5 April 2012 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Sides , Hampton ( April 2012 ) . `` Unseen Titanic '' . National Geographic . 221 ( 4 ) : 95 . Jump up ^ Gibson 2012 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Halpern & Weeks 2011 , pp. 126 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Halpern & Weeks 2011 , p. 126 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard 1987 , p. 204 . ^ Jump up to : Halpern & Weeks 2011 , p. 127 . ^ Jump up to : Lynch 1992 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ `` Unseen Titanic -- Interactive : The Crash Scene '' . National Geographic . 17 October 2002 . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , pp. 100 -- 1 . ^ Jump up to : Gannon & February 1995 . Jump up ^ ( Lynch & Marschall 2003 , p. 58 ) Jump up ^ ( Marschall 2001 , p. 3 ) Jump up ^ ( Parks Stephenson 2005 ) Jump up ^ ( Ballard 1988 , p. 47 ) Jump up ^ ( Lynch & Marschall 2005 , pp. 119 -- 120 ) Jump up ^ `` Full Titanic site mapped for first time '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Associated Press . 8 March 2012 . Retrieved 6 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Pellegrino 2012 , p. 108 . ^ Jump up to : Halpern & Weeks 2011 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 202 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen & 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Sydney ( 1987 ) . `` Treasures of the Titanic '' . Popular Mechanics . New York : Hearst Magazines . 164 ( 12 ) : 65 -- 69 . ISSN 0032 - 4558 . Retrieved 7 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 214 . ^ Jump up to : Mone & July 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Handwerk & 18 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Broad & 17 October 1995 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , p. 274 . Jump up ^ BBC News & 6 December 2010 . Jump up ^ laboratoryequipment.com , September 6 , 2016 , Extremophile Bacteria ' Will Eat Away Wreck of the Titanic by 2030 . Jump up ^ `` First it was an iceberg , now it 's bacteria : Rust - eating species ' will destroy wreck of Titanic within 20 years ' '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Fox - Skelly , Jasmin . `` The wreck of the Titanic is being eaten and may soon vanish '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 242 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard 1987 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , pp. 53 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Crosbie & Mortimer 2006 , p. last page ( no page number specified ) . Jump up ^ Ballard & December 2004 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1999 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Lynch 1992 , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton & Haas 1987 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ For an overall discussion of the history of the salvage legal proceedings , see R.M.S. Titanic , Inc. v. Haver , 171 F. 3d 943 ( 4th Cir . Va . 1999 ) , and related opinions . Jump up ^ Scovazzi 2003 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ RMS Titanic International Agreement 29 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Ferguson 4 September 1985 . ^ Jump up to : Lynch 1992 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1999 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Heyer 1995 , p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 313 . Jump up ^ Associated Press 30 September 1992 . Jump up ^ Taylor & 2 October 1992 . Jump up ^ `` RMS Titanic Maritime Memorial of Preservation Act of 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 21 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Scovazzi 2003 , pp. 65 -- 6 . Jump up ^ `` Salvage Law Update Fall 2004 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 23 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit , R.M.S. TITANIC , INCORPORATED vs. THE WRECKED AND ABANDONED VESSEL -- 31 January 2006 '' ( PDF ) . ( 127 KiB ) Jump up ^ White , Marcia ( 24 March 2009 ) . `` Battle continues on fate of relics from doomed ship Titanic '' . The Express - Times . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Federal judge to rule on fate of Titanic artifacts '' . USA Today . 24 March 2009 . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ McGlone , Tim ( 14 August 2010 ) . `` Norfolk judge grants salvage award for Titanic artifacts '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McGlone , Tim ( 16 August 2011 ) . `` Norfolk judge awards rights to Titanic artifacts '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Scovazzi 2003 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Scovazzi 2003 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Riding & 16 December 1992 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen - Earp 2006 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen - Earp 2006 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen - Earp 2006 , p. 46 . ^ Jump up to : Jorgensen - Earp 2006 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Lynch 1992 , pp. 178 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Ward 2012 , pp. 248 , 251 . Jump up ^ Kelly 27 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Portman 12 November 1994 . Jump up ^ Stearns 17 May 1995 . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 259 . Jump up ^ Ward 2012 , pp. 252 -- 3 . References ( edit ) Ballard , Robert D. ( 1987 ) . The Discovery of the Titanic . New York : Warner Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 446 - 51385 - 2 . Ballard , Robert ( 1988 ) . Exploring the Titanic . New York : Scholastic . ISBN 0590419528 . Ballard , Robert D. ; Hively , Will ( 2002 ) . The Eternal Darkness : A Personal History of Deep - Sea Exploration . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 09554 - 7 . Ballard , Robert D. ( 2008 ) . Archaeological Oceanography . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 12940 - 2 . Butler , Daniel Allen ( 1998 ) . Unsinkable : The Full Story of RMS Titanic . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 1814 - 1 . Crosbie , Duncan ; Mortimer , Sheila ( 2006 ) . Titanic : The Ship of Dreams . New York , NY : Orchard Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 439 - 89995 - 6 . Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles A. ( 1987 ) . Titanic : Destination Disaster : The Legends and the Reality . Wellingborough , UK : Patrick Stephens . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85059 - 868 - 1 . Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles A. ( 1999 ) . Titanic : A Journey Through Time . Sparkford , Somerset : Patrick Stephens . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85260 - 575 - 9 . Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles A. ( 1994 ) . Titanic : Triumph and Tragedy . Wellingborough , UK : Patrick Stephens . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85260 - 493 - 6 . Estes , James A. ( 2006 ) . Whales , Whaling , and Ocean Ecosystems . Los Angeles , CA : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24884 - 7 . Gibson , Allen ( 2012 ) . The Unsinkable Titanic : The Triumph Behind A Disaster . Stroud , Glos. : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 5625 - 6 . Halpern , Samuel ; Weeks , Charles ( 2011 ) . `` Description of the Damage to the Ship '' . In Halpern , Samuel . Report into the Loss of the SS Titanic : A Centennial Reappraisal . Stroud , UK : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6210 - 3 . Heyer , Paul ( 1995 ) . Titanic Legacy : Disaster as Myth and Event . Westport , CT : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 95352 - 2 . Hicks , Brian ; Kropf , Schuyler ( 2002 ) . Raising the Hunley : the remarkable history and recovery of the lost Confederate submarine . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 44771 - 5 . Jorgensen - Earp , Cheryl R. ( 2006 ) . `` Satisfaction of Metaphorical Expressions through Visual Display '' . In Prelli , Lawrence J. Rhetorics of display . Columbia , SC : University of South Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57003 - 619 - 4 . Lord , Walter ( 1987 ) . The Night Lives On . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 81452 - 7 . Lynch , Don ( 1992 ) . Titanic : An Illustrated History . New York : Hyperion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56282 - 918 - 6 . Lynch , Don ; Marschall , Ken ( 2003 ) . Ghosts of the Abyss . New York : Madison Press Books . ISBN 0306812231 . MacInnis , Joseph B. ; Cameron , James ( 2005 ) . James Cameron 's Aliens of the Deep . Washington , D.C. : National Geographic Society . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7922 - 9343 - 9 . Parisi , Paula ( 1998 ) . Titanic and the Making of James Cameron . New York : Newmarket Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55704 - 364 - 1 . Pellegrino , Charles ( 2012 ) . Farewell , Titanic : Her Final Legacy . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 87387 - 8 . Scovazzi , Tullio ( 2003 ) . `` The Application of `` Salvage Law and Other Rules of Admiralty '' `` . In Garabello , Roberta ; Scovazzi , Tullio . The protection of the underwater cultural heritage : before and after the 2001 UNESCO Convention . Leiden : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . ISBN 978 - 90 - 411 - 2203 - 2 . Serway , Raymond A. ; Jewett , John W. ( 2006 ) . Principles of Physics : A Calculus - Based Text , Volume 1 . Belmont , CA : Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 0 - 534 - 49143 - 7 . Spignesi , Stephen ( 2012 ) . The Titanic For Dummies . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 20651 - 5 . Suid , Lawrence H. ( 1996 ) . Sailing on the Silver Screen : Hollywood and the U.S. Navy . Annapolis , MD : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 9781557507877 . Wade , Wyn Craig ( 1992 ) . The Titanic : End of a Dream . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 016691 - 0 . Ward , Greg ( 2012 ) . The Rough Guide to the Titanic . London : Rough Guides Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4053 - 8699 - 9 . Journal and news articles Broad , William A. ( 17 October 1995 ) . `` The World 's Deep , Cold Sea Floors Harbor a Riotous Diversity of Life '' . The New York Times . Canfield , Clarke ( 8 March 2012 ) . `` Full Titanic site mapped for 1st time '' . The Associated Press . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . Cohen , Jennie ( 8 March 2012 ) . `` First Map of Entire Titanic Wreck Site Sheds New Light on Disaster '' . History.com . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Ferguson , Jonathan ( 4 September 1985 ) . `` Texas oilman says he found Titanic first -- ' it 's my wreck ' '' . The Toronto Star . Gannon , Robert ( February 1995 ) . `` What Really Sank the Titanic '' . Popular Science : 54 . Kelly , Ray ( 27 October 2009 ) . `` Titanic salvage raises concerns '' . The Republican . Springfield , MA . Little , Crispin T.S. ( February 2010 ) . `` The Prolific Afterlife of Whales '' . Scientific American : 78 -- 84 . Retrieved 2 March 2010 . Mone , Gregory ( July 2004 ) . `` What 's Eating the Titanic ? '' . Popular Science : 42 . Portman , Jamie ( 12 November 1994 ) . `` U.K. Titanic exhibit an off - season draw '' . The Toronto Star . Riding , Alan ( 16 December 1992 ) . `` 1,800 Objects From the Titanic : Any Claims ? '' . The New York Times . Stearns , David Patrick ( 17 May 1995 ) . `` Relics display shows interest in Titanic has n't sunk '' . USA Today . Stephenson , Parks ( 20 September 2005 ) . Titanic Wreck Observations 2005 ( Report ) . Marine Forensic Panel . Taylor , Joe ( 2 October 1992 ) . `` Texas Oilman Seeking Titanic Artifacts Loses Case '' . The Associated Press . `` Ariadne '' . New Scientist : 78 -- 84 . 6 October 1977 . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . `` Press : Suddenly , Now ! Is Never '' . Time . 11 May 1981 . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . `` Memphian Seeks Titanic Salvage '' . The Associated Press . 30 September 1992 . `` New species of bacteria found in Titanic ' rusticles ' '' . BBC News . 6 December 2010 . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Symonds , Matthew ( April 2012 ) . `` Titanic : The archaeology of an emigrant ship '' . Current Archaeology ( 265 ) : 14 . Online publications Ballard , Robert D. ( December 2004 ) . `` Why is Titanic Vanishing ? '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 29 January 2011 . Handwerk , Brian ( 18 August 2010 ) . `` Titanic Is Falling Apart '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 7 March 2012 . Marschall , Ken ( December 2001 ) . `` James Cameron 's Titanic Expedition 2001 : What We Saw On and Inside the Wreck '' . marconigraph.com . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . `` RMS Titanic International Agreement '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 29 February 2012 . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . `` R.M.S. Titanic Expedition 2003 '' . NOAA. 8 June 2010 . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . `` R.M.S. Titanic Expedition 2004 '' . NOAA. 27 February 2012 . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . `` The Titanic Story : Timeline For 2000 '' . Titanic Heritage Trust . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . `` The Titanic Story : Timeline For 2001 '' . Titanic Heritage Trust . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . `` The Titanic Story : Timeline For 2004 '' . Titanic Heritage Trust . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Ballard , Robert D. ( December 1985 ) . `` How We Found Titanic '' . National Geographic . Vol. 168 no . 6 . pp. 696 -- 719 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . Ballard , Robert D. ( December 1986 ) . `` A Long Last Look at Titanic '' . National Geographic . Vol. 170 no . 6 . pp. 698 -- 727 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . Ballard , Robert D. ( October 1987 ) . `` Epilogue for Titanic '' . National Geographic . Vol. 172 no . 4 . pp. 454 -- 463 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . External links ( edit ) ( show ) Map all coordinates using OSM Map all coordinates using Google Export all coordinates as KML Export all coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF <Th_colspan="2"> RMS Titanic <Td_colspan="2"> First class facilities Second and Third class facilities Grand Staircase Animals aboard Musicians Sinking Alternative theories Changes in safety practices Legends and myths Lifeboats Lifeboat No. 1 British inquiry US inquiry Wreck of Titanic Maritime Memorial Act Deck officers Edward J. Smith ( Captain ) Henry Tingle Wilde ( Chief Officer ) William McMaster Murdoch ( First Officer ) Charles H. Lightoller ( Second Officer ) Herbert Pitman ( Third Officer ) Joseph G. Boxhall ( Fourth Officer ) Harold G. Lowe ( Fifth Officer ) James Paul Moody ( Sixth Officer ) Crew members Harold Bride William Denton Cox Sid Daniels Alfred Frank Evans Frederick Fleet Luigi Gatti Robert Hichens Violet Jessop Charles Joughin Reginald Lee Evelyn Marsden William Mintram Jack Phillips George Symons Passengers Fatalities Thomas Andrews John Jacob Astor IV David John Bowen Archibald Butt Thomas Byles Walter Donald Douglas Edith Corse Evans Annie Funk Jacques Futrelle Sidney Leslie Goodwin Benjamin Guggenheim John Harper Wallace Hartley Charles Melville Hays Edward Austin Kent Joseph Philippe Lemercier Laroche Francis Davis Millet Harry Markland Molson Michel Navratil Eino Viljami Panula W.T. Stead Ida Straus Isidor Straus John Borland Thayer Jr . Frank M. Warren , Sr . George Dennick Wick George Dunton Widener Harry Elkins Widener Duane Williams George Henry Wright Survivors Rhoda Abbott Madeleine Astor Lawrence Beesley Karl Behr Dickinson Bishop Mauritz Håkan Björnström - Steffansson Elsie Bowerman Francis Browne Margaret `` Molly '' Brown Daniel Buckley Helen Churchill Candee Charlotte Drake Cardeza Lucile Carter Gladys Cherry Margaret Devaney Sir Cosmo Duff - Gordon Lucy , Lady Duff - Gordon Ethel Flora Fortune Dorothy Gibson Archibald Gracie IV Frank John William Goldsmith Henry S. Harper Margaret Bechstein Hays Masabumi Hosono J. Bruce Ismay Margaret Mannion Alfred Nourney Arthur Godfrey Peuchen Edith Rosenbaum Noël Leslie , Countess of Rothes Emily Ryerson Frederic Kimber Seward Eloise Hughes Smith Jack Thayer Marian Thayer R. Norris Williams Last living survivors Lillian Asplund Ruth Becker Alden Caldwell Millvina Dean Edith Haisman Eva Hart Eleanor Ileen Johnson Louise Laroche Louise Kink Michel Marcel Navratil Winnifred Quick Marjorie Newell Robb Beatrice Sandström Barbara West Other Allison family Monuments and memorials General Memorials and monuments to the RMS Titanic Australia Bandstand ( Ballarat ) United Kingdom Engine Room Heroes ( Liverpool ) Engineers ( Southampton ) Musicians ( Southampton ) Titanic ( Belfast ) Orchestra ( Liverpool ) United States Straus Park ( New York City ) Titanic ( New York City ) Titanic ( Washington , D.C. ) Butt - Millet Memorial Fountain ( Washington , D.C. ) Popular culture Books Futility , or the Wreck of the Titan ( 1898 ) A Night to Remember ( book ) Polar the Titanic Bear Films Saved from the Titanic ( 1912 ) In Nacht und Eis ( 1912 ) Atlantic ( 1929 ) Titanic ( 1943 ) Titanic ( 1953 ) A Night to Remember ( 1958 ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( 1964 ) Raise the Titanic ( 1980 ) Secrets of the Titanic ( 1986 ) Titanica ( 1992 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Legend of the Titanic ( 1999 ) Titanic : The Legend Goes On ( 2000 ) Ghosts of the Abyss ( 2003 ) Titanic II ( 2010 ) Television S.O.S. Titanic ( 1979 ) Titanic : The Complete Story ( 1994 ) Titanic ( 1996 ) No Greater Love ( 1996 ) `` A Flight to Remember '' ( Futurama ) ( 1999 ) Titanic ( 2012 ) Titanic : Blood and Steel ( 2012 ) Saving the Titanic ( 2012 ) Music `` The Titanic ( It Was Sad When That Great Ship Went Down ) '' ( folk song ) The Sinking of the Titanic ( music composition ) Titanic ( musical ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( musical ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( song ) `` Nearer , My God , to Thee '' ( song ) Video games Titanic : Adventure Out of Time ( 1996 ) Titanic : Honor and Glory ( 2017 ) Museums and exhibitions SeaCity Museum ( Southampton ) Titanic Museum ( Branson , Missouri ) Titanic Museum ( Pigeon Forge , Tennessee ) Maritime Museum of the Atlantic ( Halifax ) Titanic Belfast Places Titanic ( Canada ) Titanic Canyon Titanic Quarter , Belfast Cape Race , Newfoundland Fairview Cemetery , Halifax , Nova Scotia Mount Olivet Cemetery ( Halifax ) Related Titanic Historical Society Encyclopedia Titanica Halomonas titanicae Women and children first SOS RMS Carpathia RMS Olympic HMHS Britannic Robert Ballard Replica Titanic Titanic II Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wreck_of_the_RMS_Titanic&oldid=807932111 '' Categories : RMS Titanic 1911 ships 1912 in Canada 1912 in the United Kingdom 1912 in the United States History of Halifax , Nova Scotia Ships sunk in collisions Shipwrecks of the Newfoundland and Labrador coast Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Good articles Use dmy dates from April 2012 Use British English from January 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2017 Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 22 : 26 . 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1. Wreck of the RMS Titanic
2. Salvage proposals and expeditions
3. Discovery of the wreck
4. Description of the wreck
5. Condition and deterioration of the wreck
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6,275,747,421,372,481,000 |
who has won the most nba 3 point contest
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Three - Point contest - wikipedia Three - Point contest Jump to : navigation , search The Three - Point Contest ( officially named the JBL Three - Point Contest and previously named the Three - Point Shootout ) is a National Basketball Association ( NBA ) contest held on the Saturday before the annual All - Star Game as part of All - Star Weekend . From its introduction in 1986 to 2002 , and again from 2017 onward , eight participants were selected to participate in each season 's shootout . Between 2003 and 2016 , the contest was open to just six competitors . Devin Booker of the Phoenix Suns is the most recent winner of the event which was held at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rules 2 Prize money 3 Milestones 4 Winners 5 All - time participants 6 Records 7 Notes 8 References Rules ( edit ) In this contest , participants attempt to make as many three - point field goals as possible from five positions behind the three - point arc in one minute . Players begin shooting from one corner of the court , and move from station to station along the three point arc until they reach the other corner . At each shooting station is a rack with five basketballs . Out of the five balls , four are worth one point ( the standard orange Spalding game balls ) and the fifth one ( a red / white / blue ABA - style ball ; often nicknamed the `` money ball '' ) is worth two points . The goal of this contest is to score as many points as possible within one minute . A perfect score used to be 30 points . In the 2014 contest , a rack consisting only of `` money balls '' was added , and can be placed on any of the 5 spots of the player 's choice , bringing up the maximum possible score to 34 points . In the qualifying round , each player has a chance to score as many points as possible . The three players with the top scores advance to the finals . The final round is played in the same way as the qualifying round , but players shoot according to the ascending order of their first - round scores . In each round , the shots and the score are confirmed by the referee and the television instant replay system . The final round will be shot in reverse direction ( left to right corner for a left - handed shooter and vice versa ) . In the case of a tie , multiple extra rounds of 30 seconds ( 60 seconds in the final ) are played to determine the winner . Prize money ( edit ) Contestants compete for a total of $86,000 . The first - place winner receives $35,000 ; the second - place finisher receives $22,500 , and the third - place winner receives $15,000 . Finishers , from fourth to sixth place , receive $4,500 each . Milestones ( edit ) Larry Bird , the inaugural winner of this contest , and Craig Hodges have each won three consecutive times , while Mark Price , Jeff Hornacek , Peja Stojaković and Jason Kapono have each won two consecutive times . Craig Hodges holds the record for most shots made in one round ( 21 / 25 ) , as well as most consecutive shots made ( 19 ) . Devin Booker ( final round , 2018 ) holds the record with 28 points , albeit in the newer 34 - point format . Detlef Schrempf and Michael Jordan share the record for the fewest points scored in any round with five in 1988 and 1990 respectively . Kyrie Irving is the youngest player to win the contest at the age of 20 . Rimas Kurtinaitis is the only non-NBA player to participate in the contest . Dirk Nowitzki is the only 7 - foot player to win the contest . Winners ( edit ) Ray Allen won the contest in the 2000 -- 01 season while playing with the Milwaukee Bucks . Dirk Nowitzki won the contest in the 2005 -- 06 season . Players with multiple wins # Player First Place Second Place T - 1 Hodges , Craig Craig Hodges T - 1 Bird , Larry Larry Bird 0 Stojaković , Peja Peja Stojaković T - 3 Hornacek , Jeff Jeff Hornacek 0 T - 3 Price , Mark Mark Price 0 T - 3 Kapono , Jason Jason Kapono 0 Jason Kapono won the contest in the 2006 -- 07 and 2007 -- 08 season while playing with the Toronto Raptors and Miami Heat . Denotes players who are still active * Elected to the Basketball Hall of Fame Player ( # ) Denotes the number of times the player has won Team ( # ) Denotes the number of times a player from this team has won Season Location Player Team Final score / max 1985 -- 86 Dallas , TX Bird , Larry Larry Bird * Boston Celtics 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 / 30 1986 -- 87 Seattle , WA Bird , Larry Larry Bird * ( 2 ) Boston Celtics ( 2 ) 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 / 30 1987 -- 88 Chicago , IL Bird , Larry Larry Bird * ( 3 ) Boston Celtics ( 3 ) 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 / 30 1988 -- 89 Houston , TX Ellis , Dale Dale Ellis Seattle SuperSonics 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 / 30 1989 -- 90 Miami , FL Hodges , Craig Craig Hodges Chicago Bulls 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 / 30 1990 -- 91 Charlotte , NC Hodges , Craig Craig Hodges ( 2 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2 ) 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 / 30 1991 -- 92 Orlando , FL Hodges , Craig Craig Hodges ( 3 ) Chicago Bulls ( 3 ) 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 / 30 1992 -- 93 Salt Lake City , UT Price , Mark Mark Price Cleveland Cavaliers 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 / 30 1993 -- 94 Minneapolis , MN Price , Mark Mark Price ( 2 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2 ) 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 / 30 1994 -- 95 Phoenix , AZ Rice , Glen Glen Rice Miami Heat 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 / 30 1995 -- 96 San Antonio , TX Legler , Tim Tim Legler Washington Bullets 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 / 30 1996 -- 97 Cleveland , OH Kerr , Steve Steve Kerr Chicago Bulls ( 4 ) 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 / 30 1997 -- 98 New York City , NY Hornacek , Jeff Jeff Hornacek Utah Jazz 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 / 30 1998 -- 99 <Td_colspan="4"> Canceled due to the 1998 - 99 NBA lockout 1999 -- 00 Oakland , CA Hornacek , Jeff Jeff Hornacek ( 2 ) Utah Jazz ( 2 ) 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 / 30 2000 -- 01 Washington , D.C. Allen , Ray Ray Allen Milwaukee Bucks 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 / 30 2001 -- 02 Philadelphia , PA Stojaković , Peja Peja Stojaković Sacramento Kings 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 / 30 2002 -- 03 Atlanta , GA Stojaković , Peja Peja Stojaković ( 2 ) Sacramento Kings ( 2 ) 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 / 30 2003 -- 04 Los Angeles , CA Lenard , Voshon Voshon Lenard Denver Nuggets 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 / 30 2004 -- 05 Denver , CO Richardson , Quentin Quentin Richardson Phoenix Suns 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 / 30 2005 -- 06 Houston , TX Nowitzki , Dirk Dirk Nowitzki ^ Dallas Mavericks 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 / 30 2006 -- 07 Las Vegas , NV Kapono , Jason Jason Kapono Miami Heat ( 2 ) 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 / 30 2007 -- 08 New Orleans , LA Kapono , Jason Jason Kapono ( 2 ) Toronto Raptors 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 / 30 2008 -- 09 Phoenix , AZ Cook , Daequan Daequan Cook Miami Heat ( 3 ) 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 / 30 2009 -- 10 Dallas , TX Pierce , Paul Paul Pierce Boston Celtics ( 4 ) 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 / 30 2010 -- 11 Los Angeles , CA Jones , James James Jones Miami Heat ( 4 ) 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 / 30 2011 -- 12 Orlando , FL Love , Kevin Kevin Love ^ Minnesota Timberwolves 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 / 30 2012 -- 13 Houston , TX Irving , Kyrie Kyrie Irving ^ Cleveland Cavaliers ( 3 ) 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 / 30 2013 -- 14 New Orleans , LA Belinelli , Marco Marco Belinelli ^ San Antonio Spurs 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 / 34 2014 -- 15 New York City - Brooklyn , NY Stephen Curry ^ Golden State Warriors 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 / 34 2015 -- 16 Toronto , ON Klay Thompson ^ Golden State Warriors ( 2 ) 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 / 34 2016 -- 17 New Orleans , LA Eric Gordon ^ Houston Rockets 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 / 34 2017 -- 18 Los Angeles , CA Devin Booker ^ Phoenix Suns ( 2 ) 28 / 34 All - time participants ( edit ) Player ( in bold text ) Indicates the winner of the contest Player ( # ) Denotes the number of times the player has been in the contest Season Players 1985 -- 86 Larry Bird , Dale Ellis , Sleepy Floyd , Craig Hodges , Norm Nixon , Kyle Macy , Trent Tucker , Leon Wood 1986 -- 87 Danny Ainge , Larry Bird ( 2 ) , Michael Cooper , Dale Ellis ( 2 ) , Craig Hodges ( 2 ) , Detlef Schrempf , Byron Scott , Kiki Vandeweghe 1987 -- 88 Danny Ainge ( 2 ) , Larry Bird ( 3 ) , Dale Ellis ( 3 ) , Craig Hodges ( 3 ) , Mark Price , Detlef Schrempf ( 2 ) , Byron Scott ( 2 ) , Trent Tucker ( 2 ) 1988 -- 89 Michael Adams , Danny Ainge ( 3 ) , Dale Ellis ( 4 ) , Derek Harper , Gerald Henderson , Craig Hodges ( 4 ) , Rimas Kurtinaitis , Reggie Miller , Jon Sundvold 1989 -- 90 Larry Bird ( 4 ) , Craig Ehlo , Bobby Hansen , Craig Hodges ( 5 ) , Michael Jordan , Reggie Miller ( 2 ) , Mark Price ( 2 ) , Jon Sundvold ( 2 ) 1990 -- 91 Danny Ainge ( 4 ) , Clyde Drexler , Tim Hardaway , Hersey Hawkins , Craig Hodges ( 6 ) , Terry Porter , Glen Rice , Dennis Scott 1991 -- 92 Dell Curry , Craig Ehlo ( 2 ) , Craig Hodges ( 7 ) , Jeff Hornacek , Jim Les , Dražen Petrović , Mitch Richmond , John Stockton 1992 -- 93 B.J. Armstrong , Dana Barros , Craig Hodges ( 8 ) , Dan Majerle , Reggie Miller ( 3 ) , Terry Porter ( 2 ) , Mark Price ( 3 ) , Kenny Smith 1993 -- 94 B.J. Armstrong ( 2 ) , Dana Barros ( 2 ) , Dell Curry ( 2 ) , Dale Ellis ( 5 ) , Steve Kerr , Eric Murdock , Mark Price ( 4 ) , Mitch Richmond ( 2 ) 1994 -- 95 Nick Anderson , Dana Barros ( 3 ) , Scott Burrell , Steve Kerr ( 2 ) , Dan Majerle ( 2 ) , Reggie Miller ( 4 ) , Chuck Person , Glen Rice ( 2 ) 1995 -- 96 Dana Barros ( 4 ) , Hubert Davis , Steve Kerr ( 3 ) , Tim Legler , George McCloud , Glen Rice ( 3 ) , Dennis Scott ( 2 ) , Clifford R. Robinson 1996 -- 97 Dale Ellis ( 6 ) , Steve Kerr ( 4 ) , Tim Legler ( 2 ) , Terry Mills , Sam Perkins , Glen Rice ( 4 ) , John Stockton ( 2 ) , Walt Williams 1997 -- 98 Hubert Davis ( 2 ) , Dale Ellis ( 7 ) , Jeff Hornacek ( 2 ) , Sam Mack , Reggie Miller ( 5 ) , Tracy Murray , Glen Rice ( 5 ) , Charlie Ward 1998 -- 99 Cancelled due to the 1998 - 99 NBA lockout 1999 -- 00 Ray Allen , Mike Bibby , Hubert Davis ( 3 ) , Jeff Hornacek ( 3 ) , Allen Iverson , Dirk Nowitzki , Terry Porter ( 3 ) , Bob Sura 2000 -- 01 Ray Allen ( 2 ) , Pat Garrity , Allan Houston , Rashard Lewis , Dirk Nowitzki ( 2 ) , Steve Nash , Bryon Russell , Peja Stojaković 2001 -- 02 Ray Allen ( 3 ) , Wesley Person , Mike Miller , Steve Nash ( 2 ) , Paul Pierce , Quentin Richardson , Steve Smith , Peja Stojaković ( 2 ) 2002 -- 03 Brent Barry , Pat Garrity ( 2 ) , Wesley Person ( 2 ) , Peja Stojaković ( 3 ) , Antoine Walker , David Wesley 2003 -- 04 Chauncey Billups , Kyle Korver , Voshon Lenard , Rashard Lewis ( 2 ) , Cuttino Mobley , Peja Stojaković ( 4 ) 2004 -- 05 Ray Allen ( 4 ) , Joe Johnson , Voshon Lenard ( 2 ) , Kyle Korver ( 2 ) , Vladimir Radmanović , Quentin Richardson ( 2 ) 2005 -- 06 Gilbert Arenas , Ray Allen ( 5 ) , Chauncey Billups ( 2 ) , Dirk Nowitzki ( 3 ) , Quentin Richardson ( 3 ) , Jason Terry 2006 -- 07 Gilbert Arenas ( 2 ) , Damon Jones , Jason Kapono , Mike Miller ( 2 ) , Dirk Nowitzki ( 4 ) , Jason Terry ( 2 ) 2007 -- 08 Daniel Gibson , Richard Hamilton , Jason Kapono ( 2 ) , Steve Nash ( 3 ) , Dirk Nowitzki ( 5 ) , Peja Stojaković ( 5 ) 2008 -- 09 Mike Bibby ( 2 ) , Daequan Cook , Danny Granger , Jason Kapono ( 3 ) , Rashard Lewis ( 3 ) , Roger Mason 2009 -- 10 Chauncey Billups ( 3 ) , Daequan Cook ( 2 ) , Stephen Curry , Channing Frye , Danilo Gallinari , Paul Pierce ( 2 ) 2010 -- 11 Ray Allen ( 6 ) , Kevin Durant , Daniel Gibson ( 2 ) , James Jones , Paul Pierce ( 3 ) , Dorell Wright 2011 -- 12 Ryan Anderson , Mario Chalmers , James Jones ( 2 ) , Anthony Morrow , Kevin Love , Kevin Durant ( 2 ) 2012 -- 13 Ryan Anderson ( 2 ) , Matt Bonner , Stephen Curry ( 2 ) , Paul George , Kyrie Irving , Steve Novak 2013 -- 14 Arron Afflalo , Bradley Beal , Marco Belinelli , Stephen Curry ( 3 ) , Kyrie Irving ( 2 ) , Joe Johnson ( 2 ) , Damian Lillard , Kevin Love ( 2 ) 2014 -- 15 Marco Belinelli ( 2 ) , Stephen Curry ( 4 ) , James Harden , Kyrie Irving ( 3 ) , Kyle Korver ( 3 ) , Wesley Matthews , J.J. Redick , Klay Thompson 2015 -- 16 Devin Booker , Stephen Curry ( 5 ) , James Harden ( 2 ) , Kyle Lowry , Khris Middleton , J.J. Redick ( 2 ) , Klay Thompson ( 2 ) , C.J. McCollum 2016 -- 17 Klay Thompson ( 3 ) , C.J. McCollum ( 2 ) , Kyle Lowry ( 2 ) , Eric Gordon , Kyrie Irving ( 4 ) , Kemba Walker , Nick Young , Wesley Matthews ( 2 ) 2017 -- 18 Bradley Beal ( 2 ) , Devin Booker ( 2 ) , Wayne Ellington , Paul George ( 2 ) , Tobias Harris , Kyle Lowry ( 3 ) , Klay Thompson ( 4 ) , Eric Gordon ( 2 ) Records ( edit ) Sources : Most points in a round Player Score / Max Season Devin Booker 28 / 34 2018 Stephen Curry 27 / 34 2015 Klay Thompson 27 / 34 2016 Craig Hodges 25 / 30 1986 Jason Kapono 25 / 30 2008 Eric Gordon 25 / 34 2017 Klay Thompson 25 / 34 2018 Craig Hodges 24 / 30 1991 Mark Price 24 / 30 1994 Hubert Davis 24 / 30 1998 Jason Kapono 24 / 30 2007 Marco Belinelli 24 / 34 2014 Klay Thompson 24 / 34 2015 <Td_colspan="3"> Minimum 24 Most points in the finals Player Score / Max Season Devin Booker 28 / 34 2018 Stephen Curry 27 / 34 2015 Klay Thompson 27 / 34 2016 Jason Kapono 25 / 30 2008 Klay Thompson 25 / 34 2018 Mark Price 24 / 30 1994 Jason Kapono 24 / 30 2007 Marco Belinelli 24 / 34 2014 Kyrie Irving 23 / 30 2013 Larry Bird 22 / 30 1986 Steve Kerr 22 / 30 1997 Peja Stojaković 21 / 30 Eric Gordon 21 / 34 2017 Tim Legler 20 / 30 Paul Pierce 20 / 30 James Jones 20 / 30 2011 Matt Bonner 20 / 30 2013 <Td_colspan="3"> Minimum 20 Most shots made in one round ( max 25 ) Player Shots Season Craig Hodges 21 1991 Craig Hodges ≥ 20 1986 Mark Price 20 1994 Jason Kapono 20 2008 Kyrie Irving 20 2013 Stephen Curry 20 2015 Devin Booker 20 2018 Hubert Davis 19 1998 Jason Kapono 19 2007 Larry Bird 18 1986 Larry Bird 18 1988 Tim Legler 18 Tim Legler 18 Gilbert Arenas 18 2007 James Jones 18 2012 Marco Belinelli 18 2014 Klay Thompson 18 2016 Eric Gordon 18 2017 Klay Thompson 18 2018 <Td_colspan="3"> Minimum 18 Most consecutive shots made ( max 25 ) Player Shots Season Craig Hodges 19 1991 Stephen Curry 13 2015 Larry Bird 11 1986 Hubert Davis 11 Stephen Curry 11 2016 Jason Kapono 10 2008 Ray Allen 10 2011 Kyrie Irving 10 2013 Dennis Scott 9 1991 Steve Kerr 9 1997 Kyle Korver 9 <Td_colspan="3"> Minimum 9 Notes ( edit ) The 1999 All - Star Game was cancelled due to the 1998 -- 99 NBA lockout . Denote contests that required a tiebreaking round . The final score given here came from the tiebreaker . Starting with the 2014 Three - Point Contest , the format includes four extra `` money balls '' . C.J. McCollum was named as a replacement to Chris Bosh due to the latter being unable to participate in the event with a calf injury ( and later on , a blood clot in his leg ) . It is unknown how many of the five `` money balls '' Hodges hit during his round . References ( edit ) General `` Shootout All - Time Winners '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved December 17 , 2008 . `` Shootout Round - by - Round Results : 2000 -- 08 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved December 17 , 2008 . `` Shootout Round - by - Round Results : 1990 -- 98 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved December 17 , 2008 . `` Shootout Round - by - Round Results : 1986 -- 89 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved December 17 , 2008 . `` Shootout Records '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved December 17 , 2008 . `` All - Star Game Contests '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 19 , 2008 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Foot Locker Three - Point Contest '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McMenamin , Dave ( February 20 , 2008 ) . `` Kapono Lights Up Saturday Night '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved December 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nance , Roscoe ( February 16 , 2007 ) . `` East notes : Kapono taking shot at three - point crown '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NBA All - Star Game : Shootout '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2008 . Retrieved December 29 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jason Kapono To Defend Foot Locker Three - Point Shootout Crown '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 6 , 2008 . Retrieved December 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brown , Donald H. ( 2007 ) . A Basketball Handbook . AuthorHouse . p. 85 . ISBN 1425961908 . Jump up ^ Brown , Donald H. ( 2007 ) . A Best of Basketball Story . AuthorHouse . p. 127 . ISBN 1434341933 . Jump up ^ Marco Belinelli wins the Three - Point Shootout after Bradley Beal 's comeback forces a playoff , Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billups Named As Participant in Foot Locker Three - Point Shootout '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 8 , 2006 . Retrieved December 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.nba-allstar.com/contests/3point/ ^ Jump up to : `` Jason Kapono is Three - Point Champ '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved December 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Shootout Records '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved December 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Quentin Richardson Bio '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2008 . Retrieved December 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Shootout Round - by - Round Results : 2000 -- 08 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved December 17 , 2008 . National Basketball Association portal <Th_colspan="2"> NBA All - Star Games <Td_colspan="2"> All - Star Weekend Rising Stars Challenge Shooting Stars Competition Skills Challenge Three - Point Contest Slam Dunk Contest H-O-R-S-E Competition Celebrity Game Legends Classic All - Star Game MVP Award Records List of NBA All - Stars Vote leaders Head coaches Broadcasters TV ratings G League All - Star Game WNBA All - Star Game 1950s 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990s 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2020 2021 <Th_colspan="2"> Three - Point Contest winners <Td_colspan="2"> 1986 : Bird 1987 : Bird 1988 : Bird 1989 : Ellis 1990 : Hodges 1991 : Hodges 1992 : Hodges 1993 : Price 1994 : Price 1995 : Rice 1996 : Legler 1997 : Kerr 1998 : Hornacek 2000 : Hornacek 2001 : Allen 2002 : Stojaković 2003 : Stojaković 2004 : Lenard 2005 : Richardson 2006 : Nowitzki 2007 : Kapono 2008 : Kapono 2009 : Cook 2010 : Pierce 2011 : Jones 2012 : Love 2013 : Irving 2014 : Belinelli 2015 : Curry 2016 : Thompson 2017 : Gordon 2018 : Booker Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three-Point_Contest&oldid=828001677 '' Categories : National Basketball Association All - Star Game National Basketball Association lists Recurring events established in 1986 Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara Français Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Türkçe 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 23 : 58 . 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1. Three-Point Contest
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who won an oscar for best actor 2 years in a row in the 90s
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Academy award for Best director - wikipedia Academy award for Best director Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Academy Award for Best Director Awarded for Excellence in Cinematic Direction Achievement Country United States Presented by Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) First awarded 1929 ( for direction in films released during the 1927 / 1928 film season ) Currently held by Damien Chazelle La La Land ( 2016 ) Website oscars.org The Academy Award for Best Director ( officially known as the Academy Award for Best Directing ) is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . It is given in honor of a film director who has exhibited outstanding directing while working in the film industry . The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with the award being split into `` Dramatic '' and `` Comedy '' categories ; Frank Borzage and Lewis Milestone won for Seventh Heaven and Two Arabian Knights , respectively . However , these categories were merged for all subsequent ceremonies . Nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the directors branch of AMPAS ; winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy . For the first eleven years of the Academy Awards , directors were allowed to be nominated for multiple films in the same year . However , after the nomination of Michael Curtiz for two films , Angels with Dirty Faces and Four Daughters , at the 11th Academy Awards , the rules were revised so that an individual could only be nominated for one film at each ceremony . That rule has since been amended , although the only director who has received multiple nominations in the same year was Steven Soderbergh for Erin Brockovich and Traffic in 2000 , winning the award for the latter . The Academy Awards for Best Director and Best Picture have been very closely linked throughout their history . Of the 89 films that have been awarded Best Picture , 63 have also been awarded Best Director . Since its inception , the award has been given to 69 directors or directing teams . John Ford has received the most awards in this category with four . William Wyler was nominated on twelve occasions , more than any other individual . As of the 2017 ceremony , Damien Chazelle is the most recent winner in this category for his work on La La Land . Chazelle also became the youngest director in history to receive this award , at the age of 32 . Two directing teams have shared the award ; Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins for West Side Story in 1961 and Joel and Ethan Coen for No Country for Old Men in 2007 . The Coen brothers are the only siblings to have won the award . Kathryn Bigelow is the only woman to have won the award , for 2009 's The Hurt Locker . Contents ( hide ) 1 Winners and nominees 1.1 1920s 1.2 1930s 1.3 1940s 1.4 1950s 1.5 1960s 1.6 1970s 1.7 1980s 1.8 1990s 1.9 2000s 1.10 2010s 2 Multiple wins and nominations 3 Age superlatives 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links Winners and Nominees ( edit ) In the following table , the years are listed as per Academy convention , and generally correspond to the year of film release in Los Angeles County , California ; the ceremonies are always held the following year . For the first five ceremonies , the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31 . For the 6th ceremony held in 1934 , the eligibility period lasted from August 1 , 1932 , to December 31 , 1933 . Since the 7th ceremony held in 1935 , the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31 . Table key Indicates the winner Frank Borzage won in the `` Dramatic '' category at the first ceremony . Lewis Milestone won in the `` Comedy '' category at the first ceremony and later received a second award for All Quiet on the Western Front . Frank Capra won three awards in this category , for It Happened One Night , Mr. Deeds Goes to Town , and You Ca n't Take It with You . Billy Wilder ( right ) was nominated eight times , winning twice . Elia Kazan won in 1947 for Gentleman 's Agreement and again for On the Waterfront . John Huston received the award in 1948 for The Treasure of the Sierra Madre . George Stevens won twice , five years apart , for A Place in the Sun and Giant . Fred Zinnemann received two awards ( for From Here to Eternity and A Man for All Seasons ) . David Lean won for The Bridge on the River Kwai and Lawrence of Arabia and was nominated for five other films . Robert Wise earned two awards in this category , co-winning for West Side Story and winning for The Sound of Music . George Cukor won in 1964 for My Fair Lady . Mike Nichols won for 1967 's The Graduate . William Friedkin won in 1971 for The French Connection . Bob Fosse won for his direction of Cabaret in 1972 . Francis Ford Coppola earned the award for The Godfather Part II . Miloš Forman won for both 1975 's One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest and 1984 's Amadeus . Woody Allen received seven nominations in the category , winning only once ( for Annie Hall ) . Actor Robert Redford won for Ordinary People . Warren Beatty won in 1981 for directing Reds . Richard Attenborough won in 1982 for his epic biopic , Gandhi . James L. Brooks won for his 1983 film Terms of Endearment . Oliver Stone earned two awards in this category in the 1980s -- one for Platoon ( 1986 ) , and the other for Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) . Bernardo Bertolucci won as director of The Last Emperor in 1987 . Kevin Costner earned the award in 1990 for directing Dances with Wolves . Steven Spielberg , a two - time winner for Schindler 's List and Saving Private Ryan . Robert Zemeckis won for his direction of Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) . James Cameron received the award for Titanic . Sam Mendes won in 1999 for his directorial debut -- American Beauty . Ron Howard , 2001 winner for A Beautiful Mind . Roman Polanski won in 2002 for his direction of The Pianist . Peter Jackson won for The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King . Ang Lee has won twice in this category -- in 2005 for Brokeback Mountain and in 2012 for Life of Pi . Martin Scorsese has received eight nominations for Best Director , but has only won for The Departed in 2006 . Danny Boyle won for 2008 's Slumdog Millionaire . Kathryn Bigelow is the first and only woman to date to win the award . She won for The Hurt Locker in 2009 . Tom Hooper won this award for The King 's Speech in 2010 . Michel Hazanavicius became the first French director to win the award for his work on The Artist . In 2013 , Alfonso Cuarón became the first Mexican director to win the award for his work on Gravity . Alejandro G. Iñárritu won this award two years in a row becoming the third director to achieve this since 1950 for directing Birdman ( 2014 ) and The Revenant ( 2015 ) . Damien Chazelle won this award for directing La La Land ( 2016 ) , making him the youngest winner of the category . 1920s ( edit ) Year Director ( s ) Film Ref . 1927 / 28 ( 1st ) Borzage ! Frank Borzage ( Dramatic ) 7th Heaven Brenon ! Herbert Brenon ( Dramatic ) Sorrell and Son Vidor ! King Vidor ( Dramatic ) Crowd ! The Crowd Milestone ! Lewis Milestone ( Comedy ) Two Arabian Knights Wilde ! Ted Wilde ( Comedy ) Speedy 1928 / 1929 ( 2nd ) Lloyd ! Frank Lloyd Divine ! The Divine Lady Barrymore ! Lionel Barrymore Madame X Beaumont ! Harry Beaumont Broadway ! The Broadway Melody Cummings ! Irving Cummings In Old Arizona Lloyd ! Frank Lloyd Drag Weary River Lubitsch ! Ernst Lubitsch Patriot ! The Patriot 1930s ( edit ) Year Director ( s ) Film Ref . 1929 / 1930 ( 3rd ) Milestone ! Lewis Milestone All Quiet on the Western Front Brown ! Clarence Brown Anna Christie Romance Leonard ! Robert Z . Leonard Divorcee ! The Divorcee Lubitsch ! Ernst Lubitsch Love ! The Love Parade Vidor ! King Vidor Hallelujah ! 1930 / 1931 ( 4th ) Taurog ! Norman Taurog Skippy Brown ! Clarence Brown Free ! A Free Soul Milestone ! Lewis Milestone Front ! The Front Page Ruggles ! Wesley Ruggles Cimarron Sternberg ! Josef von Sternberg Morocco 1931 / 1932 ( 5th ) Borzage ! Frank Borzage Bad Girl Vidor ! King Vidor Champ ! The Champ Sternberg ! Josef von Sternberg Shanghai Express 1932 / 1933 ( 6th ) Lloyd ! Frank Lloyd Cavalcade Capra ! Frank Capra Lady for a Day Cukor ! George Cukor Little Women 1934 ( 7th ) Capra ! Frank Capra It Happened One Night Schertzinger ! Victor Schertzinger One Night of Love Van Dyke ! W.S. Van Dyke Thin ! The Thin Man 1935 ( 8th ) Ford ! John Ford Informer ! The Informer Hathaway ! Henry Hathaway Lives ! The Lives of a Bengal Lancer Lloyd ! Frank Lloyd Mutiny on the Bounty 1936 ( 9th ) Capra ! Frank Capra Mr. Deeds Goes to Town La Cava ! Gregory La Cava My Man Godfrey Leonard ! Robert Z . Leonard Great ! The Great Ziegfeld Van Dyke ! W.S. Van Dyke San Francisco Wyler ! William Wyler Dodsworth 1937 ( 10th ) McCarey ! Leo McCarey Awful ! The Awful Truth Dieterle ! William Dieterle Life ! The Life of Emile Zola Franklin ! Sidney Franklin Good ! The Good Earth La Cava ! Gregory La Cava Stage Door Wellman ! William A. Wellman Star ! A Star Is Born 1938 ( 11th ) Capra ! Frank Capra You Ca n't Take It with You Curtiz ! Michael Curtiz Angels with Dirty Faces Four Daughters Taurog ! Norman Taurog Boys Town Vidor ! King Vidor Citadel ! The Citadel 1939 ( 12th ) Fleming ! Victor Fleming Gone with the Wind Capra ! Frank Capra Mr. Smith Goes to Washington Ford ! John Ford Stagecoach Wood ! Sam Wood Goodbye , Mr. Chips Wyler ! William Wyler Wuthering Heights 1940s ( edit ) Year Director ( s ) Film Ref . 1940 ( 13th ) Ford ! John Ford Grapes ! The Grapes of Wrath Cukor ! George Cukor Philadelphia ! The Philadelphia Story Hitchcock ! Alfred Hitchcock Rebecca Wood ! Sam Wood Kitty Foyle Wyler ! William Wyler Letter ! The Letter 1941 ( 14th ) Ford ! John Ford How Green Was My Valley Hall ! Alexander Hall Here Comes Mr. Jordan Hawks ! Howard Hawks Sergeant York Welles ! Orson Welles Citizen Kane Wyler ! William Wyler Little ! The Little Foxes 1942 ( 15th ) Wyler ! William Wyler Mrs. Miniver Curtiz ! Michael Curtiz Yankee Doodle Dandy Farrow ! John Farrow Wake Island LeRoy ! Mervyn LeRoy Random Harvest Wood ! Sam Wood Kings Row 1943 ( 16th ) Curtiz ! Michael Curtiz Casablanca Brown ! Clarence Brown Human ! The Human Comedy King ! Henry King Song ! The Song of Bernadette Lubitsch ! Ernst Lubitsch Heaven Can Wait Stevens ! George Stevens More ! The More the Merrier 1944 ( 17th ) McCarey ! Leo McCarey Going My Way Hitchcock ! Alfred Hitchcock Lifeboat King ! Henry King Wilson Preminger ! Otto Preminger Laura Wilder ! Billy Wilder Double Indemnity 1945 ( 18th ) Wilder ! Billy Wilder Lost ! The Lost Weekend Brown ! Clarence Brown National Velvet Hitchcock ! Alfred Hitchcock Spellbound McCarey ! Leo McCarey Bells ! The Bells of St. Mary 's Renoir ! Jean Renoir Southerner ! The Southerner 1946 ( 19th ) Wyler ! William Wyler Best ! The Best Years of Our Lives Brown ! Clarence Brown Yearling ! The Yearling Capra ! Frank Capra It 's a Wonderful Life Lean ! David Lean Brief Encounter Siodmak ! Robert Siodmak Killers ! The Killers 1947 ( 20th ) Kazan ! Elia Kazan Gentleman 's Agreement Cukor ! George Cukor Double ! A Double Life Dmytryk ! Edward Dmytryk Crossfire Koster ! Henry Koster Bishop ! The Bishop 's Wife Lean ! David Lean Great Expectations 1948 ( 21st ) Huston ! John Huston Treasure ! The Treasure of the Sierra Madre Litvak ! Anatole Litvak Snake ! The Snake Pit Negulesco ! Jean Negulesco Johnny Belinda Olivier ! Laurence Olivier Hamlet Zinnemann ! Fred Zinnemann Search ! The Search 1949 ( 22nd ) Mankiewicz ! Joseph L. Mankiewicz Letter ! A Letter to Three Wives Reed ! Carol Reed Fallen ! The Fallen Idol Rossen ! Robert Rossen All the King 's Men Wellman ! William A. Wellman Battleground Wyler ! William Wyler Heiress ! The Heiress 1950s ( edit ) Year Director ( s ) Film Ref . 1950 ( 23rd ) Mankiewicz ! Joseph L. Mankiewicz All About Eve Cukor ! George Cukor Born Yesterday Huston ! John Huston Asphalt ! The Asphalt Jungle Reed ! Carol Reed Man ! The Third Man Wilder ! Billy Wilder Sunset Boulevard 1951 ( 24th ) Stevens ! George Stevens Place ! A Place in the Sun Huston ! John Huston African ! The African Queen Kazan ! Elia Kazan Streetcar ! A Streetcar Named Desire Minnelli ! Vincente Minnelli American ! An American in Paris Wyler ! William Wyler Detective Story 1952 ( 25th ) Ford ! John Ford Quiet ! The Quiet Man DeMille ! Cecil B. DeMille Greatest ! The Greatest Show on Earth Huston ! John Huston Moulin Rouge Mankiewicz ! Joseph L. Mankiewicz 5 Fingers Zinnemann ! Fred Zinnemann High Noon 1953 ( 26th ) Zinnemann ! Fred Zinnemann From Here to Eternity Stevens ! George Stevens Shane Walters ! Charles Walters Lili Wilder ! Billy Wilder Stalag 17 Wyler ! William Wyler Roman Holiday 1954 ( 27th ) Kazan ! Elia Kazan On the Waterfront Hitchcock ! Alfred Hitchcock Rear Window Seaton ! George Seaton Country ! The Country Girl Wellman ! William A. Wellman High ! The High and the Mighty Wilder ! Billy Wilder Sabrina 1955 ( 28th ) Mann ! Delbert Mann Marty Kazan ! Elia Kazan East of Eden Lean ! David Lean Summertime Logan ! Joshua Logan Picnic Sturges ! John Sturges Bad Day at Black Rock 1956 ( 29th ) Stevens ! George Stevens Giant Anderson ! Michael Anderson Around the World in 80 Days Lang ! Walter Lang King ! The King and I Vidor ! King Vidor War and Peace Wyler ! William Wyler Friendly Persuasion 1957 ( 30th ) Lean ! David Lean Bridge ! The Bridge on the River Kwai Logan ! Joshua Logan Sayonara Lumet ! Sidney Lumet 12 Angry Men Robson ! Mark Robson Peyton Place Wilder ! Billy Wilder Witness for the Prosecution 1958 ( 31st ) Minnelli ! Vincente Minnelli Gigi Brooks ! Richard Brooks Cat on a Hot Tin Roof Kramer ! Stanley Kramer Defiant ! The Defiant Ones Robson ! Mark Robson Inn ! The Inn of the Sixth Happiness Wise ! Robert Wise I Want to Live ! 1959 ( 32nd ) Wyler ! William Wyler Ben - Hur Clayton ! Jack Clayton Room at the Top Stevens ! George Stevens Diary ! The Diary of Anne Frank Wilder ! Billy Wilder Some Like It Hot Zinnemann ! Fred Zinnemann Nun 's ! The Nun 's Story 1960s ( edit ) Year Director ( s ) Film Ref . 1960 ( 33rd ) Wilder ! Billy Wilder Apartment ! The Apartment Cardiff ! Jack Cardiff Sons and Lovers Dassin ! Jules Dassin Never on Sunday Hitchcock ! Alfred Hitchcock Psycho Zinnemann ! Fred Zinnemann Sundowners ! The Sundowners 1961 ( 34th ) Wise ! Robert Wise Robbins ! Jerome Robbins West Side Story Fellini ! Federico Fellini La Dolce Vita Kramer ! Stanley Kramer Judgment at Nuremberg Rossen ! Robert Rossen Hustler ! The Hustler Thompson ! J. Lee Thompson Guns ! The Guns of Navarone 1962 ( 35th ) Lean ! David Lean Lawrence of Arabia Germi ! Pietro Germi Divorce Italian Style Mulligan ! Robert Mulligan To Kill a Mockingbird Penn ! Arthur Penn Miracle ! The Miracle Worker Perry ! Frank Perry David and Lisa 1963 ( 36th ) Richardson ! Tony Richardson Tom Jones Fellini ! Federico Fellini 81⁄2 Kazan ! Elia Kazan America America Preminger ! Otto Preminger Cardinal ! The Cardinal Ritt ! Martin Ritt Hud 1964 ( 37th ) Cukor ! George Cukor My Fair Lady Cacoyannis ! Michael Cacoyannis Zorba the Greek Glenville ! Peter Glenville Becket Kubrick ! Stanley Kubrick Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb Stevenson ! Robert Stevenson Mary Poppins 1965 ( 38th ) Wise ! Robert Wise Sound ! The Sound of Music Lean ! David Lean Doctor Zhivago Schlesinger ! John Schlesinger Darling Teshigahara ! Hiroshi Teshigahara Woman ! Woman in the Dunes Wyler ! William Wyler Collector ! The Collector 1966 ( 39th ) Zinnemann ! Fred Zinnemann Man ! A Man for All Seasons Antonioni ! Michelangelo Antonioni Blowup Brooks ! Richard Brooks Professionals ! The Professionals Lelouch ! Claude Lelouch Man ! A Man and a Woman Nichols ! Mike Nichols Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? 1967 ( 40th ) Nichols ! Mike Nichols Graduate ! The Graduate Brooks ! Richard Brooks In Cold Blood Jewison ! Norman Jewison In the Heat of the Night Kramer ! Stanley Kramer Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner Penn ! Arthur Penn Bonnie and Clyde 1968 ( 41st ) Reed ! Carol Reed Oliver ! Harvey ! Anthony Harvey Lion ! The Lion in Winter Kubrick ! Stanley Kubrick 2001 : A Space Odyssey Pontecorvo ! Gillo Pontecorvo Battle ! The Battle of Algiers Zeffirelli ! Franco Zeffirelli Romeo and Juliet 1969 ( 42nd ) Schlesinger ! John Schlesinger Midnight Cowboy Gavras ! Costa Gavras Z Hill ! George Roy Hill Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid Penn ! Arthur Penn Alice 's Restaurant Pollack ! Sydney Pollack They Shoot Horses , Do n't They ? 1970s ( edit ) Year Director ( s ) Film Ref . 1970 ( 43rd ) Schaffner ! Franklin J. Schaffner Patton Altman ! Robert Altman M * A * S * H Fellini ! Federico Fellini Fellini Satyricon Hiller ! Arthur Hiller Love Story Russell ! Ken Russell Women in Love 1971 ( 44th ) Friedkin ! William Friedkin French ! The French Connection Bogdanovich ! Peter Bogdanovich Last ! The Last Picture Show Jewison ! Norman Jewison Fiddler on the Roof Kubrick ! Stanley Kubrick Clockwork ! A Clockwork Orange Schlesinger ! John Schlesinger Sunday Bloody Sunday 1972 ( 45th ) Fosse ! Bob Fosse Cabaret Boorman ! John Boorman Deliverance Coppola ! Francis Ford Coppola Godfather ! The Godfather Mankiewicz ! Joseph L. Mankiewicz Sleuth Troell ! Jan Troell Emigrants ! The Emigrants 1973 ( 46th ) Hill ! George Roy Hill Sting ! The Sting Bergman ! Ingmar Bergman Cries and Whispers Bertolucci ! Bernardo Bertolucci Last Tango in Paris Friedkin ! William Friedkin Exorcist ! The Exorcist Lucas ! George Lucas American Graffiti ( 47th ) Coppola ! Francis Ford Coppola Godfather ! The Godfather Part II Cassavetes ! John Cassavetes Woman ! A Woman Under the Influence Fosse ! Bob Fosse Lenny Polanski ! Roman Polanski Chinatown Truffaut ! François Truffaut Day for Night ( 48th ) Forman ! Miloš Forman One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest Altman ! Robert Altman Nashville Fellini ! Federico Fellini Amarcord Kubrick ! Stanley Kubrick Barry Lyndon Lumet ! Sidney Lumet Dog Day Afternoon 1976 ( 49th ) Avildsen ! John G. Avildsen Rocky Bergman ! Ingmar Bergman Face to Face Lumet ! Sidney Lumet Network Pakula ! Alan J. Pakula All the President 's Men Wertmüller ! Lina Wertmüller Seven Beauties 1977 ( 50th ) Allen ! Woody Allen Annie Hall Lucas ! George Lucas Star Wars Ross ! Herbert Ross Turning ! The Turning Point Spielberg ! Steven Spielberg Close Encounters of the Third Kind Zinnemann ! Fred Zinnemann Julia 1978 ( 51st ) Cimino ! Michael Cimino Deer ! The Deer Hunter Allen ! Woody Allen Interiors Ashby ! Hal Ashby Coming Home Beatty ! Warren Beatty Henry ! Buck Henry Heaven Can Wait Parker ! Alan Parker Midnight Express 1979 ( 52nd ) Benton ! Robert Benton Kramer vs. Kramer Coppola ! Francis Ford Coppola Apocalypse Now Fosse ! Bob Fosse All That Jazz Molinaro ! Édouard Molinaro La Cage aux Folles Yates ! Peter Yates Breaking Away 1980s ( edit ) Year Director ( s ) Film Ref . 1980 ( 53rd ) Redford ! Robert Redford Ordinary People Lynch ! David Lynch Elephant ! The Elephant Man Polanski ! Roman Polanski Tess Rush ! Richard Rush Stunt ! The Stunt Man Scorsese ! Martin Scorsese Raging Bull 1981 ( 54th ) Beatty ! Warren Beatty Reds Hudson ! Hugh Hudson Chariots of Fire Malle ! Louis Malle Atlantic City Rydell ! Mark Rydell On Golden Pond Spielberg ! Steven Spielberg Raiders of the Lost Ark 1982 ( 55th ) Attenborough ! Richard Attenborough Gandhi Lumet ! Sidney Lumet Verdict ! The Verdict Petersen ! Wolfgang Petersen Das Boot Pollack ! Sydney Pollack Tootsie Spielberg ! Steven Spielberg E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 56th ) Brooks ! James L. Brooks Terms of Endearment Beresford ! Bruce Beresford Tender Mercies Bergman ! Ingmar Bergman Fanny and Alexander Nichols ! Mike Nichols Silkwood Yates ! Peter Yates Dresser ! The Dresser 1984 ( 57th ) Forman ! Miloš Forman Amadeus Allen ! Woody Allen Broadway Danny Rose Benton ! Robert Benton Places in the Heart Joffé ! Roland Joffé Killing ! The Killing Fields Lean ! David Lean Passage ! A Passage to India 1985 ( 58th ) Pollack ! Sydney Pollack Out of Africa Babenco ! Héctor Babenco Kiss of the Spider Woman Huston ! John Huston Prizzi 's Honor Kurosawa ! Akira Kurosawa Ran Weir ! Peter Weir Witness 1986 ( 59th ) Stone ! Oliver Stone Platoon Allen ! Woody Allen Hannah and Her Sisters Ivory ! James Ivory Room ! A Room with a View Joffé ! Roland Joffé Mission ! The Mission Lynch ! David Lynch Blue Velvet ( 60th ) Bertolucci ! Bernardo Bertolucci Emperor ! The Last Emperor Boorman ! John Boorman Hope and Glory Hallström ! Lasse Hallström My Life as a Dog Jewison ! Norman Jewison Moonstruck Lyne ! Adrian Lyne Fatal Attraction 1988 ( 61st ) Levinson ! Barry Levinson Rain Man Crichton ! Charles Crichton Fish ! A Fish Called Wanda Nichols ! Mike Nichols Working Girl Parker ! Alan Parker Mississippi Burning Scorsese ! Martin Scorsese Last ! The Last Temptation of Christ 1989 ( 62nd ) Stone ! Oliver Stone Born on the Fourth of July Allen ! Woody Allen Crimes and Misdemeanors Branagh ! Kenneth Branagh Henry V Sheridan ! Jim Sheridan My Left Foot Weir ! Peter Weir Dead Poets Society 1990s ( edit ) Year Director ( s ) Film Ref . 1990 ( 63rd ) Costner ! Kevin Costner Dances with Wolves Coppola ! Francis Ford Coppola Godfather ! The Godfather Part III Frears ! Stephen Frears Grifters ! The Grifters Schroeder ! Barbet Schroeder Reversal of Fortune Scorsese ! Martin Scorsese Goodfellas 1991 ( 64th ) Demme ! Jonathan Demme Silence ! The Silence of the Lambs Levinson ! Barry Levinson Bugsy Scott ! Ridley Scott Thelma & Louise Singleton ! John Singleton Boyz n the Hood Stone ! Oliver Stone JFK 1992 ( 65th ) Eastwood ! Clint Eastwood Unforgiven Altman ! Robert Altman Player ! The Player Brest ! Martin Brest Scent of a Woman Ivory ! James Ivory Howards End Jordan ! Neil Jordan Crying ! The Crying Game 1993 ( 66th ) Spielberg ! Steven Spielberg Schindler 's List Altman ! Robert Altman Short Cuts Campion ! Jane Campion Piano ! The Piano Ivory ! James Ivory Remains ! The Remains of the Day Sheridan ! Jim Sheridan In the Name of the Father 1994 ( 67th ) Zemeckis ! Robert Zemeckis Forrest Gump Allen ! Woody Allen Bullets over Broadway Kieślowski ! Krzysztof Kieślowski Three Colors : Red Redford ! Robert Redford Quiz Show Tarantino ! Quentin Tarantino Pulp Fiction 1995 ( 68th ) Gibson ! Mel Gibson Braveheart Figgis ! Mike Figgis Leaving Las Vegas Noonan ! Chris Noonan Babe Radford ! Michael Radford Il Postino : The Postman Robbins ! Tim Robbins Dead Man Walking ( 69th ) Minghella ! Anthony Minghella English ! The English Patient Coen ! Joel Coen Fargo Forman ! Miloš Forman People ! The People vs. Larry Flynt Hicks ! Scott Hicks Shine Leigh ! Mike Leigh Secrets & Lies 1997 ( 70th ) Cameron ! James Cameron Titanic Cattaneo ! Peter Cattaneo Monty ! The Full Monty Egoyan ! Atom Egoyan Sweet ! The Sweet Hereafter Hanson ! Curtis Hanson L.A. Confidential Van Sant ! Gus Van Sant Good Will Hunting 1998 ( 71st ) Spielberg ! Steven Spielberg Saving Private Ryan Benigni ! Roberto Benigni Life Is Beautiful Madden ! John Madden Shakespeare in Love Malick ! Terrence Malick Thin ! The Thin Red Line Weir ! Peter Weir Truman ! The Truman Show 1999 ( 72nd ) Mendes ! Sam Mendes American Beauty Hallström ! Lasse Hallström Cider ! The Cider House Rules Jonze ! Spike Jonze Being John Malkovich Mann ! Michael Mann Insider ! The Insider Shyamalan ! M. Night Shyamalan Sixth ! The Sixth Sense 2000s ( edit ) Year Director ( s ) Film Ref . 2000 ( 73rd ) Soderbergh ! Steven Soderbergh Traffic Daldry ! Stephen Daldry Billy Elliot Lee ! Ang Lee Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon Scott ! Ridley Scott Gladiator Soderbergh ! Steven Soderbergh Erin Brockovich 2001 ( 74th ) Howard ! Ron Howard Beautiful ! A Beautiful Mind Altman ! Robert Altman Gosford Park Jackson ! Peter Jackson Lord ! The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring Lynch ! David Lynch Mulholland Drive Scott ! Ridley Scott Black Hawk Down 2002 ( 75th ) Polanski ! Roman Polanski Pianist ! The Pianist Almodóvar ! Pedro Almodóvar Talk to Her Daldry ! Stephen Daldry Hours ! The Hours Marshall ! Rob Marshall Chicago Scorsese ! Martin Scorsese Gangs of New York 2003 ( 76th ) Jackson ! Peter Jackson Lord ! The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Coppola ! Sofia Coppola Lost in Translation Eastwood ! Clint Eastwood Mystic River Meirelles ! Fernando Meirelles City of God Weir ! Peter Weir Master and Commander : The Far Side of the World ( 77th ) Eastwood ! Clint Eastwood Million Dollar Baby Hackford ! Taylor Hackford Ray Leigh ! Mike Leigh Vera Drake Payne ! Alexander Payne Sideways Scorsese ! Martin Scorsese Aviator ! The Aviator 2005 ( 78th ) Lee ! Ang Lee Brokeback Mountain Clooney ! George Clooney Good Night , and Good Luck Haggis ! Paul Haggis Crash Miller ! Bennett Miller Capote Spielberg ! Steven Spielberg Munich 2006 ( 79th ) Scorsese ! Martin Scorsese Departed ! The Departed Eastwood ! Clint Eastwood Letters from Iwo Jima Frears ! Stephen Frears Queen ! The Queen Greengrass ! Paul Greengrass United 93 Iñárritu ! Alejandro G. Iñárritu Babel 2007 ( 80th ) Coen ! Joel Coen Coen ! Ethan Coen No Country for Old Men Anderson ! Paul Thomas Anderson There Will Be Blood Gilroy ! Tony Gilroy Michael Clayton Reitman ! Jason Reitman Juno Schnabel ! Julian Schnabel Diving ! The Diving Bell and the Butterfly 2008 ( 81st ) Boyle ! Danny Boyle Slumdog Millionaire Daldry ! Stephen Daldry Reader ! The Reader Fincher ! David Fincher Curious ! The Curious Case of Benjamin Button Howard ! Ron Howard Frost / Nixon Van Sant ! Gus Van Sant Milk 2009 ( 82nd ) Bigelow ! Kathryn Bigelow Hurt ! The Hurt Locker Cameron ! James Cameron Avatar Daniels ! Lee Daniels Precious Reitman ! Jason Reitman Up in the Air Tarantino ! Quentin Tarantino Inglourious Basterds 2010s ( edit ) Year Director ( s ) Film Ref . ( 83rd ) Hooper ! Tom Hooper King 's ! The King 's Speech Aronofsky ! Darren Aronofsky Black Swan Coen ! Joel Coen Coen ! Ethan Coen True Grit Fincher ! David Fincher Social ! The Social Network Russell ! David O. Russell Fighter ! The Fighter 2011 ( 84th ) Hazanavicius ! Michel Hazanavicius Artist ! The Artist Allen ! Woody Allen Midnight in Paris Malick ! Terrence Malick Tree ! The Tree of Life Payne ! Alexander Payne Descendants ! The Descendants Scorsese ! Martin Scorsese Hugo 2012 ( 85th ) Lee ! Ang Lee Life of Pi Haneke ! Michael Haneke Amour Russell ! David O. Russell Silver Linings Playbook Spielberg ! Steven Spielberg Lincoln Zeitlin ! Benh Zeitlin Beasts of the Southern Wild 2013 ( 86th ) Cuarón ! Alfonso Cuarón Gravity McQueen ! Steve McQueen 12 Years a Slave Payne ! Alexander Payne Nebraska Russell ! David O. Russell American Hustle Scorsese ! Martin Scorsese Wolf ! The Wolf of Wall Street 2014 ( 87th ) Iñárritu ! Alejandro G. Iñárritu Birdman Anderson ! Wes Anderson Grand ! The Grand Budapest Hotel Linklater ! Richard Linklater Boyhood Miller ! Bennett Miller Foxcatcher Tyldum ! Morten Tyldum Imitation ! The Imitation Game 2015 ( 88th ) Iñárritu ! Alejandro G. Iñárritu The Revenant Abrahamson ! Lenny Abrahamson Room McCarthy ! Tom McCarthy Spotlight McKay ! Adam McKay Big ! The Big Short Miller ! George Miller Mad Max : Fury Road 2016 ( 89th ) Chazelle ! Damien Chazelle La La Land Gibson ! Mel Gibson Hacksaw Ridge Jenkins ! Barry Jenkins Moonlight Lonergan ! Kenneth Lonergan Manchester by the Sea Villeneuve ! Denis Villeneuve Arrival Multiple wins and nominations ( edit ) The following individuals have received multiple Best Director awards : Wins Director John Ford Frank Capra William Wyler Frank Borzage Clint Eastwood Miloš Forman Alejandro G. Iñárritu Elia Kazan David Lean Ang Lee Frank Lloyd Joseph L. Mankiewicz Leo McCarey Lewis Milestone Steven Spielberg George Stevens Oliver Stone Billy Wilder Robert Wise Fred Zinnemann John Ford has the most Best Director wins with four , winning in 1935 , 1940 , 1941 , and 1952 . William Wyler has the most nominations with twelve , winning in 1942 , 1946 , and 1959 . Clarence Brown was nominated six times between 1929 and 1946 , but never won the award -- the most nominations without a success . The following directors received four or more Best Director nominations ( * indicates no wins ) : Nominations Director 12 William Wyler 8 Martin Scorsese Billy Wilder 7 Woody Allen David Lean Steven Spielberg Fred Zinnemann 6 Clarence Brown * Frank Capra 5 Robert Altman * George Cukor Michael Curtiz John Ford Alfred Hitchcock * John Huston Elia Kazan Frank Lloyd George Stevens King Vidor * Francis Ford Coppola Clint Eastwood Federico Fellini * Stanley Kubrick * Sidney Lumet * Joseph L. Mankiewicz Mike Nichols Peter Weir * Age superlatives ( edit ) Clint Eastwood won in 1992 for Unforgiven and became the oldest director to win in the category with Million Dollar Baby in 2004 . Record Director Film Age ( in years ) Ref . Oldest winner Clint Eastwood Million Dollar Baby 74 Oldest nominee John Huston Prizzi 's Honor 79 Youngest winner Damien Chazelle La La Land 32 Youngest nominee John Singleton Boyz n the Hood 24 See also ( edit ) BAFTA Award for Best Direction Golden Globe Award for Best Director Independent Spirit Award for Best Director Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Director Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing -- Feature Film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dirks , Tim . `` 1927 -- 28 Academy Awards Winners '' . Rainbow Media . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2010 . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Tim . `` Academy Awards Winners ( 1927 / 8 -- 1939 ) '' . Rainbow Media . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 87th Annual Academy Awards of Merit Rules '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Rule 5.5 & Rule 10 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( January 7 , 2006 ) . `` Eight things every voter ( and fan ) should know about Oscar 's decidedly unique nomination process . '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 17 October 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Young , John ( 27 January 2011 ) . `` Oscars : The wacky way the Academy counts votes , and the results of our ' If You Were an Oscar Voter ' poll '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 6 May 2016 . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Tim . `` 1938 Academy Awards Winners and History '' . Rainbow Media . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Picture / Director Not from Same Film '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . March 11 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2012 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coen brothers make Oscar history '' . Today.com . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Crouse 2005 , p. 257 ^ Jump up to : Levy 2003 , page 52 Jump up ^ `` The 1st Academy Awards ( 1929 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 2nd Academy Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 3rd Academy Awards ( 1930 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 4th Academy Awards ( 1931 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 5th Academy Awards ( 1932 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 6th Academy Awards ( 1933 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 7th Academy Awards ( 1935 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 8th Academy Awards ( 1936 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 9th Academy Awards ( 1937 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 10th Academy Awards ( 1938 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 11th Academy Awards ( 1939 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 12th Academy Awards ( 1940 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 13th Academy Awards ( 1941 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 14th Academy Awards ( 1942 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 15th Academy Awards ( 1943 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 16th Academy Awards ( 1944 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 17th Academy Awards ( 1945 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Academy Awards ( 1946 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 19th Academy Awards ( 1947 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 20th Academy Awards ( 1948 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 21st Academy Awards ( 1949 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 22nd Academy Awards ( 1950 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 23rd Academy Awards ( 1951 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 24th Academy Awards ( 1952 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 25th Academy Awards ( 1953 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 26th Academy Awards ( 1954 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 27th Academy Awards ( 1955 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 28th Academy Awards ( 1956 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 29th Academy Awards ( 1957 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 30th Academy Awards ( 1958 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 31st Academy Awards ( 1959 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 32nd Academy Awards ( 1960 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 33rd Academy Awards ( 1961 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 34th Academy Awards ( 1962 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 35th Academy Awards ( 1963 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 36th Academy Awards ( 1964 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 37th Academy Awards ( 1965 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 38th Academy Awards ( 1966 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 39th Academy Awards ( 1967 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 40th Academy Awards ( 1968 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 41st Academy Awards ( 1969 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 42nd Academy Awards ( 1970 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 43rd Academy Awards ( 1971 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 44th Academy Awards ( 1972 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 45th Academy Awards ( 1973 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 46th Academy Awards ( 1974 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 47th Academy Awards ( 1975 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 48th Academy Awards ( 1976 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 49th Academy Awards ( 1977 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 50th Academy Awards ( 1978 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 51st Academy Awards ( 1979 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 52nd Academy Awards ( 1980 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 53rd Academy Awards ( 1981 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 54th Academy Awards ( 1982 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 55th Academy Awards ( 1983 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2012 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 56th Academy Awards ( 1984 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 57th Academy Awards ( 1985 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 58th Academy Awards ( 1986 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 59th Academy Awards ( 1987 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 60th Academy Awards ( 1988 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 61st Academy Awards ( 1989 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 62nd Academy Awards ( 1990 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 63rd Academy Awards ( 1991 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 64th Academy Awards ( 1992 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 65th Academy Awards ( 1993 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 66th Academy Awards ( 1994 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 67th Academy Awards ( 1995 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 68th Academy Awards ( 1996 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 69th Academy Awards ( 1997 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 70th Academy Awards ( 1998 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 71st Academy Awards ( 1999 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 72nd Academy Awards ( 2000 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 73rd Academy Awards ( 2001 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 74th Academy Awards ( 2002 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 75th Academy Awards ( 2003 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 76th Academy Awards ( 2004 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 77th Academy Awards ( 2005 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 78th Academy Awards ( 2006 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 79th Academy Awards ( 2007 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 80th Academy Awards ( 2008 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 81st Academy Awards ( 2009 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 82nd Academy Awards ( 2010 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2012 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 83rd Academy Awards ( 2011 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2011 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 84th Academy Awards ( 2012 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 85th Academy Awards ( 2013 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 86th Academy Awards ( 2014 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2014 . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 87th Academy Awards ( 2015 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2015 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 88th Academy Awards ( 2016 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2016 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 89th Academy Awards ( 2017 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oldest / Youngest Directing Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2009 . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Crouse , Richard ( 2005 ) . Reel Winners : Movie Award Trivia . Toronto , Ontario , Canada : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 574 - 3 . Levy , Emanuel ( 2003 ) . All About Oscar : The History and Politics of the Academy Awards . New York , United States : Continuum International Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 1452 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Oscars.org ( official Academy site ) The Academy Awards Database ( official site ) Oscar.com ( official ceremony promotional site ) <Th_colspan="2"> Academy Awards <Td_colspan="2"> Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Most wins per ceremony Oscar season Governors Awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting Pre-show Awards of Merit Best Picture Director Actor Actress Supporting Actor Supporting Actress Adapted Screenplay Original Screenplay Animated Feature Documentary Feature Foreign Language Film Animated Short Film Documentary Short Subject Live Action Short Film Cinematography Costume Design Film Editing Makeup and Hairstyling Original Score Original Song Original Musical Production Design Sound Editing Sound Mixing Visual Effects Special awards Governors Awards Academy Honorary Award Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award Academy Scientific and Technical Awards Academy Award of Merit ( non-competitive ) Scientific and Engineering Award Technical Achievement Award John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation Gordon E. Sawyer Award Student Awards Student Academy Award Former awards Merit Awards Assistant Director Dance Direction Director of a Comedy Picture Engineering Effects Short Subject , Two - reel Short Subject , Comedy Short Subject , Novelty Story Title Writing Unique and Artistic Quality of Production Special Awards Academy Juvenile Award Special Achievement Academy Award Ceremonies ‡ ( List Book ) 1927 / 28 1928 / 29 1929 / 30 1930 / 31 1931 / 32 1932 / 33 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Footnotes ‡ Dates and years listed for each ceremony were the eligibility period of film release in Los Angeles County , California . For the first five ceremonies , the eligibility period was from August to July . For the 6th ceremony held in 1934 , the eligibility period lasted from August 1 , 1932 to December 31 , 1933 . Since the 7th ceremony held in 1935 , the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31 . <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Academy Awards lists <Td_colspan="2"> Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Oscar season Oscar speech History of film Most wins per ceremony Combined major Oscars Superlatives Big Five All four acting categories Combined major awards Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Award careers Acting All nominees Best Actor ( by age ) Best Actress ( by age ) Best Supporting Actor ( by age ) Best Supporting Actress ( by age ) Acting noms in foreign language Actor multi-nom years Multi-Best Picture acting careers Multi-win Actors Multi-nom Actors Love curse Directing Best Director ( by age ) Multi-win Directors Film Films Best Picture milestones Foreign - language wins Foreign - language nominees Foreign - language noms in other categories Foreign - language : count by country Animated feature noms in other categories Ethnicity African Argentine Asian Australian Black Brazilian British Canadian Chilean Colombian Cuban French German - speaking Greek Hispanic - American ( U.S. ) Indian Iranian Italian Jewish Latin American Mexican New Zealand Nordic Pakistani Polish Puerto Rican Spanish Uruguayan Other Ceremonies Families Fictitious LGBT Multi-win years Posthumous Best Picture Presenters Trophy displays Oldest & Youngest Awards for Walt Disney <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Academy Award for Best Director 1927 -- 1950 Frank Borzage ( 1927 ) Lewis Milestone ( 1928 ) Frank Lloyd ( 1929 ) Lewis Milestone ( 1930 ) Norman Taurog ( 1931 ) Frank Borzage ( 1932 ) Frank Lloyd ( 1933 ) Frank Capra ( 1934 ) John Ford ( 1935 ) Frank Capra ( 1936 ) Leo McCarey ( 1937 ) Frank Capra ( 1938 ) Victor Fleming ( 1939 ) John Ford ( 1940 ) John Ford ( 1941 ) William Wyler ( 1942 ) Michael Curtiz ( 1943 ) Leo McCarey ( 1944 ) Billy Wilder ( 1945 ) William Wyler ( 1946 ) Elia Kazan ( 1947 ) John Huston ( 1948 ) Joseph L. 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1. Academy Award for Best Director
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who plays the marshal in sons of anarchy
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Donal Logue - wikipedia Donal Logue Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Donal Logue <Td_colspan="2"> Logue at the 2014 NY PaleyFest for Gotham Donal Francis Logue ( 1966 - 02 - 27 ) February 27 , 1966 ( age 51 ) Ottawa , Ontario , Canada Citizenship United States , Canada , Ireland Education Harvard University Occupation Actor Director Producer Writer Years active 1992 -- present Known for Lee Toric ( Sons of Anarchy ) Sean Finnerty ( Grounded for Life ) King Horik ( Vikings ) Harvey Bullock ( Gotham ) Spouse ( s ) Kasey Walker ( divorced ) Children Donal Francis Logue ( born February 27 , 1966 ) or ( born February 27 , 1966 ) ( sources vary ) is a Canadian - born Irish - American film and television actor , producer and writer . His notable roles include starring in the film The Tao of Steve , Sons of Anarchy , Vikings , the sitcom Grounded for Life , the television series Copper and the detective series Terriers . He stars as detective Harvey Bullock in Fox 's Gotham and had a recurring role in NBC 's Law & Order : Special Victims Unit as Lt. Declan Murphy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 References 6 External links Early Life ( edit ) Logue was born in Ottawa , Ontario , Canada , to Irish parents from County Kerry . His parents were Carmelite missionaries . Logue has three sisters : Karina , Deirdre and Eileen . After high school , Logue studied History at Harvard University . Career ( edit ) After a few TV movies , Logue first appeared in film playing Dr. Gunter Janek in the 1992 film Sneakers . In 1993 , he portrayed Capt . Ellis Spear in Gettysburg . In 1993 , he guest starred on the Northern Exposure episode `` Baby Blues '' playing a movie script agent , Judd Bromell . Logue appeared as an FBI agent in The X-Files episode `` Squeeze . '' Logue 's character Jimmy The Cab Driver was a staple of MTV promos in the early 1990s . He also appeared in Blade and The Patriot , in 2000 . He appeared in two of Edward Burns films : Purple Violets and The Groomsmen . Logue 's portrayal as the lead in The Tao of Steve won him a Special Grand Jury Prize for best actor at the 2000 Sundance Film Festival , and was noticed by ER producer John Wells , who cast Logue in several episodes as Chuck Martin , a nurse Dr. Susan Lewis marries one weekend in Las Vegas on a whim , and later has a child with . Concurrent with the run on ER , Logue starred in the critically acclaimed comedy Grounded for Life . In December 2005 , Logue had a pilot development deal for a new situation comedy on ABC television , originally titled I Want to Rob Mick Jagger . The pilot was picked up and debuted in the winter of 2006 under the name The Knights of Prosperity . The show disappeared from the ABC lineup in early March 2007 . Logue also appeared in a supporting role in Just Like Heaven ( 2005 ) . Logue had appeared as Phil Stubbs in the original pilot for the NBC show Ed , but dropped out to star in Grounded for Life . The first two and a half seasons of `` Grounded for Life '' were telecast on the Fox network ; thereafter , the show moved to The WB for the remainder of its run . In 2002 and 2003 , Logue appeared on the VH1 `` I Love ... '' series instalments ' 80s , ' 70s , and ' 80s Strikes Back . In 2010 , Logue appeared on House , M.D. as millionaire patient Curtis Harry . Logue also appeared in NBC 's The Dennis , in 2005 , about a former child prodigy whose parents kick him out of the house and into the real world . It was not picked up , however . Logue co-starred with Nicolas Cage in the movie Ghost Rider , the David Fincher film Zodiac , and alongside Mark Wahlberg in the 20th Century Fox film Max Payne . In 2008 , Logue appeared in the Jack Kerouac documentary One Fast Move or I 'm Gone : Kerouac 's Big Sur . Logue starred as Captain Kevin Tidwell in the NBC crime drama Life from 2008 -- 2009 . On May 4 , 2009 , NBC announced Life would not be returning for a third season . Logue starred in FX series Terriers which was cancelled due to low ratings , even with great reviews from the press such as the Times . Logue starred as the main character in Theory of a Deadman 's music video for the song `` Lowlife , '' off their 2011 release , The Truth Is ... In late 2012 , Logue joined the casts of Sons of Anarchy as renegade ex-U.S. Marshal Lee Toric who is out for revenge for the murder of his sister and Vikings as King Horik . In 2013 , he joined the cast of BBC America 's show Copper as a returning Union General turned Tammany Hall insider , General Brendan Donovan , and he returned to Sons of Anarchy and Vikings to reprise his roles from the previous seasons . Logue had roles in two 2013 : CBGB with Alan Rickman and 9 Full Moons with Amy Seimetz and Bret Roberts . Between March and May 2014 , he appeared in six episodes of the NBC police procedural , crime , legal drama , Law & Order : Special Victims Unit as Lieutenant Declan Murphy , a former undercover officer appointed as acting commander of the Special Victims Unit . Since 2014 , he has portrayed Harvey Bullock in the police procedural series Gotham , based on the DC Comics Batman franchise . In 2015 , Logue appeared in Adam Massey 's thriller film The Intruders . Personal Life ( edit ) Logue with his children in Ireland in 2007 Logue travels back and forth to Killarney , County Kerry , Ireland , where his mother lives , and holds both Irish and Canadian citizenship . Logue has homes in Los Angeles and Oregon . When not acting , Logue is heavily involved in soccer , and regularly plays for the Los Angeles - based amateur team Hollywood United . Logue has a Class - A Commercial Drivers License and is licensed to drive tractor - trailers with double or triple trailers , tankers and hazardous materials . He has a hardwood company with one partner called Frison - Logue Hardwood , and a trucking company called Aisling Trucking with two partners based out of Central Point , Oregon , which the three founded in 2012 . Logue was formerly married or in a long - term committed relationship with Kasey Walker , also known as Kasey Smith . They have a son named Finn , and a daughter , Jade , born Arlo , who is openly transgender . On June 27 , 2017 , Logue posted a tweet saying Jade had gone missing ; he later deleted it and launched a wider public appeal for help after contacting police and the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children . As of July 8 , Jade had been found in North Carolina and was returned home safely . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Sneakers Dr. Gunter Janek 1993 Gettysburg Capt . Ellis Spear And the Band Played On Bobbi Campbell 1994 Disclosure Chance Geer Little Women Jacob Mayer 1995 Baja Alex Miami Rhapsody Derek 3 Ninjas Knuckle Up Jimmy Winterlude Chris Hampson Short film Grave , The The Grave Cletus Eye for an Eye Tony Diabolique Video Photographer # 1 Dear God Webster Jerry Maguire Rick , Junior Agent The Size of Watermelons Gnome Metro Earl Glam Tom Stone Men with Guns Goldman Co-executive producer First Love , Last Rites Red 1998 Blade Quinn A Bright Shining Lie Steven Burnett The Thin Red Line Marl Uncredited 1999 Runaway Bride Priest Brian Norris Big Tease , The The Big Tease Eamonn 2000 Tao of Steve , The The Tao of Steve Dex Million Dollar Hotel , The The Million Dollar Hotel Charley Best Reindeer Games Pug Steal This Movie Stew Albert Takedown Alex Lowe Opportunists , The The Opportunists Pat Duffy Patriot , The The Patriot Dan Scott The Château Sonny 2002 Comic Book Villains Raymond McGillicudy Co-producer Direct - to - video 2003 Confidence Officer Lloyd Whitworth American Splendor Stage Actor Harvey Two Days Ray O'Connor 2005 Tennis , Anyone ... ? Danny Macklin Producer Director Writer Just Like Heaven Jack Houriskey 2006 Jack 's Law Buzz Uncredited Groomsmen , The The Groomsmen Jimbo Shark Bait Troy Voice only Also known as The Reef Citizen Duane Uncle Bingo Almost Heaven Mark Brady The Ex Don Wollebin 2007 The Good Life Daryll Ghost Rider Mack Zodiac Ken Narlow Purple Violets Chazz Coleman 2008 No Place Like Home Uncle Eddie Short film Max Payne Alex Balder 2009 Lodger , The The Lodger Joe Bunting Charlie St. Cloud Tink Weatherbee 2011 Shark Night 3D Sheriff Greg Sabin Oliver Sherman Franklin Page 2012 Reef 2 : High Tide , The The Reef 2 : High Tide Troy Voice only Direct - to - video Kill For Me Hayley 's Father Silent Night Santa Jim Epstein 2013 CBGB Merv Ferguson 2015 The Intruders Jerry Halshford Direct - to - DVD Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1993 X-Files , The The X-Files Agent Tom Colton Episode : `` Squeeze '' Northern Exposure Judd Bromell , movie script agent Episode : `` Baby Blues '' 1994 Crew , The The Crew Bill Pierce 1995 Medicine Ball Danny Macklin 9 episodes Public Morals Ken Schuler 13 episodes 1998 Bright Shining Lie , AA Bright Shining Lie Steven Burnett Television film 1998 Felicity Eddie Episode : `` Friends '' 2001 -- 2005 Grounded for Life Sean Finnerty 91 episodes 2003 -- 2005 ER Chuck Martin 11 episodes 2007 Knights of Prosperity , The The Knights of Prosperity Eugene Gurkin 13 episodes Monk Gully ( uncredited role ) Episode : `` Mr. Monk Is Up All Night '' 2008 -- 2009 Life Captain Kevin Tidwell 21 episodes Terriers Hank Dolworth 13 episodes 2011 House Cyrus Harry Episode : `` Changes '' 2012 -- 2013 Sons of Anarchy Lee Toric 7 episodes 2013 -- 2014 Vikings King Horik Main Role ( 12 episodes ) 2013 Copper General Brendan Donovan 12 episodes 2014 -- 2015 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Lt. Declan Murphy Recurring , Seasons 15 - 17 2014 -- present Gotham Harvey Bullock Main Role ( 67 episodes ) Royal Pains References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rowles , Dustin ( December 10 , 2013 ) . `` 10 Things You Probably Did n't Know About The Awesome Donal Logue '' . Uproxx.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Donal Logue Biography '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Donal Logue Biography ( 1965 ? - ) '' . FilmReference.com . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Donal Francis Logue ; born February 27 , 1965 ( some sources cite 1966 ) Jump up ^ `` Donal Logue '' . NorthernStars.ca . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ logue , donal ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) . `` Sorry Ann Coulter . Even people like me , w / 4 grandparents and 2 parents from Ireland , born in Canada myself , get to vote . Because I 'm American '' . @ donallogue . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Stone , Sally ( November 21 , 2001 ) . `` A conversation With Donal Logue '' . The Spokesman - Review . Spokane , Washington . King Features Syndicate . I was born in Canada . But my parents , who were originally from County Kerry in Ireland , moved to the United States , where I grew up . ^ Jump up to : `` Donal Logue Biography '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Kasey Walker -- Ex-significant Other Jump up ^ Breaking News -- Development Update : December 2 -- 7 TheFutonCritic.com Jump up ^ . php TV Series Finale `` Blog Archive '' The Knights of Prosperity : ABC Pulls the Sitcom Jump up ^ Breaking News -- Development Update : April 4 TheFutonCritic.com Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( April 9 , 2014 ) . `` Law & Order : SVU Post Mortem : EP Talks William 's Dark Twist and Olivia 's Hopeful Future '' . TV Line . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( January 6 , 2015 ) . `` The Intruders to Bust in This February '' . dreadcentral.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Donal Logue -- Northern Stars Archived March 10 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Owen , Rob ( June 22 , 2013 ) . `` For busy Logue , real life will have to wait '' . The Oregonian . p . C1 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Frison - Logue Hardwood - Home '' . Facebook . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Logue , Donal ( June 4 , 2012 ) . `` How and why we started our trucking company '' . YouTube video . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heller , Corinne ( July 2 , 2017 ) . `` Donal Logue 's Child Is Still Missing After Almost a Week : ' We Want You Home Jade ' '' . E ! News . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jade Logue , 16 - Year - Old Child Of ' Gotham ' Actor Donal Logue , Missing '' . New York City : WCBS - TV . June 28 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Logue , Donal ( @ donallogue ) ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Missing - yesterday at 2PM Barclays Center / Fort Greene Brooklyn '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Dillon , Nancy ; Tracy , Thomas ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham ' star Donal Logue 's 16 - year - old daughter vanishes in Brooklyn '' . Daily News . New York City . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hill , Libby ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham ' star Donal Logue tweets , then deletes , alert for his missing child '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2017 . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Logue , Donal ( @ donallogue ) ( July 2 , 2017 ) . `` Just a note about Jade . '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2017 . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Jade Logue '' . National Center for Missing and Exploited Children . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2017 . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , Joi - Marie ; Messer , Lesley ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham ' actor Donal Logue 's daughter is ' safely back home , ' rep says '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Donal Logue on IMDb T.V. Guide interview Film Threat interview Filmmaker magazine interview VIAF : 22352654 LCCN : no00073434 ISNI : 0000 0001 1439 5021 GND : 1062396707 SUDOC : 164933069 BNF : cb14200103c ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donal_Logue&oldid=799706130 '' Categories : Male actors from California Male actors from Ottawa Canadian emigrants to the United States Canadian male film actors Canadian male television actors Canadian Roman Catholics Harvard University alumni Hollywood United players Irish male film actors Irish male television actors Canadian people of Irish descent People from El Centro , California People from Jackson County , Oregon 20th - century Canadian male actors 21st - century Canadian male actors 1960s births Living people Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Italiano Lëtzebuergesch მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 10 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Donal Logue - Canadian-born Irish-American actor, producer, and writer
2. Notable roles - Lee Toric in Sons of Anarchy, Sean Finnerty in Grounded for Life, King Horik in Vikings, Harvey Bullock in Gotham
3. Personal life - Holds Irish and Canadian citizenship, involved in soccer, has a hardwood company and a trucking company
4. Career - Appeared in films such as The Tao of Steve, Blade, and Zodiac, starred in TV shows like Grounded for Life and Terriers
5. Missing child - Don
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5,763,237,929,940,051,000 |
where did how to train your dragon take place
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How to Train Your Dragon ( film ) - wikipedia How to Train Your Dragon ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> How to Train Your Dragon <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Chris Sanders Dean DeBlois Produced by Bonnie Arnold Screenplay by Will Davies Dean DeBlois Chris Sanders Based on How to Train Your Dragon by Cressida Cowell Starring Jay Baruchel Gerard Butler Craig Ferguson America Ferrera Jonah Hill Christopher Mintz - Plasse T.J. Miller Kristen Wiig Music by John Powell Edited by Darren T. Holmes Maryann Brandon Production company DreamWorks Animation Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date March 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 26 ) Running time 98 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $165 million Box office $495.8 million How to Train Your Dragon is a 2010 American 3D computer - animated action - fantasy film produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Paramount Pictures . Loosely based on the British book series of the same name by Cressida Cowell , the film was directed by Chris Sanders and Dean DeBlois , the duo who directed Walt Disney Animation Studios ' Lilo & Stitch . It stars the voices of Jay Baruchel , Gerard Butler , Craig Ferguson , America Ferrera , Jonah Hill , T.J. Miller , Kristen Wiig , and Christopher Mintz - Plasse . The story takes place in a mythical Viking world where a young Viking teenager named Hiccup aspires to follow his tribe 's tradition of becoming a dragon slayer . After finally capturing his first dragon , and with his chance at last of gaining the tribe 's acceptance , he finds that he no longer wants to kill the dragon and instead befriends it . The film was released March 26 , 2010 , and was a critical and commercial success , earning acclaim from film critics and audiences and earning nearly $500 million worldwide . It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature and Best Original Score at the 83rd Academy Awards , but lost to Toy Story 3 and The Social Network , respectively . The movie also won ten Annie Awards , including Best Animated Feature . A sequel , How to Train Your Dragon 2 , was released on June 13 , 2014 , with DeBlois writing and directing by himself . Much like its predecessor , the sequel was also universally acclaimed and became a box office success . A second and final sequel , How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World , is to be released on March 1 , 2019 . The film 's success has also inspired other merchandise , including a video game and a television series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Competition for 3D screens 5.2 Box - office 5.3 Critical reception 5.4 Accolades 5.5 Home media 6 Expanded franchise 6.1 Sequels 6.2 Short films 6.3 Television series 6.4 Video games 6.5 Arena show 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) The Isle of Berk is a remote Viking village , from which dragons periodically steal livestock . Hiccup , the awkward fifteen - year - old son of the village chieftain , Stoick the Vast , is too small to fight the dragons and instead fashions mechanical devices under his apprenticeship with Gobber the blacksmith , though his inventions often backfire . During one attack , Hiccup believes he has shot down a Night Fury , an extremely rare and dangerous dragon . Hiccup later finds it in the forest trapped in his bolas , but finds that he can not bring himself to kill the dragon and instead sets it free . Stoick assembles a fleet to find the dragons ' nest , leaving Hiccup in a dragon - fighting class taught by Gobber . Hiccup returns to the forest to find the Night Fury still there , and realizes it is unable to fly properly because of its crippled caudal fin . Hiccup gradually tames the dragon and gives it the name `` Toothless '' , for its retractable teeth . Hiccup makes a harness and prosthetic fin that allows him to guide the dragon in free flight . By studying Toothless 's behavior , Hiccup becomes proficient in subduing the captive dragons during training . Stoick 's fleet arrives home unsuccessful , but he is cheered by Hiccup 's unexpected success . Astrid , a tough Viking girl on whom Hiccup has a crush , discovers Hiccup is training Toothless , but Hiccup takes her for a ride to demonstrate his relationship with the dragon before she can tell the village . Toothless unexpectedly takes the pair to the dragons ' nest where they discover a gargantuan dragon named the Red Death , which eats the smaller dragons unless they bring it stolen livestock . Back at the village , Hiccup subdues a captive dragon in his final training test in front of his father instead of killing it , but Stoick inadvertently angers the dragon into attacking . Toothless attempts to protect Hiccup in the ensuing panic but is instead captured by the Vikings . Hiccup accidentally reveals to Stoick that Toothless is capable of locating the dragons ' nest . Stoick disowns his son and sets off for the nest with Toothless chained to the lead ship as a guide . The Vikings expel most of the dragons but are overwhelmed by the Red Death until Hiccup , Astrid and their fellow pupils fly in riding the training dragons from the academy and provide cover fire . Hiccup almost drowns trying to break Toothless free from a sinking ship but Stoick saves them both and then reconciles with his son . Toothless and Hiccup destroy the Red Death but Hiccup is injured in the fight . Hiccup regains consciousness on Berk where his lower left leg has been replaced by a prosthesis , and the Vikings and the dragons now live in harmony . Cast ( edit ) Jay Baruchel as Hiccup Horrendous Haddock III Gerard Butler as Stoick the Vast , the chieftain of the Viking tribe and Hiccup 's father . Craig Ferguson as Gobber the Belch , blacksmith , Stoick 's close friend and training master of the young warriors . America Ferrera as Astrid Hofferson , Hiccup 's fellow student . Christopher Mintz - Plasse as Fishlegs Ingerman : an enthusiastic youth , knowledgeable in dragon lore which he often narrates in role - playing game terms . Jonah Hill as Snotlout Jorgenson , one of Hiccup 's dragon - training classmates . Snotlout is brash , overconfident , and fairly unintelligent , but reliable . T.J. Miller and Kristen Wiig as Tuffnut and Ruffnut Thorston , a pair of quarrelsome twins . David Tennant as Spitelout , Snotlout 's father . Production ( edit ) Early production concept artwork of `` Toothless '' and `` Hiccup '' The book series by Cressida Cowell began coming to attention to the executives at DreamWorks Animation in 2004 . Coming off her success in Over the Hedge , producer Bonnie Arnold shortly became interested in the newly acquired property . She kept focusing on the project as time went on , and when DreamWorks Animation co-president of production Bill Damaschke asked her what she wanted to work on next , she chose `` How to Train Your Dragon '' . In initial development , the plot followed the original novel closely , but about halfway through production Chris Sanders and Dean DeBlois , the writer - directors of Disney 's Lilo & Stitch , took over as co-directors and it was altered . The original plot was described as , `` heavily loyal to the book '' , but was regarded as being too `` sweet '' and `` whimsical '' as well as geared towards a too - young demographic , according to Baruchel . In the novel , Hiccup 's dragon , Toothless , is a Common or Garden Dragon , a small breed . In the film , Toothless is a Night Fury , the rarest of all dragons , and is large enough to serve as a flying mount for both Hiccup and Astrid . The filmmakers hired cinematographer Roger Deakins ( known for frequently collaborating with the Coen brothers ) as a visual consultant to help them with lighting and overall look of the film and to `` add a live - action feel '' . Extensive research was done to depict both flight , as the directors knew they would be the biggest draw of the film 's 3D effects , and fire , given animation could break away from the limitations seen in live - action films , where propane flames are usual due to being easier to extinguish . The dragons ' design made sure to create animals that were comical and also innovative compared to other dragon fiction . Toothless in particular tried to combine various dragon traits in a black panther - inspired design , that also had large ears and eyes to convey emotion better . The directors made sure to cash in the improvisation abilities of the secondary cast -- Christopher Mintz - Plasse , Jonah Hill , Kristen Wiig and T.J Miller -- by frequently bringing them together in the recording sessions . Music ( edit ) Main article : How to Train Your Dragon : Music from the Motion Picture John Powell returned to DreamWorks Animation to score How to Train Your Dragon , making it his sixth collaboration with the studio , following his previous score for Kung Fu Panda ( which he scored with Hans Zimmer ) . Powell composed an orchestral score , combining bombastic brass with loud percussion and soothing strings , while also using exotic , Scottish and Irish tones with instruments like the penny whistle and bagpipes . Additionally , Icelandic singer Jónsi wrote and performed the song `` Sticks & Stones '' for the film . The score was released by Varèse Sarabande on March 23 , 2010 . Overall , the score was well received by film score critics . Powell earned his first Academy Award nomination for his work on the film , ultimately losing to Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross for their score for The Social Network . Release ( edit ) How to Train Your Dragon had its United States premiere on March 21 , 2010 , at the Gibson Amphitheatre in Universal City , California . It was theatrically released on March 26 , 2010 , in the United States . The film was digitally re-mastered into IMAX 3D , and released to 186 North American IMAX theatres , and approximately 80 IMAX theatres outside North America . Competition for 3D screens ( edit ) A month before the release , DreamWorks Animation CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg protested Warner Bros . ' decision to convert Clash of the Titans from 2D to 3D , then to release it one week after How to Train Your Dragon . Entertainment reporter Kim Masters described the 3D release schedule around March 2010 as a `` traffic jam '' , and speculated that the lack of 3D screen availability could hurt Katzenberg 's prospects despite his support of the 3D format . In March 2010 , theater industry executives accused Paramount of using high - pressure tactics to coerce theaters to screen How to Train Your Dragon rather than the competing 3D releases , Clash of the Titans and Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland . As theater multiplexes often had just one 3D screen , theaters were unable to accommodate more than one 3D presentation at a time . Box - Office ( edit ) How to Train Your Dragon topped the North American box office with $43.7 million in its first weekend of release . The film grossed $217,581,231 in the United States and Canada and $277,297,528 in foreign countries with a worldwide total of $494,878,759 . How to Train Your Dragon is DreamWorks Animation 's highest - grossing film in the American and Canadian box office other than the Shrek films . It is the fifth - highest - grossing animated film of 2010 with $494.8 million , behind Toy Story 3 with $1,063.2 million , Shrek Forever After with $752.6 million , Tangled with $576.6 million , and Despicable Me with $543.1 million and the 10th - highest - grossing movie of 2010 . As of 2018 , the How to Train Your Dragon series has grossed over $1 billion worldwide . Critical reception ( edit ) How To Train Your Dragon received critical acclaim upon its release . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 98 % of critics gave the film a positive review , based on 204 reviews from professional critics , with an overall rating average of 7.9 out of 10 . The website 's critical consensus states , `` Boasting dazzling animation , a script with surprising dramatic depth , and thrilling 3 - D sequences , How to Train Your Dragon soars . '' By `` Tomatometer '' score , the film is DreamWorks Animation 's highest - rated film . On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average rating of 74 based on 33 reviews from critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend revealed the average grade cinemagoers gave How to Train Your Dragon was A on an A+ to F scale . Roger Ebert of The Chicago Sun - Times gave it 3 stars out of 4 , stating that : `` It devotes a great deal of time to aerial battles between tamed dragons and evil ones , and not much to character or story development . But it 's bright , good - looking , and has high energy '' . Claudia Puig of USA Today gave it 3.5 out of 4 stars , saying , `` It 's a thrilling action - adventure saga with exhilarating 3 - D animation , a clever comedy with witty dialogue , a coming - of - age tale with surprising depth and a sweetly poignant tale of friendship between man and animal . '' Rolling Stone film critic Peter Travers praised the film , giving it three out of four stars and in his print review wrote , `` ( The film ) works enough miracles of 3 - D animation to charm your socks off . '' Roger Moore of The Orlando Sentinel , who gave the film 21⁄2 stars out of 4 , wrote a mixed review describing the film as a `` more coming - of - age dramedy or ' everything about your world view is wrong ' message movie than it is a comedy , and that seems like a waste of a funny book , some very funny actors and some darned witty animation . '' Kyle Smith of the New York Post gave the film 2 / 4 stars labeling the film as , `` Avatar for simpletons . But that title is already taken , by Avatar '' . Contrarily , Brett Michel of The Boston Phoenix stated that the film was better than Avatar . A.O. Scott of At The Movies felt the characters and the story were not strong points , but loved the cinematography and said , `` that swooping and soaring , they are worth the price of a ticket , so go see it . '' Village Voice film critic Ella Taylor gave a more negative review of the film , describing it as an `` adequate but unremarkable animated tale '' . Film critic James Berardinelli of ReelViews praised the film and its story , giving it 3.5 out of 4 stars he wrote , `` Technically proficient and featuring a witty , intelligent , surprisingly insightful script , How to Train Your Dragon comes close to the level of Pixar 's recent output while easily exceeding the juvenilia DreamWorks has released in the last nine years . '' Entertainment Weekly film critic Owen Gleiberman praised the film giving it an A - and wrote , `` How to Train Your Dragon rouses you in conventional ways , but it 's also the rare animated film that uses 3 - D for its breathtaking spatial and emotional possibilities . '' ViewLondon 's Mathew Turner gave the film 4 / 5 stars , calling it , `` beautifully animated and superbly written '' , and praised the voice cast , humor , and action . Matt Risley of Variety gave the film a perfect score of 5 / 5 stars , hailing it as , `` undoubtedly Dreamworks ' best film yet , and quite probably the best dragon movie ever made '' . Accolades ( edit ) <Th_colspan="4"> Awards Award Name Outcome Academy Awards Academy Award for Best Animated Feature Chris Sanders Dean DeBlois Nominated Academy Award for Best Original Score John Powell Alliance of Women Film Journalists Best Animated Feature Best Animated Female America Ferrera ( Astrid ) Won Annie Awards Annie Award for Best Animated Feature Bonnie Arnold Chris Sanders Dean DeBlois Annie Award for Best Animated Effects in an Animated Production Brett Miller Jason Mayer Nominated Annie Award for Best Character Animation in a Feature Production Gabe Hordos Won Jakob Hjort Jensen Nominated David Torres Annie Award for Best Character Design in an Animated Feature Production Nico Marlet Won Annie Award for Best Directing in an Animated Feature Production Chris Sanders Dean DeBlois Annie Award for Best Music in an Animated Feature Production John Powell Annie Award for Production Design in an Animated Feature Production Pierre - Olivier Vincent Annie Award for Best Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production Tom Owens Alessandro Carloni Nominated Annie Award for Best Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production Jay Baruchel ( Hiccup ) Won Gerard Butler ( Stoick ) Nominated Annie Award for Best Writing in an Animated Feature Production William Davies Chris Sanders Dean DeBlois Won British Academy Film Awards BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film Nominated BAFTA Award for Best Film Music John Powell Chicago Film Critics Association Awards Best Animated Film Chris Sanders Dean DeBlois Critics ' Choice Awards Best Animated Feature Film Genesis Awards Best Feature Film Won Golden Globe Awards Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film Nominated Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing in an Animated Feature Film Won International Film Music Critics Association Film Score of the Year John Powell Best Original Score for an Animated Feature John Powell Film Music Composition of the Year John Powell -- `` Forbidden Friendship '' Nominated John Powell -- `` Test Drive '' Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Animated Movie Online Film Critics Society Awards Best Animated Feature Chris Sanders Dean DeBlois People 's Choice Awards Favorite Family Movie Satellite Awards Motion Picture ( Animated or Mixed ) Saturn Awards Saturn Award for Best Music John Powell Saturn Award for Best Production Design Kathy Altieri Saturn Award for Best Animated Film Chris Sanders Dean DeBlois Teen Choice Awards Choice Animated Movie Toronto Film Critics Association Toronto Film Critics Association Award for Best Animated Film Won Venice Film Festival Most Creative 3D Film of the Year Chris Sanders and Dean DeBlois Tied with James Cameron for Avatar Visual Effects Society Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture Simon Otto Craig Ring Bonnie Arnold Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature Motion Picture Gabe Hordos Cassidy Curtis Mariette Marinus Brent Watkins Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Effects Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture Andy Hayes Laurent Kermel Jason Mayer Brett Miller Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards Best Animated Feature Chris Sanders Dean DeBlois Nominated World Soundtrack Academy World Soundtrack Award for Soundtrack Composer of the Year John Powell World Soundtrack Award for Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film Jón Þór Birgisson Home media ( edit ) How to Train Your Dragon was released on single - disc DVD , two - disc double DVD pack and Blu - ray / DVD combo pack in Canada and the United States on Friday , October 15 , 2010 . Among the features available in the two - disc DVD edition is an original sequel short film , Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon . As of July 18 , 2012 , units sold for the DVD stand at more than 6.5 million copies and has grossed $121,663,692 . Samsung signed a deal with DreamWorks to gain exclusive distribution rights to a Blu - ray 3D version of the film . The exclusive agreement ended on September 11 , 2011 , when How to Train Your Dragon - 3D was released in a two - disc Blu - ray combo pack . It was re-released by Paramount Home Entertainment on Blu - ray and DVD on May 27 , 2014 . Expanded franchise ( edit ) Main article : How to Train Your Dragon ( franchise ) Sequels ( edit ) Main article : How to Train Your Dragon 2 See also : How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World A sequel , How to Train Your Dragon 2 , was confirmed on April 27 , 2010 . The film was directed and written by Dean DeBlois , the co-director of the first film . Bonnie Arnold , the producer of the first film , also returned . The film was released on June 13 , 2014 by 20th Century Fox , to critical acclaim . The entire original voice cast -- Baruchel , Butler , Ferguson , Ferrera , Hill , Mintz - Plasse , Miller , and Wiig -- returned for the sequel with the addition of Cate Blanchett , Djimon Hounsou , and Kit Harington . A third film , How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World , is in development . The film will also be directed and written by DeBlois , produced by Bonnie Arnold , and exec - produced by Chris Sanders , with all the main cast set to return . Cate Blanchett and Djimon Hounsou will also reprise their roles as Valka and Drago respectively from the second film . It is scheduled to be released on March 1 , 2019 by Universal Pictures . Short films ( edit ) Four post-movie short films were released : Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon ( 2010 ) , Book of Dragons ( 2011 ) , Gift of the Night Fury ( 2011 ) , and Dawn of the Dragon Racers ( 2014 ) . Television series ( edit ) Main article : DreamWorks Dragons A television series based on the film premiered on Cartoon Network in Autumn 2012 . Jay Baruchel , America Ferrera , Christopher Mintz - Plasse , and T.J. Miller reprise their roles as Hiccup , Astrid , Fishlegs , and Tuffnut . The series , set between the first and second film , follows Hiccup and his friends as they learn more about dragons , discover new ones , teach others to feel comfortable around them , adapt traditions within the village to fit their new friends and battle against enemies as they explore new worlds . Hiccup has been made head of Berk Dragon Academy . Video games ( edit ) An action adventure video game released by Activision , called How to Train Your Dragon , was released for the Wii , Xbox 360 , PS3 and Nintendo DS gaming consoles . It is loosely based on the film and was released on March 23 , 2010 . School of Dragons , a 3D free - to - play MMO , was released on July 17 , 2013 , at the San Diego Comic - Con . The game is available for PC , Android and iOS . Arena show ( edit ) Main article : How to Train Your Dragon ( franchise ) § Live Show How To Train Your Dragon Arena Spectacular is an arena show adaptation of the first film featuring 24 animatronic dragons , acrobats and projections . It premiered on March 2 , 2012 , in Melbourne , Australia . See also ( edit ) Animation portal Film portal List of animated feature - length films List of computer - animated films Notes ( edit ) ^ In July 2014 , the film 's distribution rights were purchased by DreamWorks Animation from Paramount Pictures . ^ Though the dragon is never named in the film itself , its name is mentioned in the official illustrated tie - in book , as well as in DreamWorks Dragons . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Viking - Sized Cast '' , How to Train Your Dragon Blu - ray Jump up ^ `` Gerard Butler Interview , Movies Online '' . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nadder , Zippleback and Gronckle Lessons From ' How to Train Your Dragon ' '' . Lineboil . February 17 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2010 . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` David Tennant News Updates : How To Train Your Dragon '' . Retrieved November 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nasson , Tim ( March 18 , 2010 ) . `` How To Train Your Dragon -- BEHIND THE SCENES '' . Wild About Movies . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : First look : DreamWorks ' 3 - D ' How to Train Your Dragon ' . USA Today . April 11 , 2009 . Retrieved November 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Technical Artistry of ' Dragon ' '' , How to Train Your Dragon Blu - ray Jump up ^ Murray , Rebecca ( March 21 , 2010 ) . `` ' How to Train Your Dragon ' Exclusive Premiere Photos '' . About.com . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : IMAX Corporation ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation 's How to Train Your Dragon Flies Into IMAX ( R ) Theatres on March 26 , 2010 '' ( Press release ) . GlobeNewswire . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Verrier , Richard ; Claudia Eller ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` Katzenberg angry over Warner 's ' Clash of the Titans ' 3 - D release '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kim Masters ; Renee Montagne ( March 21 , 2010 ) . `` Coming To A Screen Near You : A 3 - D Clash '' . Morning Edition . NPR . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Richard Verrier ; Ben Fritz ( March 21 , 2010 ) . `` ' How to Train Your Dragon , ' ' Clash of the Titans ' clash for 3 - D screens '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( March 28 , 2010 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Dragon ' Takes Flight , ' Hot Tub ' Gets Soaked '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks Animation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hamann , John ( April 18 , 2010 ) . `` Dragons Roast Fake Hero Wannabes '' . Box Office Prophets . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Mojo > Search '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How to Train Your Dragon Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( March 28 , 2010 ) . `` Box Office Breakdown : Dragon Slays All Comers '' . Daily Transom . The New York Observer . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2010 . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` How to Train Your Dragon '' . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( March 26 , 2010 ) . `` ' Dragon ' : How to do smart dialogue , 3 - D visuals the right way '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( March 18 , 2010 ) . `` How to Train Your Dragon : Review '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Moore , Roger ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` Movie Review : How to Train Your Dragon '' . The Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2010 . Retrieved March 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kyle ( March 26 , 2010 ) . `` ' How to Train Your Dragon ' breathes little fire '' . New York Post . NYP Holdings , Inc . Retrieved March 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. `` How to Train Your Dragon film review '' . AtTheMoviesTV.com . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2008 . Retrieved March 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Ella ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` How to Train Your Dragon , an Adequate but Unremarkable Animated Tale '' . Village Voice . Retrieved March 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( March 26 , 2010 ) . `` ' How to Train Your Dragon ' review '' . ReelViews . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` How to Train Your Dragon '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time . Retrieved March 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 83rd Academy Award Nominations '' . Variety . January 25 , 2011 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 EDA Awards Nominees '' . Alliance of Women Film Journalists . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 38th Annial Annie Nominations '' . Annie Awards . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( February 5 , 2011 ) . `` 38th Annual Annie Animation Awards : DWA 's ' How To Train Your Dragon ' Wins ( After Disney Boycotts ) '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bafta Film Awards 2011 : Winners '' . BBC News . February 13 , 2011 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The ' Social Network ' Tops Chicago Film Critics Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 17 , 2010 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( December 13 , 2010 ) . `` Critics Choice Awards Nominations Announced ; BLACK SWAN Lands Record 12 Nominations '' . Collider . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( March 20 , 2011 ) . `` Oprah Winfrey , Steven Colbert , ' How to Train Your Dragon ' Win Genesis Awards '' . The Wrap . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( December 14 , 2010 ) . `` 2011 Golden Globe Nominations Announced '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 20 , 2011 ) . `` ' Inception ' Tops Sound Editors Golden Reel Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA announces its 2010 nominees for scoring excellence '' . International Film Music Critics Association . February 11 , 2011 . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA announces its 2010 Winners for scoring excellence '' . International Film Music Critics Association . February 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2011 Nominees : Miley Cyrus , Justin Bieber and Selena Gomez lead '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Awards ( 14th Annual ) '' . Online Film Critics Society . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Day , Kevin ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` ' Alice in Wonderland ' , ' Twilight Saga ' among People 's Choice Awards Nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Satellite Awards '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bettinger , Brendan ( February 23 , 2011 ) . `` INCEPTION , LET ME IN , TRON , and THE WALKING DEAD Top the 2011 Saturn Award Nominations '' . Collider.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Soll , Lindsay ( June 14 , 2010 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2010 : First Round Of Nominees Announced '' . MTV . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2012 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barnard , Linda ( January 12 , 2011 ) . `` Toronto critics name Incendies best Canadian movie '' . The Star . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vivarelli , Nick ( September 12 , 2010 ) . `` Venice Film Festival winners '' . Variety . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 1 , 2011 ) . `` ' Inception ' Tops Visual Effects Society Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Tim ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` The 2010 WAFCA Award Winners '' . The Washington , D.C. Area Film Critics Association . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ASCAP Members & Affiliates Score 2010 World Soundtrack Award Nominations '' . The American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers . August 23 , 2010 . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How to Train Your Dragon - DVD Sales '' . The Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How to Train Your Dragon 2014 Blu - ray '' . Jump up ^ Bond , Paul ( April 27 , 2010 ) . `` Train Your Dragon ' sequel in the works '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` Details of ' How to Train Your Dragon ' Sequel Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . DreamWorks Animation . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks Animation Announces Feature Film Release Slate Through 2014 '' ( Press release ) . DreamWorks Animation SKG , Inc . March 8 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` More How to Train Your Dragon Sequel Details '' . ComingSoon.net . October 11 , 2010 . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` How to Train Your Dragon 3 Pushed Back to 2017 '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Director Dean DeBlois Talks HOW TO TRAIN YOUR DRAGON 3 at VES Awards '' . Collider . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Jeffrey Katzenberg on DWA 's Cutbacks : ' 3 Films a Year Was Too Ambitious ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How To Train Your Dragon Animation Collection '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Bogan , Elaine ; Sanford , John ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) , Dragons : Dawn of the Dragon Racers , Jay Baruchel , America Ferrera , Christopher Mintz - Plasse , retrieved 2018 - 05 - 27 Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network Celebrates 20th Anniversary with Ratings Growth and a New Generation of Content for a New Generation of Kids '' . Reuters . March 28 , 2012 . Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` School of Dragons at San Diego Comic Con 2013 ! '' . School of Dragons blog . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` School of Dragons producer interview '' . Berk 's Grapevine . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` School of Dragons Mobile App '' . schoolofdragons.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Clare ( August 9 , 2011 ) . `` Craft and heart breathe fiery life into dragons '' . Brisbane Times . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chney , Alexandra ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Q2 Earnings Fall Short of Estimates , SEC Investigation Revealed '' . Variety . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Miller - Zarneke , Tracey ( 2009 ) . The Art of DreamWorks : How to Train Your Dragon ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Newmarket Press . ISBN 1557048630 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : How to Train Your Dragon ( film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to How to Train Your Dragon ( film ) . Official website How to Train Your Dragon on IMDb How to Train Your Dragon at The Big Cartoon DataBase How to Train Your Dragon at AllMovie How to Train Your Dragon at Rotten Tomatoes How to Train Your Dragon at Metacritic How to Train Your Dragon at Box Office Mojo <Th_colspan="2"> How to Train Your Dragon Books How to Train Your Dragon Films How to Train Your Dragon How to Train Your Dragon 2 How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World Short films Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon Gift of the Night Fury Book of Dragons Dawn of the Dragon Racers Television DreamWorks Dragons episodes Video games How to Train Your Dragon DreamWorks Super Star Kartz How to Train Your Dragon 2 Soundtracks How to Train Your Dragon : Music from the Motion Picture <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Chris Sanders <Td_colspan="2"> Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) The Croods ( 2013 ) <Th_colspan="2"> DreamWorks Animation <Td_colspan="2"> A subsidiary of NBCUniversal , a Comcast company Feature films Antz ( 1998 ) The Prince of Egypt ( 1998 ) The Road to El Dorado ( 2000 ) Joseph : King of Dreams ( 2000 ) Shrek ( 2001 ) Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron ( 2002 ) Sinbad : Legend of the Seven Seas ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Shark Tale ( 2004 ) Madagascar ( 2005 ) Over the Hedge ( 2006 ) Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) Bee Movie ( 2007 ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa ( 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) Megamind ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda 2 ( 2011 ) Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) The Croods ( 2013 ) Turbo ( 2013 ) Mr. Peabody & Sherman ( 2014 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Penguins of Madagascar ( 2014 ) Home ( 2015 ) Kung Fu Panda 3 ( 2016 ) Trolls ( 2016 ) The Boss Baby ( 2017 ) Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ( 2017 ) Produced with Aardman Chicken Run ( 2000 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Flushed Away ( 2006 ) Upcoming How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World ( 2019 ) Abominable ( 2019 ) Trolls 2 ( 2020 ) The Croods 2 ( 2020 ) The Boss Baby 2 ( 2021 ) Spooky Jack ( 2021 ) Franchises Shrek ( since 2001 ) Madagascar ( since 2005 ) Kung Fu Panda ( since 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 -- 14 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( since 2010 ) Tales of Arcadia ( since 2016 ) TV series Toonsylvania ( 1998 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) Alienators : Evolution Continues ( 2001 -- 02 ) Father of the Pride ( 2004 -- 05 ) The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2008 -- 15 ) Neighbors from Hell ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2011 -- 16 ) DreamWorks Dragons ( 2012 -- 18 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2013 -- 14 ) Turbo FAST ( 2013 -- 16 ) VeggieTales in the House ( 2014 -- 16 ) All Hail King Julien ( 2014 -- 17 ) The Adventures of Puss in Boots ( 2015 -- 18 ) Dawn of the Croods ( 2015 - 2017 ) Dinotrux ( since 2015 ) The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show ( 2015 - 17 ) Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh ( since 2016 ) Noddy , Toyland Detective ( since 2016 ) Trollhunters ( 2016 - 2018 ) Voltron : Legendary Defender ( since 2016 ) VeggieTales in the City ( 2017 ) Spirit Riding Free ( since 2017 ) Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! ( since 2018 ) The Boss Baby : Back in Business ( since 2018 ) The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle ( since 2018 ) Upcoming Kung Fu Panda : The Paws of Destiny ( 2018 ) The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants ( 2018 ) She - Ra and the Princesses of Power ( 2018 ) Harvey Street Kids ( 2018 ) 3 Below ( 2018 ) Wizards ( 2019 ) Fast & Furious ( TBA ) Television specials Shrek the Halls ( 2007 ) Monsters vs. Aliens : Mutant Pumpkins from Outer Space ( 2009 ) Merry Madagascar ( 2009 ) Scared Shrekless ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda Holiday ( 2010 ) Madly Madagascar ( 2013 ) Trolls Holiday ( 2017 ) Short films Shrek 4 - D ( 2003 ) Far Far Away Idol ( 2004 ) The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper ( 2005 ) First Flight ( 2006 ) Hammy 's Boomerang Adventure ( 2006 ) Secrets of the Furious Five ( 2008 ) B.O.B. 's Big Break ( 2009 ) Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon ( 2010 ) Megamind : The Button of Doom ( 2011 ) Night of the Living Carrots ( 2011 ) Gift of the Night Fury ( 2011 ) Book of Dragons ( 2011 ) Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters ( 2011 ) Puss in Boots : The Three Diablos ( 2012 ) Rocky and Bullwinkle ( 2014 ) Dawn of the Dragon Racers ( 2014 ) Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Scroll ( 2016 ) People Bill Damaschke Chris Meledandri Jeffrey Katzenberg Subsidiaries DreamWorks Channel DreamWorks Classics Big Idea Entertainment Harvey Entertainment DreamWorks New Media ( AwesomenessTV ( 51 % ) ) Pearl Studio Related topics Amblimation DreamWorks DreamWorks Records DreamWorks Television DreamWorks Interactive Go Fish Pictures In amusement parks DreamWorks Experience Pacific Data Images List of DreamWorks Animation programs List of unproduced DreamWorks Animation projects <Th_colspan="2"> Annie Award for Best Animated Feature 1990s Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1993 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) Toy Story ( 1996 ) Cats Do n't Dance ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) The Iron Giant ( 1999 ) 2000s Toy Story 2 ( 2000 ) Shrek ( 2001 ) Spirited Away ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Up ( 2009 ) 2010s How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Rango ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Coco ( 2017 ) GND : 7698032 - 7 LCCN : n2010039694 VIAF : 180813858 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_to_Train_Your_Dragon_(film)&oldid=843209995 '' Categories : 2010 films English - language films 2010 computer - animated films 2010s American animated films 2010s fantasy films How to Train Your Dragon American computer - animated films American films Best Animated Feature Annie Award winners Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films about dragons Films using computer - generated imagery Animated films based on children 's books Films based on British novels Films set in the Viking Age 2010 3D films IMAX films American children 's animated adventure films American children 's animated fantasy films Animated comedy films Animated drama films American fantasy - comedy films Children 's fantasy films Dragons in popular culture Prosthetics in fiction DreamWorks Animation animated films Paramount Pictures films Paramount Pictures animated films Films produced by Bonnie Arnold Films scored by John Powell Films directed by Chris Sanders Films directed by Dean DeBlois Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 17 : 03 . 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1. How to Train Your Dragon (film)
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American Revolutionary war - Wikipedia American Revolutionary war Jump to : navigation , search This article is about military actions only . For political and social developments , including the origins and aftermath of the war , see American Revolution . <Th_colspan="2"> American Revolutionary War <Td_colspan="2"> Clockwise : Surrender of Lord Cornwallis after the Siege of Yorktown , Battle of Trenton , The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill , Battle of Long Island , Battle of Guilford Court House <Td_colspan="2"> Date April 19 , 1775 -- September 3 , 1783 ( 8 years , 4 months and 15 days ) Ratification effective : May 12 , 1784 ( 9 years and 23 days ) Location Eastern North America , Caribbean Sea , Indian subcontinent , Central America , Europe , Africa , the Atlantic Ocean , and the Indian Ocean Result American - Allied victory : Peace of Paris British recognition of American independence End of the First British Empire British retention of Canada and Gibraltar Territorial changes Great Britain cedes to the United States the area east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River Great Britain cedes East Florida , West Florida , and Menorca to Spain Great Britain cedes Tobago and Senegal to France Dutch Republic cedes Negapatnam to Great Britain <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents Thirteen Colonies ( before 1776 ) United States ( after 1776 ) Vermont Republic French Empire Spanish Empire Co-belligerents : Dutch Republic Mysore Native Americans : ( show ) Oneida Tuscarora Catawba Lenape Chickasaw Choctaw Mahican Mi'kmaq Abenaki Cheraw Seminole Pee Dee Lumbee Watauga Association British Empire Hanover German mercenaries : Hesse - Kassel Hesse - Hanau Waldeck Brunswick Ansbach Anhalt - Zerbst Native Americans : ( show ) Onondaga Mohawk Cayuga Seneca Mi'kmaq Cherokee Odawa Muscogee Susquehannock Shawnee <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders George Washington Thomas Chittenden Louis XVI Charles III William V Hyder Ali † Tipu Sultan full list ... George III Lord North Lord George Germain full list ... <Th_colspan="2"> Strength United States : Army & Militia : 40,000 ( average ) 200,000 ( total served ) Navy : 5,000 sailors ( peak 1779 ) 53 frigates and sloops ( total served ) State Navies : 106 ships ( total served ) Privateers : 55,000 sailors ( total served ) 1,697 ships Allies : Army : 63,000 French and Spanish ( Gibraltar ) Navy : 146 ships - of - the - line ( 1782 ) Native American Allies : Unknown Great Britain : Army : 48,000 ( America peak ) 121,000 ( global 1781 ) 7,500 ( Gibraltar ) Navy : 94 ships - of - the - line ( 1782 ) 104 frigates ( 1781 ) 37 sloops ( 1781 ) 171,000 sailors Loyalists : 25,000 ( total served ) Hanoverians : 2,365 ( total served ) German mercenaries : 29,875 ( total served ) Native American Allies : 13,000 <Th_colspan="2"> Casualties and losses United States : 25,000 -- 70,000 total dead 6,800 killed in battle 17,000 died of disease France : at least 7,000 dead ( 2,112 in the United States ) Spain : 5,000 killed Netherlands : 500 killed Total : 37,000 -- 82,500 + soldiers dead Great Britain : Army : 43,633 total dead ~ 9,372 killed in battle 27,000 died of disease Navy : 1,243 killed in battle 18,500 died of disease ( 1776 -- 1780 ) 42,000 deserted Germans : 7,774 total dead 1,800 killed in battle 4,888 deserted Loyalists : 5,300 total dead 1,700 killed in battle 3,600 died of disease ( estimated ) Total : 76,500 + soldiers dead <Th_colspan="2"> American Revolutionary War Campaigns and theaters <Td_colspan="2"> Boston Canada New York and New Jersey Saratoga Philadelphia Western Northern Northern ( after Saratoga ) Southern Yorktown Naval The American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 1783 ) , also known as the American War of Independence , was a global war that began as a conflict between Great Britain and her Thirteen Colonies , which declared independence as the United States of America . After 1765 , growing philosophical and political differences strained the relationship between Great Britain and its colonies . Following the Stamp Act , Patriot protests against taxation without representation escalated into boycotts , which culminated in the Sons of Liberty destroying a shipment of tea in Boston Harbor . Britain responded by closing Boston Harbor and passing a series of punitive measures against Massachusetts colony . Massachusetts colonists responded with the Suffolk Resolves , and they established a shadow government which wrested control of the countryside from the Crown . Twelve colonies formed a Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance , establishing committees and conventions that effectively seized power . British attempts to disarm the Massachusetts militia at Concord in April 1775 led to open combat . Militia forces then besieged Boston , forcing a British evacuation in March 1776 , and Congress appointed George Washington to command the Continental Army . Concurrently , an American attempt to invade Quebec and raise rebellion against the British decisively failed . On July 2 , 1776 , the Continental Congress voted for independence , issuing its declaration on July 4 . Sir William Howe launched a British counter-offensive , capturing New York City and leaving American morale at a low ebb . However , victories at Trenton and Princeton restored American confidence . In 1777 , the British launched an invasion from Quebec under John Burgoyne , intending to isolate New England . Instead of assisting this effort , Howe took his army on a separate campaign against Philadelphia , and Burgoyne was decisively defeated at Saratoga in October 1777 . Burgoyne 's defeat had drastic consequences ; France formally allied with the Americans and entered the war in 1778 , and Spain joined the war the following year as an ally of France but not as an ally of the United States . In 1780 , the Kingdom of Mysore attacked the British in India , and tensions between Great Britain and the Netherlands erupted into open war . In North America , the British mounted a `` Southern strategy '' led by Charles Cornwallis which hinged upon a Loyalist uprising , but too few came forward . Cornwallis suffered reversals at King 's Mountain and Cowpens . He retreated to Yorktown , Virginia , intending an evacuation , but a decisive French naval victory deprived him of an escape . A Franco - American army led by the Comte de Rochambeau and Washington then besieged Cornwallis ' army and , with no sign of relief , he surrendered . Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tories in Parliament , and the surrender gave them the upper hand . In early 1782 , Parliament voted to end all offensive operations in North America , but the war continued in Europe and India . Britain remained under siege in Gibraltar but scored a major victory over the French navy . On September 3 , 1783 , the belligerent parties signed the Treaty of Paris in which Great Britain agreed to recognize the sovereignty of the United States and formally end the war . French involvement had proven decisive , but France made few gains and incurred crippling debts . Spain made some minor territorial gains but failed in its primary aim of recovering Gibraltar . The Dutch were defeated on all counts and were compelled to cede territory to Great Britain . In India , the war against Mysore and its allies concluded in 1784 without any territorial changes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Early seeds 1.2 Taxation disputes 1.3 Colonial response 2 Course of the war 2.1 War breaks out ( 1775 -- 1776 ) 2.2 Political reactions 2.3 British counter-offensive ( 1776 -- 1777 ) 2.4 British northern strategy fails ( 1777 -- 1778 ) 2.5 Foreign intervention 2.6 International war breaks out ( 1778 -- 1780 ) 2.6. 1 Europe 2.6. 2 Americas 2.6. 3 India 2.7 Stalemate in the North ( 1778 -- 1780 ) 2.8 War in the South ( 1778 -- 1781 ) 2.9 British defeat in America ( 1781 ) 2.10 North Ministry collapses 2.11 Final years of the war ( 1781 -- 1783 ) 2.11. 1 Europe 2.11. 2 Americas 2.11. 3 India 3 Peace of Paris 4 Aftermath 4.1 Casualties and losses 4.1. 1 Americans and allies 4.1. 2 British and allies 4.2 Financial debts 5 Analysis of combatants 5.1 Great Britain 5.1. 1 Armed Forces 5.1. 1.1 Recruitment 5.1. 1.1. 1 Loyalists and Hessians 5.1. 1.2 Leadership 5.1. 1.3 Logistics 5.1. 1.4 Discipline 5.1. 2 Strategic deficiencies 5.1. 2.1 William Howe 5.1. 2.2 Clinton and Cornwallis 5.1. 3 Campaign issues 5.2 Patriots 5.3 African Americans 5.4 American Indians 5.5 Race and class 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 Reference literature 11 External links 11.1 Bibliographies Background Main article : American Revolution Early seeds In 1651 , the Parliament of England sought to regulate trade in America by passing the Navigation Acts , ensuring that trade only enriched Britain . The economic effects were minimal , but they triggered serious political friction . The American colonists had fought King Philip 's War without significant assistance from the Crown , and this contributed to a growing sense of American identity separate from that of Britain . Britain continued to assert control into the 1680s , culminating in the abrogation of colonial charters and the establishment of the Dominion of New England in 1686 . Colonists , however , felt that the Dominion was undermining their democratic liberty and they overthrew it in 1689 ; the Crown made no attempt to restore it . The British government continued to pursue trade control , however , passing acts that taxed wool , hats , and molasses . The Molasses Act of 1733 was especially egregious to the colonists , as a significant part of colonial trade relied on the product . The taxes severely damaged the local economy , and consequently they were rarely paid . Smuggling , bribery , piracy , and intimidation of customs officials became commonplace . Colonial wars were also a contributing factor . The return of Louisbourg to France in 1748 following the War of the Austrian Succession caused considerable resentment in New England , the colonists having expended great effort in subduing the fortress only to have it returned to their erstwhile enemy . Taxation disputes Britain triumphed over France and Spain in the Seven Years ' War , but this led to a financial crisis , as the national debt had doubled to £ 130 million , and the annual cost of the British civil and military establishment in America had quintupled when compared to 1749 . Smuggling had been tacitly accepted , but now the British began to consider that it blunted their revenue , so Whitehall decided to ensure that customs duties were unavoidable by passing the Stamp Act in 1765 . Colonists condemned the tax because their rights as Englishmen protected them from being taxed by a Parliament in which they had no elected representatives . Parliament argued that the colonies were `` represented virtually '' , an idea that was criticized throughout the Empire . Parliament did repeal the act in 1766 ; however , it also affirmed its right to pass laws that were binding on the colonies . From 1767 , Parliament began passing legislation to raise revenue for the salaries of civil officials , ensuring their loyalty while inadvertently increasing resentment among the colonists , and opposition soon became widespread . Enforcing the acts proved difficult ; the seizure of the sloop Liberty on suspicions of smuggling triggered a riot . In response , British troops occupied Boston , and Parliament threatened to extradite colonists to face trial in England . Tensions rose after the murder of a teen by a customs official in 1770 and escalated into outrage after British troops fired on civilians in the Boston Massacre . In 1772 , colonists in Rhode Island boarded and burned a customs schooner . Parliament then repealed all taxes except the one on tea , passing the Tea Act in 1773 , attempting to force colonists to buy East India Company tea on which the Townshend duties were paid , thus implicitly agreeing to Parliamentary supremacy . The landing of the tea was resisted in all colonies , but the governor of Massachusetts permitted British tea ships to remain in Boston Harbor -- so the Sons of Liberty destroyed the tea chests . This iconic 1846 lithograph by Nathaniel Currier was entitled `` The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor '' ; the phrase `` Boston Tea Party '' had not yet become standard . Contrary to Currier 's depiction , few of the men dumping the tea were actually disguised as Indians . Parliament then passed punitive legislation . It closed Boston Harbor until the tea was paid for and revoked the Massachusetts Charter , taking upon themselves the right to directly appoint the Massachusetts Governor 's Council . Additionally , the royal governor was granted powers to undermine local democracy . Further measures allowed the extradition of officials for trial elsewhere in the Empire , if the governor felt that a fair trial could not be secured locally . The act 's vague reimbursement policy for travel expenses left few with the ability to testify , and colonists argued that it would allow officials to harass them with impunity . Further laws allowed the governor to billet troops in private property without permission . The colonists referred to the measures as the `` Intolerable Acts '' , and they argued that both their constitutional rights and their natural rights were being violated , viewing the acts as a threat to all of America . The acts were widely opposed , driving neutral parties into support of the Patriots and curtailing Loyalist sentiment . Colonial response The colonists responded by establishing the Massachusetts Provincial Congress , effectively removing Crown control of the colony outside Boston . Meanwhile , representatives from twelve colonies convened the First Continental Congress to respond to the crisis . The Congress narrowly rejected a proposal which would have created an American parliament to act in concert with the British Parliament ; instead , they passed a compact declaring a trade boycott against Britain . Congress also affirmed that Parliament had no authority over internal American matters , but they were willing to consent to trade regulations for the benefit of the empire , and they authorized committees and conventions to enforce the boycott . The boycott was effective , as imports from Britain dropped by 97 % in 1775 compared to 1774 . Parliament refused to yield . In 1775 , it declared Massachusetts to be in a state of rebellion and enforced a blockade of the colony . It then passed legislation to limit colonial trade to the British West Indies and the British Isles . Colonial ships were barred from the Newfoundland cod fisheries , a measure which pleased Canadiens but damaged New England 's economy . These increasing tensions led to a mutual scramble for ordnance and pushed the colonies toward open war . Thomas Gage was the British Commander - in - Chief and military governor of Massachusetts , and he received orders on April 14 , 1775 to disarm the local militias . Course of the war War breaks out ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Main articles : Battles of Lexington and Concord ; Boston campaign ; Invasion of Quebec ( 1775 ) ; Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War § Early operations , 1775 -- 1778 ; and Battle of Nassau The British marching to Concord in April 1775 On April 18 , 1775 , 700 troops were sent to confiscate militia ordnance stored at Concord . Fighting broke out , forcing the regulars to conduct a fighting withdrawal to Boston . Overnight , the local militia converged on and laid siege to Boston . On March 25 , 4,500 British reinforcements arrived with three senior generals ; William Howe , John Burgoyne and Henry Clinton . On June 17 , the British seized the Charlestown peninsular after a costly frontal assault , leading Howe to replace Gage . Many senior officers were dismayed at the attack which had gained them little , while Gage wrote to London stressing the need for a large army to suppress the revolt . On July 3 , George Washington took command of the Continental Army besieging Boston . Howe made no effort to attack , much to Washington 's surprise . After a plan to assault the city was rejected , in early March 1776 , the Americans fortified Dorchester Heights with heavy artillery captured from a raid on Fort Ticonderoga . On March 17 , the British were permitted to withdraw unmolested , sailing to Halifax , Nova Scotia . Washington then moved his army to New York . Meanwhile , British officials in Quebec began lobbying Native American tribes to support them , while the Americans attempted to maintain their neutrality . Fearing an Anglo - Indian attack from Canada , Congress authorized an invasion of Quebec . Quebec , with a largely Francophone population , had only been under British rule for twelve years , and the Americans expected that liberating them from the British would be welcomed . After an arduous march , the Americans attacked Quebec City on December 31 , which was decisively defeated . After a loose siege , the Americans withdrew on May 6 . 1776 . A failed counter-attack on June 8 ended American operations in Quebec . However , the British could not conduct an aggressive pursuit , due to the presence of American ships on Lake Champlain . On October 11 , the British defeated the American squadron , forcing the Americans to withdraw to Ticonderoga , ending the campaign . The invasion cost the Patriots their support in British public opinion , while aggressive anti-Loyalist policies diluted Canadien support . The Patriots continued to view Quebec as a strategic aim , though no further attempts to invade were ever realized . British soldiers and Provincial militiamen repulse the American assault at Sault - au - Matelot , Canada , December 1775 In Virginia , the Royal governor , Lord Dunmore , had attempted to disarm the militia as tensions increased , although no fighting broke out . After war broke out , Dunmore issued a proclamation on November 7 , 1775 , promising freedom for slaves who fled their Patriot masters to fight for the Crown . After Dunmore 's troops were overwhelmed by Patriots at Great Bridge , Dunmore fled to naval ships anchored off Norfolk . After negotiations broke down , Dunmore ordered the ships to destroy the town . In South Carolina , fighting broke out on November 19 between Loyalist and Patriot militias , and the Loyalists were subsequently driven out of the colony . Loyalists recruited in North Carolina to reassert colonial rule in the South were decisively defeated , subduing Loyalist sentiment . An expedition of British regulars to reconquer South Carolina launched a failed attack on Charleston on June 28 , 1776 , effectively leaving the South in Patriot control until 1780 . The shortage of gunpowder had led Congress to authorize an expedition against the Bahamas Colony in the West Indies , in order to secure ordnance there . On March 3 , 1776 , the Americans landed after a bloodless exchange of fire , and the local militia offered no resistance . For two weeks , the Americans confiscated all the supplies they could load , and sailed away on March 17 . After a brief skirmish with the Royal Navy frigate HMS Glasgow on April 6 , the squadron reached New London on April 8 . Political reactions Main articles : Olive Branch Petition and United States Declaration of Independence After fighting began , Congress launched a final attempt to avert war , which Parliament rejected as insincere . King George III then issued a Proclamation of Rebellion on August 23 , 1775 , leading to an emboldening of hitherto weak support for independence in the colonies . After a speech by the King , Parliament rejected to oppose coercive measures on the colonies by 170 votes . British Tories refused to compromise , while Whigs argued current policy would drive the colonists towards secession . Despite opposition , the King himself began micromanaging the war effort . The Irish Parliament pledged to send troops to America , and Irish Catholics were allowed to enlist in the army for the first time . Irish Protestants favored the Americans , while Catholics favored the King . Militarily , the initial hostilities was a sobering lesson for the British , causing them to rethink their views on colonial military capability . The weak British response gave the Patriots the advantage ; the British lost control over every colony . The army had been kept deliberately small since 1688 to prevent abuses of power by the King . Parliament secured treaties with small German states for additional troops , and , after a year , were able to send an army of 32,000 men to America , the largest it had ever sent outside Europe at the time . In the colonies , the success of Thomas Paine 's pamphlet Common Sense had boosted public support for independence . On July 2 , Congress voted in favor of independence with twelve affirmatives and one abstention , issuing its declaration on July 4 . Washington read the declaration to his men and the citizens of New York on July 9 , invigorating the crowd to tear down a lead statue of the King , melting it to make bullets . British Tories criticized the signatories for not extending the same standards of equality to slaves . Patriots followed independence with the Test Laws , requiring residents to swear allegiance to the state in which they lived , intending to root out neutrals or opponents to independence . Failure to do so meant possible imprisonment , exile , and , in some cases , death . American Tories were barred from public office , forbidden from practising medicine and law , forced to pay increased taxes , barred from executing wills or becoming guardians to orphans . Congress enabled states to confiscate Loyalist property to fund the war , and offered them a choice between swearing loyalty to the republic , or either face exile , or forfeit the right to protection . Quakers , who remained neutral , had their property confiscated . States later prevented Loyalists from collecting any debts they were owed . British counter-offensive ( 1776 -- 1777 ) Main article : New York and New Jersey campaign American soldiers in combat at the Battle of Long Island , 1776 After regrouping at Halifax , William Howe determined to take the fight to the Americans . Howe set sail in June 1776 , and began landing troops on Staten Island on July 2 . Due to poor intelligence , Washington split his army to positions across the city . An informal attempt to negotiate peace was rejected by the Americans . On August 27 , Howe defeated Washington and forced him back to Brooklyn Heights . Had Howe chose to land on Manhattan , Washington could have been encircled and his army destroyed . Howe restrained his subordinates from pursuit , opting to besiege Washington instead . Washington managed to withdraw to Manhattan without any losses in men or ordnance . Following the withdrawal , a second attempt to negotiate peace failed , as the British delegates did not possess authorization to grant independence . Howe then seized control of New York on September 15 , and unsuccessfully engaged the Americans the following day . Howe attempted encirclement of Washington again , but the Americans successfully withdrew . On October 28 , the British fought an indecisive action against Washington , in which Howe declined to attack Washington 's army , instead concentrating his efforts upon a hill that was of no strategic value . British warships forcing passage of the Hudson River . Washington 's retreat left the remnants of his forces isolated , and , on November 16 , the British captured an American army , taking 3,000 prisoners , amounting to the worst American defeat to date . Washington fell back four days later . Henry Clinton then captured Newport , an operation which he opposed , feeling the 6,000 troops assigned to him could have been better employed in the pursuit of Washington . The American prisoners were then sent to the infamous `` prison ships '' , in which more American soldiers and sailors died of disease and neglect than died in every battle of the war combined . Charles Cornwallis pursued Washington , but Howe ordered him to halt , and Washington escaped unmolested . The outlook of the American cause was bleak ; the army had dwindled to fewer than 5,000 men , and would be reduced further when the enlistments expired at the end of the year . Popular support wavered , morale ebbed away , and Congress abandoned Philadelphia . Loyalist activity surged in the wake of the American defeat , especially in New York . Emanuel Leutze 's famous 1851 depiction of Washington Crossing the Delaware News of the campaign was well received in Britain ; festivities took place in London , and public support reached a peak . William Howe was awarded the Order of the Bath by the King . The successes led to predictions that the British could win within a year . The American defeat revealed Washington 's strategic deficiencies , such as dividing a numerically weaker army in the face of a stronger one , his inexperienced staff misreading the situation , and his poorly - trained troops , who fled in disorder when fighting began . In the meantime , the British entered winter quarters , and were in a good place to resume campaigning . On December 25 , 1776 , Washington stealthily crossed the Delaware , and overwhelmed the Hessian garrison at Trenton the following morning , taking 900 prisoners . The decisive victory rescued the army 's flagging morale , and gave a new hope to the cause for independence . Cornwallis marched to re-take Trenton , though his efforts to this end were repulsed on January 2 . Washington outmanoeuvred Cornwallis that night , and defeated his rearguard the following day . The victories proved instrumental in convincing the French and Spanish that the Americans were worthwhile allies , as well as recovering morale in the army . Washington entered winter quarters at Morristown on January 6 , though a protracted guerrilla conflict continued . While encamped , Howe made no attempt to attack , much to Washington 's amazement . British northern strategy fails ( 1777 -- 1778 ) Main articles : Saratoga campaign and Philadelphia campaign `` The Surrender at Saratoga '' shows General Daniel Morgan in front of a French de Vallière 4 - pounder . In December 1776 , John Burgoyne returned to London to set strategy with Lord George Germain . Burgoyne 's plan was to establish control of the Champlain - George - Hudson route from New York to Quebec , isolating New England . Efforts could then be concentrated on the southern colonies , where it was believed Loyalist support was in abundance . Howe instead argued capturing Philadelphia and defeating Washington was a priority . Germain approved this plan , leaving Howe unable to assist Burgoyne . Washington himself was baffled by Howe 's choices . Alden argues Howe was influenced by the idea that , upon success , he would not receive credit , but Burgoyne . Controversy persists over whether Germain approved Burgoyne 's plan after reading Howe 's , and whether he shared this information with his subordinates . Howe was not given any explicit orders to assist Burgoyne , however , a copy Germain sent to Quebec explicitly stated Howe was to assist Burgoyne 's efforts . Another letter stated Howe should launch his campaign against Philadelphia as intended , while allowing enough time to assist Burgoyne . Black argues Germain either left his generals too much latitude , or without a clear direction . Burgoyne 's plan was to lead an army along Lake Champlain , while a strategic diversion advanced along the Mohawk River , and both would rendezvous at Albany . Burgoyne set out on June 14 , 1777 , quickly capturing Ticonderoga on July 5 . The hasty withdrawal of the Continental Army after little resistance outraged the American public . Burgoyne 's pursuit ran into stiff resistance at Hubbardton and Fort Anne . Leaving 1,300 men behind as a garrison , Burgoyne continued the advance . Progress was slow ; the Americans blocked roads , destroyed bridges , dammed streams and denuded the area of food . Meanwhile , Barry St. Ledger 's diversionary column laid siege to Fort Stanwix . St. Ledger withdrew to Quebec on August 22 after his Indian support abandoned him . On August 16 , a British foraging expedition was soundly defeated at Bennington , and more than 700 troops were captured . As a result of the defeat , the vast majority of Burgoyne 's Indian support abandoned him . Meanwhile , Howe informed Burgoyne he would launch his campaign on Philadelphia as planned , and would be unable to render aid . Having considered his options , Burgoyne decided to continue the advance . On September 19 , he attempted to flank the American position , and clashed at Freeman 's Farm . The British won , but at the cost of 600 casualties . Burgoyne then dug in , but suffered a constant haemorrhage of deserters , and critical supplies were running low . Henry Clinton did capture two key forts on October 6 to divert American resources , though he turned back ten days later . Meanwhile , the American army was growing in size daily , swelling to some 15,000 men . On October 7 , a British reconnaissance in force against the American lines was repulsed with heavy losses . Burgoyne then withdrew with the Americans in pursuit , and by October 13 , he was surrounded . With no hope of relief and supplies exhausted , Burgoyne surrendered on October 17 . 6,222 soldiers became prisoners of the Americans . The decisive success spurred France to enter the war as an ally of the United States , securing the final elements needed for victory over Britain , that of foreign assistance . Washington and Lafayette inspect the troops at Valley Forge . Meanwhile , Howe launched his campaign against Washington , though his initial efforts to bring him to battle in June 1777 failed . Howe declined to attack Philadelphia overland via New Jersey , or by sea via the Delaware Bay , even though both options would have enabled him to assist Burgoyne if necessary . Instead , he took his army on a time - consuming route through the Chesapeake Bay , leaving him completely unable to assist Burgoyne . This decision was so difficult to understand , Howe 's critics accused him of treason . Howe outflanked and defeated Washington on September 11 , though he failed to follow - up on the victory and destroy his army . A British victory at Willistown left Philadelphia defenceless , and Howe captured the city unopposed on September 26 . Howe then moved 9,000 men to Germantown , north of Philadelphia . Washington launched a surprise attack on Howe 's garrison on October 4 , which was eventually repulsed . Again , Howe did not follow - up on his victory , leaving the American army intact and able to fight . Later , after several days of probing American defences at White Marsh , Howe inexplicably ordered a retreat to Philadelphia , astonishing both sides . Howe ignored the vulnerable American rear , where an attack could have deprived Washington of his baggage and supplies . On December 19 , Washington 's army entered winter quarters at Valley Forge . Poor conditions and supply problems resulted in the deaths of some 2,500 troops . Howe , only 20 miles ( 32 km ) away , made no effort to attack , which critics observed could have ended the war . The Continental Army was put through a new training program , supervised by Baron von Steuben , introducing the most modern Prussian methods of drilling . Meanwhile , Howe resigned , and was replaced by Henry Clinton on May 24 , 1778 . Clinton received orders to abandon Philadelphia and fortify New York following France 's entry into the war . On June 18 , the British departed Philadelphia , with the reinvigorated Americans in pursuit . The two armies fought at Monmouth Court House on June 28 , with the Americans holding the field , greatly boosting morale and confidence . By July , both armies were back in the same positions they had been two years prior . Foreign intervention Main articles : France in the American Revolutionary War , Spain in the American Revolutionary War , and Carlisle Peace Commission French troops storming Redoubt 9 during the Siege of Yorktown The defeat at Saratoga caused considerable anxiety in Britain over foreign intervention . The North ministry sought reconciliation with the colonies by consenting to their original demands , although Lord North refused to grant independence . No positive reply was received from the Americans . French foreign minister the Comte de Vergennes was strongly anti-British , and he sought a casus belli to go to war with and weaken their perennial foe following the conquest of Canada in 1763 . The French had covertly supplied the Americans through neutral Dutch ports since the onset of the war , proving invaluable throughout the Saratoga campaign . The French public favored war , though Vergennes and King Louis XVI were hesitant , owing to the military and financial risk . The American victory at Saratoga convinced the French that supporting the Patriots was worthwhile , but doing so also brought major concerns . The King was concerned that Britain 's concessions would be accepted , and that she would then reconcile with the Colonies to strike at French and Spanish possessions in the Caribbean . To prevent this , France formally recognized the United States on February 6 , 1778 and followed with a military alliance . France aimed to expel Britain from the Newfoundland fishery , end restrictions on Dunkirk sovereignty , regain free trade in India , recover Senegal and Dominica , and restore the Treaty of Utrecht provisions pertaining to Anglo - French trade . Spain was wary of provoking war with Britain before she was ready , so she covertly supplied the Patriots via her colonies in New Spain . Congress hoped to persuade Spain into an open alliance , so the first American Commission met with the Count of Aranda in 1776 . Spain was still reluctant to make an early commitment , owing to a lack of direct French involvement , the threat against their treasure fleets , and the possibility of war with Portugal , Spain 's neighbor and a close ally of Britain . However , Spain affirmed its desire to support the Americans the following year , hoping to weaken Britain 's empire . In the Spanish - Portuguese War ( 1776 - 77 ) , the Portuguese threat was neutralized . On 12 April 1779 , Spain signed the Treaty of Aranjuez with France and went to war against Britain . Spain sought to recover Gibraltar and Menorca in Europe , as well as Mobile and Pensacola in Florida , and also to expel the British from Central America . Meanwhile , George III had given up on subduing America while Britain had a European war to fight . He did not welcome war with France , but he believed that Britain had made all necessary steps to avoid it and cited the British victories over France in the Seven Years ' War as a reason to remain optimistic . Britain tried in vain to find a powerful ally to engage France , leaving it isolated , preventing Britain from focusing the majority of her efforts in one theater , and forcing a major diversion of military resources from America . Despite this , the King determined never to recognize American independence and to ravage the colonies indefinitely , or until they pleaded to return to the yoke of the Crown . Mahan argues that Britain 's attempt to fight in multiple theaters simultaneously without major allies was fundamentally flawed , citing impossible mutual support , exposing the forces to defeat in detail . Since the outbreak of the conflict , Britain had appealed to her ally , the neutral Dutch Republic , to loan her the use of the Scots Brigade for service in America , but pro-American sentiment among the Dutch public forced them to deny the request . Consequently , the British attempted to invoke several treaties for outright Dutch military support , but the Republic still refused . Moreover , American troops were being supplied with ordnance by Dutch merchants via their West Indies colonies . French supplies bound for America had also passed through Dutch ports . The Republic maintained free trade with France following France 's declaration of war on Britain , citing a prior concession by Britain on this issue . Britain responded by confiscating Dutch shipping , and even firing upon it . Consequently , the Republic joined the First League of Armed Neutrality to enforce their neutral status . The Republic had also given sanctuary to American privateers and had drafted a treaty of commerce with the Americans . Britain argued that these actions contravened the Republic 's neutral stance and declared war in December 1780 . International war breaks out ( 1778 -- 1780 ) Main articles : France in the American Revolutionary War , Anglo - French War ( 1778 - 1783 ) , Spain in the American Revolutionary War , Second Anglo - Mysore War , and Fourth Anglo - Dutch War Europe Soon after France declared war , French and British fleets fought an indecisive action off Ushant on 27 July 1778 . On 12 April 1779 , Spain entered the war , with a primary goal of capturing Gibraltar . On June 24 , Spanish troops under the Duc de Crillon laid siege to the Rock . The naval blockade , however , was relatively weak , and the British were able to resupply the garrison . Meanwhile , a plan was formulated for a combined Franco - Spanish invasion of the British mainland . A combination of poor planning , disease , logistical issues and high financial expenditures resulted in the expedition 's failure . However , a diversionary Franco - American squadron under John Paul Jones did meet with some success on 23 September . On 16 January 1780 , the Royal Navy under George Rodney scored a major victory over the Spanish , weakening the naval blockade of Gibraltar . On 9 August , a Franco - Spanish fleet commanded by Luis de Córdova intercepted and decisively defeated a large British convoy off The Azores , led by John Moutray , bound for the West Indies . The defeat was catastrophic for Britain ; losing 52 merchant ships , 5 East Indiamen , 80,000 muskets , equipment for 40,000 troops , 294 guns and 3,144 men , making it one of the most complete naval captures ever made . The loss was valued at some £ 1.5 million , or £ 180 million in today 's money , dealing a severe blow to British commerce . The Moonlight Battle of Cape St. Vincent , 16 January 1780 by Francis Holman , painted 1780 Americas In the Caribbean , intending to damage British trade , the French blockaded the lucrative sugar islands of Barbados and Jamaica . In order to improve communication among French Caribbean islands , and to strike a blow to privateering , French troops led by the Marquis de Bouillé captured Dominica on 7 September 1778 . To monitor the French naval base on Martinique , the British defeated a French naval force on 15 December , and captured St. Lucia on 28 December . Though both fleets received reinforcements through the first half of 1779 , the French under the Comte d'Estaing soon enjoyed superiority in the Caribbean , and began capturing British territories ; seizing St. Vincent on 18 June , and Grenada on 4 July . On July 6 , having pursued d'Estaing from Grenada , the British fleet under John Byron was tactically defeated , the worst loss the Royal Navy had suffered since 1690 . Naval skirmishes continued until 17 April 1780 , when British and French fleets clashed indecisively off Martinique . On the mainland , Bernardo de Gálvez , governor of Louisiana , had intercepted intelligence the British were planning to invade New Orleans , and decided to strike first . Gálvez intended to conquer West Florida , and set out with 670 men on August 27 , 1779 , though his force was soon swollen to 1,400 by local Native Americans . On 7 September , Fort Bute fell to the Spanish , who then marched on to Baton Rouge , arriving on September 12 . After a nine - day siege , the town fell . Leaving a garrison behind , Gálvez returned to New Orleans to recruit additional troops . In early 1780 , Gálvez mounted an expedition to take Mobile , setting off with 750 troops on 11 January . Joined by reinforcements from Havana , siege operations commenced on March 1 , and the town fell after a 14 - day siege . Gálvez had hoped to push on to Pensacola , the British capital of West Florida , however , a hurricane devastated his expedition , stalling it till 1781 . In Central America , the defence of Guatemala was a priority for Spain . The British intended to capture the key fortress of San Fernando de Omoa and drive the Spanish from the region . After inadequate first attempts , 1,200 British troops led by William Dalrymple arrived on 16 October , and captured the fort on 20 October . However , the British suffered terribly due to disease , and were forced to abandon the fort on 29 November , and Spanish troops subsequently reoccupied the fort . In 1780 , John Dalling , governor of Jamaica , planned an expedition to cut New Spain in two , by capturing Granada , which would subsequently allow them full control of the San Juan River . The British expedition , led by John Polson and Horatio Nelson , set out on 3 February 1780 . On 17 March , the expedition reached Fort San Juan and laid siege , capturing it on 29 April . The British were ravaged by disease , and were running low on food due to poor logistics . The British withdrew on 8 November , the expedition having suffered a decisive defeat ; some 2,500 troops had perished , making it the costliest British disaster of the war . Mysorean troops defeat the British at Pollilur , using rockets against closely massed British infantry India After word of hostilities with France reached India , the British East India Company moved quickly to capture French possessions , and took Pondicherry after a two - week siege on 19 October 1778 . The Company resolved to drive the French out of India entirely , capturing the Malabar port of Mahé in 1779 . Mahé had been under the protection of Mysore , as French ordnance passed through the port to the Mysorean ruler , Hyder Ali . Tensions were already inflamed due to British support for Malabar rebels against Ali , and the fall of Mahé precipitated war . In July 1780 , Ali invaded the Carnatic , and laid siege to Tellicherry and Arcot . A 7,000 - strong Company relief force under William Baille was intercepted and destroyed by the Tipu Sultan on 10 September ; thus far the worst defeat suffered by a European army in India . Instead of pressing on for a decisive victory against a second Company army at Madras , Ali renewed the siege at Arcot , capturing it on 3 November . The delay allowed British forces to regroup for campaigning the following year . Stalemate in the North ( 1778 -- 1780 ) Main articles : Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga and Western theater of the American Revolutionary War `` Give ' em Watts , boys ! '' -- American troops repulse Wilhelm von Knyphausen 's attack at Springfield Following the British defeat at Saratoga , and the entry of France into the war , Henry Clinton withdrew from Philadelphia , consolidating in New York . French admiral the Comte d'Estaing had been dispatched to North America in April 1778 to assist Washington , arriving shortly after Clinton withdrew into New York . Concluding New York 's defences were too formidable for the French fleet , the Franco - American forces opted to attack Newport . This effort , launched on August 29 , failed after the French opted to withdraw , greatly angering the Americans . The war then ground down to a stalemate , with the majority of actions fought as large skirmishes , such as those at Chestnut Neck and Little Egg Harbor . In the summer of 1779 , the Americans captured British posts at Stony Point and Paulus Hook . In July , Clinton 's attempts to coax Washington into a decisive engagement with a major raid into Connecticut failed . That month , a large American naval operation to retake Maine resulted in the worst American naval defeat until Pearl Harbor in 1941 . The high frequency of Iroquois raids on the locals compelled Washington to mount a punitive expedition , destroying a large number of Iroquois settlements , but the effort ultimately failed to stop the raids . During the winter of 1779 -- 80 , the Continental Army suffered greater hardships than at Valley Forge . Morale was poor ; public support was being eroded by the long war , the national currency was virtually worthless , the army was plagued with supply problems , desertion was common , and , in early 1780 , whole regiments mutinied over the conditions . Hamilton surrenders at Vincennes , February 29 , 1779 In 1780 , Clinton launched an attempt to re-take New Jersey . On June 7 , an invasion of 6,000 men under Hessian general Wilhelm von Knyphausen met stiff resistance from the local militia . Though the British held the field , Knyphausen feared a general engagement with Washington 's main army , and withdrew . A fortnight later , Knyphausen and Clinton decided upon a second attempt , which was soundly defeated at Springfield , effectively ending British ambitions in New Jersey . Meanwhile , American general Benedict Arnold had grown disenfranchised with the war , and conspired with the British to surrender the key American fortress of West Point . Arnold 's plot was foiled upon the capture of his contact , John André , and he escaped to British lines in New York . Though Arnold 's reasoning reflected Loyalist opinion , Patriots strongly condemned him . West of the Appalachians , the war was largely confined to skirmishing and raids . In February 1778 , an expedition of militia to destroy British military supplies in settlements along the Cuyahoga River was halted due to adverse weather . Later in the year , a second campaign was undertaken to seize the Illinois Country from the British . The Americans captured Kaskaskia on July 4 , and then secured Vincennes , although the latter was quickly recaptured by Henry Hamilton , the British commander at Detroit . In early 1779 , the Americans counter-attacked by undertaking a risky winter march , and secured the surrender of the British at Vincennes , taking Hamilton prisoner . On May 25 , 1780 , the British launched an expedition into Kentucky , as part of a wider operation to clear resistance from Quebec to the Gulf coast . The expedition met with only limited success , though hundreds of settlers were killed or captured . The Americans responded with a major offensive along the Mad River in August , which met with some success , but did little to abate the Native American raids on the frontier . An attempt by French militia to capture Detroit ended in disaster when Miami Indians ambushed and defeated the gathered troops on November 5 . The war in the west had become a stalemate ; the Americans did not have the manpower to simultaneously defeat the Indian tribes and occupy their land . War in the South ( 1778 -- 1781 ) Main article : Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War British troops besiege Charleston in 1780 , by Alonzo Chappel In 1778 , despite the defeat at Saratoga , the British turned their attention to reconquering the South . Prominent Loyalists with great influence in London had convinced the British that Loyalist support was high in the South , and that a campaign there would inspire a popular Loyalist uprising . The British centred their strategy upon this thinking . A southern campaign also had the advantage of keeping the Royal Navy closer to the Caribbean , where it would be needed to defend lucrative colonies against the Franco - Spanish fleets . On December 29 , 1778 , an expeditionary corps from New York captured Savannah . British troops then moved inland to recruit Loyalist support . Despite a promising initial turnout in early 1779 , a large Loyalist militia was defeated at Kettle Creek on February 14 , demonstrating their vulnerability when operating away from British regulars . The British recovered their loss , defeating Patriot militia at Brier Creek on March 3 . The British then launched an abortive assault on Charleston , South Carolina . The operation was noted for a high degree of looting by British troops , enraging both Loyalists and Patriot colonists . In October , a combined Franco - American effort to capture Savannah failed . In 1780 , Henry Clinton moved against Charleston , capturing it on May 12 . With few losses of their own , the British took 5,266 prisoners , effectively destroying the Continental Army in the south . Organized American resistance in the region collapsed when Banastre Tarleton defeated the withdrawing Americans at Waxhaws on May 29 . American and British cavalry clash at the Battle of Cowpens , from an 1845 painting by William Ranney Clinton returned to New York , leaving Charles Cornwallis in command in Charleston to oversee the southern war effort . In the interim , the war was carried on by Patriot militias , whom effectively suppressed Loyalists by winning victories in Fairfield County , Lincolnton , York County , Stanly County , and Lancaster County . Congress appointed Horatio Gates , victor at Saratoga , to lead the American effort in the south . Soon after arriving , on August 16 , Gates suffered a major defeat at Camden , setting the stage for Cornwallis to invade North Carolina . While Patriot militia continued to interfere in attempts to pacify the countryside , Cornwallis dispatched troops to raise Loyalist forces to cover his left flank as he moved north . This wing of Cornwallis ' army was virtually destroyed on October 7 , irreversibly breaking Loyalist support in the Carolinas . Cornwallis subsequently aborted his advance and retreated back into South Carolina . In the interim , Washington replaced Gates with his trusted subordinate , Nathanael Greene . Unable to confront the British directly , Greene dispatched a force under Daniel Morgan to recruit additional troops . Morgan then defeated the cream of the British army under Tarleton on January 17 , 1781 , at Cowpens . As after the defeat of the Loyalists at King 's Mountain , Cornwallis was criticized for his decision to detach a substantial part of his army without adequate support . Despite the setbacks , Cornwallis proceeded to advance into North Carolina , gambling that he would receive substantial Loyalist support . Greene evaded combat with Cornwallis , instead wearing his army down through a protracted war of attrition . By March , Greene 's army had grown enough where he felt confident in facing Cornwallis . The two armies engaged at Guilford Courthouse on March 15 , and , though Greene was beaten , Cornwallis ' army had suffered irreplaceable casualties . Compounding this , far fewer Loyalists were joining as expected due to effective Patriot suppression . Cornwallis ' casualties were such that he was compelled to retreat to Wilmington for reinforcement , leaving the interior of the Carolinas , and Georgia , wide open to Greene . In Cornwallis ' absence , Greene proceeded to reconquer the South . Despite suffering a reversal at Hobkirk 's Hill on April 25 , American troops continued to dislodge strategic British posts in the area , capturing Fort Watson , and Fort Motte . Augusta , the last major British outpost in the South outside of Charleston and Savannah , fell on June 6 . In an effort to stop Greene , a British force clashed with American troops at Eutaw Springs on September 8 . Despite inflicting a tactical defeat on Greene 's army , the casualties suffered by the British were such that they withdrew to Charleston . While minor skirmishes in the Carolinas continued till the end of the war , British troops were effectively confined to Charleston and Savannah for the remainder of the conflict . British defeat in America ( 1781 ) Main article : Yorktown campaign The French ( left ) and British ( right ) lines exchange fire at the Battle of the Chesapeake Cornwallis had discovered that the majority of the American 's supplies in the Carolinas were passing through Virginia , and had written to both Lord Germain and Clinton detailing his intentions to invade . Cornwallis believed a successful campaign there would cut supplies to Greene 's army and precipitate a collapse of American resistance in the South . Clinton strongly opposed the plan , instead favoring conducting a campaign further north in the Chesapeake region . Lord Germain wrote to Cornwallis approving his plan , neglecting to include Clinton in the decision - making entirely , despite him being Cornwallis ' superior officer . Cornwallis then decided to move into Virginia without informing Clinton . Clinton , however , had failed to construct a coherent strategy for British operations in 1781 , owing to his difficult relationship with his naval counterpart , Marriot Arbuthnot . Following the calamitous operations at Newport and Savannah , French planners realized closer cooperation with the Americans was required to achieve success . The French fleet , led by the Comte de Grasse , had received discretionary orders from Paris to assist joint efforts in the north if naval support was needed . Washington and his French counterpart , the Comte de Rochambeau , discussed their options . Washington pushed for an attack on New York , while Rochambeau preferred a strike in Virginia , where the British were less well - established and thus , easier to defeat . Franco - American movements around New York caused Clinton a great deal of anxiety , fearing an attack on the city . His instructions to Cornwallis during this time were vague , rarely forming explicit orders . However , Clinton did instruct Cornwallis to establish a fortified naval base , and transfer troops to the north to defend New York . Cornwallis dug in at Yorktown , and awaited the Royal Navy . Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown by John Trumbull , 1797 Washington still favored an assault on New York , but was essentially overruled when the French opted to send their fleet to their preferred target of Yorktown . In August , the combined Franco - American army moved south to cooperate with de Grasse to defeat Cornwallis . Lacking sufficient naval resources to effectively counter the French , the British dispatched an inadequate fleet under Thomas Graves to assist Cornwallis and assume naval dominance . On September 5 , the French fleet decisively defeated Graves , giving the French control of the seas around Yorktown , cutting Cornwallis off from reinforcements and relief . Despite the continued urging of his subordinates , Cornwallis made no attempt to break out and engage the Franco - American army before it had established siege works , instead expecting reinforcements would arrive from New York . On September 28 , the Franco - American army laid siege to Yorktown . Believing relief from Clinton was imminent , Cornwallis prematurely abandoned all of his outer defences , which were then occupied by the Franco - American troops , serving to hasten his subsequent defeat . A British attempt to break out of the siege across the river at Gloucester Point failed when a storm hit . Under increasing bombardment and with dwindling supplies , Cornwallis and his subordinates agreed their situation was untenable , and negotiated a surrender on October 17 . Some 7,685 soldiers became prisoners of the Franco - American army . The same day as the surrender , 6,000 troops under Clinton had departed New York , sailing to relieve Yorktown . North ministry collapses The Gordon Riots , by John Seymour Lucas Following British successes at Newport and Charleston , the North government had gained support in Parliament . However , the government 's decision to allow Irish Catholics to enlist in the army was deeply unpopular , triggering a massive protest in London in 1780 , culminating in widespread rioting . The riots were the most destructive in London 's history , damaging the prestige of the government . On 25 November 1781 , the situation worsened when news of the surrender at Yorktown arrived in London . Prime Minister Lord North is said to have repeatedly exclaimed ; `` Oh , God ! It 's all over ! '' King George III received the news with dignity , though later became depressed and considered abdication . The Whig opposition gained traction in Parliament , though a motion proposed on December 12 to end the war was defeated by only one vote . Lord Germain , who had overseen strategic matters in the war effort , was dismissed from office in early 1782 . Soon after , a no confidence motion in the Prime Minister was passed , forcing the resignation of North and leading to the collapse of his ministry . The Rockingham Whigs came to power soon after and began opening negotiations for peace . Prime Minister the Marquess of Rockingham died in office on 1 July 1782 , and was succeeded by the Earl of Shelburne , forcing the resignations of prominent Whigs Edmund Burke and Charles James Fox , with whom Shelburne had an icy relationship . Shelburne was initially hesitant to granting full American independence , instead preferring the colonies accept Dominion status , though such intentions were never realized . Despite the defeats in America , the British still had 30,000 troops garrisoned there , occupying New York , Charleston and Savannah . Henry Clinton was recalled to London after the defeat at Yorktown , and departed America in March 1782 . He was replaced by Guy Carleton , who was under orders to suspend offensive operations in America . Final years of the war ( 1781 -- 1783 ) Main articles : Anglo - French War ( 1778 - 1783 ) , Spain in the American Revolutionary War , Second Anglo - Mysore War , and Fourth Anglo - Dutch War Europe After hostilities with the Dutch began in late 1780 , Britain had moved quickly , enforcing a blockade across the North Sea . Within weeks , the British had captured 200 Dutch merchantmen , and 300 more were holed up in foreign ports , though political turmoil within the Republic and peace negotiations by both sides helped keep conflict to a minimum . The majority of the Dutch public favored a military alliance with France against Britain , however , the Dutch Stadtholder impeded these efforts , hoping to secure an early peace . To restore diminishing trade a Dutch squadron under Johan Zoutman escorted a fleet of some 70 merchantmen from the Texel . Zoutman 's ships were intercepted by Sir Hyde Parker , who engaged Zoutman at Dogger Bank on 5 August 1781 . Though the contest was tactically inconclusive , the Dutch fleet did not leave harbor again during the war , and their merchant fleet remained crippled . The Defeat of the Floating Batteries at Gibraltar , September 13 , 1782 , by John Singleton Copley On 6 January 1781 , a French attempt to capture Jersey to neutralize British privateering failed . Frustrated in their attempts to capture Gibraltar , a Franco - Spanish force of 14,000 men under the Duc de Mahon met with more success in August ; invading Minorca on 19 August . After a long siege of St. Philip 's , the British garrison under James Murray surrendered on 5 February 1782 , securing a primary war goal for the Spanish . At Gibraltar , a major Franco - Spanish assault on 13 September 1782 was repulsed with heavy casualties . On 20 October 1782 , following a successful resupply of Gibraltar , British ships under Richard Howe successfully refused battle to the Franco - Spanish fleet under Luis de Córdova , denying Córdova dominance at sea . On 7 February 1783 , after 1,322 days of siege , the Franco - Spanish army withdrew , decisively defeated . Americas Spanish troops led by Bernardo de Gálvez in combat at Pensacola . Oil on canvas , Augusto Ferrer - Dalmau , 2015 . In the West Indies , on 29 -- 30 April 1781 , a Royal Navy squadron under Samuel Hood was narrowly defeated by the French , led by the Comte de Grasse . de Grasse continued seizing British territories ; Tobago fell on 2 June , Demerara and Essequibo on 22 January 1782 , St. Kitts and Nevis on 12 February , despite a British naval victory on 25 January , and Montserrat on 22 February . In 1782 , the primary strategic goal of the French and Spanish was the capture of Jamaica , whose sugar exports were more valuable to the British than the Thirteen Colonies combined . On 7 April 1782 , de Grasse departed Martinique to rendezvous with Franco - Spanish troops at Saint Domingue , and invade Jamaica from the north . The British under Hood and George Rodney pursued and decisively defeated the French off Dominica between 9 -- 12 April . The Franco - Spanish plan to conquer Jamaica was in ruins , and the balance of naval power in the Caribbean shifted to the Royal Navy . After the fall of Mobile to Spanish troops under Bernardo de Gálvez , an attempt to capture Pensacola was thwarted due to a hurricane . Emboldened by the disaster , John Campbell , British commander at Pensacola , decided to recapture Mobile . Campbell 's expeditionary force of around 700 men was defeated on 7 January 1781 . After re-grouping at Havana , Gálvez set out for Pensacola on 13 February . Arriving on 9 March , siege operations did not begin until 24 March , owing to difficulties in bringing the ships into the bay . After a 45 - day siege , Gálvez decisively defeated the garrison , securing the conquest of West Florida . In May , Spanish troops captured the Bahamas , although the British bloodlessly recaptured the islands the following year on 18 April . In Guatemala , Matías de Gálvez led Spanish troops in an effort to dislocate British settlements along the Gulf of Honduras . Gálvez captured Roatán on 16 March 1782 , and then quickly took Black River . Following the decisive naval victory at the Saintes , Archibald Campbell , the Royal governor of Jamaica , authorized Edward Despard to re-take Black River , which he did on 22 August . However , with peace talks opening , and Franco - Spanish resources committed to the siege of Gibraltar , no further offensive operations took place . Few operations were conducted against the Dutch , although several Dutch colonies were captured by the British in 1781 . Sint Eustatius , a key supply port for the Patriots , was sacked by British forces under George Rodney on 3 February 1782 , plundering the island 's wealth . India Following Dutch entry into the conflict , East India Company troops under Hector Munro captured the Dutch port of Negapatam after a three - week siege on 11 October 1781 . Soon after , British Admiral Edward Hughes captured Trincomalee after a brief engagement on 11 January 1782 . The British ( right ) and the French ( left ) , with Admiral Suffren 's flagship Cléopâtre on the far left , exchange fire at Cuddalore , by Auguste Jugelet , 1836 . In March 1781 , French Admiral Bailli de Suffren was dispatched to India to assist colonial efforts . Suffren arrived off the Indian coast in February 1782 , where he clashed with a British fleet under Hughes , winning a narrow tactical victory . After landing troops at Porto Novo to assist Mysore , Suffren 's fleet clashed with Hughes again Providien on 12 April . There was no clear victor , though Hughes ' fleet came off worse , and he withdrew to the British - held port of Trincomalee . Hyder Ali wished for the French to capture Negapatam to establish naval dominance over the British , and this task fell to Suffren . Suffren 's fleet clashed with Hughes again off Negapatam on 6 July . Suffren withdrew to Cuddalore , strategically defeated , and the British remained in control of Negapatam . Intending to find a more suitable port than Cuddalore , Suffren captured Trincomalee on 1 September , and successfully engaged Hughes two days later . Meanwhile , Ali 's troops loosely blockaded Vellore as the East India Company regrouped . Company troops under Sir Eyre Coote led a counter-offensive , defeating Ali at Porto Novo on 1 July 1781 , Pollilur on 27 August , and Sholinghur on 27 September , expelling the Mysorean troops from the Carnatic . On 18 February 1782 , Tipu Sultan defeated John Braithwaite near Tanjore , taking his entire 1,800 - strong force prisoner . The war had , by this point , reached an uneasy stalemate . On 7 December 1782 , Hyder Ali died , and the rule of Mysore passed to his son , Tipu Sultan . Sultan advanced along the west coast , laying siege to Mangalore on 20 May 1783 . Meanwhile , on the east coast , an army under James Stuart besieged the French - held port of Cuddalore on 9 June 1783 . On 20 June , key British naval support for the siege was neutralized when Suffren defeated Hughes ' fleet off Cuddalore , and though narrow , the victory gave Suffren the opportunity to displace British holdings in India . On 25 June , the Franco - Mysorean defenders made repeated sorties against British lines , though all assaults failed . On 30 June , news arrived of a preliminary peace between the belligerent powers , and the siege was effectively over when the French abandoned the siege . Mangalore remained under siege , and capitulated to Sultan on 30 January 1784 . Little fighting took place thereafter , and Mysore and Britain made peace on 11 March . Peace of Paris Main articles : Peace of Paris ( 1783 ) and Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) Benjamin West 's famous painting of the American delegations at the Treaty of Paris . The British delegation refused to pose , and the painting was never completed . Following the surrender at Yorktown , the Whig party came to power in Britain and began opening negotiations for a cessation of hostilities . While peace negotiations were being undertaken , British troops in America were restricted from launching further offensives . Prime Minister the Earl of Shelburne was reluctant to accept American independence as a prerequisite for peace , as the British were aware that the French economy was nearly bankrupt , and reinforcements sent to the West Indies could potentially reverse the situation there . He preferred that the colonies accept Dominion status within the Empire , though a similar offer had been rejected by the Americans in 1778 . Negotiations soon began in Paris . The Americans initially demanded that Quebec be ceded to them as spoils of war , a proposal that was dropped when Shelburne accepted American demands for recognition of independence . On April 19 , 1782 , the Dutch formally recognized the United States as a sovereign power , enhancing American leverage at the negotiations . Spain initially impeded the negotiations , refusing to enter into peace talks until Gibraltar had been captured . The Comte de Vergennes proposed that American territory be confined to the east of the Appalachians ; Britain would have sovereignty over the area north of the Ohio River , below which an Indian barrier state would be established under Spanish control . The United States fiercely opposed the proposal . Washington enters New York in triumph following the British evacuation of America . The Americans skirted their allies , recognizing that more favorable terms would be found in London . They negotiated directly with Shelburne , who hoped to make Britain a valuable trading partner of America at the expense of France . To this end , Shelburne offered to cede all the land east of the Mississippi River , north of Florida , and south of Quebec , while also allowing American fishermen access to the rich Newfoundland fishery . According to one historian , Shelburne was hoping to facilitate the growth of the American population , creating lucrative markets that Britain could exploit at no administrative cost to London . As Vergennes commented , `` the English buy peace rather than make it '' . Throughout the negotiations , Britain never consulted her American Indian allies , forcing them to reluctantly accept the treaty . However , the subsequent tension erupted into conflicts between the Indians and the young United States , the largest being the Northwest Indian War . Britain continued trying to create an Indian buffer state in the American Midwest as late as 1814 during the War of 1812 . Britain negotiated separate treaties with Spain , France , and the Dutch Republic . Gibraltar proved to be a stumbling block in the peace talks ; Spain offered to relinquish their conquests in West Florida , Menorca , and the Bahamas in exchange for Gibraltar , terms which Shelburne steadfastly refused . Shelburne instead offered to cede East Florida , West Florida , and Menorca if Spain would relinquish the claim on Gibraltar , terms which were reluctantly accepted . However , in the long - term , the new territorial gains were of little value to Spain . France 's only net gains were the island of Tobago in the Caribbean and Senegal in Africa , after agreeing to return all other colonial conquests to British sovereignty . Britain returned Dutch Caribbean territories to Dutch sovereignty , in exchange for free trade rights in the Dutch East Indies and control of the Indian port of Negapatnam . Preliminary peace articles were signed in Paris on 30 November 1782 , while preliminaries between Britain , Spain , France , and the Netherlands continued until September 1783 . The United States Congress of the Confederation ratified the Treaty of Paris on January 14 , 1784 . Copies were sent back to Europe for ratification by the other parties involved , the first reaching France in March 1784 . British ratification occurred on April 9 , 1784 , and the ratified versions were exchanged in Paris on May 12 , 1784 . The war formally concluded on September 3 , 1783 . The last British troops departed New York City on November 25 , 1783 , marking the end of British rule in the new United States . Aftermath Casualties and losses Americans and allies The total loss of life throughout the conflict is largely unknown . As was typical in wars of the era , diseases such as smallpox claimed more lives than battle . Between 1775 and 1782 , a smallpox epidemic broke out throughout North America , killing 40 people in Boston alone . Historian Joseph Ellis suggests that Washington 's decision to have his troops inoculated against the disease was one of his most important decisions . Between 25,000 and 70,000 American Patriots died during active military service . Of these , approximately 6,800 were killed in battle , while at least 17,000 died from disease . The majority of the latter died while prisoners of war of the British , mostly in the prison ships in New York Harbor . If the upper limit of 70,000 is accepted as the total net loss for the Patriots , it would make the conflict proportionally deadlier than the American Civil War . Uncertainty arises due to the difficulties in accurately calculating the number of those who succumbed to disease , as it is estimated at least 10,000 died in 1776 alone . The number of Patriots seriously wounded or disabled by the war has been estimated from 8,500 to 25,000 . The French suffered approximately 7,000 total dead throughout the conflict ; of those , 2,112 were killed in combat in the American theaters of war . The Dutch suffered around 500 total killed , owing to the minor scale of their conflict with Britain . British and allies British returns in 1783 listed 43,633 rank and file deaths across the British Armed Forces . A table from 1781 puts total British Army deaths at 9,372 soldiers killed in battle across the Americas ; 6,046 in North America ( 1775 -- 1779 ) , and 3,326 in the West Indies ( 1778 -- 1780 ) . In 1784 , a British lieutenant compiled a detailed list of 205 British officers killed in action during the war , encompassing Europe , the Caribbean and the East Indies . Extrapolations based upon this list puts British Army losses in the area of at least 4,000 killed or died of wounds . Approximately 7,774 Germans died in British service in addition to 4,888 deserters ; of the former , it is estimated 1,800 were killed in combat . Around 171,000 sailors served in the Royal Navy during the war ; approximately a quarter of whom had been pressed into service . Around 1,240 were killed in battle , while an estimated 18,500 died from disease ( 1776 -- 1780 ) . The greatest killer at sea was scurvy , a disease caused by vitamin C deficiency . It was not until 1795 that scurvy was eradicated from the Royal Navy after the Admiralty declared lemon juice and sugar were to be issued among the standard daily rations of sailors . Around 42,000 sailors deserted during the war . The impact on merchant shipping was substantial ; an estimated 3,386 merchant ships were seized by enemy forces during the war ; of those , 2,283 were taken by American privateers alone . Financial debts Main article : Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War At the start of the war , the economy of the colonies was flourishing , and the free white population enjoyed the highest standard of living in the world . The Royal Navy enforced a naval blockade during the war to financially cripple the colonies , however , this proved unsuccessful ; 90 % of the population worked in farming , not in coastal trade , and , as such , the American economy proved resilient enough to withstand the blockade . Congress had immense difficulties throughout the conflict to efficiently finance the war effort . As the circulation of hard currency declined , the Americans had to rely on loans from American merchants and bankers , France , Spain and the Netherlands , saddling the young nation with crippling debts . Congress attempted to remedy this by printing vast amounts of paper money and bills of credit to raise revenue . The effect was disastrous ; inflation skyrocketed , and the paper money became virtually worthless . The inflation spawned a popular phrase that anything of little value was `` not worth a continental '' . By 1791 , the United States had accumulated a national debt of approximately $75.5 million . The United States finally solved its debt and currency problems in the 1790s , when Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton secured legislation by which the national government assumed all of the state debts , and , in addition , created a national bank and a funding system based on tariffs and bond issues that paid off the foreign debts . Britain spent around £ 80 million and ended with a national debt of £ 250 million , ( £ 27.1 billion in today 's money ) , generating a yearly interest of £ 9.5 million annually . The debts piled upon that which it had already accumulated from the Seven Years ' War . Due to wartime taxation upon the British populace , the tax for the average Briton amounted to approximately four shillings in every pound . The French spent approximately 1.3 billion livres on aiding the Americans , accumulating a national debt of 3.315. 1 billion livres by 1783 on war costs . Unlike Britain , which had a very efficient taxation system , the French tax system was highly unstable , eventually leading to a financial crisis in 1786 . The debts contributed to a worsening fiscal crisis that ultimately begat the French Revolution at the end of the century . The debt continued to spiral ; on the eve of the French Revolution , the national debt had skyrocketed to 12 billion livres . Spain had nearly doubled her military spending during the war , from 454 million reales in 1778 to over 700 million in 1779 . Spain more easily disposed of her debts unlike her French ally , partially due to the massive increase in silver mining in her American colonies ; production increased approximately 600 % in Mexico , and by 250 % in Peru and Bolivia . Analysis of combatants Great Britain See also : British Army during the American Revolutionary War , Royal Navy , Hessian ( soldier ) , and Loyalist ( American Revolution ) British redcoats at the Battle of Bunker Hill in 1775 . The population of Great Britain and Ireland in 1780 was approximately 12.6 million , while the Thirteen Colonies held a population of some 2.8 million , including some 500,000 slaves . Theoretically , Britain had the advantage , however , many factors inhibited the procurement of a large army . Armed forces Recruitment Press gang at work , British caricature of 1780 In 1775 , the standing British Army , exclusive of militia , comprised 45,123 men worldwide , made up of 38,254 infantry and 6,869 cavalry . The Army had approximately eighteen regiments of foot , some 8,500 men , stationed in North America . Standing armies had played a key role in the purge of the Long Parliament in 1648 , the maintenance of a military dictatorship under Oliver Cromwell , and the overthrow of James II , and , as such , the Army had been deliberately kept small in peacetime to prevent abuses of power by the King . Despite this , eighteenth century armies were not easy guests , and were regarded with scorn and contempt by the press and public of the New and Old World alike , derided as enemies of liberty . An expression ran in the Navy ; `` A messmate before a shipmate , a shipmate before a stranger , a stranger before a dog , a dog before a soldier '' . Parliament suffered chronic difficulties in obtaining sufficient manpower , and found it impossible to fill the quotas they had set . The Army was a deeply unpopular profession , one contentious issue being pay . A Private infantryman was paid a wage of just 8 d. per day , the same pay as for a New Model Army infantryman , 130 years earlier . The rate of pay in the army was insufficient to meet the rising costs of living , turning off potential recruits , as service was nominally for life . To entice people to enrol , Parliament offered a bounty of £ 1.10 s for every recruit . As the war dragged on , Parliament became desperate for manpower ; criminals were offered military service to escape legal penalties , and deserters were pardoned if they re-joined their units . After the defeat at Saratoga , Parliament doubled the bounty to £ 3 , and increased it again the following year , to £ 3.3 s , as well as expanding the age limit from 17 -- 45 to 16 -- 50 years of age . Impressment , essentially conscription by the `` press gang '' , was a favored recruiting method , though it was unpopular with the public , leading many to enlist in local militias to avoid regular service . Attempts were made to draft such levies , much to the chagrin of the militia commanders . Competition between naval and army press gangs , and even between rival ships or regiments , frequently resulted in brawls between the gangs in order to secure recruits for their unit . Men would maim themselves to avoid the press gangs , while many deserted at the first opportunity . Pressed men were militarily unreliable ; regiments with large numbers of such men were deployed to garrisons such as Gibraltar or the West Indies , purely to increase the difficulty in successfully deserting . By 1781 , the Army numbered approximately 121,000 men globally , 48,000 of whom were stationed throughout the Americas . Of the 171,000 sailors who served in the Royal Navy throughout the conflict , around a quarter were pressed . Interestingly , this same proportion , approximately 42,000 men , deserted during the conflict . At its height , the Navy had 94 ships - of - the - line , 104 frigates and 37 sloops in service . Hessian soldiers of the Leibregiment Loyalists and Hessians In 1775 , Britain unsuccessfully attempted to secure 20,000 mercenaries from Russia , and the use of the Scots Brigade from the Dutch Republic , such was the shortage of manpower . Parliament managed to negotiate treaties with the princes of German states for large sums of money , in exchange for mercenary troops . In total , 29,875 troops were hired for British service from six German states ; Brunswick ( 5,723 ) , Hesse - Kassel ( 16,992 ) , Hesse - Hannau ( 2,422 ) , Ansbach - Bayreuth ( 2,353 ) , Waldeck - Pyrmont ( 1,225 ) and Anhalt - Zerbst ( 1,160 ) . King George III , who also ruled Hanover as a Prince - elector of the Holy Roman Empire , was approached by Parliament to loan the government Hanoverian soldiers for service in the war . Hanover supplied 2,365 men in five battalions , however , the lease agreement permitted them to only be used in Europe . Without any major allies , the manpower shortage became critical when France and Spain entered the war , forcing a major diversion of military resources from the Americas . Recruiting adequate numbers of Loyalist militia in America proved difficult due to high Patriot activity . To bolster numbers , the British promised freedom and grants of land to slaves who fought for them . Approximately 25,000 Loyalists fought for the British throughout the war , and provided some of the best troops in the British service ; the British Legion , a mixed regiment of 250 dragoons and 200 infantry commanded by Banastre Tarleton , gained a fearsome reputation in the colonies , especially in the South . Leadership Britain had a difficult time appointing a determined senior military leadership in America . Thomas Gage , Commander - in - Chief of North America at the outbreak of the war , was criticized for being too lenient on the rebellious colonists . Jeffrey Amherst , who was appointed Commander - in - Chief of the Forces in 1778 , refused a direct command in America , due to unwillingness to take sides in the war . Admiral Augustus Keppel similarly opposed a command , stating ; `` I can not draw the sword in such a cause '' . The Earl of Effingham resigned his commission when his regiment was posted to America , while William Howe and John Burgoyne were opposed to military solutions to the crisis . Howe and Henry Clinton both stated they were unwilling participants , and were only following orders . As was the case in many European armies , except the Prussian Army , officers in British service could purchase commissions to ascend the ranks . Despite repeated attempts by Parliament to suppress it , the practise was common in the Army . Values of commissions varied , but were usually in line with social and military prestige , for example , regiments such as the Guards commanded the highest prices . The lower ranks often regarded the treatment to high - ranking commissions by wealthier officers as `` plums for ( their ) consumption '' . Wealthy individuals lacking any formal military education , or practical experience , often found their way into positions of high responsibility , diluting the effectiveness of a regiment . Though Royal authority had forbade the practise since 1711 , it was still permitted for infants to hold commissions . Young boys , often orphans of deceased wealthy officers , were taken from their schooling and placed in positions of responsibility within regiments . Logistics Logistical organization of eighteenth century armies was chaotic at best , and the British Army was no exception . No logistical corps existed in the modern sense ; while on campaign in foreign territories such as America , horses , wagons , and drivers were frequently requisitioned from the locals , often by impressment or by hire . No centrally organized medical corps existed . It was common for surgeons to have no formal medical education , and no diploma or entry examination was required . Nurses sometimes were apprentices to surgeons , but many were drafted from the women who followed the army . Army surgeons and doctors were poorly paid and were regarded as social inferiors to other officers . Soldiers of the Black Watch armed with Brown Bess muskets , c. 1790 . Grenadier of the 40th Regiment of Foot in 1767 , armed with a Brown Bess musket . The heavy personal equipment and wool uniform of the regular infantrymen were wholly unsuitable for combat in America , and the outfit was especially ill - suited to comfort and agile movement . During the Battle of Monmouth in late June 1778 , the temperature exceeded 100 ° F ( 37.8 ° C ) and is said to have claimed more lives through heat stroke than through actual combat . The standard - issue firearm of the British Army was the Land Pattern Musket . Some officers preferred their troops to fire careful , measured shots ( around two per minute ) , rather than rapid firing . A bayonet made firing difficult , as its cumbersome shape hampered ramming down the charge into the barrel . British troops had a tendency to fire impetuously , resulting in inaccurate fire , a trait for which John Burgoyne criticized them during the Saratoga campaign . Burgoyne instead encouraged bayonet charges to break up enemy formations , which was a preferred tactic in most European armies at the time . Every battalion in America had organized its own rifle company by the end of the war , although rifles were not formally issued to the army until the Baker Rifle in 1801 . Flintlocks were heavily dependent on the weather ; high winds could blow the gunpowder from the flash pan , while heavy rain could soak the paper cartridge , ruining the powder and rendering the musket unable to fire . Furthermore , flints used in British muskets were of notoriously poor quality ; they could only be fired around six times before requiring resharpening , while American flints could fire sixty . This led to a common expression among the British : `` Yankee flint was as good as a glass of grog '' . Provisioning troops and sailors proved to be an immense challenge , as the majority of food stores had to be shipped overseas from Britain . The need to maintain Loyalist support prevented the Army from living off the land . Other factors also impeded this option ; the countryside was too sparsely populated and the inhabitants were largely hostile or indifferent , the network of roads and bridges was poorly developed , and the area which the British controlled was so limited that foraging parties were frequently in danger of being ambushed . After France entered the war , the threat of the French navy increased the difficulty of transporting supplies to America . The food that could be bought in America was purchased at vastly inflated prices . Soldiers stationed in the West Indies perhaps suffered the worst ; the garrison commander of Tobago , Barbados , and Antigua frequently complained of the near - total lack of regular supply from Britain , and the food that could be bought was so expensive that the pay of the troops was inadequate to cover the costs . Food supplies were frequently in terrible condition , infested with mould , weevils , worms , and maggots . Provisions were frequently destroyed by rats , and their containers were too fragile to sustain a long ocean voyage or the rigors of campaigning . The climate was also against the British in the southern colonies and the Caribbean , where the intense summer heat caused food supplies to sour and spoil . British troops stationed in America were often on the verge of starvation . Life at sea was little better . Sailors and passengers were issued a daily food ration , largely consisting of hardtack and beer . The hardtack was often infested by weevils and was so tough that it earned the nicknames `` molar breakers '' and `` worm castles '' , and it sometimes had to be broken up with cannon shot . Meat supplies often spoiled on long voyages . The lack of fresh fruit and vegetables gave rise to scurvy , one of the biggest killers at sea . Rum was issued as part of a daily ration and was a popular drink among soldiers and sailors alike , often mixed with fresh water to make grog . Discipline Flogging of a delinquent in Germany , 17th century Discipline in the armed forces was harsh , and the lash was used to punish even trivial offences , nor was it applied sparingly . For instance , during the Saratoga campaign , two redcoats received 1,000 lashes each for robbery , while another received 800 lashes for striking a superior officer . During the Napoleonic Wars , one soldier received 700 lashes for stealing a beehive , while another , whom had received only 175 strikes of his 400 - lash sentence , spent three weeks in hospital from his injuries . The practise could often be a contentious source of resentment ; during the Battle of Quatre Bras in 1815 , the commander of the 92nd Foot was shot and killed by a soldier whom he had recently flogged . Flogging was a common punishment in the Royal Navy , and came to be associated with the stereotypical hardiness of sailors . Despite the harsh discipline , a distinct lack of self - discipline pervaded all ranks . Soldiers had an intense passion for gambling , reaching such excesses that troops would often wager their own uniforms . Soldiers drank heavily , and was not exclusive to the lower ranks ; William Howe was said to have seen many `` crapulous mornings '' while campaigning in New York . John Burgoyne drank heavily on a nightly basis towards the end of the Saratoga campaign . The two generals were also reported to have found solace with the wives of subordinate officers to ease the stressful burdens of command . During the Philadelphia campaign , British officers deeply offended local Quakers by entertaining their mistresses in the houses they had been quartered in . Despite such issues , British troops are reported to have been generally scrupulous in their treatment of non-combatants . This is contrasted by Hessian diaries , who wrote of their disapproval of British conduct towards the colonists , such as the destruction of property and the execution of prisoners . The presence of Hessian soldiers caused considerable anxiety amongst the colonists , both Patriot and Loyalist , who viewed them as brutal mercenaries . British soldiers were often contemptuous in their treatment of Hessian troops , despite orders from General Howe that `` the English should treat the Germans as brothers '' . The order only began to have any real effect when the Hessians learned to speak a minimal degree of English , which was seen as a prerequisite for the British troops to accord them any respect . During peacetime , the Army 's idleness led to it becoming riddled with corruption and inefficiency , resulting in a myriad of administrative difficulties once campaigning began . Strategic deficiencies The British leadership soon discovered it had overestimated the capabilities of its own troops , while underestimating those of the colonists , causing a sudden re-think in British planning . The ineffective initial response of British military and civil officials to the onset of the rebellion had allowed the advantage to shift to the colonists , as British authorities rapidly lost control over every colony . A microcosm of these shortcomings were evident at the Battle of Bunker Hill . It took ten hours for the British leadership to respond following the sighting of the Americans on the Charlestown Peninsula , giving the colonists ample time to reinforce their defenses . Rather than opt for a simple flanking attack that would have rapidly succeeded with minimal loss , the British decided on repeated frontal attacks . The results were telling ; the British suffered 1,054 casualties of a force of around 3,000 after repeated frontal assaults . The British leadership had nevertheless remained excessively optimistic , believing that just two regiments could suppress the rebellion in Massachusetts . Debate persists over whether a British defeat was a guaranteed outcome . Ferling argues that the odds were so long , the defeat of Britain was nothing short of a miracle . Ellis , however , considers that the odds always favored the Americans , and questions whether a British victory by any margin was realistic . Ellis argues that the British squandered their only opportunities for a decisive success in 1777 , and that the strategic decisions undertaken by William Howe underestimated the challenges posed by the Americans . Ellis concludes that , once Howe failed , the opportunity for a British victory `` would never come again '' . Conversely , the United States Army 's official textbook argues that , had Britain been able to commit 10,000 fresh troops to the war in 1780 , a British victory was within the realms of possibility . William Howe A 1777 mezzotint of Sir William Howe , British Commander - in - Chief from 1775 -- 1778 Historians such as Ellis and Stewart have observed that , under William Howe 's command , the British squandered several opportunities to achieve a decisive victory over the Americans . Throughout the New York and Philadelphia campaigns , Howe made several strategic errors , errors which cost the British opportunities for a complete victory . At Long Island , Howe failed to even attempt an encirclement of Washington , and actively restrained his subordinates from mounting an aggressive pursuit of the defeated American army . At White Plains , he refused to engage Washington 's vulnerable army , and instead concentrated his efforts upon a hill which offered the British no strategic advantage . After securing control of New York , Howe dispatched Henry Clinton to capture Newport , a measure which Clinton was opposed to , on the grounds the troops assigned to his command could have been put to better use in pursuing Washington 's retreating army . Despite the bleak outlook for the revolutionary cause and the surge of Loyalist activity in the wake of Washington 's defeats , Howe made no attempt to mount an attack upon Washington while the Americans settled down into winter quarters , much to their surprise . During planning for the Saratoga campaign , Howe was left with the choice of committing his army to support Burgoyne , or capture Philadelphia , the revolutionary capital . Howe decided upon the latter , determining that Washington was of a greater threat . The decision left Burgoyne precariously isolated , and left the Americans confounded at the decision . Alden argues Howe may have been motivated by political opportunism ; if Burgoyne was successful , he would receive the credit for a decisive victory , and not Howe . However , the confusion was further compounded by the lack of explicit and contradictory instructions from London . When Howe launched his campaign , he took his army upon a time - consuming route through the Chesapeake Bay , rather than the more sensible choices of overland through New Jersey , or by sea through the Delaware Bay . The move left him unable to assist Burgoyne even if it was required of him . The decision so confused Parliament , that Howe was accused by Tories on both sides of the Atlantic of treason . During the Philadelphia campaign , Howe failed to pursue and destroy the defeated Americans on two occasions ; once after the Battle of Brandywine , and again after the Battle of Germantown . At the Battle of White Marsh , Howe failed to even attempt to exploit the vulnerable American rear , and then inexplicably ordered a retreat to Philadelphia after only minor skirmishes , astonishing both sides . While the Americans wintered only twenty miles away , Howe made no effort to attack their camp , which critics argue could have ended the war . Following the conclusion of the campaign , Howe resigned his commission , and was replaced by Henry Clinton on May 24 , 1778 . Contrary to Howe 's more hostile critics , however , there were strategic factors at play which impeded aggressive action . Howe may have been dissuaded from pursuing aggressive manoeuvres due to the memory of the grievous losses the British suffered at Bunker Hill . During the major campaigns in New York and Philadelphia , Howe often wrote of the scarcity of adequate provisions , which hampered his ability to mount effective campaigns . Howe 's tardiness in launching the New York campaign , and his reluctance to allow Cornwallis to vigorously pursue Washington 's beaten army , have both been attributed to the paucity of available food supplies . During the winter of 1776 -- 1777 , Howe split his army into scattered cantonments . This decision dangerously exposed the individual forces to defeat in detail , as the distance between them was such that they could not mutually support each other . This strategic failure allowed the Americans to achieve victory at the Battle of Trenton , and the concurrent Battle of Princeton . While a major strategic error to divide an army in such a manner , the quantity of available food supplies in New York was so low that Howe had been compelled to take such a decision . The garrisons were widely spaced so their respective foraging parties would not interfere with each other 's efforts . Howe 's difficulties during the Philadelphia campaign were also greatly exacerbated by the poor quality and quantity of available provisions . Clinton and Cornwallis General Charles Cornwallis , who led British forces in the southern campaign . In 1780 , the primary British strategy hinged upon a Loyalist uprising in the south , for which Charles Cornwallis was chiefly responsible . After an encouraging success at Camden , Cornwallis was poised to invade North Carolina . However , any significant Loyalist support had been effectively destroyed at the Battle of Kings Mountain , and the British Legion , the cream of his army , had been decisively defeated at the Battle of Cowpens . Following both defeats , Cornwallis was fiercely criticized for detaching a significant portion of his army without adequate mutual support . Despite the defeats , Cornwallis chose to proceed into North Carolina , gambling his success upon a large Loyalist uprising which never materialized . As a result , subsequent engagements cost Cornwallis valuable troops he could not replace , as at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse , and the Americans steadily wore his army down in an exhaustive war of attrition . Cornwallis had thus left the Carolinas ripe for reconquest . The Americans had largely achieved this aim by the end of 1781 , effectively confining the British to the coast , and undoing all the progress they had made in the previous year . In a last - ditch attempt to win the war in the South , Cornwallis resolved to invade Virginia , in order to cut off the American 's supply base to the Carolinas . Henry Clinton , Cornwallis ' superior , strongly opposed the plan , believing the decisive confrontations would take place between Washington in the North . London had approved Cornwallis plan , however they had failed to include Clinton in the decision - making , despite his seniority over Cornwallis , leading to a muddled strategic direction . Cornwallis then decided to invade Virginia without informing Clinton of his intentions . Clinton , however , had wholly failed to construct a coherent strategy for British campaigning that year , owing to his fractious relationship that he shared with Mariot Arbuthnot , his naval counterpart . As the Franco - American army approached Cornwallis at Yorktown , he made no attempt to sally out and engage before siege lines could be erected , despite the repeated urging of his subordinate officers . Expecting relief to soon arrive from Clinton , Cornwallis prematurely abandoned all of his outer defences , which were then promptly occupied by the besiegers , serving to hasten the British defeat . These factors contributed to the eventual surrender of Cornwallis ' entire army , and the end of major operations in North America . Like Howe before him , Clinton 's efforts to campaign suffered from chronic supply issues . In 1778 , Clinton wrote to Germain complaining of the lack of supplies , even after the arrival of a convoy from Ireland . That winter , the supply issue had deteriorated so badly , that Clinton expressed considerable anxiety over how the troops were going to be properly fed . Clinton was largely inactive in the North throughout 1779 , launching few major campaigns . This inactivity was partially due to the shortage of food . By 1780 , the situation had not improved . Clinton wrote a frustrated correspondence to Germain , voicing concern that a `` fatal consequence will ensue '' if matters did not improve . By October that year , Clinton again wrote to Germain , angered that the troops in New York had not received `` an ounce '' of that year 's allotted stores from Britain . Campaign issues Suppressing a rebellion in America presented the British with major problems . The key issue was distance ; it could take up to three months to cross the Atlantic , and orders from London were often outdated by the time that they arrived . The colonies had never been formally united prior to the conflict and there was no centralized area of ultimate strategic importance . Traditionally , the fall of a capital city often signalled the end of a conflict , yet the war continued unabated even after the fall of major settlements such as New York , Philadelphia ( which was the Patriot capital ) , and Charleston . Britain 's ability to project its power overseas lay chiefly in the power of the Royal Navy , allowing her to control major coastal settlements with relative ease and enforce a strong blockade of colonial ports . However , the overwhelming majority of the American population was agrarian , not urban . As a result , the American economy proved resilient enough to withstand the blockade 's effects . Black Loyalist soldiers fought alongside British regulars in the 1781 Battle of Jersey , from The Death of Major Peirson The need to maintain Loyalist support prevented the British from using the harsh methods of suppressing revolts that they had used in Scotland and Ireland . For example , British troops looted and pillaged the locals during an aborted attack on Charleston in 1779 , enraging both Patriots and Loyalists . Neutral colonists were often driven into the ranks of the Patriots when brutal combat broke out between Tories and Whigs across the Carolinas in the later stages of the war . Conversely , Loyalists were often emboldened when Patriots resorted to intimidating suspected Tories , such as destroying property or tarring and feathering . The vastness of the American countryside and the limited manpower available meant that the British could never simultaneously defeat the Americans and occupy captured territory . One British statesman described the attempt as `` like trying to conquer a map '' . Wealthy Loyalists wielded great influence in London and were successful in convincing the British that the majority view in the colonies was sympathetic toward the Crown . Consequently , British planners pinned the success of their strategies on popular uprisings of Loyalists , which never transpired on the scale required . Historians have estimated that Loyalists made up only 15 -- 20 % of the population ( vs. 40 - 45 % Patriots ) and that they continued to deceive themselves on their level of support as late as 1780 . The British discovered that any significant level of organized Loyalist activity would require the continued presence of British regulars , which presented them with a major dilemma . The manpower that the British had available was insufficient to both protect Loyalist territory and counter American advances . The vulnerability of Loyalist militias was repeatedly demonstrated in the South , where they suffered strings of defeats to their Patriot neighbors . The most crucial juncture of this was at Kings Mountain , and the victory of the Patriot partisans irreversibly crippled Loyalist military capability in the South . Upon the entry of France and Spain into the conflict , the British were forced to severely limit the number of troops and warships that they sent to North America in order to defend other key territories and the British mainland . As a result , King George III abandoned any hope of subduing America militarily while he had a European war to contend with . The small size of Britain 's army left them unable to concentrate their resources primarily in one theater as they had done in the Seven Years ' War , leaving them at a critical disadvantage . The British were compelled to disperse troops from the Americas to Europe and the East Indies , and these forces were unable to assist one other as a result , precariously exposing them to defeat . In North America , the immediate strategic focus of the French , Spanish , and British shifted to Jamaica , whose sugar exports were more valuable to the British than the economy of the Thirteen Colonies combined . Following the end of the war , Britain had lost some of her most populous colonies . However , the economic effects of the loss were negligible in the long - term , and she became a global superpower just 32 years after the end of the conflict . Patriots Main articles : Continental Army and Minutemen 1st Maryland Regiment holding the line at the Battle of Guilford The Americans began the war with significant disadvantages compared to the British . They had no national government , no national army or navy , no financial system , no banks , no established credit , and no functioning government departments , such as a treasury . The Congress tried to handle administrative affairs through legislative committees , which proved inefficient . The state governments were themselves brand new and officials had no administrative experience . In peacetime the colonies relied heavily on ocean travel and shipping , but that was now shut down by the British blockade and the Americans had to rely on slow overland travel . However , the Americans had multiple advantages that in the long run outweighed the initial disadvantages they faced . The Americans had a large prosperous population that depended not on imports but on local production for food and most supplies , while the British were mostly shipped in from across the ocean . The British faced a vast territory far larger than Britain or France , located at a far distance from home ports . Most of the Americans lived on farms distant from the seaports -- the British could capture any port but that did not give them control over the hinterland . They were on their home ground , had a smoothly functioning , well organized system of local and state governments , newspapers and printers , and internal lines of communications . They had a long - established system of local militia , previously used to combat the French and Native Americans , with companies and an officer corps that could form the basis of local militias , and provide a training ground for the national army created by Congress . Motivation was a major asset . The Patriots wanted to win ; over 200,000 fought in the war ; 25,000 died . The British expected the Loyalists to do much of the fighting , but they did much less than expected . The British also hired German mercenaries to do much of their fighting . At the onset of the war , the Americans had no major international allies . Battles such as the Battle of Bennington , the Battles of Saratoga and even defeats such as the Battle of Germantown proved decisive in gaining the attention and support of powerful European nations such as France and Spain , who moved from covertly supplying the Americans with weapons and supplies , to overtly supporting them militarily , moving the war to a global stage . The new Continental Army suffered significantly from a lack of an effective training regime , and largely inexperienced officers and sergeants . The inexperience of its officers was compensated for in part by its senior officers ; officers such as George Washington , Horatio Gates , Charles Lee , Richard Montgomery and Francis Marion all had military experience with the British Army during the French and Indian War . The Americans solved their training dilemma during their stint in Winter Quarters at Valley Forge , where they were relentlessly drilled and trained by General Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben , a veteran of the famed Prussian General Staff . He taught the Continental Army the essentials of military discipline , drills , tactics and strategy , and wrote the Revolutionary War Drill Manual . When the Army emerged from Valley Forge , it proved its ability to equally match the British troops in battle when they fought a successful strategic action at the Battle of Monmouth . Population density in the American Colonies in 1775 When the war began , the 13 colonies lacked a professional army or navy . Each colony sponsored local militia . Militiamen were lightly armed , had little training , and usually did not have uniforms . Their units served for only a few weeks or months at a time , were reluctant to travel far from home and thus were unavailable for extended operations , and lacked the training and discipline of soldiers with more experience . If properly used , however , their numbers could help the Continental armies overwhelm smaller British forces , as at the battles of Concord , Bennington and Saratoga , and the siege of Boston . Both sides used partisan warfare but the Americans effectively suppressed Loyalist activity when British regulars were not in the area . Seeking to coordinate military efforts , the Continental Congress established a regular army on June 14 , 1775 , and appointed George Washington as commander - in - chief . The development of the Continental Army was always a work in progress , and Washington used both his regulars and state militia throughout the war . Three current branches of the United States Military trace their institutional roots to the American Revolutionary War ; the United States Army comes from the Continental Army , formed by a resolution of the Continental Congress on June 14 , 1775 . The United States Navy recognizes October 13 , 1775 as the date of its official establishment , the passage of the resolution of the Continental Congress at Philadelphia that created the Continental Navy . And the United States Marine Corps traces its institutional roots to the Continental Marines of the war , formed by a resolution of the Continental Congress on November 10 , 1775 , a date regarded and celebrated as the birthday of the Marine Corps . At the beginning of 1776 , Washington 's army had 20,000 men , with two - thirds enlisted in the Continental Army and the other third in the various state militias . At the end of the American Revolution in 1783 , both the Continental Navy and Continental Marines were disbanded . About 250,000 men served as regulars or as militiamen for the Revolutionary cause in the eight years of the war , but there were never more than 90,000 men under arms at one time . About 55,000 American sailors served aboard privateers during the war . The American privateers had almost 1,700 ships , and they captured 2,283 enemy ships . John Paul Jones became the first great American naval hero , capturing HMS Drake on April 24 , 1778 , the first victory for any American military vessel in British waters . Armies were small by European standards of the era , largely attributable to limitations such as lack of powder and other logistical capabilities on the American side . It was also difficult for Great Britain to transport troops across the Atlantic and they depended on local supplies that the Patriots tried to cut off . By comparison , Duffy notes that Frederick the Great usually commanded from 23,000 to 50,000 in battle . Both figures pale in comparison to the armies that were fielded in the early 19th century , where troop formations approached or exceeded 100,000 men . African Americans 1780 drawing of American soldiers from the Yorktown campaign shows a black infantryman from the 1st Rhode Island Regiment . African Americans -- slave and free -- served on both sides during the war . The British recruited slaves belonging to Patriot masters and promised freedom to those who served by act of Lord Dunmore 's Proclamation . Because of manpower shortages , George Washington lifted the ban on black enlistment in the Continental Army in January 1776 . Small all - black units were formed in Rhode Island and Massachusetts ; many slaves were promised freedom for serving . Some of the men promised freedom were sent back to their masters , after the war was over , out of political convenience . Another all - black unit came from Saint - Domingue with French colonial forces . At least 5,000 black soldiers fought for the Revolutionary cause . Tens of thousands of slaves escaped during the war and joined British lines ; others simply moved off in the chaos . For instance , in South Carolina , nearly 25,000 slaves ( 30 % of the enslaved population ) fled , migrated or died during the disruption of the war . This greatly disrupted plantation production during and after the war . When they withdrew their forces from Savannah and Charleston , the British also evacuated 10,000 slaves belonging to Loyalists . Altogether , the British evacuated nearly 20,000 blacks at the end of the war . More than 3,000 of them were freedmen and most of these were resettled in Nova Scotia ; other blacks were sold in the West Indies . American Indians Most American Indians east of the Mississippi River were affected by the war , and many tribes were divided over the question of how to respond to the conflict . A few tribes were on friendly terms with the other Americans , but most Indians opposed the union of the Colonies as a potential threat to their territory . Approximately 13,000 Indians fought on the British side , with the largest group coming from the Iroquois tribes , who fielded around 1,500 men . The powerful Iroquois Confederacy was shattered as a result of the conflict , although they did not take sides ; the Seneca , Onondaga , and Cayuga nations sided with the British . Members of the Mohawk nation fought on both sides . Many Tuscarora and Oneida sided with the colonists . The Continental Army sent the Sullivan Expedition on raids throughout New York to cripple the Iroquois tribes that had sided with the British . Mohawk leaders Joseph Louis Cook and Joseph Brant sided with the Americans and the British respectively , and this further exacerbated the split . A watercolor painting depicting a variety of Continental Army soldiers . Early in July 1776 , a major action occurred in the fledgling conflict when the Cherokee allies of Britain attacked the western frontier areas of North Carolina . Their defeat resulted in a splintering of the Cherokee settlements and people , and was directly responsible for the rise of the Chickamauga Cherokee , bitter enemies of the Colonials who carried on a frontier war for decades following the end of hostilities with Britain . Creek and Seminole allies of Britain fought against Americans in Georgia and South Carolina . In 1778 , a force of 800 Creeks destroyed American settlements along the Broad River in Georgia . Creek warriors also joined Thomas Brown 's raids into South Carolina and assisted Britain during the Siege of Savannah . Many Indians were involved in the fighting between Britain and Spain on the Gulf Coast and up the Mississippi River -- mostly on the British side . Thousands of Creeks , Chickasaws , and Choctaws fought in major battles such as the Battle of Fort Charlotte , the Battle of Mobile , and the Siege of Pensacola . Race and class Pybus ( 2005 ) estimates that about 20,000 slaves defected to or were captured by the British , of whom about 8,000 died from disease or wounds or were recaptured by the Patriots . The British took some 12,000 at the end of the war ; of these 8000 remained in slavery . Including those who left during the war , a total of about 8000 to 10,000 slaves gained freedom . About 4000 freed slaves went to Nova Scotia and 1200 blacks remained slaves . Baller ( 2006 ) examines family dynamics and mobilization for the Revolution in central Massachusetts . He reports that warfare and the farming culture were sometimes incompatible . Militiamen found that living and working on the family farm had not prepared them for wartime marches and the rigors of camp life . Rugged individualism conflicted with military discipline and regimentation . A man 's birth order often influenced his military recruitment , as younger sons went to war and older sons took charge of the farm . A person 's family responsibilities and the prevalent patriarchy could impede mobilization . Harvesting duties and family emergencies pulled men home regardless of the sergeant 's orders . Some relatives might be Loyalists , creating internal strains . On the whole , historians conclude the Revolution 's effect on patriarchy and inheritance patterns favored egalitarianism . McDonnell ( 2006 ) shows a grave complication in Virginia 's mobilization of troops was the conflicting interests of distinct social classes , which tended to undercut a unified commitment to the Patriot cause . The Assembly balanced the competing demands of elite slave - owning planters , the middling yeomen ( some owning a few slaves ) , and landless indentured servants , among other groups . The Assembly used deferments , taxes , military service substitute , and conscription to resolve the tensions . Unresolved class conflict , however , made these laws less effective . There were violent protests , many cases of evasion , and large - scale desertion , so that Virginia 's contributions came at embarrassingly low levels . With the British invasion of the state in 1781 , Virginia was mired in class division as its native son , George Washington , made desperate appeals for troops . Washington and the Comte de Rochambeau at Yorktown , 1781 See also American Revolutionary War portal United States Army portal Bibliography of the American Revolutionary War Bibliography of George Washington Conrad Heyer Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War British Army during the American War of Independence First Treaty of San Ildefonso First League of Armed Neutrality Fourth Anglo - Dutch War George Washington in the American Revolution Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War Lemuel Cook List of American Revolutionary War battles List of British Forces in the American Revolutionary War List of Continental Forces in the American Revolutionary War List of plays and films about the American Revolution List of revolutions and rebellions Naval operations in the American Revolutionary War Treaty of El Pardo ( 1778 ) War of the Bavarian Succession Notes Jump up ^ This article primarily refers to the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies who supported the American Revolution as `` Americans '' , with occasional references to `` Patriots '' or `` Revolutionaries '' . Colonists who supported the British and opposed the Revolution are referred to as `` Loyalists '' or `` Tories '' . The geographical area of the thirteen colonies is often referred to simply as `` America '' . References Jump up ^ ( from 1777 ) Jump up ^ ( from 1778 ) Jump up ^ The term `` French Empire '' colloquially refers to the empire under Napoleon , but it is used here for brevity to refer to France proper and to the colonial empire that the Kingdom of France ruled Jump up ^ ( from 1779 ) Jump up ^ ( 1780 -- 83 ) Jump up ^ ( 1780 -- 84 ) Jump up ^ ( until 1779 ) Jump up ^ Hanover supplied troops per Personal union treaty , not as mercenaries Jump up ^ Lowell , Edward J ( 1884 ) , `` The Hessians and the other German Auxiliaries of Great Britain in the Revolutionary War '' , Harper and Brothers Publishers , New York , Chapter II . Quote : `` Five battalions of the Hanoverian subjects of George III were despatched to Gibraltar and Menorca '' Jump up ^ ( from 1779 ) ^ Jump up to : A ceasefire in America was proclaimed by Congress on April 11 , 1783 in response to a ceasefire agreement between Great Britain and France on January 20 , 1783 . The final peace treaty was signed on September 3 , 1783 and ratified in the U.S. on January 14 , 1784 , with final ratification exchanged in Europe on May 12 , 1784 . Hostilities in India continued until July 1783 . Jump up ^ Jaques , Tony ( 2007 ) . Dictionary of Battles and Sieges : F-O . p. 720 . ISBN 9780313335389 . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Jaques ( 2007 ) , p. 666 ^ Jump up to : Duncan , Louis C. MEDICAL MEN IN THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION ( 1931 ) . ^ Jump up to : Michael Lanning ( 2009 ) . American Revolution 100 : The Battles , People , and Events of the American War for Independence , Ranked by Their Significance . Sourcebooks . pp. 195 -- 96 . ISBN 9781402241703 . ^ Jump up to : Jack P. Greene and J.R. Pole . A Companion to the American Revolution ( Wiley - Blackwell , 2003 ) , p. 328 . Jump up ^ Paullin , Charles Oscar ( 1906 ) . The navy of the American Revolution : its administration , its policy and its achievements . The Burrows Brothers Co . Jump up ^ `` Privateers or Merchant Mariners help win the Revolutionary War '' . Usmm.org . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Howarth 1991 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Montero 1860 , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Chartrand & Courcelle 2006 , p. 79 . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Dull , A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution ( Yale University Press , 1985 ) , p. 110 . ^ Jump up to : `` Red Coats Facts -- British Soldiers in the American Revolution '' . totallyhistory.com . ^ Jump up to : `` The British Army 1775 -- 1783 '' ( PDF ) . orbat . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Chartrand & Courcelle 2006 , p. 63 : `` Of 7,500 men in the Gibraltar garrison in September ( including 400 in hospital ) , some 3,430 were always on duty '' Jump up ^ Winfield , Rif , British Warships in the Age of Sail : 1714 -- 1792 ( Seaforth Publishing , 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 84415 - 700 - 6 Jump up ^ Winfield , Rif , British Warships in the Age of Sail 1714 -- 1792 : Design , Construction , Careers and Fates ( Seaforth Publishing , 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : Mackesy ( 1964 ) , pp. 6 , 176 ( British seamen ) . ^ Jump up to : Savas and Dameron ( 2006 ) , p. xli Jump up ^ Knesebeck , Ernst von dem ( 1845 ) , `` Geschichte de churhannoverschen Truppen in Gibraltar , Menorca und Ostindien '' , Published by Im Verlage der Helwingschen Hof - Buchhandlung . Note : The strength of a Hanoverian battalion is listed as 473 men ^ Jump up to : Lowell , Edward J ( 1884 ) , `` The Hessians and the other German Auxiliaries of Great Britain in the Revolutionary War '' , Harper and Brothers Publishers , New York , Chapter II Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1999 ) , p. 393 ; Boatner ( 1974 ) , p. 545 . ^ Jump up to : Howard H. Peckham , ed. , The Toll of Independence : Engagements and Battle Casualties of the American Revolution ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1974 ) . ^ Jump up to : Burrows , Edwin G. ( Fall 2008 ) . `` Patriots or Terrorists '' . American Heritage . 58 ( 5 ) . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2013 . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dawson , Warrington . `` The 2112 Frenchmen who died in the United States from 1777 to 1783 while fighting for the American Independence '' . Washington - Rochambeau Revolutionary Route . Journal de la societe des Americanistes . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spanish casualties in The American Revolutionary war . '' . Necrometrics . ^ Jump up to : Annual Register , 1783 ( 1785 ) , pp. 199 -- 200 . ^ Jump up to : Parliamentary Register ( 1781 ) , pp. 263 -- 65 . Jump up ^ `` Eighteenth Century Death Tolls '' . necrometrics.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Parliamentary Register ( 1781 ) , p. 269 . ^ Jump up to : Mackesy ( 1964 ) , pp. 6 , 176 ( British seamen ) Jump up ^ Burrows , Edwin . `` Forgotten Patriots : The Untold Story of American Prisoners During the Revolutionary War . '' Basic Books . New York , 2008 . Page 203 . Jump up ^ Modern British writers generally favor `` American War of Independence '' , rather than `` American Rebellion '' or `` War of American Independence '' . `` National Curriculum England '' . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The colony of Georgia joined later . Jump up ^ Brooks , Richard ( editor ) . Atlas of World Military History . HarperCollins , 2000 , p. 101 `` Washington 's success in keeping the army together deprived the British of victory , but French intervention won the war . '' Jump up ^ `` status quo ante bellum '' . Merriam - Webster Online . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pestana , Carla Gardina ( 2004 ) . The English Atlantic in an Age of Revolution : 1640 -- 1661 . Cambridge , Massachusetts and London , England : Harvard University Press . p. 120 . Jump up ^ Purvis , Thomas L. ( 23 April 1997 ) . A dictionary of American history . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 278 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57718 - 099 - 9 . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Whaples , Robert ( March 1995 ) . `` Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians ? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions '' . The Journal of Economic History . Cambridge University Press . 55 ( 1 ) : 140 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.482. 4975 . JSTOR 2123771 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700040602 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Thomas , Robert P. ( 1964 ) . `` A Quantitative Approach to the Study of the Effects of British Imperial Policy of Colonial Welfare : Some Preliminary Findings '' . Journal of Economic History . 25 ( 4 ) : 615 -- 638 . JSTOR 2116133 . Jump up ^ Walton , Gary M. ( 1971 ) . `` The New Economic History and the Burdens of the Navigation Acts '' . Economic History Review . 24 ( 4 ) : 533 -- 542 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.1971. tb00192. x . Jump up ^ Lepore ( 1998 ) , The Name of War ( 1999 ) pp 5 -- 7 Jump up ^ Curtis P. Nettels , The Roots of American Civilization : A History of American Colonial Life ( 1938 ) p. 297 . Jump up ^ Lovejoy , David ( 1987 ) . The Glorious Revolution in America . Middletown , CT : Wesleyan University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6177 - 0 . OCLC 14212813 . , pp. 148 -- 56 , 155 -- 57 , 169 -- 70 Jump up ^ Lovejoy , pp. 180 , 192 -- 93 , 197 Jump up ^ Barnes , Viola Florence ( 1960 ) ( 1923 ) . The Dominion of New England : A Study in British Colonial Policy . New York : Frederick Ungar . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8044 - 1065 - 6 . OCLC 395292 . , pp. 169 -- 70 Jump up ^ Webb , Stephen Saunders ( 1998 ) . Lord Churchill 's Coup : The Anglo - American Empire and the Glorious Revolution Reconsidered . Syracuse , NY : Syracuse University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 0558 - 4 . OCLC 39756272 . , pp. 190 -- 91 Jump up ^ Lustig , Mary Lou ( 2002 ) . The Imperial Executive in America : Sir Edmund Andros , 1637 -- 1714 . Madison , WI : Fairleigh Dickinson University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8386 - 3936 - 8 . OCLC 470360764 . , p. 201 Jump up ^ Palfrey , John ( 1864 ) . History of New England : History of New England During the Stuart Dynasty . Boston : Little , Brown . OCLC 1658888 . , p. 596 Jump up ^ Evans , James Truslow ( 1922 ) . The Founding of New England . Boston : The Atlantic Monthly Press . OCLC 1068441 . , p. 430 Jump up ^ John A. Garraty ; Mark C. Carnes ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter Three : America in the British Empire '' . A Short History of the American Nation ( 8th ed . ) . Longman . ISBN 0 - 321 - 07098 - 4 . Jump up ^ Max Savelle , Empires to Nations : Expansion in America , 1713 -- 1824 , p. 93 ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Draper pg. 100 . The quote provided by Draper came from Leo Francis Stock 's Proceedings and Debates of the British Parliaments respecting North America ( 1937 ) vol. 4 . pg. 182 Jump up ^ Miller , John C. ( 1943 ) . Origins of the American Revolution . Boston : Little , Brown and company . , pp. 95 - e99 Jump up ^ Guizot , M. A popular history of France , from the earliest times . Vol IV , University of Michigan , 2005 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4255 - 5724 - 9 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ `` American Revolution '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Debt & Taxes , John Makim & Norman Ornstein P. 54 Jump up ^ Spain & the Independence of the United States ; An Intrinsic Gift . Thomas E , Chavez P. 22 Jump up ^ Gladney , Henry M. ( 2014 ) . No Taxation without Representation : 1768 Petition , Memorial , and Remonstrance ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Liberty and Property : Political Ideology in Eighteenth - century Britain -- H.T. Dickinson -- Google Books . Books.google.com. 1977 . p. 218 . ISBN 9780416729306 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Charles Howard McIlwain ( 1938 ) . The American Revolution : A Constitutional Interpretation . p. 51 . ISBN 9781584775683 . Jump up ^ Paul Boyer ; et al. ( 2014 ) . The Enduring Vision : A History of the American People . Cengage Learning . p. 142 . ISBN 9781285193397 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 48 ; Thomas , Duties Crisis , 76 Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 69 Jump up ^ `` What was the Boston Massacre ? '' . Boston Massacre Society . Jump up ^ `` Boston Tea Party '' . History.com . Jump up ^ Young , Shoemaker , 183 -- 85 . Jump up ^ http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/mass_gov_act.asp Jump up ^ Ian R. Christie and Benjamin W. Labaree , Empire or Independence , 1760 -- 1776 ( New York : Norton , 1976 ) p. 188 . Jump up ^ Ammerman , David ( 1974 ) . In the Common Cause : American Response to the Coercive Acts of 1774 . New York : Norton . , p. 9 Jump up ^ Ammerman points out that the act only permitted soldiers to be quartered in unoccupied buildings -- although they were still private property . ( Ammerman , In the Common Cause , 10 ) Jump up ^ Ammerman , In the Common Cause , 15 . Jump up ^ Gary B. Nash ; Carter Smith ( 2007 ) . Atlas Of American History . Infobase Publishing . p. 64 . ISBN 9781438130132 . Jump up ^ Peter Knight ( 2003 ) . Conspiracy Theories in American History : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 184 -- 85 . ISBN 9781576078129 . Jump up ^ Georgia did not attend Jump up ^ Ferling , John . ( 2003 ) . A Leap in the Dark . Oxford University Press . p. 112 . Jump up ^ Kindig , Thomas E. ( 1995 ) . `` Galloway 's Plan for the Union of Great Britain and the Colonies '' . Declaration of Independence . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA : Independence Hall Association , publishing electronically as ushistory.org . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . The plan was considered very attractive to most of the members , as it proposed a popularly elected Grand Council which would represent the interests of the colonies as a whole , and would be a continental equivalent to the English Parliament . After a sincere debate , it was rejected by a six to five vote on October 22 , 1774 . It may have been the arrival of the Suffolk County ( Boston ) resolutions that killed it . ^ Jump up to : Kramnick , Isaac ( ed ) ; Thomas Paine ( 1982 ) . Common Sense . Penguin Classics . p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` Resolved , 4 . That the foundation of English liberty , and of all free government , is a right in the people to participate in their legislative council : and as the English colonists are not represented , and from their local and other circumstances , can not properly be represented in the British parliament , they are entitled to a free and exclusive power of legislation in their several provincial legislatures , where their right of representation can alone be preserved , in all cases of taxation and internal polity , subject only to the negative of their sovereign , in such manner as has been heretofore used and accustomed : But , from the necessity of the case , and a regard to the mutual interest of both countries , we cheerfully consent to the operation of such acts of the British parliament , as are bonfide , restrained to the regulation of our external commerce , for the purpose of securing the commercial advantages of the whole empire to the mother country , and the commercial benefits of its respective members ; excluding every idea of taxation internal or external , for raising a revenue on the subjects , in America , without their consent . '' quoted from the Declarations and Resolves of the First Continental Congress October 14 , 1774 . Jump up ^ Cogliano , Francis D. Revolutionary America , 1763 -- 1815 : A Political History . Routledge , 1999 . pp. 47 Jump up ^ Cogliano , Revolutionary America , 47 -- 48 Jump up ^ Alan Axelrod , The Real History of the American Revolution : A New Look at the Past , p. 83 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 76 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 85 Jump up ^ Chidsey , p. 6 . This is the total size of Smith 's force . Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 18 , 54 Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 2 -- 9 Jump up ^ Ketchum pp. 110 -- 111 Jump up ^ Adams , Charles Francis , `` The Battle of Bunker Hill '' , in American Historical Review ( 1895 -- 1896 ) , pp. 401 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Higginbotham ( 1983 ) , pp. 75 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 183 , 198 -- 209 Jump up ^ Hugh F. Rankin , ed. ( 1987 ) . Rebels and Redcoats : The American Revolution Through the Eyes of Those who Fought and Lived it . Da Capo Press . p. 63 . ISBN 9780306803079 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Lecky , William Edward Hartpole , A History of England in the Eighteenth CentuIry ( 1882 ) , pp. 449 -- 50 . Jump up ^ McCullough , p. 53 Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp. 100 -- 101 Jump up ^ John R. Alden ( 1989 ) . A History of the American Revolution . Da Capo Press . pp. 188 -- 90 . ISBN 9780306803666 . Jump up ^ Smith ( 1907 ) , vol 1 , p. 293 Jump up ^ Glatthaar ( 2006 ) , p. 91 Jump up ^ Glatthaar ( 2006 ) , p. 93 Jump up ^ Quebec was officially ceded in 1763 Jump up ^ Smith ( 1907 ) , vol 1 , p. 242 Jump up ^ Gabriel , Michael P. ( 2002 ) . Major General Richard Montgomery : The Making of an American Hero . Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8386 - 3931 - 3 . , p. 141 Jump up ^ Mark R. Anderson , The Battle for the Fourteenth Colony : America 's War of Liberation in Canada , 1774 -- 1776 ( University Press of New England ; 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Alden , The American Revolution ( 1954 ) p. 206 Jump up ^ Willard Sterne Randall , `` Benedict Arnold at Quebec '' , MHQ : Quarterly Journal of Military History , Summer 1990 , Vol. 2 , Issue 4 , pp 38 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Davies , Blodwen ( 1951 ) . Quebec : Portrait of a Province . Greenberg . p. 32. Carleton 's men had won a quick and decisive victory Jump up ^ Lanctot ( 1967 ) , pp. 141 -- 146 Jump up ^ Thomas A. Desjardin , Through a Howling Wilderness : Benedict Arnold 's March to Quebec , 1775 ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Stanley , pp. 127 -- 128 Jump up ^ Watson ( 1960 ) , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Arthur S. Lefkowitz , Benedict Arnold 's Army : The 1775 American Invasion of Canada during the Revolutionary War ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Smith ( 1907 ) , volume 2 , pp. 459 -- 552 Jump up ^ Selby and Higginbotham , p. 2 Jump up ^ Levy , Andrew ( Jan 9 , 2007 ) . The First Emancipator : Slavery , Religion , and the Quiet Revolution of Robert Carter . Random House Trade Paperbacks . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 0375761041 . Jump up ^ Scribner , Robert L. ( 1983 ) . Revolutionary Virginia , the Road to Independence . University of Virginia Press . pp. xxiv . ISBN 0 - 8139 - 0748 - 9 . Jump up ^ Russell , p. 73 Jump up ^ McCrady , p. 89 Jump up ^ Landrum , John Belton O'Neall ( 1897 ) . Colonial and Revolutionary History of Upper South Carolina . Greenville , SC : Shannon . OCLC 187392639 . , pp. 80 -- 81 Jump up ^ Wilson , David K ( 2005 ) . The Southern Strategy : Britain 's Conquest of South Carolina and Georgia , 1775 -- 1780 . Columbia , SC : University of South Carolina Press . ISBN 1 - 57003 - 573 - 3 . OCLC 56951286 . , p. 33 Jump up ^ Hibbert , C : Rebels and Redcoats , p. 106 Jump up ^ Kepner , F , `` A British View of the Siege of Charleston , 1776 '' , The Journal of Southern History , Vol. 11 , No. 1 . ( Feb. , 1945 ) , p. 94 Jstor link Jump up ^ Bicheno , H : Rebels and Redcoats , p. 154 , 158 Jump up ^ Field , Edward ( 1898 ) . Esek Hopkins , commander - in - chief of the continental navy during the American Revolution , 1775 to 1778 . Providence : Preston & Rounds . OCLC 3430958 . , p. 104 Jump up ^ McCusker , John J ( 1997 ) . Essays in the economic history of the Atlantic world . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 16841 - 0 . OCLC 470415294 . , p. 185 - 187 Jump up ^ Riley , pp. 101 -- 102 Jump up ^ Field , pp. 117 -- 118 Jump up ^ Field , pp. 120 -- 125 Jump up ^ `` DECLARATION OF TAKING UP ARMS : RESOLUTIONS OF THE SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS '' . Constitution Society . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 211 Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 25 . The text of the 1775 king 's speech is online , published by the American Memory project . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 168 ; Ferling , Leap in the Dark , 123 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 25 Jump up ^ Andrew Jackson O'Shaughnessy , The Men who Lost America : British Leadership , the American Revolution , and the Fate of the Empire ( Yale UP , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Frank A. Biletz ( 2013 ) . Historical Dictionary of Ireland . Scarecrow Press . p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Lecky . A History of England . pp. 162 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Vincent Morley ( 2002 ) . Irish Opinion and the American Revolution , 1760 -- 1783 . Cambridge UP . pp. 154 -- 57 . ^ Jump up to : Ketchum , pp. 208 -- 209 ^ Jump up to : Frothingham ( 1903 ) , p. 298 ^ Jump up to : John C. Miller ( 1959 ) . Origins of the American Revolution . Stanford UP . pp. 410 -- 12 . ^ Jump up to : Scheer , p. 64 ^ Jump up to : http://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/hessiansotherge00lowe Jump up ^ David Smith ( 2012 ) . New York 1776 : The Continentals ' First Battle . Osprey Publishing . pp. 21 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Christie and Labaree , Empire or Independence , 270 ; Maier , American Scripture , 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 33 -- 34 Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 19 Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 160 -- 61 Jump up ^ Fischer ( 2004 ) , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 156 -- 57 Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of the American Revolution Mark M. Botner III , ( 1974 ) P. 1094 . Jump up ^ Liberty 's Exiles ; American Loyalists & the Revolutionary World . Maya Jasanoff ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ The American Revolution ; Colin Bonwick ( 1991 ) P. 152 ^ Jump up to : Encyclopedia of American History . Richard B. Morris and Jeffrey B. Morris , eds. , 6th Edition ( New York : Harper & Row Publishers , 1982 ) , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Flight of the Tories from the Republic , The Tories of the American Revolution . North Callahan ( 1967 ) P. 120 . Jump up ^ Land confiscation Records of north Carolina -- Vol. 1 ( 1779 -- 1800 ) Stewart Dunaway P. 9 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 76 -- 78 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 89 , 381 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1973 ) , p. 104 ^ Jump up to : Adams , Charles Francis , `` Battle of Long Island '' , in American Historical Review ( 1895 -- 1896 ) , pp. 668 -- 669 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Charles Francis , `` Battle of Long Island '' , in American Historical Review ( 1895 -- 1896 ) , p. 657 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 88 -- 102 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1973 ) , p. 117 Jump up ^ Thomas J. McGuire ( 2011 ) . Stop the Revolution : America in the Summer of Independence and the Conference for Peace . Stackpole Books . pp. 165 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 102 -- 107 ^ Jump up to : Fischer ( 2004 ) , pp. 102 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Barnet Schecter , The battle for New York : The city at the heart of the American Revolution ( 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Ketchum p. 130 Jump up ^ Ketchum p. 111 - `` The most disastrous defeat of the entire war '' Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 109 -- 125 ^ Jump up to : Ridpath , John Clark ( 1915 ) . The new complete history of the United States of America , Volume 6 . Cincinnati : Jones Brothers . OCLC 2140537 . , p. 2531 Jump up ^ David McCullough ( 2006 ) . 1776 . p. 122 . ^ Jump up to : Stedman , Charles , The History of the Origin , Progress and Termination of the American War Volume I ( 1794 ) , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Larry Lowenthal , Hell on the East River : British Prison Ships in the American Revolution ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Mary Tucker ( March 1 , 2002 ) . Washington Crossing the Delaware . Lorenz Educational Press . pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Stedman , Charles , The History of the Origin , Progress and Termination of the American War Volume I ( 1794 ) , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Schecter , pp. 266 -- 267 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , pp. 138 -- 142 Jump up ^ Lecky . A History of England . pp. 70 -- 78 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1973 ) , p. 191 , 269 Jump up ^ Charles Francis Adams , `` The Battle of Long Island , '' American Historical Review Vol. 1 , No. 4 ( Jul. 1896 ) , pp. 650 -- 670 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Schecter , pp. 259 -- 263 Jump up ^ Fischer p. 254 -- Casualty numbers vary slightly with the Hessian forces , usually between 21 -- 23 killed , 80 -- 95 wounded and 890 -- 920 captured ( including the wounded ) , but it is generally agreed that the casualties were in this area . Jump up ^ Fischer ( 2004 ) , pp. 206 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Wood , W. J ( 1995 ) . Battles of the Revolutionary War , 1775 -- 1781 . Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80617 - 7 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81329 - 7 ( 2003 paperback reprint ) , p. 72 - 74 Jump up ^ Fischer p. 307 Jump up ^ Ketchum p. 286 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1973 ) , pp. 388 -- 389 Jump up ^ Schecter , p. 268 Jump up ^ McCullough p. 290 Jump up ^ Lengel p. 208 Jump up ^ Fischer ( 2004 ) , pp. 345 -- 58 . ^ Jump up to : Lecky , William , A History of England in the Eighteenth Century , Vol. IV ( 1891 ) , p. 57 . ^ Jump up to : Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 84 Jump up ^ John Martin Carroll ; Colin F. Baxter ( 2007 ) . The American Military Tradition : From Colonial Times to the Present . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Ketchum , Saratoga ( 1999 ) , p. 81 ^ Jump up to : Martin , p. 11 - 15 ^ Jump up to : John E. Ferling , The First of Men : A Life of George Washington ( 2010 ) p . ^ Jump up to : Alden , The American Revolution ( 1954 ) p. 118 Jump up ^ Samuel B. Griffith , The War for American Independence : From 1760 to the Surrender at Yorktown in 1781 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 104 Jump up ^ Martin , p. 11 Jump up ^ Fisher , Sydney George . The Struggle for American Independence Vol. II ( 1908 ) pp. 73 -- 74 Jump up ^ Black , Jeremy ( 1991 ) . War for America : The Fight for Independence , 1775 -- 1783 . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 06713 - 5 . , p. 126 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Pancake ( 1977 ) , p. 125 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 146 -- 157 , 438 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 244 - 249 Jump up ^ Pancake ( 1977 ) , p. 145 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 271 -- 275 Jump up ^ Gabriel , Michael P. ( 2012 ) . The Battle of Bennington : Soldiers and Civilians . The History Press . ISBN 978 - 1609495152 . Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 285 -- 323 . Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 283 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 296 . Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 337 -- 378 . 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ISBN 0 - 87436 - 837 - 5 , p. 346 Jump up ^ Chávez , p. 151 Jump up ^ Chávez , p. 163 Jump up ^ Chávez , p. 165 Jump up ^ Jay , Mike , The Unfortunate Colonel Despard , Bantam Press , 2004 ISBN 0 - 593 - 05195 - 5 , p. 93 ^ Jump up to : Chavez , p. 165 Jump up ^ Edler , F. ( 2001 ) ( 1911 ) . The Dutch Republic and The American Revolution . Honolulu , Hawaii : University Press of the Pacific . ISBN 0 - 89875 - 269 - 8 . Jump up ^ Edler , p. 184 Jump up ^ Lohuizen , Jan ( 1961 ) . The Dutch East India Company and Mysore , 1762 -- 1790 . ' s - Gravenhage : M. Nijhoff , p. 117 Jump up ^ Nicolas , Paul Harris ( 1845 ) . Historical record of the Royal Marine Forces , Volume 2 . London : Thomas and William Boone . , p. 124 Jump up ^ Castex ( 2004 ) , p. 340 - 344 Jump up ^ Castex ( p. 315 ) calls this a French victory , on account of more severe damage to Hughes ' fleet . Mahan ( p. 566 ) does not explicitly designate a victor . Jump up ^ Castex ( 2004 ) , pp. 269 -- 272 Jump up ^ Sweetman , Jack ( 1997 ) . The Great Admirals : Command at Sea , 1587 -- 1945 . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 9780870212291. , p. 176 Jump up ^ Fredriksen , John C ( 2006 ) . Revolutionary War Almanac Almanacs of American wars Facts on File library of American history . Infobase Publishing . ISBN 9780816074686. , p. 229 Jump up ^ Malleson , George Bruce ( 1884 ) . Final French Struggles in India and on the Indian Seas . W.H. Allen . Jump up ^ Vibart , H. M ( 1881 ) . The military history of the Madras engineers and pioneers , from 1743 up to the present time , Volume 1 Jump up ^ Naravane , M.S. ( 2014 ) . Battles of the Honorourable East India Company . A.P.H. Publishing Corporation . p. 174 . ISBN 9788131300343 . Jump up ^ Wilks , Mark . `` Historical Sketches of the South of India , in an Attempt to Trace the History of Mysoor '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Singh , Sarbans ( 1993 ) . Battle Honours of the Indian Army 1757 -- 1971 . New Delhi : Vision Books . pp. 102 -- 103 . ISBN 8170941156 . Jump up ^ Vibart , H.M. ( 1881 ) . The Military History of the Madras Engineers and Pioneers , from 1743 up to the present time ( Volume 1 ) . London : W.H. Allen & Co. pp. 158 -- 159 . Retrieved 3 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Naravane , M.S. ( 2014 ) . Battles of the Honorourable East India Company . A.P.H. Publishing Corporation . pp. 173 -- 175 . ISBN 9788131300343 . Jump up ^ Lohuizen , p. 115 Jump up ^ Hasan , Mohibbul ( 2005 ) . History of Tipu Sultan . Aakar Books . p. 21 . ISBN 8187879572 . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Hasan , Mohibbul ( 2005 ) . History of Tipu Sultan . Aakar Books . p. 24 . ISBN 8187879572 . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Fortescue , John ( 1902 ) . A history of the British army . Volume 3 . pp. 483 -- 489 . Jump up ^ Fortescue , Sir John William ( 1902 ) , A history of the British army , 3 , Macmillan , pp. 481 -- 485 Jump up ^ Paine , Lincoln P. ( 2000 ) . Warships of the world to 1900 . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 98414 - 7. , p. 75 Jump up ^ Mahan , p. 416 Jump up ^ Hagan , Kenneth J. ( 16 October 2009 ) . `` The birth of American naval strategy '' . In Hagan , Kenneth J. ; McMaster , Michael T. ; Stoker , Donald . Strategy in the American War of Independence : A Global Approach . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 21039 - 8 . , p. 51 Jump up ^ Fortescue , p. 483 - 489 Jump up ^ Jerome R. Reich ( 1997 ) . British friends of the American Revolution . M.E. Sharpe . p. 121 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 0074 - 5 . Jump up ^ Rideau , Roger . A Brief History of Canada . Facts on File . p. 79 . Jump up ^ Fiske , John The Critical Period of American History 1783 -- 1789 Boston , Houghton Mifflin ( 1896 ) , via unimelb.edu.au -- accessed 2008 - 01 - 11 Jump up ^ Dwight L. Smith , `` A North American Neutral Indian Zone : Persistence of a British Idea . '' Northwest Ohio Quarterly 61 # 2 -- 4 ( 1989 ) : 46 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Charles R. Ritcheson , `` The Earl of Shelbourne and Peace with America , 1782 -- 1783 : Vision and Reality . '' International History Review 5 # 3 ( 1983 ) : 322 -- 345 . Jump up ^ William E. Lass ( 1980 ) . Minnesota 's Boundary with Canada : Its Evolution Since 1783 . Minnesota Historical Society . pp. 63 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Jonathan R. Dull ( 1987 ) . A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution . Yale UP . pp. 144 -- 151 . Jump up ^ Charles R. Ritcheson , `` The Earl of Shelbourne and Peace with America , 1782 -- 1783 : Vision and Reality . '' International History Review ( 1983 ) 5 # 3 pp : 322 -- 345 . online Jump up ^ Quote from Thomas Paterson , J. Garry Clifford and Shane J. Maddock , American foreign relations : A history , to 1920 ( 2009 ) vol 1 p 20 Jump up ^ Benn ( 1993 ) , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Dwight L. Smith , `` A North American Neutral Indian Zone : Persistence of a British Idea '' Northwest Ohio Quarterly 1989 61 ( 2 -- 4 ) : 46 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Francis M. Carroll ( 2001 ) . A Good and Wise Measure : The Search for the Canadian - American Boundary , 1783 -- 1842 . U of Toronto Press . p. 24 . ISBN 9780802083586 . Jump up ^ Frances G , Davenport and Charles O. Paullin , European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies ( 1917 ) vol 1 p vii Jump up ^ Dull , p. 321 Jump up ^ Dull , p. 327 - 331 Jump up ^ Lawrence S. Kaplan , `` The Treaty of Paris , 1783 : A Historiographical Challenge '' , International History Review , September 1983 , Vol. 5 , Issue 3 , pp 431 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Stone , Bailey . The Genesis of the French Revolution : A Global - historical Interpretation , UK , Cambridge University Press ( 1994 ) . Jump up ^ Gerald Newman and Leslie Ellen Brown , Britain in the Hanoverian age , 1714 -- 1837 ( 1997 ) p. 533 Jump up ^ Edler 2001 , 181 -- 189 Jump up ^ W. , Francis ( 2002 ) . Gazetteer of South India , Volume 1 . Mittal Publications . , p. 161 Jump up ^ Dwight L. Smith , `` Josiah Harmar , Diplomatic Courier . '' Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 87.4 ( 1963 ) : 420 -- 430 . Jump up ^ Richard Morris , The Peacemakers : The Great Powers and American Independence ( 1983 ) . Jump up ^ Ellis ( 2004 ) , p. 87 . Jump up ^ American dead and wounded : Shy , pp. 249 -- 50 . The lower figure for number of wounded comes from Chambers , p. 849 . Jump up ^ The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography , Volume 27 ( 1903 ) , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scurvy '' . GARD. 5 June 2017 . Retrieved 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Vale , Brian ( 2008 ) . `` The Conquest of Scurvy in the Royal Navy 1793 -- 1800 : a Challenge to Current Orthodoxy '' . 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There is an overwhelming consensus that Americans ' economic standard of living on the eve of the Revolution was among the highest in the world . ^ Jump up to : Greene and Pole , eds. , A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2004 ) chapters 42 , 48 Jump up ^ Curtis P. Nettels , The Emergence of a National Economy , 1775 -- 1815 ( 1962 ) pp 23 -- 44 Jump up ^ `` Not worth a continental '' , `` Creating the United States '' , Library of Congress . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Trescott , Paul . `` Federal - State Financial Relations , 1790 -- 1860 '' . 15 : 227 -- 45 . Jump up ^ David Kennedy ; et al. ( 2011 ) . The Brief American Pageant : A History of the Republic , Volume I : To 1877 . Cengage Learning . p. 136 . ISBN 0495915351 . Jump up ^ Robert Tombs and Isabelle Tombs ( 2006 ) . That Sweet Enemy : The French and the British from the Sun King to the Present . Knopf Doubleday . p. 179 . ISBN 9781400040247 . Jump up ^ Conway , Stephen . The War of American Independence 1775 -- 1783 . Publisher : E. Arnold ( 1995 ) ISBN 0 - 340 - 62520 - 1 . 280 pages . Jump up ^ Schiff , Stacy ( 2006 ) . A Great Improvisation : Franklin , France , and the Birth of America . Macmillan . p. 5 . ISBN 9781429907996 . Jump up ^ Conway ( 1995 ) p. 242 Jump up ^ Paul Kennedy , The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers ( 1987 ) p. 81 , 119 Jump up ^ Marston ( 2002 ) p. 82 Jump up ^ Tombs ( 2007 ) p. 179 Jump up ^ Stacy Schiff ( 2006 ) . A Great Improvisation : Franklin , France , and the Birth of America . Macmillan . p. 5 . ISBN 9781429907996 . Jump up ^ Lynch , John . Bourbon Spain 1700 -- 1808 . Publisher : Oxford ( 1989 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 19245 - 9 . p. 326 Jump up ^ Castillero Calvo , Alfredo ( 2004 ) . Las Rutas de la Plata : La Primera Globalización . Madrid : Ediciones San Marcos . ISBN 84 - 89127 - 47 - 6. , p. 193 Jump up ^ Mulhall , Michael G. , Mulhall 's Dictionary of Statistics ( 1884 ) , p. 357 . Jump up ^ Colonial and Pre-Federal Statistics U.S. Census Bureau . Jump up ^ Clode , Charles Matthew ( 1869 ) , `` The Military Forces of the Crown : Their Administration and Government '' , London , J Murray , p. 268 . Note : Figures include the 41st regiment of invalids , but not the 20 independent companies on garrison duty . Troops in India were under the control of the East India Company , and did not become part of the British Army until 1858 . Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to British History . ( 2 ed . ) . Jump up ^ Plant , David , Rule of the Major - Generals , British Civil Wars and Commonwealth website , retrieved June 9 , 2017 Jump up ^ Rodger , N.A.M ( 2004 ) . The Command of the Ocean : A Naval History of Britain 1649 -- 1815 . Penguin Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 06050 - 8 , p. 137 Jump up ^ `` The March of the Guards to Finchley ; 18th Century Recruitment '' . Umich education . Jump up ^ Belcher , Henry ( 1911 ) , `` The First American Civil War ; First Period , 1775 -- 1778 , with chapters on the Continental or Revolutionary army and on the forces of the Crown '' , Volume 1 , London Macmillan , p. 250 , 258 Jump up ^ War Office Papers , Manuscripts in the Public Record Office , 1 : 992 -- 1008 , passim Jump up ^ War Officer Papers , 4 : 275 , Jenkinson to Clinton , 5 Dec. 1780 Jump up ^ 9th Report on Public Accounts ( 1783 ) in 39 House of Commons Journal , H.M. Stationery Office , 1803 , pp. 325 -- 344 Jump up ^ Plant , David , `` The New Model Army '' , BCW Project , http://bcw-project.org/military/new-model-army , Retrieved 9 June 2017 Jump up ^ Fortescue , Volume III , p. 41 Jump up ^ Owen , Captain Wheeler ( 1914 ) , `` The War Office Past and Present '' , Methuen & Co . London , p. 90 Jump up ^ War Office Papers , 3 : 5 , Harvey to Elliot , 10 March 1775 Jump up ^ Clode , Volume II , p. 13 - 14 Jump up ^ Statutes at Large , Ruffhead 's Edition ( London , 1763 -- 1800 ) , Volume XIII , p. 273 - 280 Jump up ^ Statutes at Large , Ruffhead 's Edition , Volume XIII , p. 316 - 317 Jump up ^ War Office Papers , 4 : 966 , Jenkinson to John Livesey and E. Brewer , 13 Apr. 1779 Jump up ^ War Office Papers , 1 : 996 , Sir William Codrington to Barrington , December 1778 Jump up ^ War Office Papers. 1 : 998 , Lieutenant General Parker to Barrington , 19 June 1778 . Jump up ^ War Office Papers , 1 : 1005 , Oughton to Jenkinson , 27 May 1779 Jump up ^ Andrews , Charles McLean ( 1912 ) , `` Guide to the materials for American history , to 1783 , in the Public record office of Great Britain '' , Washington , D.C. , Carnegie institution of Washington , Volume II , p. 32 Jump up ^ War Office Papers , 4 : 966 , Jenkinson to Amherst , 26 Oct. 1779 Jump up ^ Jonathan Dull , A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution ( Yale University Press , 1985 ) , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Winfield , Rif , British Warships in the Age of Sail : 1714 -- 1792 ( Seaforth Publishing , 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 84415 - 700 - 6 Jump up ^ Winfield , Rif , British Warships in the Age of Sail 1714 -- 1792 : Design , Construction , Careers and Fates ( Seaforth Publishing , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Colonial Office Papers . Manuscripts in the Public Record Office , 5 : 92 , Dartmouth to Howe , 5 Sept. 1775 Jump up ^ Edler 2001 , pp. 28 -- 32 Jump up ^ Knesebeck , Ernst von dem ( 1845 ) , `` Geschichte de churhannoverschen Truppen in Gibraltar , Menorca und Ostindien '' , Published by Im Verlage der Helwingschen Hof - Buchhandlung . Note : The strength of a Hanoverian battalion is listed as 473 men ^ Jump up to : Black ( 2001 ) , p. 59 . On militia see Boatner ( 1974 ) , p. 707 , and Weigley ( 1973 ) , ch. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Lord Dunmore 's Proclamation '' . Digital History . 2007 - 10 - 18 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , 327 Jump up ^ Babits , page 46 , `` British Legion Infantry strength at Cowpens was between 200 and 271 enlisted men '' . However , this statement is referenced to a note on pages 175 -- 176 , which says , `` The British Legion infantry at Cowpens is usually considered to have had about 200 -- 250 men , but returns for the 25 December 1780 muster show only 175 . Totals obtained by Cornwallis , dated 15 January , show that the whole legion had 451 men , but approximately 250 were dragoons '' . There would therefore appear to be no evidence for putting the total strength of the five British Legion Light Infantry companies at more than 200 . Jump up ^ Review by : Hugh F. Rankin ; Reviewed Work : The Green Dragoon : The Lives of Banastre Tarleton and Mary Robinson by Robert D. Bass , The North Carolina Historical Review , Vol. 34 , No. 4 ( October , 1957 ) , pp. 548 -- 550 Jump up ^ Bass , Robert. D ( August 1957 ) . `` The Green Dragoon : The Lives of Banastre Tarleton and Mary Robinson `` . North Carolina Office of Archives and History . JSTOR 23517100 . 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Jump up ^ Duncan , Volume II , p. 15 Jump up ^ Duncan , Francis ( 1879 ) . `` History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery '' , Volume 1 . J. Murray , p. 131 , 303 , 309 Jump up ^ Sergeant Lamb , `` Journal of the American War '' , p. 75 Jump up ^ Duncan , History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery , Volume 2 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Burgoyne , State of the Expedition , p. 148 Jump up ^ `` Battle of Monmouth Courthouse '' . Robinson Library . Self - published . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Ernest Marsh ( 1908 ) , Review of the History of Infantry , p. 155 Jump up ^ Howe , William , Orderly Book , p. 116 Jump up ^ Howe , Orderly Book , 20 June 1777 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Trevelyan , Volume III , p. 6 ; Volume IV , p. 158 Jump up ^ Fortescue , The British Army , 1783 -- 1802 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Sawyer , Charles Winthrop ( 1910 ) , `` Firearms in American History '' , p. 99 Jump up ^ Trevelyan , Volume IV , p. 224 Jump up ^ Trevelyan , Volume IV , p. 34 Jump up ^ Minute Book of a Board of General Officers of the British Army in New York , 1781 . New York Historical Society Collections , 1916 , p. 81 . 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Jump up ^ `` Life at sea in the age of sail '' . National Maritime Museum . Jump up ^ Lamb , Memoir , p. 74 Jump up ^ Riedesel , Mrs. General , Letters and Journals , translated from the original German by W.L. Stone ( Albany , 1867 ) p. 125 Jump up ^ Stedman , Charles , History of the American War ( London , 1794 ) , Volume I , p. 309 Jump up ^ Fortescue , The British Army , 1783 -- 1802 , p. 35 Jump up ^ Steven Schwamenfeld. `` The Foundation of British Strength : National Identity and the Common British Soldier . '' Ph. D. diss. , Florida State University 2007 , p. 123 - 124 Jump up ^ Schwamenfeld ( 2007 ) , p. 123 - 124 Jump up ^ Schwamenfeld ( 2007 ) , p. 123 Jump up ^ Clayton , Anthony ( 2007 ) . The British Officer : Leading the Army from 1660 to the Present . Routledge . ISBN 178159287X , p. 65 Jump up ^ French , pp. 263 -- 265 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 155 Jump up ^ Frothingham pp. 191 , 194 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 156 Jump up ^ Ferling , 2015 , p. 127 - 129 Jump up ^ John E. Ferling , Almost A Miracle : The American Victory in the War of Independence ( 2009 ) , pp. 562 -- 77 . ^ Jump up to : Joseph J. Ellis ( 2013 ) . Revolutionary Summer : The Birth of American Independence . Random House . ISBN 0307701220 . ^ Jump up to : Richard W. Stewart , ed. , American Military History Volume 1 The United States Army And The Forging Of A Nation , 1775 -- 1917 '' ( 2005 ) ch 4 `` The Winning of Independence , 1777 -- 1783 '' ( 2005 ) , p. 103 . Jump up ^ David McCullough ( 2006 ) . 1776 . p. 122 . Jump up ^ Black , Jeremy ( 1991 ) . War for America : The Fight for Independence , 1775 -- 1783 . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 06713 - 5 . , p. 126 Jump up ^ Cadwalader , Richard McCall ( 1901 ) . Observance of the One Hundred and Twenty - third Anniversary of the Evacuation of Philadelphia by the British Army . Fort Washington and the Encampment of White Marsh , November 2 , 1777 : . pp. 20 -- 28 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frothingham pp. 152 -- 153 Jump up ^ Jackson , Kenneth T ; Dunbar , David S ( 2005 ) . Empire City : New York Through the Centuries . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 10909 - 3 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Colonial Office Papers , Manuscripts in the Public Record Office , 5 : 93 , Howe to Dartmouth , 1st December 1775 Jump up ^ Colonial Office Papers , 5 : 93 , Howe to Germain , 7 June and 7 July 1776 Jump up ^ A View of the Evidence ( London , 1783 ) , p. 13 Jump up ^ Correspondence of George III with Lord North , Volume II , p. 57 Jump up ^ Colonial Office Papers , 5 : 93 , Howe to Germain , 30 Nov 1776 Jump up ^ Stedman , American War , Volume I , p. 287 ^ Jump up to : Lumpkin , From Savannah to Yorktown : The American Revolution in the South ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Trevelyan , Sir George Otto ( 1914 ) . George the Third and Charles Fox : The Concluding Part of The American Revolution . New York and elsewhere : Longmans , Green and Co . Jump up ^ Pancake , John ( 1985 ) . This Destructive War . University of Alabama Press . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 0191 - 7. , p. 221 Jump up ^ Clinton , H. ; The American Rebellion . Note : This lack of notification was one of Clinton 's main arguments in his own defense in the controversy that followed the surrender at Yorktown . Jump up ^ Grainger , John ( 2005 ) . The Battle of Yorktown , 1781 : a Reassessment . Woodbridge , NJ : Boydell Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84383 - 137 - 2 . OCLC 232006312 . , p. 29 Jump up ^ Wickwire , Franklin and Mary ( 1970 ) . Cornwallis : The American Adventure . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . OCLC 62690 . p. 362 Jump up ^ Lengel , Edward ( 2005 ) . General George Washington . New York : Random House Paperbacks . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 6950 - 2. , p. 337 Jump up ^ Fleming , Thomas ( 1970 ) . The Perils of Peace . New York : The Dial Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 113911 - 6 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Colonial Office Papers , 5 : 96 , Clinton to Germain , 15 September 1778 Jump up ^ Colonial Office Papers , 5 : 97 , Clinton to Germain , 15 December 1778 Jump up ^ Colonial Office Papers , 5 : 98 , Haldimand to Clinton , 19 July and 29 August 1779 Jump up ^ Colonial Office Papers , 5 : 100 , Clinton to Germain , 31st October 1780 Jump up ^ Black ( 2001 ) , p. 39 ; Greene and Pole ( 1999 ) , pp. 298 , 306 Jump up ^ Rossman , Vadim ( 2016 ) , `` Capital Cities : Varieties and Patterns of Development and Relocation '' , Taylor & Francis , ISBN 1317562852 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Edward E. Curtis , The Organization of the British Army in the American Revolution , Conclusion , ( Yale U.P. 1926 ) , ( 4 ) Retrieved 10 June 2017 Jump up ^ Black ( 2001 ) , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Wilson , David K ( 2005 ) . The Southern Strategy : Britain 's Conquest of South Carolina and Georgia , 1775 -- 1780 . Columbia , SC : University of South Carolina Press . ISBN 1 - 57003 - 573 - 3 . OCLC 232001108 . p. 112 Jump up ^ Black ( 2001 ) , pp. 14 -- 16 ( Harsh methods ) , pp. 35 , 38 ( slaves and Indians ) , p. 16 ( neutrals into revolutionaries ) . Jump up ^ Leonard Woods Larabee , Conservatism in Early American History ( 1948 ) pp 164 -- 65 Jump up ^ Calhoon , Robert M. The Loyalists in Revolutionary America , 1760 -- 1781 ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ Curtis , `` The Organization of the British Army in the American Revolution , Conclusion Jump up ^ Lorenzo Sabine , Biographical Sketches of Loyalists of the American Revolution , Vol . I ( 1864 ) p. 48 ; Sabine adds they were certainly wrong . Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1999 ) , p. 235 Jump up ^ William Edward Hartpole Lecky ( 1891 ) . A History of England : In the Eighteenth Century . p. 139 . Jump up ^ Black ( 2001 ) , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Black ( 2001 ) , p. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Ferling ( 2007 ) , p. 294 Jump up ^ Dull , ( 1985 ) p. 244 Jump up ^ Tellier , L. - N. ( 2009 ) . Urban World History : an Economic and Geographical Perspective . Quebec : PUQ . p. 463 . ISBN 2 - 7605 - 1588 - 5 . Jump up ^ Pole and Greene , eds . Companion to the American Revolution , ch. 36 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Trevelyan , p. 249 . Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 405 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Philander D. Chase . `` Steuben , Friedrich Wilhelm von '' ; American National Biography Online ( 2000 ) . Accessed January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ferling , John ( 2007 ) , pp. 294 -- 95 '' Jump up ^ `` Establishment of the Navy , 13 October 1775 '' . United States Navy . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Crocker ( 2006 ) , p. 51 . Jump up ^ `` Privateers or Merchant Mariners help win the Revolutionary War '' . Usmm.org . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Higginbotham ( 1983 ) , pp. 331 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Boatner ( 1974 ) , p. 264 says the largest force Washington commanded was `` under 17,000 '' ; Duffy ( 1987 ) , p. 17 , estimates Washington 's maximum was `` only 13,000 troops '' . Jump up ^ Kaplan and Kaplan ( 1989 ) , pp. 64 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Leslie Alexander ( 2010 ) . Encyclopedia of African American History . ABC - CLIO . p. 356 . ISBN 9781851097746 . Jump up ^ Peter Kolchin , American Slavery : 1619 -- 1877 , New York : Hill and Wang , 1994 , p. 73 Jump up ^ Kolchin , p. 73 Jump up ^ William Weir ( 2004 ) . The Encyclopedia of African American Military History . Prometheus Books . pp. 31 -- 32 . ISBN 9781615928316 . Jump up ^ Cassadra Pybus , `` Jefferson 's Faulty Math : the Question of Slave Defections in the American Revolution '' , William and Mary Quarterly ( 2005 ) 62 # 2 pp : 243 -- 264 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1999 ) , p. 393 ; Boatner ( 1974 ) , p. 545 . Jump up ^ John Finger , Tennessee Frontiers : Three Regions in Transition ( Bloomington , Ind. : Indiana University Press , 2001 ) , pp. 43 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Ward , Harry M. ( 1999 ) . The war for independence and the transformation of American society . Psychology Press . p. 198 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85728 - 656 - 4 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Greg ( April 30 , 2008 ) . Pre-removal Choctaw history : exploring new paths . University of Oklahoma Press . pp. 123 -- 126 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3916 - 6 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cassandra Pybus , `` Jefferson 's Faulty Math : the Question of Slave Defections in the American Revolution '' , William and Mary Quarterly 2005 62 # 2 : 243 -- 264 . Jump up ^ John N. Grant , `` Black Immigrants into Nova Scotia , 1776 -- 1815 . '' Journal of Negro History ( 1973 ) : 253 -- 270 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ James W. St G. Walker , The Black Loyalists : The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone , 1783 -- 1870 ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ William Baller , `` Farm Families and the American Revolution , '' Journal of Family History ( 2006 ) 31 ( 1 ) : 28 -- 44 . ISSN 0363 - 1990 . Fulltext : online in EBSCO . Jump up ^ Michael A. McDonnell , `` Class War : Class Struggles During the American Revolution in Virginia '' , William and Mary Quarterly 2006 63 ( 2 ) : 305 -- 344 . ISSN 0043 - 5597 Fulltext : online at History Cooperative . Further reading Black , Jeremy . War for America : The Fight for Independence , 1775 -- 1783 . 2001 . Analysis from a noted British military historian . Benn , Carl Historic Fort York , 1793 -- 1993 . Toronto : Dundurn Press Ltd. 1993 . ISBN 0 - 920474 - 79 - 9 . Boatner , Mark Mayo , III . Encyclopedia of the American Revolution . 1966 ; revised 1974 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0578 - 1 . Military topics , references many secondary sources . Chambers , John Whiteclay II , ed. in chief . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford University Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507198 - 0 . Conway , Stephen . The British Isles and the War of American Independence ( 2002 ) doi : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780199254552.001. 0001 online Crocker III , H.W. ( 2006 ) . Do n't Tread on Me . New York : Crown Forum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 5363 - 6 . Curtis , Edward E. The Organization of the British Army in the American Revolution ( Yale U.P. 1926 ) online Duffy , Christopher . The Military Experience in the Age of Reason , 1715 -- 1789 Routledge , 1987 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7102 - 1024 - 1 . Edler , Friedrich . The Dutch Republic and The American Revolution . University Press of the Pacific , 1911 , reprinted 2001 . ISBN 0 - 89875 - 269 - 8 . Ellis , Joseph J. His Excellency : George Washington . ( 2004 ) . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4031 - 0 . David Hackett Fischer . Washington 's Crossing . New York : Oxford University Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517034 - 2 . Fletcher , Charles Robert Leslie . An Introductory History of England : The Great European War , Volume 4 . E.P. Dutton , 1909 . OCLC 12063427 . Greene , Jack P. and Pole , J.R. , eds . The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution . Malden , Massachusetts : Blackwell , 1991 ; reprint 1999 . ISBN 1 - 55786 - 547 - 7 . Collection of essays focused on political and social history . Gilbert , Alan . Black Patriots and Loyalists : Fighting for Emancipation in the War for Independence . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 29307 - 3 . Higginbotham , Don . The War of American Independence : Military Attitudes , Policies , and Practice , 1763 -- 1789 . Northeastern University Press , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 930350 - 44 - 8 . Overview of military topics ; online in ACLS History E-book Project . Morrissey , Brendan . Monmouth Courthouse 1778 : The Last Great Battle in the North . Osprey Publishing , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 772 - 7 . Jensen , Merrill . The Founding of a Nation : A History of the American Revolution 1763 -- 1776 . ( 2004 ) Kaplan , Sidney and Emma Nogrady Kaplan . The Black Presence in the Era of the American Revolution . Amherst , Massachusetts : The University of Massachusetts Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 87023 - 663 - 6 . Ketchum , Richard M. Saratoga : Turning Point of America 's Revolutionary War . Henry Holt , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 4681 - X . Mackesy , Piers . The War for America : 1775 -- 1783 . London , 1964 . Reprinted University of Nebraska Press , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8192 - 7 . Highly regarded examination of British strategy and leadership . McCullough , David . 1776 . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2005 . Middleton , Richard , The War of American Independence , 1775 -- 1783 . London : Pearson , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 22942 - 6 Reynolds , Jr. , William R. ( 2012 ) . Andrew Pickens : South Carolina Patriot in the Revolutionary War . Jefferson NC : McFarland & Company , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6694 - 8 . Riddick , John F. The History of British India : a Chronology . Greenwood Publishing Group , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32280 - 8 . Savas , Theodore P. and Dameron , J. David . A Guide to the Battles of the American Revolution . New York : Savas Beatie LLC , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 932714 - 12 - X . Schama , Simon . Rough Crossings : Britain , the Slaves , and the American Revolution , New York , NY : Ecco / HarperCollins , 2006 O'Shaughnessy , Andrew Jackson . The Men who Lost America : British Leadership , the American Revolution , and the Fate of the Empire ( Yale UP , 2014 ) . Shy , John . A People Numerous and Armed : Reflections on the Military Struggle for American Independence . New York : Oxford University Press , 1976 ( ISBN 0 - 19 - 502013 - 8 ) ; revised University of Michigan Press , 1990 ( ISBN 0 - 472 - 06431 - 2 ) . Collection of essays . Stephenson , Orlando W . `` The Supply of Gunpowder in 1776 '' , American Historical Review , Vol. 30 , No. 2 ( Jan. 1925 ) , pp. 271 -- 281 in JSTOR . Tombs , Robert and Isabelle . That Sweet Enemy : The French and the British from the Sun King to the Present Random House , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 4024 - 7 . Trevelyan , George Otto . George the Third and Charles Fox : the concluding part of The American revolution Longmans , Green , 1912 . Watson , J. Steven . The Reign of George III , 1760 -- 1815 . 1960 . Standard history of British politics . Weigley , Russell F. The American Way of War . Indiana University Press , 1977 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 28029 - 9 . Weintraub , Stanley . Iron Tears : America 's Battle for Freedom , Britain 's Quagmire : 1775 -- 1783 . New York : Free Press , 2005 ( a division of Simon & Schuster ) . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 2687 - 9 . An account of the British politics on the conduct of the war . Reference literature These are some of the standard works about the war in general that are not listed above ; books about specific campaigns , battles , units , and individuals can be found in those articles . Billias , George Athan . George Washington 's Generals and Opponents : Their Exploits and Leadership ( 1994 ) scholarly studies of key generals on each side. \ Black , Jeremy . `` Could the British Have Won the American War of Independence ? . '' Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research . ( Fall 1996 ) , Vol. 74 Issue 299 , pp 145 -- 154 . online video lecture , uses Real Player Conway , Stephen . The War of American Independence 1775 -- 1783 . Publisher : E. Arnold , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 340 - 62520 - 1 . 280 pages . Lowell , Edward J. The Hessians in the Revolution Williamstown , Massachusetts , Corner House Publishers , 1970 , Reprint Bancroft , George . History of the United States of America , from the discovery of the American continent . ( 1854 -- 78 ) , vol. 7 -- 10 . Bobrick , Benson . Angel in the Whirlwind : The Triumph of the American Revolution . Penguin , 1998 ( paperback reprint ) . Fremont - Barnes , Gregory , and Ryerson , Richard A. , eds . The Encyclopedia of the American Revolutionary War : A Political , Social , and Military History ( ABC - CLIO , 2006 ) 5 volume paper and online editions ; 1000 entries by 150 experts , covering all topics Frey , Sylvia R . The British Soldier in America : A Social History of Military Life in the Revolutionary Period ( University of Texas Press , 1981 ) . Hibbert , Christopher . Redcoats and Rebels : The American Revolution through British Eyes . New York : Norton , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 02895 - X . Kwasny , Mark V. Washington 's Partisan War , 1775 -- 1783 . Kent , Ohio : 1996 . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 546 - 2 . Militia warfare . Middlekauff , Robert . The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 . Oxford University Press , 1984 ; revised 2005 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516247 - 1 . online edition Savas , Theodore ; J. David Dameron ( 2006 ) . Guide to the Battles of the American Revolution . Savas Beatie . ISBN 9781611210118 . Contains a detailed listing of American , French , British , German , and Loyalist regiments ; indicates when they were raised , the main battles , and what happened to them . Also includes the main warships on both sides , And all the important battles . Simms , Brendan . Three Victories and a Defeat : The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire , 1714 -- 1783 ( 2008 ) 802 pp. , detailed coverage of diplomacy from London viewpoint Symonds , Craig L. A Battlefield Atlas of the American Revolution ( 1989 ) , newly drawn maps emphasizing the movement of military units Ward , Christopher . The War of the Revolution . ( 2 volumes . New York : Macmillan , 1952 . ) History of land battles in North America . Wood , W.J. Battles of the Revolutionary War , 1775 -- 1781 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81329 - 7 ( 2003 paperback reprint ) . Analysis of tactics of a dozen battles , with emphasis on American military leadership . Men - at - Arms series : short ( 48pp ) , very well illustrated descriptions : Zlatich , Marko ; Copeland , Peter . General Washington 's Army ( 1 ) : 1775 -- 78 ( 1994 ) Zlatich , Marko . General Washington 's Army ( 2 ) : 1779 -- 83 ( 1994 ) Chartrand , Rene . The French Army in the American War of Independence ( 1994 ) May , Robin . The British Army in North America 1775 -- 1783 ( 1993 ) The Partisan in War , a treatise on light infantry tactics written by Colonel Andreas Emmerich in 1789 . External links Look up American Revolutionary War in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to American Revolutionary War . 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who are gondoliers and what do they do in venice
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Gondola - wikipedia Gondola Jump to : navigation , search This article is about a means of water transport . For the means of cable transport , see Gondola lift . `` Gondolier '' redirects here . For other uses , see Gondolier ( disambiguation ) . A gondola on the Grand Canal The gondola ( / ˈɡɒndələ / ; Italian : ( ˈɡondola ) ) is a traditional , flat - bottomed Venetian rowing boat , well suited to the conditions of the Venetian lagoon . It is similar to a canoe , except it is narrower . It is propelled by a gondolier , who uses a rowing oar , which is not fastened to the hull , in a sculling manner and acts as the rudder . For centuries , the gondola was the chief means of transportation and most common watercraft within Venice . In modern times , the boats still do have a role in public transport in the city , serving as traghetti small ( ferries ) over the Grand Canal operated by two oarsmen . For some years there were seven traghetti , but by 2017 , the number had been reduced to three . Various types of gondola boats are also used in special regattas ( rowing races ) held amongst gondoliers . Their primary role today , however , is to carry tourists on rides at fixed rates . There are approximately 400 licensed gondoliers in Venice and a similar number of boats , down from the thousands that travelled the canals centuries ago . However , they are now elegant craft instead of the various types of shabby home made boats of the distant past . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and usage 1.1 Current gondola design 2 Gondolieri 3 References in literature and history 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History and usage ( edit ) From the Gondola by John Singer Sargent ( Brooklyn Museum ) La Riva by John Singer Sargent ( ( Brooklyn Museum ) ) The gondola is propelled by a person ( the gondolier ) who stands facing the bow and rows with a forward stroke , followed by a compensating backward stroke . The oar rests in an elaborately carved wooden rest ( forcola ) shaped to project from the side of the craft so as to allow the slight drag of each return stroke to pull the bow back to its forward course . Because of the vessel 's flat bottom it may also be `` drifted '' sideways when required . Contrary to popular belief , the gondola is never poled like a punt as the waters of Venice are too deep . Until the early 20th century , as many photographs attest , gondolas were often fitted with a `` felze '' , a small cabin , to protect the passengers from the weather or from onlookers . Its windows could be closed with louvered shutters -- the original `` Venetian blinds '' . After the elimination of the traditional felze -- possibly in response to tourists ' complaining that it blocked the view -- there survived for some decades a kind of vestigial summer awning , known as the `` tendalin '' ( these can be seen on gondolas as late as the mid-1950s , in the film Summertime ( 1955 ) ) . While in previous centuries gondolas could be many different colors , a sumptuary law of Venice required that gondolas should be painted black , and they are customarily so painted now . It is estimated that there were eight to ten thousand gondolas during the 17th and 18th century . There are just over four hundred in active service today , virtually all of them used for hire by tourists . Those few that are in private ownership are either hired out to Venetians for weddings or used for racing . Even though the gondola , by now , has become a widely publicized icon of Venice , in the times of the Republic of Venice it was by far not the only means of transportation ; on the map of Venice created by Jacopo de ' Barbari in 1500 , only a fraction of the boats are gondolas , the majority of boats are batellas , caorlinas , galleys , and other boats . Now , only a handful of batellas survive , and caorlinas are used for racing only . Gondolas on the Grand Canal Gondolas at Santi Giovanni e Paolo in a painting by Michele Marieschi Traghetti ; by 2017 , only three remained in Venice The historical gondola was quite different from its modern evolution ; the paintings of Canaletto and others show a much lower prow , a higher `` ferro '' , and usually two rowers . The banana - shaped modern gondola was developed only in the 19th century by the boat - builder Tramontin , whose heirs still run the Tramontin boatyard . The construction of the gondola continued to evolve until the mid-20th century , when the city government prohibited any further modifications . In the 1500s an estimated 10,000 gondolas of all types were in Venice ; in 1878 an estimated 4000 and now approximately 400 . The origin of the word `` gondola '' has never been satisfactorily established , despite many theories . Current gondola design ( edit ) Today 's gondola is 35.5 feet long and 4.5 feet wide with a weight of 1,500 lbs ( 700 kg ) . They are made of 280 hand - made pieces using eight types of wood ( lime , oak , mahogany , walnut , cherry , fir , larch and elm ) . The process takes about two months ; in 2013 , the cost of a gondola was about 38,000 euros . The oar or rèmo is held in an oarlock known as a fórcola . The forcola is of a complicated shape , allowing several positions of the oar for slow forward rowing , powerful forward rowing , turning , slowing down , rowing backwards , and stopping . The ornament on the front of the boat is called the fèrro ( meaning iron ) and can be made from brass , stainless steel , or aluminium . It serves as decoration and as counterweight for the gondolier standing near the stern . Gondolas at their moorings Every detail of the gondola has its own symbolism . The iron prow - head of the gondola , called `` fero da prorà '' or `` dol fin '' , is needed to balance the weight of the gondolier at the stern and has an `` S '' shape symbolic of the twists in the Canal Grande . Under the main blade there is a kind of comb with six teeth or prongs ( `` rebbi '' ) pointing forward standing for the six districts or `` sestieri '' of Venice . A kind of tooth juts out backwards toward the centre of the gondola symbolises the island of Giudecca . The curved top signifies the Doge 's cap . The semi-circular break between the curved top and the six teeth is said to represent the Rialto Bridge . Sometimes three friezes can be seen in - between the six prongs , indicating the three main islands of the city : Murano , Burano and Torcello . The gondola is also one of the vessels typically used in both ceremonial and competitive regattas , rowing races held amongst gondoliers using the technique of Voga alla Veneta . Gondolieri ( edit ) During their heyday as a means of public transports , teams of four men would share ownership of a gondola -- three oarsmen ( gondoliers ) and a fourth person , primarily shore based and responsible for the booking and administration of the gondola ( Il Rosso Riserva ) . However , as the gondolas became more of a tourist attraction than a mode of public transport all but one of these cooperatives and their offices have closed . The category is now protected by the Institution for the Protection and Conservation of Gondolas and Gondoliers , headquartered in the historical center of Venice . Gondolier The profession of gondolier is controlled by a guild , which issues a limited number of licenses ( approximately 400 ) , granted after periods of training ( 400 hours over six months ) and apprenticeship , and a major comprehensive exam which tests knowledge of Venetian history and landmarks , foreign language skills , and practical skills in handling the gondola . Such skills are necessary in the tight spaces of Venetian canals . Gondoliers dress in a blue or red striped top , red neckerchief , wide - brimmed straw hat and dark pants . A gondolier can earn the equivalent of up to US $150,000 per year . Gondoliers plying their craft in a narrow canal On the Grand Canal In August 2010 , Giorgia Boscolo became Venice 's first fully licensed female gondolier . Alex Hai had begun work in gondolas earlier than Boscolo , in 2007 , as Alexandra , but not with a full license because of failures to pass various tests . In June 2017 , Hai came out as a transgender and said that he had been working `` in the body of a woman '' . Hai is the first openly transgender person to be a gondola operator in Venice . He continues to work as a private gondola operator for hotels and individual clients in a self - run business , Alex Hai Gondola Tours . References in literature and history ( edit ) Gondola Races on the Grand Canal of Venice , by Grigory Gagarin ( 1830s ) `` Gondolinos , a slimmer and light - weight version of the gondola , were built for racing and elegant outings . Mark Twain visited Venice in the summer of 1867 . He dedicated much of The Innocents Abroad , chapter 23 , to describing the curiosity of urban life with gondolas and gondoliers . The first act of Gilbert and Sullivan 's two - act comic operetta The Gondoliers is set in Venice , and its two protagonists ( as well as its men 's chorus ) are of the eponymous profession , even though the political irony that makes up the core of the piece has much more to do with British society than with Venice . See also ( edit ) Gondola ( magazine ) Rower woman Rowing Sandolo Sculling Water taxi Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Le barche '' . Città di Venezia . Archived from the original on 3 March 2010 . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Venice attractions '' . Jump up ^ `` The Gondola , its history and useness '' . gondolavenezia.it . ^ Jump up to : `` The Gondolas of Venice -- Rick Steves ' Europe '' . www.ricksteves.com . Jump up ^ `` Italy , France , Belgium & Netherlands in 2017 - International Travel News '' . www.intltravelnews.com . Jump up ^ `` The Gondola Maker - Hakai Magazine '' . Jump up ^ Heyl , Norbert ; et al. ( 2003 ) . `` Rowing on the Lagoon '' . Venice master artisans . Ponzano : Vianello . pp. 131 -- 2 . ISBN 9788872001165 . Jump up ^ `` The Sordid Voyage of the Venetian Gondola '' . 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Grab Me A Gondola '' . The New Yorker . Jump up ^ `` Gondola facts - 10 interesting facts about Venetian gondolas '' . 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Davis , R. & Marvin , G. Venice , the Tourist Maze . pp. 133 -- 59 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Venice gondola builders strive to keep tradition alive '' . 22 October 2013 -- via Reuters . Jump up ^ Beltramello , Barbara ( 11 May 2017 ) . `` The Gondola Maker '' . Hakai Magazine . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Tim Jepson . `` The history and origins of the gondola '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Gondola in Venice '' . www.innvenice.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Decoding Venice 's iconic gondolas '' . 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Venetian Gondola '' . venicewiki.org . Jump up ^ `` Official Gondola Site '' . gondolavenezia.it . ^ Jump up to : PM , Winston Ross On 4 / 25 / 15 at 1 : 50 ( 25 April 2015 ) . `` The Merchants Are Killing Venice '' . Newsweek . Jump up ^ Teresa Machan . `` Gondolier course in Venice : stick your oar in '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` A gondolier - a symbol of Venice '' . 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Ferraro Luciano . `` Bocciata all ' esame di gondoliera : `` Solo perche ' donna '' `` . corriere.it . Jump up ^ Rome , By Nick Pisa in . `` Just one trained woman : Venice finally gets its first female gondolier '' . Jump up ^ Ferrier , Morwenna ( 11 August 2016 ) . `` The right stripes : how fashion fell for the gondolier '' -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` First lady joins official ranks of Venice 's gondoliers '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Cole , Teresa Levonian . `` First lady joins official ranks of Venice 's gondoliers '' . Financial Times . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giuffrida , Angela ( 29 June 2017 ) . `` Patriarchy on the canal : why is there only one female gondolier in Venice ? '' -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` First Female Gondolier Causes Stir Among Male Colleagues in Venice '' . 18 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Rome , By Malcolm Moore in . `` Female gondolier turns tide of Venice 's history '' . Jump up ^ Kiefer , Peter ( May 14 , 2007 ) . `` Along the Canals , a Woman Paddles Against the Tide '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Do n't call me Alexandra , word of the first transgender gondolier - WEST '' . West-info.eu. 2007 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Tom Kington . `` Venice 's first female gondolier , to have a sex change World The Times & The Sunday Times '' . Thetimes.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` TOURS '' . Alex Hai . Jump up ^ `` PBS - Mark Twain : A Tramp Abroad 1871 - 1901 '' . www.pbs.org . Jump up ^ `` The Innocents Abroad , by Mark Twain : CHAPTER XXIII '' . ebooks.adelaide.edu.au . Jump up ^ `` The Gondoliers Plot Summary '' . gsarchive.net . References ( edit ) Horatio Brown , chapter `` The Gondola '' in Life on the Lagoons ( 1884 and later editions ) Wooden Boat , The Venetian Gondola , April 1977 . Penzo , Gilberto ; La Gondola , 1999 . 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where did they film the first twilight movie
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Twilight ( 2008 film ) - wikipedia Twilight ( 2008 film ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Twilight <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Catherine Hardwicke Produced by Wyck Godfrey Greg Mooradian Mark Morgan Screenplay by Melissa Rosenberg Based on Twilight by Stephenie Meyer Starring Kristen Stewart Robert Pattinson Billy Burke Peter Facinelli Taylor Lautner Music by Carter Burwell Cinematography Elliot Davis Edited by Nancy Richardson Production company Temple Hill Entertainment Maverick Films Imprint Entertainment DMG Entertainment Distributed by Summit Entertainment Release date November 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 17 ) ( Los Angeles premiere ) November 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 21 ) ( United States ) Running time 121 minutes 126 minutes ( Extended cut ) Country United States Language English Budget $37 million Box office $393.6 million Twilight is a 2008 American romantic fantasy film based on Stephenie Meyer 's novel of the same name . Directed by Catherine Hardwicke , the film stars Kristen Stewart and Robert Pattinson . It is the first film in The Twilight Saga film series . This film focuses on the development of the relationship between Bella Swan ( a teenage girl ) and Edward Cullen ( a vampire ) , and the subsequent efforts of Edward and his family to keep Bella safe from a coven of evil vampires . The project was in development for approximately three years at Paramount Pictures , during which time a screen adaptation that differed significantly from the novel was written . Summit Entertainment acquired the rights to the novel after three years of the project 's stagnant development . Melissa Rosenberg wrote a new adaptation of the novel shortly before the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike and sought to be faithful to the novel 's storyline . Principal photography took 44 days and completed on May 2 , 2008 ; the film was primarily shot in Oregon . Twilight was theatrically released on November 21 , 2008 ; it grossed over US $ 393 million worldwide . It was released on DVD March 21 , 2009 and became the most purchased DVD of the year . The soundtrack was released on November 4 , 2008 . Following the film 's success , New Moon and Eclipse , the next two novels in the series , were produced as films the following year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Adaptation from source material 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming and post-production 3.5 Music 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 4.3 Home media 4.4 Video game 4.5 Accolades 5 Sequel 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot Bella Swan , a seventeen - year - old outcast , moves to Forks , a small town located by Washington 's Olympic Peninsula , to live with her father , Charlie , who is the police chief of town . Her mother , Renée , is remarried to a minor league baseball player , and they travel often to attend games . At her new high school , Bella makes several new friends , but she is also intrigued by the mysterious and aloof Cullen siblings . Bella sits next to Edward Cullen in biology class on her first day of school , but he seems to be repulsed by her . After a week of absence from school , Edward returns to school , and begins socializing with Bella normally . A few days later , Bella is nearly struck by a van in the school parking lot . Edward saves her by instantaneously covering a distance of over thirty feet , and putting himself between Bella and the van , stopping it with only his hand , and making a conspicuous dent on the van . He subsequently refuses to explain his actions to Bella , and warns her against befriending him . After much research , Bella concludes that Edward is seemingly human , but has mysterious powers resembling to a vampire . He eventually confirms this , but says he and the other Cullens only consume animal blood . The pair fall in love , and Edward introduces Bella to his vampire family . Carlisle Cullen , the family patriarch , is a doctor working at the hospital in Forks . His wife is Esme . Alice , Jasper , Emmett , and Rosalie , are their informally adopted children . Edward and Bella 's relationship is soon put in jeopardy , when three nomadic vampires -- James , Victoria , and Laurent -- arrive at Forks . James , a tracker vampire with incredible hunting instincts , is instantly intrigued by Edward 's protectiveness over a human , which incites him to hunt Bella for sport . Edward and the other Cullens put their lives on the line in an effort to protect Bella , but James tracks her to Phoenix , where she is hiding with Jasper and Alice . James lures Bella into a trap by falsely claiming that he is holding her mother hostage . James attacks Bella by biting her wrist , infecting her with vampire venom . After a ferocious battle , Edward subdues James just as the other members of the Cullen family arrive . Alice , Emmett , and Jasper kill James , decapitating and burning him , as Edward removes the venom from Bella 's wrist , preventing her from turning into a vampire . In the aftermath of the battle , Bella has suffered a broken leg , and ends up in the hospital , but her mother comes in to visit . Upon returning to Forks , Edward accompanies Bella to the high school prom , where he refuses to grant her request that he would transform her into a vampire . As the couple dance , they are unaware that James ' mate , Victoria , is secretly watching , plotting revenge for her lover 's death . Cast See also : List of Twilight cast members Main cast Kristen Stewart as Bella Swan , a seventeen - year - old girl who moves to the small town of Forks , Washington from Phoenix , Arizona and falls in love with Edward Cullen , a vampire . Her life is endangered after James , a sadistic vampire , decides to hunt her . Robert Pattinson as Edward Cullen , a 108 - year - old vampire who was changed in 1918 and still appears to be seventeen . He is Bella 's love interest and eventually falls in love with her . He has the ability to read minds , with the exception of Bella 's , along with superhuman speed . Secondary cast Peter Facinelli as Carlisle Cullen , a compassionate 300 - plus - year - old vampire who looks to be in his early 30s . He serves as the town 's physician and is the Cullen family patriarch . Elizabeth Reaser as Esme Cullen , Carlisle 's vampire wife and the matriarch of the Cullen family . Ashley Greene as Alice Cullen , Jasper Hale 's mate , a vampire who can see the future based on decisions that people make . Kellan Lutz as Emmett Cullen , physically the strongest vampire of the family . Nikki Reed as Rosalie Hale , Emmett Cullen 's mate , a vampire described as the most beautiful person in the world . She is hostile toward Bella throughout the film , worried that Edward 's relationship with a human puts their clan at risk . Jackson Rathbone as Jasper Hale , a Cullen family member who can manipulate emotions . He is the newest member of the Cullen family , and thus has the most difficulty maintaining their `` vegetarian '' diet of feeding only on animal rather than human blood . Billy Burke as Charlie Swan , Bella 's father and Forks ' Chief of Police . Cam Gigandet as James Witherdale , the leader of a group of nomadic vampires that intends to kill Bella . He is Victoria 's mate and a gifted tracker , due to his unparalleled senses . Rachelle Lefèvre as Victoria Sutherland , James ' mate who assists him in hunting Bella . Edi Gathegi as Laurent Da Revin , the most civilized member of James ' coven . Sarah Clarke as Renée Dwyer , Bella 's mother who lives in Arizona with her new husband , Phil . Taylor Lautner as Jacob Black , an old childhood friend of Bella and a member of the Quileute tribe . Christian Serratos as Angela Weber , one of Bella 's new friends in Forks . Michael Welch as Mike Newton , one of Bella 's new friends who vies for her attention . Anna Kendrick as Jessica Stanley , Bella 's first friend in Forks . Gregory Tyree Boyce as Tyler Crowley , another one of Bella 's classmates , also vying for Bella 's attention . He nearly hits Bella with his van . Justin Chon as Eric Yorkie , another one of Bella 's classmates who vies for her attention . Solomon Trimble as Sam Uley . Solomon Trimble was credited as `` Jacob 's friend '' in the film , but was widely recognized as playing the part of Sam . Krys Hyatt as Embry Call . She was recognized as playing the part of Embry in the Twilight film , though his role was uncredited . Gil Birmingham as Billy Black Matt Bushell as Phil Dwyer José Zúñiga as Mr. Molina Ned Bellamy as Waylon Forge Ayanna Berkshire as Cora Katie Powers as Waitress Trish Egan as Ms. Cope Production Development Stephenie Meyer 's paranormal romance novel Twilight was originally optioned by Paramount Pictures ' MTV Films in April 2004 , but the screenplay that was subsequently developed was substantially different from its source material . When Summit Entertainment reinvented itself as a full - service studio in April 2007 , it began development of a film adaptation anew , having picked up the rights from Paramount ( who coincidentally had made an unrelated film with the same title in 1998 ) in a turnaround . The company perceived the film as an opportunity to launch a franchise based on the success of Meyer 's book and its sequels . Catherine Hardwicke was hired to direct the film and Melissa Rosenberg was hired to write the script in mid-2007 . Rosenberg developed an outline by the end of August , and collaborated with Hardwicke on writing the screenplay during the following month . Rosenberg said Hardwicke `` was a great sounding board and had all sorts of brilliant ideas ... I 'd finish off scenes and send them to her , and get back her notes . '' Due to the impending Writers Guild of America strike , Rosenberg worked full - time to finish the screenplay before October 31 . In adapting the novel , she `` had to condense a great deal . '' Some characters from the novel were not featured in the screenplay , whereas some characters were combined into others . `` ( O ) ur intent all along was to stay true to the book '' , Rosenberg explained , `` and it has to do less with adapting it word for word and more with making sure the characters ' arcs and emotional journeys are the same . '' Hardwicke suggested the use of voice over to convey Bella 's internal dialogue -- since the novel is told from her point of view -- and she sketched some of the storyboards during pre-production . Edward and Bella in the meadow Adaptation from source material The filmmakers behind Twilight worked to create a film that was as faithful to the novel as they thought possible when converting the story to another medium , with producer Greg Mooradian saying , `` It 's very important to distinguish that we 're making a separate piece of art that obviously is going to remain very , very faithful to the book ... But at the same time , we have a separate responsibility to make the best movie you can make . '' To ensure a faithful adaptation , Meyer was kept very involved in the production process , having been invited to visit the set during filming and even asked to give notes on the script and on a rough cut of the film . Of this process , she said , `` It was a really pleasant exchange ( between me and the filmmakers ) from the beginning , which I think is not very typical . They were really interested in my ideas '' , and , `` ... they kept me in the loop and with the script , they let me see it and said , ' What are your thoughts ? ' ... They let me have input on it and I think they took 90 percent of what I said and just incorporated it right in to the script . '' Meyer fought for one line in particular , one of the most well - known from the book about `` the lion and the lamb '' , to be kept verbatim in the film : `` I actually think the way Melissa ( Rosenberg ) wrote it sounded better for the movie ( ... ) but the problem is that line is actually tattooed on peoples ' bodies ( ... ) But I said , ' You know , if you take that one and change it , that 's a potential backlash situation . ' '' Meyer was even invited to create a written list of things that could not be changed for the film , such as giving the vampires fangs or killing characters who do not die in the book , that the studio agreed to follow . The consensus among critics is that the filmmakers succeeded in making a film that is very faithful to its source material , with one reviewer stating that , with a few exceptions , `` Twilight the movie is unerringly faithful to the source without being hamstrung by it . '' They could have filmed ( the script developed when the project was at Paramount ) and not called it Twilight because it had nothing to do with the book ... When Summit ( Entertainment ) came into the picture , they were so open to letting us make rules for them , like `` Okay , Bella can not be a track star . Bella can not have a gun or night vision goggles . And , no jet skis ... '' Twilight author Stephenie Meyer However , as is most often the case with film adaptations , differences do exist between the film and source material . Certain scenes from the book were cut from the film , such as a biology room scene where Bella 's class does blood typing . Hardwicke explains , `` Well ( the book is ) almost 500 pages -- you do have to do the sweetened condensed milk version of that ... We already have two scenes in biology : the first time they 're in there and then the second time when they connect . For a film , when you condense , you do n't want to keep going back to the same setting over and over . So that 's not in there . '' The settings of certain conversations in the book were also changed to make the scenes more `` visually dynamic '' on - screen , such as Bella 's revelation that she knows Edward is a vampire -- this happens in a meadow in the film instead of in Edward 's car as in the novel . A biology field trip scene is added to the film to condense the moments of Bella 's frustration at trying to explain how Edward saved her from being crushed by a van . The villainous vampires are introduced earlier in the film than in the novel . Rosenberg said that `` you do n't really see James and the other villains until to the last quarter of the book , which really wo n't work for a movie . You need that ominous tension right off the bat . We needed to see them and that impending danger from the start . And so I had to create back story for them , what they were up to , to flesh them out a bit as characters . '' Rosenberg also combined some of the human high school students , with Lauren Mallory and Jessica Stanley in the novel becoming the character of Jessica in the film , and a `` compilation of a couple of different human characters '' becoming Eric Yorkie . About these variances from the book , Mooradian stated , `` I think we did a really judicious job of distilling ( the book ) . Our greatest critic , Stephenie Meyer , loves the screenplay , and that tells me that we made all the right choices in terms of what to keep and what to lose . Invariably , you 're going to lose bits and pieces that certain members of the audience are going to desperately want to see , but there 's just a reality that we 're not making ' Twilight : The Book ' the movie . '' Casting When they told me Rob was probably the one , I looked him up and thought , `` Yeah , he can do a version of Edward . He 's definitely got that vampire thing going on . '' And then , when I was on set and I got to watch him go from being Rob to shifting into being Edward , and he actually looked like the Edward in my head , it was a really bizarre experience . ( ... ) He really had it nailed . Twilight author Stephenie Meyer Kristen Stewart was on the set of Adventureland when Hardwicke visited her for an informal screen test that `` captivated '' the director . Hardwicke had trouble finding an actor otherworldly enough to play vampire Edward Cullen . Then she got a call about a guy in London . `` I looked at a couple pictures and was like , ' I 'm not sure , ' ? '' Hardwicke says . `` He had been fired from his last job , he was unemployed , he was in debt . '' Pattinson flew to Los Angeles on his own dime to read with Stewart . Shiloh Fernandez , Jackson Rathbone , Ben Barnes , and Robert Pattinson were the final four up for the role of Edward . Hardwicke did not initially choose Robert Pattinson for the role of Edward Cullen , but after an audition at her home with Stewart , he was selected . Hardwicke said , `` Kristen was like , ' It 's got to be Rob ! ' She felt connected to him from the first moment . That electricity , or love at first sight , or whatever it is . '' Hardwicke gave him the part , but he had to make a promise . `` You 've got to realize that Kristen is 17 years old , '' Hardwicke told him , `` She 's underage . You 've got to focus , dude , or you 're going to be arrested . I made him swear on a stack of Bibles . '' Pattinson was unfamiliar with the novel series prior to his screen test but read the books later on . Meyer allowed him to view a manuscript of the unfinished Midnight Sun , which chronicles the events in Twilight from Edward 's point of view . Fan reaction to Pattinson 's casting as Edward was initially negative ; Rachelle Lefèvre remarked that `` ( e ) very woman had their own Edward ( that ) they had to let go of before they could open up to ( him ) , which they did . '' Meyer was `` excited '' and `` ecstatic '' in response to the casting of the two main characters . She had expressed interest in having Emily Browning and Henry Cavill cast as Bella and Edward , respectively , prior to pre-production . Peter Facinelli was not originally cast as Carlisle Cullen . `` ( Hardwicke ) liked me , but there was another actor that the studio was pushing for '' , Facinelli said . For unknown reasons , that actor was not able to play the part and Facinelli was selected in his place . The choice of Ashley Greene to portray Alice Cullen was the subject of fan criticism due to Greene being 7 inches ( 18 cm ) taller than her character as described in the novel . Meyer had also stated that Rachael Leigh Cook resembled her vision of Alice . Nikki Reed had previously worked with Hardwicke on Thirteen , which they wrote together , and Lords of Dogtown . Reed commented , `` I do n't want to say it 's a coincidence , because we do work well together , and we have a great history . I think we make good work , but it 's more that the people that hire ( Hardwicke ) to direct a film of theirs ( have ) most likely seen her other work . '' Kellan Lutz was in Africa shooting the HBO miniseries Generation Kill when the auditions for the character of Emmett Cullen were conducted . The role had already been cast by the time that production ended in December 2007 , but the actor who had been selected `` fell through '' ; Lutz subsequently auditioned and was flown to Oregon , where Hardwicke personally chose him . Rachelle Lefèvre was interested in pursuing a role in the film because Hardwicke was attached to the project as director ; there was also `` the potential to explore a character , hopefully , over three films '' ; and she wanted to portray a vampire . She `` thought that vampires were basically the best metaphor for human anxiety and questions about being alive . '' Christian Serratos initially auditioned for Jessica Stanley , but she `` fell totally in love with Angela '' after reading the novels and successfully took advantage of a later opportunity to audition for Angela Weber . The role of Jessica Stanley went to Anna Kendrick , who got the part after two mix - and - match auditions with various actors . Filming and post-production On a bed in Catherine Hardwicke 's house is where Pattinson kissed Stewart for the first time for the Twilight screen test . `` That bed made Pattinson who he is right now , '' says Reed . That 's also where Hardwicke auditioned Evan Rachel Wood , when she had her get into her bed with Nikki Reed for the film Thirteen . When asked about her lair , Hardwicke says , `` MTV came and did an episode in my house filming the bed . It 's legendary . '' Principal photography took 44 days , after more than a week of rehearsals , and completed on May 2 , 2008 . Similar to her directorial debut Thirteen , Hardwicke opted for an extensive use of hand - held cinematography to make the film `` feel real '' . Meyer visited the production set three times and was consulted on different aspects of the story ; she also has a brief cameo in the film . Cast members who portrayed vampires avoided sunlight to make their skin pale , though makeup was also applied for that effect , and wore contact lenses : `` We did the golden color because the Cullens have those golden eyes . And then , when we 're hungry , we have to pop the black ones in , '' Facinelli explained . They also participated in rehearsals with a dance choreographer and observed the physicality of different panthera to make their bodily movements more elegant . Scenes were filmed primarily in Portland , Oregon . Stunt work was done mainly by the cast . The fight sequence between Gigandet and Pattinson 's characters in a ballet studio , which was filmed during the first week of production , involved a substantial amount of wire work because the vampires in the story have superhuman strength and speed . Gigandet incorporated mixed martial arts fighting moves in this sequence , which involved chicken and honey as substitutes for flesh . Bella , the protagonist , is unconscious during these events , and since the novel is told from her point of view , such action sequences are illustrative and unique to the film . Pattinson noted that maintaining one 's center of gravity is difficult when doing wire work `` because you have to really fight against it as well as letting it do what it needs to do . '' Lefèvre found the experience disorienting since forward motion was out of her control . Instead of shooting at Forks High School itself , scenes taking place at the school were filmed at Kalama High School and Madison High School . Other scenes were filmed in St. Helens , and Hardwicke conducted some reshooting in Pasadena , California , in August . Twilight was originally scheduled to be theatrically released in the United States on December 12 , 2008 , but its release date was changed to November 21 after Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince was rescheduled for an opening in July 2009 . Two teaser trailers , as well as some additional scenes , were released for the film , as well as a final trailer , which was released on October 9 . A 15 - minute excerpt of Twilight was presented during the International Rome Film Festival in Italy . The film received a rating of PG - 13 from the Motion Picture Association of America for `` some violence and a scene of sensuality '' . Music Main article : Twilight ( soundtrack ) The score for Twilight was composed by Carter Burwell , with the rest of the soundtrack chosen by music supervisor Alexandra Patsavas . Meyer was consulted on the soundtrack , which includes music by Muse and Linkin Park , bands she listened to while writing the novels . The original soundtrack was released on November 4 , 2008 , by Chop Shop Records in conjunction with Atlantic Records . It debuted at number 1 on the Billboard 200 . Release Box Office Twilight grossed over $7 million in ticket sales from midnight showings alone on November 21 , 2008 . The film is fifth overall on Fandango 's list of top advance ticket sales , outranked only by its sequel the following year , Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) , The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) , and Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) . It grossed $35.7 million on its opening day . For its opening weekend in the United States and Canada , Twilight accumulated $69.6 million from 3,419 theaters at an average of $20,368 per theater . The film grossed $192,769,854 in the United States and Canada , and $199,846,771 in international territories for a total of $392,616,625 . Its opening weekend gross was the highest ever of a female - directed film , surpassing that of Deep Impact ( 1998 ) . Critical reception Twilight received mixed reviews from critics . Based on 209 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 48 % , with a weighted average score of 5.4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Having lost much of its bite transitioning to the big screen , Twilight will please its devoted fans , but do little for the uninitiated . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 reviews from film critics , it has an average score of 56 from the 37 reviews . New York Press critic Armond White called the film `` a genuine pop classic '' , and praised Hardwicke for turning `` Meyer 's book series into a Brontë-esque vision . '' Roger Ebert gave the film two - and - a-half stars out of four and wrote , `` I saw it at a sneak preview . Last time I saw a movie in that same theater , the audience welcomed it as an opportunity to catch up on gossip , texting , and laughing at private jokes . This time the audience was rapt with attention '' . In his review for the Los Angeles Times , Kenneth Turan wrote , `` Twilight is unabashedly a romance . All the story 's inherent silliness aside , it is intent on conveying the magic of meeting that one special person you 've been waiting for . Maybe it is possible to be 13 and female for a few hours after all '' . USA Today gave the film two out of four stars and Claudia Puig wrote , `` Meyer is said to have been involved in the production of Twilight , but her novel was substantially more absorbing than the unintentionally funny and quickly forgettable film '' . Entertainment Weekly gave the film a `` B '' rating and Owen Gleiberman praised Hardwicke 's direction : `` She has reconjured Meyer 's novel as a cloudburst mood piece filled with stormy skies , rippling hormones , and understated visual effects '' . Home Media Wikinews has related news : `` Twilight '' DVD sells 3 million copies in first day The film was released on DVD in North America on March 21 , 2009 , through midnight release parties , and sold over 3 million units in its first day . It was released on April 6 , 2009 in the UK . Bonus features include about 10 to 12 extended or deleted scenes , montages and music videos , behind - the - scenes interviews , a `` making - of '' segment , and commentary featuring Hardwicke , Stewart , and Pattinson . The Blu - ray disc edition of the film was released on March 21 , 2009 , in select locations , but was made more widely available at further retailers on May 5 , 2009 . As of July 2012 , the film has sold 11,242,519 units , earning $201,190,019 . The film and the next two installments of the Twilight Saga will be rereleased as a triple feature with extended cuts on January 13 , 2015 . Video game Main article : Scene it ? Twilight A movie trivia video game developed by Screenlife and published by Konami for the Wii , Nintendo DS , PC and iPhone was released alongside the second film . Accolades Since its release , Twilight has received numerous nominations and awards . In January 2009 , Carter Burwell was nominated for Film Composer of the Year by the International Film Music Critics Association . Robert Pattinson won Bravo TV 's A-List Award for A-List Breakout . At the 2009 MTV Movie Awards , Pattinson , who was nominated alongside Taylor Lautner , also won an award for Male Breakthrough Performance , `` Decode '' was nominated for Best Song from a Movie , Twilight won an award for Best Movie , Kristen Stewart won for Best Female performance , Stewart and Pattinson were awarded Best Kiss , and Pattinson and Cam Gigandet won an award for Best Fight . Christian Serratos won a Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film : Supporting Young Actress . For the 2009 Teen Choice Awards , held on August 9 , the film and its actors received a combined total of 12 nominations , nine of which the film won . At the 2009 Scream Awards , the film was nominated for nine awards , four of which it won . The film won two ALMA Awards for makeup and hairstyling . It also won the Public Choice Award at the World Soundtrack Awards , where Carter Burwell was also nominated for Composer of the Year . Catherine Hardwicke received a Young Hollywood Award for her directing . In addition , the film was nominated for Best Fantasy Film at the 35th Saturn Awards and two Grammy Awards . Sequel Main article : The Twilight Saga : New Moon MTV reported in February 2008 that Summit Entertainment intended to create a series of at least three films based on Meyer 's books . The studio had optioned New Moon , the second book in the series , by October 2008 , and confirmed their plans to make a film based on it November 22 , 2008 . Because Catherine Hardwicke had wanted more preparation time than Summit 's schedule for the production and release of the sequel would provide , Chris Weitz was selected to direct it in December 2008 . See also Twilight portal Film portal Apotamkin , Bella 's Google hit for the cold ones Vampire film References Jump up ^ bbfc ( 2008 - 11 - 21 ) . `` TWILIGHT rated 12A by the BBFC '' . bbfc . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Nicole Sperling ( 2008 - 07 - 10 ) . `` ' Twilight ' : Inside the First Stephenie Meyer Movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Twilight ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Nicole Sperling ( 2009 - 10 - 29 ) . `` ' Twilight ' reshoots : Why is Catherine Hardwicke filming again ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Michelle Graham ( 2008 - 05 - 03 ) . `` Twilight Finishes Principle ( sic ) Photography '' . Film School Rejects . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 02 - 14 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Finds Its Latest Victims : Nikki Reed , Rachelle Lefevre Added To Cast '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling DVDs of 2009 '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : James Montgomery ( 2008 - 09 - 18 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Exclusive : Paramore To Contribute Two New Songs To Film 's Soundtrack '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 02 - 07 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Gives The Green Light To Anna Kendrick , Justin Chon For Book - Turned - Movie '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Gregory Ellwood ( 2008 - 04 - 22 ) . `` Set Visit : ' Twilight ' Shines on Pattinson '' . MSN . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Sona Charaipotra . `` Exclusive Interview : Peter Facinelli on ' Twilight ' '' . Premiere.com . Hachette Filipacchi Media . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 02 - 19 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Film 's First Family Revealed : Peter Facinelli , Elizabeth Reaser Lead Cullen Clan '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 21 . 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Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 10 - 14 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Tuesday : Christian Serratos Says Playing Angela Was A Day At The Beach '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 10 - 21 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Tuesday : Anna Kendrick Says It Was ' Easy To Get Googly Eyed ' At Robert Pattinson '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Christina Radish ( 2008 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Kellan Lutz And His High Profile Projects '' . MediaBlvd Magazine . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Mike Russell ( 2008 - 05 - 11 ) . `` ' Twilight ' taps teen - vampire romance '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Pamela Chelin ( July 2008 ) . `` The ' Twilight ' Phenomenon : The Director and Author at Comic - Con 2008 '' . Premiere.com . Hachette Filipacchi Media . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 25 . 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Jump up ^ Steven Zeitchik ( 2008 - 10 - 02 ) . `` Summit 's ' Twilight ' a franchise with bite '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Denise Martin ( 2008 - 11 - 22 ) . `` ' Twilight ' sequel ' New Moon ' gets the greenlight from Summit '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( 2008 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Summit announces ' Twilight ' sequel '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Josh Horowitz ( 2008 - 12 - 07 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Director Catherine Hardwicke Will Not Direct ' New Moon ' '' . MTV . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Anne Thompson ( 2008 - 12 - 07 ) . `` No Hardwicke for ' Twilight ' sequel '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 12 - 13 ) . `` BREAKING : Chris Weitz Named ' New Moon ' Director , While Taylor Lautner Comes Up Short '' . MTV . MTV Networks . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Who Is ' New Moon ' Director Chris Weitz ? '' . MTV . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 10 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Twilight ( 2008 film ) Official website Twilight on IMDb Twilight at AllMovie Twilight at Box Office Mojo Twilight at Metacritic Twilight at Rotten Tomatoes Twilight on Facebook <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> The Twilight series by Stephenie Meyer Books Twilight New Moon Eclipse Breaking Dawn Film series Twilight The Twilight Saga : New Moon The Twilight Saga : Eclipse The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 Part 2 Cast members Characters Bella Swan Edward Cullen Jacob Black Music Twilight `` Decode '' `` Spotlight '' New Moon `` Meet Me on the Equinox '' `` Possibility '' Eclipse `` Neutron Star Collision ( Love Is Forever ) '' `` Heavy in Your Arms '' Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 `` It Will Rain '' `` A Thousand Years '' Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 `` The Forgotten '' Spin - offs The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner Midnight Sun ( unpublished ) Life and Death : Twilight Reimagined Comics Twilight : The Graphic Novel New Moon : The Graphic Novel Other The Twilight Saga : The Official Illustrated Guide Twilight fandom TwiCon Scene It ? 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1. Twilight film series
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who is inducted in the rock hall of fame
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List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees - wikipedia List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , established in 1983 and located in Cleveland , Ohio , United States , is dedicated to recording the history of some of the best - known and most influential musicians , bands , producers , and others that have in some major way influenced the music industry , particularly in the area of rock and roll . Originally , there were four categories of induction : performers , non-performers , early influences , and lifetime achievement . In 2000 , `` sidemen '' was introduced as a category . The only category that has seen new inductees every single year is the performers category . Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record . In order to be inducted , an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates . Ballots are then sent to 600 `` rock experts '' who evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted . The performers that receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted . In 2010 , the number inducted was five . The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees . As of 2017 , new inductees will be honored at an annual ceremony held alternately in New York and at the Hall of Fame in Cleveland ; prior to that , the ceremonies rotated between Cleveland , New York , and Los Angeles . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has garnered criticism for allegedly allowing the nomination process to be controlled by a few individuals , nominating too many artists in too many genres that are not entirely rock , ignoring entire rock genres , and using technicalities to induct groups who may not have been among the top vote getters . The Sex Pistols , who were inducted in 2006 , refused to attend the ceremony ; John Lydon writing a note , read out by Jann Wenner , calling the museum a `` piss stain . '' Contents 1 Inductees 1.1 Performers 1.2 Early influences 1.3 Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) 1.4 Award for Musical Excellence 1.5 Singles 1.6 Sidemen 1.7 Lifetime achievement 2 Multiple inductees 3 References 4 External links Inductees ( edit ) Performers ( edit ) The performers category is meant for recording artists and bands that have `` influence and significance to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll . '' Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record . In order to be inducted , an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates . Ballots are sent to 600 `` rock experts '' who then evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted . The performers who receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted . In 2011 , the number inducted was five . The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees . In 2012 , six additional bands and groups were inducted as performers by a special committee , due to the controversial nature of their band being excluded when their lead singer was inducted . `` There was a lot of discussion about this , '' said Terry Stewart , a member of the nominating committee . `` There had always been conversations about why the groups were n't included when the lead singers were inducted . Very honestly , nobody could really answer that question -- it was so long ago ... We decided we 'd sit down as an organization and look at that . This is the result . '' The vast majority of the inducted bands and vocal groups have experienced personnel changes during their careers ( although there are a very few exceptions , such as The Beastie Boys and U2 , who never changed their lineups . ) The Hall of Fame only inducts the most significant members of the group , although it is unclear what the criteria are for excluding or including members . This has led to many anamolies . For example , the Red Hot Chili Peppers excluded longtime guitarists Jack Sherman and Dave Navarro while including new guitarist Josh Klinghoffer who had only been a full member of the band for a year or two at the time of induction . For another example , Guns N ' Roses lead singer Axl Rose outlasted every other member of the `` classic '' quintet which performed on the first two albums , eventually putting together an entirely new lineup which stayed together for twenty years or so beginning in the mid-1990s ( but only released one album . ) All the newer members were excluded from the Hall of Fame induction save drummer Matt Sorum and keyboardist Dizzy Reed ( both of whom joined in 1990 . ) A few of the conspicuously absent members of other inducted groups include Cindy Birdsong of the Supremes ; Eric Carr , Eric Singer and Bruce Kulick of KISS ; Bruce Johnston of the Beach Boys ; Richie Ramone and C.J. Ramone of the Ramones ; Randy Jackson of the Jacksons and Pete Best of the Beatles . On the other hand , two bands included inducted members who were primarily non-performers : road manager ( and very occasional keyboardist ) Ian Stewart was inducted with the Rolling Stones and lyricist Robert Hunter was inducted with the Grateful Dead . Year Image Name Inducted members Inducted by 1986 Chuck Berry Keith Richards 1986 James Brown Steve Winwood 1986 Ray Charles Quincy Jones 1986 Sam Cooke Herb Alpert 1986 Fats Domino Billy Joel 1986 The Everly Brothers Don Everly and Phil Everly . Neil Young 1986 Buddy Holly John Fogerty 1986 Jerry Lee Lewis Hank Williams Jr . 1986 Little Richard Roberta Flack 1986 Elvis Presley Julian and Sean Lennon The Coasters Carl Gardner , Cornell Gunter , Billy Guy , and Will `` Dub '' Jones . Lester Sill Eddie Cochran Mick Jones Bo Diddley ZZ Top Aretha Franklin Keith Richards Marvin Gaye Nick Ashford and Valerie Simpson Bill Haley Chuck Berry B.B. King Sting Clyde McPhatter Ben E. King Ricky Nelson John Fogerty Roy Orbison Bruce Springsteen Carl Perkins Sam Phillips Smokey Robinson Daryl Hall and John Oates Big Joe Turner Doc Pomus Muddy Waters Paul Butterfield Jackie Wilson Peter Wolf 1988 The Beach Boys Al Jardine , Mike Love , Brian Wilson , Carl Wilson , and Dennis Wilson . Elton John 1988 The Beatles George Harrison , John Lennon , Paul McCartney , and Ringo Starr . Mick Jagger 1988 The Drifters Ben E. King , Rudy Lewis , Clyde McPhatter , Johnny Moore , Bill Pinkney , Charlie Thomas , and Gerhart Thrasher . Billy Joel 1988 Bob Dylan Bruce Springsteen 1988 The Supremes Florence Ballard , Diana Ross , and Mary Wilson . Little Richard 1989 Dion Lou Reed 1989 Otis Redding Little Richard 1989 The Rolling Stones Mick Jagger , Brian Jones , Keith Richards , Ian Stewart , Mick Taylor , Charlie Watts , Ronnie Wood , and Bill Wyman . Pete Townshend 1989 The Temptations Melvin Franklin , Eddie Kendricks , David Ruffin , Otis Williams , Paul Williams , Dennis Edwards . Daryl Hall and John Oates 1989 Stevie Wonder Paul Simon 1990 Hank Ballard Boz Scaggs 1990 Bobby Darin Paul Anka 1990 The Four Seasons Tom DeVito , Bob Gaudio , Nick Massi , and Frankie Valli . Bob Crewe 1990 Four Tops Renaldo `` Obie '' Benson , Abdul `` Duke '' Fakir , Lawrence Payton , and Levi Stubbs . Stevie Wonder 1990 The Kinks Mick Avory , Dave Davies , Ray Davies , and Pete Quaife . Graham Nash 1990 The Platters David Lynch , Herb Reed , Paul Robi , Zola Taylor , and Tony Williams . Phil Spector 1990 Simon & Garfunkel Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel . James Taylor 1990 The Who Roger Daltrey , John Entwistle , Keith Moon , and Pete Townshend . Bono 1991 LaVern Baker Chaka Khan 1991 The Byrds Gene Clark , Michael Clarke , David Crosby , Chris Hillman , and Roger McGuinn . Don Henley 1991 John Lee Hooker Bonnie Raitt 1991 -- The Impressions Curtis Mayfield , Sam Gooden , Fred Cash , Arthur Brooks , Richard Brooks , and Jerry Butler . Tracy Chapman 1991 Wilson Pickett Bobby Brown 1991 Jimmy Reed ZZ Top 1991 Ike & Tina Turner Ike Turner and Tina Turner . Phil Spector 1992 Bobby `` Blue '' Bland B.B. King 1992 Booker T. & the M.G. 's Booker T. Jones , Steve Cropper , Donald `` Duck '' Dunn , Al Jackson Jr. , and Lewie Steinberg . Jim Stewart 1992 Johnny Cash Lyle Lovett 1992 The Isley Brothers Ernie Isley , Marvin Isley , O'Kelly Isley Jr. , Ronald Isley , Rudolph Isley , and Chris Jasper . Little Richard 1992 The Jimi Hendrix Experience Jimi Hendrix , Mitch Mitchell , and Noel Redding . Neil Young 1992 Sam & Dave Sam Moore and Dave Prater . Billy Joel 1992 The Yardbirds Jeff Beck , Eric Clapton , Chris Dreja , Jim McCarty , Jimmy Page , Keith Relf , and Paul Samwell - Smith . The Edge 1993 Ruth Brown Bonnie Raitt 1993 Cream Ginger Baker , Jack Bruce , and Eric Clapton . ZZ Top 1993 Creedence Clearwater Revival Doug Clifford , Stu Cook , John Fogerty , and Tom Fogerty . Bruce Springsteen 1993 The Doors John Densmore , Robby Krieger , Ray Manzarek , and Jim Morrison . Eddie Vedder 1993 Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers Herman Santiago , Jimmy Merchant , Sherman Garnes , Frankie Lymon , and Joe Negroni Boyz II Men 1993 Etta James k.d. lang 1993 Van Morrison Robbie Robertson 1993 Sly and the Family Stone Gregg Errico , Larry Graham , Jerry Martini , Cynthia Robinson , Freddie Stone , Rosie Stone , and Sly Stone . George Clinton 1994 The Animals Eric Burdon , Chas Chandler , Alan Price , John Steel , and Hilton Valentine . Dave Pirner 1994 The Band Rick Danko , Levon Helm , Garth Hudson , Richard Manuel , and Robbie Robertson . Eric Clapton 1994 Duane Eddy Mick Jones 1994 Grateful Dead Tom Constanten , Jerry Garcia , Donna Jean Godchaux , Keith Godchaux , Mickey Hart , Robert Hunter , Bill Kreutzmann , Phil Lesh , Ron McKernan , Brent Mydland , Bob Weir , and Vince Welnick . Bruce Hornsby 1994 Elton John Axl Rose 1994 John Lennon Paul McCartney 1994 Bob Marley Bono 1994 Rod Stewart Jeff Beck 1995 The Allman Brothers Band Duane Allman , Gregg Allman , Dickey Betts , Jai Johanny Johanson , Berry Oakley , and Butch Trucks . Willie Nelson 1995 Al Green Natalie Cole 1995 Janis Joplin Melissa Etheridge 1995 Led Zeppelin John Bonham , John Paul Jones , Jimmy Page , and Robert Plant Steven Tyler and Joe Perry 1995 Martha and the Vandellas Rosalind Ashford , Annette Beard , Betty Kelly , Lois Reeves , and Martha Reeves . Fred Schneider and Kate Pierson 1995 Neil Young Eddie Vedder 1995 Frank Zappa Lou Reed David Bowie Madonna and David Byrne Gladys Knight & the Pips William Guest , Gladys Knight , Merald `` Bubba '' Knight , and Edward Patten . Mariah Carey Jefferson Airplane Marty Balin , Jack Casady , Spencer Dryden , Paul Kantner , Jorma Kaukonen , and Grace Slick . Mickey Hart and Phil Lesh Little Willie John Stevie Wonder Pink Floyd Syd Barrett , David Gilmour , Nick Mason , Roger Waters , and Rick Wright . Billy Corgan The Shirelles Shirley Alston Reeves , Addie Harris , Doris Kenner - Jackson , and Beverly Lee . Merry Clayton , Marianne Faithfull and Darlene Love The Velvet Underground John Cale , Sterling Morrison , Lou Reed , and Maureen Tucker . Patti Smith 1997 Bee Gees Barry Gibb , Maurice Gibb , and Robin Gibb . Brian Wilson 1997 Buffalo Springfield Richie Furay , Dewey Martin , Bruce Palmer , Stephen Stills , and Neil Young . Tom Petty 1997 Crosby , Stills & Nash David Crosby , Graham Nash , and Stephen Stills . James Taylor 1997 The Jackson 5 Jackie Jackson , Jermaine Jackson , Marlon Jackson , Michael Jackson , and Tito Jackson . Diana Ross 1997 Joni Mitchell Shawn Colvin 1997 Parliament - Funkadelic Jerome Brailey , George Clinton , Bootsy Collins , Raymond Davis , Tiki Fulwood , Glenn Goins , Michael Hampton , Fuzzy Haskins , Eddie Hazel , Walter Morrison , Cordell Mosson , William `` Billy Bass '' Nelson , Garry Shider , Calvin Simon , Grady Thomas , and Bernie Worrell . Prince 1997 The ( Young ) Rascals Eddie Brigati , Felix Cavaliere , Gene Cornish , and Dino Danelli . Steven Van Zandt 1998 Eagles Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Bernie Leadon , Randy Meisner , Timothy B. Schmit , and Joe Walsh . Jimmy Buffett 1998 Fleetwood Mac Lindsey Buckingham , Mick Fleetwood , Peter Green , Danny Kirwan , Christine McVie , John McVie , Stevie Nicks , and Jeremy Spencer . Sheryl Crow 1998 The Mamas & the Papas Denny Doherty , Cass Elliot , John Phillips , and Michelle Phillips . Shania Twain 1998 Lloyd Price Tony Rich 1998 Santana Jose Chepito Areas , David Brown , Michael Carabello , Gregg Rolie , Carlos Santana , and Michael Shrieve . John Popper 1998 Gene Vincent John Fogerty 1999 Billy Joel Ray Charles 1999 Curtis Mayfield Sean Combs 1999 Paul McCartney Neil Young 1999 Del Shannon Art Alexakis 1999 Dusty Springfield Elton John 1999 Bruce Springsteen Bono 1999 The Staple Singers Cleotha Staples , Mavis Staples , Pervis Staples , Pops Staples , and Yvonne Staples . Lauryn Hill 2000 Eric Clapton Robbie Robertson 2000 Earth , Wind & Fire Philip Bailey , Larry Dunn , Johnny Graham , Ralph Johnson , Al McKay , Fred White , Maurice White , Verdine White , and Andrew Woolfolk . Lil Kim 2000 The Lovin ' Spoonful Steve Boone , Joe Butler , John Sebastian , and Zal Yanovsky . John Mellencamp 2000 The Moonglows Prentiss Barnes , Harvey Fuqua , Peter Graves , Billy Johnson , and Bobby Lester . Paul Simon 2000 Bonnie Raitt Melissa Etheridge 2000 James Taylor Paul McCartney 2001 Aerosmith Tom Hamilton , Joey Kramer , Joe Perry , Steven Tyler , and Brad Whitford . Kid Rock 2001 Solomon Burke Mary J. Blige 2001 The Flamingos Jake Carey , Zeke Carey , Johnny Carter , Tommy Hunt , Terry `` Buzzy '' Johnson , Sollie McElroy , Nate Nelson , and Paul Wilson . Frankie Valli 2001 Michael Jackson NSYNC 2001 Queen John Deacon , Brian May , Freddie Mercury , and Roger Taylor . Dave Grohl and Taylor Hawkins 2001 Paul Simon Marc Anthony 2001 Steely Dan Walter Becker and Donald Fagen . Moby 2001 Ritchie Valens Ricky Martin 2002 Isaac Hayes Alicia Keys 2002 Brenda Lee Jewel 2002 Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers Tom Petty , Ron Blair , Mike Campbell , Howie Epstein , Stan Lynch , and Benmont Tench . Jakob Dylan 2002 Gene Pitney Darlene Love 2002 Ramones Dee Dee Ramone , Joey Ramone , Johnny Ramone , Marky Ramone , and Tommy Ramone . Eddie Vedder 2002 Talking Heads David Byrne , Chris Frantz , Jerry Harrison , and Tina Weymouth . Anthony Kiedis 2003 AC / DC Brian Johnson , Phil Rudd , Bon Scott , Cliff Williams , Angus Young , and Malcolm Young . Steven Tyler 2003 The Clash Terry Chimes , Topper Headon , Mick Jones , Paul Simonon , and Joe Strummer . The Edge and Tom Morello 2003 Elvis Costello & the Attractions Elvis Costello , Steve Nieve , Bruce Thomas , and Pete Thomas . Elton John 2003 The Police Stewart Copeland , Sting , and Andy Summers . Gwen Stefani 2003 The Righteous Brothers Bobby Hatfield and Bill Medley . Billy Joel Jackson Browne Bruce Springsteen The Dells Verne Allison , Chuck Barksdale , Johnny Carter , Johnny Funches , Marvin Junior , and Michael McGill . Robert Townsend George Harrison Tom Petty and Jeff Lynne Prince Outkast and Alicia Keys Bob Seger Kid Rock Traffic Jim Capaldi , Dave Mason , Steve Winwood , and Chris Wood . Dave Matthews ZZ Top Frank Beard , Billy Gibbons , and Dusty Hill . Keith Richards 2005 Buddy Guy Eric Clapton and B.B. King 2005 The O'Jays Eddie Levert , Bobby Massey , William Powell , Sammy Strain , and Walter Williams . Justin Timberlake 2005 The Pretenders Martin Chambers , Pete Farndon , James Honeyman - Scott , and Chrissie Hynde . Neil Young 2005 Percy Sledge Rod Stewart 2005 U2 Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , and Larry Mullen , Jr ... Bruce Springsteen 2006 Black Sabbath Geezer Butler , Tony Iommi , Ozzy Osbourne , and Bill Ward . James Hetfield and Lars Ulrich 2006 Blondie Clem Burke , Jimmy Destri , Nigel Harrison , Debbie Harry , Frank Infante , Chris Stein , and Gary Valentine . Shirley Manson 2006 Miles Davis Herbie Hancock 2006 Lynyrd Skynyrd Bob Burns , Allen Collins , Steve Gaines , Ed King , Billy Powell , Artimus Pyle , Gary Rossington , Ronnie Van Zant , and Leon Wilkeson . Kid Rock 2006 Sex Pistols Paul Cook , Steve Jones , Glen Matlock , John Lydon , and Sid Vicious . Jann Wenner 2007 Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five Melvin `` Melle Mel '' Glover , Nathaniel `` The Kidd Creole '' Glover , Eddie `` Scorpio '' Morris , Joseph `` Grandmaster Flash '' Sadler , Robert Keith `` Keef Cowboy '' Wiggins , and Guy Todd `` Rahiem '' Williams . Jay - Z 2007 R.E.M. Bill Berry , Peter Buck , Mike Mills , and Michael Stipe . Eddie Vedder 2007 The Ronettes Estelle Bennett , Ronnie Spector , and Nedra Talley . Keith Richards 2007 Patti Smith Zack de la Rocha 2007 Van Halen Michael Anthony , Sammy Hagar , David Lee Roth , Alex Van Halen , and Eddie Van Halen . Velvet Revolver 2008 The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark , Lenny Davidson , Rick Huxley , Denis Payton , and Mike Smith . Tom Hanks 2008 Leonard Cohen Lou Reed 2008 Madonna Justin Timberlake 2008 John Mellencamp Billy Joel 2008 The Ventures Bob Bogle , Nokie Edwards , Gerry McGee , Mel Taylor , and Don Wilson . John Fogerty 2009 Jeff Beck Jimmy Page 2009 Little Anthony and the Imperials Clarence Collins , Anthony Gourdine , Tracy Lord , Glouster `` Nat '' Rogers , Sammy Strain , and Ernest Wright Jr . Smokey Robinson 2009 Metallica Cliff Burton , Kirk Hammett , James Hetfield , Jason Newsted , Robert Trujillo , and Lars Ulrich . Flea 2009 Run - DMC Darryl `` D.M.C. '' McDaniels , Jason `` Jam - Master Jay '' Mizell , and Joseph `` DJ Run '' Simmons . Eminem 2009 Bobby Womack Ron Wood ABBA Benny Andersson , Agnetha Fältskog , Anni - Frid Lyngstad , and Björn Ulvaeus . Barry and Robin Gibb Genesis Tony Banks , Phil Collins , Peter Gabriel , Steve Hackett , and Mike Rutherford . Trey Anastasio Jimmy Cliff Wyclef Jean The Hollies Bernie Calvert , Allan Clarke , Bobby Elliott , Eric Haydock , Tony Hicks , Graham Nash , and Terry Sylvester . Steven Van Zandt The Stooges Dave Alexander , Ron Asheton , Scott Asheton , Iggy Pop , and James Williamson . Billie Joe Armstrong 2011 Alice Cooper Alice Cooper , Michael Owen Bruce , Glen Buxton , Dennis Dunaway , and Neal Smith . Rob Zombie 2011 Neil Diamond Paul Simon 2011 Dr. John John Legend 2011 Darlene Love Bette Midler 2011 Tom Waits Neil Young 2012 Beastie Boys Michael `` Mike D '' Diamond , Adam `` Ad - Rock '' Horovitz , and Adam `` MCA '' Yauch . Chuck D and LL Cool J 2012 -- The Blue Caps Backing band for Gene Vincent . Inducted : Tommy Facenda , Cliff Gallup , Dickie Harrell , Bobby Jones , Johnny Meeks , Jack Neal , Paul Peek , and Willie Williams . Smokey Robinson 2012 The Comets Backing band for Bill Haley . Inducted : Joey Ambrose , Franny Beecher , Danny Cedrone , Johnny Grande , Ralph Jones , Marshall Lytle , Rudy Pompilli , Al Rex , Dick Richards , and Billy Williamson . Smokey Robinson 2012 The Crickets Backing band for Buddy Holly . Inducted : Jerry Allison , Sonny Curtis , Joe B. Mauldin , and Niki Sullivan . Smokey Robinson 2012 Donovan John Mellencamp 2012 The Famous Flames Backing vocal group for James Brown . Inducted : Bobby Bennett , Bobby Byrd , Lloyd Stallworth , and Johnny Terry . Smokey Robinson 2012 Guns N ' Roses Steven Adler , Duff McKagan , Dizzy Reed , Axl Rose , Slash , Matt Sorum , and Izzy Stradlin . Green Day 2012 -- The Midnighters Backing vocal group for Hank Ballard . Inducted : Henry Booth , Billy Davis , Cal Green , Arthur Porter , Lawson Smith , Charles Sutton , Norman Thrasher , and Sonny Woods . Smokey Robinson 2012 The Miracles Backing vocal group for Smokey Robinson . Inducted : Claudette Rogers , Bobby Rogers , Ronald White , Marv Tarplin , and Pete Moore . Smokey Robinson 2012 Laura Nyro Bette Midler 2012 Red Hot Chili Peppers Flea , John Frusciante , Jack Irons , Anthony Kiedis , Josh Klinghoffer , Cliff Martinez , Hillel Slovak , and Chad Smith . Chris Rock 2012 -- Small Faces / Faces Kenney Jones , Ronnie Lane , Ian McLagan , Steve Marriott , Rod Stewart , and Ronnie Wood . Steven Van Zandt 2013 Heart Michael DeRosier , Roger Fisher , Steve Fossen , Howard Leese , Ann Wilson , and Nancy Wilson . Chris Cornell 2013 Albert King John Mayer 2013 Randy Newman Don Henley 2013 Public Enemy Flavor Flav , Professor Griff , Terminator X , and Chuck D . Harry Belafonte and Spike Lee 2013 Rush Geddy Lee , Alex Lifeson , and Neil Peart . Dave Grohl and Taylor Hawkins 2013 Donna Summer Kelly Rowland 2014 Peter Gabriel Chris Martin 2014 Hall & Oates Daryl Hall and John Oates . Questlove 2014 Kiss Peter Criss , Ace Frehley , Gene Simmons , and Paul Stanley . Tom Morello 2014 Nirvana Kurt Cobain , Dave Grohl , and Krist Novoselic . Michael Stipe 2014 Linda Ronstadt Glenn Frey 2014 Cat Stevens Art Garfunkel 2015 The Paul Butterfield Blues Band Paul Butterfield , Mike Bloomfield , Elvin Bishop , Mark Naftalin , Jerome Arnold , Billy Davenport , and Sam Lay . Peter Wolf 2015 Joan Jett & the Blackhearts Joan Jett , Gary Ryan , Lee Crystal , and Ricky Byrd . Miley Cyrus 2015 Lou Reed Patti Smith 2015 Green Day Billie Joe Armstrong , Tré Cool , and Mike Dirnt . Fall Out Boy 2015 Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble Stevie Ray Vaughan , Chris Layton , Tommy Shannon , and Reese Wynans . John Mayer 2015 Bill Withers Stevie Wonder 2016 Cheap Trick Bun E. Carlos , Rick Nielsen , Tom Petersson , and Robin Zander . Kid Rock 2016 Chicago Peter Cetera , Terry Kath , Robert Lamm , Lee Loughnane , James Pankow , Walter Parazaider , and Danny Seraphine . Rob Thomas 2016 Deep Purple Ritchie Blackmore , David Coverdale , Rod Evans , Ian Gillan , Roger Glover , Glenn Hughes , Jon Lord , and Ian Paice Lars Ulrich 2016 N.W.A DJ Yella , Ice Cube , MC Ren , Eazy - E , and Dr. Dre Kendrick Lamar 2016 Steve Miller The Black Keys 2017 Electric Light Orchestra Bev Bevan , Jeff Lynne , Richard Tandy , and Roy Wood Dhani Harrison 2017 Joan Baez Jackson Browne 2017 Journey Jonathan Cain , Aynsley Dunbar , Steve Perry , Gregg Rolie , Neal Schon , Steve Smith , and Ross Valory Pat Monahan 2017 Pearl Jam Jeff Ament , Matt Cameron , Stone Gossard , Dave Krusen , Mike McCready , and Eddie Vedder David Letterman 2017 Tupac Shakur Snoop Dogg 2017 Yes Jon Anderson , Bill Bruford , Steve Howe , Tony Kaye , Trevor Rabin , Chris Squire , Rick Wakeman , and Alan White Geddy Lee and Alex Lifeson 2018 Bon Jovi Jon Bon Jovi , David Bryan , Hugh McDonald , Richie Sambora , Alec John Such and Tico Torres Howard Stern 2018 The Cars Elliot Easton , Greg Hawkes , David Robinson , Ric Ocasek and Benjamin Orr Brandon Flowers 2018 Dire Straits Alan Clark , Guy Fletcher , John Illsley , David Knopfler , Mark Knopfler and Pick Withers John Illsley 2018 The Moody Blues Graeme Edge , Justin Hayward , Denny Laine , John Lodge , Mike Pinder and Ray Thomas Ann Wilson 2018 Nina Simone Mary J. Blige ^ Note 1 . These backing bands were inducted by a separate committee , and not by the ballot voting used for all other performer inductees . ^ Note 2 . This artist was later inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame after inducting someone else . ^ Note 3 . This artist was already a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame when they inducted someone else . ^ Note 4 . Dire Straits were the first artist in the hall 's history to not have an official induction speaker . Band member John Illsley did the induction speech himself . Early influences ( edit ) Woody Guthrie , inducted in 1988 . Louis Armstrong , inducted in 1990 . Pete Seeger , inducted in 1996 . Charles Brown , inducted in 1999 . Artists inducted into the early influences category are those `` whose music predated rock and roll but had an impact on the evolution of rock and roll and inspired rock 's leading artists . '' Unlike the performers category , these inductees are selected by a committee . The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee . Year Name 1986 Jimmie Rodgers 1986 Jimmy Yancey 1986 Robert Johnson Louis Jordan T - Bone Walker Hank Williams 1988 Woody Guthrie 1988 Lead Belly 1988 Les Paul 1989 The Ink Spots 1989 Bessie Smith 1989 The Soul Stirrers 1990 Charlie Christian 1990 Louis Armstrong 1990 Ma Rainey 1991 Howlin ' Wolf 1992 Elmore James 1992 Professor Longhair 1993 Dinah Washington 1994 Willie Dixon 1995 The Orioles Pete Seeger 1997 Mahalia Jackson 1997 Bill Monroe 1998 Jelly Roll Morton 1999 Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys 1999 Charles Brown 2000 Nat King Cole 2000 Billie Holiday 2009 Wanda Jackson 2012 Freddie King 2015 The `` 5 '' Royales 2018 Sister Rosetta Tharpe ^ A. Inducted members : Bill Kenny , Charlie Fuqua , Deek Watson , and Orville `` Hoppy '' Jones . ^ B. Inducted members : Roy Crain Sr. , R.H. Harris , Jesse Farley , and E.A. Rundless . ^ C. Inducted members : Sonny Til , Tommy Gaither , George Nelson , Johnny Reed , and Alexander Sharp . ^ D. Inducted members : Bob Wills , Tommy Duncan , Leon McAuliffe , Johnny Gimble , Joe `` Jody '' Holley , Tiny Moore , Herb Remington , Eldon Shamblin , and Al Stricklin . ^ E. Nominated as a performer . ^ F. Inducted members : John L. Tanner , Eugene Tanner , James E. Moore , Obadiah H. Carter and Lowman Pauling , Jr Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegün Award ) ( edit ) Carole King , inducted in 1990 Dick Clark , inducted in 1993 Clive Davis , inducted in 2000 The non-performer category honors `` songwriters , producers , disc jockeys , record executives , journalists and other industry professionals who have had a major influence on the development of rock and roll . '' Several of the inductees in this category were in fact prominent performers as well . The inductees in this category are selected by the same committee that chooses the early influences . The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee . This category has been criticized for inducting those that have `` been coming to the dinner for years and paying for their tickets '' and not revealing their full criteria . In 2008 , this category was renamed the `` Ahmet Ertegün Award '' . Year Name 1986 Alan Freed 1986 Sam Phillips Leonard Chess Ahmet Ertegun Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller Jerry Wexler 1988 Berry Gordy , Jr . 1989 Phil Spector 1990 Gerry Goffin and Carole King 1990 Holland -- Dozier -- Holland 1991 Dave Bartholomew 1991 Ralph Bass 1992 Leo Fender 1992 Bill Graham 1992 Doc Pomus 1993 Dick Clark 1993 Milt Gabler 1994 Johnny Otis 1995 Paul Ackerman Tom Donahue 1997 Syd Nathan 1998 Allen Toussaint 1999 George Martin 2000 Clive Davis 2001 Chris Blackwell 2002 Jim Stewart 2003 Mo Ostin 2008 Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff David Geffen Otis Blackwell Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich Mort Shuman Jesse Stone Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil 2011 Jac Holzman 2011 Art Rupe 2012 Don Kirshner 2013 Lou Adler 2013 Quincy Jones 2014 Brian Epstein 2014 Andrew Loog Oldham 2016 Bert Berns Award for Musical Excellence ( edit ) Leon Russell , inducted in 2011 . This category , which replaced sidemen , `` honors those musicians , producers and others who have spent their careers out of the spotlight working with major artists on various parts of their recording and live careers . '' Year Name 2011 Leon Russell 2012 Cosimo Matassa 2012 Tom Dowd 2012 Glyn Johns 2014 E Street Band 2015 Ringo Starr 2017 Nile Rodgers ^ G. Inducted members : Garry Tallent , Roy Bittan , Max Weinberg , Steven Van Zandt , Nils Lofgren , Patti Scialfa , Clarence Clemons , Danny Federici , Vini Lopez , David Sancious . Singles ( edit ) At the 2018 ceremony , a new induction category for singles was announced by Steven Van Zandt . According to Van Zandt , the category is `` a recognition of the excellence of the singles that shaped rock ' n ' roll , kind of a rock ' n ' roll jukebox , records by artists not in the Rock Hall -- which is not to say these artists will never be in the Rock Hall . They just are not in the Rock Hall at the moment . '' Year Artist Song ( Year ) 2018 Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats `` Rocket 88 '' ( 1951 ) 2018 Link Wray `` Rumble '' ( 1958 ) 2018 Chubby Checker `` The Twist '' ( 1960 ) 2018 The Kingsmen `` Louie Louie '' ( 1963 ) 2018 Procol Harum `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' ( 1967 ) 2018 Steppenwolf `` Born to Be Wild '' ( 1968 ) Sidemen ( edit ) Established in 2000 , the sidemen category `` honors those musicians who have spent their careers out of the spotlight , performing as backup musicians for major artists on recording sessions and in concert . '' A separate committee , composed mainly of producers , chooses the inductees . In 2010 , the category was renamed to `` Award for Musical Excellence '' . According to Joel Peresman , the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation , `` This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized . '' James Burton , inducted in 2001 . Year Name Instrument 2000 Hal Blaine Drums 2000 King Curtis Saxophone 2000 James Jamerson Bass guitar 2000 Scotty Moore Guitar 2000 Earl Palmer Drums 2001 James Burton Guitar 2001 Johnnie Johnson Piano 2002 Chet Atkins Guitar 2003 Benny Benjamin Drums 2003 Floyd Cramer Piano 2003 Steve Douglas Saxophone 2008 Little Walter Harmonica 2009 Bill Black Bass guitar 2009 D.J. Fontana Drums 2009 Spooner Oldham Keyboard Lifetime achievement ( edit ) The following were inducted for `` Lifetime Achievement in the Non-Performer Category . '' Year Name 1986 John Hammond 1991 Nesuhi Ertegun Jann Wenner 2005 Frank Barsalona 2005 Seymour Stein 2006 Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss Multiple inductees ( edit ) As of 2017 , 22 performers have been inducted twice or more ; fourteen have been recognized as a solo artist and with a band and seven have been inducted with two separate bands . Eric Clapton is the only one to be inducted three times : as a solo artist , with Cream and with The Yardbirds . Clyde McPhatter was the first to ever be inducted twice and is one of three artists to be inducted first as a solo artist and then as a member of a band , the other artists being Neil Young and Rod Stewart . Stephen Stills is the only artist to be inducted twice in the same year . Crosby , Stills & Nash , inducted in 1997 , is the only band to see all of its inducted members be inducted with other acts : David Crosby with The Byrds in 1991 , Stephen Stills with Buffalo Springfield in 1997 , and Graham Nash with The Hollies in 2010 . Two inducted bands were spinoffs of other inducted bands . Journey was founded by two former members of Santana . Led Zeppelin was founded by lead guitarist Jimmy Page after The Yardbirds broke up , with the encouragement of the band 's management . They were originally billed as `` The New Yardbirds . '' The Beatles , inducted in 1988 , is the second band to have all of its members be inducted , as well as the only band to have each of its members be inducted for their solo careers as their second induction . Ringo Starr is the first inductee to be inducted twice in different categories ( The Beatles were inducted in the performers category in 1988 and Starr was inducted as a solo artist in the Award for Musical Excellence category in 2015 ) . He also holds the record for the longest time between first and second inductions , at 27 years . Both of Stills ' inductions happened during the 1997 ceremony and Clapton and McPhatter were inducted in back - to - back years ( 1987 / 88 for McPhatter , 1992 / 93 for Clapton , as well as his solo induction in 2000 ) . The Traveling Wilburys are the only band to have all of its members be inducted without the band itself having been inducted : Roy Orbison as a solo artist in 1987 , Bob Dylan as a solo artist in 1988 , George Harrison with the Beatles in 1988 and as a solo artist in 2004 , Tom Petty with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers in 2002 , and Jeff Lynne with the Electric Light Orchestra in 2017 . There are several performers who were inducted with one ( or more ) of the bands they played for , but were not inducted as members of one ( or more ) other bands . For example , Neil Young was inducted with Buffalo Springfield and as a solo artist , but was left out when Crosby , Stills & Nash were inducted . Other examples include Terry Chimes ( inducted with The Clash but not with Black Sabbath ) , Kenney Jones ( inducted with The Faces but not with The Who ) , and Sly Stone ( inducted with Sly & the Family Stone but not with Parliament - Funkadelic . ) Singer Axl Rose of Guns N ' Roses fame joined AC / DC after both bands were inducted . Name First Year Second Year Third Year Jeff Beck The Yardbirds 1992 Solo career 2009 -- -- Johnny Carter The Flamingos 2001 The Dells -- -- Eric Clapton The Yardbirds 1992 Cream 1993 Solo career 2000 David Crosby The Byrds 1991 Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 -- -- Peter Gabriel Genesis Solo career 2014 -- -- George Harrison The Beatles 1988 Solo career -- -- Michael Jackson The Jackson Five 1997 Solo career 2001 -- -- John Lennon The Beatles 1988 Solo career 1994 -- -- Curtis Mayfield The Impressions 1991 Solo career 1999 -- -- Paul McCartney The Beatles 1988 Solo career 1999 -- -- Clyde McPhatter Solo career The Drifters 1988 -- -- Graham Nash Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 The Hollies -- -- Jimmy Page The Yardbirds 1992 Led Zeppelin 1995 -- -- Lou Reed The Velvet Underground Solo career 2015 -- -- Gregg Rolie Santana 1998 Journey 2017 -- -- Paul Simon Simon and Garfunkel 1990 Solo career 2001 -- -- Ringo Starr The Beatles 1988 Award For Musical Excellence , Solo career 2015 -- -- Rod Stewart Solo career 1994 Faces 2012 -- -- Stephen Stills Buffalo Springfield 1997 Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 -- -- Sammy Strain The O'Jays 2005 Little Anthony & The Imperials 2009 -- -- Ronnie Wood The Rolling Stones 1989 Faces 2012 -- -- Neil Young Solo career 1995 Buffalo Springfield 1997 -- -- References ( edit ) General `` Inductee list '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 02 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inductees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Induction Ceremony and Process '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Smith , Troy L. ( 2016 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Cleveland will host Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Ceremony every two years '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( April 4 , 2001 ) . `` Rock Hall of Fame Fallout : ' There Is Resentment Building Up '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Selvin , Joel ( November 14 , 2007 ) . `` View : Rock and Roll Hall offers lackluster candidates '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sinkevics , John ( March 11 , 2007 ) . `` Hall voters ' bias leaves prog - rock out -- again '' . The Grand Rapids Press . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( March 14 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Hall Voting Scandal : Rock Group Actually Won '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Most COntroversial Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Moments '' . billboard.com . Jump up ^ `` Were not coming . Were not your monkey and so what ? '' ( sic ) Official announcement from the Sex Pistols regarding the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on February 24 , 2006 Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Crickets , Famous Flames , Comets , Miracles , Midnighters and Blue Caps added to Rock Hall induction ceremony '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Famers '' . Future Rock Legends . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Everly Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Coasters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Beach Boys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Drifters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Supremes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Temptations '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Four Seasons '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Four Tops '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Kinks '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Platters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Simon & Garfunkel '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Who '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Byrds '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Impressions '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Ike & Tina Turner '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Booker T . & The M.G. 's '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Isley Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Jimi Hendrix Experience '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Sam & Dave '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Yardbirds '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Cream '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Creedence Clearwater Revival '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Doors '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Sly & The Family Stone '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Animals '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Grateful Dead '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Allman Brothers Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Led Zeppelin '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Martha & The Vandellas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Gladys Knight & the Pips '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Jefferson Airplane '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Shirelles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Velvet Underground '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Bee Gees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Springfield '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Crosby , Stills & Nash '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Jackson Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament - Funkadelic '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Rascals '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Fleetwood Mac '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Mamas & The Papas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Santana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Staple Singers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Soeder , John ( September 22 , 1999 ) . `` Canton 's O'Jays , Aerosmith among Rock Hall finalists '' . The Plain Dealer . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Flamingos '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Queen '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Steely Dan '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Ramones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Talking Heads '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Clash '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Costello & the Attractions '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Police '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Righteous Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Dells '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ZZ Top '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The O'Jays '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Pretenders '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` U2 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Black Sabbath '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Blondie '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Lynyrd Skynyrd '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Sex Pistols '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` R.E.M. '' Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Ronettes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Van Halen '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Dave Clark Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Ventures '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Little Anthony and the Imperials '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Metallica '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Run - D.M.C. '' Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ABBA '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Genesis '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Hollies '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Stooges '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Cooper Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Beastie Boys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Blue Caps '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Comets '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Crickets '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Famous Flames '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Midnighters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Miracles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chili Peppers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Small Faces / Faces '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Heart '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Public Enemy '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rush '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Daryl Hall and John Oates '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Kiss '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Nirvana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Paul Butterfield Blues Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Joan Jett & the Blackhearts '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Reed '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Green Day '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stevie Ray Vaughan & Double Trouble '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cheap Trick '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deep Purple '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` N.W.A '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Electric Light Orchestra '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Journey '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Cars '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dire Straits '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Moody Blues '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dire Straits Awkwardly Enter Rock Hall Of Fame Without An Induction Speaker Or A Performance '' . Stereogum. 15 April 2018 . Retrieved 16 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Ink Spots '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Soul Stirrers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Orioles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The `` 5 '' Royales `` . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Roger Friedman ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` Golden Globes : Stars Fill in Blanks ; Rock Hall of Fame '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Inductees for 2008 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame official website . December 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Class of 2017 Inductions '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inducts Songs for the First Time , Including ' Born to Be Wild ' & ' Louie Louie ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame introduces new category for singles '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Neil Diamond , Alice Cooper , Dr. John , Darlene Love and Tom Waits headed into Rock Hall '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Hal Blaine '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` King Curtis '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` James Jamerson '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Scotty Moore '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Earl Palmer '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` James Burton '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Johnnie Johnson '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Chet Atkins '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Benny Benjamin '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Floyd Cramer '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Douglas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Little Walter '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Black '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Fontana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Spooner Oldham '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame makes Clapton first triple inductee '' . CNN . March 7 , 2000 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Official website Wikimedia Commons has media related to List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees . <Th_colspan="2"> Rock and Roll Hall of Fame -- Induction Classes <Td_colspan="2"> 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_inductees&oldid=857120718 '' Categories : Music - related lists Lists of musicians Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Galego ქართული مصرى 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 18 : 05 ( UTC ) . 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1. Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees
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Christianity in India - wikipedia Christianity in India Christians in India <Td_colspan="2"> Saint Thomas Christian cross <Th_colspan="2"> Total population <Td_colspan="2"> 27,819,588 ( 2011 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Regions with significant populations <Td_colspan="2"> Majority in Nagaland at 90 % , Mizoram at 98 % and Meghalaya at 83.3 % . Plural majority in Manipur at 41.3 % and Arunachal Pradesh at 30.3 % . Significant populations in Goa at 25 % , Kerala at 18.4 % , Tamil Nadu at 6.2 % , Jharkhand at 4.3 % , Odisha at 2.76 % , Andhra Pradesh at 1.38 % . <Th_colspan="2"> Languages <Td_colspan="2"> Malayalam , Tamil , Telugu , Konkani , Kannada , English , Hindi and various Indian languages <Th_colspan="2"> Religion <Td_colspan="2"> Half majority Roman Catholic ( Latin Catholics ) and Eastern Catholic ( Syro Malabar , Malankara Rite ) Near majority Saint Thomas Christians ( Chaldean Syrian , Orthodox , Jacobite , and Marthoma etc . ( East Syriac Rite / West Syriac Rite ) ) Minority to various denominations of Protestants and Restoration / Nontrinitarians like Baptists , Church of South India , Evangelical Church of India , Believers Eastern Church , Lutheran Churches , Pentecostals , Apostolics and Latter Day Saints ( The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints and Community of Christ ) and Church of the Brethren in India . <Th_colspan="2"> Related ethnic groups <Td_colspan="2"> Nasranis , Knanaya , East Indians , Khasis , Mizos , Kukis , Nagas , Anglo - Indians , Goan Catholics , Mangalorean Catholics , Garo people , Pnar people Part of a series on Christianity in India Background ( show ) Saint Thomas Christians ( Nasrani ) Saint Thomas Christian churches Saint Thomas Christian cross Synod of Diamper Coonan Cross Oath Malankara ( historical ) People ( show ) Saint Thomas the Apostle Saint Alphonsa Saint Francis Xavier Saint Gonsalo Garcia Saint Euphrasia Eluvathingal Saint Kuriakose Elias Chavara Saint Mother Teresa Bl. Devasahayam Pillai Mar Sabor and Mar Proth Mar Baselios Eldho Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar Thomas of Cana Ignatius Elias III Mar Gregorios of Parumala Mar Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly Mar Joseph C. Panjikaran Mathews Mar Athanasius Metropolitan Mar Geevarghese Dionysius Abraham Malpan Palackal Thoma Malpan Mar Augustine Kandathil William Carey Denominations ( show ) Catholic Catholic Church in India , Syro - Malabar Catholic , Syro - Malankara Catholic Oriental Orthodox Brahmavar Orthodox Church , Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church , Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Church of the East Chaldean Syrian , Malankara Church Reformed Oriental Orthodox Mar Thoma Syrian , Malabar Independent Syrian Church Protestant Andhra Evangelical Lutheran , Assemblies Jehovah Shammah , Christian Revival Church , Church of North India , Church of South India , Garo Baptist , Indian Brethren , Indian Pentecostal Church of God , Church of God ( Full Gospel ) , North Bank Baptist Christian , Northern Evangelical Lutheran , Presbyterian , The Pentecostal Mission , St. Thomas Evangelical , Seventh - day Adventist , United Evangelical Lutheran Indian Christianity portal Christianity by country Africa ( show ) Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Asia ( show ) Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Burma Cambodia China Hong Kong India Indonesia Japan Kazakhstan Korea Laos Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Nepal North Korea Pakistan Philippines Russia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Vietnam Middle East ( show ) Bahrain Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe ( show ) Albania Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia & Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Denmark Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Jersey Kosovo Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Netherlands Norway Malta Moldova Montenegro Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Spain Ukraine United Kingdom North America ( show ) Antigua & Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States South America ( show ) Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Oceania ( show ) Australia East Timor Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Full list Christianity is India 's third most followed religion according to the census of 2011 , with approximately 28 million followers , constituting 2.3 percent of India 's population . It is traditionally believed that Christianity was introduced to India by Thomas the Apostle , who supposedly landed in Kerala in 52 AD . There is a general scholarly consensus that Christianity was definitely established in India by the 6th century AD , including some communities who used Syriac liturgies , and it is possible that the religion 's existence extends as far back as the purported time of St. Thomas 's arrival . Christians are found all across India and in all walks of life , with major populations in parts of South India and the south shore , the Konkan Coast , and Northeast India . Indian Christians have contributed significantly to and are well represented in various spheres of national life . They include former and current chief ministers , governors and chief election commissioners . Indian Christians have the highest ratio of women to men among the various religious communities in India . Christians are the second most educated religious group in India after Jains . Christianity in India has different denominations . The state of Kerala is home to the Saint Thomas Christian community , an ancient body of Christians , who are now divided into several different churches and traditions . They are East Syriac Saint Thomas Christian churches : the Syro - Malabar Catholic Church and the Chaldean Syrian Church . The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church , Malankara Jacobite Syrian Church , Mar Thoma Syrian Church , Syro - Malankara Catholic Church , and the Malabar Independent Syrian Church are West Syriac Saint Thomas Christian Churches . Since the 19th century Protestant churches have also been present ; major denominations include The Pentecostal Mission ( formerly Ceylon Pentecostal Mission ) , the Baptists , Church of South India ( CSI ) , Evangelical Church of India ( ECI ) , St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India , Believers Eastern Church , the Church of North India ( CNI ) , the Presbyterian Church of India , Pentecostal Church , Apostolics , Lutherans , Traditional Anglicans and other evangelical groups . The Christian Church runs thousands of educational institutions and hospitals which have contributed significantly to the development of the nation . Roman Catholicism was first introduced to India by Portuguese , Italian and Irish Jesuits in the 16th century to preach the gospel of Jesus Christ among Indians . Most Christian schools , hospitals , primary care centres originated through the Roman Catholic missions brought by the trade of these countries . Evangelical Protestantism was later spread to India by the efforts of British , American , German , Scottish missionaries . These Protestant missions were also responsible for introducing English education in India for the first time and were also accountable in the first early translations of the Holy Bible in various Indian languages ( including Tamil , Malayalam , Telugu , Hindi , Urdu and others ) . Even though Christians are a significant minority , they form a major religious group in three states of India - Meghalaya , Mizoram , and Nagaland with plural majority in Manipur and Arunachal Pradesh and other states with significant Christian population include Coastal Andhra , Tamil Nadu , Kerala and Kanara . Christianity is widespread across India and is present in all states with major populations in South India . Infant Jesus Church , Mysore , India . Contents 1 Early Christianity in India 1.1 St. Bartholomew 1.2 St. Thomas 1.3 4th - century missions 2 Medieval period 3 Modern period 3.1 Arrival of the Portuguese and Christianity 3.2 Arrival of the Roman Catholic Latin Rites 3.3 Syrian Christians in India 3.4 Arrival of Protestant missions 3.5 Lutherans 3.6 William Carey and the Baptists 3.7 Outreach to upper classes 3.8 Other missionaries 3.9 Latter Day Saint Denominations in India 3.9. 1 Arrival of the Mormon Missionaries 3.9. 2 Establishment of the Community of Christ ( formerly RLDS Church ) in India 3.10 Eastern Orthodoxy in India 4 Art and architecture 5 Culture 6 Demographics 6.1 Denominations 6.2 State populations 7 Christian population in India 8 Conflicts 8.1 Hindu -- Christian conflict 8.2 Muslim -- Christian conflict 9 List of Christian communities in India 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Bibliography 13.1 Primary sources 14 Further reading 15 External links Early Christianity in India ( edit ) St. Bartholomew ( edit ) Main article : Saint Bartholomew Roman trade with India started from Aegyptus according to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea ( 1st century ) . Two ancient testimonies exist about the mission of Saint Bartholomew in India . These are of Eusebius of Caesarea ( early 4th century ) and of Saint Jerome ( late 4th century ) . Both these refer to this tradition while speaking of the reported visit of Pantaenus to India in the 2nd century . The studies of Fr A.C. Perumalil SJ and Moraes hold that the Bombay region on the Konkan coast , a region which may have been known as the ancient city Kalyan , was the field of Saint Bartholomew 's missionary activities . St. Thomas ( edit ) Main article : Saint Thomas Christians Saint Thomas Christians or Syrian Christians of Kerala in ancient days ( from an old painting ) . Photo published in the Cochin Government Royal War Efforts Souvenir in 1938 St. Mary 's Thiruvithamcode Arappally of Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church in Tamil Nadu founded by St. Thomas the Apostle Marth Mariam Syrian Catholic Church ( Syro - Malabar Rite ) at Arakuzha , Kerala is an ancient Nasrani church established in 999 AD St. Peter 's and St. Paul 's Orthodox Church , Parumala , the shrine of St Geevargeese Mar Gregorios in Kerala . He is the first Indian to be canonised by Syrian Christians of India . Infant Jesus Cathedral in Kollam city . It is the co-cathedral of India 's first diocese , Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon According to Indian Christian traditions , the Apostle Thomas arrived in Tamilakam presently in the Indian state of Kerala Kodungallur Kerala , established the Seven Churches and evangelised in present - day Kerala and Tamil Nadu . As with early Christianity in the Roman Empire , it is assumed that the initial converts were largely Jewish proselytes among the Cochin Jews who are believed to have arrived in India around 562 BC , after the destruction of the First Temple . Many of these Jews presumably spoke Aramaic like St. Thomas , also a Jew by birth , who is credited by tradition with evangelising India . A historically more likely claim by Eusebius of Caesarea is that Pantaenus , the head of the Christian exegetical school in Alexandria , Egypt went to India during the reign of the Emperor Commodus and found Christians already living in India using a version of the Gospel of Matthew with `` Hebrew letters , a mixture of culture . '' This is a plausible reference to the earliest Indian churches which are known to have used the Syriac ( a dialect of Aramaic ) New Testament . Pantaenus ' evidence thus indicates that Syriac - speaking Christians had already evangelised parts of India by the late 2nd century . An early 3rd - century Syriac work known as the Acts of Thomas connects the tradition of the apostle Thomas ' Indian ministry with two kings , one in the north and the other in the south . The year of his arrival is widely disputed due to lack of credible records . According to one of the legends in the Acts , Thomas was at first reluctant to accept this mission but Jesus over-ruled the stubborn disciple by ordering circumstances so compelling that he was forced to accompany an Indian merchant , Abbanes , to his native place in northwest India , where he found himself in the service of the Indo - Parthian king , Gondophares . The apostle 's ministry reputedly resulted in many conversions throughout this northern kingdom , including the king and his brother . The Acts of Thomas identifies his second mission in India with a kingdom ruled by King Mahadwa , one of the rulers of a 1st - century dynasty in southern India . According to the tradition of the Mar Thoma or `` Church of Thomas , '' Thomas evangelised along the Malabar Coast of Kerala State in southwest India , though the various churches he founded were located mainly on the Periyar River and its tributaries and along the coast , where there were Jewish colonies . He reputedly preached to all classes of people and had about seventeen thousand converts , including members of the four principal castes . According to legend , St. Thomas attained martyrdom at St. Thomas Mount in Chennai and is buried on the site of San Thome Cathedral . India 's oldest church , claimed to be the world 's oldest existing church structure and built by Thomas the Apostle in 57 AD , called Thiruvithamcode Arappally or Thomaiyar Kovil as named by the then Chera king Udayancheral , is located at Thiruvithancode in Kanyakumari District of Tamil Nadu , India . It is now declared an international St. Thomas pilgrim center . Although little is known of the immediate growth of the church , Bar - Daisan ( AD 154 -- 223 ) reports that in his time there were Christian tribes in North India which claimed to have been converted by Thomas and to have books and relics to prove it . Certainly by the time of the establishment of the Sassanid Empire ( AD 226 ) , there were bishops of the Church of the East in northwest India , Afghanistan and Baluchistan , with laymen and clergy alike engaging in missionary activity . 4th - century missions ( edit ) The renovated Mar Thoma Syro - Malabar Catholic Church , Kodungaloor ; the first Christian church in India , built 52 A.D. India had a flourishing trade with Central Asia , the Mediterranean , and the Middle East , both along mountain passes in the north and sea routes along the western and southern coast , well before the start of the Christian era , and it is likely that Christian merchants settled in Indian cities along trading routes . The Chronicle of Seert describes an evangelical mission to India by Bishop David of Basra around the year 300 ; this metropolitan reportedly made many conversions , and it has been speculated that his mission took in areas of southern India . The colony of Syrian Christians established at Kodungallur may be the first Christian community in South India for which there is a continuous written record . T.R. Vedantham showing his own perspective on Christianity was the first to propose in 1987 that Thomas of Cana was confused with the 1st - century apostle Thomas by India 's Syrian Christians sometime after his death , becoming their Apostle Thomas in India . Medieval period ( edit ) Syro - Malabar Catholic bishop Mar Mathew Arackal ( holding the Mar Thoma Cross which symbolises the heritage and identity of the Syrian Church of Saint Thomas Christians ) along with other priests at the tomb of Servant of God March Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly The Saint Thomas Christian community was further strengthened by various Persian immigrant settlers , the Knanaya colonies of the 4th century , Manichaeanism followers , Babylonian Christians settlers of the 4th century AD , the Syrian settlements of Mar Sabor Easo and Proth in the 9th century AD and the immigrant Persian Christians from successive centuries . Local rulers in Kerala gave the St. Thomas Christians various rights and privileges which were written on copper plates . These are known as Cheppeds , Royal Grants , Sasanam etc . There are a number of such documents in the possession of the Syrian churches of Kerala which include the Thazhekad Sasanam , the Quilon Plates ( or the Tharisappalli Cheppeds ) , Mampally Sasanam and Iraviikothan Chepped etc . Some of these plates are said to be dated around 774 AD . Scholars have studied the inscriptions and produced varying translations . The language used is Tamil in Tamil letters intermingled with some Grantha script and Pahlavi , Kufic and Hebrew signatures . The ruler of Venad ( Travancore ) granted the Saint Thomas Christians seventy - two rights and privileges which were usually granted only to high dignitaries . These rights included exemption from import duties , sales tax and the slave tax . A copper plate grant dated 1225 AD further enhanced the rights and privileges of Nasranis . The South Indian epic of Manimekalai ( written between 2nd and 3rd century AD ) mentions the Nasrani people by referring to them by the name Essanis . The embassy of King Alfred in 883 AD sent presents to St. Thomas Christians . Marco Polo who visited in 1292 , mentioned that there were Christians in the Malabar coast . The Saint Thomas Christians still use the Syriac language ( a dialect of Aramaic , which is also the language that Jesus spoke ) in their liturgy . This group , which existed in Kerala relatively peacefully for more than a millennium , faced considerable persecution from Portuguese evangelists in the 16th century . This later wave of evangelism spread Catholicism more widely along the Konkan coast . Modern period ( edit ) Since the 1500s European Catholic and Protestant missionaries have been active in India . In 1900 - 1914 churches in other countries , especially the United States , sponsored missions . Outside Christian missions have been less active since 1914 as Indians themselves take action and Protestant groups have formed unions . Arrival of the Portuguese and Christianity ( edit ) See also : Pearl Fishery Coast Conversion of the Paravas by Saint Francis Xavier , in a 19th - century coloured lithograph The south Indian coastal areas around Kanyakumari were known for pearl fisheries ruled by Paravars . From 1527 the Paravars were being threatened by Arab fleets offshore , headed by the Muslim supporting Zamorin of Calicut , . The Paravars sought the protection of Portuguese who had moved into the area . The protection was granted on the condition that the leaders were immediately baptised as Christians and that they would encourage their people also to convert to Christianity ; the Portuguese would also gain a strategic foothold and control of the pearl fisheries . The deal was agreed and some months later 20,000 Paravars were baptised en masse , and by 1537 the entire community had declared itself to be Christian . The Portuguese navy destroyed the Arab fleet at Vedalai on 27 June 1538 . Francis Xavier , a Jesuit , in 1542 began a mission to the lower classes of Tamil society . A further 30,000 Paravars were baptised . Xavier appointed catechists in the Paravar villages up and down the 100 miles ( 160 km ) of coastline to spread and reinforce his teachings . Paravar Christianity , with its own identity based on a mixture of Christian religious belief and Hindu caste culture , remains a defining part of the Paravar life today . Arrival of the Roman Catholic Latin rites ( edit ) The French or Catalan Dominican missionary Jordanus Catalani was the first European to start conversion in India . He arrived in Surat in 1320 . After his ministry in Gujarat he reached Quilon in 1323 . He not only revived Christianity but also brought thousands to the Christian fold . He brought a message of good will from the Pope to the local rulers . In 1329 Pope John XXII , from the Holy See then in Avignon ( France ) , erected Quilon as the first Diocese in the whole of Indies as suffragan to the Archdiocese of Sultany in Persia through the decree ' `` Romanus Pontifex '' ' dated 9 August 1329 . By a separate bull , tah goes `` Venerabili Fratri Jordano '' , the same Pope , on 21 August 1329 appointed the French or Catalan Dominican friar `` Jordanus Catalani '' as the first Bishop of Quilon . As the first bishop in India , Jordanus was also entrusted with the spiritual nourishment of the Christian community in Calicut , Mangalore , Thane and Broach ( north of Thane ) . Portuguese - Tamil Primer ( 1554 ) . One of the earliest known Christian books in an Indian language In 1453 , the fall of Constantinople , a bastion of Christianity in Asia Minor to Islamic Ottoman Empire ; marked the end of the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantine Empire , and severed European trade links by land with Asia . This massive blow to Christendom spurred the age of discovery as Europeans were seeking alternative routes east by sea along with the goal of forging alliances with pre-existing Christian nations . Along with pioneer Portuguese long - distance maritime travellers that reached the Malabar Coast in the late 15th century , came Portuguese missionaries who made contact with the St Thomas Christians in Kerala , which at that time were following Eastern Christian practices and under the jurisdiction of Church of the East . The missionaries sought to introduce the Latin liturgical rites among them and unify East Syriac Christians in India under the Holy See . In the 16th century , the proselytisation of Asia was linked to the Portuguese colonial policy . The missionaries of the different orders ( Franciscans , Dominicans , Jesuits , Augustinians , etc . ) flocked out with the conquerors , and began at once to build churches along the coastal districts where the Portuguese power made itself felt . The history of Portuguese missionaries in India starts with the neo-apostles who reached Kappad near Kozhikode on 20 May 1498 along with the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama who was seeking to form anti-Islamic alliances with pre-existing Christian nations . The lucrative spice trade was further temptation for the Portuguese crown . When he and the Portuguese missionaries arrived they found Christians in the country in Malabar known as St. Thomas Christians who belonged to the then - largest Christian church within India . The Christians were friendly to Portuguese missionaries at first ; there was an exchange of gifts between them , and these groups were delighted at their common faith . Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great ( r . 1556 -- 1605 ) holds a religious assembly in the Ibadat Khana ( House of Worship ) in Fatehpur Sikri ; the two men dressed in black are the Jesuit missionaries Rodolfo Acquaviva and Francisco Henriques . Illustration to the Akbarnama , miniature painting by Nar Singh , ca . 1605 . During the second expedition , the Portuguese fleet comprising 13 ships and 18 priests , under Captain Pedro Álvares Cabral , anchored at Cochin on 26 November 1500 . Cabral soon won the goodwill of the Raja of Cochin . He allowed four priests to do apostolic work among the early Christian communities scattered in and around Cochin . Thus Portuguese missionaries established Portuguese Mission in 1500 . Dom Francisco de Almeida , the first Portuguese Viceroy got permission from the Kochi Raja to build two churches -- namely Santa Cruz Basilica ( 1505 ) and St. Francis Church ( 1506 ) using stones and mortar , which was unheard of at that time , as the local prejudices were against such a structure for any purpose other than a royal palace or a temple . In the beginning of the 16th century , the whole of the east was under the jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Lisbon . On 12 June 1514 , Cochin and Goa became two prominent mission stations under the newly created Diocese of Funchal in Madeira . In 1534 , Pope Paul III by the Bull Quequem Reputamus , raised Funchal as an archdiocese and Goa as its suffragan , deputing the whole of India under the diocese of Goa . This created an episcopal see -- suffragan to Funchal , with a jurisdiction extending potentially over all past and future conquests from the Cape of Good Hope to China . After four decades of prosperous trading , the missionaries started the proselytisation around 1540 and during this period , foreign missionaries also made many new converts to Christianity . Early Roman Catholic missionaries , particularly the Portuguese , led by the Jesuit St Francis Xavier ( 1506 -- 1552 ) , expanded from their bases on the west coast making many converts . The Portuguese colonial government supported the mission and the baptised Christians were given incentives like rice donations , good positions in their colonies . Hence , these Christians were dubbed Rice Christians who even practised their old religion . At the same time many New Christians from Portugal migrated to India as a result of the inquisition in Portugal . Many of them were suspected of being Crypto - Jews , converted Jews who were secretly practising their old religion . Both were considered a threat to the solidarity of Christian belief. which is considered a blot on the history of Roman Catholic Christianity in India , both by Christians and non-Christians alike . In 1557 , Goa was made an independent archbishopric , and its first suffragan sees were erected at Cochin and Malacca . The whole of the East came under the jurisdiction of Goa and its boundaries extended to almost half of the world : from the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa , to Burma , China and Japan in East Asia . In 1576 the suffragan See of Macao ( China ) was added ; and in 1588 , that of Funai in Japan . The death of the last metropolitan bishop -- Archbishop Abraham of the Saint Thomas Christians , an ancient body formerly part of the Church of the East in 1597 ; gave the then Archbishop of Goa Menezes an opportunity to bring the native church under the authority of the Roman Catholic Church . He was able to secure the submission of Archdeacon George , the highest remaining representative of the native church hierarchy . Menezes convened the Synod of Diamper between 20 and 26 June 1599 , which introduced a number of reforms to the church and brought it fully into the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church . Following the Synod , Menezes consecrated Francis Ros , S.J. as Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Angamalé for the Saint Thomas Christians ; thus created another suffragan see to Archdiocese of Goa and Latinisation of St Thomas Christians started . The Saint Thomas Christians were pressured to acknowledge the authority of the Pope and most of them eventually accepted the Catholic faith , but a part of them switched to West Syriac Rite . Resentment of these measures led to some part of the community to join the Archdeacon , Thomas , in swearing never to submit to the Portuguese or to accept the Communion with Rome in the Coonan Cross Oath in 1653 . Those who accepted the West Syriac theological and liturgical tradition of Mar Gregorios became known as Jacobites . The ones who continued with East Syriac and Latin theological and liturgical tradition and stayed faithful to the Synod of Diamper and the Roman Catholic Church came to be formally known as the Syro - Malabar Catholic Church from the second half of the 19th century onward . The Diocese of Angamaly was transferred to Diocese of Craganore in 1605 ; while , in 1606 a sixth suffragan see to Goa was established at San Thome , Mylapore , near the modern Madras , and the site of the National Shrine of St. Thomas Basilica . The suffragan sees added later to Goa . were the prelacy of Mozambique ( 1612 ) and in 1690 two other sees at Peking and Nanking in China . Mangalore is another significant region on the west coast which has a huge Christian population . In 1321 , the French Dominican friar Jordanus Catalani of Severac ( in south - western France ) , who also worked in Quilon arrived in Bhatkal , a place near Mangalore and established a missionary station there . Many locals were converted to Christianity by Jordanus . The Portuguese were however unable to establish their presence in Mangalore as a result of the conquests of the Vijayanagara ruler Krishnadevaraya and Abbakka Rani of Ullal , the Bednore Queen of Mangalore . Most of Mangalorean Catholics were not originally from Mangalore but are descendants of Goan Catholics who fled Goa during the Portuguese - Maratha Wars and the Goan Inquisition . The origin of Christianity in North Konkan , was due to the proselytising activities of the Portuguese in the 16th century . The French Dominican friar Jordanus Catalani of Severac ( in south - western France ) started evangelising activities in Thana . On the occasion of The Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria , the Christians of North Konkan , in Maharashtra who were known as Portuguese Christians discarded that name and adopted the designation East Indians . Marathi Christians are Protestants and are therefore distinct from East Indian Christians who are predominantly Roman Catholics and inhabitants of the North Konkan region . Marathi Christians can be found in the areas of Ahmednagar , Solapur , Pune and Aurangabad . They were converted through the efforts of the American Marathi Mission , The SPG Mission , and the Church Mission Society of Church of England in the early 18th century . British Missionary William Carey was instrumental in translating the Bible into the Marathi language . Missionary work progressed on a large scale and with great success along the western coasts , chiefly at Chaul , Bombay , Salsette , Bassein , Damao , and Diu ; and on the eastern coasts at San Thome of Mylapore , and as far as Bengal etc . In the southern districts the Jesuit mission in Madura was the most famous . It extended to the Krishna river , with a number of outlying stations beyond it . The mission of Cochin , on the Malabar Coast , was also one of the most fruitful . Several missions were also established in the interior northwards , e.g. , that of Agra and Lahore in 1570 and that of Tibet in 1624 . Still , even with these efforts , the greater part even of the coast line was by no means fully worked , and many vast tracts of the interior northwards were practically untouched . With the decline of the Portuguese power , other colonial powers -- namely the Dutch and British and Christian organisations gained influence . Syrian Christians in India ( edit ) Thomas the Apostle is credited by tradition for founding the Indian Church in 52 AD . This `` Nasrani '' faith had many similarities to ancient Judaism , ( see also Jewish Christianity ) and owing to the heritage of the Nasrani people , developed contacts with the Nestorian religious authorities at that point based in Edessa , Mesopotamia . The local church maintained its autonomous character under its local leader . When the Portuguese established themselves in India in the 16th century , they found the Church in Kerala as an administratively independent community . Following the arrival of Vasco de Gama in 1498 , the Portuguese came to South India and established their political power there . They brought missionaries to carry out evangelistic work in order to establish churches in communion with Rome under the Portuguese patronage . These missionaries were eager to bring the Indian Church under the Pope 's control . They succeeded in their efforts in 1599 with the Synod of Diamper . The representatives of various parishes who attended the assembly were forced by Portuguese authorities to accept the Papal authority . Following the synod , the Indian Church was governed by Portuguese prelates . They were generally unwilling to respect the integrity of the local church . This resulted in disaffection which led to a general revolt in 1653 known as the `` Coonan Cross Oath '' . Under the leadership of their elder Thomas , Nazranis around Cochin gathered at Mattancherry church on Friday , 24 January 1653 ( M.E. 828 Makaram 3 ) and made an oath that is known as the Great Oath of Bent Cross . The following oath was read aloud and the people touching a stone - cross repeated it loudly : `` By the Father , Son and Holy Spirit that henceforth we would not adhere to the Franks , nor accept the faith of the Pope of Rome . '' This reference from The Missionary Register of 1822 seems to be the earliest reliable document available . Those who were not able to touch the cross tied ropes on the cross , held the rope in their hands and made the oath . Because of the weight it is believed by the followers that the cross bent a little and so it is known as `` Oath of the bent cross '' ( Coonen Kurisu Sathyam ) . This demanded administrative autonomy for the local church . Since it had no bishop , it faced serious difficulties . It appealed to several eastern Christian churches for help . The Antiochene Syrian Patriarch responded and sent metropolitan Mar Gregorios of Jerusalem to India in 1665 . He confirmed Marthoma I as the bishop and worked together with him to organize the Church. When these churches is also the part of Oriental Orthodox , which is also known as Jacobite Syrian Christian Church and Malankara Orthodox Church Arrival of Protestant missions ( edit ) Beginning about 1700 Protestant missionaries began working throughout India , leading to the establishment of different Christian communities across the Indian Subcontinent . Lutherans ( edit ) St. Paul 's Cathedral , Calcutta - seat of the Anglican Diocese of Calcutta , Church of North India The first Protestant missionaries to set foot in India were two Lutherans from Germany , Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg and Heinrich Plütschau , who began work in 1705 in the Danish settlement of Tranquebar . They translated the Bible into the local Tamil language , and afterwards into Hindustani . They made little progress at first , but gradually the mission spread to Madras , Cuddalore and Tanjore . Today the Bishop of Tranquebar is the official title of the bishop of the Tamil Evangelical Lutheran Church in Tamil Nadu which was founded in 1919 as a result of the German Lutheran Leipzig Mission and Church of Sweden Mission , the successors of Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg and Heinrich Plütschau . The seat of the bishop , the cathedral and its Church House the Tranquebar House are in Tiruchirappalli . By 2006 , there were three million Lutherans in Tranquebar . William Carey and the Baptists ( edit ) William Carey , 1761 - 1834 . In 1793 , William Carey , an English Baptist Minister came to India as a missionary but also as a man of learning in economics , medicine and botany . He worked in Serampore , Calcutta , and other places . He translated the Bible into Bengali , Sanskrit , and numerous other languages and dialects . He worked in India despite the hostility of the British East India Company until his death in 1834 . Carey and his colleagues , Joshua Marshman and William Ward , blended science , Christianity , and constructive Orientalism in their work at the Danish settlement of Serampore , near Calcutta . Carey saw the dissemination of European science and Christianity as mutually supportive and equally important civilizing missions . He also supported a revival of Sanskrit science . Carey played a key role in the establishment of the Agricultural Society of India . Ward , beginning in 1806 , published important commentaries on ancient Hindu medical and astronomy texts . In 1818 Carey and his fellow missionaries founded Serampore College to nurture a uniquely Indian variety of European science . Outreach to upper classes ( edit ) Many upper - class Bengalis converted to Christianity during the Bengali renaissance under British Rule , including Krishna Mohan Banerjee , Michael Madhusudan Dutt , Anil Kumar Gain , and Gnanendramohan Tagore , Aurobindo Nath Mukherjee Other missionaries ( edit ) The Medak Cathedral of Church of South India is the largest Cathedral Church in India The London Missionary Society was the first Protestant mission in Andhra Pradesh which established its station at Visakhapatnam in 1805 . Anthony Norris Groves , a Plymouth Brethren missionary arrived in 1833 . He worked in the Godavari delta area until his death in 1852 . John Christian Frederick Heyer was the first Lutheran missionary in the region of Andhra Pradesh . He founded the Guntur Mission in 1842 . Supported initially by the Pennsylvania Ministerium , and later by the Foreign Mission Board of the General Synod , Heyer was also encouraged and assisted by British government officials . He established a number of hospitals and a network of schools throughout the Guntur region . The Church Missionary Society ( CMS ) , a mission society working with the Anglican Communion , began sending missionaries to India and established mission stations at Chennai ( Madras ) and Bengal , then in 1816 at Travancore . The CMS Mission to India expanded in the following years . The successors of the Protestant church missions are the Church of South India and the Church of North India . During the 19th century , several American Baptist missionaries evangelised in the northeastern parts of India . In 1876 , Dr. E.W. Clark first went to live in a Naga village , four years after his Assamese helper , Godhula , baptised the first Naga converts . Rev. and Mrs. A.F. Merrill arrived in India in 1928 and worked in the southeast section of the Garo Hills . Rev. and Mrs. M.J. Chance spent most of the years between 1950 -- 1956 at Golaghat working with the Naga and Garo tribes . Even today the heaviest concentrations of Christians in India continue to be in the Northeast among the Nagas , Khasis , Kukis , and Mizos . Jehovah 's Witnesses began their activity in India in the year 1905 when an Indian returned home after spending some time in Bible study with Charles Taze Russell . Latter day Saint denominations in India ( edit ) Arrival of the mormon missionaries ( edit ) Mormon missionaries , or missionaries of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) including Hugh Findlay and Joseph Richards , arrived in Bombay and Pune in the early 1850s , but did not meet with much success . Today , there are two LDS missions in India : The Bangalore Mission and the New Delhi Mission . Due to the growth of the church in India and the restrictions on missionary visas for foreigners , most missionaries serving in the Indian missions are Indian nationals . As of 2015 , the church has over 12,000 LDS members in 43 congregations across India . There are no LDS temples in India . Establishment of the community of Christ ( formerly rlds Church ) in India ( edit ) The Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints , now known as the Community of Christ , was first established in India in July 1964 when William Samuel Jesudawson , an independent Protestant minister , affiliated with the church along with his congregation in Madras in South India . The church experienced sporadic growth and instability in South India due to corruption among church ministers , lack of funds for outreach , and lack of identity formation and commitment to the church among new members . Since 1998 , more capable and committed leadership has been in place , which has led the church to expand with congregations in Uthamapalayam , Chennai , and Madurai all in Tamil Nadu . In Odisha , the Community of Christ has experienced significant growth since the first members were baptized in November 1965 . The American leadership of the church including Apostle Charles D. Neff believed that the gospel of Jesus Christ had to be indigenized in its own way by Indians , just as Americans had done with Christianity themselves . In this way , the church focused its teachings on physical and spiritual healing and well - being with the goal of improving people 's lives here and now . In particular , the church has found success among the Sora people , oftentimes with whole villages converting to Christianity . The church has also found success among the Kui people many of whom had no contact with Christianity previously . As of 2015 , there are 5,700 baptized members and 7,000 more people who identify as Christians who attend 102 Community of Christ congregations in Odisha . By the 1970s , the church began to be established in Andhra Pradesh . A sewing center has been built to teach local community members basic skills with both Hindus and Christians invited to attend classes . Unlike in Odisha , most converts have been single individuals and not whole communities . The majority of these converts are women and many regular members have not officially joined due to family concerns but still actively participate . By 2015 , there were 25 congregations in Andhra Pradesh . The Community of Christ recently celebrated their 50th anniversary of being established in India with a conference that included a gathering of 14,000 people and a visit by Community of Christ 's Prophet / President Steve Veazey . Eastern orthodoxy in India ( edit ) Since 1996 , small communities of Eastern Orthodox Christians in India were placed under ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the newly formed Orthodox Metropolitanate of Hong Kong and Southeast Asia that was set up by the decision of the Holy Synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople . In 2008 , the Diocese was divided , and India came under jurisdiction of newly formed Eastern Orthodox Metropolitanate of Singapore and South Asia . Art and architecture ( edit ) Manarcad Church One of the oldest and famous pilgrim sites in India Main article : List of cathedrals in India Interior of the St. Aloysius Chapel in Mangalore St. Thomas Cathedral Basilica , Chennai over the tomb of Saint Thomas , one of the twelve apostles of Jesus There are a large number of items of artistic and architectural significance in the religious and domestic life of Indian Christians . Altars , statues , pulpits , crosses , bells and belfries of churches along with other household items are among the many things that form part of the sacred art of the Indian Christians . Church art and architecture of Kerala from the beginning of Christian presence in the region have been greatly influenced by those of other nations and religions as they have been influenced by Kerala 's wealth of artistic and architectural traditions . Altar of the St. Mary 's Church in Kottayam ; also can be seen are two Saint Thomas Crosses from the 7th century on either side ; The church was originally built in 1550 A traditional Malankara Church - Vadayaparambu Mar Bahanans Church Christian art and architecture in Kerala in pre-European periods has not only developed from contact with the countries that had trading posts there but also from indigenous forms and techniques of art and architecture . The advent of the Portuguese , the Dutch , the French , and the English has had a great deal of influence on the art and architecture of the church in Kerala . The description of the visits of a Portuguese Archbishop Dom Menezes to various churches before the arrival of western powers in India throws some light on the structures and arrangements of the churches before western elements and types were introduced into Kerala . There were three striking objects of significance in front of the typical Malabar churches , either inside the courtyard or just outside it : The open - air granite ( rock ) cross called the Nasrani Sthamba Kodimaram ( Dwajasthamba ) or flag - staff made of Kerala 's famed teak wood and often enclosed in copper hoses or paras The rock Deepasthamba or lampstand . The ornate monumentality of the European churches was introduced to India when parts of Malabar Coast came under the jurisdiction of the Portuguese in the 16th century . They introduced the Romano - Portuguese style , which was assimilated with such artistic and structural finesse by the artists of Kerala , that it created some of the finest pieces of artistry . This laid the foundations for Indian Baroque . After the arrival of Vasco da Gama and more especially after the commencement of Portuguese rule in India , distinct patterns of Christian art developed within the areas of Portuguese influence , mostly along the coasts of the peninsula . The Portuguese were great builders and promoted architecture more than any other form of fine art . St. Francis Church , Kochi is the first European place of worship in India and incidentally also the place where Vasco da Gama was first buried . The Christian art of Goa reached its climax in church building . Indian Christian art and architecture during the British Raj has expanded into several different styles as a result of extensive church building in different parts of the country . The style that was most patronised is generally referred to as the British Regency style which included Neo-Gothic and Gothic Revival architecture . Most Protestant cathedrals and churches in India conform to this style . St. Paul 's Cathedral , Kolkata is a typical example of the Gothic Revival style . St. Mary 's church , Chennai , the first Anglican Church built east of the Suez is one of the first examples of British colonial architecture in India . French and Danish influences on Christian art and architecture in India can be seen in their respective colonies . Today one can see a harmonious blending of the East and the West in the Christian art and architecture of India . Culture ( edit ) Pesaha Appam is an unleavened Passover bread made by the Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala to be served on Passover night While Christians in India do not share one common culture , their cultures for the most part tend to be a blend of Indian , Syrian and European cultures . It differs from one region to another depending on several factors such as the prevailing rite and tradition and the extent of time for which Christianity has existed in those regions . The ancient Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala have a distinctively different culture when compared to Christians in other parts of the country . Historical ties with the Assyrian Church and assimilation of Indian traditions have contributed to the development of a unique culture among these traditional Syrian Christians or Nasranis of Kerala . The use of ornamental umbrellas for Christian religious festivities illustrates an example of the indigenous character of Kerala 's Syriac Christianity . Goa was colonised by the Portuguese in the 16th century AD ; as a result of which Goan Christians have adopted a more western culture . The dance , song and cuisine of Goa has been greatly influenced by the Portuguese . Contemporary Goan Christian culture can be best described as an increasingly anglicised Indo - Latin culture . Mangalorean Catholics are descended mainly from the Goan Catholic settlers , who had migrated to South Canara from Goa , a state north of Canara , between 1560 and 1763 during the Goa Inquisition and the Portuguese - Maratha wars . After migration to Mangalore , they adopted the local Mangalorean culture , but retained many of their Goan customs and traditions . Christianity in other parts of India spread under the colonial regimes of the Dutch , Danish , French and most importantly the English from the early 17th century to the time of the Indian Independence in 1947 . Christian culture in these colonial territories has been influenced by the religion and culture of their respective rulers . Contemporary Latin Christian culture in India draws greatly from the Anglican culture as a result of the influence of the erstwhile British Raj . The Anglican Book of Common Prayer is a widely used supplement for worship in the two major Protestant denominations : Church of South India and Church of North India . Today Christians are considered to be one of the most progressive communities in India . Urban Christians are to a greater extent influenced by European traditions which is considered an advantage in the business environment of urban India ; this is given as an explanation for the large number of Christian professionals in India 's corporate sector . The Christian church runs thousands of educational institutions which have contributed to the strengthening of Christian culture in India . Religion plays a significant role in the daily life of Indian Christians . India ranks 15 among countries with highest church attendance . Religious processions and carnivals are often celebrated by Catholics . Cities with significant Christian populations celebrate patron saint days . As in other parts of the world , Christmas is the most important festival for Indian Christians . Anglo - Indian Christmas balls held in most major cities form a distinctive part of Indian Christian culture . Good Friday is a national holiday . All Souls Day is another Christian holiday that is observed by most Christians in India . Most Protestant churches celebrate harvest festivals , usually in late October or early November . Christian weddings in India conform to the traditional white wedding . However it is not uncommon for Christian brides particularly in the south to wear a traditional white wedding sari instead of a gown . The vast majority of Protestant women and to a lesser extent Catholic women in India do not wear the bindi ( red dot on the forehead ) and can therefore be easily distinguished from their Hindu counterparts . Demographics ( edit ) Distribution of Christian population in different Indian states The 2001 census of India recorded 24,080,016 Christians in the country , most of them belonging to the Latin Rite and represented 2.34 per cent of the population . A 2005 report by the Catholic church said that 17,300,000 baptised Catholics lived in the country , although it could not put a figure on how many of those were practising . 310,000 were members of the Syro - Malankara Church and 3,000,000 of the Syro - Malabar Church . In January 1993 , the Syro - Malabar Church and in February 2005 , the Syro - Malankara Church were raised to the status of major archiepiscopal churches by Pope John Paul II . The Syro - Malabar Church is the second largest among the twenty two Eastern Catholic Churches who accept the Pope as the visible head of the whole church . The Oriental Orthodox churches in India include the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church with 2,500,000 members , the Jacobite Syrian Christian Church with 1,200,000 members , Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church with 1,600,000 members and Malabar Independent Syrian Church with 10,000 members . Most Protestant denominations are represented in India , as a result of missionary activities throughout the country , such as the American Missionary Association , the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Mission , the Church Mission Society of the Church of England and many other missions from Europe , America and Australia . With approximately 4 million members , the largest Protestant denomination in the country is the Church of South India , which is a union of Presbyterian , Reformed , Congregational , Methodist , and Anglican congregations . It is also one of four united churches in the Anglican Communion . A similar Church of North India has 1.25 million members . These churches are in full communion with the Anglican Communion ... In 1961 , the evangelical wing of the church split from the Mar Thoma Church and formed the St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India which has 35,000 members . There are about 1,267,786 Lutherans , 648,000 Methodists , 2,392,694 Baptists , and 823,456 Presbyterians in India . The Open Brethren movement is also significantly represented in India . The main Brethren grouping is known as the Indian Brethren ( with a following estimated at somewhere between 449,550 and 1,000,000 ) , of which the Kerala Brethren are a significant subset . The closely related Assemblies Jehovah Shammah have around 310,000 adults and children in fellowship as of 2010 . They are often considered part of the wider Brethren movement , although they were founded by an indigenous evangelist ( Bakht Singh ) and developed independently of the older Indian Brethren movement , which originated from missionary endeavours . Pentecostalism is also a rapidly growing movement in India . The major Pentecostal churches in India are the Assemblies of God , The Pentecostal Mission , the New Apostolic Church with 1,448,209 members , the Indian Pentecostal Church of God with 900,000 members ( throughout India and ten other countries ) , the New Life Fellowship Association with 480,000 members , the Manna Full Gospel Churches with 275,000 members , and the Evangelical Church of India with 250,000 members . Denominations ( edit ) Church at Yercaud See main article : List of Christian denominations in India . Christian Denominations in India Church Name Population Orientation Roman Catholic Church 11,800,000 Latin Rite , Catholic Syro - Malabar Catholic Church 3,000,000 East Syriac Rite , Catholic Syro - Malankara Catholic Church 310,000 West Syriac Rite , Catholic Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church 2,500,000 West Syriac Rite , Oriental Orthodox Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church 1,200,000 West Syriac Rite , Oriental Orthodox Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church 1,600,000 West Syriac Rite , Independent and Reformed ( follows Oriental Orthodox faith ) Malabar Independent Syrian Church 10,000 West Syriac Rite , Independent ( follows Oriental Orthodox faith ) Chaldean Syrian Church 35,000 East Syriac , Church of the East The Holy Trinity Church , Newfrontiers 10,000 Born Again Believers Eastern Church 3,500,000 Episcopalian Protestant St. Thomas Evangelical Church 35,000 Episcopalian Protestant Church of South India 3,800,000 Episcopalian Protestant ( United and uniting ) Church of North India 1,250,000 Episcopalian Protestant ( United and uniting ) Methodist Church in India 648,000 Protestant Baptist 2,991,276 Protestant ( List of Baptist denominations in India ) Assemblies Jehovah Shammah 310,000 Protestant ( Plymouth Brethren ) Lutheran 1,267,786 Protestant List of Lutheran Denominations Worldwide Indian Brethren 449,550 to 1,000,000 Protestant ( Plymouth Brethren ) Presbyterian Church of India 1,347,683 Protestant ( Reformed ) Reformed Presbyterian Church North East India 15,000 Protestant ( Reformed ) Reformed Presbyterian Church of India 10,000 Protestant ( Reformed ) Evangelical Church of Maraland 30,000 Protestant ( Reformed ) Congregational Church in India 5,500 Protestant ( Reformed ) Hindustani Covenant Church 16,600 Protestant Worldwide Faith Missions 12,000 Protestant Evangelical Church 250,000 Protestant New Apostolic Church 1,448,209 Protestant India Pentecostal Church of God 600,000 Protestant Pentecostal Maranatha Gospel Church Protestant New Life Fellowship Association 480,000 Protestant Sharon Fellowship Church 50,000 Protestant Manna Full Gospel Churches 275,000 Protestant Philadelphia Fellowship Church of India 200,000 Protestant Seventh - day Adventist Church 1,560,000 Protestant / Restorationism Unitarian Union of Northeast India 10,000 Unitarian Jehovah 's Witnesses 42,566 Restorationism The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints 13,141 Latter Day Saints Gift of God Ministries 1,000 Born Again Believers Christian Revival Church 21,447 Charismatic , Pentecostal and Holistic Evangelical Movement Mennonite Brethren Church 103,000 Protestant ( Reformed ) Community of Christ 15,000 + Latter Day Saints State populations ( edit ) States with percentage of Christians as per 2011 census State Population Christian ( % ) Christian ( numbers ) India 1,210,854,977 2.30 27,819,588 Nagaland 1,978,502 87.93 1,739,651 Mizoram 1,097,206 87.16 956,331 Meghalaya 2,966,889 74.59 2,213,027 Manipur 2,855,794 41.29 1,179,043 Arunachal Pradesh 1,383,727 30.26 418,732 Goa 1,458,545 25.10 366,130 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 380,581 21.28 80,984 Kerala 33,406,061 18.38 6,141,269 Sikkim 610,577 9.91 60,522 Puducherry 1,247,953 6.29 78,550 Tamil Nadu 72,147,030 6.12 4,418,331 Tripura 3,673,917 4.35 159,882 Jharkhand 32,988,134 4.30 1,418,608 Assam 31,205,576 3.74 1,165,867 Odisha 41,974,218 2.77 1,161,708 Chhattisgarh 25,545,198 1.92 490,542 Karnataka 61,095,297 1.87 1,142,647 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 343,709 1.49 5,113 Andhra Pradesh 84,580,777 1.34 1,129,784 Punjab 27,743,338 1.26 348,230 Daman and Diu 243,247 1.16 2,820 Maharashtra 112,374,333 0.96 1,080,073 Delhi 16,787,941 0.87 146,093 Chandigarh 1,055,450 0.83 8,720 West Bengal 91,276,115 0.72 658,618 Gujarat 60,439,692 0.52 316,178 Lakshadweep 64,473 0.49 317 Uttarakhand 10,086,292 0.37 37,781 Madhya Pradesh 72,626,809 0.29 213,282 Jammu and Kashmir 12,541,302 0.28 35,631 Haryana 25,351,462 0.20 50,353 Uttar Pradesh 199,812,341 0.18 356,448 Himachal Pradesh 6,864,602 0.18 12,646 Rajasthan 68,548,437 0.14 96,430 Bihar 104,099,452 0.12 129,247 Caste Demographic data reported by the Sachar Committee on Muslim Affairs in 2006 Religion Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribe Other Backward Class Forward caste Buddhism 89.50 % 7.40 % 0.4 % 2.7 % Sikhism 30.70 % 0.90 % 22.4 % 46.1 % Hinduism 22.20 % 9.10 % 42.8 % 26 % Christianity 9.00 % 32.80 % 24.8 % 33.3 % Islam 0.80 % 0.50 % 39.2 % 59.5 % Christian population in India ( edit ) Percentage Christian population , India census 2011 In India , Christian Population is 27.8 millions as per latest figure of 2011 Census which is about 2.3 % of total Indian Population . Christianity is dominant religion in North East states of Nagaland , Mizoram , Meghalaya and Manipur while they make substantial population in states of Arunachal Pradesh , Andhra Pradesh , Kerala , Tamil Nadu , Goa and Andaman Nicobar Islands . A 2015 study estimates some 40,000 Christian believers from a Muslim background in the country , most of them belonging to Protestantism . Conflicts ( edit ) Hindu -- Christian Conflict ( edit ) The arrival of European colonialists brought about large - scale missionary activity in South India and North - East India . Some indigenous people were supposedly converted to Christianity . The Goan Inquisition , when close to 300 ( non-verifiable ) Hindu temples were destroyed , is pointed out as a blot in the history of Goa . A church that has been burnt down during the 2008 religious violence in Odisha There has been an increase in anti-Christian violence in recent years , particularly in the states of Odisha , which is usually perpetrated by opposition to Christianity . The acts of violence include arson of churches , converting Christians back to Hinduism by force and threats of physical violence , distribution of threatening literature , burning of Bibles , raping of nuns , murder of Christian priests , and destruction of Christian schools , colleges , and cemeteries . On 22 January 1999 , an Australian missionary Graham Staines and his two sons were burnt to death by Dara Singh ( Bajrang Dal ) while sleeping in his station wagon at Manoharpur village in Keonjhar district in Odisha , India. , In the annual human rights reports for 1999 , the United States Department of State also criticised India for `` increasing societal violence against Christians . '' The report on anti-Christian violence listed over 90 incidents of anti-Christian violence , ranging from damage of religious property to violence against Christians pilgrims . The states of Rajasthan , Madhya Pradesh , Himachal Pradesh and Tamil Nadu passed laws placing restrictions on forced religious conversions as a result of communal tension between Christians and Hindus . The legislation passed in Tamil Nadu was later repealed . In 2007 , 19 churches were burned by Hindu right - wingers in Odisha following conflicts between Hindus and Christians regarding Christmas celebrations in the Kandhamal district . In more contemporary periods , Hindu - Christian amity continues to exist . In 2008 after the murder of Swami Lakshmanananda , who was a Hindu monk , by Indian Maoists ( communist insurgents ) , tensions flared between the two communities in 2008 . Christians were blamed and attacked in the state of Odisha with many killed and over 250 churches damaged while several thousands of Christians were displaced . Sitting BJP MLA Manoj Pradhan was sentenced to rigorous imprisonment for six years by a fast track court for a murder during the 2008 communal riots in Orissa 's Kandhamal district . A dungeon at Seringapatam . Those Christians who refused to embrace Islam were imprisoned in such dungeons . Muslim -- Christian Conflict ( edit ) The Jamalabad fort route . Mangalorean Catholics had travelled through this route on their way to Seringapatam General Lord Cornwallis , receiving two of Tipu Sultan 's sons as hostages in the year 1793 . In spite of the fact that there have been relatively fewer conflicts between Muslims and Christians in India in comparison to those between Muslims and Hindus , or Muslims and Sikhs , the relationship between Muslims and Christians has also been occasionally turbulent . With the advent of European colonialism in India throughout the 16th , 17th and 18th centuries , Christians were systematically persecuted in a few Muslim - ruled kingdoms in India . Among the anti-Christian acts of persecution by Muslims was that committed by Tipu Sultan , the ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore against the Mangalorean Catholic community from Mangalore in the erstwhile South Canara district on the southwestern coast of India . Tippu was widely reputed to be anti-Christian . The Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam , which began on 24 February 1784 and ended on 4 May 1799 , remains the most disconsolate memory in their history . The Bakur Manuscript reports him as having said : `` All Musalmans should unite together , considering the annihilation of infidels as a sacred duty , and labour to the utmost of their power , to accomplish that subject . '' Soon after the Treaty of Mangalore in 1784 , Tippu gained control of Canara . He issued orders to seize the Christians in Canara , confiscate their estates , and deport them to Seringapatam , the capital of his empire , through the Jamalabad fort route . However , there were no priests among the captives . Together with Fr Miranda , all the 21 arrested priests were issued orders of expulsion to Goa , fined Rs 200,000 , and threatened death by hanging if they ever returned . Tippu ordered the destruction of 27 Catholic churches , all intricately carved with statues depicting various saints . Among them were Nossa Senhora de Rosario Milagres at Mangalore , Fr Miranda 's Seminary at Monte Mariano , Jesu Marie Jose at Omzoor , the Chapel at Bolar , the Church of Merces at Ullal , Imaculata Conceiciao at Mulki , San Jose at Perar , Nossa Senhora dos Remedios at Kirem , Sao Lawrence at Karkal , Rosario at Barkur , and Immaculata Conceciao at Baidnur . All were razed to the ground , with the exception of the Church of Holy Cross at Hospet , owing to the friendly offices of the Chauta Raja of Moodbidri . According to Thomas Munro , a Scottish soldier and the first collector of Canara , around 60,000 people , nearly 92 percent of the entire Mangalorean Catholic community , were captured , of which only 7,000 escaped . Francis Buchanan states the numbers as 70,000 captured , from a population of 80,000 , with 10,000 escaping . They were forced to climb nearly 4,000 feet ( 1,200 m ) through the jungles of the Western Ghat mountain ranges . It was 210 miles ( 340 km ) from Mangalore to Seringapatam , and the journey took six weeks . According to British Government records , 20,000 of them died on the march to Seringapatam . According to James Scurry , a British officer , who was held captive along with the Mangalorean Catholics , 30,000 of them were forcibly converted to Islam . The young women and girls were forcibly made wives of the Muslims living there . The young men who offered resistance were disfigured by cutting their noses , upper lips , and ears . According to Mr. Silva of Gangolim , a survivor of the captivity , if a person who had escaped from Seringapatam was found , the punishment under the orders of Tippu was the cutting off of the ears , nose , the feet and one hand . The Archbishop of Goa wrote in 1800 , `` It is notoriously known in all Asia and all other parts of the globe of the oppression and sufferings experienced by the Christians in the Dominion of the King of Kanara , during the usurpation of that country by Tipu Sultan from an implacable hatred he had against them who professed Christianity . '' Tipu Sultan 's invasion of the Malabar had an adverse impact on the Saint Thomas Christian community of the Malabar coast . Many churches in the Malabar and Cochin were damaged . The old Syrian Nasrani seminary at Angamaly which had been the center of Catholic religious education for several centuries was razed to the ground by Tippu 's soldiers . A lot of centuries old religious manuscripts were lost forever . The church was later relocated to Kottayam where it still exists to this date . The Mor Sabor church at Akaparambu and the Martha Mariam Church attached to the seminary were destroyed as well . Tipu 's army set fire to the church at Palayoor and attacked the Ollur Church in 1790 . Furthernmore , the Arthat church and the Ambazhakkad seminary was also destroyed . Over the course of this invasion , many Saint Thomas Christians were killed or forcibly converted to Islam . Most of the coconut , areca nut , pepper and cashew plantations held by the Saint Thomas Christian farmers were also indiscriminately destroyed by the invading army . As a result , when Tippu 's army invaded Guruvayur and adjacent areas , the Syrian Christian community fled Calicut and small towns like Arthat to new centres like Kunnamkulam , Chalakudi , Ennakadu , Cheppadu , Kannankode , Mavelikkara , etc. where there were already Christians . They were given refuge by Sakthan Tamburan , the ruler of Cochin and Karthika Thirunal , the ruler of Travancore , who gave them lands , plantations and encouraged their businesses . Colonel Maculay , the British resident of Travancore also helped them . The British officer James Scurry , who was detained a prisoner for 10 years by Tipu Sultan along with the Mangalorean Catholics His persecution of Christians also extended to captured British soldiers . For instance , there were a significant amount of forced conversions of British captives between 1780 and 1784 . Following their disastrous defeat at the battle of Pollilur , 7,000 British men along with an unknown number of women were held captive by Tipu in the fortress of Seringapatnam . Of these , over 300 were circumcised and given Muslim names and clothes and several British regimental drummer boys were made to wear ghagra cholis and entertain the court as nautch girls or dancing girls . After the 10 - year - long captivity ended , James Scurry , one of those prisoners , recounted that he had forgotten how to sit in a chair and use a knife and fork . His English was broken and stilted , having lost all his vernacular idiom . His skin had darkened to the swarthy complexion of negroes , and moreover , he had developed an aversion to wearing European clothes . During the surrender of the Mangalore fort which was delivered in an armistice by the British and their subsequent withdrawal , all the Mestizos and remaining non-British foreigners were killed , together with 5,600 Mangalorean Catholics . Those condemned by Tipu Sultan for treachery were hanged instantly , the gibbets being weighed down by the number of bodies they carried . The Netravati River was so putrid with the stench of dying bodies , that the local residents were forced to leave their riverside homes . Historian William Dalrymple asserts that the rebels were motivated primarily by resistance against a move ( use of the Enfield Rifle - Musket ) by the East India Company , which was perceived as an attempt to impose Christianity and Christian laws in India . For instance , when Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar met the sepoys on 11 May 1857 , he was told : `` We have joined hands to protect our religion and our faith . '' They later stood in Chandni Chowk , the main square , and asked the people gathered there , `` Brothers , are you with those of the faith ? '' Those British men and women who had previously converted to Islam such as the defectors , Sergeant - Major Gordon , and Abdullah Beg , a former Company soldier , were spared . On the contrary , foreign Christians such as Revd Midgeley John Jennings , as well as Indian converts to Christianity such as one of Zafar 's personal physicians , Dr. Chaman Lal , were killed outright . Dalrymple further points out that as late as 6 September , when calling the inhabitants of Delhi to rally against the upcoming British assault , Zafar issued a proclamation stating that this was a religious war being prosecuted on behalf of ' the faith ' , and that all Muslim and Hindu residents of the imperial city , or of the countryside were encouraged to stay true to their faith and creeds . As further evidence , he observes that the Urdu sources of the pre and post-rebellion periods usually refer to the British not as angrez ( the English ) , goras ( whites ) or firangis ( foreigners ) , but as kafir ( infidels ) and nasrani ( Christians ) . In modern times , Muslims in India who convert to Christianity are often subjected to harassment , intimidation , and attacks by Muslims . In Jammu and Kashmir , the only Indian state with a Muslim majority , a Christian convert and missionary named Bashir Tantray was killed , allegedly by militant Islamists in 2006 . However , there are cases in which a Muslim will adopt the Christian faith , secretly declaring his / her conversion . In effect , they are practising Christians , but legally Muslims ; thus , the statistics of Indian Christians does not include Muslim converts to Christianity . List of Christian communities in India ( edit ) List of Indian Christians Bengali Christians East Indians Baptists Goan Catholics Karwari Catholics Knanaya Christians Mangalorean Catholics Mangalorean Protestants Marathi Christians Saint Thomas Christians Telugu Christian Tamil Christians See also ( edit ) Christianity in India portal Christianity by country Africa ( show ) Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Asia ( show ) Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Burma Cambodia China Hong Kong India Indonesia Japan Kazakhstan Korea Laos Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Nepal North Korea Pakistan Philippines Russia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Vietnam Middle East ( show ) Bahrain Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe ( show ) Albania Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia & Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Denmark Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Jersey Kosovo Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Netherlands Norway Malta Moldova Montenegro Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Spain Ukraine United Kingdom North America ( show ) Antigua & Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States South America ( show ) Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Oceania ( show ) Australia East Timor Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Full list Catholic Church in India Anti-Christian violence in India Anti-Christian violence in Karnataka Religious violence in Odisha Caste system among Indian Christians List of cathedrals in India List of Saints from India List of basilicas in India List of Roman Catholic missionaries in India List of Protestant missionaries in India Christianity in Delhi Christianity in Goa Christianity in Jharkhand Christianity in Kerala Christianity in Maharashtra Christianity in Tamil Nadu Christianity in Uttar Pradesh Christianity in West Bengal Telugu Christian History of Pentecostalism in India Jesus in India Ramke W. Momin Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ See Jones 2012 , p. 93 . For a more thorough treatment of the topic which affirms Jones ' claims , and for the use of Syriac , see Frykenberg 2008 . Neill takes it as certain that Christianity was established in India by the 6th century and also affirms the possibility of the St. Thomas tradition being true . Jump up ^ `` It is generally agreed that Aramaic was the common language of Israel in the first century AD . Jesus and his disciples spoke the Galilean dialect , which was distinguished from that of Jerusalem ( Matt . 26 : 73 ) '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Census of India : Religion PCA '' . www.censusindia.gov.in . Government of India . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India has 79.8 % Hindus , 14.2 % Muslims , says 2011 census data on religion '' . Firstpost. 26 August 2016 . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Suresh K. Sharma , Usha Sharma . Cultural and Religious Heritage of India : Christianity . The earliest historical evidence , however , regarding the existence of a Church in South India dates from the sixth century A.D Jump up ^ Stephen Neill , A History of Christianity in India : The Beginnings to AD 1707 ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Hon'ble Shri P.C. Alexander Archived 15 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Govt appoints new Governors , Margaret Alva gets U ` khand '' . Zee News . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Christians have best sex ratio in India '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` Population by religious communities ( Census 2001 ) '' . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Muslims-least-Jains-most-literate-Census/article14615996.ece Jump up ^ Thomas 1974 . 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Medlycott , India and The Apostle Thomas , pp. 1 -- 17 , 213 -- 97 ; Eusebius , History , chapter 4 : 30 ; J.N. Farquhar , The Apostle Thomas in North India , chapter 4 : 30 ; V.A. Smith , Early History of India , p. 235 ; Brown 1956 , pp. 49 -- 59 Jump up ^ http://gnosis.org/library/actthom.htm , From `` The Apocryphal New Testament '' Translation and notes by M.R. James , Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1924 Jump up ^ A.E. Medlycott , ( 1905 ) `` India and the Apostle Thomas '' ; Gorgias Press LLC ; ISBN 1 - 59333 - 180 - 0 . Jump up ^ Stephen Neill , A History of Christianity in India : The Beginnings to AD 1707 ( 2004 ) . p 29 ^ Jump up to : Dr. Isaac Arul Dhas G , ' ` Kumari Mannil Christhavam ' ( Tamil ) , Scott Christian College , Nagercoil , 2010 , ISBN 978 - 81 - 8465 - 204 - 8 , Page 7 Jump up ^ Neill , A History of Christianity in India : The Beginnings to AD 1707 ( 2004 ) . p 29 Jump up ^ Baum and Winkler 2003 , p. 53 Jump up ^ Missick , Stephen Andrew ( 2000 ) . `` Mar Thoma : The Apostolic Foundation of the Assyrian Church and the Christians of St. Thomas in India '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies . XIV ( 2 ) : 33 -- 61 . Retrieved 2 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Neill , A History of Christianity in India : The Beginnings to AD 1707 ( 2004 ) . p 41 Jump up ^ K.S. Latourette , A History of the Expansion of Christianity , 7 vols. , London , 1940 -- 1949 Jump up ^ T.R. 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Baum , Wilhelm ; Winkler , Dietmar W. ( 2003 ) . The Church of the East : A Concise History . London - New York : Routledge - Curzon . Beckerlegge , Gwilym ( 1997 ) . `` Professor Friedrich Max Müller and the Missionary Cause '' . In Wolfe , John . Religion in Victorian Britain . V -- Culture and Empire . Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 5184 - 3 . Bernard , K.L. ( 1995 ) . Flashes of Kerala History . Cochin : Victory Press . Bowring , Lewin ( 1893 ) . Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan and the struggle with the Musalman powers of the south ( 1974 ed . ) . Delhi : ADABIYAT - I DELLI . Brown , Leslie W. ( 1956 ) . The Indian Christians of St Thomas , an Account of the Ancient Syrian Church of Malabar . University Press . Dalrymple , William ( 2009 ) . The Last Mughal : The Fall of Delhi , 1857 . Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4088 - 0688 - 3 . Fahlbusch , Erwin ( 2008 ) . `` Syrian Orthodox Churches in India '' . The Encyclopedia of Christianity , Volume 5 . 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A history of expansion of christianity . vol 3 . Three centuries of advance : AD 1500 - AD 1800 ( 1939 ) pp 247 -- 84 . Latourette , Kenneth Scott . A history of expansion of Christianity . vol 6 . The great century : in Northern Africa and Asia : AD 1800 - AD 1914 ( 1944 ) pp 65 -- 214 . Lewis , James R. ( 2003 ) . Legitimating New Religions . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 3324 - 4 . Oddie , Geoffrey A. `` Christianity and social mobility in South India 1840 -- 1920 : A continuing debate . '' South Asia : Journal of South Asian Studies 19 # 1 ( 1996 ) : 143 - 159 . Oddie , Geoffrey A. `` Indian Christians and National Identity , 1870 -- 1947 . '' Journal of religious history 25.3 ( 2001 ) : 346 - 366 . Puthiakunnel , Thomas ( 1973 ) . `` Jewish colonies of India paved the way for St. Thomas '' . In Menachery , George . The Saint Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India , Vol. 2 . Trichur : St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India . Rice , Edward ( 1978 ) . Eastern Definitions : A Short Encyclopedia of Religions of the Orient . New York . ISBN 0 - 385 - 08563 - X . Neill , Stephen , A History of Christianity in India : The Beginnings to AD 1707 ( 2004 ) . Neill , Stephen , A History of Christianity in India : 1707 - 1858 ( 2002 ) . Neill , Stephen , A History of Christian Missions ( Penguin , 1991 ) . Schurhammer , Georg . Francis Xavier ; His Life , His Times : India , 1541 - 1544 ( Vol. 2 . Jesuit Historical Institute , 1982 ) . Thomas , Abraham Vazhayil ( 1974 ) . Christians in Secular India . Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8386 - 1021 - 3 . Vadakkekara , Benedict ( 2007 ) . Origin of Christianity in India : A Historiographical Critique . Delhi : Media House . Primary sources ( edit ) Spliesgart , Roland , and Klaus Koschorke , eds . A History of Christianity in Asia , Africa , and Latin America , 1450 - 1990 : A Documentary Sourcebook ( 2007 ) Further reading ( edit ) Anand Amaladass ; Gudrun Löwner ( 2012 ) . Christian Themes in Indian Art : From the Mogul Times Till Today . Manohar Publishers & Distributors . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7304 - 945 - 3 . Boyd , Robin ( 1975 ) . An Introduction to Indian Christian Theology ( Revised ed . ) . Madras : Christian Literature Society . Goel , S.G. 2016 . History of Hindu - Christian encounters , AD 304 to 1996 . Jain , Sandhya ( 2010 ) . Evangelical intrusions : ( Tripura , a case study ) . New Delhi : Rupa & Co . A.E. Medlycott ( 1 January 2005 ) . India and the Apostle Thomas : An Inquiry , with a Critical Analysis of the Acta Thomae . Gorgias Press LLC . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59333 - 180 - 1 . Madhya Pradesh ( India ). , & Niyogi , M.B. ( 1956 ) . Vindicated by time : The Niyogi Committee report on Christian missionary activities . Nagpur : Government Printing , Madhya Pradesh . The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India , Vol. I ( India ) 1982 , Vol. II ( Kerala ) 1973 , Vol. III ( India ) 2010 Ed . George Menachery Indian Church History Classics `` Vol. I ( Nazranies ) 1998 Ed . George Menachery `` History of the Syrian Nation and the Old Evangelical - Apostolic Church of the East '' By George David Malech , Publisher : Gorgias Press Panikkar , K.M. ( 1959 ) . Asia and Western dominance . London : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 9781597406017 Panikkar , K.M. ( 1997 ) . Malabar and the Portuguese : Being a history of the relations of the Portuguese with Malabar from 1500 - 1663 . Bombay : DB Taraporevala . S.M. Michael SVD , Dalit 's Encounter with Christianity . A Case Study of Mahars in Maharashtra , ISPK -- Ishvani Kendra : Dehli -- Pune 2010 , 230 pp. , ISBN 978 - 81 - 8465 - 074 - 7 . George Menachery , Ed. , various publications incl . The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India in 3 vols. and The Indian Church History Classics The Nazranies for some 1500 photos and art reproductions Rowena Robinson ( 9 October 2003 ) . Christians of India . SAGE Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 9822 - 8 . Shourie , Arun. ( 2006 ) . Missionaries in India : Continuities , changes , dilemmas . New Delhi : Rupa . ISBN 9788172232702 This article includes material from the 1995 public domain Library of Congress Country Study on India . 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1. Christianity in India
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who is the asian guy from the hangover
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Ken Jeong - wikipedia Ken Jeong <Th_colspan="2"> Ken Jeong <Td_colspan="2"> Jeong at SXSW 2015 Birth name Kendrick Kang - Joh Jeong ( 1969 - 07 - 13 ) July 13 , 1969 ( age 49 ) Detroit , Michigan , U.S. Medium Stand - up , film , television Alma mater Duke University University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ( MD ) Years active 1997 -- present Genres Improvisational comedy , sketch comedy , observational comedy Spouse Tran Ho ( m . 2004 ) Children Website kenjeong.com Kendrick Kang - Joh Jeong ( born July 13 , 1969 ) is an American stand - up comedian , actor and former physician . He is best known for playing Ben Chang on the sitcom Community and the gangster Leslie Chow in The Hangover film series . He was the lead in the ABC sitcom Dr. Ken , in which he was also the creator , writer , and executive producer . Jeong is a licensed physician , but has stopped practicing in favor of his acting career . Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 Medicine 2.2 Acting 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Music videos 5 References 6 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Jeong was born in Detroit to South Korean immigrants . Jeong was raised in Greensboro , North Carolina , and attended Walter Hines Page High School , where he took part in the Quiz Bowl team , played violin in the orchestra , and was elected to student council . He graduated at 16 and his achievements earned him Greensboro 's Youth of the Month award . Jeong graduated from Duke University in 1990 and obtained his M.D. at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine in 1995 . Career ( edit ) Medicine ( edit ) Jeong completed his internal medicine residency at Ochsner Medical Center in New Orleans while developing his stand - up comedy . Jeong is a licensed physician in California , but no longer practices medicine , having given it up in favor of his acting career . Acting ( edit ) Jeong won the Big Easy Laff - Off in 1995 , of which NBC president Brandon Tartikoff and The Improv founder Budd Friedman were judges , and they both urged Jeong to move to Los Angeles . He began performing regularly at the Improv and Laugh Factory comedy clubs . After moving to Los Angeles , he initially practiced medicine for several years as a physician at a Kaiser Permanente hospital in Woodland Hills . Jeong 's background in theater and improv started while he was still a medical student in North Carolina . He was a regular at open mic nights in the Raleigh - Durham circuit , performing at Charlie Goodnights in Raleigh and Tootie 's Durham Comedy Club . He also emceed The Comedy Spot programming series on Duke University campus 1992 and 1993 ( produced by his friend by coincidentially same - first named Korean - American , Kendrick Jahng ) opening for Margaret Cho , Jeff Dunham and others . His stand up work has led to several television appearances , including NBC 's The Office , HBO 's Entourage and Curb Your Enthusiasm . He made his film debut in Judd Apatow 's Knocked Up as Dr. Kuni , which proved to be his breakout performance . From that point forward he was able to transition from medicine into a full - time career in the entertainment industry . Subsequently , he has appeared in Pineapple Express ; Role Models as King Argotron ; All About Steve ; The Goods : Live Hard , Sell Hard ; Couples Retreat ; and as Mr. Chow in The Hangover , The Hangover Part II , and The Hangover Part III . He co-starred in Zookeeper and Transformers : Dark of the Moon , released in summer 2011 . Jeong played Señor Ben Chang on the NBC sitcom Community and was nominated for the show 's `` Male Breakout Star '' at the 2010 Teen Choice Awards . He was nominated for two 2010 MTV Movie Awards , winning the award for Best WTF Moment and for MTV Movie Award for Best Villain for The Hangover . In fall 2010 , Adidas basketball began a wide - ranging marketing campaign in which he starred as `` Slim Chin '' , alongside NBA stars Dwight Howard and Derrick Rose . On May 22 , 2011 , he hosted the 2011 Billboard Music Awards in Las Vegas on ABC and was featured in a Hands Only CPR PSA campaign from the American Heart Association on June 15 , 2011 . Jeong won a Streamy Award for `` Best Guest Appearance '' for Burning Love . In 2013 , he appeared in Michael Bay 's Pain & Gain ( 2013 ) , as Johnny Wu , a motivational speaker , and returned , in a significantly expanded role , as Mr. Chow in The Hangover Part III . In an unusual , if informal , partnership , Jamie Foxx and Jeong have each agreed to star in movies written and produced by the other . Foxx has agreed to take a lead role in a new movie Jeong will produce called After Prom . Jeong will star in All - Star Weekend , a comedy Foxx is developing at his production company about two friends who find themselves fans of opposing NBA stars . In 2015 , Jeong starred , wrote , and executive produced the pilot of his new ABC medical comedy , Dr. Ken , as a frustrated HMO doctor juggling his career , marriage and parenting , but succeeding at none of them . On May 7 , 2015 , the series was ordered by ABC to debut in the ' 15 -- ' 16 TV season starring Jeong , Suzy Nakamura , Dave Foley , Tisha Campbell - Martin and Jonathan Slavin . Personal life ( edit ) Jeong 's wife , Tran Ho , is Vietnamese American , a family physician and a breast cancer survivor . Jeong became engaged to Tran Ho around 2003 or 2004 . They have twin daughters ( born 2007 ) . Filmography ( edit ) Jeong in 2010 Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2007 Knocked Up Dr. Kuni 2008 Step Brothers Employment Agent 2008 Pineapple Express Ken 2008 Role Models King Argotron 2009 The Hangover Leslie Chow MTV Movie Awards for Best WTF Moment Nominated -- MTV Movie Awards for Best Villain Nominated -- Teen Choice Award Choice Movie Villain 2009 The Goods : Live Hard , Sell Hard Teddy Dang 2009 All About Steve Angus 2009 Couples Retreat Therapist No. 2 How to Make Love to a Woman Curtis Lee Furry Vengeance Neal Lyman Despicable Me Talk Show Host ( voice ) Vampires Suck Daro 2011 Big Mommas : Like Father , Like Son Mailman 2011 Zookeeper Venom 2011 The Hangover Part II Leslie Chow Nominated -- Teen Choice Award Choice Movie : Male Scene Stealer 2011 Transformers : Dark of the Moon Jerry Wang 2011 The Muppets Punch Teacher Host Cameo 2013 Pain & Gain Jonny Wu 2013 The Hangover Part III Leslie Chow 2013 Rapture - Palooza God 2013 Despicable Me 2 Floyd Eagle - san ( voice ) 2013 Turbo Kim - Ly ( voice ) 2014 Birds of Paradise Vinnie ( voice ) Direct - to - DVD 2014 Penguins of Madagascar Short Fuse ( voice ) 2015 Advantageous Han Also producer 2015 The DUFF Mr. Arthur 2015 Ktown Cowboys Himself Cameo 2016 Norm of the North Mr. Greene ( voice ) 2016 Ride Along 2 A.J. 2017 Killing Hasselhoff Chris Kim 2018 Crazy Rich Asians Goh Wye Mun 2018 Departures Officer Al Post-production 2018 Saving Zoe Post-production 2018 Elsewhere Felix Post-production 2018 Goosebumps : Haunted Halloween Post Production 2019 Wonder Park ( voice ) Filming TBA Boss Level Chef Jake Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes The Big Easy Dr. Tang Episode : `` Night Music '' The Downer Channel Store Owner Episode : `` 1.2 '' 2002 Girls Behaving Badly Series regular 2003 Cedric the Entertainer Presents Asian Thunder 1 episode 2003 -- 2005 MADtv Various characters 4 episodes Significant Others Gynecologist Episode : `` An Ache , a Fake & Forgot to Brake '' Crossing Jordan Steve Choi Episode : `` Slam Dunk '' Grounded for Life Owner Episode : `` I 'm Looking Through You '' 2005 Two and a Half Men Male Nurse Episode : `` Woo - Hoo , a Hernia Exam ! '' 2005 The Office Bill Episode : `` E-mail Surveillance '' 2005 Mind of Mencia Ken 1 episode 2006 Three Strikes Roido 's Interpreter Episode : `` Pilot '' 2006 Entourage Coffee Shop Manager Episode : `` The Release '' 2007 The Shield Skip Osaka Episode : `` Back to One '' 2007 Curb Your Enthusiasm Man in Jersey # 1 Episode : `` The Anonymous Donor '' 2007 Boston Legal Coroner Myron Okubo Episode : `` The Innocent Man '' 2008 ' Til Death Dr. Park 2 episodes 2008 Worst Week Phil 2 episodes 2009 WWE Raw Host / Himself Episode : `` 3 August 2009 '' 2009 -- 2011 American Dad ! Dr. Perlmutter / Butch Johnson ( voices ) 3 episodes 2009 Party Down Alan Duk 2 episodes 2009 American Gladiator Chuck Norris 1 episode 2009 Men of a Certain Age Kuo Episode : `` Pilot '' 2009 -- 2015 Community Ben Chang 92 episodes TV Guide Award for Favorite Ensemble ( 2012 ) Nominated -- Teen Choice Award for Choice TV : Male Breakout Star ( 2010 ) Players Rufus Ramsey Episode : `` Induction Day '' 2012 Mary Shelley 's Frankenhole Hyralius ( voice ) Episode : `` Maly Sherrey 's Hyralius , Mutant Monster ! '' 2012 Burning Love Ballerina 2 episodes Streamy Award for Best Guest Appearance 2012 -- 2016 Bob 's Burgers Dr. Yap ( voice ) 5 episodes 2013 Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness Superintendent Woo ( voice ) 2 episodes 2013 -- 2014 Sullivan & Son Jason 2 episodes 2013 Kelly Clarkson 's Cautionary Christmas Music Tale Kelly 's Manager Television special 2013 Maron Himself Episode : `` Sponsor '' 2013 -- 2014 Turbo FAST Kim - Ly ( voice ) 2 episodes 2014 Hot in Cleveland Doctor Episode : `` Stayin ' Alive '' 2014 BoJack Horseman Dr. Allen Hu ( voice ) Episode : `` Downer Ending '' 2015 Glee Pierce Pierce Episodes : `` What the World Needs Now '' `` A Wedding '' 2015 -- 2017 Dr. Ken Ken Park 44 episodes ; also creator , writer and executive producer 2015 Robot Chicken Richie Cunningham ( voice ) Episode : `` Ants on a Hamburger '' 2016 Wheel Of Fortune Dr. Ken Episode : `` Fun and Fit 5 '' 2016 Fresh Off the Boat Gene 2 episodes 2016 Justice League Action Toyman ( voice ) Episode : `` Play Date '' 2016 P. King Duckling Lee ( voice ) Episode : `` A Day With A Panda '' 2017 A Christmas Story Live ! Christmas Tree Man / Chinese Restaurant Owner Television special 2018 America 's Got Talent Guest judge Season 13 Judge Cuts 1 Music videos ( edit ) Year Title Role 2011 I Like How It Feels Himself 2016 Boombox Laura Marano 's Director 2016 La La ( Visual ) Himself References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ancestry.com . U.S. Public Records Index , Volume 1 ( database on - line ) . Provo , UT , US : Ancestry.com Operations , Inc. , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barshad , Amos ( May 23 , 2011 ) . `` The Surprisingly Earnest Ken Jeong on the Secret Messages of The Hangover '' . Vulture.com . Nymag . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : https://search.dca.ca.gov/details/8002/A/65869/833fe63788fbbfdf85673d2f42f77918 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Yorio , Nicole . `` A Side of Community 's Ken Jeong You Have n't Seen '' . Redbook . ^ Jump up to : Lopez , Robert ( June 19 , 2009 ) . `` Greensboro native finds funny bone in movie '' . News & Record . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Lee , Chris ( June 10 , 2009 ) . `` Doctor provides best medicine '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ken Jeong ( October 4 , 2015 ) . `` Ken Jeong on Twitter : `` @ S0fak1ng83 born in Detroit , moved to NC when I was 4 . My father got his PhD in Economics from Wayne State . '' `` . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Luaine ( 1 October 2015 ) . `` Ken Jeong was a doctor , and now he plays one on TV '' . Greensboro News & Record . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Ken Jeong '' . Justforlaughs . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ State of California Department of Consumer Affairs , Physician License # 65869 for Jeong , Kendrick Kang - Joh , Issued 07 / 01 / 1998 , Expires 05 / 14 / 1995 , DCA BreEZe License Verification Jump up ^ `` ' Hangover ' actor saw his career start in New Orleans -- at Ochsner '' . NOLA.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Jeong : How to Ditch Medicine for a Career in Comedy and Diagnose Castmates '' . August 27 , 2015 . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Far * East Movement will perform at Ken Jeong - hosted Billboard Music Awards '' . Asia Pacific Arts . May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Jeong AHA Hands - Only CPR video '' . June 15 , 2011 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations Are Announced For 3rd Annual Streamy Awards '' . The Streamy Awards . December 17 , 2012 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 5 , 2012 ) . `` ' Community ' Star Ken Jeong Joins Michael Bay 's ' Pain and Gain ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ; Belloni , Matthew ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` Ken Jeong Signs on for Expanded Role in ' Hangover : Part III ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jamie Foxx and Ken Jeong agree to trade movies '' . Los Angeles Times . 2012 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Orders Ken Jeong 's Comedy ' Dr. Ken ' to Series '' . May 8 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Medical Comedy Starring ' Community 's ' Ken Jeong Scores ABC Pilot Order '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2015 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Ken Series Premiere Date Announced '' . ABC Go . 2015 - 06 - 10 . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jeong , Ken ( May 7 , 2011 ) . `` For My Wife , in Celebration of Mother 's Day '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Deerwester , Jayme ( September 3 , 2009 ) . `` Ken Jeong transitions from doctor to in - demand jokester '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on 6 August 2013 . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Margarita ( June 7 , 2010 ) . `` Dr. Ken Jeong Thanks Wife Dr. Tran Ho During MTV Movie Awards '' . Vitals . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Standup Dr. Ken Old BET Comic on YouTube Jump up ^ `` For My Wife , in Celebration of Mother 's Day '' . The Huffington Post . 5 July 2011 . Retrieved 25 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice 2010 nominations '' . MTV . Retrieved 5 June 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ken Jeong . Official website Ken Jeong on IMDb Ken Jeong at AllMovie Biography portal Film in the United States portal Asian Americans portal South Korea portal BNF : cb166826375 ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0001 1781 0876 LCCN : no2010092849 SUDOC : 196309212 VIAF : 121898251 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ken_Jeong&oldid=854304994 '' Categories : 1969 births 20th - century American comedians 21st - century American comedians 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Male actors from North Carolina American male actors of Korean descent American male comedians American male film actors American male voice actors American people of Korean descent Physicians from California American male television actors Duke University alumni Living people Male actors from Detroit People from Greensboro , North Carolina Male actors from New Orleans University of North Carolina School of Medicine alumni Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages using Infobox comedian with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Svenska Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 10 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Ken Jeong - American stand-up comedian and actor
2. Community - sitcom where Ken Jeong played Ben Chang
3. The Hangover film series - Ken Jeong played the gangster Leslie Chow
4. Dr. Ken - ABC sitcom created by and starring Ken Jeong
5. Medical career - Ken Jeong was a licensed physician before pursuing acting
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-1,723,160,920,193,243,000 |
when does callie show up in grey's
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Callie Torres - wikipedia Callie Torres <Th_colspan="2"> Callie Torres <Td_colspan="2"> Grey 's Anatomy character <Td_colspan="2"> The Season 9 Promotional Photo of Sara Ramirez as Dr. Callie Torres First appearance `` What Have I Done to Deserve This ? '' ( 2.19 ) February 26 , 2006 ( as recurring cast ) `` Time Has Come Today '' ( 3.01 ) September 21 , 2006 ( as series regular ) Last appearance `` Family Affair '' ( 12.24 ) May 19 , 2016 Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Sara Ramirez <Th_colspan="2"> Information Full name Calliope Iphegenia Torres Occupation Attending orthopedic surgeon at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital Title Chief of Orthopedic Surgery Board Director at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital M.D. Family Carlos Torres ( father ) Lucia Torres ( mother ) Aria Torres ( sister ) Spouse ( s ) George O'Malley ( divorced , deceased ) Arizona Robbins ( divorced , dating again ) Significant other ( s ) Mark Sloan ( deceased ) Erica Hahn Alex Karev Penelope Blake Children Sofia Robbin Sloan Torres Religion Catholicism Calliope Iphegenia `` Callie '' Torres , M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey 's Anatomy , which airs on the ABC in the United States . The character was created by series ' producer Shonda Rhimes , and is portrayed by Sara Ramirez . She was introduced in season two , as a senior orthopedic resident , as a love interest for intern George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) . Eventually becoming an attending orthopedic surgeon , the character was originally contracted to appear on a recurring basis , but received star billing in the third season . Torres was initially conceived as a love interest , and eventual wife , for O'Malley , and was created to be disliked by her colleagues . Further storylines include relationships between her and plastic surgeon , Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) , cardiothoracic surgeon Erica Hahn ( Brooke Smith ) , as well as a marriage to pediatric surgeon Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) . The character 's bisexual storyline with Hahn and Robbins , and her development later in the series has garnered much acclaim . She is also the longest running LGBT character in television history , appearing in 11 seasons and 239 episodes . Ramirez 's portrayal of Torres has been widely praised by television critics and the character gained significant popularity as the series progressed . Ramirez was nominated for several awards for her portrayal of Torres , including the Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series , and the ALMA Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Television Series . The character was ranked at no . 7 by AfterEllen.com in the list of `` Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters . '' At the end of the show 's twelfth season , Ramirez departed the show after ten years , desiring to take a break . Contents 1 Storylines 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) Callie Torres is introduced as an orthopedic surgery resident with a crush on intern George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) . The two start a relationship and Torres moves into Meredith 's house ( Meredith and Izzie Stevens lived there as well ) . Uneased at the way their relationship is progressing , O'Malley confronts her , which results in her moving into a hotel . In the aftermath of the breakup , she meets and has a one - night stand with plastic surgeon Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) , who becomes her friend . Torres and O'Malley subsequently reconcile , and the two marry in Las Vegas on the spur of the moment . Confused , O'Malley confides to fellow intern Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) , about his relationship woes over alcohol , leading to a drunken sexual encounter between the two . Torres remains unaware of his sexual encounter , but becomes increasingly suspicious , and announces her desire to conceive a child . Shortly thereafter , however , she discovers that O'Malley has been unfaithful , ending their marriage . Though her personal life is troubled , Torres thrives professionally when she is appointed as the hospital 's Chief Resident . However , she soon begins struggling to cope in the role , and is demoted soon thereafter . Torres forms a friendship with Erica Hahn ( Brooke Smith ) , the hospital 's new chief of cardiothoracic surgery . The two embark on a relationship when Hahn jokingly kisses Torres in an elevator to tease Sloan . Neither has been with another woman before , and Torres struggles with her bisexuality , and cheats on her with Sloan . She is initially forgiven , but after an argument about work , Hahn resigns from Seattle Grace , ending their relationship . New pediatric surgeon Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) kisses her , and they begin dating . Their relationship is tested when Torres comes out to her father , Carlos , who disowns her , cutting her off both financially and emotionally . When she is not granted a position as an attending , she publicly berates the chief , Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) , and resigns from her post . She begins working at the neighboring Mercy West hospital , and when the two hospitals merge , she is promoted to an attending surgeon . Torres ' father returns yet again , to condemn her , but ultimately accepts her sexuality . When Torres explains her desire to bear children , Robbins expresses disappointment , and their differing stances on the matter lead them to break up . Soon thereafter , a gunman commits mass murder at the hospital , and , relieved to have survived , Torres and Robbins reconcile , with Robbins agreeing that they should have children together . When Robbins wins a prestigious grant to help treat children in Malawi , a disgruntled Torres agrees to move there with her , as the position will last for three years ; however , her lack of enthusiasm causes Robbins to end their relationship and go without her . A heartbroken Torres moves in with Sloan , and they have a one - night stand . Robbins returns for Torres , apologizing and hoping for forgiveness , but Torres initially rebuffs her , and later reveals that she is pregnant with Sloan 's baby . Robbins agrees to raise the child with her , but dislikes that Sloan will be a permanent part of their lives . En route a weekend getaway , Robbins proposes to Torres , but before Torres can reply , the two are in a head - on collision with a truck , leaving Torres severely injured . In an attempt to save her life , obstetrician - gynecologist Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) , delivers Torres 's premature baby . Torres survives , and agrees to marry Robbins . After twelve weeks of recovery , both Torres and baby Sofia are discharged and allowed to leave the hospital . Torres recovers from her surgery , but deals with the backlash from her mother ( Gina Gallego ) 's attitude toward the wedding and her granddaughter . Torres and Robbins marry in a garden after the minister 's wife falls ill , with general surgeon Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) , officiating the ceremony . In the aftermath of a plane accident that killed Sloan and Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) , Torres is forced to make the decision to have Alex Karev amputate Robbins 's left leg to keep her alive , which puts strains on their relationship . The hospital is sued and eventually found guilty of negligence . Each victim , including Robbins , Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , and Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) must receive $15 million of compensation , which leads the hospital to a near bankruptcy as the insurances refuse to pay . These doctors and Torres buy the hospital with the help of the Harper - Avery Foundation to prevent it from closing , and each become members of the new directing board . Everything seems to go well for Arizona and Callie , until a big storm hits the hospital now named after Mark Sloan and Lexie Grey . In the last episode of the ninth season , Arizona cheats on Callie with Dr. Lauren Boswell ( Hilarie Burton ) . Callie soon discovers Arizona 's infidelity by seeing her wedding ring pinned to Dr. Boswell 's scrub top . In the aftermath of discovery , both Callie and Arizona share their feelings and it is revealed that Arizona does not forgive Callie for making the call to amputate her leg . Callie is heartbroken and Arizona states that Callie lost nothing in the crash , to which Callie responds that she , apparently , lost Arizona . Callie takes Sofia to live with Meredith and Derek , Zola , and Baby Bailey for a while before kicking Arizona out of their apartment and celebrates by dancing in her underwear . Callie also left Arizona at therapy , telling her that she was the only one that needed to go . After being hit by a lawsuit , her father , Carlos , visits and tells Callie that he cheated on her mother but she took him back and Callie would n't be here if her mother did n't give Carlos a second chance . Callie goes to Arizona 's apartment and invites her to come back home . Callie finds out during surgery that Arizona was sleeping with Leah , a second year resident , while separated . Although angry at Arizona , Callie still agrees to work things out . After April 's failed wedding to Matthew , Callie and Arizona bought a house together , a fresh start , away from the memories of their apartment . They later decided to try again for a second child . However , a trip to the OB / GYN led to the discovery that Callie had developed adhesions in her uterus in the years since Sofia 's birth , meaning she could not carry any more babies . After talking about it , the couple agreed to postpone their dream to have another baby until they 're on more solid footing as a couple . At the beginning of the eleventh season , Callie and Arizona gave therapy another chance in order to help mend their marriage . They were made to go 30 days living separate lives in the same house with no sexual activity with others or each other . They come close to breaking that rule and had to start over and before the 30 days was up they eventually gave in and connected sexually again . At the end of the 30 days at the final therapy session Arizona realized she could n't live without Callie ; however Callie did n't feel the same and stated she felt suffocated and eventually walked out of therapy , ending their marriage . Callie then goes on to date Penny , who was the resident in charge of Derek Shepard 's case . She comes to a dinner party hosted by Meredith , who recognizes her . It is then discovered that Penny is going to be working at Grey Sloan Memorial . When everyone , including Callie , finds out who Penny actually is , they protest and try to get her off of the Grey Sloan Memorial residency line . She manages to stay on the line despite all the others ' pleads and wishes . After Callie discloses her desire to move to New York with Penny and take her and Arizona 's daughter , Sofia , with her , Arizona takes Callie to court for sole parental custody . Callie loses custody of her daughter to Arizona and Penny moves to New York . After Arizona decides that both Sofia 's moms deserve to be happy , Arizona presents Callie with plane tickets and offers a custody agreement that keeps Sofia in Seattle for the summer and then sharing her every other school year and Christmas . Callie is referenced occasionally by Arizona and Sofia after her departure from the show . At the conclusion of season 14 , Arizona departs the show to move to New York and it is implied that the two will ultimately reconcile after Callie and Penny are mentioned to have broken up . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) `` As a Latin person , I was really proud to see the ethnic people on the show . I thought , Wow , there are no color limits . Nobody 's making comments about how there are African - Americans on the show and an Asian on the show . However , I did think , Where 's the Latin person ? '' Ramirez on Grey 's Anatomy Ramirez was seen by ABC executives , in her Broadway performance of Spamalot , which garnered their attention . Due to their admiration , the network offered Ramirez a role on any ABC television series , of her choice , and she chose Grey 's Anatomy . Ramirez further explained that at her initial audition , the producers liked her , and had intentions to add her to the show , but did not know who to cast her as . She also said she was in awe of how the executives said , `` Pick a show , any show '' , explaining that it is rare . Shonda Rhimes said : `` I was looking for a girlfriend for George , but it was in the infancy stages , so I had no idea what I was looking for . '' Rhimes built the character around Ramirez after she met her . Ramirez 's character was initially given recurring status in the second season and received star billing in the third season , alongside fellow cast member Dane , who portrayed Mark Sloan . Ramirez discusses maintaining relationships with co-stars : `` The weird thing about working in television is that you only see the people that you 're in scenes with . It 's not like you 're all running around the set together . So if you 're going to hang out together , you kind of have to make an effort . And I think people have families , people have lives . '' Characterization ( edit ) While we are disheartened that the burgeoning relationship between Callie and Erica has come to an end , the character of Callie , who has now been identified as a lesbian by show creator Shonda Rhimes , remains and her journey continues . Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation on Torres ' bisexual storyline The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) characterized Torres as `` driven '' , `` determined '' , and `` outgoing '' , while also noting her weaknesses : `` defensive '' and `` impulsive '' . Ramirez described her character as someone who `` appears to be a certain way , but has some very complex issues going on behind the scenes . She seems to be a very strong personality , someone who really believes in herself and has worked very hard to get where she is . She 's very competitive but does have a sense of self , so she does n't need to win all the time . '' At Torres ' initial appearance on the show , she was disliked by fans , due to her getting in the way of O'Malley and Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) 's relationship . When asked of this , Ramirez said : `` You do run across a lot of people who are extremely invested in that story line . Obviously , I 've heard some negative stuff . '' The end of the show 's fourth season saw Torres grow closer to cardiothoracic surgeon Erica Hahn , in a relationship referred to by the portmanteau `` Eri - Cal '' and later `` Callica '' by Michael Ausiello of Entertainment Weekly . Rhimes stated that : `` Callie and Erica have an undeniable chemistry , and watching the story unfold is something the writers are looking forward to . I wanted to illuminate their relationship in the same way we do all relationships on the show -- it will be funny , sweet , honest , and a little bit dirty . '' Torres served as the primary vocalist in the show 's musical episode , `` Song Beneath the Song '' , being described as `` amazing '' by fellow cast member , Kevin McKidd . She explained that in developing the relationship between the two : `` we wanted it to be real -- not some stunt to get people talking . We wanted to see what would happen if a woman suddenly had feelings for another woman . '' The two characters shared a kiss at the end of the season four finale , with which D. Williams of After Ellen noted : `` Callie and Erica became the only regular lesbian / bisexual female characters currently on network television . This is also the first time that two regular characters on a network show have begun a lesbian romance , as opposed to one becoming involved with a new lesbian character introduced expressly for that relationship . '' Before continuing with the storyline , the show 's producers consulted with the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation to ensure they maintained realism throughout . Trish Doolan , star of April 's Shower was invited to consult in the workshop sessions which took place , and surmised that ; `` They were really wanting to be truthful to the two characters they 're focusing on in the woman - woman relationship '' , with Nikki Weiss , who also consulted , adding : `` they did n't want to stereotype anything either , and write from a place where they did n't understand it . ( ... ) I do n't think they did it as a stunt to get people back to watching after the strike . I really think that they wanted to develop these two characters , and that you could see a closeness with them way before they ever decided any kind of -- I think they just have a chemistry together , as actresses , too . You could tell that in the room . They definitely have a chemistry . '' In the show 's fifth season , Torres embarked on a relationship with Arizona Robbins ( Capshaw ) . The relationship between the two is referred to by the portmanteau `` Calzona '' . Rhimes praised the chemistry between Arizona and Callie in contrast , comparing it to that between the show 's primary couple Grey and Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , and stating : `` They have that little thing that makes you want to watch them . '' In `` An Honest Mistake '' , Torres was initially rejected by Robbins , with Robbins citing Torres ' `` inexperience '' as a factor . Series writer Peter Nowalk offered the insight : `` I totally understand why Arizona would n't want to date a newborn . It 's like getting a Freshman as your Physics lab partner even though you 're a Senior who not only knows the Laws of Motion but has mastered them in ways that would rock that Freshman 's world . Which is not to say the Freshman wo n't grow to be really good at Physics , or that Callie wo n't catch up to Arizona on the lesbian front , it 's simply that Arizona might not have the patience to wait that long . '' The couple ultimately decided to begin a relationship , however , the two experience difficulties , but eventually reunite . Rhimes commented on their reconciliation : `` I love ( Callie ) with Arizona . ( ... ) I like that they make me feel hopeful about love . '' Rhimes has mentioned of their relationship in the sixth season : `` I would like to see Callie happily in a long - term relationship . We have so much to explore with them , because we barely know anything about ( Arizona ) . '' Callie and Arizona have a five - year relationship , ultimately marrying in the seventh season and divorcing in the eleventh season . Callie starts a new relationship with Penny Blake and leaves to go to New York with her in the twelfth - season finale . Shonda Rhimes spoke on Ramirez 's abrupt departure , saying , `` This one was different because it was n't a big planned thing . I had a different plan going and when Sara came in and said , ' I really need to take this break , ' I was lucky that we 'd shot the end of the season with her going to New York . '' Reception ( edit ) `` What was truly revolutionary about Callie is that she was never defined by any single aspect of herself . She was curvy , Latina , and bisexual , and she was also a funny , frustrating , and lovable doctor with an amazing career and strong friendships . Callie was never expected to be perfect . She was allowed to be as messy as every other character on Grey 's Anatomy , and , for everyone who identified with her as a whole or in part , it was a huge relief to see this woman who represented so many perspectives be allowed to just be awesome . '' -- Sabienna Bowmna of Bustle Maureen Ryan from the Chicago Tribune was critical about the character 's initial development . Reviewing the third season 's premiere , she wrote the writers should give up on Callie explaining they have made her `` far too obviously the `` weird girl , '' but there 's nothing underneath her brusque persona . '' Her marriage to O'Malley was well received ; Staci Krause of IGN wrote : `` Their relationship has been a roller coaster and it was nice to see this turn of events , as she really is a perfect contrast to George . '' Discussing the character in terms of her relationship with Hahn , Williams was largely positive , assessing that : `` The story line offered both the drama Grey 's is known for and a truthfulness network television has rarely achieved when it comes to lesbian relationships . '' Trish Doolan and Nikki Weiss , invited by GLAAD to consult with Grey 's Anatomy producers on the storyline , praised the effort put into researching the issue by the writers and actors involved , though were more negative on the scene which saw Hahn kiss Callie in an elevator in front of Mark Sloan . Weiss commented : `` I just felt like , if they really cared about each other , I do n't think they would do that as a stunt . That seemed a little , I do n't know , forced . ( ... ) ( It ) was more like a conquest , like he could have ( Hahn ) too or something . '' LGBT website AfterEllen.com agreed with this view , criticizing the way the scene was edited so as to keep cutting to Sloan 's point of view , as though `` privileging the male gaze . '' AfterEllen.com included Torres in their list of the Top 50 Lesbian and Bisexual Characters , ranking her at No. 6 and in their Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters . The character was also listed in Wetpaint 's `` 10 Hottest TV Doctors on TV '' . Commenting on Hahn 's abrupt departure from the show , Dorothy Snarker , writing for AfterEllen.com , observed of Torres and Robbins ' relationship : `` I ( ... ) ca n't help but be wary of how the Grey 's writers will handle this relationship . Jessica has proven lovely and likable in her brief screen time so far . But it 's not how the romance starts , but what happens next that really matters . '' Speaking of the musical episode , Nicole Golden of TV Fanatic called Ramirez 's rendition of `` Chasing Cars '' `` amazing '' and referred to her performance in Kate Havnevik 's `` Grace '' as `` beautiful '' . Margaret Lyons of New York Magazine was happy with the evolution of Bailey and Torres ' friendship in the first half of the ninth season , calling it `` the one bright spot '' : `` They joke , they tease each other , they offer sage love advice to one another , now that they 're both on their second marriages . '' Ramirez was nominated for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Television Series at the Alma Awards , in 2007 and 2008 . Also in 2007 , at the 13th Screen Actors Guild Awards , Ramirez and the cast of Grey 's Anatomy , were the recipients of the Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series . She and the cast were nominated for the same award , in 2008 . In 2011 , at the 42nd NAACP Image Awards , Ramirez was nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . She was ranked at no . 7 in AfterEllen.com 's list of `` Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters '' References ( edit ) Specific ^ Jump up to : Yuan , Jada ( September 18 , 2006 ) . `` Belle Curves : Sara Ramirez '' . Bustle . New York Media , LLC . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ De Leon , Kris ( September 25 , 2006 ) . `` Sara Ramirez '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sara Ramirez , Kate Walsh , Chandra Wilson , Oprah Winfrey ( April 5 , 2008 ) . Sara Ramirez Chandra Wilson Kate Walsh OP . Los Angeles , California : Oprah Winfrey . Jump up ^ Hendrickson , Paula ( May 6 , 2009 ) . `` Casting chemistry keeps ' Grey 's ' fresh '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( November 16 , 2005 ) . `` Spamalot 's Ramirez Lands Role on TV 's `` Grey 's Anatomy '' `` . Playbill . Philip S Birsh . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gay Groups Praise ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . StarPulse . World Entertainment News Network . November 5 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Callie Torres ( Sarah Ramirez ) Bio '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Crook , John ( April 30 , 2006 ) . `` Sara Ramirez '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rice , Lynette ( May 23 , 2008 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Shonda Rhimes on her plans for Erica and Callie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2008 . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 3 , 2008 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Discharges Erica Hahn '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2008 . Retrieved November 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( March 30 , 2011 ) . `` Sara Ramirez Is ' Amazing ' in Grey 's Musical Episode , Says Costar '' . People . Time , Inc . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( May 22 , 2008 ) . `` The End of the Beginning ... '' Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2008 . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : D. Williams ( 15 June 2008 ) . `` Behind the Lesbian Story Line on `` Grey 's Anatomy '' `` . AfterEllen.com . Archived from the original on 1 July 2008 . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Snarker , Dorothy ( February 11 , 2009 ) . `` '' Grey 's Anatomy '' processes the Calzona kiss `` . AfterEllen.com . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 15 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Grey 's ' boss on finale 's Izzie - George shocker , Mer - Der ' wedding , ' and more ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2009 . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( April 30 , 2009 ) . `` TV is a ' journey ' for ' Grey 's ' creator Shonda Rhimes '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes on `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' ... '' Grey Matter . ABC . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2013 . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 31 , 2009 ) . `` What 's Next for ' Grey 's ' ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hautman , Nicholas ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes Did n't Know Sara Ramirez Was Leaving ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Until After They Finished the Season Finale '' . US Weekly . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Sabienna ( 21 May 2016 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's Callie Torres Was The Show 's Most Progressive Character '' . New York Magazine . New York Media , LLC . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( September 22 , 2006 ) . `` ' Grey 's ' is back , baby ! '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Krause , Staci ( February 7 , 2007 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AfterEllen. com 's Top 50 Lesbian and Bisexual Characters '' . AfterEllen.com . March 15 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AfterEllen. com 's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters '' . AfterEllen.com . February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , Rebecca ( December 31 , 2012 ) . `` The 10 Hottest Female Doctors on TV '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Golden , Nicole ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Review : The Musical Episode '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` Now That Private Practice Is Over , Addison Should Go Back to Grey 's Anatomy '' . New York . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Past ALMA Recipients '' . AlmaAwards.com . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2012 . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 13th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Awards . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 14th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Awards . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 42nd NAACP Image Awards '' . NAACP Image Awards . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AfterEllen. com 's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters '' . AfterEllen.com. 27 February 2012 . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . General `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide '' . ABC . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal Callie Torres at ABC.com <Th_colspan="2"> Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Callie Torres Mark Sloan Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Spin - offs Private Practice Station 19 Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) <Td_colspan="2"> Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Callie_Torres&oldid=853437133 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional characters introduced in 2006 Fictional surgeons Fictional bisexual females Fictional American people of Greek descent Fictional female doctors Hidden categories : Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Македонски Polski Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 19 : 58 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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1. Callie Torres - Grey's Anatomy character
2. Sara Ramirez - actress who portrayed Callie Torres
3. Relationships and love interests of Callie Torres
4. Callie Torres' bisexual storyline
5. Departure of Sara Ramirez from Grey's Anatomy
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4,329,714,852,413,918,000 |
who played belle in once upon a time
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Emilie de Ravin - Wikipedia Emilie de Ravin Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Emilie de Ravin <Td_colspan="2"> De Ravin in 2015 ( 1981 - 12 - 27 ) 27 December 1981 ( age 36 ) Mount Eliza , Victoria , Australia Occupation Actress Years active 1999 -- present Spouse ( s ) Josh Janowicz ( m . 2003 ; div. 2014 ) Partner ( s ) Eric Bilitch ( 2014 -- present ) Children Emilie de Ravin ( / ˈɛməli də ˈrævɪn / ; born 27 December 1981 ) is an Australian actress . She starred as Tess Harding on Roswell , Claire Littleton on the ABC drama Lost , and as Belle on the ABC drama Once Upon a Time . De Ravin 's film credits include Santa 's Slay ( 2005 ) , The Hills Have Eyes ( 2006 ) and Ball Do n't Lie ( 2008 ) . She starred as Emily , the heroin - addicted ex-girlfriend of Brendan Frye , in the neo-noir film Brick ( 2005 ) . She had a cameo in Public Enemies ( 2009 ) and more recently starred in Remember Me ( 2010 ) . De Ravin has been included on Maxim 's Hot 100 list three times : in 2005 ( No. 47 ) , 2006 ( No. 65 ) , and 2008 ( No. 68 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Television 4.2 Film 4.3 Video game 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) De Ravin was born in Mount Eliza , Victoria , Australia , an outer southeastern suburb of Melbourne . Having studied ballet since the age of nine at Christa Cameron School of Ballet in Melbourne , and being home schooled by her mother , she was accepted into the Australian Ballet School at fifteen , where she performed in productions with The Australian Ballet as well as Danceworld 301 . She studied acting at Australia 's National Institute of Dramatic Art , and with the Prime Time Actors Studio in Los Angeles . Career ( edit ) De Ravin 's first major role was a recurring part as Curupira in the TV series Beastmaster . She went on to appear as alien / human hybrid Tess Harding in the teen television series , Roswell . She landed this role one month after moving to Los Angeles at the age of 18 . In 2004 , De Ravin was cast to portray Claire Littleton on the hit ABC drama Lost . Speaking about the success of Lost , she said : `` It 's sort of hard to say . You read something and have a good feeling about it , it sounds great , ties nicely together and then shooting something , editing it , the music , the actors involved , everything sort of plays a huge part . Everyone involved had a great feeling towards it , but you never really know . '' She was a series regular for the first four seasons and the sixth and final season . She was not a regular in season five but was under a holding contract with ABC Network . In 2005 , De Ravin was cast to portray Emily Kostich , the heroin - addicted ex-girlfriend of Brendan Frye ( Joseph Gordon - Levitt ) , in the neo-noir film Brick . In an interview about the film , Ravin told that she was attracted by the script because it was original and the teens in the film are very deep and emotional for their age . A year later , De Ravin had a lead role and was cast as Brenda Carter in the remake of The Hills Have Eyes . The film performed well at the box office . In 2007 , Variety reported that she would be starring in the film Ball Do n't Lie , which premiered at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival , which arrived in cinemas early 2009 . De Ravin appeared in William Dear 's The Perfect Game , and appeared in the 2009 film Public Enemies as a bank teller named Barbara Patzke . De Ravin was cast in the movie adaption of the video game Onimusha , but due to producer Samuel Hadida 's other project The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus , and star Heath Ledger 's death , Hadida was forced to push back the release date of the film . Onimusha is postponed for an unknown amount of time and there is not any confirmation if De Ravin will continue the project . De Ravin filmed Remember Me in the summer of 2009 . The film received its wide release on 12 March 2010 . She was a regular on the sixth and final season of Lost . In 2012 she guest - starred as Belle on the ABC fantasy drama , Once Upon a Time . After sporadic appearances in the first season , she was promoted to a series regular in the second . In May 2017 , it was announced that De Ravin would be departing the series after six seasons along with her co-stars Ginnifer Goodwin , Josh Dallas , Jared S. Gilmore and Rebecca Mader . Two months later , it was announced that De Ravin would be guest - starring in at least one episode of the series ' seventh season . She was to star as Anthony LaPaglia 's character 's daughter in the new drama series Americana in 2012 , but ABC passed on the pilot . Personal life ( edit ) De Ravin attending the 2007 MuchMusic Video Awards After three years of dating , actor Josh Janowicz proposed to De Ravin on New Year 's Day 2003 in Melbourne , which she said `` was very impromptu and very sweet '' . She met Janowicz in Los Angeles , and said that `` our life together always comes before work . You ca n't buy love or family . '' While filming Lost , De Ravin flew to and from Hawaii `` once or twice a week '' to return to her home in Burbank , California , which she shared with Janowicz and their poodle . The couple married 19 June 2003 ( not 2006 , when they had a public celebration ) in Melbourne , Australia . They separated six months after they married , and then reconciled . In June 2009 , it was reported that they were living separately and had filed for divorce . In October 2009 , she called off the divorce after a trip to Japan with her husband . On 8 July 2014 , de Ravin filed for divorce from Janowicz . According to court documents , the pair wed on 19 June 2003 , despite their wedding ceremony on 26 June 2006 ; the documents further confirm that the couple separated on 1 November 2013 . On 3 October 2015 , de Ravin announced via Twitter that she was expecting her first child with her boyfriend Eric Bilitch . On March 12 , 2016 , she gave birth to a daughter , named Vera Audrey de Ravin - Bilitch . The couple announced their engagement on July 6 , 2016 . Filmography ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 -- 2000 BeastMaster The Demon Curupira 8 episodes 2000 -- 2002 Roswell Tess Harding Recurring role : season 1 ; main role : season 2 ; guest star : season 3 ( 28 episodes ) 2002 Carrie Chris Hargensen Movie 2003 NCIS Nancy Episode : `` Seadog '' 2003 -- 2004 The Handler Gina 2 episodes 2004 -- 2008 , 2010 Lost Claire Littleton Main role : seasons 1 -- 4 , 6 ( 72 episodes ) CSI : Miami Venus Robinson Episode : `` Legal '' 2009 High Noon Lt. Phoebe McNamara Movie 2012 Americana Francesca Soulter Unsold pilot 2012 -- 2017 Once Upon a Time Belle main season 2 - 6 ; recurring season 1 ; guest season 7 ( 86 episodes ) 2013 Air Force One Is Down Francesca Romero Miniseries Year Title Role Notes 2005 Brick Emily Santa 's Slay Mary `` Mac '' Mackenzie 2006 The Hills Have Eyes Brenda Carter 2008 Ball Do n't Lie Baby 2009 The Perfect Game Frankie Stevens Public Enemies Barbara Patzke Remember Me Ally Craig The Chameleon Kathy Jansen Operation : Endgame Hierophant 2012 Love and Other Troubles Sara 2015 The Submarine Kid Alice Video game ( edit ) Year Title Voice role Notes 2008 Lost : Via Domus Claire Littleton References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Official Lost Podcast / 12 March 2007 '' . Lostpedia . Retrieved 30 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emilie de Ravin profile '' . Lost Cast . Channel 4 . Retrieved 23 September 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( 19 June 2012 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' scoop : Emilie de Ravin promoted to series regular '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 '' . maxim.com . Maxim . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Hot 100 '' . 68 . Emilie de Ravin . Maxim . Archived from the original on 15 June 2008 . Retrieved 30 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Biography -- Emilie de Ravin '' . tvguide.com . Retrieved 23 September 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet The Cast : Who 's who in the cast ? Find out here '' . Lost info . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved 23 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` BeastMaster : Cast : Emilie de Ravin '' . BeastMaster official site . Tribune Entertainment . 2000 . Archived from the original on 13 June 2004 . Retrieved 23 September 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Devlyn , Darren ( 16 May 2007 ) . `` Lost property '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 13 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Keck , William ( 5 April 2005 ) . `` De Ravin : Lost in Transformation '' . USA Today . Retrieved 13 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Emilie de Ravin , Jason Behr and Katherine Heigl ( 31 January 2000 ) . Roswell : The Complete First Season , Disc Six , Special Features : Actor Audition : Emilie de Ravin as `` Tess '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Covel , Bonnie ; Thomas , Rachel . `` An Interview with Emilie de Ravin ( Claire Littleton , Lost ) '' . About.com ( Interview ) . Retrieved 30 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Godwin , Jennifer ( 30 May 2008 ) . `` Lost Redux : Promises to Keep , and Miles to Go Before We Sleep '' . E !. Retrieved 5 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Scharf , Lindzi . `` Brick Video Interview with Emilie De Ravin '' . Hollywood.com ( Interview ) . Retrieved 30 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( 23 April 2008 ) . `` Emilie de Ravin : From Lost Princess to Indie Queen '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on 29 May 2008 . Retrieved 30 August 2008 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 27 June 2007 ) . `` Trio play ' Ball ' '' . Teen indie drama sets cast . Variety . Retrieved 30 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Lyford , Kathy ( 5 June 2007 ) . `` Clifton Collins Jr. to star in ' Game ' '' . Actor has ' Perfect ' pitch . Variety . Retrieved 30 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Perry , Byron ( 27 April 2008 ) . `` Emilie De Ravin '' . Variety . Retrieved 30 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Calistri , Arnaud ( 27 March 2008 ) . `` Onimusha delayed ? What 's Christophe Gans up to , then ? '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Retrieved 30 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( 8 November 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : Once Upon a Time Casts Lost 's Emilie de Ravin As Belle '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 8 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( 12 May 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' : Ginnifer Goodwin , Josh Dallas , Jared Gilmore , Emilie de Ravin Depart '' . Variety . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Natalie , Abrams ( 22 July 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Emilie de Ravin books return in season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Marder , Brian ( 14 May 2012 ) . `` Four ' Lost ' Stars ' Fall TV Pilots Fail to Get Picked Up '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lost 's Emilie de Ravin & Husband Divorcing '' . People.com . Retrieved 6 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Zach ( 11 July 2014 ) . `` Emilie de Ravin , Joshua Janowicz Are Divorcing '' . E ! News . eonline.com . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon A Time ' Star Emilie De Ravin is Pregnant ! '' . Jump up ^ Emilie de Ravin ( @ emiliederavin ) ( 14 March 2016 ) . `` Welcome to the big wide world ! Vera Audrey de Ravin - Bilitch born March 12th 2016 . Could n't be happier ! So in love with our little girl ! 👶 🏼 💖 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Emilie de Ravin ( @ emiliederavin ) ( 6 July 2016 ) . `` So excited ! ! ! I love you @ ericbilitch 💍 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Emilie de Ravin . Emilie de Ravin on IMDb Emilie de Ravin on Twitter <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( 2000 -- 2009 ) 2000 : The West Wing , season 1 / season 2 Hill Janney Kelly Lowe Moloney Schiff Sheen Spencer Whitford 2001 : The West Wing , season 2 / season 3 Hill Janney Lowe Moloney Schiff Sheen Spencer Whitford 2002 : Six Feet Under , season 2 Ambrose Conroy Griffiths Hall Krause Rodríguez St. Patrick 2003 : Six Feet Under , season 3 Ambrose Conroy Foster Griffiths Hall Krause Macdissi Machado Rodríguez St. Patrick Taylor Wilson 2004 : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , season 4 / season 5 Dourdan Eads Fox Guilfoyle Hall Helgenberger Petersen Szmanda 2005 : Lost , season 1 / season 2 Akinnuoye - Agbaje Andrews de Ravin Fox Garcia Grace Holloway Kelley D.D. Kim Y. Kim Lilly Monaghan O'Quinn Perrineau Rodriguez Somerhalder Watros 2006 : Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 / season 3 Chambers Dane Dempsey Heigl Knight Oh Pickens Pompeo Ramirez Walsh Washington Wilson 2007 : The Sopranos , season 6 , part II Antonacci Bracco Falco Gandolfini Grimaldi Iler Imperioli Nascarella Schirripa Servitto Sigler Sirico Turturro Van Zandt Vincent 2008 : Mad Men , season 2 Batt Brie Gladis Hamm Hart Hendricks Jones Kartheiser Moses Moss Shipka Slattery Sommer Staton 2009 : Mad Men , season 3 Alemanni Batt Gilmore Gladis Hamm Harris Hendricks Jones Kartheiser Morse Moss Shipka Slattery Sommer Stanley Staton <Td_colspan="2"> Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emilie_de_Ravin&oldid=824551344 '' Categories : 1981 births 20th - century Australian actresses 21st - century Australian actresses Actresses from Melbourne Australian Ballet School alumni Australian expatriate actresses in the United States Australian people of French descent Australian film actresses Australian television actresses Living people National Institute of Dramatic Art alumni Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2011 Use Australian English from June 2011 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Articles with hCards Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 February 2018 , at 01 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Emilie de Ravin - Australian actress
2. Career in television and film
3. Personal life and relationships
4. Roles in popular TV shows like Lost and Once Upon a Time
5. Filmography and notable projects
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who won the golden ball in champions trophy 2017
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2017 ICC Champions Trophy final - Wikipedia 2017 ICC Champions Trophy final 2017 ICC Champions Trophy Final : Pakistan vs India <Td_colspan="2"> The Oval , London Event 2017 ICC Champions Trophy <Td_colspan="2"> Pakistan India 338 / 4 158 50 30.3 <Td_colspan="2"> Pakistan won by 180 runs Date 18 June 2017 Venue The Oval , London , England Player of the Match Fakhar Zaman ( Pak ) Umpires Marais Erasmus ( SA ) and Richard Kettleborough ( Eng ) Attendance 26,000 <Td_colspan="2"> ← 2013 2021 → The final of the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy was played on 18 June 2017 between Pakistan and India at The Oval in London , to determine the winner of the eighth edition of the ICC Champions Trophy . Pakistan qualified for the final by defeating the hosts England convincingly by 8 wickets in the first semi-final at Cardiff in Wales on 14 June , and reached their maiden Champions Trophy final . India , the defending champions and favourites , came into the final by defeating Bangladesh comfortably by 9 wickets in the second semi-final at Birmingham on 15 June , to reach their fourth Champions Trophy final , a record . In an outstanding performance , Pakistan beat India comfortably to win their maiden ICC Champions Trophy , outclassing them across all departments to win by 180 runs , which was the largest margin of victory in the final of an ICC ODI tournament . Pakistan , who were massive underdogs entering as the lowest - ranked team in the competition , became the seventh nation to win the Champions Trophy , and it was their first ICC ODI tournament title since 1992 . Fakhar Zaman of Pakistan received the Man of the Match award for scoring a sublime 114 . Shikhar Dhawan of India received the Golden Bat award for scoring 338 runs in the tournament while Hasan Ali of Pakistan received the Golden Ball award for taking 13 wickets ; he was also adjudged the Man of the Series for his outstanding contribution towards Pakistan 's first ICC tournament title since 2009 . The traditional rivalry between both sides set the stage for a high - voltage clash . The match is estimated to have been watched by 400 million viewers , becoming the third most - watched game in cricketing history . Contents 1 Background 2 Road to the final 2.1 Pakistan 2.2 India 3 Match officials 4 Match summary 4.1 Pakistani innings 4.2 Indian innings 4.3 Scorecard 5 Aftermath 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) See also : India -- Pakistan cricket rivalry Pakistan and India share a historical rivalry in cricket . Prior to this match , the two sides had played 128 times against each other in ODIs , where Pakistan won 72 matches , India won 52 matches and four matches ended with no result . While Pakistan have had the upper hand bilaterally , India enjoyed an edge in global ICC tournaments where they won 13 times against Pakistan , and Pakistan won twice against India . The two sides met only twice before in the finals of global tournaments : the non-ICC World Championship of Cricket Final in 1985 , and the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final . Prior to this match , the teams had met four times in the Champions Trophy and had two victories each . Pakistan 's last win was in 2009 ; since then , India won seven games against Pakistan across ICC tournaments consecutively . Their most recent clash was on 4 June 2017 , during the group stages of the ongoing Champions Trophy where India won by 124 runs ( D / L method ) . Much of the pre-match analysis envisioned a strong contest between India 's batting lineup and Pakistan 's bowling side , both of which were considered the strengths of their respective teams and remained formidable in this tournament . Road to the final ( edit ) Further information : 2017 ICC Champions Trophy § Group B Pakistan ( edit ) Ranked eighth in the ICC ODI Championship at the start of the tournament , Pakistan started poorly , before improving progressively in each game . They lost to India in the first game by 124 runs in a sloppy display , but then defeated top - ranked South Africa by 19 runs by virtue of Duckworth -- Lewis method in their next game . They gained momentum and beat Sri Lanka by 3 wickets in their final group game , a thrilling must - win encounter , and qualified for the semi-finals placed second in Group B , behind India on net run rate . In the semi-final , England with their undefeated run and home advantage were tipped firm favourites . However , they were outplayed by Pakistan with both bat and ball , the latter winning comprehensively by 8 wickets with almost 13 overs to spare . This paved the road for Pakistan 's first qualification to a Champions Trophy final . India ( edit ) India came into the tournament as defending champions and favourites along with England , and were ranked third in the ICC ODI Championship . They beat arch - rivals Pakistan convincingly in their first group face - off , winning by 124 runs . They lost their second match to Sri Lanka by 7 wickets , despite posting a total of 321 , in what turned out to be the highest successful run - chase in Champions Trophy history . India won their final group game , a must - win encounter against South Africa , comfortably by 8 wickets . They finished on top of Group B with two wins and a net run rate ahead of Pakistan . In the semi-final , India faced Bangladesh , and put in yet another dominating display , winning comfortably by 9 wickets and sealing a final with Pakistan . Match officials ( edit ) Marais Erasmus of South Africa and Richard Kettleborough of England were named as the on - field umpires for the final . They had both previously officiated in the semi-final matches of the tournament ; Erasmus , in the England -- Pakistan match , and Kettleborough , in the Bangladesh -- India match . Rod Tucker of Australia and Kumar Dharmasena of Sri Lanka , who also officiated in the semi-finals as on - field umpires , were appointed as the TV umpire and reserve umpire respectively . David Boon of Australia was the match referee , completing the five - member match official team . Match summary ( edit ) 18 June 2017 10 : 30 Scorecard Pakistan 338 / 4 ( 50 overs ) India 158 ( 30.3 overs ) Fakhar Zaman 114 ( 106 ) Kedar Jadhav 1 / 27 ( 3 overs ) Hardik Pandya 76 ( 43 ) Mohammad Amir 3 / 16 ( 6 overs ) Pakistan won by 180 runs The Oval , London Umpires : Marais Erasmus ( SA ) and Richard Kettleborough ( Eng ) Player of the match : Fakhar Zaman ( Pak ) India won the toss and elected to field . Fakhar Zaman ( Pak ) scored his first century in an ODI . Pakistan won the ICC Champions Trophy for the first time . Pakistan 's total was their highest in any ICC tournament final . The margin of victory was the largest in any ICC ODI tournament final in terms of runs . India remained unchanged from the side that played the semi-final , while Pakistan brought back their leading pacer Mohammad Amir , who was ruled out of the semi-final against England due to back spasm and replaced Rumman Raees . Indian captain Virat Kohli won the toss and elected his side to field first , sending Pakistan in to bat . Pakistani innings ( edit ) The Pakistani opening pair , Azhar Ali and Fakhar Zaman , put on 128 runs before Ali was run out for 59 runs off the last ball of the 22nd over . Zaman , who seemed to have been out for 3 runs , only for a no - ball by Jasprit Bumrah to save him , continued on his way to a 92 - ball century -- his first at ODI level -- eventually falling to Hardik Pandya on the first ball of the 33rd over . He made 114 runs from 106 balls , which included twelve fours and three sixes . After his dismissal , the other Pakistani batsmen kept the score ticking over . Mohammad Hafeez plundered 57 not out from 37 balls , including four fours and three sixes . Pakistan eventually finished on 338 / 4 -- their second - highest ODI score against India -- after 50 overs . Bhuvneshwar Kumar was the pick of the Indian bowlers , finishing with 1 / 44 from 10 overs ( including two maidens ) . Indian innings ( edit ) India started poorly , losing two early wickets to Mohammad Amir . Off the third ball of the game , Rohit Sharma was out leg before wicket for a three - ball duck . In the third over , Virat Kohli was dropped in the slips for just five runs but caught the next ball by Shadab Khan at point . Their poor form continued until , in the middle of the innings , Hardik Pandya and Ravindra Jadeja managed a rapid 80 - run partnership prior to Pandya being run - out . However this was India 's only batting highlight as the tail was quickly dismissed and India were all out after 30.3 overs , not even managing half of Pakistan 's total . Scorecard ( edit ) <Th_colspan="8"> Pakistan innings Player Status Runs Balls 4s 6s Strike rate Azhar Ali run out ( † Dhoni / Bumrah ) 59 71 6 83.09 Fakhar Zaman c Jadeja b Pandya 114 106 12 107.54 Babar Azam c Yuvraj Singh b Jadhav 46 52 0 88.46 Shoaib Malik c Jadhav b Kumar 12 16 0 75.00 Mohammad Hafeez not out 57 37 154.05 Imad Wasim not out 25 21 119.04 Sarfraz Ahmed * did not bat Mohammad Amir did not bat Shadab Khan did not bat Hasan Ali did not bat Junaid Khan did not bat Extras ( lb 9 ; w 13 ; nb 3 ) 25 Total ( 4 wickets ; 50 overs ) 338 27 9 Fall of wickets : 1 -- 128 ( Azhar Ali , 22.6 ov ) , 2 -- 200 ( Fakhar Zaman , 33.1 ov ) , 3 -- 247 ( Shoaib Malik , 39.4 ov ) , 4 -- 267 ( Babar Azam , 42.3 ov ) <Th_colspan="7"> India bowling Bowler Overs Maidens Runs Wickets Econ Bhuvneshwar Kumar 10 44 4.40 Jasprit Bumrah 9 0 68 0 7.55 Ravichandran Ashwin 10 0 70 0 7.00 Hardik Pandya 10 0 53 5.30 Ravindra Jadeja 8 0 67 0 8.37 Kedar Jadhav 0 27 9.00 <Th_colspan="8"> India innings Player Status Runs Balls 4s 6s Strike rate Rohit Sharma lbw b Mohammad Amir 0 0 0 0.00 Shikhar Dhawan c † Sarfraz Ahmed b Mohammad Amir 21 22 0 95.45 Virat Kohli * c Shadab Khan b Mohammad Amir 5 9 0 0 55.55 Yuvraj Singh lbw b Shadab Khan 22 31 0 70.96 MS Dhoni c Imad Wasim b Hasan Ali 16 0 0 25.00 Kedar Jadhav c † Sarfraz Ahmed b Shadab Khan 9 13 0 69.23 Hardik Pandya run out ( M. Hafeez / Hasan Ali ) 76 43 6 176.74 Ravindra Jadeja c Babar Azam b Junaid Khan 15 26 0 0 57.69 Ravichandran Ashwin c † Sarfraz Ahmed b Hasan Ali 0 0 33.33 Bhuvneshwar Kumar not out 8 0 0 12.50 Jasprit Bumrah c † Sarfraz Ahmed b Hasan Ali 9 0 0 11.11 Extras ( lb 2 ; w 1 ) Total ( all out ; 30.3 overs ) 158 14 6 Fall of wickets : 1 -- 0 ( Sharma , 0.3 ov ) , 2 -- 6 ( Kohli , 2.4 ov ) , 3 -- 33 ( Dhawan , 8.6 ov ) , 4 -- 54 ( Yuvraj Singh , 12.6 ov ) , 5 -- 54 ( Dhoni , 13.3 ov ) , 6 -- 72 ( Jadhav , 16.6 ov ) , 7 -- 152 ( Pandya , 26.3 ov ) , 8 -- 156 ( Jadeja , 27.3 ov ) , 9 -- 156 ( Ashwin , 28.1 ov ) , 10 -- 158 ( Bumrah , 30.3 ov ) <Th_colspan="7"> Pakistan bowling Bowler Overs Maidens Runs Wickets Econ Mohammad Amir 6 16 2.66 Junaid Khan 6 20 3.33 Mohammad Hafeez 0 13 0 13.00 Hasan Ali 6.3 19 2.92 Shadab Khan 7 0 60 8.57 Imad Wasim 0.3 0 0 6.00 Fakhar Zaman 3.3 0 25 0 7.14 Match officials On - field umpires : Marais Erasmus ( South Africa ) and Richard Kettleborough ( England ) Third umpire : Rod Tucker ( Australia ) Match referee : David Boon ( Australia ) Reserve umpire : Kumar Dharmasena ( Sri Lanka ) Key * -- Captain -- Wicket - keeper c Fielder -- Indicates that the batsman was dismissed by a catch by the named fielder b Bowler -- Indicates which bowler gains credit for the dismissal Aftermath ( edit ) The Pakistani team were greeted with a heroic welcome by fans upon their return home . Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif posted a congratulatory message on social media , and announced a cash reward of Rs 1 crore ( US $95,000 ) for each player . A ceremony was held for the players at the Prime Minister 's Secretariat on 4 July . The property developer Bahria Town presented a sum of Rs 10 lakh ( US $9,500 ) for every player , and awarded a one kanal plot to Fakhar Zaman for his performance . In India , the loss was met with agitation by several fans . However , many Indians also commended Pakistan 's performance and expressed solidarity with the Indian team irrespective of the result . In Kashmir , widespread pro-Pakistan celebrations were reported amongst locals . Twenty - one Indian men who were allegedly celebrating Pakistan 's victory were charged under India 's sedition laws , and remanded in custody . The charges were dropped a few days later after the complainants accused the police of filing a `` false case '' . Two days after the match , India coach Anil Kumble stepped down from his position , amid reports of a rift between him and some of the players including captain Virat Kohli . Pakistan 's ICC team ranking for ODIs improved from eighth to sixth position , jumping ahead of Sri Lanka and Bangladesh . In the bowlers ' rankings , Hasan Ali climbed 12 spots to reach seventh , while Babar Azam rose by three ranks to fifth on the batting rankings . See also ( edit ) 2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final 2011 Cricket World Cup Semifinal : India v Pakistan Cricket portal India portal Pakistan portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aditya Ramesh ( 15 June 2017 ) . `` India set up blockbuster Pakistan final '' . IndianExpress . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ David Hopps ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` Hasan Ali the star as Pakistan crush England to reach final '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Siddharth Monga ( 15 June 2017 ) . `` Dominant India march into yet another final '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Openers ' dominance , and a new high for Pakistan '' . ESPN Cricinfo. 18 June 2017 . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan beat India by 180 runs to win ICC Champions Trophy 2017 final '' . The Guardian . 18 June 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Dawn.com ( 18 June 2017 ) . `` Champions ! '' . DAWN.COM . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Jon Stewart ( 6 June 2017 ) . `` England favourites , Pakistan underdogs : Waqar Younis '' . ICC Cricket . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Rajdeep Sardesai ( 18 June 2017 ) . `` Former Navy officer , Fakhar Zaman is now the pride of Pakistan '' . IndianExpress . Jump up ^ Bikas Jairu ( 18 June 2017 ) . `` Shikhar Dhawan 's dazzling run gets him Golden Bat '' . IndianExpress . Jump up ^ Mohammad Zumman ( 18 June 2017 ) . `` Hasan Ali bags Golden Ball , Man of the Series for outstanding performances '' . GEOtv . Jump up ^ Wigmore , Tim ( 17 June 2017 ) . `` Tremendous numbers on TV , billion or no billion '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics / Statsguru / One - Day Internationals / Team records '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rajesh , S. ( 17 June 2017 ) . `` India 's top three v Pakistan 's pace '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ICC Champions Trophy , Group B : India v Pakistan at Birmingham , Jun 4 , 2017 '' . Cricinfo. 4 June 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` India thrash sloppy Pakistan by 124 runs '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan trip up South Africa to revive campaign '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sarfraz sees shaky Pakistan into semi-finals '' . ESPN Cricinfo. 12 June 2017 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan in final with smashing victory '' . ESPN Cricinfo. 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mendis , Gunathilaka anchor highest Champions Trophy chase to keep SL alive '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disciplined India run dysfunctional South Africa out '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dominant India march into yet another final '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cricket : Erasmus , Kettleborough to umpire India - Pakistan final '' . Agence France - Presse. 16 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Erasmus , Kettleborough to umpire final '' . supersport.com. 16 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 16 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mohammad Amir set to return for final '' . ESPN Cricinfo. 16 June 2017 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India win toss , elect to field '' . Reuters. 18 June 2017 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : ESPNcricinfo Jump up ^ Bose , Soumitra ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` Mohammad Amir times Virat Kohli 's dismissal perfectly in Champions Trophy final '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Fernando , Andrew Fidel ( 18 June 2017 ) . `` New champions : Zaman , Amir and Pakistan raze India for title '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Farooq , Umar ( 20 June 2017 ) . `` Rapturous Pakistan greets its champions '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PM , President felicitate team for Champions Trophy 2017 win '' . Dunya News . 18 June 2017 . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PM Nawaz announces Rs10mn for each player of cricket team '' . The News . 20 June 2017 . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nawaz showers praise on cricket team in ceremony held at PM House '' . Samaa News . 4 July 2017 . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Champions Trophy final : Bahria Town to give one kanal plot to Fakhar Zaman '' . The Express Tribune . 19 June 2017 . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Agitated fans break TV sets , burn posters at India 's loss to Pakistan '' . Hindustan Times . 19 June 2017 . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India vs Pakistan : How Bollywood stars and team India fans reacted to Pakistan 's win '' . Times of India . 19 June 2017 . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Rashid , Toufiq ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` Widespread celebration in Kashmir after Pakistan beats India '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India 's raucous democracy is becoming more subdued '' . The Economist. 23 June 2017 . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Kumar , Hari ; Najar , Nida ( 21 June 2017 ) . `` Police in India Arrest Fans Celebrating Pakistan 's Victory '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Ghatwai , Milind ( 21 June 2017 ) . `` Madhya Pradesh police drops sedition charges against 15 men held for cheering Pakistan '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Ghatwai , Milind ( 24 June 2017 ) . `` MP : 15 men accused of cheering for Pak were framed , says ' complainant ' '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Gollapudi , Nagraj ( 20 June 2017 ) . `` Kumble resigns as partnership with Kohli becomes ' untenable ' '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Gollapudi , Nagraj ( 21 June 2017 ) . `` Kumble left after giving ' dressing - down ' to player '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` After rift , Team India skipper Virat Kohli deletes ' welcome ' tweet for Anil Kumble '' . Deccan Chronicle. 22 June 2017 . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Cameron , Louis ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` Rankings reward for rising Pakistan '' . Cricket.com.au . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website ICC Champions Trophy 2017 at ESPNCricinfo <Th_colspan="3"> Pakistan squad -- 2017 ICC Champions Trophy ( 1st title ) <Td_colspan="2"> 54 Sarfraz Ahmed ( c ) ( wk ) 19 Ahmed Shehzad 79 Azhar Ali 56 Babar Azam 41 Faheem Ashraf 39 Fakhar Zaman 32 Hasan Ali 9 Imad Wasim 83 Junaid Khan 5 Mohammad Amir 8 Mohammad Hafeez 89 Haris Sohail 29 Shadab Khan 18 Shoaib Malik 47 Wahab Riaz 15 Rumman Raees Coach : Mickey Arthur <Td_colspan="2"> Haris Sohail was not initially in the squad , but was named as replacement for Umar Akmal . Rumman Raees was not initially in the squad , but was named as replacement for injured Wahab Riaz . <Th_colspan="2"> ICC Champions Trophy ( defunct ) Tournaments Bangladesh 1998 Kenya 2000 Sri Lanka 2002 England 2004 India 2006 South Africa 2009 England / Wales 2013 England / Wales 2017 Finals 1998 2000 2002 2006 2009 2013 2017 Squads 1998 2000 2002 2006 2009 2013 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> Records Centuries Five - wicket hauls <Th_colspan="2"> International cricket in 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> Preceding season : International cricket in 2016 -- 17 May 2017 Ireland in England South Africa Quadrangular Series Ireland Tri-Nation Series World Cricket League Division Three South Africa in England June 2017 Champions Trophy Final Afghanistan in West Indies Zimbabwe in Scotland Zimbabwe in the Netherlands India in West Indies Women 's World Cup Final Zimbabwe in Sri Lanka July 2017 Pakistan in Bangladesh United Arab Emirates in the Netherlands India in Sri Lanka South Africa A Team Tri-Series August 2017 West Indies in England Australia in Bangladesh September 2017 World Cricket League Division Five 2017 Independence Cup West Indies in Ireland Ongoing Intercontinental Cup World Cricket League Championship <Td_colspan="2"> Following season : International cricket in 2017 -- 18 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_ICC_Champions_Trophy_Final&oldid=863747084 '' Categories : 2017 ICC Champions Trophy ICC Champions Trophy Finals India -- Pakistan cricket rivalry Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2017 Use British English from June 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी සිංහල اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2018 , at 19 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. 2017 ICC Champions Trophy final
2. Pakistan vs India
3. Fakhar Zaman's century
4. Pakistan's victory by 180 runs
5. Rivalry between Pakistan and India
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720,342,261,232,195,600 |
what kind of animal lives in a conch shell
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Conch - wikipedia Conch For the Indian Ritual Conch , see Shankha . For other uses , see Conch ( disambiguation ) . Apertural view of an adult shell of the queen conch Lobatus gigas , from Trinidad and Tobago A shell of the Florida crown conch Melongena corona inhabited by a hermit crab Conch ( / kɒŋk , kɒntʃ / ) is a common name that is applied to a number of different medium to large - sized shells . The term generally applies to large snails whose shell has a high spire and a noticeable siphonal canal ( in other words , the shell comes to a noticeable point at both ends ) . In North America , a conch is often identified as a queen conch , found off the coast of Florida . Queen conchs are valued for fish bait , and are also known as seafood . The group of conchs that are sometimes referred to as `` true conchs '' are marine gastropod molluscs in the family Strombidae , specifically in the genus Strombus and other closely related genera . For example , see Lobatus gigas , the queen conch , and Laevistrombus canarium , the dog conch . Many other species are also often called `` conch '' , but are not at all closely related to the family Strombidae , including Melongena species ( family Melongenidae ) , and the horse conch Triplofusus papillosus ( family Fasciolariidae ) . Species commonly referred to as conchs also include the sacred chank or more correctly shankha shell ( Turbinella pyrum ) and other Turbinella species in the family Turbinellidae . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Food 3 Musical instruments 4 Pearls 5 Other uses 6 Religion 6.1 Ancient Peru 6.2 Aztec 6.3 Buddhism 6.4 Hinduism 7 Literature and the oral tradition 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Etymology ( edit ) The English word conch is attested in Middle English , coming from Latin concha ( shellfish , mussel ) , which in turn comes from Greek konchē ( same meaning ) ultimately from PIE root * konkho - , cognate with Sanskrit śaṅkha . Food ( edit ) A group of large eastern conchs or whelks of the species Busycotypus canaliculatus for sale at a California seafood market The meat of conchs is eaten raw in salads , or cooked , as in burgers , chowders , fritters , and gumbos . All parts of the conch meat are edible . Conch is most indigenous to The Bahamas , and is typically served in fritter , salad , and soup forms . In addition to The Bahamas , conch is also eaten in the West Indies ( Jamaica in particular ) ; locals in Jamaica eat conch in soups , stews and curries . Restaurants all over the islands serve this particular meat . In the Dominican Republic , Grenada , and Haiti , conch is commonly eaten in curries or in a spicy soup . It is locally referred to as lambi . In The Turks and Caicos Islands , the Annual Conch Festival is held in November each year , located at the Three Queen 's Bar / Restautant in Blue Hills . Local restaurateurs compete for the best and most original conch dishes , that are then judged by international chefs . Free sampling of the dishes follows the judging ; along with those festivities , other competitions , events , and music performances occur well into the evening . In Puerto Rico , conch is served as a ceviche , often called ensalada de carrucho ( conch salad ) , consisting of raw conch marinated in lime juice , olive oil , vinegar , garlic , green peppers , and onions . It is also used to fill empanadas . In Panama , conch is known as cambombia and is often served as a ceviche known as ceviche de cambombia consisting of raw conch marinated in lime juice , chopped onions , finely chopped habaneros , and often vinegar . Conch is very popular in Italy and among Italian Americans . Called scungille ( pl . scungilli ) is eaten in a variety of ways , but most often in salads or cooked in a sauce for pasta . It is often included as one of the dishes prepared for the Feast of the Seven Fishes . In East Asian cuisines , this seafood is often cut into thin slices and then steamed or stir - fried . Musical instruments ( edit ) Main article : Conch ( instrument ) Conch shells can be used as wind instruments . They are prepared by cutting a hole in the spire of the shell near the apex , and then blowing into the shell as if it were a trumpet , as in blowing horn . Sometimes a mouthpiece is used , but some shell trumpets are blown without one . Pitch is adjusted by moving one 's hand in and out of the aperture ; the deeper the hand , the lower the note . Various species of large marine gastropod shells can be turned into `` blowing shells '' , but some of the best - known species used are the sacred chank or shankha Turbinella pyrum , the Triton 's trumpet Charonia tritonis , and the queen conch Strombus gigas . Pearls ( edit ) Many different kinds of mollusks can produce pearls . Pearls from the queen conch , L. gigas , are rare and have been collectors ' items since Victorian times . Conch pearls occur in a range of hues , including white , brown and orange , with many intermediate shades , but pink is the colour most associated with the conch pearl , such that these pearls are sometimes referred to simply as `` pink pearls '' . In some gemological texts , non-nacreous gastropod pearls used to be referred to as `` calcareous concretions '' because they were `` porcellaneous '' ( shiny and ceramic - like in appearance ) , rather than `` nacreous '' ( with a pearly lustre ) , sometimes known as `` orient '' . The GIA and CIBJO now simply use the term `` pearl '' -- or , where appropriate , the more descriptive term `` non-nacreous pearl '' -- when referring to such items , and under Federal Trade Commission rules , various mollusc pearls may be referred to as `` pearls '' without qualification . Although non-nacreous , the surface of fine conch pearls has a unique and attractive appearance of its own . The microstructure of conch pearls comprises partly aligned bundles of microcrystalline fibres that create a shimmering , slightly iridescent effect known as `` flame structure '' . The effect is a form of chatoyancy , caused by the interaction of light rays with the microcrystals in the pearl 's surface , and it somewhat resembles moiré silk . Other uses ( edit ) A drawing of the shell of Strombus alatus , the Florida fighting conch Conch shells are sometimes used as decoration , as decorative planters , and in cameo making . In classic Maya art , conchs are shown being used in many ways , including as paint and ink holders for elite scribes , as bugles or trumpets , and as hand weapons ( held by combatants by inserting their hands in the aperture ) . Conch shells have been used as shell money in several cultures . Some American Aboriginals used cylindrical conch columella beads as part of breastplates and other personal adornment . In India , the Bengali bride - to - be is adorned with conch shell and coral bangles called `` Shakha Paula . It is an important wedding ritual for every Bengali bride as it is an integral Bengali tradition . '' In some Afro - Caribbean and African - American cemeteries , conch shells are placed on graves . In some Caribbean countries such as Jamaica and the Bahamas , cleaned queen conch shells , or polished fragments , are sold , mainly to tourists , as souvenirs or in jewelry . Responding to a 2003 recommendation from CITES , some countries in the Caribbean have banned the export of queen conch shells . CITES has also asked all countries to ban import of these shells from countries that are not complying with CITES recommendations for managing the fishery . Queen conch fisheries have been closed in several countries . Conch shells or fragments taken home by tourists from noncomplying countries may be confiscated on return to the tourist 's home country while clearing customs . In the UK , conch shells are the ninth most - seized import . Conch shells are occasionally used as a building material , either in place of bricks , or as bulk for landfill . In Grenada , fishermen use the conch shell as a trumpet to announce to the community that fish is available for sale . Conchs are used at Carnival times in the Jouvert Jump where Diab Diab ( Jab Jab ) blow conch shells as part of the festivities . Especially in Guadeloupe , it is not uncommon to hear conch shells being blown near ports at dawn and during Carnival times , too . Many bands are making the conch shell a main instrument . In the Bahamas , broken or up - turned conch shells are imbedded into the tops of outdoor walls in an effort to maintain home security ; the broken or up - turned shells are sharp enough to cut any intruder who attempts to jump or crawl over the wall . In Key West , Florida , a native - born résident is affectionately called a `` Conch '' . Religion ( edit ) Ancient Peru ( edit ) The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped the sea and often depicted conch shells in their art . Aztec ( edit ) Quetzalcoatl , the Mexican god of wind and learning , wears around his neck the `` wind breastplate '' ehecailacocozcatl , `` the spirally voluted wind jewel '' made of a conch shell . Buddhism ( edit ) Buddhism has also incorporated the conch shell , Turbinella pyrum , as one of the Eight Auspicious Symbols . Hinduism ( edit ) Main article : Shankha A Hindu priest blowing a shankha ( a shell of Turbinella pyrum ) during a puja Ancient india , Carved Conch with Lakshmi - Narayana , 11th - 12th century A shankha shell ( the shell of a Turbinella pyrum , a species in the gastropod family Turbinellidae ) is often referred to in the West as a conch shell , or a chank shell . This shell is used as an important ritual object in Hinduism . The shell is used as a ceremonial trumpet , as part of religious practices , for example puja . The chank trumpet is sounded during worship at specific points , accompanied by ceremonial bells and singing . As it is an auspicious instrument , it is often played in a Lakshmi puja in temple or at home . In the story of Dhruva , the divine conch plays a special part . The warriors of ancient India blew conch shells to announce battle , as is described in the beginning of the war of Kurukshetra , in the Mahabharata , the famous Hindu epic . The god of preservation , Vishnu , is said to hold a special conch , Panchajanya , that represents life , as it has come out of life - giving waters. There is an interesting story behind the origin of a `` the shankha '' or conch shell. According to Hindu mythology , Devas ( Gods ) and Asuras ( Demons ) once decided to churn the ocean in order to get a special divine nectar . This divine nectar also known as `` Amrit '' was known to give immortality to whoever drank it . All the Gods were on one side of it and the Demons were on the other end . The Samudra Manthan produced a number of things from the Ocean . One of the first things to come out of it was lethal poison called Halahala. Everyone was terrified as the poison was potent enough to destroy entire creation . So they went to Lord Shiva for protection and he consumed the poison to safeguard the universe . Lord Shiva took the poison in his mouth but did not swallow it . Later some additional objects came out of the ocean like Lakshmi ( goddess of prosperity and beauty ) , Goddess of wine , Moon , divine Nymphs like Rambha - and Menakha , Uchhaishravas the divine seven headed White horse , Kaustubha a jewel , Parijata the celestial tree , Surabhi the cow of plenty , Airavata a white elephant , Dhanus a mighty bow and many more such things were produced . `` Shankha '' or conch shell also was one of divine objects that was obtained from Samudra manthan . Also , the sound of the conch is believed to drive away the evil spirits . The blowing of the conch or `` the shankha '' needs a tremendous power and respiratory capacity . Hence , blowing it daily helps keep the lungs healthy . A newly wed Bengali bride wears bangles called Shakha Paula , made from coral and conch shell powder . They have been a part of Bengali custom and tradition . It is believed that in ancient era , the Bengali farming community resided near the river . They collected conch shells and powdered to create bangles . They also used red coral for the bangles . They gifted these beautiful bangles to their wives as they could not afford ivory bangles. They were also known as poor man 's ivory as they were cheap substitute for ivory bangles . Literature and the oral tradition ( edit ) The famous Old English riddle Ic wæs be Sonde describes a conch : `` I was by sound , near seawall , at ocean - stream ; I dwelt alone in my first resting place ... Little did I know that I , ere or since , ever should speak mouthless over mead - benches . '' Another meaning given to this riddle `` Ic wæs be Sonde '' is that the sound of the conch corresponds to spiritualised sound as heard in higher realms . In the Hindu tradition , the conch shell is used in ceremony as the sound it makes is said to correspond with higher frequency universal sounds associated with music of the spheres . William Golding 's novel Lord of the Flies ( 1954 ) features frequent references to `` the conch '' . In the book , the conch is used as a trumpet to call everyone together and held by whoever is speaking at meetings , symbolically representing democracy and order . The conch is seen as a delicate and beautiful object to represent this concept , although its fragility is shown when it `` exploded into a thousand white fragments and ceased to exist '' . In Prakrit poetry , the conch ( शंख ; shankha ) has an erotic connotation : Look , a still , quiet crane shines on a lotus leaf like a conch shell lying on a flawless emerald plate . -- Hāla 's gāhā sattasaī 1.4 ; tr . M. Selby Ostional , a pueblo in the municipality of San Juan del Sur in the Rivas Department of the southwest region of Nicaragua , by accounts of multiple testimonials in the local region , was founded by their ancestors because of an abundant conch population at the sea shore . Subsequently , the tribe used conch shells in many rituals and customs . In 2008 , witnesses at local archaeological digs reported conch shells were found in the graves of some indigenous people in their recently rediscovered cemetery grounds . Some still maintained jade stones , implying the significance of conch shells within their tribal society . See also ( edit ) Lentigo pipus Seashell Seashell resonance Shankha Dakshinavarti Shankh References ( edit ) Jump up ^ § 51 . conch.no 7 . Pronunciation Challenges . The American Heritage Book of English Usage. 1996 Jump up ^ Wells , John C. ( 2016 ) Sounds Fascinating : Further Observations on English Phonetics and Phonology . Cambridge University Press . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Walters , Martin ; Johnson , Jinny ( 2003 ) . Encyclopedia of Animals . Marks and Spencer . p. 61 . ISBN 1 - 84273 - 964 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Definition of CONCH '' . www.merriam-webster.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . www.etymonline.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Conch '' . Jump up ^ Turks & Caicos Conch Festival . ^ Jump up to : Bari , Hubert ( 2007 ) . Pink Pearl : A Natural Treasure of the Caribbean . Skira . ISBN 978 - 8861300132 . Jump up ^ CIBJO ' Pearl Book ' . Giathai.net Jump up ^ GIA Gems & Gemology magazine news archive . Gia.edu . Jump up ^ Guides for the Jewelry , Precious Metals , and Pewter Industries . FTC.gov . Jump up ^ Hair Pipes . ^ Jump up to : https://storify.com/David75/significance-of-shakhapaula-for-a-bengali-bride Jump up ^ The Last Miles of the Way : African Homegoing Traditions , 1890 - Present , edited by Elaine Nichols . Jump up ^ CITES suspends traConchesConchesde in queen conch shellfish Jump up ^ `` UK ' complacent ' over wildlife threats '' . BBC News . 2002 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Berrin , Katherine & Larco Museum . The Spirit of Ancient Peru : Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera . New York : Thames and Hudson , 1997 . Jump up ^ http://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/PDFs/8-4/The%20Wind.pdf External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Strombus . Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Conch '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . <Th_colspan="2"> hide Edible mollusks Bivalves Clams Atlantic jackknife Atlantic surf Geoduck Grooved carpet shell Hard clam Horse Mactra stultorum Blunt gaper Ocean quahog Pacific razor Venus California butterclam Senilia senilis Smooth clam Soft - shell Triangle shell Tuatua Japanese littleneck Razor clam Pod razor Ensis ( razor genus ) Paphies Cockles Common Blood Goolwa New Zealand Sydney Mussels Blue Mediterranean New Zealand green - lipped California Brown Asian / Philippine green Date Mytilidae ( mussel family ) Oysters Auckland Eastern Olympia Southern mud Colchester native Pacific Portuguese Windowpane Rock Sydney rock Ostra chilena / Bluff Gillardeau oysters Crassostrea ( `` true oyster '' genus ) Scallops Atlantic bay Great / king New Zealand Pecten jacobaeus Peruvian calico Yesso Placopecten magellanicus Gastropods Abalone White Red Black Green Pink Blacklip Greenlip Green ormer Pāua ( group of three species ) South African abalone Chilean Conches Queen Elegant Dog Limpets Black - foot opihi / Hawaiian Turtle / talc Yellow - foot opihi China Common European Rayed Mediterranean Ribbed Mediterranean Rustic Periwinkles Common Banded Littorina sitkana Whelks Common Kellet 's Knobbed Lightning Channeled Other snails Sea Mud - flat Korean mud Chorus giganteus Land Cornu aspersum Helix lucorum Helix pomatia Freshwater Nerites Inkfish Cuttlefish Spineless Bottletail Octopus Common Atlantic white - spotted Big blue Pacific giant Southern red Mimic Amphioctopus fangsiao Squid New Zealand arrow Japanese flying Humboldt Neon flying Chitons Chiton magnificus Acanthopleura granulata <Td_colspan="2"> Related topics Oyster farming Land snail farming Gastropod anatomy Bivalve anatomy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conch&oldid=843946657 '' Categories : Marine edible gastropods Commercial molluscs Strombidae Endangered animals Symbols Mollusc shells Mollusc common names Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2009 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Gaeilge ગુજરાતી Bahasa Indonesia Simple English தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 1 June 2018 , at 14 : 54 ( UTC ) . 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sum of geometric progression when r is less than 1
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Geometric progression - wikipedia Geometric progression Diagram illustrating three basic geometric sequences of the pattern 1 ( r ) up to 6 iterations deep . The first block is a unit block and the dashed line represents the infinite sum of the sequence , a number that it will forever approach but never touch : 2 , 3 / 2 , and 4 / 3 respectively . In mathematics , a geometric progression , also known as a geometric sequence , is a sequence of numbers where each term after the first is found by multiplying the previous one by a fixed , non-zero number called the common ratio . For example , the sequence 2 , 6 , 18 , 54 , ... is a geometric progression with common ratio 3 . Similarly 10 , 5 , 2.5 , 1.25 , ... is a geometric sequence with common ratio 1 / 2 . Examples of a geometric sequence are powers r of a fixed number r , such as 2 and 3 . The general form of a geometric sequence is a , a r , a r 2 , a r 3 , a r 4 , ... ( \ displaystyle a , \ ar , \ ar ^ ( 2 ) , \ ar ^ ( 3 ) , \ ar ^ ( 4 ) , \ \ ldots ) where r ≠ 0 is the common ratio and a is a scale factor , equal to the sequence 's start value . Contents ( hide ) 1 Elementary properties 2 Geometric series 2.1 Derivation 2.2 Related formulas 2.3 Infinite geometric series 2.4 Complex numbers 3 Product 4 Relationship to geometry and Euclid 's work 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Elementary properties ( edit ) The n - th term of a geometric sequence with initial value a and common ratio r is given by a n = a r n − 1 . ( \ displaystyle a_ ( n ) = a \ , r ^ ( n - 1 ) . ) Such a geometric sequence also follows the recursive relation a n = r a n − 1 ( \ displaystyle a_ ( n ) = r \ , a_ ( n - 1 ) ) for every integer n ≥ 1 . ( \ displaystyle n \ geq 1 . ) Generally , to check whether a given sequence is geometric , one simply checks whether successive entries in the sequence all have the same ratio . The common ratio of a geometric sequence may be negative , resulting in an alternating sequence , with numbers switching from positive to negative and back . For instance 1 , − 3 , 9 , − 27 , 81 , − 243 , ... is a geometric sequence with common ratio − 3 . The behaviour of a geometric sequence depends on the value of the common ratio . If the common ratio is : Positive , the terms will all be the same sign as the initial term . Negative , the terms will alternate between positive and negative . Greater than 1 , there will be exponential growth towards positive or negative infinity ( depending on the sign of the initial term ) . 1 , the progression is a constant sequence . Between − 1 and 1 but not zero , there will be exponential decay towards zero . − 1 , the progression is an alternating sequence Less than − 1 , for the absolute values there is exponential growth towards ( unsigned ) infinity , due to the alternating sign . Geometric sequences ( with common ratio not equal to − 1 , 1 or 0 ) show exponential growth or exponential decay , as opposed to the linear growth ( or decline ) of an arithmetic progression such as 4 , 15 , 26 , 37 , 48 , ... ( with common difference 11 ) . This result was taken by T.R. Malthus as the mathematical foundation of his Principle of Population . Note that the two kinds of progression are related : exponentiating each term of an arithmetic progression yields a geometric progression , while taking the logarithm of each term in a geometric progression with a positive common ratio yields an arithmetic progression . An interesting result of the definition of a geometric progression is that for any value of the common ratio , any three consecutive terms a , b and c will satisfy the following equation : b 2 = a c ( \ displaystyle b ^ ( 2 ) = ac ) where b is considered to be the geometric mean between a and c . Geometric series ( edit ) This section may stray from the topic of the article into the topic of another article , Geometric series . Please help improve this section or discuss this issue on the talk page . ( February 2014 ) + 10 + 50 + 250 = 312 − ( 10 + 50 + 250 + 1250 = 5 × 312 ) <Td_colspan="12"> − 1250 = ( 1 − 5 ) × 312 Computation of the sum 2 + 10 + 50 + 250 . The sequence is multiplied term by term by 5 , and then subtracted from the original sequence . Two terms remain : the first term , a , and the term one beyond the last , or ar . The desired result , 312 , is found by subtracting these two terms and dividing by 1 − 5 . A geometric series is the sum of the numbers in a geometric progression . For example : 2 + 10 + 50 + 250 = 2 + 2 × 5 + 2 × 5 2 + 2 × 5 3 . ( \ displaystyle 2 + 10 + 50 + 250 = 2 + 2 \ times 5 + 2 \ times 5 ^ ( 2 ) + 2 \ times 5 ^ ( 3 ) . ) Letting a be the first term ( here 2 ) , n be the number of terms ( here 4 ) , and r be the constant that each term is multiplied by to get the next term ( here 5 ) , the sum is given by : a ( 1 − r n ) 1 − r ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( a ( 1 - r ^ ( n ) ) ) ( 1 - r ) ) ) In the example above , this gives : 2 + 10 + 50 + 250 = 2 ( 1 − 5 4 ) 1 − 5 = − 1248 − 4 = 312 . ( \ displaystyle 2 + 10 + 50 + 250 = ( \ frac ( 2 ( 1 - 5 ^ ( 4 ) ) ) ( 1 - 5 ) ) = ( \ frac ( - 1248 ) ( - 4 ) ) = 312 . ) The formula works for any real numbers a and r ( except r = 1 , which results in a division by zero ) . For example : − 2 π + 4 π 2 − 8 π 3 = − 2 π + ( − 2 π ) 2 + ( − 2 π ) 3 = − 2 π ( 1 − ( − 2 π ) 3 ) 1 − ( − 2 π ) = − 2 π ( 1 + 8 π 3 ) 1 + 2 π ≈ − 214.855 . ( \ displaystyle - 2 \ pi + 4 \ pi ^ ( 2 ) - 8 \ pi ^ ( 3 ) = - 2 \ pi + ( - 2 \ pi ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( - 2 \ pi ) ^ ( 3 ) = ( \ frac ( - 2 \ pi ( 1 - ( - 2 \ pi ) ^ ( 3 ) ) ) ( 1 - ( - 2 \ pi ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( - 2 \ pi ( 1 + 8 \ pi ^ ( 3 ) ) ) ( 1 + 2 \ pi ) ) \ approx - 214.855 . ) Since the derivation ( below ) does not depend on a and r being real , it holds for complex numbers as well . Derivation ( edit ) To derive this formula , first write a general geometric series as : ∑ k = 1 n a r k − 1 = a r 0 + a r 1 + a r 2 + a r 3 + ⋯ + a r n − 1 . ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( n ) ar ^ ( k - 1 ) = ar ^ ( 0 ) + ar ^ ( 1 ) + ar ^ ( 2 ) + ar ^ ( 3 ) + \ cdots + ar ^ ( n - 1 ) . ) We can find a simpler formula for this sum by multiplying both sides of the above equation by 1 − r , and we 'll see that ( 1 − r ) ∑ k = 1 n a r k − 1 = ( 1 − r ) ( a r 0 + a r 1 + a r 2 + a r 3 + ⋯ + a r n − 1 ) = a r 0 + a r 1 + a r 2 + a r 3 + ⋯ + a r n − 1 − a r 1 − a r 2 − a r 3 − ⋯ − a r n − 1 − a r n = a − a r n ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) ( 1 - r ) \ sum _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( n ) ar ^ ( k - 1 ) & = ( 1 - r ) ( ar ^ ( 0 ) + ar ^ ( 1 ) + ar ^ ( 2 ) + ar ^ ( 3 ) + \ cdots + ar ^ ( n - 1 ) ) \ \ & = ar ^ ( 0 ) + ar ^ ( 1 ) + ar ^ ( 2 ) + ar ^ ( 3 ) + \ cdots + ar ^ ( n - 1 ) - ar ^ ( 1 ) - ar ^ ( 2 ) - ar ^ ( 3 ) - \ cdots - ar ^ ( n - 1 ) - ar ^ ( n ) \ \ & = a-ar ^ ( n ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) since all the other terms cancel . If r ≠ 1 , we can rearrange the above to get the convenient formula for a geometric series that computes the sum of n terms : ∑ k = 1 n a r k − 1 = a ( 1 − r n ) 1 − r . ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( n ) ar ^ ( k - 1 ) = ( \ frac ( a ( 1 - r ^ ( n ) ) ) ( 1 - r ) ) . ) Related formulas ( edit ) If one were to begin the sum not from k = 1 , but from a different value , say m , then ∑ k = m n a r k = a ( r m − r n + 1 ) 1 − r , ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( k = m ) ^ ( n ) ar ^ ( k ) = ( \ frac ( a ( r ^ ( m ) - r ^ ( n + 1 ) ) ) ( 1 - r ) ) , ) provided r ≠ 1 ( \ displaystyle r \ neq 1 ) and a ( n − m + 1 ) ( \ displaystyle a ( n - m + 1 ) ) when r = 1 ( \ displaystyle r = 1 ) . Differentiating this formula with respect to r allows us to arrive at formulae for sums of the form G s ( n , r ) : = ∑ k = 0 n k s r k . ( \ displaystyle G_ ( s ) ( n , r ) : = \ sum _ ( k = 0 ) ^ ( n ) k ^ ( s ) r ^ ( k ) . ) For example : d d r ∑ k = 0 n r k = ∑ k = 1 n k r k − 1 = 1 − r n + 1 ( 1 − r ) 2 − ( n + 1 ) r n 1 − r . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( d ) ( dr ) ) \ sum _ ( k = 0 ) ^ ( n ) r ^ ( k ) = \ sum _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( n ) kr ^ ( k - 1 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 - r ^ ( n + 1 ) ) ( ( 1 - r ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) - ( \ frac ( ( n + 1 ) r ^ ( n ) ) ( 1 - r ) ) . ) For a geometric series containing only even powers of r multiply by 1 − r : ( 1 − r 2 ) ∑ k = 0 n a r 2 k = a − a r 2 n + 2 . ( \ displaystyle ( 1 - r ^ ( 2 ) ) \ sum _ ( k = 0 ) ^ ( n ) ar ^ ( 2k ) = a-ar ^ ( 2n + 2 ) . ) Then ∑ k = 0 n a r 2 k = a ( 1 − r 2 n + 2 ) 1 − r 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( k = 0 ) ^ ( n ) ar ^ ( 2k ) = ( \ frac ( a ( 1 - r ^ ( 2n + 2 ) ) ) ( 1 - r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) Equivalently , take r as the common ratio and use the standard formulation . For a series with only odd powers of r ( 1 − r 2 ) ∑ k = 0 n a r 2 k + 1 = a r − a r 2 n + 3 ( \ displaystyle ( 1 - r ^ ( 2 ) ) \ sum _ ( k = 0 ) ^ ( n ) ar ^ ( 2k + 1 ) = ar - ar ^ ( 2n + 3 ) ) and ∑ k = 0 n a r 2 k + 1 = a r ( 1 − r 2 n + 2 ) 1 − r 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( k = 0 ) ^ ( n ) ar ^ ( 2k + 1 ) = ( \ frac ( ar ( 1 - r ^ ( 2n + 2 ) ) ) ( 1 - r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) An exact formula for the generalized sum G s ( n , r ) ( \ displaystyle G_ ( s ) ( n , r ) ) when s ∈ N ( \ displaystyle s \ in \ mathbb ( N ) ) is expanded by the Stirling numbers of the second kind as G s ( n , r ) = ∑ j = 0 s ( s j ) x j d j d x j ( 1 − x n + 1 1 − x ) . ( \ displaystyle G_ ( s ) ( n , r ) = \ sum _ ( j = 0 ) ^ ( s ) \ left \ lbrace ( s \ atop j ) \ right \ rbrace x ^ ( j ) ( \ frac ( d ^ ( j ) ) ( dx ^ ( j ) ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 - x ^ ( n + 1 ) ) ( 1 - x ) ) \ right ) . ) Infinite geometric series ( edit ) This section may stray from the topic of the article into the topic of another article , Geometric series . Please help improve this section or discuss this issue on the talk page . ( February 2014 ) Main article : Geometric series An infinite geometric series is an infinite series whose successive terms have a common ratio . Such a series converges if and only if the absolute value of the common ratio is less than one ( r < 1 ) . Its value can then be computed from the finite sum formula ∑ k = 0 ∞ a r k = lim n → ∞ ∑ k = 0 n a r k = lim n → ∞ a ( 1 − r n + 1 ) 1 − r = a 1 − r − lim n → ∞ a r n + 1 1 − r ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( k = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ar ^ ( k ) = \ lim _ ( n \ to \ infty ) ( \ sum _ ( k = 0 ) ^ ( n ) ar ^ ( k ) ) = \ lim _ ( n \ to \ infty ) ( \ frac ( a ( 1 - r ^ ( n + 1 ) ) ) ( 1 - r ) ) = ( \ frac ( a ) ( 1 - r ) ) - \ lim _ ( n \ to \ infty ) ( \ frac ( ar ^ ( n + 1 ) ) ( 1 - r ) ) ) Animation , showing convergence of partial sums of geometric progression ∑ k = 0 n q k ( \ displaystyle \ sum \ limits _ ( k = 0 ) ^ ( n ) q ^ ( k ) ) ( red line ) to its sum 1 1 − q ( \ displaystyle ( 1 \ over 1 - q ) ) ( blue line ) for q < 1 ( \ displaystyle q < 1 ) . Diagram showing the geometric series 1 + 1 / 2 + 1 / 4 + 1 / 8 + ⋯ which converges to 2 . Since : r n + 1 → 0 as n → ∞ when r < 1 . ( \ displaystyle r ^ ( n + 1 ) \ to 0 ( \ mbox ( as ) ) n \ to \ infty ( \ mbox ( when ) ) r < 1 . ) Then : ∑ k = 0 ∞ a r k = a 1 − r − 0 = a 1 − r ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( k = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ar ^ ( k ) = ( \ frac ( a ) ( 1 - r ) ) - 0 = ( \ frac ( a ) ( 1 - r ) ) ) For a series containing only even powers of r ( \ displaystyle r ) , ∑ k = 0 ∞ a r 2 k = a 1 − r 2 ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( k = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ar ^ ( 2k ) = ( \ frac ( a ) ( 1 - r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) and for odd powers only , ∑ k = 0 ∞ a r 2 k + 1 = a r 1 − r 2 ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( k = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ar ^ ( 2k + 1 ) = ( \ frac ( ar ) ( 1 - r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) In cases where the sum does not start at k = 0 , ∑ k = m ∞ a r k = a r m 1 − r ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( k = m ) ^ ( \ infty ) ar ^ ( k ) = ( \ frac ( ar ^ ( m ) ) ( 1 - r ) ) ) The formulae given above are valid only for r < 1 . The latter formula is valid in every Banach algebra , as long as the norm of r is less than one , and also in the field of p - adic numbers if r < 1 . As in the case for a finite sum , we can differentiate to calculate formulae for related sums . For example , d d r ∑ k = 0 ∞ r k = ∑ k = 1 ∞ k r k − 1 = 1 ( 1 − r ) 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( d ) ( dr ) ) \ sum _ ( k = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) r ^ ( k ) = \ sum _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( \ infty ) kr ^ ( k - 1 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( 1 - r ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) This formula only works for r < 1 as well . From this , it follows that , for r < 1 , ∑ k = 0 ∞ k r k = r ( 1 − r ) 2 ; ∑ k = 0 ∞ k 2 r k = r ( 1 + r ) ( 1 − r ) 3 ; ∑ k = 0 ∞ k 3 r k = r ( 1 + 4 r + r 2 ) ( 1 − r ) 4 ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( k = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) kr ^ ( k ) = ( \ frac ( r ) ( \ left ( 1 - r \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ , ; \ , \ sum _ ( k = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) k ^ ( 2 ) r ^ ( k ) = ( \ frac ( r \ left ( 1 + r \ right ) ) ( \ left ( 1 - r \ right ) ^ ( 3 ) ) ) \ , ; \ , \ sum _ ( k = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) k ^ ( 3 ) r ^ ( k ) = ( \ frac ( r \ left ( 1 + 4r + r ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ) ( \ left ( 1 - r \ right ) ^ ( 4 ) ) ) ) Also , the infinite series 1 / 2 + 1 / 4 + 1 / 8 + 1 / 16 + ⋯ is an elementary example of a series that converges absolutely . It is a geometric series whose first term is 1 / 2 and whose common ratio is 1 / 2 , so its sum is 1 2 + 1 4 + 1 8 + 1 16 + ⋯ = 1 / 2 1 − ( + 1 / 2 ) = 1 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 8 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 16 ) ) + \ cdots = ( \ frac ( 1 / 2 ) ( 1 - ( + 1 / 2 ) ) ) = 1 . ) The inverse of the above series is 1 / 2 − 1 / 4 + 1 / 8 − 1 / 16 + ⋯ is a simple example of an alternating series that converges absolutely . It is a geometric series whose first term is 1 / 2 and whose common ratio is − 1 / 2 , so its sum is 1 2 − 1 4 + 1 8 − 1 16 + ⋯ = 1 / 2 1 − ( − 1 / 2 ) = 1 3 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 8 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 16 ) ) + \ cdots = ( \ frac ( 1 / 2 ) ( 1 - ( - 1 / 2 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) . ) Complex numbers ( edit ) The summation formula for geometric series remains valid even when the common ratio is a complex number . In this case the condition that the absolute value of r be less than 1 becomes that the modulus of r be less than 1 . It is possible to calculate the sums of some non-obvious geometric series . For example , consider the proposition ∑ k = 0 ∞ sin ( k x ) r k = r sin ( x ) 1 + r 2 − 2 r cos ( x ) ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( k = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( \ sin ( kx ) ) ( r ^ ( k ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( r \ sin ( x ) ) ( 1 + r ^ ( 2 ) - 2r \ cos ( x ) ) ) ) The proof of this comes from the fact that sin ( k x ) = e i k x − e − i k x 2 i , ( \ displaystyle \ sin ( kx ) = ( \ frac ( e ^ ( ikx ) - e ^ ( - ikx ) ) ( 2i ) ) , ) which is a consequence of Euler 's formula . Substituting this into the original series gives ∑ k = 0 ∞ sin ( k x ) r k = 1 2 i ( ∑ k = 0 ∞ ( e i x r ) k − ∑ k = 0 ∞ ( e − i x r ) k ) ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( k = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( \ sin ( kx ) ) ( r ^ ( k ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2i ) ) \ left ( \ sum _ ( k = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( e ^ ( ix ) ) ( r ) ) \ right ) ^ ( k ) - \ sum _ ( k = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( e ^ ( - ix ) ) ( r ) ) \ right ) ^ ( k ) \ right ) ) . This is the difference of two geometric series , and so it is a straightforward application of the formula for infinite geometric series that completes the proof . Product ( edit ) The product of a geometric progression is the product of all terms . If all terms are positive , then it can be quickly computed by taking the geometric mean of the progression 's first and last term , and raising that mean to the power given by the number of terms . ( This is very similar to the formula for the sum of terms of an arithmetic sequence : take the arithmetic mean of the first and last term and multiply with the number of terms . ) ∏ i = 0 n a r i = ( a 0 ⋅ a n ) n + 1 ( \ displaystyle \ prod _ ( i = 0 ) ^ ( n ) ar ^ ( i ) = \ left ( ( \ sqrt ( a_ ( 0 ) \ cdot a_ ( n ) ) ) \ right ) ^ ( n + 1 ) ) ( if a , r > 0 ( \ displaystyle a , r > 0 ) ) . Proof : Let the product be represented by P : P = a ⋅ a r ⋅ a r 2 ⋯ a r n − 1 ⋅ a r n ( \ displaystyle P = a \ cdot ar \ cdot ar ^ ( 2 ) \ cdots ar ^ ( n - 1 ) \ cdot ar ^ ( n ) ) . Now , carrying out the multiplications , we conclude that P = a n + 1 r 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + ( n − 1 ) + ( n ) ( \ displaystyle P = a ^ ( n + 1 ) r ^ ( 1 + 2 + 3 + \ cdots + ( n - 1 ) + ( n ) ) ) . Applying the sum of arithmetic series , the expression will yield P = a n + 1 r n ( n + 1 ) 2 ( \ displaystyle P = a ^ ( n + 1 ) r ^ ( \ frac ( n ( n + 1 ) ) ( 2 ) ) ) . P = ( a r n 2 ) n + 1 ( \ displaystyle P = ( ar ^ ( \ frac ( n ) ( 2 ) ) ) ^ ( n + 1 ) ) . We raise both sides to the second power : P 2 = ( a 2 r n ) n + 1 = ( a ⋅ a r n ) n + 1 ( \ displaystyle P ^ ( 2 ) = ( a ^ ( 2 ) r ^ ( n ) ) ^ ( n + 1 ) = ( a \ cdot ar ^ ( n ) ) ^ ( n + 1 ) ) . Consequently , P 2 = ( a 0 ⋅ a n ) n + 1 ( \ displaystyle P ^ ( 2 ) = ( a_ ( 0 ) \ cdot a_ ( n ) ) ^ ( n + 1 ) ) and P = ( a 0 ⋅ a n ) n + 1 2 ( \ displaystyle P = ( a_ ( 0 ) \ cdot a_ ( n ) ) ^ ( \ frac ( n + 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ) , which concludes the proof . Relationship to geometry and Euclid 's work ( edit ) Books VIII and IX of Euclid 's Elements analyzes geometric progressions ( such as the powers of two , see the article for details ) and give several of their properties . See also ( edit ) Arithmetic progression Arithmetico - geometric sequence Linear difference equation Exponential function Harmonic progression Harmonic series Infinite series Preferred number Thomas Robert Malthus Geometric distribution References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Set Partitions : Stirling Numbers '' . Digital Library of Mathematical Functions . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ * Heath , Thomas L. ( 1956 ) . The Thirteen Books of Euclid 's Elements ( 2nd ed . ( Facsimile . Original publication : Cambridge University Press , 1925 ) ed . ) . New York : Dover Publications . Hall & Knight , Higher Algebra , p. 39 , ISBN 81 - 8116 - 000 - 2 External links ( edit ) Hazewinkel , Michiel , ed. ( 2001 ) ( 1994 ) , `` Geometric progression '' , Encyclopedia of Mathematics , Springer Science + Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55608 - 010 - 4 Derivation of formulas for sum of finite and infinite geometric progression at Mathalino.com Geometric Progression Calculator Nice Proof of a Geometric Progression Sum at sputsoft.com Weisstein , Eric W. `` Geometric Series '' . MathWorld . <Th_colspan="3"> hide Sequences and series Integer sequences Basic Arithmetic progression Geometric progression Harmonic progression Square number Cubic number Factorial Powers of two Powers of 10 Advanced ( list ) Complete sequence Fibonacci numbers Figurate number Heptagonal number Hexagonal number Lucas number Pell number Pentagonal number Polygonal number Triangular number Properties of sequences Cauchy sequence Monotone sequence Periodic sequence Properties of series Convergent series Divergent series Conditional convergence Absolute convergence Uniform convergence Alternating series Telescoping series Explicit series Convergent 1 / 2 − 1 / 4 + 1 / 8 − 1 / 16 + ⋯ 1 / 2 + 1 / 4 + 1 / 8 + 1 / 16 + ⋯ 1 / 4 + 1 / 16 + 1 / 64 + 1 / 256 + ⋯ 1 + 1 / 2 + 1 / 3 + ... ( Riemann zeta function ) Divergent 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯ 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + ⋯ 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + ⋯ ( Grandi 's series ) Infinite arithmetic series 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ⋯ 1 − 2 + 4 − 8 + ⋯ 1 + 1 / 2 + 1 / 3 + 1 / 4 + ⋯ ( harmonic series ) 1 − 1 + 2 − 6 + 24 − 120 + ⋯ ( alternating factorials ) 1 / 2 + 1 / 3 + 1 / 5 + 1 / 7 + 1 / 11 + ⋯ ( inverses of primes ) Kinds of series Taylor series Power series Formal power series Laurent series Puiseux series Dirichlet series Trigonometric series Fourier series Generating series Hypergeometric series Generalized hypergeometric series Hypergeometric function of a matrix argument Lauricella hypergeometric series Modular hypergeometric series Riemann 's differential equation Theta hypergeometric series <Td_colspan="3"> Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geometric_progression&oldid=849888433 '' Categories : Sequences and series Mathematical series Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles that may have off - topic sections Articles containing proofs Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Nederlands 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Piemontèis Polski Português Русский Саха тыла සිංහල Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 49 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 02 : 40 ( UTC ) . 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1. Geometric progression
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ok google what are the five boroughs of new york city
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Boroughs of New York City - wikipedia Boroughs of New York City `` Five Boroughs '' redirects here . For five main towns of Danish Mercia , see Five Boroughs of the Danelaw . 1 . Manhattan 2 . Brooklyn 3 . Queens 4 . The Bronx 5 . Staten Island New York City encompasses five county - level administrative divisions called boroughs : Manhattan , Brooklyn , Queens , The Bronx , and Staten Island . All boroughs are part of New York City , and each of the boroughs is coextensive with a respective county , the primary administrative subdivision within New York State . Queens and The Bronx are concurrent with the counties of the same name , while Manhattan , Brooklyn , and Staten Island correspond to New York , Kings , and Richmond Counties respectively . Boroughs have existed since the consolidation of the city in 1898 , when the city and each borough assumed their current boundaries . However , the boroughs have not always been coextensive with their respective counties . Before 1914 , the borough of The Bronx had been earlier in the southern part of Westchester County which had then been annexed to New York County in two stages in 1874 and 1895 -- finally , in 1914 the county was created to match the borough . Before 1899 , the County of Queens included an eastern part , which was split - off during the consolidation to become Nassau County . Contents 1 Terminology 2 Background 2.1 Changes after 1898 3 Description of the boroughs 4 Governance 5 Sixth borough 6 See also 7 References Terminology ( edit ) The term borough was adopted to describe a form of governmental administration for each of the five fundamental constituent parts of the newly consolidated city in 1898 . Under the 1898 City Charter adopted by the New York State Legislature , a `` borough '' is a municipal corporation that is created when a county is merged with populated areas within it . The limited powers of the borough governments are inferior to the authority of the Government of New York City , contrasting significantly with other borough administrations of government used in Connecticut , New Jersey , and Pennsylvania , where a borough is an independent level of government , as well as borough forms used in other states and in Greater London . Background ( edit ) <Th_colspan="7"> New York City 's five boroughs <Th_colspan="2"> Jurisdiction Population <Th_colspan="2"> Land area <Th_colspan="2"> Density Borough County Estimate ( 2017 ) square miles square km persons / sq. mi persons / sq. km Manhattan New York 1,664,727 22.83 59.13 72,033 27,826 The Bronx Bronx 1,471,160 42.10 109.04 34,653 13,231 Brooklyn Kings 2,648,771 70.82 183.42 37,137 14,649 Queens Queens 2,358,582 108.53 281.09 21,460 8,354 Staten Island Richmond 479,458 58.37 151.18 8,112 3,132 <Td_colspan="2"> City of New York 8,622,698 302.64 783.83 28,188 10,947 <Td_colspan="2"> State of New York 19,849,399 47,214 122,284 416.4 159 <Td_colspan="7"> Sources : and see individual borough articles The borough of Manhattan is the economic , cultural , and administrative center of New York City . New York City is often referred to collectively as the five boroughs ; the term is used to refer to New York City as a whole unambiguously , avoiding confusion with any particular borough or with the Greater New York metropolitan area . The term is also used by politicians to counter a frequent focus on Manhattan and thereby to place all five boroughs on equal footing . In the same vein , the term outer boroughs refers to all of the boroughs excluding Manhattan , even though the geographic center of the city is along the Brooklyn -- Queens border . All five boroughs were created in 1898 during consolidation , when the city 's current boundaries were established . Changes after 1898 ( edit ) The Bronx originally included parts of New York County outside of Manhattan that had previously been ceded by neighboring Westchester County in two stages ; in 1874 and then following a referendum in 1894 . Ultimately in 1914 , the present - day separate Bronx County became the last county to be created in the State of New York . The borough of Queens consists of what formerly was only the western part of a then - larger Queens County . In 1899 , the three eastern towns of Queens County that had not joined the city the year before -- the towns of Hempstead , North Hempstead , and Oyster Bay -- formally seceded from Queens County to form the new Nassau County . The borough of Staten Island , concurrent with Richmond County , was officially the borough of Richmond until the name was changed in 1975 to reflect its common appellation , while leaving the name of the county unchanged . Description of the boroughs ( edit ) Chinatown in Manhattan , the most densely populated borough of New York City , with a higher density than any individual American city . Landmark 19th - century brownstones in the Greenpoint Historic District of Brooklyn , New York City 's most populous borough . The Unisphere in Queens , the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world . The Bronx , the northernmost borough of New York City and the only borough situated on the United States mainland . Borough Hall in the St. George neighborhood of Staten Island , the most suburban borough of New York City . Further information : Neighborhoods in New York City and List of parks in New York City There are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods throughout the five boroughs of New York City , many with a definable history and character to call their own . Manhattan ( New York County ) is the geographically smallest and most densely populated borough ; is the symbol of New York City , as home to most of the city 's skyscrapers and prominent landmarks , including Times Square and Central Park ; and may be locally known simply as The City . Manhattan 's ( New York County 's ) population density of 72,033 people per square mile ( 27,812 / km ) in 2015 makes it the highest of any county in the United States and higher than the density of any individual U.S. city . Manhattan is the cultural , administrative , and financial center of New York City and contains the headquarters of many major multinational corporations , the United Nations Headquarters , Wall Street , and a number of important universities . Manhattan is often described as the cultural , financial , media , and entertainment capital of the world . Most of the borough is situated on Manhattan Island , at the mouth of the Hudson River . Several small islands are also part of the borough of Manhattan , including Randall 's Island , Wards Island , and Roosevelt Island in the East River , and Governors Island to the south in New York Harbor ; Liberty Island , on which the Statue of Liberty stands , is a Manhattan exclave . Manhattan Island is loosely divided into Lower , Midtown , and Uptown regions . Uptown Manhattan is divided by Central Park into the Upper East Side and the Upper West Side , and above the park is Harlem . The borough also includes a small neighborhood on the United States mainland , called Marble Hill . Marble Hill was originally part of Manhattan Island , but is now contiguous with the Bronx after having been severed from Manhattan Island by the construction of the Harlem River Ship Canal south of the neighborhood , and having been connected to the mainland by the subsequent filling in of the Harlem River 's original path to the neighborhood 's north . New York City 's remaining four boroughs are collectively referred to as the outer boroughs . Brooklyn ( Kings County ) , on the western tip of Long Island , is the city 's most populous borough . Brooklyn is known for its cultural , social , and ethnic diversity , an independent art scene , distinct neighborhoods , and a distinctive architectural heritage . Downtown Brooklyn is the largest central core neighborhood in the outer boroughs . The borough has a long beachfront shoreline including Coney Island , established in the 1870s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the country . Marine Park and Prospect Park are the two largest parks in Brooklyn . Since 2010 , Brooklyn has evolved into a thriving hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms , and of postmodern art and design . Queens ( Queens County ) , on Long Island north and east of Brooklyn , is geographically the largest borough , the most ethnically diverse county in the United States , as well as the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world . Historically a collection of small towns and villages founded by the Dutch , the borough has since developed both commercial and residential prominence . Downtown Flushing has become one of the busiest central core neighborhoods in the outer boroughs . Queens is the site of Citi Field , the baseball stadium of the New York Mets , and hosts the annual U.S. Open tennis tournament at Flushing Meadows - Corona Park . Additionally , two of the three busiest airports serving the New York metropolitan area , John F. Kennedy International Airport and LaGuardia Airport , are located in Queens . ( The third is Newark Liberty International Airport in Newark , New Jersey . ) The Bronx ( Bronx County ) is New York City 's northernmost borough and the only New York City borough that is part of the United States mainland . It is the location of Yankee Stadium , the baseball stadium of the New York Yankees , and home to the largest cooperatively owned housing complex in the United States , Co-op City . It is also home to the Bronx Zoo , the world 's largest metropolitan zoo , which covers 265 acres ( 107 ha ) and houses over 6,000 animals . Directly to the zoo 's north is the New York Botanical Garden , a botanical garden and National Historic Landmark . Pelham Bay Park is the largest park in New York City , at 2,772 acres ( 1,122 ha ) . Staten Island ( Richmond County ) is the most suburban in character of the five boroughs . Staten Island is connected to Brooklyn by the Verrazano - Narrows Bridge and to Manhattan by way of the Staten Island Ferry , a free commuter ferry and popular tourist attraction which provides unobstructed views of the Statue of Liberty , Ellis Island , and Lower Manhattan . In central Staten Island , the Staten Island Greenbelt spans approximately 2,500 acres ( 10 km ) , including 28 miles ( 45 km ) of walking trails and one of the last undisturbed forests in the city . Designated in 1984 to protect the island 's natural lands , the Greenbelt comprises seven city parks . Governance ( edit ) The percentage of New York City population residing in each borough ( from bottom to top ) : 1 . Manhattan , 2 . Brooklyn , 3 . Queens , 4 . The Bronx , and 5 . Staten Island . ( Populations before 1898 are for the areas now enclosed in the present boroughs . ) Main article : Borough president Since 1914 , each of New York City 's five boroughs has been coextensive with a county of New York State -- unlike most U.S. cities , which lie within a single county or extend partially into another county , constitute a county in themselves , or are completely separate and independent of any county . Each borough is represented by a borough president . Brooklyn , Queens , and Staten Island each have a Borough Hall with limited administrative functions . The Manhattan Borough President 's office is situated in the Manhattan Municipal Building . The Bronx Borough President 's office used to be in its own Bronx Borough Hall but has been in the Bronx County Courthouse for decades . Since the abolition of the Board of Estimate in 1990 ( due to a 1989 ruling of the U.S. Supreme Court ) , the borough presidents have minimal executive powers , and there is no legislative function within a borough . Executive functions in New York City are the responsibility of the Mayor of New York City , while legislative functions reside with the New York City Council . The borough presidents primarily act as spokesmen , advocates , and ceremonial leaders for their boroughs , have budgets from which they can allocate relatively modest sums of money to community organizations and projects , and appoint the members of the 59 largely advisory community boards in the city 's various neighborhoods . The Brooklyn and Queens borough presidents also appoint trustees to the local public library systems in those boroughs . Being coextensive with an individual county , each borough also elects a district attorney , as does every other county of New York State . While the district attorneys of Manhattan , Brooklyn , and Staten Island are popularly referred to as such by the media ( e.g. , `` Manhattan D.A. Cyrus Vance , Jr . '' , or `` Brooklyn D.A. Kenneth P. Thompson '' ) , they are technically and legally the district attorneys of New York County , Kings County and Richmond County , respectively . There is no such distinction made for the district attorneys of the other two counties , Queens and the Bronx , since these boroughs share the respective counties ' names . Because the five district attorneys are , technically speaking , state officials ( since the counties are considered to be arms of the state government ) , rather than officials of the city government , they are not subject to the term limitations that govern other New York City officials such as the mayor , the New York City Public Advocate , members of the city council , or the borough presidents . Some civil court judges also are elected on a borough - wide basis , although they generally are eligible to serve throughout the city . Sixth borough ( edit ) Main article : Sixth borough The term sixth borough is used to describe any of a number of places that have been metaphorically called a part of New York City because of their geographic location , demographics ( they include large numbers of former New Yorkers ) , special affiliation , or cosmopolitan character . They have included adjacent cities and counties in the New York metropolitan area as well as in other states , U.S. territories , and foreign countries . In 2011 , New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg referred to the city 's waterfront and waterways as a composite sixth borough during presentations of planned rehabilitation projects along the city 's shoreline , including Governor 's Island in the Upper New York Bay . The Hudson Waterfront in the U.S. state of New Jersey lies opposite Manhattan on the Hudson River , and during the Dutch colonial era , was under the jurisdiction of New Amsterdam and known as Bergen . Jersey City and Hoboken in Hudson County , New Jersey , are sometimes referred to as the sixth borough , given their proximity and connections by rapid transit PATH trains . Fort Lee , New Jersey , in Bergen County , opposite Upper Manhattan and connected by the George Washington Bridge , has also been called the sixth borough . Miami and nearby areas in Florida , Philadelphia and China are locales entirely outside the city 's metropolitan area which have been called New York City 's sixth borough . See also ( edit ) Flags of New York City List of counties in New York New York City portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Charter for the Greater New York , and Acts Supplementary Thereto , as Adopted by the State Legislature , p. 10 . Brooklyn Daily Eagle , 1898 . Accessed September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bacharach , Jacqueline ; and Barrales , Ruben . Growth Within Bounds , p. 197 . California Commission on Local Governance for the 21st Century , DIANE Publishing , 2000 . ISBN 9780756706319 . Accessed September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Current Population Estimates : NYC '' . NYC.gov . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ QuickFacts New York city , New York ; Bronx County ( Bronx Borough ) , New York ; Kings County ( Brooklyn Borough ) , New York ; New York County ( Manhattan Borough ) , New York ; Queens County ( Queens Borough ) , New York ; Richmond County ( Staten Island Borough ) , New York , United States Census Bureau . Accessed June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Williams , Keith . `` How Queens Became New York City 's Largest Borough '' , Curbed , October 20 , 2015 . Accessed September 21 , 2016 . `` Williams , Keith . `` How Queens Became New York City 's Largest Borough '' , Curbed , October 20 , 2015 . Accessed September 21 , 2016 . `` On April 28 , 1898 , the state Legislature approved the creation of a new county , which some in the eastern half of the former Queens County had wanted for nearly 60 years . '' Jump up ^ Kaufman , Michael T. `` Council Weighs Making ' Staten Island ' Official '' , The New York Times , August 28 , 1974 . Accessed September 21 , 2016 . `` Yesterday a committee of the City Council sought to right matters with a resolution that , if adopted by the full Council and approved by the Mayor , would have the borough 's name officially changed to Staten Island ... The resolution only affects the name of the borough . The county would remain Richmond , in the way that the borough of Manhattan is the county of New York , and Brooklyn is the county of Kings . '' ^ Jump up to : Christine Kim , Demand Media . `` Queens , New York , Sightseeing '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Weber ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Queens '' . NewYork.com . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jen Carlson ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Do You Refer To Manhattan As `` The City '' ? `` . Gothamist . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Purdum , Todd S. `` Political memo ; An Embattled City Hall Moves to Brooklyn '' , The New York Times , February 22 , 1992 . Accessed August 23 , 2017 . `` '' Leaders in all of them fear that recent changes in the City Charter that shifted power from the borough presidents to the City Council have diminished government 's recognition of the sense of identity that leads people to say they live in the Bronx , and to describe visiting Manhattan as ' going to the city . ' '' Jump up ^ Mann , Camille ; Valera , Stephanie. `` 10 Most Crowded Islands in the World '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barry , Dan . `` A Nation challenged : in New York ; New York Carries On , but Test of Its Grit Has Just Begun '' , The New York Times , October 11 , 2001 . Accessed November 20 , 2016 . `` A roaring void has been created in the financial center of the world . '' Jump up ^ Sorrentino , Christopher ( September 16 , 2007 ) . `` When He Was Seventeen '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 22 , 2007 . `` In 1980 there were still the remains of the various downtown revolutions that had reinvigorated New York 's music and art scenes and kept Manhattan in the position it had occupied since the 1940s as the cultural center of the world . '' Jump up ^ Bumiller , Elisabeth ( October 8 , 1995 ) . `` The Pope 's visit : the cardinal ; As Pope 's Important Ally , Cardinal Shines High in Hierarchy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 18 , 2007 . `` As the Archbishop of the media and cultural center of the United States , Cardinal O'Connor has extraordinary power among Catholic prelates . '' Jump up ^ Michael P. Ventura ( April 6 , 2010 ) . `` Manhattan May Be the Media Capital of the World , But Not For iPad Users '' . DNAinfo . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dawn Ennis ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC will broadcast New York 's pride parade live for the first time '' . LGBTQ Nation . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Immerso , Michael ( 2002 ) . Coney Island : The People 's Playground . Rutgers University Press . p. 3 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 3138 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Joe Dorish. `` 10 Largest Parks in New York City '' . ZipfWorks , Inc . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 19 Reasons Why Brooklyn Is New York 's New Startup Hotspot '' . CB Insights . October 19 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vanessa Friedman ( April 30 , 2016 ) . `` Brooklyn 's Wearable Revolution '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexandria Symonds ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` One Celebrated Brooklyn Artist 's Futuristic New Practice '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Donnell , Michelle ( July 4 , 2006 ) . `` In Queens , It 's the Glorious 4th , and 6th , and 16th , and 25th ... '' New York Times . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Frazier , Ian ( June 26 , 2006 ) . `` Utopia , the Bronx '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bronx Zoo Animals & Exhibits '' . Wildlife Conservation Society . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2015 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ward , Candace ( 2000 ) . New York City Museum Guide . Dover Publications . p. 72 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 41000 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Staten Island Greenbelt New York - New Jersey Trail Conference '' . Nynjtc.org . Retrieved October 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Board of Estimate of City of New York v. Morris , 489 U.S. 688 ( 1989 ) . Jump up ^ Popik , Barry ( January 24 , 2006 ) . `` Sixth Borough ( Yonkers , Scarsdale , Fort Lee , Jersey City , Hoboken , Nassau County , Rockland County ) '' . Big Apple . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Walker , Ken ( May 10 , 2007 ) . `` That Mythical Sixth Borough '' . Daily Newarker . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2013 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Carlsen , Jen ( December 10 , 2010 ) . `` Poll : Where is New York 's 6th Borough ? '' . Gothamist . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2014 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor Bloomberg and Speaker Quinn Unveil Comprehensive Plan for New York city 's Waterfront and Waterways '' ( Press release ) . NYCEDC . March 14 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2013 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rovzar , Chris . `` Mayor Bloomberg Attempts to Rebrand the ' Sixth Borough ' '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mainland , Alex ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` A Blog for the ' Sixth Borough ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yeh , Richard ( March 14 , 2011 ) . `` City Reclaims Waterfront as ' Sixth Borough ' '' . WNYC . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2013 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sixth Borough Stories from New York 's Waterfront '' . Columbia School of Journalism. 2011 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . The sixth borough . That 's what Mayor Bloomberg calls the 578 miles of shore land that encircle the five boroughs of New York City . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Ryan A. ( January 22 , 2012 ) . `` Will NYC have a 6th Borough ? '' . Metropolis Magazine . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2013 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Studio Report The Speculation Studio : Governors Island , The Sixth Borough ? '' . Urban Omnibus . January 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Strunsky , Steve ( December 9 , 2001 ) . `` CITIES ; Bright Lights , Big Retail '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Holusha , John . `` Commercial Property / The Jersey Riverfront ; On the Hudson 's West Bank , Optimistic Developers '' , The New York Times , October 11 , 1998 . Accessed May 25 , 2007 . `` ' That simply is out of the question in midtown , ' he said , adding that some formerly fringe areas in Midtown South that had previously been available were filled up as well . Given that the buildings on the New Jersey waterfront are new and equipped with the latest technology and just a few stops on the PATH trains from Manhattan , they become an attractive alternative . ' It 's the sixth borough ' , he said . '' Jump up ^ Belson , Ken ( May 21 , 2007 ) . `` In Stamford , a Plan to Rebuild an Area and Build an Advantage '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Olear , Greg ( December 2002 ) . `` The Sixth Borough A good look at Hoboken '' . The Copperator . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lefkowitz , Melanie . `` Bergen County 's Fort Lee : Town With a View '' . The Wall Street Journal . April 30 , 2011 . Accessed September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Linh Tat ( June 12 , 2012 ) . `` Fort Lee grapples with questions on future development '' . North Jersey Media Group Inc . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2013 . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vera Haller ( September 7 , 2012 ) . `` Living In Fort Lee , N.J. Close to the City , but With a Life of Its Own '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Do You Suffer From New York Envy ? - Miami Beach 411 '' . www.miamibeach411.com . Jump up ^ `` New York City mayor 's race : South Florida 's Sixth Borough '' . Jump up ^ `` More New Yorkers relocating to Philly '' . The Morning Call . March 29 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andrew J. Hawkins ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Brooklyn businesses head for the sixth borough : China '' . Crain 's New York Business . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . <Th_colspan="3"> New York City articles By topic History timeline Neighborhoods ethnic enclaves Architecture monuments skyscrapers People Media Economy companies Geography Flags Environment food and water Demographics history Boroughs The Bronx ( Bronx County ) Brooklyn ( Kings County ) Manhattan ( New York County ) Queens ( Queens County ) Staten Island ( Richmond County ) Government Mayor Elections Council Borough presidents Community Districts Politics Emergency services Hospitals Fire Police crime law enforcement Emergency Management Transportation History Entities DOT former BOT Vision Zero Initiative Metropolitan Transportation Authority Subway Bus Staten Island Railway Long Island Rail Road Metro - North Railroad PATH Bridges and tunnels Streets Culture Arts Books Cuisine Dialect Museums Music Nicknames `` Sixth borough '' Sports Tourism gardens landmarks parks Education Dept. of Education Elementary schools High schools Colleges <Td_colspan="3"> Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Administrative divisions of New York Primary division Boroughs County List of New York counties Secondary divisions Towns Cities Indian Reservations Community districts Other divisions Villages Census - designated places School districts Places Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boroughs_of_New_York_City&oldid=851505832 '' Categories : Boroughs of New York City Government of New York City Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Use mdy dates from May 2018 Use mdy dates from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Català Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Kurdî 日本 語 Occitan Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2018 , at 19 : 32 ( UTC ) . 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who did the u.s. lose to in the 2003 world cup
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2003 FIFA Women 's World Cup - wikipedia 2003 FIFA Women 's World Cup 2003 FIFA Women 's World Cup <Th_colspan="2"> FIFA Women 's World Cup USA 2003 <Td_colspan="2"> Official logo <Th_colspan="2"> Tournament details Host country United States Dates 20 September -- 12 October Teams 16 ( from 6 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 6 ( in 6 host cities ) <Th_colspan="2"> Final positions Champions Germany ( 1st title ) Runners - up Sweden Third place United States Fourth place Canada <Th_colspan="2"> Tournament statistics Matches played 32 Goals scored 107 ( 3.34 per match ) Attendance 656,789 ( 20,525 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Birgit Prinz ( 7 goals ) Best player Birgit Prinz <Td_colspan="2"> ← 1999 2007 → The FIFA Women 's World Cup 2003 , the fourth edition of the FIFA Women 's World Cup , was held in the United States and won by Germany . The tournament was originally scheduled for China from 23 September to 11 October . On 3 May 2003 , FIFA announced move the tournament from China because of the 2003 SARS outbreak in China . At the same time the FIFA announced that the 2007 FIFA Women 's World Cup would be awarded to China . On 26 May 2003 , FIFA announced the United States would host the tournament . Because the United States had hosted the 1999 World Cup , it was thought the United States could best organize the tournament in the little time remaining before the October scheduled start . In addition , women 's soccer boosters in the United States hoped that interest generated by the tournament would save the U.S. women 's professional league , the Women 's United Soccer Association , from folding . In compensation for losing the tournament , China retained its automatic qualification as host , and was named as host for the 2007 event . Mostly due to the rescheduling of the tournament on short notice , FIFA and the United States Soccer Federation were forced to creatively schedule matches . Nine doubleheaders were scheduled in group play ( similar to the 1999 format ) . They also had to abandon the modern practice of scheduling the final matches of the group stage to kick off simultaneously . In Groups A and D , the final matches were scheduled as the two ends of a doubleheader . The final matches in Groups B and C were also scheduled as doubleheaders , but split between two cities , with a Group B match in each city followed by a Group C match . The four quarterfinals were also scheduled as two doubleheaders , and both semifinals were also a doubleheader . Contents ( hide ) 1 Venues 2 Teams 3 Squads 4 Match officials 5 Draw 6 Group stage 6.1 Group A 6.2 Group B 6.3 Group C 6.4 Group D 7 Knockout stage 7.1 Bracket 7.2 Quarter - finals 7.3 Semi-finals 7.4 Third place play - off 7.5 Final 8 Awards 8.1 All - star team 9 Goal scorers 10 Tournament ranking 11 References 12 External links Venues ( edit ) Home Depot Center Location : Carson , California Capacity : 27,000 Columbus Crew Stadium Location : Columbus , Ohio Capacity : 23,000 Gillette Stadium Location : Foxborough , Massachusetts Capacity : 22,385 <Td_colspan="3"> Carson Columbus Foxborough Philadelphia Portland Washington 2003 FIFA Women 's World Cup ( the US ) Lincoln Financial Field Location : Philadelphia Capacity : 68,500 PGE Park Location : Portland , Oregon Capacity : 27,700 RFK Stadium Location : Washington , D.C. Capacity : 55,000 Teams ( edit ) Main article : 2003 FIFA Women 's World Cup qualification Qualifying countries 16 teams participated in the final tournament . The teams were : Africa ( CAF ) Nigeria Ghana Asia ( AFC ) North Korea China PR ( retained automatic qualification as original host ) South Korea Japan South America ( CONMEBOL ) Brazil Argentina Europe ( UEFA ) France Germany Russia Norway Sweden Oceania ( OFC ) Australia North America , Central America & Caribbean ( CONCACAF ) Canada United States ( replacement host ) Squads ( edit ) For a list of all squads that played in the final tournament , see 2003 FIFA Women 's World Cup squads . Match officials ( edit ) Africa Xonam Agboyi Desiree Perpetue Bola Elizabeth Abidoye Florence Biagui Asia Zhang Dongqing Hisae Yoshizawa Im Eun - Ju Choi Soo Jin Hong Kum - Nyo Liu Hsiu - mei North , Central America & Caribbean Sonia Denoncourt Denise Robinson Lynda Bramble Jennifer Bennett Sandra Hunt Kari Seitz Karalee Sutton Sharon Wheeler South America Florencia Romano Alejandra Cercato Sabrina Lois Sueli Tortura Cleidy Mary Ribeiro Marlei Silva Europe Andi Regan Katriina Elovirta Emilia Parviainen Nelly Viennot Katarzyna Nadolska Cristina Babadac Cristina Ionescu Irina Mirt Nicole Petignat Elke Lüthi Oceania Tammy Ogston Airlie Keen Jacqueline Leleu Draw ( edit ) The group draw took place at the Home Depot Center in Carson , California on 17 July 2003 . Group stage ( edit ) Group A ( edit ) Main article : 2003 FIFA Women 's World Cup Group A Team Pld GF GA GD Pts United States 0 0 11 + 10 9 Sweden 0 5 + 2 6 North Korea 0 − 1 Nigeria 0 0 0 11 − 11 0 20 September 2003 Nigeria 0 -- 3 North Korea Lincoln Financial Field , Philadelphia 21 September 2003 United States 3 -- 1 Sweden RFK Stadium , Washington 25 September 2003 Sweden 1 -- 0 North Korea Lincoln Financial Field , Philadelphia United States 5 -- 0 Nigeria Lincoln Financial Field , Philadelphia 28 September 2003 Sweden 3 -- 0 Nigeria Columbus Crew Stadium , Columbus North Korea 0 -- 3 United States Columbus Crew Stadium , Columbus Group B ( edit ) Main article : 2003 FIFA Women 's World Cup Group B Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Brazil 0 8 + 6 7 Norway 0 10 5 + 5 6 France − 1 South Korea 0 0 11 − 10 0 20 September 2003 Norway 2 -- 0 France Lincoln Financial Field , Philadelphia 21 September 2003 Brazil 3 -- 0 South Korea RFK Stadium , Washington 24 September 2003 Norway 1 -- 4 Brazil RFK Stadium , Washington France 1 -- 0 South Korea RFK Stadium , Washington 27 September 2003 South Korea 1 -- 7 Norway Gillette Stadium , Foxborough France 1 -- 1 Brazil RFK Stadium , Washington Group C ( edit ) Main article : 2003 FIFA Women 's World Cup Group C Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Germany 0 0 13 + 11 9 Canada 0 7 5 + 2 6 Japan 0 7 6 + 1 Argentina 0 0 15 − 14 0 20 September 2003 Germany 4 -- 1 Canada Columbus Crew Stadium , Columbus Japan 6 -- 0 Argentina Columbus Crew Stadium , Columbus 24 September 2003 Germany 3 -- 0 Japan Columbus Crew Stadium , Columbus Canada 3 -- 0 Argentina Columbus Crew Stadium , Columbus 27 September 2003 Canada 3 -- 1 Japan Gillette Stadium , Foxborough Argentina 1 -- 6 Germany RFK Stadium , Washington Group D ( edit ) Main article : 2003 FIFA Women 's World Cup Group D Team Pld GF GA GD Pts China PR 0 + 2 7 Russia 0 5 + 3 6 Ghana 0 5 − 3 Australia 0 5 − 2 21 September 2003 Australia 1 -- 2 Russia The Home Depot Center , Carson China PR 1 -- 0 Ghana The Home Depot Center , Carson 25 September 2003 Ghana 0 -- 3 Russia The Home Depot Center , Carson China PR 1 -- 1 Australia The Home Depot Center , Carson 28 September 2003 Ghana 2 -- 1 Australia PGE Park , Portland China PR 1 -- 0 Russia PGE Park , Portland Knockout stage ( edit ) Main article : 2003 FIFA Women 's World Cup knockout stage Bracket ( edit ) <Td_colspan="2"> Quarter - finals <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Semi-finals <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Final <Td_colspan="2"> 1 October -- Foxborough <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> United States <Td_colspan="2"> 5 October -- Portland Norway 0 United States 0 <Td_colspan="2"> 2 October -- Portland Germany Germany 7 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> 12 October -- Carson Russia 1 Germany <Td_colspan="2"> 1 October -- Foxborough Sweden 1 Brazil 1 <Td_colspan="2"> 5 October -- Portland <Td_colspan="2"> Sweden Sweden <Td_colspan="2"> Third place <Td_colspan="2"> 2 October -- Portland Canada 1 <Td_colspan="2"> 11 October -- Carson China PR 0 <Td_colspan="2"> United States Canada Canada 1 <Td_colspan="3"> Quarter - finals ( edit ) United States v Norway 1 October 2003 United States 1 -- 0 Norway show Gillette Stadium , Foxboro 19 : 30 Wambach 24 ' Report Attendance : 25,103 Referee : Nicole Petignat ( Switzerland ) Brazil v Sweden 1 October 2003 Brazil 1 -- 2 Sweden show Gillette Stadium , Foxboro 16 : 30 Marta 44 ' ( pen . ) ( Report ) Svensson 23 ' Andersson 53 ' Attendance : 25,103 Referee : Zhang Dongqing ( China ) Germany v Russia 2 October 2003 Germany 7 -- 1 Russia show PGE Park , Portland 19 : 30 Müller 25 ' Minnert 57 ' Wunderlich 60 ' Garefrekes 62 ' , 85 ' Prinz 80 ' , 89 ' ( Report ) Danilova 70 ' Attendance : 20,021 Referee : Im Eun - Ju ( Korea ) China PR v Canada 2 October 2003 China PR 0 -- 1 Canada show PGE Park , Portland 22 : 30 ( Report ) Hooper 7 ' Attendance : 20,021 Referee : Kari Seitz ( United States ) Semi-finals ( edit ) Germany v United States 5 October 2003 Germany 3 -- 0 United States show PGE Park , Portland 19 : 30 Garefrekes 15 ' Meinert 90 + 1 ' Prinz 90 + 3 ' ( Report ) Attendance : 27,623 Referee : Sonia Denoncourt ( Canada ) Canada v Sweden 5 October 2003 Canada 1 -- 2 Sweden show PGE Park , Portland 22 : 30 Lang 64 ' ( Report ) Moström 79 ' Öqvist 86 ' Attendance : 27,623 Referee : Katriina Elovirta ( Finland ) Third place play - off ( edit ) United States v Canada 11 October 2003 United States 3 -- 1 Canada show The Home Depot Center , Carson 15 : 30 Lilly 22 ' Boxx 51 ' Milbrett 80 ' ( Report ) Sinclair 38 ' Attendance : 25,253 Referee : Tammy Ogston ( Australia ) Final ( edit ) Main article : 2003 FIFA Women 's World Cup Final Germany v Sweden 12 October 2003 Germany 2 -- 1 ( asdet ) Sweden show The Home Depot Center , Carson 13 : 00 Meinert 46 ' Künzer 98 ' ( Report ) Ljungberg 41 ' Attendance : 26,137 Referee : Cristina Babadac ( Romania ) Awards ( edit ) The following awards were given for the tournament : Golden Ball Silver Ball Bronze Ball Birgit Prinz Victoria Svensson Maren Meinert Golden Shoe Silver Shoe Bronze Shoe Birgit Prinz Maren Meinert Kátia Cilene 7 goals 4 goals 4 goals <Th_colspan="3"> FIFA Fair Play Award <Td_colspan="3"> China PR All - star team ( edit ) Goalkeeper Defenders Midfielders Forwards Silke Rottenberg Wang Liping Sandra Minnert Joy Fawcett Bettina Wiegmann Malin Moström Shannon Boxx Charmaine Hooper Maren Meinert Birgit Prinz Victoria Svensson Goal scorers ( edit ) Birgit Prinz of Germany won the Golden Shoe award for scoring seven goals . In total , 107 goals were scored by 56 different players , with only one of them credited as own goal . 7 goals Birgit Prinz 4 goals Kerstin Garefrekes Maren Meinert Kátia Cilene 3 goals Marta Christine Latham Christine Sinclair Mio Otani Homare Sawa Dagny Mellgren Hanna Ljungberg Victoria Svensson Abby Wambach 2 goals Heather Garriock Charmaine Hooper Kara Lang Bai Jie Marinette Pichon Sandra Minnert Martina Müller Bettina Wiegmann Alberta Sackey Jin Pyol Hui Linda Ørmen Marianne Pettersen Malin Moström Shannon Boxx Mia Hamm Kristine Lilly Cindy Parlow Cat Reddick 1 goal Yanina Gaitán Kelly Golebiowski Daniela Rosana Sun Wen Stefanie Gottschlich Nia Künzer Conny Pohlers Pia Wunderlich Emi Yamamoto Ri Un-Gyong Kim Jin - hee Solveig Gulbrandsen Anita Rapp Brit Sandaune Natalia Barbachina Elena Danilova Elena Fomina Olga Letyushova Marina Saenko Malin Andersson Josefine Öqvist Julie Foudy Tiffeny Milbrett Own goal Dianne Alagich ( for Russia ) Tournament ranking ( edit ) Teams outside of the top four were ranked by points gained across all matches . Goal differences were used thereafter . Rank Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Germany 6 6 0 0 25 + 21 18 Sweden 6 0 10 7 + 3 12 United States 6 5 0 15 5 + 10 15 Canada 6 0 10 10 0 9 <Td_colspan="11"> Eliminated in the quarter - finals 5 Brazil 9 + 5 7 6 China PR + 1 7 7 Norway 0 10 6 + 4 6 8 Russia 0 6 9 -- 3 6 <Td_colspan="11"> Eliminated at the group stage 9 France -- 1 10 Japan 0 7 6 + 1 11 North Korea 0 -- 1 12 Ghana 0 5 -- 3 13 Australia 0 5 -- 2 14 South Korea 0 0 11 -- 10 0 15 Nigeria 0 0 0 11 -- 11 0 16 Argentina 0 0 15 -- 14 0 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jere Longman ( 13 October 2003 ) . `` SOCCER ; Golden Goal Proves Magical as Germany Captures Women 's World Cup '' . New York Times . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SARS : FIFA executive decides to relocate FIFA Women 's World Cup 2003 '' . FIFA.com. 3 May 2003 . Jump up ^ Jones , Grahame L. ( 7 April 2003 ) . `` SARS Threatens Staging of Women 's World Cup '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Jere Longman ( 27 May 2003 ) . `` SOCCER ; U.S. Replaces China As Host of Soccer 's Women 's World Cup '' . New York Times . Retrieved 1 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Grahame L. ( 17 June 2003 ) . `` World Cup Leans to the West '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` China paid $1.5 m for losing women 's world cup '' . www.smh.com.au. 20 September 2003 . Retrieved 30 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SI.com -- Soccer -- China ' respects ' decision to move women 's World Cup -- Sunday May 04 , 2003 07 : 46 AM '' . Sports Illustrated . 4 May 2003 . Archived from the original on 15 March 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Jere Longman ( 17 September 2003 ) . `` SOCCER ; The Group Dynamics of the Women 's World Cup '' . New York Times . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report '' . FIFAworldcup.com . Archived from the original on 14 December 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report '' . FIFAworldcup.com . Archived from the original on 13 December 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Final Draw for the FIFA Women 's World Cup USA 2003 set for 17 July '' . FIFA.com. 8 July 2003 . Jump up ^ Awards 2003 Jump up ^ `` FIFA Women 's World Cup USA 2003 -- Technical Report '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . External links ( edit ) FIFA Women 's World Cup USA 2003 , FIFA.com FIFA Technical Report <Th_colspan="2"> 2003 FIFA Women 's World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Squads <Th_colspan="2"> 2003 FIFA Women 's World Cup finalists Champions Germany Runner - up Sweden Third Place United States Fourth Place Canada Quarter - finals Brazil China PR Norway Russia Group stage Argentina Australia France Ghana Japan Nigeria North Korea South Korea <Td_colspan="2"> 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 <Th_colspan="2"> 2003 FIFA Women 's World Cup stadiums <Td_colspan="2"> Columbus Crew Stadium ( Columbus ) Gillette Stadium ( Foxborough ) The Home Depot Center ( Carson ) Lincoln Financial Field ( Philadelphia ) PGE Park ( Portland ) RFK Stadium ( Washington , D.C. ) <Th_colspan="2"> FIFA Women 's World Cup Tournaments China 1991 Sweden 1995 United States 1999 United States 2003 China 2007 Germany 2011 Canada 2015 France 2019 TBA 2023 Qualification 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 Finals 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Squads 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Miscellaneous Hosts Team appearances Player appearances Goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Multiple winners Records Awards Broadcasters Mascots Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2003_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup&oldid=847078872 '' Categories : 2003 FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA Women 's World Cup tournaments International women 's association football competitions hosted by the United States 2003 in women 's association football 2003 in American women 's soccer September 2003 sports events October 2003 sports events Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 June 2018 , at 19 : 46 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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1. 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup
2. Tournament details
3. Host country: United States
4. Champions: Germany
5. Runners-up: Sweden
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explain dma based data transfer. give various applications in which it can be used
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Direct memory access - wikipedia Direct memory access AMD DirectGMA is a form of DMA . It enables low - latency peer - to - peer data transfers between devices on the PCIe bus and AMD FirePro - branded products . Serial digital interface ( SDI ) devices supporting DirectGMA can write directly into the graphics memory of the GPU and vice versa the GPU can directly access the memory of a peer device . Direct memory access ( DMA ) is a feature of computer systems that allows certain hardware subsystems to access main system memory ( Random - access memory ) , independent of the central processing unit ( CPU ) . Without DMA , when the CPU is using programmed input / output , it is typically fully occupied for the entire duration of the read or write operation , and is thus unavailable to perform other work . With DMA , the CPU first initiates the transfer , then it does other operations while the transfer is in progress , and it finally receives an interrupt from the DMA controller when the operation is done . This feature is useful at any time that the CPU can not keep up with the rate of data transfer , or when the CPU needs to perform work while waiting for a relatively slow I / O data transfer . Many hardware systems use DMA , including disk drive controllers , graphics cards , network cards and sound cards . DMA is also used for intra-chip data transfer in multi-core processors . Computers that have DMA channels can transfer data to and from devices with much less CPU overhead than computers without DMA channels . Similarly , a processing element inside a multi-core processor can transfer data to and from its local memory without occupying its processor time , allowing computation and data transfer to proceed in parallel . DMA can also be used for `` memory to memory '' copying or moving of data within memory . DMA can offload expensive memory operations , such as large copies or scatter - gather operations , from the CPU to a dedicated DMA engine . An implementation example is the I / O Acceleration Technology . Contents 1 Principles 1.1 Third - party DMA 1.2 Bus mastering 1.3 Transfer types 2 Modes of operation 2.1 Burst mode 2.2 Cycle stealing mode 2.3 Transparent mode 3 Cache coherency 4 Examples 4.1 ISA 4.2 PCI 4.3 I / OAT 4.4 DDIO 4.5 AHB 4.6 Cell 5 Pipelining 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Principles ( edit ) Third - party DMA ( edit ) Standard DMA , also called third - party DMA , uses a DMA controller . A DMA controller can generate memory addresses and initiate memory read or write cycles . It contains several hardware registers that can be written and read by the CPU . These include a memory address register , a byte count register , and one or more control registers . Depending on what features the DMA controller provides , these control registers might specify some combination of the source , the destination , the direction of the transfer ( reading from the I / O device or writing to the I / O device ) , the size of the transfer unit , and / or the number of bytes to transfer in one burst . To carry out an input , output or memory - to - memory operation , the host processor initializes the DMA controller with a count of the number of words to transfer , and the memory address to use . The CPU then commands peripheral device to initiate data transfer . The DMA controller then provides addresses and read / write control lines to the system memory . Each time a byte of data is ready to be transferred between the peripheral device and memory , the DMA controller increments its internal address register until the full block of data is transferred . Bus mastering ( edit ) In a bus mastering system , also known as a first - party DMA system , the CPU and peripherals can each be granted control of the memory bus . Where a peripheral can become bus master , it can directly write to system memory without involvement of the CPU , providing memory address and control signals as required . Some measure must be provided to put the processor into a hold condition so that bus contention does not occur . Transfer types ( edit ) DMA transfers can either transfer one byte at a time or all at once in burst mode . If they transfer a byte at a time , this can allow the CPU to access memory on alternate bus cycles -- this is called cycle stealing since the CPU and either the DMA controller or the bus master contend for memory access . In burst mode DMA , the CPU can be put on hold while the DMA transfer occurs and a full block of possibly hundreds or thousands of bytes can be moved . When memory cycles are much faster than processor cycles , an interleaved DMA cycle is possible , where the DMA controller uses memory while the CPU can not . Modes of operation ( edit ) Burst mode ( edit ) An entire block of data is transferred in one contiguous sequence . Once the DMA controller is granted access to the system bus by the CPU , it transfers all bytes of data in the data block before releasing control of the system buses back to the CPU , but renders the CPU inactive for relatively long periods of time . The mode is also called `` Block Transfer Mode '' . Cycle stealing mode ( edit ) The cycle stealing mode is used in systems in which the CPU should not be disabled for the length of time needed for burst transfer modes . In the cycle stealing mode , the DMA controller obtains access to the system bus the same way as in burst mode , using BR ( Bus Request ) and BG ( Bus Grant ) signals , which are the two signals controlling the interface between the CPU and the DMA controller . However , in cycle stealing mode , after one byte of data transfer , the control of the system bus is deasserted to the CPU via BG . It is then continually requested again via BR , transferring one byte of data per request , until the entire block of data has been transferred . By continually obtaining and releasing the control of the system bus , the DMA controller essentially interleaves instruction and data transfers . The CPU processes an instruction , then the DMA controller transfers one data value , and so on . On the one hand , the data block is not transferred as quickly in cycle stealing mode as in burst mode , but on the other hand the CPU is not idled for as long as in burst mode . Cycle stealing mode is useful for controllers that monitor data in real time . Transparent mode ( edit ) Transparent mode takes the most time to transfer a block of data , yet it is also the most efficient mode in terms of overall system performance . In transparent mode , the DMA controller transfers data only when the CPU is performing operations that do not use the system buses . The primary advantage of transparent mode is that the CPU never stops executing its programs and the DMA transfer is free in terms of time , while the disadvantage is that the hardware needs to determine when the CPU is not using the system buses , which can be complex . Cache coherency ( edit ) Cache incoherence due to DMA DMA can lead to cache coherency problems . Imagine a CPU equipped with a cache and an external memory that can be accessed directly by devices using DMA . When the CPU accesses location X in the memory , the current value will be stored in the cache . Subsequent operations on X will update the cached copy of X , but not the external memory version of X , assuming a write - back cache . If the cache is not flushed to the memory before the next time a device tries to access X , the device will receive a stale value of X . Similarly , if the cached copy of X is not invalidated when a device writes a new value to the memory , then the CPU will operate on a stale value of X . This issue can be addressed in one of two ways in system design : Cache - coherent systems implement a method in hardware whereby external writes are signaled to the cache controller which then performs a cache invalidation for DMA writes or cache flush for DMA reads . Non-coherent systems leave this to software , where the OS must then ensure that the cache lines are flushed before an outgoing DMA transfer is started and invalidated before a memory range affected by an incoming DMA transfer is accessed . The OS must make sure that the memory range is not accessed by any running threads in the meantime . The latter approach introduces some overhead to the DMA operation , as most hardware requires a loop to invalidate each cache line individually . Hybrids also exist , where the secondary L2 cache is coherent while the L1 cache ( typically on - CPU ) is managed by software . Examples ( edit ) ISA ( edit ) In the original IBM PC , there was only one Intel 8237 DMA controller capable of providing four DMA channels ( numbered 0 -- 3 ) , as part of the so - called Industry Standard Architecture , or ISA . These DMA channels performed 8 - bit transfers and could only address the first megabyte of RAM . With the IBM PC / AT , a second 8237 DMA controller was added ( channels 5 -- 7 ; channel 4 is dedicated as a cascade channel for the first 8237 controller ) , and the page register was rewired to address the full 16 MB memory address space of the 80286 CPU . This second controller performed 16 - bit transfers . Due to their lagging performance ( 2.5 Mbit / s ) , these devices have been largely obsolete since the advent of the 80386 processor in 1985 and its capacity for 32 - bit transfers . They are still supported to the extent they are required to support built - in legacy PC hardware on modern machines . The only pieces of legacy hardware that use ISA DMA and are still fairly common are Super I / O devices on motherboards that often integrate a built - in floppy disk controller , an IrDA infrared controller when FIR ( fast infrared ) mode is selected , and a IEEE 1284 parallel port controller when ECP mode is selected . Each DMA channel has a 16 - bit address register and a 16 - bit count register associated with it . To initiate a data transfer the device driver sets up the DMA channel 's address and count registers together with the direction of the data transfer , read or write . It then instructs the DMA hardware to begin the transfer . When the transfer is complete , the device interrupts the CPU . Scatter - gather or vectored I / O DMA allows the transfer of data to and from multiple memory areas in a single DMA transaction . It is equivalent to the chaining together of multiple simple DMA requests . The motivation is to off - load multiple input / output interrupt and data copy tasks from the CPU . DRQ stands for Data request ; DACK for Data acknowledge . These symbols , seen on hardware schematics of computer systems with DMA functionality , represent electronic signaling lines between the CPU and DMA controller . Each DMA channel has one Request and one Acknowledge line . A device that uses DMA must be configured to use both lines of the assigned DMA channel . Standard ISA DMA assignments : DRAM Refresh ( obsolete ) , User hardware , usually sound card 8 - bit DMA Floppy disk controller , Hard disk ( obsoleted by PIO modes , and replaced by UDMA modes ) , Parallel Port ( ECP capable port ) , certain SoundBlaster Clones like the OPTi 928 . Cascade from XT DMA controller , Hard Disk ( PS / 2 only ) , user hardware for all others , usually sound card 16 - bit DMA User hardware . User hardware . PCI ( edit ) A PCI architecture has no central DMA controller , unlike ISA . Instead , any PCI component can request control of the bus ( `` become the bus master '' ) and request to read from and write to system memory . More precisely , a PCI component requests bus ownership from the PCI bus controller ( usually the southbridge in a modern PC design ) , which will arbitrate if several devices request bus ownership simultaneously , since there can only be one bus master at one time . When the component is granted ownership , it will issue normal read and write commands on the PCI bus , which will be claimed by the bus controller and will be forwarded to the memory controller using a scheme which is specific to every chipset . As an example , on a modern AMD Socket AM2 - based PC , the southbridge will forward the transactions to the northbridge ( which is integrated on the CPU die ) using HyperTransport , which will in turn convert them to DDR2 operations and send them out on the DDR2 memory bus . As can be seen , there are quite a number of steps involved in a PCI DMA transfer ; however , that poses little problem , since the PCI device or PCI bus itself are an order of magnitude slower than the rest of the components ( see list of device bandwidths ) . A modern x86 CPU may use more than 4 GB of memory , utilizing Physical Address Extension ( PAE ) , a 36 - bit addressing mode , or the native 64 - bit mode of x86 - 64 CPUs . In such a case , a device using DMA with a 32 - bit address bus is unable to address memory above the 4 GB line . The new Double Address Cycle ( DAC ) mechanism , if implemented on both the PCI bus and the device itself , enables 64 - bit DMA addressing . Otherwise , the operating system would need to work around the problem by either using costly double buffers ( DOS / Windows nomenclature ) also known as bounce buffers ( FreeBSD / Linux ) , or it could use an IOMMU to provide address translation services if one is present . I / OAT ( edit ) As an example of DMA engine incorporated in a general - purpose CPU , newer Intel Xeon chipsets include a DMA engine called I / O Acceleration Technology ( I / OAT ) , which can offload memory copying from the main CPU , freeing it to do other work . In 2006 , Intel 's Linux kernel developer Andrew Grover performed benchmarks using I / OAT to offload network traffic copies and found no more than 10 % improvement in CPU utilization with receiving workloads , and no improvement when transmitting data . DDIO ( edit ) Further performance - oriented enhancements to the DMA mechanism have been introduced in Intel Xeon E5 processors with their Data Direct I / O ( DDIO ) feature , allowing the DMA `` windows '' to reside within CPU caches instead of system RAM . As a result , CPU caches are used as the primary source and destination for I / O , allowing network interface controllers ( NICs ) to talk directly to the caches of local CPUs and avoid costly fetching of the I / O data from system RAM . As a result , DDIO reduces the overall I / O processing latency , allows processing of the I / O to be performed entirely in - cache , prevents the available RAM bandwidth from becoming a performance bottleneck , and lowers the power consumption by allowing RAM to remain longer in low - powered state . AHB ( edit ) Main article : Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture In systems - on - a-chip and embedded systems , typical system bus infrastructure is a complex on - chip bus such as AMBA High - performance Bus . AMBA defines two kinds of AHB components : master and slave . A slave interface is similar to programmed I / O through which the software ( running on embedded CPU , e.g. ARM ) can write / read I / O registers or ( less commonly ) local memory blocks inside the device . A master interface can be used by the device to perform DMA transactions to / from system memory without heavily loading the CPU . Therefore , high bandwidth devices such as network controllers that need to transfer huge amounts of data to / from system memory will have two interface adapters to the AHB : a master and a slave interface . This is because on - chip buses like AHB do not support tri-stating the bus or alternating the direction of any line on the bus . Like PCI , no central DMA controller is required since the DMA is bus - mastering , but an arbiter is required in case of multiple masters present on the system . Internally , a multichannel DMA engine is usually present in the device to perform multiple concurrent scatter - gather operations as programmed by the software . Cell ( edit ) Main article : Cell ( microprocessor ) As an example usage of DMA in a multiprocessor - system - on - chip , IBM / Sony / Toshiba 's Cell processor incorporates a DMA engine for each of its 9 processing elements including one Power processor element ( PPE ) and eight synergistic processor elements ( SPEs ) . Since the SPE 's load / store instructions can read / write only its own local memory , an SPE entirely depends on DMAs to transfer data to and from the main memory and local memories of other SPEs . Thus the DMA acts as a primary means of data transfer among cores inside this CPU ( in contrast to cache - coherent CMP architectures such as Intel 's cancelled general - purpose GPU , Larrabee ) . DMA in Cell is fully cache coherent ( note however local stores of SPEs operated upon by DMA do not act as globally coherent cache in the standard sense ) . In both read ( `` get '' ) and write ( `` put '' ) , a DMA command can transfer either a single block area of size up to 16 KB , or a list of 2 to 2048 such blocks . The DMA command is issued by specifying a pair of a local address and a remote address : for example when a SPE program issues a put DMA command , it specifies an address of its own local memory as the source and a virtual memory address ( pointing to either the main memory or the local memory of another SPE ) as the target , together with a block size . According to an experiment , an effective peak performance of DMA in Cell ( 3 GHz , under uniform traffic ) reaches 200 GB per second . Pipelining ( edit ) Processors with scratchpad memory and DMA ( such as digital signal processors and the Cell processor ) may benefit from software overlapping DMA memory operations with processing , via double buffering or multibuffering . For example , the on - chip memory is split into two buffers ; the processor may be operating on data in one , while the DMA engine is loading and storing data in the other . This allows the system to avoid memory latency and exploit burst transfers , at the expense of needing a predictable memory access pattern . See also ( edit ) Computing portal AT Attachment Blitter Channel I / O DMA attack Polling ( computer science ) Remote direct memory access UDMA Autonomous peripheral operation Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Osborne , Adam ( 1980 ) . An Introduction to Microcomputers : Volume 1 : Basic Concepts ( 2nd ed . ) . Osborne McGraw Hill . pp. 5 -- 64 through 5 -- 93 . ISBN 0931988349 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Paul ; Hill , Winfield ( 1989 ) . The Art of Electronics ( Second ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 702 . ISBN 0521370957 . Jump up ^ Intel publication 03040 , Aug 1989 Jump up ^ `` Physical Address Extension -- PAE Memory and Windows '' . Microsoft Windows Hardware Development Central . 2005 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Corbet , Jonathan ( December 8 , 2005 ) . `` Memory copies in hardware '' . LWN.net . Jump up ^ Grover , Andrew ( 2006 - 06 - 01 ) . `` I / OAT on LinuxNet wiki '' . Overview of I / OAT on Linux , with links to several benchmarks . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Intel Data Direct I / O ( Intel DDIO ) : Frequently Asked Questions '' ( PDF ) . Intel . March 2012 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Rashid Khan ( 2015 - 09 - 29 ) . `` Pushing the Limits of Kernel Networking '' . redhat.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Achieving Lowest Latencies at Highest Message Rates with Intel Xeon Processor E5 - 2600 and Solarflare SFN6122F 10 GbE Server Adapter '' ( PDF ) . solarflare.com. 2012 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Alexander Duyck ( 2015 - 08 - 19 ) . `` Pushing the Limits of Kernel Networking '' ( PDF ) . linuxfoundation.org . p. 5 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Kistler , Michael ( May 2006 ) . `` Cell Multiprocessor Communication Network '' . Extensive benchmarks of DMA performance in Cell Broadband Engine . References ( edit ) DMA Fundamentals on Various PC Platforms , from A.F. Harvey and Data Acquisition Division Staff NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS mmap ( ) and DMA , from Linux Device Drivers , 2nd Edition , Alessandro Rubini & Jonathan Corbet Memory Mapping and DMA , from Linux Device Drivers , 3rd Edition , Jonathan Corbet , Alessandro Rubini , Greg Kroah - Hartman DMA and Interrupt Handling DMA Modes & Bus Mastering External links ( edit ) Mastering the DMA and IOMMU APIs , Embedded Linux Conference 2014 , San Jose , by Laurent Pinchart <Th_colspan="2"> Technical and de facto standards for wired computer buses General System bus Front - side bus Back - side bus Daisy chain Control bus Address bus Bus contention Bus mastering Network on a chip Plug and play List of bus bandwidths Standards SS - 50 bus S - 100 bus Multibus Unibus VAXBI MBus STD Bus SMBus Q - Bus Europe Card Bus ISA STEbus Zorro II Zorro III CAMAC FASTBUS LPC HP Precision Bus EISA VME VXI VXS NuBus TURBOchannel MCA SBus VLB PCI PXI HP GSC bus InfiniBand UPA PCI Extended ( PCI - X ) AGP PCI Express ( PCIe ) Direct Media Interface ( DMI ) RapidIO Intel QuickPath Interconnect NVLink HyperTransport Infinity Fabric Intel UltraPath Interconnect Storage ST - 506 ESDI IPI SMD Parallel ATA ( PATA ) SSA DSSI HIPPI Serial ATA ( SATA ) SCSI Parallel SAS Fibre Channel SATAe PCI Express ( via AHCI or NVMe logical device interface ) Peripheral Apple Desktop Bus DCB HP - IL HIL MIDI RS - 232 RS - 422 RS - 423 RS - 485 DMX512 - A IEEE - 488 ( GPIB ) IEEE - 1284 ( parallel port ) UNI / O ACCESS. bus 1 - Wire D2B I2C SPI Parallel SCSI Profibus IEEE 1394 ( FireWire ) USB Camera Link External PCIe Thunderbolt Audio ADAT Lightpipe AES3 Intel HD Audio I2S MADI McASP S / PDIF TOSLINK Portable PC Card ExpressCard Embedded Multidrop bus CoreConnect AMBA Wishbone SLIMbus <Td_colspan="2"> Interfaces are listed by their speed in the ( roughly ) ascending order , so the interface at the end of each section should be the fastest . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Direct_memory_access&oldid=852142090 '' Categories : Computer memory Motherboard Computer storage buses Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Piemontèis Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 July 2018 , at 22 : 42 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Direct memory access (DMA)
2. Peer-to-peer data transfers
3. Low-latency data transfers
4. Bus mastering
5. Cache coherency
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-5,954,601,467,643,271,000 |
main character in i know why the caged bird sings
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List of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings characters - wikipedia List of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings characters I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings , the 1969 autobiography about the early years of African - American writer and poet Maya Angelou , features many characters , including Angelou as a child , which she has called `` the Maya character '' . The first in a six - volume series , Caged Bird is a coming - of - age story that illustrates how strength of character and a love of literature can help overcome racism and trauma . The book begins when three - year - old Maya and her older brother are sent to Stamps , Arkansas , to live with their grandmother and ends when Maya becomes a mother at the age of 16 . In the course of Caged Bird , Maya transforms from a victim of racism into a self - possessed , dignified young woman capable of responding to prejudice . Caged Bird has been categorized as an autobiography , but Angelou utilizes fiction - writing techniques such as dialogue , thematic development , and characterization . She uses the first - person narrative voice customary with autobiographies , but also includes fiction - like elements , told from the perspective of a child that is `` artfully recreated by an adult narrator '' . She uses two distinct voices , the adult writer and the child who is the focus of the book , whom Angelou calls `` the Maya character '' . Angelou reports that maintaining the distinction between herself and `` the Maya character '' is `` damned difficult '' , but `` very necessary '' . Scholar Liliane Arensberg suggests that Angelou `` retaliates for the tongue - tied child 's helpless pain '' by using her adult 's irony and wit . Angelou recognizes that there are fictional aspects to her books -- she tends to `` diverge from the conventional notion of autobiography as truth '' . In a 1998 interview with journalist George Plimpton , Angelou discussed `` the sometimes slippery notion of truth in nonfiction '' and memoirs , stating , `` Sometimes I make a diameter from a composite of three or four people , because the essence in only one person is not sufficiently strong to be written about . '' Contents 1 Primary characters 1.1 Marguerite Johnson ( `` Maya '' ) 1.2 Annie Henderson ( `` Momma '' ) 1.3 Bailey Johnson Jr . 1.4 Uncle Willie 1.5 Vivian Baxter Johnson ( `` Mother Dear '' ) 1.6 Bailey Johnson Sr . 1.7 Mr. Freeman 1.8 Mrs. Bertha Flowers 2 Minor characters 2.1 Sister Monroe 2.2 Reverend Thomas 2.3 Mr. McElroy 2.4 `` Powhitetrash '' girls 2.5 Dentist Lincoln 2.6 Mrs. Viola Cullinan 2.7 Mr. Donleavy 2.8 Henry Reed 2.9 Miss Kirwin 2.10 Baxter Family 2.11 Dolores 3 Notes 4 Works cited Primary characters ( edit ) Marguerite johnson ( `` Maya '' ) ( edit ) The main character , `` an unlikely heroine '' , from whose perspective the story is told . She has been described as `` a symbolic character for every black girl growing up in America '' . The book covers most of her childhood , from the age of three , when she and her older brother Bailey are sent to their grandmother in Stamps , Arkansas , until she was sixteen , when she gives birth to her son Clyde . Through the character of Maya , Angelou uses her own childhood to demonstrate how she was able to survive as a black child in a white - dominated world . Maya is resilient , highly intelligent and loves literature . She goes from feeling shame about her race and appearance to feeling pride , in spite of experiences of racism and trauma . She is raped at the age of eight by her mother 's boyfriend and responds by choosing not to speak for five years . She is brought out of her muteness by Mrs. Bertha Flowers , who introduces her to great literature . Annie Henderson ( `` Momma '' ) ( edit ) Maya and Bailey 's paternal grandmother , `` a church - going , God - fearing woman whose store is the heart of black socializing in Stamps '' . She is the most important influence in Maya 's life . Momma deals with racism by submitting to it without a struggle and by developing `` a strategy of obedience '' , believing that to do any differently would be unsafe . Momma is tall , over six feet , and is very strong physically . She is wise , hard - working , and a good businesswoman . She is undemonstrative in her love for Maya but `` uncompromising in that love '' . As Angelou writes , `` A deep - brooding love hung over everything she touched '' . Bailey johnson Jr. ( edit ) Maya 's brother , Bailey is a year older than she is . He has the most influence on Maya 's childhood . `` He is bright , clever , and good - spirited '' . He was often her strongest supporter and ally . Maya measures others by her small - framed brother , who was her hero and `` Kingdom Come '' . Reviewer John McWhorter calls Bailey Maya 's `` intense little James Baldwin stand - in of a brother '' . Maya and Bailey have an intense bond , and enjoy their private world of jokes . She is strengthened by his love and support ; he is the only one able to comfort her after her rape , and becomes her voice when they return to Stamps . When he witnesses the murder of a black man by a group of white men , he is confused and unable to understand their hatred . Uncle Willie ( edit ) Maya and Bailey 's uncle and Annie Henderson 's son , he was crippled at the age of three when a babysitter dropped him . He walks with a cane . Early in Caged Bird , Momma hides him in a bin of potatoes and onions to avoid being detected by the Ku Klux Klan . He helps Momma run her store and shows Maya kindness to the point that she wishes that he could be her father . He is just as strict as Momma , however , beating Maya and Bailey after they disrupt a church service and threatening to burn her on a potbelly stove for not learning her multiplication tables . Vivian Baxter johnson ( `` mother dear '' ) ( edit ) Maya and Bailey 's `` glamorous if feckless mother '' . Maya is in awe of her beauty : she is `` too beautiful to have children '' . Vivian captivates both her children with her worldliness and euphoria , especially Bailey . Maya is emotionally separated from her mother . Angelou stated later in her life that she recognized that her mother had abandoned her and her brother , which meant that Vivian was `` a terrible parent of young children '' . Vivian is concerned about providing for her children , but negligent towards them . When Maya becomes pregnant at the end of the book , Vivian accepts Maya and her child ; it is the birth of her grandson that causes a connection between mother and daughter . Bailey johnson Sr. ( edit ) Maya and Bailey 's `` no - account daddy '' . He is tall and handsome , with a `` smile as slick as brilliantine '' . He attempts to portray importance , but speaks in a halting manner . He is insensitive towards his children . As Lupton states , `` He represents the absent father , the man who is not there for his children , literally and figuratively '' . Bailey Sr. `` has respect for neither morals nor money '' , but Maya is fascinated by his `` ironic pretentiousness '' . He appears twice in Caged Bird , when he shows up in Stamps to drive his children to St. Louis , and when Maya visits him for a summer in San Diego . Mr. Freeman ( edit ) Vivian Baxter 's boyfriend , he lives with Vivian and her family in St. Louis when Maya and Bailey are sent there to be with their mother . At first , he is a father substitute for Maya , who is hungry to be accepted by a male . He takes advantage of this by raping her , when she is eight years old , and then threatens to kill Bailey if she told anyone about it . Bailey encourages Maya to disclose what has happened , and Mr. Freeman goes to trial . He is sentenced to one year and one day , but is released , anyway . Four days later he is found murdered , probably by Maya 's uncles . Maya is so devastated and traumatized , she chooses to not speak for five years . She gets her voice back when someone asks her to read one of her poems in public . Mrs. Bertha Flowers ( edit ) The `` aristocrat of Stamps '' and the town 's `` black intellectual '' , Mrs. Flowers is a `` self - supporting , independent , graceful '' Black woman . She is the first person to treat Maya as an individual , and teaches her about the relationship between Blacks and the larger society , as well as `` the beauty and power of language '' . She gently nurses Maya out of her mutism by reading to her and by loaning her books that inspire Maya to speak again . Minor characters ( edit ) There are a number of minor characters in Caged Bird , members of the Black and white community in Stamps that fill out Maya 's world and inform her influences and early experiences . Among the most notable are : Sister Monroe ( edit ) A member of the Black church in Stamps . She is not always able to come to services , but when she does , she shouts as loud as possible to make up for her absences . Many humorous church - related anecdotes focus on her and her behavior . Also , one of the most comical chapters in the book . Reverend thomas ( edit ) A `` repulsive church official '' who visits Stamps every 3 months . Maya and Bailey despise him because he is obese and never remembers their names , and because he eats the best chicken pieces at Sunday dinner . One Sunday , Sister Monroe is so inspired by his preaching that she hits him over the head with her purse ; his teeth fall out and onto the floor near Maya , which results in Maya and Bailey 's uncontrollable laughter and subsequent beating by Uncle Willie . Mr. mcelroy ( edit ) Momma 's neighbor , and the only black man Maya has seen whose trousers match his jackets . She and Bailey admire him because he does not go to church , which makes him `` courageous '' . `` Powhitetrash '' girls ( edit ) Three white rural girls who attempt to humiliate and intimidate Momma in front of her store when they taunt and expose themselves to her . Momma reacts by passively humming a spiritual , while Maya , watching from inside the store , weeps with shame and humiliation . Dentist lincoln ( edit ) A white dentist who refuses to treat Maya 's tooth pain , in spite of his debt to Momma , incurred during the Great Depression . He states that he would rather put his `` hand in a dog 's mouth than in a nigger 's '' . Momma reacts to this with passivity , while Maya is horrified and dreams up an elaborate fantasy about Momma threatening the racist dentist . Mrs. viola Cullinan ( edit ) Maya 's employer when she is ten years old . She insists upon calling her `` Mary '' or `` Margaret '' . Maya is unable to tolerate this because `` whites called black people too many other names '' , so Maya deliberately tries to get fired . She finally succeeds by breaking Mrs. Cullinan 's prized china . Mr. Donleavy ( edit ) A white man , he is the guest speaker at Maya 's eighth grade graduation . He puts a pall over the ceremony and crushes the educational dreams of the audience by insinuating that black students are only capable of becoming athletes . Henry reed ( edit ) The valedictorian of Maya 's eighth grade class . He makes up for Mr. Donleavy 's discouragement by leading the audience in `` Lift Ev'ry Voice and Sing '' , the `` Negro national anthem '' . Miss kirwin ( edit ) Maya 's teacher at George Washington High School in San Francisco . `` A rare educator '' , she is white but shows no favoritism to her students based upon their race . Angelou states that she is `` the only teacher I remembered '' , and probably the only white person who befriended her . Baxter family ( edit ) When Maya and Bailey are sent to live with her mother when they are eight and nine , they stay with her family in St. Louis . Grandmother Baxter , Vivian 's mother , is a neighborhood precinct leader of German / black descent who has connections with the local police . Tutti , Tom , and Ira are Vivian 's brothers ; they allegedly murder Mr. Freeman after he rapes Maya . Dolores ( edit ) Bailey Sr. 's pretentious girlfriend , who becomes jealous of Maya . After a violent argument , Maya runs away from her father 's home and is homeless for a short while . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lupton , pp. 29 -- 30 Jump up ^ Lupton , p. 52 ^ Jump up to : Tate , Claudia. ( 1999 ) . `` Maya Angelou '' . In Joanne M. Braxton , Maya Angelou 's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings : A Casebook . New York : Oxford Press , p. 150 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511606 - 2 Jump up ^ Arensberg , p. 114 Jump up ^ Lupton , p. 34 ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Ronald R. ( Spring 2006 ) . `` Journalism : The Democratic Craft '' . Newspaper Research Journal . Jump up ^ Arensberg , p. 111 Jump up ^ Lupton , p. 57 Jump up ^ Lupton , p. 56 Jump up ^ Lupton , pp. 57 -- 58 Jump up ^ Lupton , p. 58 ^ Jump up to : McPherson , p. 26 Jump up ^ Angelou , p. 55 Jump up ^ Momma Henderson , as described by Angelou in her third autobiography Singin ' and Swingin ' and Gettin ' Merry Like Christmas ( 1976 ) , died in 1953 . Jump up ^ Lupton , p. 59 Jump up ^ Angelou , p. 23 Jump up ^ McWhorter , John . ( 2002 ) . `` Saint Maya '' . The New Republic 226 , no . 19 : 35 -- 41 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 ^ Jump up to : Als , Hilton . ( 2002 - 08 - 05 ) . `` Songbird : Maya Angelou Takes Another Look at Herself '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 06 Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Angelou - 60 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Moore was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Vivian Baxter died in 1991 ( Gillespie et al , p. 155 ) . Jump up ^ Lupton , p. 60 Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 32 Jump up ^ Angelou , p. 77 Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 36 ^ Jump up to : Lupton , p. 62 Jump up ^ Angelou , p. 21 Jump up ^ Angelou , p. 189 Jump up ^ Lupton , p. 63 Jump up ^ Angelou , p. 183 Jump up ^ Angelou , p. 215 Jump up ^ Angelou , p. 217 Cite error : A list - defined reference named `` angelou - 60 '' is not used in the content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : A list - defined reference named `` moore '' is not used in the content ( see the help page ) . Works cited ( edit ) Angelou , Maya ( 1969 ) . I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 50789 - 2 Arensberg , Liliane K. ( 1999 ) . `` Death as Metaphor for Self '' . In Maya Angelou 's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings : A Casebook , Joanne M. Braxton , ed . New York : Oxford Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511606 - 2 Gillespie , Marcia Ann , Rosa Johnson Butler , and Richard A. Long . ( 2008 ) . Maya Angelou : A Glorious Celebration . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 51108 - 7 Lupton , Mary Jane ( 1998 ) . Maya Angelou : A Critical Companion . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30325 - 8 McPherson , Dolly A. ( 1999 ) . `` Initiation and Self - Discovery '' . In Maya Angelou 's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings : A Casebook , Joanne M. Braxton , ed . New York : Oxford Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511606 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_I_Know_Why_the_Caged_Bird_Sings_characters&oldid=835093340 '' Categories : African - American autobiographies Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with incorrect ref formatting Pages with broken reference names Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 14 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
2. Maya Angelou
3. Marguerite Johnson (Maya)
4. Annie Henderson (Momma)
5. Bailey Johnson Jr.
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397,691,825,756,117,500 |
where is fear the walking dead taking place
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Fear the Walking Dead - wikipedia Fear the Walking Dead Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Fear the Walking Dead <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Post-apocalyptic Horror Drama Created by Robert Kirkman Dave Erickson Based on The Walking Dead by Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Charlie Adlard Starring Kim Dickens Cliff Curtis Frank Dillane Alycia Debnam - Carey Elizabeth Rodriguez Mercedes Mason Lorenzo James Henrie Rubén Blades Colman Domingo Michelle Ang Danay Garcia Daniel Sharman Sam Underwood Dayton Callie Lisandra Tena Theme music composer Atticus Ross Composer ( s ) Paul Haslinger Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 32 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Robert Kirkman David Alpert Greg Nicotero Gale Anne Hurd Dave Erickson Producer ( s ) Bill Johnson Avram Butch Kaplan Alan Page Pablo Cruz Arturo Sampson Location ( s ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Rosarito , Baja California , Mexico Cinematography Michael McDonough Patrick Cady Christopher Manley Editor ( s ) Todd Desrosiers Victor DuBois Marc Clark Tad Dennis Running time 43 -- 65 minutes Production company ( s ) Square Head Pictures Circle of Confusion Skybound Entertainment Valhalla Entertainment AMC Studios <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network AMC Original release August 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 23 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Related shows The Walking Dead Talking Dead <Th_colspan="2"> External links Official website www.amctv.com/shows/fear-the-walking-dead Fear the Walking Dead is an American post-apocalyptic horror drama television series created by Robert Kirkman and Dave Erickson , that premiered on AMC on August 23 , 2015 . It is a companion series and prequel to The Walking Dead , which is based on the comic book series of the same name by Robert Kirkman , Tony Moore , and Charlie Adlard . The first season consists of six episodes . The second season , comprising 15 episodes , premiered on April 10 , 2016 . On April 15 , 2016 , AMC announced the series had been renewed for a 16 - episode third season , which premiered on June 4 , 2017 . In April 2017 , AMC renewed the series for a fourth season and announced that Andrew Chambliss and Ian Goldberg would replace the departing Dave Erickson as showrunners . Set initially in Los Angeles , California and then later in Mexico , the series follows a dysfunctional , blended family composed of high school guidance counselor Madison Clark , her English teacher boyfriend Travis Manawa , her daughter Alicia , her drug - addicted son Nick , Travis ' son from a previous marriage , Chris , Chris ' mother Liza Ortiz , and others who join their group at the onset of the apocalypse . They must reinvent themselves , learning new skills and adopting new attitudes in order to survive as civilization collapses around them . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Recurring cast 1.2. 1 Los Angeles 1.2. 2 International waters 1.2. 3 Mexico 2 Series overview 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Broadcast 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.1. 1 Season 1 5.1. 2 Season 2 5.1. 3 Season 3 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Awards and nominations 6 Web series 6.1 Fear the Walking Dead : Flight 462 6.2 Fear the Walking Dead : Passage 7 Home media 8 References 9 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main Cast ( edit ) Kim Dickens as Madison Clark , a high school guidance counselor , Travis ' girlfriend , Alicia and Nick 's mother , and Chris ' quasi-stepmother . Cliff Curtis as Travis Manawa , a high school English teacher and Madison 's boyfriend , who shares custody of his son , Chris , with his ex-wife , Liza . ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Frank Dillane as Nick Clark , Madison 's 19 - year - old son , a heroin addict who flunked out of community college . Alycia Debnam - Carey as Alicia Clark , Madison 's overachieving teenage daughter and a model student . Elizabeth Rodriguez as Liza Ortiz , a no - nonsense nursing student , Travis ' ex-wife , and Chris ' mother . ( season 1 ; guest season 2 ) Mercedes Mason as Ofelia Salazar , a hardworking professional with immigrant parents Daniel and Griselda . Lorenzo James Henrie as Christopher Manawa , Travis and Liza 's rebellious teenage son who resents his father for their divorce . ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Rubén Blades as Daniel Salazar , a barber , Griselda 's husband , Ofelia 's father , and a Salvadoran former Sombra Negra member who protects his family at any cost . Colman Domingo as Victor Strand , a smart and sophisticated businessman with a mysterious past . ( recurring season 1 ; main season 2 -- present ) Michelle Ang as Alex , one of the few survivors of a plane crash whom the Los Angeles group encounters in season 2 . Alex is introduced in the Fear the Walking Dead : Flight 462 web series . ( season 2 ) Danay García as Luciana Galvez , a member of the La Colonia community in Tijuana , México , who helps Nick and believes that the walkers are not a bad thing . ( recurring season 2 ; main season 3 -- present ) Daniel Sharman as Troy Otto , described as having a wild temperament and suspicious of outsiders , who is charismatic with a cruel streak . ( season 3 -- present ) Sam Underwood as Jake Otto , Troy 's older brother and Alicia 's new friend . ( season 3 -- present ) Dayton Callie as Jeremiah Otto , Troy 's and Jake 's father and the man who has been preparing for an apocalypse throughout his life . ( guest season 2 ; main season 3 ) Lisandra Tena as Lola Guerrero , she used to work with Dante at the blocade and she was helping her friends by giving them some water . ( season 3 -- present ) Recurring cast ( edit ) Los Angeles ( edit ) Scott Lawrence as Artie `` Art '' Costa , the principal at the high school where Madison and Travis work . ( season 1 ) Lincoln A. Castellanos as Tobias , a wise - beyond - his - years high school senior . ( season 1 ) Maestro Harrell as Matt , Alicia 's boyfriend . ( season 1 ) Patricia Reyes Spíndola as Griselda Salazar , Ofelia 's mother , who emigrated from El Salvador with her husband Daniel to escape political unrest . ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Jamie McShane as Lt. Moyers , the leader of the National Guard contingent in charge of protecting Madison 's neighborhood . ( season 1 ) Shawn Hatosy as Cpl . Andrew Adams , a well - intentioned military man with a soulful disposition , who is out of his element . ( season 1 ) Sandrine Holt as Dr. Bethany Exner , a confident and skilled doctor . ( season 1 ) International waters ( edit ) Daniel Zovatto as Jack Kipling ( season 2 ) Jesse McCartney as Reed , Connor 's brother and a hostile member of the pirates . ( season 2 ) Veronica Diaz as Vida , a pregnant woman and one of Connor 's pirates . ( season 2 ) Arturo Del Puerto as Luis Flores , an ally and right - hand man of Victor Strand and Thomas Abigail . ( season 2 ) Mexico ( edit ) Dougray Scott as Thomas Abigail , Strand 's partner and the apparent namesake of the boat Abigail . ( season 2 ) Marlene Forte as Celia Flores , Luis 's mother . ( season 2 ) Paul Calderón as Alejandro Nuñez , a pharmacist and leader of La Colonia , a community in Tijuana , Mexico , he claims to have been bitten , but did not die . ( season 2 ) Alejandro Edda as Marco Rodriguez , the leader of the gang who live near La Colonia . ( season 2 ) Karen Bethzabe as Elena Reyes , hotel manager who helps Alicia . ( season 2 -- present ) Ramses Jimenez as Hector Reyes , Elena 's nephew who used to manage the hotel with her . ( season 2 -- present ) Andres Londono as Oscar Diaz , leader of a group of survivors living at a hotel . ( season 2 ) Raul Casso as Andres Diaz , Oscar 's brother . ( season 2 ) Brenda Strong as Ilene Stowe , a member of the wedding party and mother - in - law of Oscar . ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) Kelly Blatz as Brandon Luke , leader of a group of young men that befriend Chris . ( season 2 ) Kenny Wormald as Derek , a member of Brandon 's group . ( season 2 ) Israel Broussard as James McCalister , a member of Brandon 's group . ( season 2 ) Series overview ( edit ) Main article : List of Fear the Walking Dead episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 6 <Td_colspan="1"> August 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 23 ) October 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 04 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 15 <Td_colspan="1"> April 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 10 ) October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 16 <Td_colspan="1"> June 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 04 ) October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In September 2013 , AMC announced they were developing a companion series to The Walking Dead , which follows a different set of characters created by Robert Kirkman . In September 2014 , AMC ordered a pilot , which was written by Kirkman and Dave Erickson , and directed by Adam Davidson , and is executive produced by Kirkman , Erickson , Gale Anne Hurd , and David Alpert , with Erickson serving as showrunner . The project was originally known as Cobalt ; Kirkman confirmed , in March 2015 , that the series would be titled Fear the Walking Dead . On March 9 , 2015 , AMC announced it had ordered FTWD to series , with a two - season commitment : the first season , comprising six episodes , premiered on August 23 , 2015 ; the second season , comprising 15 episodes , premiered on April 10 , 2016 . AMC announced in April 2016 that they had renewed the series for a third season of 16 episodes to premiere in 2017 . In March 2017 , it was announced that co-creator Dave Erickson would be stepping down as showrunner after the conclusion of the third season . On April 14 , 2017 , AMC announced that they had renewed the show for a fourth season with new showrunners , Andrew Chambliss and Ian B. Goldberg , and that Scott M. Gimple , executive producer and showrunner of The Walking Dead will become an executive producer . Casting ( edit ) The primary characters from the first season include ( from left to right ) : Alicia , Nick , Madison , Travis , Liza , Chris , Daniel , Griselda , and Ofelia In December 2014 , the first four starring roles were cast : Kim Dickens as Madison , the female lead ; Cliff Curtis as Travis Manawa , the male lead ; Frank Dillane as Nick ; and Alycia Debnam - Carey as Alicia . In April and May 2015 , Elizabeth Rodriguez and Mercedes Mason were announced as series regulars , both in unknown roles . Filming ( edit ) Production of the pilot episode began in early 2015 and ended on February 6 , 2015 . The pilot episode was filmed in Los Angeles ; the remaining first - season episodes were filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . Production on the remaining five first - season episodes began on May 11 , 2015 . Adam Davidson , who directed the pilot , also directed the series ' second and third episodes . Filming for the second season began in December 2015 , with production moving to Baja California , Mexico . Locations included Rosarito ( sea scenes and hotel ) and Valle de Guadalupe ( Abigail 's vineyard ) . The sea scenes were filmed using a horizon tank at Baja Film Studios . Filming for the third season began on January 6 , 2017 , in Baja California , Mexico , with some of the same location sites used for the second half of season two . Additional locations in Tijuana Municipality included Avenida Revolución , Abelardo L. Rodríguez Dam and the hills that hosted the Otto 's ranch . Broadcast ( edit ) On August 23 , 2015 , the series debuted simultaneously worldwide on : AMC in the U.S. ; AMC Global in major regional markets in Africa , Asia , Europe , Latin America , and the Middle East ; and FX in Australia . Hulu holds the show 's video on demand rights in the U.S. , while Amazon Instant Video owns the streaming rights in Austria and Germany , and will make episodes available online one day after their original airing . Streaming in the United Kingdom became available to Amazon Prime members in 2016 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has a rating of 77 % , based on 57 reviews , whose average rating is 6.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Fear the Walking Dead recycles elements of its predecessor , but it 's still moody and engrossing enough to compete with the original . '' On Metacritic , the season has a score of 66 out of 100 , based on 33 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Elisabeth Vincentelli of the New York Post rated the first two episodes three out of four stars , stating that `` ( They ) are creepily suspenseful -- they 're great examples of how effective a slow pace and a moody atmosphere can be . '' Another positive review of the first episode came from Ken Tucker of Yahoo TV , who wrote , `` Fear the Walking Dead is a mood piece , more artful than the original series '' and that the cast is `` terrific '' . Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter gave an average review , writing , `` The 90 - minute first episode and the hour - long second episode are , while not actually boring , certainly less magnetic than the original . '' One of the harshest negative reviews came from HitFix , on Daniel Fienberg and Alan Sepinwall 's podcast , where Fienberg called the premiere episode `` awful , just horrible ... as bad as The Walking Dead has ever gotten at its very worst . This is that bad . I 've been kind of stunned to see people being generous to it ... I thought this was almost unwatchably bad . '' Sepinwall called his B − review `` slightly generous '' . Season 2 ( edit ) The second season received mostly mixed reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has a rating of 71 % , based on 26 reviews , whose average rating is 6.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Fear the Walking Dead sets sail in its sophomore season with an intriguing backdrop that does n't always disguise its deficiencies in comparison to its predecessor . '' On Metacritic , the season has a score of 54 out of 100 , based on 12 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Season 3 ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the third season has an approval rating of 84 % based on 58 reviews , with an average rating of 7.3 / 10 . Ratings ( edit ) The U.S. series premiere attracted 10.1 million total viewers , with 6.3 million in the advertiser - coveted 18 - to - 49 - year - old demographic , both cable television records for a series premiere . Numerous international debuts of the pilot also set ratings records . The first season averaged 11.2 million viewers in `` live plus - 3 '' ratings ( includes VOD and DVR viewing within three days after initial telecast ) to become the highest - rated first season of any series in cable history . Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> First aired <Th_colspan="2"> Last aired TV season Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Sunday 9 : 00 pm 6 August 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 23 ) 10.13 October 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 04 ) 6.86 2014 -- 15 7.61 15 April 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 10 ) 6.67 October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) 3.05 2015 -- 16 4.19 16 June 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 04 ) 3.11 October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) TBD 2016 -- 17 TBD Fear the Walking Dead : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Ep. 11 Ep. 12 Ep. 13 Ep. 14 Ep. 15 Ep. 16 10.13 8.18 7.19 6.62 6.66 6.86 <Td_colspan="10"> N / A 6.67 5.58 4.73 4.80 4.41 4.49 4.39 3.86 3.66 2.99 3.40 3.62 3.49 3.67 3.05 <Td_colspan="1"> N / A 3.11 2.70 2.50 2.40 2.50 2.19 2.62 2.40 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD Source : Nielsen Media Research Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Recipient Result Ref . 2015 E ! Online Best . Ever . TV . Awards New Show You 're Most Excited to See Fear the Walking Dead Won 2016 42nd Saturn Awards Best Horror Television Series Fear the Walking Dead Nominated Best Actress on Television Kim Dickens Nominated Best Performance by a Younger Actor on Television Frank Dillane Nominated E ! Online TV Scoop Awards Female Breakout Star Alycia Debnam - Carey Won 2017 Saturn Awards Best Horror Television Series Fear the Walking Dead Nominated Best Actress on a Television Series Kim Dickens Nominated Best Younger Actor on a Television Series Alycia Debnam - Carey Nominated Lorenzo James Henrie Nominated Web series ( edit ) Fear the Walking Dead : Flight 462 ( edit ) Main article : Fear the Walking Dead : Flight 462 Fear the Walking Dead : Flight 462 , a 16 - part web series , premiered on October 4 , 2015 , on AMC.com ; it also aired as promos during The Walking Dead season 6 . Two of the web series ' characters , Alex ( previously known as Charlie ) and Jake , are introduced in Fear the Walking Dead season 2 , episode 3 ( `` Ouroboros '' ) . Fear the Walking Dead : Passage ( edit ) A second 16 - part web series debuted on October 17 , 2016 , and episodes were made available online weekly and aired as promos during the seventh season of The Walking Dead . The web series follows Sierra , a capable survivor , who helps an injured woman named Gabi as they try to find sanctuary . The series was written by Lauren Signorino and Mike Zunic , and directed by Andrew Bernstein . Home media ( edit ) The first season was released on Blu - ray and DVD on December 1 , 2015 . A special edition version of the first season was released on Blu - ray and DVD on March 22 , 2016 , with new bonus features , including deleted scenes , seven featurettes , and audio commentaries by cast and crew , on all six episodes . The second season , featuring audio commentaries , deleted scenes , and various behind - the - scene featurettes , was released on Blu - ray and DVD on December 13 , 2016 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ross , Dalton ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` And the title of The Walking Dead companion series is ... '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Slezak , Michael ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Fear the Walking Dead Trailer Is Finally Here ! ( And So 's the Premiere Date ! ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fear the Walking Dead ' Cast and Creators Talk Kickstarting the Apocalypse '' . Variety . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Fear the Walking Dead Season 2 Premiere Date Announced '' . TVLine . 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USA Today . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cast '' . AMC . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cohn , Paulette ( August 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fear the Walking Dead ' producer : Prequel hit about ' dread , the anxiety , and paranoia ' '' . Fox News . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fear the Walking Dead : About the Show '' . AMC . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMC 's `` Fear the Walking Dead '' Begins Production in Vancouver '' ( Press release ) . AMC . May 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Shaunna ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fear The Walking Dead ' : Kim Dickens Explains How Drug Addiction Plays A Major Role '' . MTV . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ross , Dalton ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` Fear the Walking Dead : Robert Kirkman reveals new details and casting '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 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Deadline.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Jesse McCartney Shocks Fans With Fear The Walking Dead Villainy '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Veronica Diaz Cast On Fear The Walking Dead '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Casts Arturo Del Puerto , ' The Strain ' Adds America Olivo '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Fear the Walking Dead : Dougray Scott Joins Spinoff 's Season 2 Cast '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Derek ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Marlene Forte Talks Playing Celia on FEAR THE WALKING DEAD Season 2 '' . Daily Dead . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` AMC 's ' Walking Dead ' Prequel : All the Details ( So Far ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( March 9 , 2015 ) . `` AMC 's Walking Dead Spinoff Snags Two - Season Order , Premiere Date '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` Fear the Walking Dead Showrunner to Step Down After Season 3 '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' spinoff casts male lead '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 23 , 2014 ) . `` Kim Dickens To Star In ' The Walking Dead ' Companion Series On AMC '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Frank Dillane & Alycia Debnam Carey Cast In ' The Walking Dead ' Companion Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Fear the Walking Dead casts Orange is the New Black actress in mystery role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Mercedes Mason Joins AMC 's ' Fear The Walking Dead ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Robert Kirkman says ' Walking Dead ' spinoff will be ' startlingly different ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` ( TV ) Why Has n't `` The Walking Dead '' Spinoff Been Picked Up Yet ? ! `` . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jancelewicz , Chris ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Spinoff To Be Shot In Vancouver '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved April 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Walking Dead spinoff shot exclusively in Vancouver '' . CBC News . August 5 , 2015 . Retrieved August 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sirani , Jordan ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Fear the Walking Dead : Season 2 Begins Production in Mexico '' . IGN . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Fear The Walking Dead Season 3 Begins Production In Baja '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Digital , Milenio ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fear The Walking Dead ' tiene locaciones en Tijuana '' . Milenio ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bowles , Duncan ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Fear The Walking Dead season 3 set report '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kissell , Rick ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fear the Walking Dead ' Premiere Powers AMC Global to Record Ratings '' . Variety . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( August 25 , 2015 ) . `` 10m viewers - Fear the Walking Dead becomes biggest launch in US cable history '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Falcone , Dana Rose ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Hulu will stream Fear the Walking Dead and future AMC scripted series exclusively '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Szalai , Georg ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Amazon Takes ' Fear the Walking Dead ' for Germany , Austria , U.K. '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fear the Walking Dead : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fear the Walking Dead : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vincentelli , Elisabeth ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' prequel is creepily suspenseful '' . New York Post . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fear the Walking Dead ' : Artful Suspense , Not Bloody Horror '' . Yahoo TV . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Tim ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fear the Walking Dead ' : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` No. 296 - ' Fear the Walking Dead ' and more '' . HitFix . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Review : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' goes back to the dawn of the zombie apocalypse '' . HitFix . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fear the Walking Dead : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fear the Walking Dead : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fear the Walking Dead : Season 3 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` Fear the Walking Dead premiere makes cable ratings history '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Debut Ratings Draw 10.1 M Viewers , Shatters Cable Records '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Fear the Walking Dead 's Ratings Break Cable Record '' . Variety . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Top 25 : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending August 23 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . August 25 , 2015 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' finale leads night , plus ' The Strain ' finale , ' Rick & Morty , ' ' Kardashians ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fear the Walking Dead : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . October 6 , 2015 . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' Season 2 premieres to series low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Westworld ' opens pretty well for HBO , ' Fear the Walking Dead ' tops Sunday cable ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fear the Walking Dead : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Leftovers ' ends on up note , ' Fear the Walking Dead ' premieres to series low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fear the Walking Dead : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . October 6 , 2015 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fear the Walking Dead : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fear the Walking Dead : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ; Bricker , Tierney ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Best . Ever . TV . Awards : Watch Outlander , Vampire Diaries , Arrow and More Winners Accept Their Trophies ! '' . E ! Online . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Mad Max , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Piester , Lauren ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` TV Scoop Awards 2016 : And the Winners Are ... '' . E ! Online . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fear The Walking Dead : Flight 462 ' Web Series Gets Premiere Date '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fear The Walking Dead : Passage ' Web Series Set At AMC '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Fear the Walking Dead - Press Release Announces ' The Complete 1st Season ' on Blu - ray , DVD '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Fear the Walking Dead - ' The Complete 1st Season : Special Edition 's ' Press Release ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Fear the Walking Dead - ' The Complete 2nd Season ' Press Release : Details , Extras , Packaging '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Horror portal Television portal Official website Fear the Walking Dead on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> AMC original programming Former 1980s debuts The Movie Masters ( 1989 -- 90 ) 1990s debuts The Lot ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Remember WENN ( 1996 -- 98 ) 2000s debuts Breaking Bad ( 2008 -- 13 ) Broken Trail ( 2006 ) DVD TV ( 2002 -- 08 ) Mad Men ( 2007 -- 15 ) Movies That Shook the World ( 2005 ) The Prisoner ( 2009 ) Shootout ( 2003 -- 08 ) 2010s debuts 4th and Loud ( 2014 ) The American West ( 2016 ) Feed the Beast ( 2016 ) Freakshow ( 2013 -- 14 ) Game of Arms ( 2014 ) Hell on Wheels ( 2011 -- 16 ) The Killing ( 2011 -- 13 ) Low Winter Sun ( 2013 ) The Making of the Mob ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Night Manager ( 2016 ) Owner 's Manual ( 2013 ) The Pitch ( 2012 -- 13 ) Rubicon ( 2010 ) Small Town Security ( 2012 -- 14 ) Talking Bad ( 2013 ) TURN : Washington 's Spies ( 2014 -- 17 ) Current Better Call Saul ( since 2015 ) Comic Book Men ( since 2012 ) Fear the Walking Dead ( since 2015 ) Geeking Out ( since 2016 ) Halt and Catch Fire ( since 2014 ) Humans ( since 2015 ) Into the Badlands ( since 2015 ) Preacher ( since 2016 ) Ride with Norman Reedus ( since 2016 ) The Son ( since 2017 ) Talking Dead ( since 2011 ) Talking Preacher ( since 2016 ) Talking Saul ( since 2016 ) Talking with Chris Hardwick ( since 2017 ) The Walking Dead ( since 2010 ) Upcoming Lodge 49 ( TBA ) McMafia ( 2018 ) The Spy Who Came in from the Cold ( TBA ) The Terror ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> The Walking Dead <Td_colspan="2"> Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Charlie Adlard Comic books The Walking Dead Television series The Walking Dead Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Accolades Soundtrack Vol. 1 Talking Dead Fear the Walking Dead Episodes Season 1 Web series The Walking Dead Torn Apart Cold Storage The Oath Fear the Walking Dead Flight 462 Passage Video games The Walking Dead Season One `` 400 Days '' Two Michonne Three : A New Frontier Other games Survival Instinct Road to Survival Novels Rise of the Governor The Road to Woodbury The Fall of the Governor Descent Invasion Search and Destroy Characters Lists Comic book series Television series <Td_colspan="2"> Aaron Amy Jessie Anderson Andrea Axel Tara Chambler Clementine Daryl Dixon Merle Dixon Rosita Espinosa Lee Everett Ezekiel Abraham Ford Gareth The Governor Gregory Beth Greene Hershel Greene Maggie Greene Carl Grimes Lori Grimes Rick Grimes Dale Horvath Morgan Jones Lilly Milton Mamet Caesar Martinez Deanna Monroe Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Michonne Negan Olivia The Prisoners Carol Peletier Sophia Peletier Eugene Porter Glenn Rhee Lizzie and Mika Samuels Gabriel Stokes Bob Stookey T - Dog Shane Walsh Sasha Williams Tyreese Williams <Td_colspan="2"> Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fear_the_Walking_Dead&oldid=801169086 '' Categories : 2010s American television series 2015 American television series debuts Fear the Walking Dead AMC ( TV channel ) network shows American LGBT - related television shows English - language television programs Post-apocalyptic television series Prequel television series Television series produced in Vancouver Television shows set in Los Angeles Television shows set in Mexico Television spin - offs The Walking Dead Television series about viral outbreaks Zombies in television Television series about dysfunctional families Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 02 : 21 . 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1. Fear the Walking Dead - American post-apocalyptic horror drama television series
2. Robert Kirkman - Creator of Fear the Walking Dead and The Walking Dead
3. Prequel - Fear the Walking Dead is a prequel to The Walking Dead
4. Characters - Madison Clark, Travis Manawa, Alicia Clark, Nick Clark, Chris Manawa, Daniel Salazar, Victor Strand, Luciana Galvez, Troy Otto, Jake Otto, Jeremiah Otto,
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barcelona vs real madrid who has more wins
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El Clásico - wikipedia El Clásico Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see El Clásico ( disambiguation ) . El Clásico <Td_colspan="2"> Team kits Locale Spain Teams Barcelona Real Madrid Latest meeting Real Madrid 2 -- 0 Barcelona Supercopa de España ( 16 August 2017 ) Next meeting Real Madrid v Barcelona La Liga ( 23 December 2017 ) Stadiums Camp Nou ( Barcelona ) Santiago Bernabéu ( Real Madrid ) <Th_colspan="2"> Statistics Meetings total Competitive matches : 235 Exhibition matches : 34 Total matches : 269 Most wins Competitive matches : Real Madrid ( 95 ) Exhibition matches : Barcelona ( 20 ) Total matches : Barcelona ( 111 ) Most player appearances Manolo Sanchís ( 43 ) Top scorer Lionel Messi ( 25 ) Largest victory Real Madrid 11 -- 1 Barcelona Copa del Rey ( 19 June 1943 ) El Clásico ( Spanish pronunciation : ( el ˈklasiko ) ; Catalan : El Clàssic , pronounced ( əɫ ˈkɫasik ) ; `` The Classic '' ) is the name given in football to any match between fierce rivals Real Madrid and FC Barcelona . Originally it referred only to those competitions held in the Spanish championship , but nowadays the term has been generalized , and tends to include every single match between the two clubs : UEFA Champions League , Copa del Rey , etc . Other than the UEFA Champions League Final , it is considered one of the biggest club football games in the world , and is among the most viewed annual sporting events . The match is known for its intensity . The rivalry comes about as Madrid and Barcelona are the two largest cities in Spain , and they are sometimes identified with opposing political positions , with Real Madrid viewed as representing Spanish nationalism and Barcelona viewed as representing Catalan nationalism . The rivalry is regarded as one of the biggest in world sport . The two clubs are among the richest and most successful football clubs in the world ; in 2014 Forbes ranked them the world 's two most valuable sports teams . Both clubs have a global fanbase ; they are the world 's two most followed sports teams on social media . Real Madrid leads the head to head results in competitive matches with 95 wins to Barcelona 's 91 , while Barcelona leads in total matches with 111 wins to Real Madrid 's 99 . Along with Athletic Bilbao , they are the only clubs in La Liga to have never been relegated . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rivalry 1.1 History 1.2 1943 Copa del Generalísimo semi-finals 1.3 Di Stéfano transfer 1.4 Final of the bottles 1.5 Luís Figo Transfer 1.6 Recent issues 2 Results 3 Records 3.1 Biggest wins ( 5 + goals ) 3.2 Longest runs 3.2. 1 Most consecutive wins 3.2. 2 Most consecutive draws 3.2. 3 Most consecutive matches without a draw 3.2. 4 Longest undefeated runs 3.2. 5 Longest undefeated runs in the league 3.2. 6 Most consecutive matches without conceding a goal 3.2. 7 Most consecutive games scoring 3.3 Goalscoring 3.3. 1 Top goalscorers 3.3. 2 Consecutive goalscoring 3.4 Most hat - tricks 3.5 Most assists 3.6 Most appearances 4 Players who played for both clubs 5 Honours 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Rivalry History Santiago Bernabéu , home of Real Madrid , hosted its first Clásico in 1948 . Camp Nou , home of FC Barcelona , hosted its first Clásico in 1958 . The conflict between Real Madrid and Barcelona has long surpassed the sporting dimension , so that elections to the clubs ' presidencies are strongly politicized . As early as the 1930s , Barcelona `` had developed a reputation as a symbol of Catalan identity , opposed to the centralising tendencies of Madrid '' . In 1936 , when Francisco Franco started the Coup d'état against the democratic Second Spanish Republic , the president of Barcelona , Josep Sunyol , member of the Republican Left of Catalonia and Deputy to The Cortes , was arrested and executed without trial by Franco 's troops ( Sunyol was exercising his political activities , visiting Republican troops north of Madrid ) . Barcelona was on top of the list of organizations to be purged by the National faction , just after communists , anarchists , and independentists . During the Franco dictatorship , most citizens of Barcelona were in strong opposition to the fascist - like régime . Phil Ball , the author of Morbo : The Story of Spanish Football , says about the match ; `` they hate each other with an intensity that can truly shock the outsider '' . During the dictatorships of Miguel Primo de Rivera and of Francisco Franco , all regional languages and identities in Spain were frowned upon and restrained . In this period , Barcelona gained their motto Més que un club ( English : More than a club ) because of its alleged connection to Catalan nationalist as well as to progressive beliefs . During Franco 's regime , however , Barcelona was granted profit due to its good relationship with the dictator at management level , even giving two awards to him . The links between senior Real Madrid representatives and the Francoist regime were undeniable ; for most of the Catalans , Real Madrid was regarded as `` the establishment club '' , despite the fact that presidents of both clubs like Josep Sunyol and Rafael Sánchez Guerra , suffered at the hands of Franco 's supporters in the Spanish Civil War . The image for both clubs was further affected by the creation of Ultras groups , some of which became hooligans . In 1980 , Ultras Sur was founded as a far - right - leaning Real Madrid ultras group , followed in 1981 by the foundation of the initially left - leaning and later on far - right , Barcelona ultras group Boixos Nois . Both groups became known for their violent acts , and one of the most conflictive factions of Barcelona supporters , the Casuals , became a full - fledged criminal organisation . For many people , Barcelona is still considered as `` the rebellious club '' , or the alternative pole to `` Real Madrid 's conservatism '' . According to polls released by CIS ( Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas ) , Real Madrid is the favorite team of most of the Spanish residents , while Barcelona stands in the second position . In Catalonia , forces of all the political spectrum are overwhelmingly in favour of Barcelona . Nevertheless , the support of the blaugrana club goes far beyond from that region , earning its best results among young people , sustainers of a federal structure of Spain and citizens with left - wing ideology , in contrast with Real Madrid fans which politically tend to adopt right - wing views . 1943 Copa del Generalísimo semi-finals On 13 June 1943 , Real Madrid beat Barcelona 11 -- 1 at home in the second leg of a semi-final of the Copa del Generalísimo , the Copa del Rey having been renamed in honour of General Franco . The first leg , played at Barcelona 's Les Corts stadium in Catalonia , had ended with Barcelona winning 3 -- 0 . Madrid complained about all the three goals that referee Fombona Fernández had allowed for Barcelona , with the home supporters also whistling Madrid throughout , whom they accused of employing roughhouse tactics , and Fombona for allowing them to . A campaign began in Madrid . Barcelona player Josep Valle recalled : `` The press officer at the DND and ABC newspaper wrote all sorts of scurrilous lies , really terrible things , winding up the Madrid fans like never before '' . While former Real Madrid goalkeeper Eduardo Teus , who admitted that Madrid had `` above all played hard '' , wrote in a newspaper : `` the ground itself made Madrid concede two of the three goals , goals that were totally unfair '' . Barcelona fans were banned from traveling to Madrid . Real Madrid released a statement after the match which former club president ( 1985 -- 1995 ) Ramón Mendoza explained , `` The message got through that those fans who wanted to could go to El Club bar on Calle de la Victoria where Madrid 's social center was . There , they were given a whistle . Others had whistles handed to them with their tickets . '' The day of the second leg , the Barcelona team were insulted and stones were thrown at their bus as soon as they left their hotel . Barcelona 's striker Mariano Gonzalvo said of the incedent , `` Five minutes before the game had started , our penalty area was already full of coins . '' Barcelona goalkeeper Lluis Miró rarely approached his line -- when he did , he was armed with stones . As Francisco Calvet told the story , `` They were shouting : Reds ! Separatists ! ... a bottle just missed Sospedra that would have killed him if it had hit him . It was all set up . '' Down in the Barcelona dugout , Ángel Mur who watched events unfold , stated , `` When I took up my place on the bench , a policeman came up to me and said ' Today you 're going to lose ' ... another armed police lieutenant spent the whole game calling me a Catalan dog and a red separatist . When I got up to treat an injured player , he grabbed me and told me to sit back down again . At which point , Piñeyro intervened . '' The policeman told the Barcelona president to shut up or he would be arrested . Piñeyro was assaulted by Madrid fans . Real Madrid went 2 -- 0 up within half an hour . The third goal brought with it a sending off for Barcelona 's Benito García after he made what Calvet claimed was a `` completely normal tackle '' . Madrid 's José Llopis Corona recalled , `` At which point , they got a bit demoralized , '' while Mur countered , `` at which point , we thought : ' go on then , score as many as you want ' . '' Madrid scored in minutes 31 ' , 33 ' , 35 ' , 39 ' , 43 ' and 44 ' , as well as two goals ruled out for offside , made it 8 -- 0 . Basilo de la Morena had been caught out by the speed of the goals . At half - time , Barcelona 's players decided that they were not going out for the second half . According to an interview Valle and Calvet gave to La Vanguardia in May 2000 , a colonel appeared in the dressing room and said , `` Go back out on to the pitch or you 're all going to jail . '' Calvet later added an important detail when he told the story to his biographer Guillem Gómez , noting that when he questioned why there were not more police on duty given the atmosphere , he was told , `` Shut up , obey , go out there and play ... and lose ! . '' Juan Antonio Samaranch , former Spanish minister of sports and International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) president , wrote , `` Barcelona did not exist and the same would have happened to any team . In that atmosphere and with a referee who wanted to avoid any complications , it was humanly impossible to play ... If the azulgranas had played badly , really badly , the scoreboard would still not have reached that astronomical figure . The point is that they did not play at all . '' Both clubs were fined 2,500 pesetas by the Royal Spanish Football Federation and , although Barcelona appealed , it made no difference . Piñeyro resigned in protest , complaining of `` a campaign that the press has run against Barcelona for a week and which culminated in the shameful day at Chamartín '' . The match report in the newspaper La Prensa described Barcelona 's only goal as a `` reminder that there was a team there who knew how to play football and that if they did not do so that afternoon , it was not exactly their fault '' . Another newspaper called the scoreline `` as absurd as it was abnormal '' . According to football writer Sid Lowe , `` There have been relatively few mentions of the game ( since ) and it is not a result that has been particularly celebrated in Madrid . Indeed , the 11 -- 1 occupies a far more prominent place in Barcelona 's history . This was the game that first formed the identification of Madrid as the team of the dictatorship and Barcelona as its victims . '' Fernando Argila , Barcelona 's reserve goalkeeper from the game , said , `` There was no rivalry . Not , at least , until that game . '' Di Stéfano transfer Alfredo Di Stéfano 's controversial 1953 transfer to Real Madrid instead of Barcelona intensified the rivalry . The rivalry was intensified during the 1950s when the clubs disputed the signing of Alfredo Di Stéfano . Di Stéfano had impressed both Barcelona and Real Madrid while playing for Los Millionarios in Bogotá , Colombia , during a players ' strike in his native Argentina . Both Real Madrid and Barcelona attempted to sign him and , due to confusion that emerged from Di Stéfano moving to Millonarios from River Plate following the strike , both clubs claimed to own his registration . After intervention from FIFA representative Muñoz Calero , it was decided that both Barcelona and Real Madrid had to share the player in alternate seasons . Barcelona 's humiliated president was forced to resign by the Barcelona board , with the interim board cancelling Di Stéfano 's contract . This ended the long struggle for Di Stéfano , as he moved definitively to Real Madrid . Di Stéfano became integral in the subsequent success achieved by Real Madrid , scoring twice in his first game against Barcelona . With him , Real Madrid won the initial five European Champions Cup competitions . The 1960s saw the rivalry reach the European stage when they met twice at the European Cup , Real Madrid winning in 1960 and Barcelona winning in 1961 . Final of the bottles On 5 July 1968 , Barcelona beat Real Madrid 1 -- 0 in the Copa del Generalísimo final at the Santiago Bernabéu . Angry about the refereeing , Real Madrid supporters began throwing glass bottles at the referee and at Barcelona players in the last minutes of the match . Antonio Rigo , referee of the final , was accused of being favourable towards Barcelona . He said of the incident , `` After the final of 1968 , I became more ' antimadridista ' , rather than a fan of Barcelona . But for a reason , I noticed that Madrid 's ' hand ' reached far and harmed me ... Barça never offered me anything , not even a badge . However , Antonio Calderón , I think he was Real Madrid 's manager , came to my room in the dugout before the game , and said ' I want to give you a good gift ' . It was Madrid 's custom of giving a golden watch . I guess it was conditioned on the victory of his team because I am still waiting for that gift . '' Regarding the moments of two not - given penalties , he said , `` I did n't see a penalty in Amancio , and Serena stumbled . Serena wanted to deceive me falling when he entered 7mm in the area . '' General Franco handed Barcelona the cup with the pitch full of bottles , hence the name . Luís Figo transfer Luís Figo 's transfer from Barcelona to Real Madrid in 2000 resulted in a hate campaign by some of his former club 's fans . In 2000 , Real Madrid 's then - presidential candidate , Florentino Pérez , offered Barcelona 's vice-captain Luís Figo $2.4 million just to sign an agreement binding him to Madrid if he won the elections . If the player broke the deal , he would have to pay Pérez $30 million in compensation . When his agent confirmed the deal , Figo denied everything , insisting , `` I 'll stay at Barcelona whether Pérez wins or loses . '' He accused the presidential candidate of `` lying '' and `` fantasizing '' . He told Barcelona teammates Luis Enrique and Pep Guardiola he was not leaving and they conveyed the message to the Barcelona squad . On 9 July , Sport ran an interview in which he said , `` I want to send a message of calm to Barcelona 's fans , for whom I always have and always will feel great affection . I want to assure them that Luís Figo will , with absolute certainty , be at the Camp Nou on the 24th to start the new season ... I 've not signed a pre-contract with a presidential candidate at Real Madrid . No . I 'm not so mad as to do a thing like that . '' The only way Barcelona could prevent Figo 's transfer to Real Madrid was to pay the penalty clause , $30 million . That would have effectively meant paying the fifth highest transfer fee in history to sign their own player . Barcelona 's new president , Joan Gaspart , called the media and told them , `` Today , Figo gave me the impression that he wanted to do two things : get richer and stay at Barça . '' Only one of them happened . The following day , 24 July , Figo was presented in Madrid and handed his new shirt by Alfredo Di Stéfano . His buyout clause was set at $180 million . Gaspart later admitted , `` Figo 's move destroyed us . '' On his return to Barcelona in a Real Madrid shirt , banners with `` Judas '' , `` Scum '' and `` Mercenary '' were hung around the stadium . Thousands of fake 10,000 peseta notes had been printed and emblazoned with his image , were among the missiles of oranges , bottles , cigarette lighters , even a couple of mobile phones were thrown at him . In his third season with Real Madrid , the 2002 Clásico at Camp Nou produced one of the defining images of the rivalry . Figo was mercilessly taunted throughout ; missiles of coins , a knife , a whisky bottle , were raining down from the stands , mostly from areas populated by the Boixos Nois where he had been taking a corner . Among the debris was a pig 's head . Recent issues During the last three decades , the rivalry has been augmented by the modern Spanish tradition of the Pasillo , where one team is given the guard of honor by the other team , once the former clinches the La Liga trophy before El Clásico takes place . This has happened in three occasions . First , during El Clásico that took place on 30 April 1988 , where Real Madrid won the championship on the previous round . Then , three years later , when Barcelona won the championship two rounds before El Clásico on 8 June 1991 . The last pasillo , and most recent , took place on 7 May 2008 , and this time Real Madrid had won the championship . The two teams met again in the UEFA Champions League semi-final in 2002 , with Real Madrid winning 2 -- 0 in Barcelona and a 1 -- 1 draw in Madrid . The match was dubbed by Spanish media as the `` Match of the Century '' . In 2005 , Ronaldinho became the second Barcelona player , after Diego Maradona in 1983 , to receive a standing ovation from Real Madrid fans at the Santiago Bernabéu . While El Clásico is regarded as one of the fiercest rivalries in world football , there have been rare moments when fans have shown praise for a player on the opposing team . In 1980 , Laurie Cunningham was the first Real Madrid player to receive applause from Barcelona fans at Camp Nou ; after excelling during the match , and with Madrid winning 2 -- 0 , Cunningham left the field to a standing ovation from the locals . On 26 June 1983 , during the second leg of the Copa de la Liga final at the Santiago Bernabéu in Madrid , having dribbled past the Real Madrid goalkeeper , Barcelona star Diego Maradona ran towards an empty goal before stopping just as the Madrid defender came sliding in an attempt to block the shot and crashed into the post , before Maradona slotted the ball into the net . The manner of Maradona 's goal led to many Madrid fans inside the stadium start applauding . In November 2005 , Ronaldinho became the second Barcelona player to receive a standing ovation from Madrid fans at the Santiago Bernabéu . After dribbling through the Madrid defence twice to score two goals in a 3 -- 0 win , Madrid fans paid homage to his performance with applause . On 21 November 2015 , Andrés Iniesta became the third Barcelona player to receive applause from Real Madrid fans while he was substituted during a 4 -- 0 away win , with Iniesta scoring Barça 's third . A 2007 survey by the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas showed that 32 % of the Spanish population supported Real Madrid , while 25 % supported Barcelona . In third place came Valencia , with 5 % . According to a poll performed by Ikerfel in 2011 , Barcelona is the most popular team in Spain with 44 % of preferences , while Real Madrid is second with 37 % . Atlético Madrid , Valencia and Athletic Bilbao complete the top five . Both clubs have a global fanbase and are the world 's two most followed sports teams on social media -- on Facebook , as of March 2016 , Barcelona has 91 million fans , Real Madrid has 87 million fans . Barcelona 's Lionel Messi and Real Madrid midfielder Lassana Diarra in a 2011 Clásico . The rivalry intensified in 2011 where , due to the final of the Copa Del Rey and the meeting of the two in the UEFA Champions League , Barcelona and Real Madrid were scheduled to meet each other four times in 18 days . Several accusations of unsportsmanlike behaviour from both teams and a war of words erupted throughout the fixtures which included four red cards . Spain national team coach Vicente del Bosque stated that he was `` concerned '' that due to the rising hatred between the two clubs , that this could cause friction in the Spain team . In recent years , the rivalry has been `` encapsulated '' by the rivalry between Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi . Following the star signings of Neymar and Luis Suárez to Barcelona , and Gareth Bale and Karim Benzema to Madrid , the rivalry has been expanded to a battle of the clubs attacking trios , `` BBC '' ( Bale , Benzema , Cristiano ) against `` MSN '' ( Messi , Suárez , Neymar ) . Results Main article : List of El Clásico matches As of 16 August 2017 Matches <Th_colspan="2"> Wins Draws <Th_colspan="2"> Goals <Th_colspan="2"> Home Wins <Th_colspan="2"> Home Draws <Th_colspan="2"> Away Wins La Liga 174 72 69 33 284 277 52 49 15 18 20 20 Copa del Rey 33 12 14 7 64 63 5 7 5 5 Copa de la Liga 6 0 8 13 0 0 Supercopa de España 14 8 30 18 6 0 Champions League 8 13 10 All competitions 235 95 91 49 399 381 64 61 25 24 27 27 Friendly / Other 34 20 10 44 86 11 6 8 All matches 269 99 111 59 443 467 67 72 29 30 28 35 Records Biggest wins ( 5 + goals ) 10 Real Madrid 11 -- 1 Barcelona 19 June 1943 Copa del Rey 7 Barcelona 7 -- 0 Real Madrid 1 November 1913 Exhibition 6 Real Madrid 8 -- 2 Barcelona 3 February 1935 La Liga Barcelona 7 -- 1 Real Madrid 18 February 1920 Exhibition 5 Barcelona 7 -- 2 Real Madrid 24 September 1950 La Liga Barcelona 6 -- 1 Real Madrid 19 May 1957 Copa del Rey Real Madrid 6 -- 1 Barcelona 18 September 1949 La Liga Barcelona 5 -- 0 Real Madrid 21 April 1935 Barcelona 5 -- 0 Real Madrid 25 March 1945 Real Madrid 5 -- 0 Barcelona 5 October 1953 Real Madrid 0 -- 5 Barcelona 17 February 1974 Barcelona 5 -- 0 Real Madrid 8 January 1994 Real Madrid 5 -- 0 Barcelona 7 January 1995 Barcelona 5 -- 0 Real Madrid 29 November 2010 Longest runs Most consecutive wins Games Club Period 6 Barcelona 25 January 1948 -- 15 January 1949 6 Real Madrid 30 September 1962 -- 28 February 1965 5 Real Madrid 5 March 1933 -- 3 February 1935 5 Barcelona 13 December 2008 -- 29 November 2010 Most consecutive draws Games Period 11 September 1991 -- 7 March 1992 1 May 2002 -- 20 April 2003 Most consecutive matches without a draw Games Period 18 25 January 1948 -- 21 November 1954 17 23 November 1960 -- 19 March 1967 14 4 December 1977 -- 4 June 1983 12 19 May 1957 -- 27 April 1960 10 5 March 1933 -- 28 January 1940 Longest undefeated runs Games Club Period 14 Real Madrid 31 January 1931 -- 3 February 1935 13 Barcelona 1 November 1917 -- 3 June 1928 Longest undefeated runs in the league Games Club Period 7 ( 6 Wins ) Barcelona 13 December 2008 -- 10 December 2011 7 ( 5 Wins ) Real Madrid 31 January 1932 -- 3 February 1935 6 ( 6 Wins ) Real Madrid 30 September 1962 -- 28 February 1965 6 ( 4 Wins ) Barcelona 11 May 1997 -- 13 October 1999 6 ( 3 Wins ) Barcelona 28 November 1971 -- 17 February 1974 5 ( 4 Wins ) Barcelona 30 March 1947 -- 15 January 1949 5 ( 3 Wins ) Barcelona 11 May 1975 -- 30 January 1977 Most consecutive matches without conceding a goal Games Club Period 5 Barcelona 3 April 1972 -- 17 February 1974 Barcelona 10 January 1914 -- 7 March 1916 Real Madrid 29 June 1974 -- 11 May 1975 Barcelona 29 November 2009 -- 29 November 2010 Most consecutive games scoring Games Club Period 23 Barcelona 27 April 2011 -- 13 August 2017 18 Real Madrid 3 May 2011 -- 22 March 2015 17 Barcelona 27 November 1982 -- 31 January 1987 14 Real Madrid 15 February 1959 -- 21 January 1962 14 Real Madrid 5 December 1990 -- 16 December 1993 13 Real Madrid 1 December 1946 -- 23 November 1952 13 Real Madrid 22 April 1962 -- 9 April 1968 12 Barcelona 26 March 1916 -- 26 April 1926 11 Barcelona 11 September 1991 -- 7 May 1994 10 Barcelona 30 January 1997 -- 13 October 1999 Goalscoring Top goalscorers Players in bold players are still active Player Club La Liga Copa Super Cup League Cup Europe Total Lionel Messi Barcelona 16 -- 6 -- 25 Alfredo Di Stéfano Real Madrid 14 -- -- 18 Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 8 5 -- -- 17 Raúl Real Madrid 11 -- -- 15 César Barcelona 12 -- -- -- 14 Francisco Gento Real Madrid 10 -- -- 14 Ferenc Puskás Real Madrid 9 -- -- 14 Santillana Real Madrid 9 -- -- 12 Hugo Sánchez Real Madrid 8 -- -- -- 10 Juanito Real Madrid 8 -- -- -- 10 Josep Samitier Barca / Real 6 -- -- -- 10 Estanislao Basora Barcelona 8 -- -- -- 9 Jaime Lazcano Real Madrid 8 -- -- -- -- 8 Karim Benzema Real Madrid 6 -- -- 8 Iván Zamorano Real Madrid -- -- 8 Eulogio Martínez Barcelona 5 -- -- 8 Luis Suárez Barcelona -- -- 8 Santiago Bernabéu Real Madrid -- 8 -- -- -- 8 Consecutive goalscoring Player Club Consecutive matches Total goals in the run Start End Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 6 7 2011 -- 12 Copa del Rey ( 1st leg ) 2012 -- 13 La Liga ( 7th round ) Iván Zamorano Real Madrid 5 5 1992 -- 93 La Liga ( 20th Round ) 1993 Supercopa de España ( 2nd leg ) Simón Lecue Real Madrid 5 1935 -- 36 La Liga ( 7th Round ) 1939 -- 40 La Liga ( 9th Round ) Ronaldinho Barcelona 5 2004 -- 05 La Liga ( 12th Round ) 2005 -- 06 La Liga ( 31st Round ) Giovanni Barcelona 1997 Supercopa de España ( 1st leg ) 1997 -- 98 La Liga ( 28th Round ) Lionel Messi is the all - time top scorer in El Clásico history with 25 goals . Most hat - tricks Five players have been able to score more than one hat trick : Jaime Lazcano , Santiago Bernabéu , Paulino Alcántara , Lionel Messi and Ferenc Puskás have all scored two hat - tricks in El Clásico history ( 2 ) . Most assists Lionel Messi has delivered the most assists in El Clásico history ( 13 ) . Most appearances Players in bold are still active Appearances Player Club 43 Manuel Sanchís Real Madrid 42 Francisco Gento Real Madrid 42 Xavi Barcelona 37 Fernando Hierro Real Madrid 37 Raúl Real Madrid 37 Iker Casillas Real Madrid 35 Andrés Iniesta Barcelona 34 Lionel Messi Barcelona 34 Sergio Ramos Real Madrid Players who played for both clubs Javier Saviola was the most recent player to transfer between the two rivals , in 2007 . Barcelona then Madrid 1902 : Alfonso Albéniz 1906 : José Quirante 1911 : Alfonso Albéniz 1911 : Arsenio Comamala 1913 : Walter Rozitsky 1930 : Ricardo Zamora ( via Espanyol ) 1932 : Josep Samitier 1950 : Alfonso Navarro 1961 : Justo Tejada 1962 : Evaristo 1965 : Fernand Goyvaerts 1988 : Bernd Schuster 1990 : Luis Milla 1992 : Nando 1994 : Michael Laudrup 1995 : Miquel Soler ( via Sevilla ) 2000 : Luís Figo 2000 : Albert Celades ( via Celta Vigo ) 2002 : Ronaldo ( via Inter Milan ) 2007 : Javier Saviola Madrid then Barcelona 1905 : Luciano Lizarraga 1939 : Hilario ( via Valencia ) 1961 : Jesús María Pereda ( via Real Valladolid , then Sevilla ) 1965 : Lucien Muller 1980 : Lorenzo Amador ( via Hércules ) 1994 : Gheorghe Hagi ( via Brescia ) 1994 : Julen Lopetegui ( via Logroñés ) 1995 : Robert Prosinečki ( via Real Oviedo ) 1996 : Luis Enrique 1999 : Dani García ( via Mallorca ) 2000 : Alfonso Pérez ( via Real Betis ) 2004 : Samuel Eto'o ( via Mallorca ) From Barcelona to Madrid 17 From Barcelona to another club before Madrid Total 21 From Madrid to Barcelona From Madrid to another club before Barcelona 9 Total 12 Total Switches 33 Honours The rivalry reflected in El Clásico matches comes about as Real Madrid and Barcelona are the most successful football clubs in Spain . As seen below , Barcelona leads Real Madrid 90 -- 87 in terms of official overall trophies . While the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup is recognised as the predecessor to the UEFA Cup , it was not organised by UEFA . Consequently , UEFA does not consider clubs ' records in the Fairs Cup to be part of their European record . However , FIFA does view the competition as a major honour . Real Madrid Competition Barcelona <Td_colspan="4"> Domestic 33 La Liga ( Primera División ) 24 19 Copa del Rey 29 10 Supercopa de España 12 Copa Eva Duarte ( defunct ) Copa de la Liga ( defunct ) 64 Aggregate 70 <Td_colspan="4"> European and Worldwide 12 UEFA Champions League 5 -- UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup ( defunct ) UEFA Europa League -- UEFA Super Cup 5 -- Inter-Cities Fairs Cup ( defunct ) UEFA / CONMEBOL Intercontinental Cup ( defunct ) -- FIFA Club World Cup 23 Aggregate 20 87 Total Aggregate 90 Note : FC Barcelona won the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup three times , but it does n't count towards their UEFA European Record . See also Association football portal Madrid derby Derbi barceloní Major football rivalries Nationalism and sport Sports rivalry Notes ^ Jump up to : Includes a goal scored in the 2017 International Champions Cup . References Jump up ^ `` El clàssic es jugarà dilluns '' . El Punt. 18 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 31 December 2010 . Retrieved 18 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Johanthan ( 12 December 2008 ) . `` Barca & Real renew El Clasico rivalry '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Messi Reaches $50 Million - A-Year Deal With Barcelona '' . Forbes . Retrieved 1 October 2014 Jump up ^ Benjamin Morris . `` Is Messi vs. Ronaldo Bigger Than The Super Bowl ? '' . FiveThirtyEight . Jump up ^ El Clasico : Real Madrid Vs Barcelona Fights , Fouls , Dives & Red Cards Jump up ^ `` Castilian Oppression v Catalan Nationalism -- `` El Gran Classico '' `` . Footballblog.co.uk. 2 September 2009 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AFP : Barcelona vs Real Madrid rivalry comes to the fore '' . Google.com. 14 April 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Rookwood , Dan ( 28 August 2002 ) . `` The bitterest rivalry in world football '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` El Clasico : When stars collide '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 21 October 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` Barça , the most loved club in the world '' . Marca . Retrieved 8 May 2015 Jump up ^ Ozanian , Mike . `` Barcelona becomes first sports team to have 50 million Facebook fans '' . Forbes.com . Jump up ^ Palomares , Cristina The quest for survival after Franco : moderate Francoism and the slow journey , p. 231 Jump up ^ Cambio 16 , 6 -- 12 , Enero 1975 p. 18 ^ Jump up to : McNeill , Donald ( 1999 ) Urban change and the European left : tales from the new Barcelona p. 61 ^ Jump up to : Burns , Jimmy , ' Don Patricio O'Connell : An Irishman and the Politics of Spanish Football ' in `` Irish Migration Studies in Latin America '' 6 : 1 ( March 2008 ) , p. 44 . Available online pg. 3 , pg. 4 . Retrieved 29 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Ham , Anthony p. 221 Jump up ^ Vázquez Montalbán ( 1992 ) Barcelonas , ch. 4 ' La Ben Plantada ' p. 109 Jump up ^ Ball , Phil ( 21 April 2002 ) . `` Mucho morbo '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 1 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Ball , Phil p. 88 Jump up ^ `` Franco recibió dos medallas del Barça '' ( in Spanish ) . Diario AS . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` El deporte en la guerra civil '' ( in Spanish ) . EL CULTURAL . Retrieved 29 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rafael Sánchez Guerra '' ( in Spanish ) . elpueblodeceuta.es. 30 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 20 July 2011 . Retrieved 29 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Ultra Sur El Centrocampista - Spanish Football and La Liga News in English '' . El Centrocampista. 27 October 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Dos Manzanas ( 14 June 2011 ) . `` Tres Boixos Nois detenidos por agredir a una mujer transexual en Barcelona '' . Dos manzanas . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` La mafia de boixos nois se especializó en atracar a narcos - Sociedad - El Periódico '' . Elperiodico.com . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Great similarities between Barcelona and Celtic '' . vavel.com. 21 April 2012 . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FourFourTwo 's 50 Biggest Derbies in the World , No. 2 : Barcelona vs Real Madrid '' . fourfourtwo.com. 29 April 2016 . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La izquierda es culé y la derecha , merengue , según el CIS '' ( in Spanish ) . LaVanguardia.com. 20 July 2009 . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ¿ Del Madrid o del Barça ? '' ( in Spanish ) . elpais.com. 23 February 2003 . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid v Barcelona : six of the best ' El Clásicos ' '' . London : The Telegraph . 9 December 2011 . Retrieved 19 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sid Lowe : Fear and loathing in La Liga ... Barcelona vs Real Madrid '' p. 67 . Random House . 26 September 2013 Jump up ^ `` Sid Lowe : Fear and loathing in La Liga ... Barcelona vs Real Madrid '' p. 68 . Random House . 26 September 2013 Jump up ^ `` Sid Lowe : Fear and loathing in La Liga ... Barcelona vs Real Madrid '' p. 70 . Random House . 26 September 2013 ^ Jump up to : Lowe , Sid . p. 72 ^ Jump up to : Spaaij , Ramn ( 2006 ) . Understanding football hooliganism : a comparison of six Western European football clubs . Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5629 - 445 - 8 . Retrieved 19 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid . p. 73 Jump up ^ `` Sid Lowe : Fear and loathing in La Liga ... Barcelona vs Real Madrid '' p. 77 . Random House . 26 September 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` BBC SPORT Football Alfredo Di Stefano : Did General Franco halt Barcelona transfer ? '' . BBC News . 7 July 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Antonio Rigo : `` The final of the bottles made me Antimadridista '' `` . AS ( Spanish ) . 11 October 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Barca take the cup of `` the final of the bottles '' `` . Sport ( Spanish ) . 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 . The `` Bottle Final '' : Barça wins the Spanish Cup at the Bernabéu amidst a tense atmosphere `` . FCBarcelona . Archived from the original on 26 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lowe , Sid . p. 344 Jump up ^ `` Sid Lowe : Fear and loathing in La Liga ... Barcelona vs Real Madrid '' p. 345 , 346 . Random House . 26 September 2013 Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid . p. 339 Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid . p. 338 Jump up ^ Jefferies , Tony ( 27 November 2002 ) . `` Barcelona are braced for a stiff penalty '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ Deportes . `` ( Spanish ) '' . 20minutos.es . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid v. Barcelona : A Glance Back at Past Pasillos Futfanatico : Breaking Soccer News '' . Futfanatico. 5 December 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real win Champions League showdown '' . BBC News . 11 December 2008 . Retrieved 7 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Applauding the enemy '' , FIFA.com , 15 February 2014 Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs Barcelona : El - Clasico Preview '' , The Independent , 17 January 2012 , Jump up ^ `` 30 years since Maradona stunned the Santiago Bernabéu '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 2 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` Rampant Ronaldinho receives standing ovation '' . BBC News . 11 December 2008 . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 0 Barcelona 3 : Bernabeu forced to pay homage as Ronaldinho soars above the galacticos '' . The Independent . Retrieved 29 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid Fans Applaud Barcelona 's Andres Iniesta In ' El Clasico ' '' . NESN. 21 November 2015 . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CIS Mayo 2007 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas . May 2007 . Retrieved 2 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` España se pasa del Madrid al Barcelona '' ( in Spanish ) . www.as.com. 10 October 2011 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Facebook fan pages '' . FanPageList.com . Retrieved 31 March 2016 Jump up ^ Sapa - DPA ( 29 April 2011 ) . `` Del Bosque concerned over Real - Barca conflict - SuperSport - Football '' . SuperSport . Archived from the original on 7 November 2012 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Bate , Adam ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` Fear and Loathing '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` El club de los 100 : MSN 91 - 88 BBC '' . Marca. 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs Barcelona : El Clasico Stats and Head to Head Record '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 6 January 2015 Jump up ^ Copa Eva Duarte ( Defunct ) is not listed as an official title by the UEFA , but it is considered as such by the RFEF , as it is the direct predecessor of the Supercopa de España Jump up ^ `` UEFA Europa League : History : New format provides fresh impetus '' . UEFA . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Football : Clubs : FC Barcelona '' . FIFA . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . `` Classic Football : Clubs : AS Roma '' . FIFA . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Real Madrid - FC Barcelona rivalry . Ball , Phill ( 2003 ) . Morbo : The Story of Spanish Football . WSC Books Limited . ISBN 0 - 9540134 - 6 - 8 . Farred , Grant ( 2008 ) . Long distance love : a passion for football . Temple University Press . ISBN 1 - 59213 - 374 - 6 . Lowe , Sid ( 2013 ) . Fear and Loathing in La Liga : Barcelona vs Real Madrid . Random House . ISBN 9780224091800 . <Th_colspan="2"> Real Madrid Club de Fútbol <Td_colspan="2"> Honours Players Managers Presidents Seasons Europe Records and statistics Current season History History of Real Madrid C.F. 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1. El Clásico rivalry
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3. Intensity of the match
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the submarine which was more than 100 m long was found several km off shore
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1883 eruption of Krakatoa - wikipedia 1883 eruption of Krakatoa Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> 1883 eruption of Krakatoa <Td_colspan="2"> A lithograph of the eruption ( circa 1888 ) Volcano Krakatoa caldera Date 26 -- 27 August 1883 Type Ultra Plinian Location Krakatoa archipelago , Sunda Strait , Dutch East Indies 6 ° 06 ′ 07 '' S 105 ° 25 ′ 23 '' E / 6.102 ° S 105.423 ° E / - 6.102 ; 105.423 Coordinates : 6 ° 06 ′ 07 '' S 105 ° 25 ′ 23 '' E / 6.102 ° S 105.423 ° E / - 6.102 ; 105.423 VEI 6 Impact The final explosive eruption was heard 4,830 km ( 3,000 miles ) away , caused at least 36,417 deaths ; 20 million tons of sulfur released into the atmosphere ; produced a volcanic winter ( reducing worldwide temperatures by an average of 1.2 ° C ( 2.2 ° F ) for five years ) <Th_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> A map of Krakatoa after the 1883 eruption , showing the change in geography . The 1883 eruption of Krakatoa in the Dutch East Indies ( now Indonesia ) began in the afternoon of Sunday , 26 August 1883 ( with origins as early as May of that year ) , and peaked in the late morning of Monday , 27 August when over 70 % of the island and its surrounding archipelago were destroyed as it collapsed into a caldera . Additional seismic activity was reported to have continued until February 1884 , though reports of seismic activity after October 1883 were later dismissed by Rogier Verbeek 's investigation into the eruption . The 1883 eruption was one of the deadliest and most destructive volcanic events in recorded history . At least 36,417 deaths are attributed to the eruption and the tsunamis it created . Significant additional effects were also felt around the world in the days and weeks after the volcano 's eruption . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early phase 2 Climactic phase 2.1 Final explosive eruption 3 Effects 3.1 `` The Burning Ashes of Ketimbang '' 3.2 Tsunamis and distant effects 3.3 Geographic effects 3.4 Global climate 3.5 Global optical effects 4 Possible causes 5 Verbeek investigation 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Early phase ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the years before the 1883 eruption , seismic activity around the Krakatoa volcano was intense , with earthquakes felt as far away as Australia . Beginning 20 May 1883 , steam venting began to occur regularly from Perboewatan , the northernmost of the island 's three cones . Eruptions of ash reached an estimated altitude of 6 km ( 20,000 ft ) and explosions could be heard in New Batavia ( Jakarta ) 160 km ( 99 mi ) away . Activity died down by the end of May , and there was no further recorded activity for several weeks . Eruptions at Krakatoa started again around 16 June with loud explosions and a thick black cloud covering the islands for five days . On 24 June , a prevailing east wind cleared the cloud , and two ash columns could be seen issuing from Krakatoa . The seat of the eruption is believed to have been a new vent or vents that formed between Perboewatan and Danan . The violence of the ongoing eruptions caused tides in the vicinity to be unusually high , and ships at anchor had to be moored with chains . Earthquakes were felt at Anyer , Banten , and ships began to report large pumice masses to the west in the Indian Ocean . On 11 August , a Dutch topographical engineer , Captain H.J.G. Ferzenaar , investigated the Krakatoa islands . He noted three major ash columns ( the newer from Danan ) , which obscured the western part of the island , and steam plumes from at least eleven other vents , mostly between Danan and Rakata . When he landed , he noted an ash layer about 0.5 m ( 1 ft 8 in ) thick , and the destruction of all vegetation , leaving only tree stumps . He advised against any further landings . The next day , a ship passing to the north reported a new vent `` only a few meters above sea level '' ; this may be the most northerly spot indicated on Ferzenaar 's map . Activity continued through mid-August . Climactic phase ( edit ) By August 25 , the Krakatoa eruptions intensified . At about 13 : 00 ( local time ) on 26 August , the volcano went into its paroxysmal phase . By 14 : 00 , a black cloud of ash could be seen 27 km ( 17 mi ) high . At this point , the eruption was virtually continuous and explosions could be heard every ten minutes or so . Ships within 20 km ( 12 mi ) of the volcano reported heavy ash fall , with pieces of hot pumice up to 10 cm ( 4 in ) in diameter landing on their decks . Between 18 : 00 and 19 : 00 hours , a small tsunami hit the shores of Java and Sumatra , some 40 km ( 25 mi ) away . On August 27 , four enormous explosions occurred . At 5 : 30 am , the first explosion was at Perboewatan , triggering a tsunami heading straight to Telok Betong , now known as Bandar Lampung . At 6 : 44 am , Krakatoa exploded again at Danan , with the resulting tsunami stretching eastward and westward . The largest explosion , at 10 : 02 am , was so violent that it was heard 3,110 km ( 1,930 mi ) away in Perth , Western Australia , and the Indian Ocean island of Rodrigues near Mauritius , 4,800 km ( 3,000 mi ) away , where they were thought to be cannon fire from a nearby ship . The third explosion has been reported as the loudest sound heard in historic times . The loudness of the blast heard 160 km ( 100 mi ) from the volcano has been calculated to have been 180 dB . Each explosion was accompanied by tsunamis estimated to have been over 30 meters ( 98 feet ) high in places . A large area of the Sunda Strait and a number of places on the Sumatran coast were affected by pyroclastic flows from the volcano . The energy released from the explosion has been estimated to be equal to about 200 megatons of TNT , roughly four times as powerful as the Tsar Bomba , the most powerful thermonuclear weapon ever detonated . At 10 : 41 am , a landslide tore off half of Rakata volcano , causing the final explosion . Final explosive eruption ( edit ) The pressure wave generated by the colossal fourth and final explosion radiated out from Krakatoa at 1,086 km / h ( 675 mph ) . The eruption is estimated to have reached 310 dB , loud enough to be heard clearly 5,000 kilometres ( 3,100 mi ) away . It was so powerful that it ruptured the eardrums of sailors 64 km ( 40 miles ) away on ships in the Sunda Strait , and caused a spike of more than 2 ⁄ inches of mercury ( 8.5 kPa ) in pressure gauges 160 km ( 100 miles ) away , attached to gasometers in the Batavia gasworks , sending them off the scale . The pressure wave was recorded on barographs all over the world . Several barographs recorded the wave seven times over the course of five days : four times with the wave travelling away from the volcano to its antipodal point , and three times travelling back to the volcano . Hence , the wave rounded the globe three and a half times . Ash was propelled to an estimated height of 80 km ( 50 mi ) . The eruptions diminished rapidly after that point , and by the morning of 28 August , Krakatoa was silent . Small eruptions , mostly of mud , continued into October 1883 . By then , less than 30 % of the original island remained . Effects ( edit ) Coral block ( c. 1885 ) thrown onto the shore of Java after the eruption Map of the vicinity of Krakatoa and the Sunda Strait . The combination of pyroclastic flows , volcanic ash , and tsunamis associated with the Krakatoa eruptions had disastrous regional consequences . Some land in Banten , approximately 90km south was never repopulated ; it reverted to jungle , and is now the Ujung Kulon National Park . The official death toll recorded by the Dutch authorities was 36,417 . `` The burning ashes of Ketimbang '' ( edit ) Verbeek and others believe that the final major Krakatoa eruption was a lateral blast , or pyroclastic surge ( similar to the catastrophic 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens ) . Around noon on 27 August 1883 , a rain of hot ash fell around Ketimbang ( now Katibung in Lampung Province ) in Sumatra . Approximately 1,000 people were killed in Sumatra , there were no survivors from the 3,000 people located on the island of Sebesi . There are numerous documented reports of groups of human skeletons floating across the Indian Ocean on rafts of volcanic pumice and washing up on the east coast of Africa , up to a year after the eruption . Tsunamis and distant effects ( edit ) Ships as far away as South Africa rocked as tsunamis hit them , and the bodies of victims were found floating in the ocean for months after the event . The tsunamis which accompanied the eruption are believed to have been caused by gigantic pyroclastic flows entering the sea ; each of the four great explosions was accompanied by massive pyroclastic flows resulting from the gravitational collapse of the eruption columns . This caused several cubic kilometers of material to enter the sea , displacing an equally huge volume of seawater . The town of Merak was destroyed by a tsunami 46 m ( 151 ft ) high . Some of the pyroclastic flows reached the Sumatran coast as much as 40 km ( 25 mi ) away , having apparently moved across the water on a cushion of superheated steam . There are also indications of submarine pyroclastic flows reaching 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) from the volcano . Smaller waves were recorded on tidal gauges as far away as the English Channel . These occurred too soon to be remnants of the initial tsunamis , and may have been caused by concussive air waves from the eruption . These air waves circled the globe several times and were still detectable on barographs five days later . Geographic effects ( edit ) Evolution of the islands around Krakatoa In the aftermath of the eruption , it was found that the island of Krakatoa had almost entirely disappeared , except for the southern third . The Rakata cone was cut off along a vertical cliff , leaving behind a 250 - metre ( 820 ft ) deep caldera . Of the northern two - thirds of the island , only a rocky islet named Bootsmansrots ( ' Bosun 's Rock ' ) , a fragment of Danan , was left ; Poolsche Hoed had totally disappeared . As a result of the huge amount of material deposited by the volcano , the surrounding ocean floor was drastically altered . It is estimated that as much as 18 -- 21 km ( 4.3 -- 5.0 cu mi ) of ignimbrite was deposited over an area of 1,100,000 km ( 420,000 sq mi ) , largely filling the 30 -- 40 m ( 98 -- 131 ft ) deep basin around the mountain . The land masses of Verlaten and Lang islands were increased , as was the western part of the remnant of Rakata . Much of this gained material quickly eroded away , but volcanic ash continues to be a significant part of the geological composition of these islands . Two nearby sandbanks ( called Steers and Calmeyer after the two naval officers who investigated them ) were built up into islands by ashfall , but the sea later washed them away . Seawater on hot volcanic deposits on Steers and Calmeyer had caused steam to rise , which some mistook for a continued eruption . Global climate ( edit ) In the year following the 1883 Krakatoa eruption , average Northern Hemisphere summer temperatures fell by as much as 1.2 ° C ( 2.2 ° F ) . Weather patterns continued to be chaotic for years , and temperatures did not return to normal until 1888 . The record rainfall that hit Southern California during the `` water year '' from July 1883 to June 1884 -- Los Angeles received 38.18 inches ( 969.8 mm ) and San Diego 25.97 inches ( 659.6 mm ) -- has been attributed to the Krakatoa eruption . There was no El Niño during that period as is normal when heavy rain occurs in Southern California , but many scientists doubt that there is a causal relationship . The Krakatoa eruption injected an unusually large amount of sulfur dioxide ( SO ) gas high into the stratosphere , which was subsequently transported by high - level winds all over the planet . This led to a global increase in sulfuric acid ( H SO ) concentration in high - level cirrus clouds . The resulting increase in cloud reflectivity ( or albedo ) reflected more incoming light from the sun than usual , and cooled the entire planet until the suspended sulfur fell to the ground as acid precipitation . Global optical effects ( edit ) The 1883 Krakatoa eruption darkened the sky worldwide for years afterwards , and produced spectacular sunsets throughout the world for many months . British artist William Ashcroft made thousands of colour sketches of the red sunsets halfway around the world from Krakatoa in the years after the eruption . The ash caused `` such vivid red sunsets that fire engines were called out in New York , Poughkeepsie , and New Haven to quench the apparent conflagration . '' This eruption also produced a Bishop 's Ring around the sun by day , and a volcanic purple light at twilight . In 2004 , an astronomer proposed the idea that the blood - red sky shown in Edvard Munch 's famous 1893 painting The Scream is also an accurate depiction of the sky over Norway after the eruption . Weather watchers of the time tracked and mapped the effects on the sky . They labeled the phenomenon the `` equatorial smoke stream '' . This was the first identification of what is known today as the jet stream . For several years following the eruption , it was reported that the moon appeared to be blue and sometimes green . This was because some of the ash clouds were filled with particles about 1 μm wide -- the right size to strongly scatter red light , while allowing other colors to pass . White moonbeams shining through the clouds emerged blue , and sometimes green . People also saw lavender suns and , for the first time , recorded noctilucent clouds . Possible causes ( edit ) The fate of northern Krakatoa itself has been the subject of some dispute among geologists . It was originally proposed that the island had been blown apart by the force of the eruption . However , most of the material deposited by the volcano is clearly magmatic in origin and the caldera formed by the eruption is not extensively filled with deposits from the 1883 eruption . This indicates that the island subsided into an empty magma chamber at the end of the eruption sequence , rather than having been destroyed during the eruptions . The established hypotheses -- based on the findings of contemporary investigators -- assume that part of the island subsided before the first explosions on the morning of August 27 . This forced the volcano 's vents below sea level , causing : massive flooding which created a series of phreatic explosions ( interaction of ground water and magma ) . seawater to cool the magma enough for it to crust over and produce a `` pressure cooker '' effect that was relieved only when explosive pressures were reached . However , there is geological evidence which does not support the assumption that only subsidence before the explosion was the cause . For instance , the pumice and ignimbrite deposits are not of a kind consistent with a magma - seawater interaction . These findings have led to other hypotheses : a massive underwater land slump or partial subsidence suddenly exposed the highly pressurized magma chamber , opening a pathway for seawater to enter the magma chamber and setting the stage for a magma - seawater interaction . the final explosions may have been caused by magma mixing caused by a sudden infusion of hot basaltic magma into the cooler and lighter magma in the chamber below the volcano . This would have resulted in a rapid and unsustainable increase in pressure , leading to a cataclysmic explosion . Evidence for this theory is the existence of pumice consisting of light and dark material , the dark material being of much hotter origin . However , such material reportedly is less than five per cent of the content of the Krakatoa ignimbrite and some investigators have rejected this as a prime cause of the 27 August explosions . Play media Numerical model of hydrovolcanic explosion of Krakatoa and Tsunami generation . A numerical model for a Krakatoa hydrovolcanic explosion and the resulting tsunami was described by ( Mader & Gittings , 2006 ) . A high wall of water is formed that is initially higher than 100 meters driven by the shocked water , basalt and air . Verbeek investigation ( edit ) Although the violent phase of the 1883 eruption was over by late afternoon of 27 August , after light returned by the 29 August , reports continued for months that Krakatoa was still in eruption . One of the earliest duties of Verbeek 's committee was to determine if this was true and also verify reports of other volcanoes erupting on Java and Sumatra . In general , these were found to be false , and Verbeek discounted any claims of Krakatoa still erupting after mid-October as due to steaming of hot material , landslides due to heavy monsoon rains that season , and `` hallucinations due to electrical activity '' seen from a distance . No signs of further activity were seen until 1913 , when an eruption was reported . Investigation could find no evidence the volcano was awakening , and it was determined that what had been mistaken for renewed activity had actually been a major landslide ( possibly the one which formed the second arc to Rakata 's cliff ) . Examinations after 1930 of bathymetric charts made in 1919 show evidence of a bulge indicative of magma near the surface at the site that became Anak Krakatau . See also ( edit ) Indonesia portal Krakatoa documentary and historical materials List of natural disasters by death toll List of volcanic eruptions by death toll List of volcanoes in Indonesia Phreatic eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index Fair Wind to Java The Devil at 4 O'Clock Krakatoa , East of Java Krakatit Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A spike of more than 21⁄2 inches of mercury ( ca 85 hPa ) is equal to approximately 180 dBSPL ; to compare this impact , the human threshold for pain is 134 decibels ( dBSPL ) ; and short - term hearing effect damage can occur at 120 dBSPL ; Jump up ^ A recent documentary film showed tests made by a research team at the University of Kiel , Germany , of pyroclastic flows moving over water . See `` Entrance of hot pyroclastic flows into the sea : experimental observations '' . Cat.inist.fr . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . The tests revealed that hot ash traveled over the water on a cloud of superheated steam , continuing to be a pyroclastic flow after crossing water ; the heavy matter precipitated out of the flow shortly after initial contact with the water , creating a tsunami due to the precipitate mass . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thornton , Ian W.B. ( 1996 ) . Krakatau : The Destruction and Reassembly of an Island Ecosystem . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . pp. 10 -- 11 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 50568 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` How Krakatoa made the biggest bang '' ; The Independent , 3 May 2006 ^ Jump up to : Symons , G.J. ( ed ) ' ' The Eruption of Krakatoa and Subsequent Phenomena ' ' ( Report of the Krakatoa Committee of the Royal Society ) . London , 1888 . Internet Archive. 1888 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Oliveira , Justin M. ; Vedo , Sabrina ; Campbell , Michael D. ; Atkinson , Joseph P. ( 2010 ) . `` KSC VAB Aeroacoustic Hazard Assessment '' ( PDF ) . KSC Engineering , NASA . p. 43 . Retrieved 15 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The eruption of Krakatoa , August 27 , 1883 '' . Commonwealth of Australia 2012 , Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 5 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Winchester , Simon ( 2003 ) . Krakatoa : The Day the World Exploded , August 27 , 1883 . Penguin / Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 91430 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` How Volcanoes Work -- Krakatau , Indonesia 1883 '' . Department of Geological Sciences , San Diego State University . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Mandeville , C.W. ; Carey , S ; Sigurdsson , H. & King , J. ( 1994 ) . `` Paleomagnetic evidence for high - temperature emplacement of the 1883 subaqueous pyroclastic flows from Krakatau Volcano , Indonesia '' . Journal of Geophysical Research : Solid Earth . 99 : 9487 -- 9504 . Bibcode : 1994JGR ... 99.9487 M . doi : 10.1029 / 94JB00239 . Jump up ^ Press , Frank ( November 1956 ) . `` Volcanoes , ice , and destructive waves '' ( PDF ) . Engineering and Science . 20 ( 2 ) : 26 -- 30 . Retrieved 5 April 2007 . Fortunately , the tide gauges of 1883 were sufficiently well designed to provide fairly good records of the Krakatoa waves . Thus we have instrumental data for the Krakatoa sea waves from such widely separated places as Honolulu , San Francisco , Colon , South Georgia and English Channel ports . Jump up ^ Pararas - Carayannis , George ( 2003 ) . `` Near and far - field effects of tsunamis generated by the paroxysmal eruptions , explosions , caldera collapses and massive slope failures of the Krakatau volcano in Indonesia on August 26 -- 27 , 1883 '' ( PDF ) . Science of Tsunami Hazards. 21 ( 4 ) . The Tsunami Society . pp. 191 -- 201 . ISSN 8755 - 6839 . Retrieved 29 December 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Bradley , Raymond S. ; ' The Explosive Volcanic Eruption Signal in Northern Hemisphere Temperature Records ' ; Climatic Change ; 12 ( 1988 ) pp. 221 -- 243 Jump up ^ Los Angeles and San Diego rainfall Jump up ^ Kuhn , Gerald G. and Shepard , Francis Parker ; Sea Cliffs , Beaches , and Coastal Valleys of San Diego County : Some Amazing Histories and Some Horrifying Implications ; p. 32 . ISBN 9780520051188 Jump up ^ Kane , R.P. ; ' Relationship of El Niño -- Southern Oscillation and Pacific Sea Surface Temperature with Rainfall in Various Regions of the Globe ' ; Monthly Weather Review , 125 ( 1997 ) ; pp. 1792 -- 1800 Jump up ^ Mass , Clifford F. and Portman , David A. ; ' Major Volcanic Eruptions and Climate : A Critical Evaluation ' ; Journal of Climate ; vol. 2 ; pp. 566 -- 585 Jump up ^ volcanoes.usgs.gov ^ Jump up to : `` Blue Moon '' . NASA Science . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Reuters ( 11 December 2003 ) . `` Krakatoa provided backdrop to Munch 's scream '' . The Age . Melbourne . Retrieved 15 November 2010 . ; Reuters ( 10 December 2003 ) . `` Why the sky was red in Munch 's ' The Scream ' '' . CNN . Retrieved 15 November 2010 . ; Panek , Richard ( 8 February 2004 ) . `` ' The Scream , ' East of Krakatoa '' . New York Times . Retrieved 15 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Bishop , S.E. ( 29 January 1885 ) . `` Krakatoa '' . Nature . 31 ( 796 ) : 288 -- 289 . Bibcode : 1885Natur ... 31 ... 288B . doi : 10.1038 / 031288b0 . Retrieved 15 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Winchester , Simon ( 15 April 2010 ) . `` A Tale of Two Volcanos '' . New York Times . Retrieved 15 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Mader , Charles L. ; Gittings , Michael L. ( 2006 ) . `` Numerical model for the Krakatoa hydrovolcanic explosion and tsunami '' . Science of Tsunami Hazards . Tsunami Society International . 24 ( 3 ) : 174 -- 182 . Bibliography ( edit ) Dickins , Rosie ; `` The Children 's Book of Art ( An introduction to famous paintings ) '' Usborne Publishing Ltd. , Usborne House , 83 -- 85 Saffron Hill , London ISBN 978 - 0 - 439 - 88981 - 0 ( 2005 ) Furneaux , Rupert ; Krakatoa ( 1965 ) London , Secker and Warburg . Self , Stephen ; Rampino , Michael R. ( 1981 ) . `` The 1883 eruption of Krakatau '' . Nature . 294 ( 5843 ) : 699 -- 704 . Bibcode : 1981Natur. 294 ... 699S . doi : 10.1038 / 294699a0 . Simkin , Tom and Richard S , Fiske ( editors ) ; Krakatau , 1883 -- the volcanic eruption and its effects ( 1983 ) Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . ISBN 0 - 87474 - 841 - 0 Verbeek , Rogier Diederik Marius ( 1884 ) . `` The Krakatoa eruption '' . Nature . 30 ( 757 ) : 10 -- 15 . Bibcode : 1884Natur ... 30 ... 10V . doi : 10.1038 / 030010a0 . Verbeek , Rogier Diederik Marius ; Krakatau . Batavia , 1885 , Internet Archive link External links ( edit ) Krakatau , Indonesia ( 1883 ) information from San Diego State University about the 1883 eruption . Krakatoa Volcano : The Son Also Rises -- Companion website to the NPR programme . On - line images of some of Ashcroft 's sunset sketches . The Java Disaster ( 1883 ) by Capt . W.J. Watson The great tsunami of August 26 , 1883 from the explosion of the Krakatau valcaon ( Krakatoa ) in Indonesia -- George Pararas - Carayannis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1883_eruption_of_Krakatoa&oldid=835685775 '' Categories : Krakatoa 19th - century volcanic events 1883 natural disasters Natural disasters in Indonesia Volcanism of Indonesia 1883 in Indonesia 1883 in the environment 1883 tsunamis Tsunamis in New Zealand 1883 in New Zealand 1883 in Asia 1883 in Oceania August 1883 events Megatsunamis Events that forced the climate Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Català Ελληνικά Français Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 04 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. 1883 eruption of Krakatoa
2. Volcanic winter
3. Tsunamis and distant effects
4. Global climate impact
5. Geographic effects
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-547,310,950,935,968,260 |
how many words have no vowels in them
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English words without vowels - wikipedia English words without vowels Jump to : navigation , search `` Words without vowels '' redirects here . For other languages that contain words without vowels , see Vowel § Words without vowels . English has words written without the five conventional vowel letters ( A , E , I , O , U ) ; it also has words without spoken vowel sounds . In most languages of the world , all or nearly all lexical words have vowel sounds , and English is no exception ; however , rhotic dialects of English ( such as most varieties of American English ) have words like nurse and word with a syllabic r sound , but these words are written with a vowel letter immediately prior to an r . On the other hand , there are words that are not written with any of the five conventional vowel letters , though they are pronounced with a vowel sound . There also are some interjections and besides onomatopoeia , to ideophones in general , that contain neither vowel sounds nor syllabic r and which are thus spelled without a vowel letter . This article does not cover abbreviations , such as km or ms , nor acronyms . Contents ( hide ) 1 With Y 2 With W 3 Without W or Y 4 Words without vowel sounds 5 See also 6 References With Y ( edit ) In English , the letter Y can represent either a vowel or a consonant sound , and many Modern English words spell the / ɪ / and / aɪ / sounds with Y ; these include by , lynx , my , dry , fly , fry , cry , pry , gym , shy , sky , sly , spy , try , sty , why , wry , hymn , cyst , myrrh , myth , wyrm , crypt , flyby , glyph , gypsy , lynch , nymph , pygmy , rhythm , tryst and syzygy which are vowels in these cases . The longest dictionary words ( base forms excluding plurals ) with Y the only vowel are rhythm , spryly , sylphy , Sphynx and syzygy . The longest such word in common use is rhythms , and the longest such word in Modern English is the obsolete 17th - century word symphysy . If archaic words and spellings are considered , there are many more , the longest perhaps being twyndyllyngs , the plural of twyndyllyng meaning `` twin '' . There are also many other words . With W ( edit ) Middle English used W to represent either a vowel or a consonant sound in the same way that Modern English uses Y , particularly during the 14th and 15th centuries . Vocalic W generally represented / uː / , as in wss `` use '' . This practice exists in modern Welsh orthography , and there are a couple of words borrowed from Welsh that use W in this way : The crwth ( pronounced / ˈkrʊθ / or / ˈkruːθ / and also spelled cruth ) is a Welsh musical instrument similar to the violin : He intricately rhymes , to the music of crwth and pibgorn . cwtch ( a hiding place or cubby hole ) is also from Welsh ( albeit a recent word influenced by English ) , and crwth and cwtch are according to Collins the longest English dictionary words without A , E , I , O , U , or Y . A cwm ( pronounced / ˈkuːm / ) is a deep hollow within a mountain , usually with steep edges , like a corrie , such as the Western Cwm of Mount Everest . However , it is , in English literature , nearly always spelled combe ( as in Ilfracombe and Castle Combe ) , coomb ( as in J.R.R. Tolkien ) or comb ( as in Alfred , Lord Tennyson ) . Without W or Y ( edit ) There are fewer lexical words with none of the vowels AEIOUWY . The longest such lexical word ( not counting interjections ) is tsktsks , pronounced / ˌtɪskˈtɪsks / . The mathematical expression nth / ˈɛnθ / , as in delighted to the nth degree , is in fairly common usage . Another mathematical term without vowel letters is rng / ˈrʌŋ / , derived from ring by deleting the letter i . Vowelless proper names from other languages , such as the surname Ng , may retain their original spelling . ( See below . ) There are also numerous vowelless interjections and onomatopoeia found more or less frequently , including brr ( brrr is occasionally accepted ) , bzzt , grrr , hm , hmm , mm , mmm , mhmm , pfft , pht , phpht , psst , sh , shh , zzz . Words without vowel sounds ( edit ) Although English is considered to be one of the many languages that require vowels in each syllable , the syllabic r of rhotic dialects in words like bird , learn , girl , church , heard , word , worst can be analyzed as being a syllabic consonant , ( ɹ̩ ) . There is no uniform agreement among linguists as to whether these should instead be classed as rhotic vowels , ( ɝ ) . This may even differ from dialect to dialect . The issue is similar in regard to nasal consonants and / l / , which can appear as the syllable nucleus in unstressed syllables . There are many disyllabic words where one of the syllables has no syllabic vowel , like curtain , and turtle : ( ˈkɹ̩tn̩ ) and ( ˈtɹ̩tl̩ ) ( or ( ˈkɝːtən ) , and ( ˈtɝːtəl ) ) , and even a few that are , or may be , trisyllabic , such as purpler ( ˈpɹ̩. pl̩. ɹ̩ ) , hurdler ( ˈhɹ̩. dl̩. ɹ̩ ) , burglar ( ˈbɹ̩. ɡl̩. ɹ̩ ) , gurgler ( ˈɡɹ̩. ɡl̩. ɹ̩ ) , certainer ( ˈsɹ̩. tn̩. ɹ̩ ) , and Ur - turtle ( ˈɹ̩. tɹ̩. tl̩ ) . The words wyrm and myrrh contain neither a vowel letter nor a vowel sound in some dialects : ( ˈwɹ̩m ) , ( ˈmɹ̩ ) ( or ( ˈwɝːm ) , ( ˈmɝː ) ) . A list of English words without vowel sounds ( mostly interjections ) can be found here . In addition , some unstressed function words may lose their vowel in more rapid speech . The word and frequently contracts to a simple nasal stop ' n , as in lock ' n key ( ˌlɒk ŋ ˈkiː ) . Words such as will , have , and is regularly contract to ' ll ( l ) , ' ve ( v ) , and ' s ( z ) ( or ( s ) depending on context ) . Of these ' ll and ' s are , like ' n , sometimes pronounced without any adjoining vowel , as in It 's not . See also ( edit ) Words without consonants Wiktionary : List of words that comprise a single sound References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Y , n . '' . OED Online . September 2012 . Oxford University Press . 4 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` How to beat everyone at board games this Christmas '' . Yorkshire Post . Johnston Press Plc . December 21 , 2007 . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Is the letter Y a vowel or a consonant ? '' . Oxford Dictionaries . Retrieved 4 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Longest Word in the Collins English Dictionary '' . Collins Dictionary website . 4 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , R. Kent ( 2012 ) . Building Vocabulary for College . Cengage . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` TV Tonight '' . Intelligencer . September 16 , 2004 . `` Rhythm '' and `` syzygy '' are the longest English words without vowels . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ; section = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ Todd , Richard Watson ( 2007 ) . Much Ado About English : Up and Down the Bizarre Byways of a Fascinating Language . Nicholas Brealey . Jump up ^ `` W , n . '' . OED Online . September 2012 . Oxford University Press . 4 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Bruce ( 1999 ) . You Can Say That Again ! : A Fun Approach to Sounding Better When You Open Your Mouth to Speak . Dumdum . p. 104 . Jump up ^ Alan Peterson ( December 27 , 1986 ) . `` Why The Silly Season Can Be A Bit Short On Fun '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . p. 24 . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . section = ignored ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Charlie Fidelman ( May 28 , 1992 ) . `` War Of The Words '' . Montreal Gazette ( Canada ) . p . G8 . Others memorize words without vowels : `` crwth '' for example , which means an ancient string instrument . Another is `` phpht '' , defined as an interjection . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ; section = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ Dylan Thomas , Under Milk Wood , 1954 Jump up ^ Viva Sarah Press ( February 15 , 1999 ) . `` At Scrabble club , politics get no score : Jerusalem group , founded by ex-Montrealer , unites Israelis from across the spectrum '' . Montreal Gazette . p . A18 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ; section = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Are there any English words that have no vowels ? '' . Dictionary.com Word FAQs . Retrieved 4 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Katamba , Francis ( 2004 ) . English Words : Structure , History , Usage . Routledge . p. 78 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_words_without_vowels&oldid=836884736 '' Categories : Types of words Vowels Vowel letters Lists of English words Phonotactics Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 errors : chapter ignored Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 12 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. English words without vowels
2. Vowelless words in English
3. Words with Y as a vowel or consonant
4. Words without W or Y
5. Words without vowel sounds
|
-668,735,645,995,401,900 |
what is the longitude of the arctic circle
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Arctic Circle - wikipedia Arctic Circle This article is about one of the five major circles of latitude . For other uses , see Arctic Circle ( disambiguation ) . Map of the Arctic , with the Arctic Circle in blue and the July 10 ° C mean isotherm in red The Arctic Circle is the most northerly of the five major circles of latitude as shown on maps of Earth . It marks the northernmost point at which the noon sun is just visible on the December solstice and the southernmost point at which the midnight sun is just visible on the June solstice . The region north of this circle is known as the Arctic , and the zone just to the south is called the Northern Temperate Zone . As seen from the Arctic , the Sun is above the horizon for 24 continuous hours at least once per year ( and therefore visible at midnight ) and below the horizon for 24 continuous hours at least once per year ( and therefore not visible at noon ) . This is also true in the Antarctic region , south of the equivalent Antarctic Circle . The position of the Arctic Circle is not fixed ; as of 16 July 2018 , it runs 66 ° 33 ′ 47.2 '' north of the Equator . Its latitude depends on the Earth 's axial tilt , which fluctuates within a margin of 2 ° over a 40,000 - year period , due to tidal forces resulting from the orbit of the Moon . Consequently , the Arctic Circle is currently drifting northwards at a speed of about 15 metres ( 49 feet ) per year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Midnight sun and polar night 3 Human habitation 4 Geography 4.1 Climate 4.2 Sites along the Arctic Circle 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Etymology ( edit ) The word arctic comes from the Greek word ἀρκτικός ( arktikos : `` near the Bear , northern '' ) and that from the word ἄρκτος ( arktos : `` bear '' ) . Midnight sun and Polar night ( edit ) Relationship of Earth 's axial tilt ( ε ) to the tropical and polar circles Further information : Midnight sun and Polar night The Arctic Circle is the southernmost latitude in the Northern Hemisphere at which the sun can remain continuously above or below the horizon for twenty - four hours ; as a result , at least once each year at any location within the Arctic Circle the sun is visible at local midnight , and at least once it is not visible at local noon . Directly on the Arctic Circle these events occur , in principle , exactly once per year : at the June and December solstices , respectively . However , because of atmospheric refraction and mirages , and also because the sun appears as a disk and not a point , part of the midnight sun may be seen on the night of the northern summer solstice up to about 50 minutes ( ′ ) ( 90 km ( 56 mi ) ) south of the Arctic Circle ; similarly , on the day of the northern winter solstice , part of the sun may be seen up to about 50 ′ north of the Arctic Circle . That is true at sea level ; those limits increase with elevation above sea level , although in mountainous regions there is often no direct view of the true horizon . Human habitation ( edit ) Cylindrical projection showing the Arctic Circle in red Further information : Arctic peoples Only four million people live north of the Arctic Circle due to the severe climate ; nonetheless , some areas have been settled for thousands of years by indigenous peoples , who today make up 10 % of the region 's population . Tens of thousands of years ago , waves of people migrated from eastern Siberia across the Bering Strait into North America to settle . The largest communities north of the Arctic Circle are situated in Russia , Norway and Sweden : Murmansk ( population 307,257 ) , Norilsk ( 175,365 ) , Tromsø ( 71,295 ) , Vorkuta ( 59,231 ) and Kiruna ( 18,148 ) . Rovaniemi ( 61,329 ) in Finland is the largest settlement in the immediate vicinity of the Arctic Circle , lying 6 kilometres ( 4 miles ) south of the line . In contrast , the largest North American community north of the Arctic Circle , Sisimiut ( Greenland ) , has approximately 5,000 inhabitants . Of the Canadian and United States Arctic communities , Barrow , Alaska is the largest settlement with about 4,000 inhabitants . Geography ( edit ) Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX The countries transcending the Arctic Circle The Arctic Circle is roughly 16,000 kilometres ( 9,900 mi ) . The area north of the Circle is about 20,000,000 km ( 7,700,000 sq mi ) and covers roughly 4 % of Earth 's surface . The Arctic Circle passes through the Arctic Ocean , the Scandinavian Peninsula , North Asia , Northern America and Greenland . The land within the Arctic Circle is divided among 8 countries : Norway , Sweden , Finland , Russia , the United States ( Alaska ) , Canada ( Yukon , Northwest Territories and Nunavut ) , Denmark ( Greenland ) and Iceland ( where it passes through the small offshore island of Grímsey ) . Climate ( edit ) Further information : Climate of the Arctic The climate inside the Arctic Circle is generally cold , but the coastal areas of Norway have a generally mild climate as a result of the Gulf Stream , which makes the ports of northern Norway and northwest Russia ice - free all year long . In the interior , summers can be quite warm , while winters are extremely cold . For example , summer temperatures in Norilsk , Russia will sometimes reach as high as 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) , while the winter temperatures frequently fall below − 50 ° C ( − 58 ° F ) . Sites along the Arctic Circle ( edit ) Starting at the prime meridian and heading eastwards , the Arctic Circle passes through : Co-ordinates Country , territory or sea Notes 66 ° 34 ′ N 000 ° 00 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 0.000 ° E / 66.567 ; 0.000 ( Prime Meridian ) Arctic Ocean Norwegian Sea 66 ° 34 ′ N 12 ° 48 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 12.800 ° E / 66.567 ; 12.800 ( Nordland County , Norway ) Norway Nordland County 66 ° 34 ′ N 15 ° 31 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 15.517 ° E / 66.567 ; 15.517 ( Norrbotten County , Sweden ) Sweden Norrbotten County ( Provinces of Lapland and Norrbotten ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 23 ° 51 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 23.850 ° E / 66.567 ; 23.850 ( Lapland Province , Finland ) Finland Lapland Region , crosses Rovaniemi Airport 66 ° 34 ′ N 29 ° 28 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 29.467 ° E / 66.567 ; 29.467 ( Karelia , Russia ) Russia Republic of Karelia Murmansk Oblast -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 31 ° 36 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 31.600 ° E / 66.567 ; 31.600 ( Murmansk , Russia ) Republic of Karelia -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 32 ° 37 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 32.617 ° E / 66.567 ; 32.617 ( Karelia , Russia ) Murmansk Oblast ( Grand Island ) -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 33 ° 10 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 33.167 ° E / 66.567 ; 33.167 ( Murmansk , Russia ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 33 ° 25 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 33.417 ° E / 66.567 ; 33.417 ( Kandalaksha Gulf , White Sea ) White Sea Kandalaksha Gulf 66 ° 34 ′ N 34 ° 28 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 34.467 ° E / 66.567 ; 34.467 ( Murmansk Oblast , Russia ) Russia Murmansk Oblast ( Kola Peninsula ) -- for about 7 km ( 4.3 mi ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 34 ° 38 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 34.633 ° E / 66.567 ; 34.633 ( Kandalaksha Gulf , White Sea ) White Sea Kandalaksha Gulf 66 ° 34 ′ N 35 ° 0 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 35.000 ° E / 66.567 ; 35.000 ( Murmansk Oblast , Kola Peninsula , Russia ) Russia Murmansk Oblast ( Kola Peninsula ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 40 ° 42 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 40.700 ° E / 66.567 ; 40.700 ( White Sea ) White Sea 66 ° 34 ′ N 44 ° 23 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 44.383 ° E / 66.567 ; 44.383 ( Nenets Autonomous Okrug , Russia ) Russia Nenets Autonomous Okrug Komi Republic -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 50 ° 51 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 50.850 ° E / 66.567 ; 50.850 ( Komi Republic , Russia ) Yamalo - Nenets Autonomous Okrug -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 63 ° 48 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 63.800 ° E / 66.567 ; 63.800 ( Yamalo - Nenets Autonomous Okrug , Russia ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 71 ° 5 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 71.083 ° E / 66.567 ; 71.083 ( Gulf of Ob ) Gulf of Ob 66 ° 34 ′ N 72 ° 27 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 72.450 ° E / 66.567 ; 72.450 ( Yamalo - Nenets Autonomous Okrug , Russia ) Russia Yamalo - Nenets Autonomous Okrug Krasnoyarsk Krai -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 83 ° 3 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 83.050 ° E / 66.567 ; 83.050 ( Krasnoyarsk Krai , Russia ) Sakha Republic -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 106 ° 18 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 106.300 ° E / 66.567 ; 106.300 ( Sakha Republic , Russia ) Chukotka Autonomous Okrug -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 158 ° 38 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 158.633 ° E / 66.567 ; 158.633 ( Chukotka Autonomous Okrug , Russia ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 171 ° 1 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 171.017 ° W / 66.567 ; - 171.017 ( Chukchi Sea , Arctic Ocean ) Arctic Ocean Chukchi Sea 66 ° 34 ′ N 164 ° 38 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 164.633 ° W / 66.567 ; - 164.633 ( Seward Peninsula , Alaska , United States ) United States Alaska ( Seward Peninsula ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 163 ° 44 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 163.733 ° W / 66.567 ; - 163.733 ( Kotzebue Sound , Arctic Ocean ) Arctic Ocean Kotzebue Sound 66 ° 34 ′ N 161 ° 56 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 161.933 ° W / 66.567 ; - 161.933 ( Alaska , United States ) United States Alaska -- passing through Selawik Lake 66 ° 34 ′ N 141 ° 0 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 141.000 ° W / 66.567 ; - 141.000 ( Yukon , Canada ) Canada Yukon Northwest Territories -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 133 ° 36 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 133.600 ° W / 66.567 ; - 133.600 ( Northwest Territories , Canada ) , passing through the Great Bear Lake Nunavut -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 115 ° 56 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 115.933 ° W / 66.567 ; - 115.933 ( Nunavut , Canada ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 82 ° 59 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 82.983 ° W / 66.567 ; - 82.983 ( Foxe Basin , Hudson Bay ) Canada Foxe Basin , Nunavut 66 ° 34 ′ N 73 ° 25 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 73.417 ° W / 66.567 ; - 73.417 ( Baffin Island , Nunavut , Canada ) Canada Nunavut ( Baffin Island ) , passing through Nettilling Lake 66 ° 30 ′ N 65 ° 29 ′ W / 66.500 ° N 65.483 ° W / 66.500 ; - 65.483 ( Baffin Island , Nunavut ) Canada Nunavut ( Baffin Island ) , passing through Auyuittuq National Park ( sign location ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 61 ° 24 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 61.400 ° W / 66.567 ; - 61.400 ( Davis Strait , Atlantic Ocean ) Atlantic Ocean Davis Strait 66 ° 34 ′ N 53 ° 16 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 53.267 ° W / 66.567 ; - 53.267 ( Greenland ) Greenland Kingdom of Denmark , passing through Kangerlussuaq Fjord 66 ° 34 ′ N 37 ° 0 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 37.000 ° W / 66.567 ; - 37.000 ( Greenland ) Greenland Kingdom of Denmark , passing through Schweizerland 66 ° 34 ′ N 34 ° 9 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 34.150 ° W / 66.567 ; - 34.150 ( Denmark Strait , Atlantic Ocean ) Atlantic Ocean Denmark Strait Greenland Sea -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 26 ° 18 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 26.300 ° W / 66.567 ; - 26.300 ( Greenland Sea ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 18 ° 1 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 18.017 ° W / 66.567 ; - 18.017 ( Grímsey , Iceland ) Iceland Island of Grímsey 66 ° 34 ′ N 17 ° 59 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 17.983 ° W / 66.567 ; - 17.983 ( Greenland Sea , Atlantic Ocean ) Atlantic Ocean Greenland Sea Norwegian Sea -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 12 ° 32 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 12.533 ° W / 66.567 ; - 12.533 ( Norwegian Sea ) A sign along the Dalton Highway marking the location of the Arctic Circle in Alaska Arctic Circle line in Rovaniemi , Finland Aurora Borealis above Arctic Circle sign along the Dempster Highway in Yukon at 66 ° 33 ′ 55 '' N 136 ° 18 ′ 26 '' W / 66.565325 ° N 136.307169 ° W / 66.565325 ; - 136.307169 A sign on the Vikingen island marking the Arctic Circle in Norway The Arctic Circle on Grímsey in Iceland Arctic Circle sign by the Inland Line railway , Sweden See also ( edit ) Arctic portal Circumpolar circle Arctic Cooperation and Politics Territorial claims in the Arctic Arctic haze Scott Polar Research Institute Antarctic Circle Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Obliquity of the Ecliptic ( Eps Mean ) '' . Neoprogrammics.com . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Berger , A.L. ( 1976 ) . `` Obliquity and Precession for the Last 5000000 Years '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 51 : 127 -- 135 . Bibcode : 1976A&A ... 51 ... 127B . Jump up ^ Liddell , Henry ; Scott , Robert . `` Arktikos '' . A Greek -- English Lexicon . Perseus Digital Library . Jump up ^ Liddell , Henry ; Scott , Robert . `` Arktos '' . A Greek -- English Lexicon . Perseus Digital Library . Jump up ^ Burn , Chris . The Polar Night ( PDF ) . The Aurora Research Institute . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arctic Population '' . www.athropolis.com . Jump up ^ Nuttall , Mark ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Arctic Volumes 1 , 2 and 3 . Routledge . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 1579584368 . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Marsh , William M. ; Kaufman , Martin M. ( 2012 ) . Physical Geography : Great Systems and Global Environments . Cambridge University Press . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 76428 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arctic Circle . Look up arctic circle in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Terra Incognita : Exploration of the Canadian Arctic -- Historical essay about early expeditions to the Canadian Arctic , illustrated with maps , photographs and drawings Temporal Epoch Calculations © 2006 by James Q. Jacobs Download : Epoch v2009. xls ( modify D4 ) Useful constants '' See : Obliquity of the ecliptic <Th_colspan="2"> Arctic topics History Arctic research Exploration of the Arctic History of whaling Government Arctic Council Arctic cooperation and politics Arctic Ocean Conference Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route Ilulissat Declaration Inuit Circumpolar Council Saami Council Territorial claims in the Arctic United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Geography Arctic Circle Arctic ecology Arctic Ocean Arctic Cyclone Arctic geography terminology Greenland ice sheet Impact craters of the Arctic Nordicity North Pole Populated places in the Arctic Tundra Regions Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic Climate Arctic Climate Impact Assessment Arctic dipole anomaly Arctic oscillation Arctic sea ice decline ecology and history Climate change in the Arctic Climate of Alaska Effects of global warming on marine mammals Polar climate Polar amplification Polar vortex Fauna Arctic fox Beluga whale Bowhead whale Lemming Muskox Narwhal Polar bear Reindeer Seal bearded harp hooded ribbon ringed Snowy owl Walrus Flora Arctic ecology Arctic vegetation Tundra Culture Arctic peoples Subarctic peoples Chukchi Chukotka Evenks Inuit Gwich'in Khanty Koryaks Nenets Northern indigenous Russian peoples Sami Selkup Yakuts Yukaghir Arctic Winter Games Tsagaan Sar ( New Year 's Day ) Economy Natural resources Petroleum exploration Arctic Refuge drilling controversy Protected areas Transportation Transport Arctic Bridge Arctic shipping routes Northeast Passage Northwest Passage Northern Sea Route Polar air route Transpolar Sea Route Search and rescue <Td_colspan="2"> Portal WikiProject <Th_colspan="2"> Circles of latitude / meridians <Td_colspan="2"> Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle W 0 ° E 30 ° 60 ° 90 ° 120 ° 150 ° 180 ° 30 ° 60 ° 90 ° 120 ° 150 ° 180 ° 5 ° 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 95 ° 105 ° 115 ° 125 ° 135 ° 145 ° 155 ° 165 ° 175 ° 5 ° 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 95 ° 105 ° 115 ° 125 ° 135 ° 145 ° 155 ° 165 ° 175 ° 10 ° 20 ° 40 ° 50 ° 70 ° 80 ° 100 ° 110 ° 130 ° 140 ° 160 ° 170 ° 10 ° 20 ° 40 ° 50 ° 70 ° 80 ° 100 ° 110 ° 130 ° 140 ° 160 ° 170 ° 0 ° 10 ° 20 ° 30 ° 40 ° 50 ° 60 ° 70 ° 80 ° 90 ° 10 ° 20 ° 30 ° 40 ° 50 ° 60 ° 70 ° 80 ° 90 ° 5 ° N 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 5 ° S 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 45x90 45x90 45x90 45x90 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Circle&oldid=849385747 '' Categories : Geography of the Arctic Lines of latitude Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2018 Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Occitan Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Walon Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 66 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 July 2018 , at 16 : 46 ( UTC ) . 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That 's So Raven - wikipedia That 's So Raven Jump to : navigation , search This article is about a teen sitcom series . For the soundtrack , see That 's So Raven ( soundtrack ) . For similarly titled TV series , see Raven ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> That 's So Raven <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Sitcom Created by Michael Poryes Susan Sherman Starring Raven - Symoné Orlando Brown Kyle Massey Anneliese van der Pol T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh Rondell Sheridan Theme music composer John Coda Opening theme `` That 's So Raven '' by Raven - Symoné , Orlando Brown , and Anneliese van der Pol Ending theme `` That 's So Raven ( Instrumental ) '' ( except episode 89 ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 100 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Marvin Harris ( season 1 - 4 ) Michael Poryes ( season 1 ) Sean McNamara ( season 1 -- 3 ) David Brookwell ( season 1 -- 3 ) Dennis Rinsler Marc Warren ( season 3 -- 4 ) Raven - Symoné ( season 4 ) Location ( s ) Sunset Gower Studios Hollywood Center Studios Los Angeles , California Camera setup Videotape ; multi-camera Running time approx. 23 minutes Production company ( s ) Disney Channel Original Brookwell McNamara Entertainment ( season 1 -- 3 ) That 's So Productions ( season 4 ) Warren & Rinsler Productions ( season 4 ) Distributor Buena Vista Television <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Disney Channel Picture format 480i Original release January 17 , 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 17 ) -- November 10 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 10 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Followed by Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) Raven 's Home ( 2017 − ) <Th_colspan="2"> External links Official website disneychannel.disney.com/thats-so-raven That 's So Raven is an American supernatural sitcom that debuted on Disney Channel on January 17 , 2003 , and ended its run on November 10 , 2007 . The series was nominated in 2005 and 2007 for Emmy Awards for Outstanding Children 's Programming . The show was set in San Francisco and revolved around teenager Raven Baxter , played by Raven - Symoné , her friends Eddie ( Orlando Brown ) and Chelsea ( Anneliese van der Pol ) , her family members ; mother Tanya Baxter ( T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh ) , father Victor Baxter ( Rondell Sheridan ) and brother Cory ( Kyle Massey ) . The title character drew on her psychic powers , ingenuity , and talent as a fashion designer as well as a variety of disguises to get into and out of amusing adolescent and pre-adolescent situations . Reruns of episodes aired on the ABC Kids Saturday morning segment of Disney - owned ABC broadcast network in the United States until August 27 , 2011 , when the block was discontinued . No announcement was made as to whether the show would get complete season releases on DVD . That 's So Raven garnered higher ratings than any other Disney Channel show at the time . It went on to be the first show in Disney Channel history to make the 100 episode mark . The show was so popular that it received a spin - off focusing on Cory . The show was called Cory In The House . The series lasted for two seasons and had 34 episodes . In October 2016 , Raven - Symoné announced that there would be a spin - off about Raven raising her two children , one with psychic visions . The show , titled Raven 's Home , premiered on July 21 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Production 2.1 Opening sequence 3 Episodes 3.1 Crossover with The Suite Life of Zack & Cody and Hannah Montana 4 Characters 4.1 Main 4.2 Recurring 5 Reunion 6 Merchandise 6.1 Soundtrack albums 6.2 Series novelizations 6.3 Video games 7 Reception 8 VHS and DVD releases 8.1 Volume releases 9 Other releases 10 Name in other countries 11 Spin - off and Sequels 11.1 Cory in the House 11.2 Failed Movie Attempt 11.3 Raven 's Home 12 Indian adaptation 13 Awards and nominations 14 See also 15 References 16 External links Overview Raven , a teenage girl , receives short psychic visions of the future events when in deep situations . Attempting to make these visions come true can always result in trouble , and hilarious situations , for herself , her family , and her friends . Production The name for the main character changed several times prior to production , starting with Dawn Baxter in a show named The Future Is on Me . Names changed to Rose Baxter in a show called Absolutely Psychic but finally settling on Raven Baxter when actress Raven - Symoné won the lead part , with the show titled That 's So Raven . Symoné originally auditioned for the role of the best friend , Chelsea . Raven - Symoné was credited simply as `` Raven '' throughout the series . The show filmed a special pilot episode on April 12 , 2001 and the first season was filmed from November 9 , 2001 -- June 2002 . That 's So Raven was responsible for many firsts for Disney Channel : the series was the highest - rated series in the history of Disney Channel and the first series to garner more than three - million viewers ; the third longest - running original series in Disney Channel history , the first Disney Channel series to reach 100 episodes , the first Disney Channel series to produce a spinoff ( Cory in the House ) and one of the first two live action original series where the lead and most of the supporting main characters are minorities ( The Famous Jett Jackson being the other ) . In addition , it was also the first Disney Channel sitcom to be shot on videotape , to use a multi-camera format , to be shot in front of a studio audience or use a laugh track , and to use the simulated film look created by FilmLook , Inc. ( all of which has become standard on all Disney Channel comedies , though a ' filmized ' appearance was given to all of the channel 's videotaped sitcoms produced from 2009 onward , as the live - action Disney Channel Original Series begin being produced in high definition ) . The first three seasons were produced by Brookwell McNamara Entertainment . The company later left at the end of season 3 , being replaced by Warren & Rinsler Productions . Raven - Symoné then received a producer credit for the show 's fourth and final season , with the credit being called `` That So Productions '' . It became the first Disney Channel series to create a spin - off , Cory in the House , which followed her younger brother , Cory , as his dad became the head chef for the President of the United States , causing the two of them to move to Washington , D.C. In the fourth season of That 's So Raven and on Cory in the House , Victor states that Tanya ( T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh ) is in England studying to be a lawyer . The show shot its final few episodes in January 2006 , but they were n't all aired until a year later , with the series finale airing in March 2007 and the second - to - last episode shown that November . Opening sequence The show 's title theme song was written by John Coda , who also composed the music cues to signify scene changes and commercial breaks for this series as well as Even Stevens . It was produced by Jeffrey `` Def Jef '' Fortson and Christopher B. Pearman and was performed by Raven - Symoné , Anneliese van der Pol and Orlando Brown . Each season had opening credits composed of footage from the episodes of that season . Each season also made an exception to the guideline by showing footage from the previous seasons , most of the time when it was needed . For example , if footage being shown was of the characters dancing , then footage of a character or characters would be shown . When originally broadcast , season two followed the guideline , but when season three began airing , the opening credits from season two were inexplicably replaced with the opening credits from season three for daytime network rebroadcasts and subsequent syndication . Each opening sequence , before going to the title card , always ended with the main cast being together ( in clips that were not part of any episode ) . Seasons one , two , and three were of the Baxters sitting on their living room couch , and season four was of the Baxters ( with the exception of Tanya ) , Eddie , and Chelsea coming down the Baxters ' living room stairs . At the end of the opening credits , Raven stands next to the title card and says , `` Yep , that 's me . '' This remained in season four , except with a new addition . Raven 's catchphrase `` Oh , Snap ! '' was dubbed in right before she says , `` Yep , that 's me . '' Raven - Symoné performs most of the theme , while Brown performs a rap near the end of the theme and some scattered vocals in the beginning of the theme . Anneliese van der Pol sings the show 's title in the chorus . A full - length version of this theme was heard in a music video which aired a few months before the show 's U.S. premiere and also can be heard on the show 's first soundtrack , released in 2004 . In Disney Channel Asia , an Asian version of the show 's theme song was made . The music video debuted on January 17 , 2007 , back - to - back with the 100th episode of That 's So Raven . It also aired in China on CCTV as 那 是 因此 掠夺 . Episodes Main article : List of That 's So Raven episodes The series is the third - longest running Disney Channel Original Series , with its popularity extending the show 's contract from 65 to 100 episodes . The last episode produced was `` The Way We Were '' , but then `` Checkin ' Out '' was produced . Although it was chronologically the last episode , it did not air last ; instead , `` Where There 's Smoke '' aired last . <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 21 <Td_colspan="1"> January 17 , 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 17 ) March 5 , 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 05 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 22 <Td_colspan="1"> October 3 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 03 ) September 24 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 24 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 35 <Td_colspan="1"> October 1 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 01 ) January 16 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 16 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 22 <Td_colspan="1"> February 20 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 20 ) November 10 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 10 ) Crossover with the Suite life of Zack & Cody and Hannah Montana Main article : That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana The episode `` Checkin ' Out '' is the first part of a three - way crossover that continues on The Suite Life of Zack & Cody and concludes on Hannah Montana . Raven Baxter meets Zack and Cody while visiting the Tipton Hotel to do a photo shoot promoting a fashion line for boys . During her stay , Raven upsets Cody with a psychic vision and London Tipton refuses to take interest in one of Raven 's clothing designs until Hannah Montana arrives and shows an interest . Characters The cast of That 's So Raven ( seasons 1 - 3 ) , ( From left to right , above ) : Kyle Massey ( Cory Baxter ) , T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh ( Tanya Baxter ) , Rondell Sheridan ( Victor Baxter ) , ( From left to right , below ) : Orlando Brown ( Eddie Thomas ) , Raven - Symoné ( Raven Baxter ) and Anneliese van der Pol ( Chelsea Daniels ) . Main Raven - Symoné ( credited as Raven ) , portrays Raven Lydia Baxter , is the main character . Aged 14 -- 17 . A precognitive teenager . She has a sassy attitude and a grand personality , and is well known for her style . She also loves fashion , and designs her own clothing . She has friends and a loving family , and she goes to public school . However , on various occasions , she gets `` psychic visions '' about what may or may not happen later . She is only able to `` see '' a small segment of some future event , and she frequently errs on what it really means , in which case her attempts to change these events only end up making it happen or making it worse . Her main catchphrases are `` Oh Fudge ! '' , `` Oh snap ! '' , `` Ya nasty ! '' , `` How y'all doin ' ? '' , and `` Oh , no he did n't ! '' She abruptly says , `` I 'm okay ! '' if she falls down in one of her disguises . And , if big guys throw her , she tells them to do it `` gently ! '' In addition , when she disapproves of something , she exclaims `` Gotta go ! '' When she makes an appearance on Cory in the House , her father exclaims , `` You did n't get kicked out of design school because they do n't give out refunds ! '' , which shows she is attending design school . Raven is also a master of disguise , which fits in with her trouble - making antics and passion for becoming a fashion designer , like her idol , Donna Cabonna , whom she worked for as an intern . Raven Baxter is extremely allergic to mushrooms , and her favorite drink is orange juice . According to Chelsea , her favorite gemstone is diamond , her favorite vegetable is corn , and her favorite animal is stuffed . Often referred to as Rae , Raven does not enjoy nature or camping . She has appeared in every episode of the series , along with her younger brother Cory . In the second spin - off , Raven 's Home , Raven eventually married her first love Devon but they got divorced . In between that time , they had two children Nia and Booker - latter of whom , shares Raven 's ability to see into the future . Orlando Brown portrayed Edward `` Eddie '' Thomas , Aged 14 -- 17 . He is Raven 's male best friend . He is an aspiring rapper , and is a guard on the school basketball team . He is like a `` big brother '' to Cory Baxter and was commonly portrayed as playful , ambitious , loyal , girl crazy and quick to jump to conclusions . Occasionally , he says `` Told ya ! Told ya twice ! '' after he tells Raven not to do something that they both knew she would do . Another common catchphrase of his is `` Holla ! '' after he finishes talking to his friends or girls that he likes . His parents are divorced , which is mentioned several times throughout the series . It is also said that he has a little brother . In one episode , Eddie and Raven not only start to develop romantic feelings for each other but they also kiss on the lips at two separate times ; however , by the end of the episode , they decide to remain friends ( though its strongly implied they 're still interested in one another ) . Eddie has appeared in every episode except Juicer Consequences . Kyle Massey played Cory Baxter , Aged 10 -- 13 . Cory is Raven 's younger brother who sometimes acts as the main antagonist of the series . He and Raven often argue , but in the long run , they care deeply for each other . Even as he gets older , he claims that playing pranks on Raven is one of his guilty pleasures . Cory has two best friends , William and Larry . Together , the 3 boys form the band Cory and the Boys , with Cory as the drummer and lead singer , while Larry is the guitarist . William starts out playing the clarinet , and then plays the keyboard . The band has one song : `` Feelin ' the Love '' . Cory is an aspiring businessman . He is shown to be obsessed with money , and often creates `` get - rich - quick '' schemes behind his parents ' backs , in which he always gets into trouble . Cory also has a close relationship with his pet rat , Lionel . Earlier in the series , he had a crush on Chelsea . In the third season starts an relationship with Cindy . His catchphrases is `` Cha - ching '' and `` You Know How I Do ! '' . He and Victor are the main characters in the spin - off series Cory in the House . He has appeared in every episode of the series , along with his older sister Raven . Anneliese van der Pol portrayed Chelsea Daniels , Aged 14 -- 17 . Often referred to as Chels , She is Raven 's female best friend . She is an environmentalist , vegetarian , and closet artist . She is portrayed as being clumsy and dimwitted ( although the first two seasons portray her to be just as smart as Raven , but to extreme limits ) ; at times , her stupidity is so potent that she is frequently oblivious to what should be obvious and unable to discern sarcasm from sincerity . She usually uses the catchphrases `` That makes more sense ! '' or ' `` This is awkward ! '' She also likes to make jokes , which only she would laugh at . Despite her apparent lack of common sense and intelligence , she has a few surprises up her sleeve -- such as occasionally knowing certain `` smart '' things , which usually tends to surprise everyone else . In Season 1 , it is revealed that Raven and Chelsea 's friendship goes all the way back to when they were in pre-school , but she was also shown to be dimwitted back then because she did not notice Raven blowing out the candles on her birthday cake . It should also be noted that Chelsea was just as caring when she was young as she is now because one of her unfulfilled wishes on that same birthday was to stop global warming . She is quite similar to Newt ( from Cory in the House ) in personality . She is very passionate in saving the environment and caring for the animals , and also much more spiritual compared to Raven who can be materialistic , though it occasionally leads to troubling events like the three friends disputing over a goat and nearly turning herself and Raven into cows . In earlier episodes , Cory has a huge crush on her and unsuccessfully pursues her . Occasionally , Chelsea refers to a specific relative , Cousin Earl , at times . Her parents are Therapists . She also has a dog named Sam . Chelsea is present in every episode except Mother Dearest , Smell of Victory , and Saturday Afternoon Fever . T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh played Tanya Baxter ( seasons 1 - 3 ) , is the mother of Raven and Cory , and wife of Victor . She is a firm , but fun and caring mother who , despite the antics of her children , is always there for them . She halted her studies to raise her family , but decided once the children were older to continue studying law . Before that , she briefly worked as Raven 's English teacher at the request of Raven 's school principal . Her catchphrase is `` Momma like ! '' She has a very competitive nature to her personality . It 's learned that her mother , Viv , is also psychic . In season 4 , Tanya is not present , saying that she went off to England to attend law school . On Cory in the House , she is still in England and she did not visit Cory and Victor but is mentioned . In the pilot episode of Raven 's Home , it is revealed by Booker that Tanya is still living . Rondell Sheridan portrayed Victor Baxter , is the father of Raven and Cory , and husband of Tanya . He starts out as a chef in a restaurant , but he later opens his own restaurant , The Chill Grill . His biggest rival is Leonard Stevenson . In Cory in the House , he gets a job as the President 's chef , and it is unknown what became of his restaurant . His catchphrases are `` Here comes the pain ! '' and `` I 'll go pack ! '' ( Cory in the House ) Recurring Señorita Rodriguez , played by Rose Abdoo Señorita Rodriguez is the Spanish teacher at Chelsea Daniels , Eddie Thomas , and Raven Baxter 's school . She also sponsors the Bayside Barracudian newspaper . Other roles she has taken on include teaching the `` Drama Club '' , advising the `` Bayside Outdoor Club '' , and creating / leading the `` FLUB '' ( Future Leaders United in Business ) Club . Retailers say she takes too many freebies . She has appeared in several episodes throughout the series . Whenever she is in a conversation with someone , she quickly gets their hopes up with positive responses , followed by a sly laugh , and an abrupt `` NO ! '' with a negative tone -- her catchphrase . Devon Carter , played by Lil ' J Devon Carter is Raven 's steady boyfriend from seasons 2 -- 4 . He previously had braces on his teeth and bad acne , and was known as `` Bucktooth Carter '' . After he had his braces removed and his face `` cleared up '' over the summer , and came back to school , Raven and Alana were constantly fighting to be his girlfriend . He eventually becomes Raven 's boyfriend , and continues to be , even after he moves to Seattle , Washington . Although he and his family move to Seattle , he still sees Raven when his father visits San Francisco on business trips . After his family leaves Tanya assures Raven that Devon will always be in her heart . Even though they say they are each other 's `` only love '' , we also see Raven have numerous crushes between Devon 's visits . Devon has a little sister named Nadine who is jealous of Raven because she does n't want to share her big brother . In the second spin - off , Raven 's Home , Devon and Raven eventually married but got divorced . In between that time , they had two children Nia and Booker - latter of whom , shares Raven 's ability to see into the future . Alana Rivera , played by Adrienne Bailon Alana Rivera is Raven 's ex-best friend . She finds great pleasure in teasing and bullying Raven . She hangs out with her posse , which includes followers Muffy and Loka . She was first introduced in Season 2 in the episode `` Do n't Have a Cow '' . In `` Run Raven Run '' , we learn that Alana and Raven were best friends until 4th grade when a school play had them both competing for the role of the Tooth Fairy ( which Raven got , while Alana portrayed the tooth decay ) , and would ultimately end their friendship . Alana and Raven almost became friends again when Raven `` teamed up '' with Alana 's posse ( in the episode `` Clothes Minded '' ) , which happens after Chelsea and Eddie do not support Raven 's school `` protest '' . In the episode `` Run , Raven , Run '' , Raven and Alana briefly become friends until Chelsea reveals that Raven put chewing gum in Alana 's hair . This causes her to get her head shaved and covered up . Alana , Muffy , and Loka also spend the night at Raven 's house in the episode `` Shake , Rattle , and Rae '' . In this episode , Raven and Alana almost become friends again , until Alana announces that `` the score is 1 -- 0 '' . She was replaced in season 3 by Bianca ( Erica Rivera ) , because , according to Muffy , she was so bad , she got sent to military school , while Bianca was so bad that she got kicked out of military school . Bianca , played by Erica Rivera Bianca is Raven 's enemy in two episodes of season 3 , she replaced Alana when she was sent to military school and she took over Alana 's posse . She did not appear in season 4 , she was maybe sent back to military school leaving Muffy as Raven 's foremost enemy . Muffy , played by Ashley Drane Muffy is a member of Alana 's ( and , later on , Bianca 's ) posse . Her role in the posse is to record important events ( like an organizer ) and tends to explain what Alana ( and , later on , Bianca ) say which is usually brief . She took over as Raven 's foremost enemy after Bianca left . There is some speculation that she might be psychic because she knows everything that Alana and Bianca are thinking . She also has a younger sister , Buffy , who is Sydney 's age , and enemy . Loka , played by Andrea Edwards Loka is a member of Alana 's ( and , later on , Bianca 's ) posse . She is rough , and she did the `` bad work '' for Alana ( and then Bianca ) . She is a tall girl , whom nobody likes to mess with . She is also romantically interested in Eddie ; she likes to give him arm punches every time she sees him . She is obsessed with the boy band Boyz ' N Motion , and also loves s'mores , as seen in the episode `` Shake , Rattle , and Rae '' . Unlike Muffy , Bianca , or Alana , it shows in later episodes ( season 3 ) , she does n't have it out personally for Raven . She even shows compassion ( briefly ) for Raven in the season 3 episode `` Boyz ' N Commotion '' . Loka is shown to be nicer than Muffy or Bianca in personality and somewhat became friends with Raven . William , played by Frankie Ryan Manriquez William is one of Cory 's best friends . He is known to be very smart , and loves ducks . He is afraid of girls , and he can play the clarinet and keyboard . His classmates call him `` Captain Brainypants '' . He `` invents '' many different gadgets in various episodes , such as the `` remote - controlled refrigerator opener '' . He once does Raven 's science project , in exchange for her designing him a new wardrobe to look `` cooler '' . It has been implied that William is younger than Cory , but it is not known how much younger . Larry , played by David Henrie Larry is Cory 's other best friend . He is Jewish , as revealed in the episode `` Raven , Sydney , And The Man '' , when he invites Cory to his Bar Mitzvah . He is the guitar player in `` Cory and the Boys '' . He also has a yellow sweatshirt that he wears all the time during the winter , as mentioned in the episode `` The Lying Game '' , although no other reference to this is made . He takes cotillion class , as revealed in the episode `` Mad Hot Cotillion '' . He is also known to be over-worried , and slightly strange , at times . Stanley played by Bobb'e J. Thompson Stanley is Eddie 's next - door neighbor , who is obsessed with Raven . He serves as the primary antagonist of the show , he has a frenemy relationship with Eddie and Cory , although he is usually seen scamming them . Stanley was originally brought in as a love interest for Raven 's next - door neighbor , Sierra , but he becomes much more interested in Raven , and in one episode , Loka . Stanley is rude , obnoxious , mean , sarcastic , and deceptive to everyone . He is a young salesman , who usually tricks Cory into buying something that would eventually go wrong . Stanley is always trying desperately to get Raven to like him , but he suddenly leaves her alone after seeing her kiss Andre in the episode `` Mr. Perfect '' . He loves to eat cheese sandwiches . He also competes against Chelsea in a ping - pong match , and loses . In the same episode ( `` Taken to the Cleaners '' ) , he asks Victor to make him a cheese sandwich in the shape of a ping - pong paddle . His catchphrases include `` My brotha ! '' , which he exclaims whenever he is trying to `` show someone up '' ; and `` I may have said that , but I say a lot of things . '' This is a partial denial of his ability to be nice to other people . He appears primarily in Seasons 3 and 4 , in the episodes `` Opportunity Shocks '' ; `` Taken to the Cleaners '' ; `` The Grill Next Door '' ; `` Mr. Perfect '' ; `` The Four Aces '' ; `` Driving Miss Lazy '' ; `` Sister Act '' ; `` Checkin ' Out '' ; `` Fur Better or Worse '' and `` When 6021 Met 4267 '' . He also appeared in the Cory in the House episode `` Uninvited Pest '' when he covets the Presidential medal Cory was going to receive for his Young Businessperson of the Year project . He got into the `` Up with Goodness '' program , feigned an ankle injury , and stole Cory 's presentation . It is also noted that he has a fear of bones , which helps Cory prove that Stanley faked the injury and stole his presentation . Sydney , played by Sydney Park Sydney is a girl at Bayside Community Center , whom Raven mentors . When they first meet , Sydney embarrasses Raven by constantly insulting her . However , when Raven learns that Sydney is a foster child , they quickly develop a friendship . Sydney is an aspiring comedian , and she even `` performed '' at Cory 's `` bro mitzvah '' in the episode `` Raven , Sydney , and the Man '' . Raven and Sydney are now very close friends , and even enter a Little Miss and Her Big Sis pageant . Raven and Sydney are often compared as sisters , although they are not actually related . In the episode `` Rae of Sunshine '' Sydney has trouble making friends so she embarrasses Raven again , but then at the end , she makes friends without embarrassing Raven . Donna Cabonna , played by Anne - Marie Johnson Donna Cabonna is a world - renowned fashion designer , and Raven 's arrogant , snooty , trashy boss . Her name is a parody of real - life designers Donna Karan and Dolce & Gabbana . Donna has started Raven as an intern , in which she is often stuck with many tedious jobs such as getting Donna her coffee and picking after her dog Coco . In one episode in Season 4 , she makes Raven her `` temporary assistant '' when Tiffany goes on a business trip . Raven 's full devotion to her boss causes Devon to break up with her , but they quickly re-unite after a brief talk . Donna has a boyfriend named Teddy ( Richard Steven Horvitz ) , who is much shorter than her , with whom she plays `` break - up and make - up '' every weekend . Despite the many conflicts between Raven and her boss , Donna is very supportive of Raven and believes that she could go far in the fashion industry with her talents . Tiffany , played by Jodi Shilling Tiffany is Donna 's `` personal assistant '' , and Raven 's primary nemesis in the fourth season . Ever since their first meeting , Tiffany and Raven do not like each other . On Raven 's first day working for Donna ( in the episode `` Dues & Don'ts '' ) , Tiffany lies to Raven by telling her that Donna Cabonna 's office belongs to Raven . They are constantly `` competing '' to be Donna 's favorite assistant . She apparently shares many similarities with Muffy . Cindy , played by Jordyn Colemon Cindy is Cory 's girlfriend . Cory meets Cindy in `` Double Vision '' . By the events of `` Bend It Like Baxter '' they 're dating . By the series final `` Where There 's Smoke '' Cindy has started smoking . After the intervention that Raven and the gang hold for Cory when they think that he 's smoking , Cindy tells the truth and promises to never smoke again . The Juicer , played by Dan Mott The Juicer is a nickname given to him for his strong hands `` juicing '' things . His real name was not revealed . He likes to squeeze kid 's heads . He first appeared in season 4 in the episode `` Juicer Consequences '' . The Juicer love books about cats and wears reading glasses . The Juicer has shown his caring side in `` Where There 's Smoke '' when he lectured Cory and Cindy about the dangers of smoking . He also guest starred in the spin - off show Cory in the House . Freckles , played by Jake Carlis Freckles is a nickname given to him because of his freckles . Real name was not acknowledged . He is a kid in the day care in the Mr. Perfect episode ( season 3 episode 30 ) . He attempts to console Stanley after Raven rejects his advances . Featured role in That 's So Raven Reunion Eight years after the series ended , there was speculation and rumors that the series would get a second spin - off or revamp . On August 14 , 2015 , a reunion with Raven and her former co-stars happened on The View , where they discussed all things about the show and past times . Crystal Keymah and Sheridan were not present , but got a special mention from Symoné herself . Merchandise The That 's So Raven franchise has been modeled after fellow Disney Channel hit Lizzie McGuire . Raven has a clothing line , DVD releases , novels , bedroom sets , a perfume , a Girl Talk board game , three video games and two soundtracks , That 's So Raven : Songs from and inspired by the hit TV show and That 's So Raven Too ! . In February 2005 , That 's So Raven toys were featured in the McDonald 's Happy Meal . In April 2005 , a doll based on Raven Baxter was released and another was released the following year . In September 2005 , the show also spawned a fragrance and an MP3 player . That same month , the clothing line was shipped to Macy 's stores . As of 2006 , That 's So Raven merchandise had made $400 million . Soundtrack albums That 's So Raven That 's So Raven Too ! Series novelizations Main article : List of That 's So Raven books What You See Is What You Get -- Smell of Victory & A Dog by Any Other Name Rescue Me -- Driven To Insanity & Mother Dearest In Raven We Trust -- Test of Friendship & Saturday Afternoon Fever Step Up -- Dissin ' Cousins & Party Animal Family Affair -- If I Only Had a Job & Teach Your Children Well 2 Good 2 B True -- To See or Not to See & Ye Olde Dating Game Tell It Like It Is -- Campaign in the Neck & Separation Anxiety Dueling Divas ' -- A Fight at the Opera & The Parties Showtime ! -- Wake Up , Victor & A Fish Called Raven Psyched -- Psychics Wanted & Saving Psychic Raven Boyfriend Blues -- Four 's a Crowd & Blue in the Face Be Mine -- Hearts And Minds & Close Encounters of the Nerd Kind The Real Deal -- That 's So Not Raven & Run , Raven , Run Over the Top -- Out of Control & He 's Got the Power Rebel Raven -- Clothes Minded & Spa Day Afternoon Superstar -- Radio Heads & The Road to Audition House Party -- Hizzouse Party & Leave It to Diva Queen of Hearts -- There Goes the Bride & Royal Treatment Raven Rocks -- A Goat 's Tale & Boyz ' N Commotion Extreme Fever -- Extreme Cory & When There 's Smoke Video games That 's So Raven has spawned three video games : That 's So Raven , Game Boy Advance That 's So Raven 2 , Game Boy Advance That 's So Raven : Psychic on the Scene , Nintendo DS Reception The series premiere was watched by 3.5 million viewers , the first Disney Channel series to garner more than 3 million viewers . The most watched episode of That 's So Raven is `` Country Cousins '' , scoring 10.8 million viewers . VHS and DVD releases Volume releases ! # VHS and DVD title Episodes featured Release date Bonus features That 's So Raven : Supernaturally Stylish `` If I Only Had a Job '' `` He 's Got the Power '' `` That 's So Not Raven '' `` Boyz ' N Commotion '' December 7 , 2004 `` Supernatural '' ( music video ) `` That 's So Raven '' ( music video ) That 's So Raven : Disguise the Limit `` Art Breaker '' `` Country Cousins ( Part 1 ) '' `` Country Cousins ( Part 2 ) '' `` The Grill Next Door '' August 16 , 2005 Master of Disguises ( featurette ) Visual commentary by Raven on selected scenes That 's So Raven : Raven 's House Party `` Opportunity Shocks '' `` Double Vision '' `` Too Much Pressure '' `` Four Aces Club '' `` Vision Impossible '' December 6 , 2005 Never - before - seen episode Bloopers and outtakes That 's So Raven Radio Trivia Game That 's So Raven : Raven 's Makeover Madness ( Only on DVD ) `` Pin Pals '' `` Dues and Don'ts '' `` Adventures in Boss - Sitting '' `` Hook Up My Space '' `` When 6021 Met 4267 '' July 18 , 2006 Never - before - seen episode So You Think You Know Raven ( Volume 1 , trivia game ) Other releases DVD title Episode featured Release date Bonus features Disney Channel Holiday ( VHS and DVD ) `` Escape Clause '' November 1 , 2005 N / A That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana `` Checkin ' Out '' January 16 , 2007 So You Think You Know Raven ( Volume 2 , trivia game ) Hannah Montana Volume 4 : One in a Million `` Run , Raven , Run '' January 28 , 2008 N / A Name in other countries Countries Name Australia That 's So Raven Brazil As Visões da Raven Denmark That 's So Raven Spain Raven Finland That 's So Raven France Phénomène Raven Germany Raven Blickt Durch Hong Kong 好 係 Raven India That 's so Raven Italy Raven Japan レイブン 見え ちゃっ て チョー 大変 ! ( Reibun Mie Chatte Cho Taihen ! ) Mexico Es Tan Raven Philippines That 's So Raven Poland Świat Raven Portugal Raven United Kingdom That 's So Raven Taiwan 天才 魔女 Turkey Tam Raven'a Göre Spin - off and sequels Cory in the House Main article : Cory in the House Cory in the House is the first Disney Channel spin - off and it premiered on January 12 , 2007 . It was the one chosen out of the many pitched and proposed spin - offs that were to have aired after the completion of That 's So Raven , including one about Raven going off to college . Originally Raven - Symoné was offered the spin - off , but she declined it , therefore Disney Channel decided to give it to Kyle Massey . The storyline involves Cory and Victor adjusting to life in Washington , D.C. ; Victor has received a job as the Head Chef to the President . The show takes place while Raven is attending fashion college and Tanya is still in London . The series is similar to its sister show , That 's So Raven . Cory has two best friends , one a boy , Newton Livingston III ( Jason Dolley ) , and one a girl , Meena Paroom ( Maiara Walsh ) . Note that in That 's So Raven , the main character also has two best friends , one a boy and one a girl and Newt and Meena 's persona 's are similar to Chelsea and Eddie . Cory attends a middle school in Washington , D.C. Also in the series , the president 's daughter Sophie ( Madison Pettis ) constantly pesters Cory , like Cory did to Raven in That 's So Raven . Cory also participates in crazy situations in which he learns a moral lesson and will most likely get punished . Candy Smiles plays in Cory 's love life multiple times , and Stickler continuously spies on Cory , Newton and especially Meena 's . It is implied the episode , `` When 6021 Met 4267 '' , that Cory and Victor did move back to San Francisco . In the episode `` That 's So in the House '' , Raven came to show designs of new tour guide uniforms to President Martinez ( John D'Aquino ) . Unfortunately , she has a vision of a clock falling on the President , and tackles him , earning the Secret Service a chance to chase her around the grounds . Cory poses as his sister to display the uniforms , modeled by Newton and Meena . Raven is discovered outside the Oval Office window , and chased , until she actually does save Mr. Martinez from the clock . The episode ends with the credits sequence for That 's So Pooshnick , a show from Meena 's country about a psychic girl who can see the past and always ends up messing up trying to stop the vision from happening again . Stanley and the Juicer have also made special appearances on the show as well . Failed movie attempt In 2011 , to promote her latest film Vampires Suck , Anneliese van der Pol revealed in an interview that a That 's So Raven film had been written but failed to go into production . `` The storyline saw us going to France . ( Raven ) was going to start a fashion line in France . Eddie and ( Chelsea ) were going to fly out and meet her . Of course , something tragic happens . We have to rescue the situation . '' Van der Pol admitted that Raven 's schedule at the time was booked solid for a year and the possibility of the film seemed unlikely . `` But no , It 's not ever happening . If I hear something , I will be the first to sign on . '' She also commented on reprising her role of Chelsea Daniels . Raven 's Home Main article : Raven 's Home On October 27 , 2016 , it was announced that Raven - Symoné will star in and develop a sequel to the original series . Raven departed as a host of The View later in 2016 in order to work on the series full-time.In November 2016 , it was announced that Anneliese van der Pol will reprise her role of Chelsea Daniels . In the new series , Raven Baxter will be a divorced mother of two pre-teens , Nia and Booker . Booker will inherit his mother 's psychic abilities during middle school . Chelsea Daniels is also a divorced mother , who is raising a son , Levi , and moves in with Raven . Indian adaptation Main article : Palak Pe Jhalak Palak Pe Jhalak is the sixth Disney Channel India series to be adapted in Hindi after Art Attack , Good Luck Charlie , The Suite Life of Zack and Cody , Shake It Up and Jessie , and premiered on September 27 , 2015 . Ayesha Kaduskar is seen playing the role of Nysha Kapoor , a character similar to Raven Baxter played by Raven - Symoné . Awards and nominations Year Award Recipient Result 2003 BAFTA Children 's Awards International That 's So Raven Nominated BET Comedy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Raven - Symoné Nominated Outstanding Comedy Series That 's So Raven Nominated Gracie Allen Awards Outstanding Children / Adolescent Program That 's So Raven Won NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Performance in a Youth / Children 's Program Raven - Symoné Won Kids Choice Awards Favorite Female TV Star Raven - Symoné Won NAMIC Vision Awards Best Comedic Performance Raven - Symoné Nominated Children 's That 's So Raven Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress : Comedy Raven - Symoné Nominated Choice TV Show : Comedy That 's So Raven Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Leading Young Actor Kyle Massey Nominated Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Leading Young Actress Raven - Symoné Nominated 2005 BET Comedy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Raven - Symoné Nominated Outstanding Comedy Series That 's So Raven Nominated Casting Society of America Best Casting -- Children 's Programming Joey Paul Jensen Won Genesis Awards Children 's Programming That 's So Raven Won Gracie Allen Awards Outstanding Female Lead in a Comedy Raven - Symoné Won NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Performance in a Youth / Children 's Series / Special Raven - Symoné Won Kids Choice Awards Favorite TV Actress Raven - Symoné Won NAMIC Vision Awards Best Comedic Performance Raven - Symoné Nominated Children 's That 's So Raven Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Children 's Program That 's So Raven Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress : Comedy Raven - Symoné Nominated Choice TV Show : Comedy That 's So Raven Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Television Series -- Guest Starring Young Actor Christopher Malpede Won Outstanding Young Performers in a TV Series Orlando Brown Kyle Massey Anneliese van der Pol Raven - Symoné Won 2006 Casting Society of America Best Casting -- Children 's TV Programming Joey Paul Jensen Nominated NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Performance in a Youth / Children 's Series or Special Raven - Symoné Won Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series Eric Dean Seaton Nominated Kids Choice Awards Favorite TV Actress Raven - Symoné Nominated Favorite TV Show That 's So Raven Nominated NAMIC Vision Awards Best Comedic Performance Raven - Symoné Nominated Best Children 's That 's So Raven Won Teen Choice Awards TV -- Choice Actress : Comedy Raven - Symoné Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Family Television Series ( Comedy ) That 's So Raven Nominated 2007 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series Raven - Symoné Nominated Outstanding Performance in a Youth / Children 's Program -- Series or Special Kyle Massey Nominated Raven - Symoné Won Outstanding Children 's Program That 's So Raven Won Kids Choice Awards Favorite TV Actress Raven - Symoné Nominated NAMIC Vision Awards Children 's That 's So Raven Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Children 's Program That 's So Raven Nominated Writers Guild of America Children 's Episodic & Specials Deborah Swisher ( `` Fur Better or Worse '' ) Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Leading Young Actor Kyle Massey Won 2008 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Performance in a Youth / Children 's Program ( Series or Special ) Raven - Symoné Won Outstanding Children 's Program That 's So Raven Won Kids Choice Awards Favorite TV Actress Raven - Symoné Nominated NAMIC Vision Awards Best Performance -- Comedy Raven - Symoné Nominated See also Disney portal 2000s portal Television portal So Weird References ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( August 13 , 2009 ) . `` On T.O. , Jim Roe and how some media covers cable ratings ( AKA I have T.O. 's back on this ) '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Raven - Symoné to Exit ' The View ' for Disney Channel 's ' That 's So Raven ' Spinoff '' . Variety . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Morales , Lisa ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Raven - Symoné Becomes Latest To Leave ' The View ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` That 's So Raven spin - off Raven 's Home a go at Disney Channel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raven Symone To Star in Disney Channel Original Series That 's So Raven ; Production To Begin in Los Angeles Nov. 9 . '' . Free Online Library . November 8 , 2001 . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The ' That 's So Raven ' Cast Reunited -- And It 's About To Happen Again '' . MTV News . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Yahoo '' . Videogames.yahoo.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Collectible Barbies : Become A Barbie Collector - Barbie Signature '' . Barbiecollector.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vanderberg , Marcus ( March 16 , 2005 ) . `` BHM Star : Raven - Symoné '' . AOL Black Voices . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2007 . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` That 's So Raven - Supernatural Style : Orlando Brown , T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh , Kyle Orlando Massey , Raven ( VII ) , Rondell Sheridan , Anneliese van der Pol , Debbie '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` That 's So Raven - Disguise the Limit : Orlando Brown , T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh , Kyle Orlando Massey , Raven ( VII ) , Rondell Sheridan , Anneliese van der Pol , Debbie Alle '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` That 's So Raven - Raven 's House Party : Raven - Symoné , Orlando Brown '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` That 's So Raven - Raven 's Makeover Madness : Raven , Orlando Brown , Anneliese van der Pol , Kyle Massey , Rondell Sheridan , T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana : David Kendall ( II ) , Lee Shallat Chemel , Casey Lynn De Stefano , Andrew Tsao , Henry Chan ( IV ) , Jim Drake ( II ) : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hannah Montana - One in a Million : Miley Cyrus : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Orange , B. Alan ( September 4 , 2010 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Anneliese Van Der Pol Explains Why Vampires Suck ! '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Raven - Symoné to star in That 's So Raven spin - off at Disney Channel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Chelsea 's Back ! Anneliese van der Pol Returning for That 's So Raven Sequel Series '' . E ! News . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` That 's So Raven Spinoff : Meet Raven 's ' Confident ' Psychic Daughter and ' Young Donald Glover ' - Type Son '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Serrao , Nivea ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` That 's So Raven : Anneliese van der Pol to return as Chelsea in sequel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Children 's in 2003 '' . bafta.org . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` BET COMEDY AWARDS ( List of Award Winners and Nominees ) '' . Who 's Dated Who ? . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` 2004 NAACP Image Awards '' . infoplease.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards Press Site '' . nickkcapress.com . 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Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Children 's Program 2005 '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` TEEN CHOICE AWARDS ( List of Award Winners and Nominees ) '' . Who 's Dated Who ? . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 26th Annual Young Artist Awards - Nominations / Special Awards '' . youngartistawards.org . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Casting Society of America , USA '' . imdb.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` AALBC. com 's Thumper 's Corner Discussion Board : The 37th NAACP Image Awards Winners Announced '' . thumperscorner.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Television Academy '' . Television Academy . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 Host / Nominee Release - Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards 2006 Press Site '' . nickkcapress.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Winners Release - Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards 2006 Press Site '' . nickkcapress.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 12TH ANNUAL NAMIC VISION AWARD NOMINEES '' ( PDF ) . 1.prweb.com . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : ( 6 ) Jump up ^ `` TEEN CHOICE AWARDS ( List of Award Winners and Nominees ) '' . Who 's Dated Who ? . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 27th Annual Young Artist Awards - Nominations / Special Awards '' . youngartistawards.org . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` January 2006 - blackfilm.com - features - The 38th NAACP Image Awards nominations '' . blackfilm.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 38th NAACP Image Awards '' . aalbc.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Host / Nominees Release / Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards 2007 Press Kit '' . nickkcapress.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 KCA Winners Release / Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards 2007 Press Kit '' . nickkcapress.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 7 ) Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Children 's Program 2007 '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - 2007 Writers Guild Awards Television & Radio Nominees Announced - TheFutonCritic.com '' . thefutoncritic.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WRITERS GUILD OF AMERICA , USA ( List of Award Winners and Nominees ) '' . Who 's Dated Who ? . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 28th Annual Young Artist Awards - Nominations / Special Awards '' . youngartistawards.org . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 8 ) Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards 2008 Press Kit '' . nickkcapress.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards -- 2008 Winners List -- Pictures and Video - Allie is Wired '' . allieiswired.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ M.I. `` 14th NAMIC Vision Awards Nominees '' . mykiru.ph . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 9 ) External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : That 's So Raven Official website That 's So Raven on IMDb That 's So Raven at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> That 's So Raven Episodes Season 1 `` That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana '' Soundtracks That 's So Raven That 's So Raven Too ! Video games That 's So Raven : Psychic on the Scene Spin - offs Cory in the House Raven 's Home Indian Adaptation Palak Pe Jhalak <Th_colspan="2"> Disney Channel original programming Former 1990s debuts Flash Forward ( 1995 -- 97 ) The Famous Jett Jackson ( 1998 -- 2001 ) So Weird ( 1999 -- 2001 ) The Jersey ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 2000s debuts Totally Circus ( 2000 ) Even Stevens ( 2000 -- 03 ) In a Heartbeat ( 2000 -- 01 ) Totally Hoops ( 2001 ) Lizzie McGuire ( 2001 -- 04 ) The Proud Family ( 2001 -- 05 ) Kim Possible ( 2002 -- 07 ) Totally in Tune ( 2002 ) That 's So Raven ( 2003 -- 07 ) Lilo & Stitch : The Series ( 2003 -- 06 ) Phil of the Future ( 2004 -- 06 ) Dave the Barbarian ( 2004 -- 05 ) Brandy & Mr. Whiskers ( 2004 -- 06 ) American Dragon : Jake Long ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) The Buzz on Maggie ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Emperor 's New School ( 2006 -- 08 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) Disney Channel Games ( 2006 -- 11 ) The Replacements ( 2006 -- 09 ) Shorty McShorts ' Shorts ( 2006 -- 07 ) Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) Phineas and Ferb ( 2007 -- 15 ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) Stitch ! 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( 2004 -- 2005 ) Related topics Children 's programming on the American Broadcasting Company Disney 's One Too Disney Channel Saturday Mornings ( Toonin ' Saturday ) Jambalaya Studios Disney Television Animation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=That%27s_So_Raven&oldid=803824114 '' Categories : 2000s American comedy television series 2003 American television series debuts 2007 American television series endings ABC Kids American children 's comedy television series American teen sitcoms American black comedy television programs Disney Channel shows English - language television programs American children 's fantasy television series Television series by Disney Television shows set in San Francisco That 's So Raven Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from November 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2011 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Chavacano de Zamboanga Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 21 : 36 . 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1. That's So Raven
2. Teen sitcom series
3. Raven Baxter
4. Psychic powers
5. Spin-off series
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-6,591,216,291,308,501,000 |
my name is yon yonson i live in wisconsin
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Yon Yonson - wikipedia Yon Yonson Jump to : navigation , search `` Yon Yonson '' is an infinitely recursive poem , nursery rhyme or song , perhaps best known from the novel Slaughterhouse - Five by Kurt Vonnegut , although Vonnegut did not create it . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins of the song 2 Lyrics 3 Other occurrences of the song 4 References 5 External links Origins of the song ( edit ) The song is often sung in a Scandinavian accent ( e.g. j pronounced as y , w pronounced as v ) . This accent is revealed by the name `` Yon Yonson , '' which when recited in American English is usually rendered `` Jan Jansen '' or `` John Johnson . '' The Swedish pronunciation `` Yon Yonson '' probably dates the origin of the song to soon after the Swedes ' arrival in the United States . A possible origin of the song is the dialect stage comedy Yon Yonson by Gus Heege and W.D. Coxey ( 1890 ) . The play 's setting included a Minnesota lumber camp . However , no evidence shows that the song was actually performed as part of the play . Lyrics ( edit ) One version of the song Play ( help info ) Numerous versions of the song exist , but all are similar to the following : My name is Yon Yonson , I live in Wisconsin . I work in a lumber yard there . The people I meet as I walk down the street , They say `` Hello ! '' I say `` Hello ! '' They say `` What 's your name . '' I say : My name is Yon Yonson ... ( repeated again and again ) . Another version goes : My name is Yon Yonson , I come from Wisconsin I work in a lumber mill there All the people I meet As I walk down the street Ask me how in the hell I got there So I tell them : My name is Yon Yonson ... Another version goes : My name is Yon Yonson , I come from Wisconsin I work in a lumber mill there All the people I meet As I walk down the street They say `` Hello , Yon Yonson , hello '' Another version goes : My name is Yon Yonson I come from Wisconsin I work in a lumber yard there , you see . And the people I meet , When I walk down the street . Say ' Hello ' . And I say ' Hello ' . And they say ' What 's your name ' ? And I say ... Another version goes : My name is Yon Yonson I come from Wisconsin I work in the Lumberyard there : I got hit by a log and I live with a dog and somehow just set fire to my hair . Another version goes : My name is Yon Yonson I come from Wisconsin I work in a Lumberyard there As I walk down the street All the people I meet Say `` Hey , What 's your name ? '' And I say ... Other occurrences of the song ( edit ) In the novel Slaughterhouse - Five by Kurt Vonnegut , `` Yon Yonson '' is used as a repeated motif , ultimately serving as a model for the recursive , time - repeating structure of the book . The novel Dodsworth by Sinclair Lewis in Chapter 11 Carl Sandburg included the song in his 1972 folk song collection , Flat Rock Ballads . The Canadian band The Dave Howard Singers released an industrial / punk version of `` Yon Yonson '' in 1987 . The Children 's Band Ralph 's World released a version of this on their 2003 album Peggy 's Pie Parlor . The lyrics have been changed slightly from what is quoted in this article . The phrase was also used in a TV promotion ( `` Altered States '' ) for Calvin Klein perfume . In the video game Psychonauts , Sasha Nein will begin to recite this in an injury - induced daze if the battle with the mega-censor continues long enough . The song has also appeared in numerous children 's song books The computer game `` Baldur 's Gate II '' has a gnome character who joins the player 's party named Jan Jansen . He often bursts into very mundane stories about himself that never seem to end . The song appears in the novel Coverup by Jay Bennett . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved March 26 , 2007 . Wisconsin in History Jump up ^ Anne - Charlotte Harvey , `` Swedish Theater '' , in Philip J. Anderson & Dag Blanck , eds. , Swedes in the Twin Cities : Immigrant Life and Minnesota 's Urban Frontier ( Minnesota Historical Society Press , 2001 ) , ISBN 978 - 0873513999 , pp. 156ff . Excerpts available at Google Books . Jump up ^ Landis K. Magnuson , `` Ole Olson and Companions as Others : Swedish - Dialect Characters and the Question of Scandinavian Acculturation '' , in Rhona Justice - Malloy , ed. , Theatre History Studies 2008 ( University of Alabama Press , 2008 ) , ISBN 978 - 0817355029 , pp. 75ff . Excerpts available at Google Books . Jump up ^ Peter Freese , `` Kurt Vonnegut 's Slaughterhouse - Five , or , How to Storify an Atrocity '' , in Harold Bloom , ed. , Kurt Vonnegut 's Slaughterhouse - five ( Infobase Publishing , 2009 ) , ISBN 978 - 1438128740 , pp. 23 , 25 - 26 . Excerpts available at Google Books . Jump up ^ Kate McLoughlin , Authoring War : The Literary Representation of War from the Iliad to Iraq ( Cambridge University Press , 2011 ) , ISBN 978 - 1139497374 , pp. 129ff . Excerpts available at Google Books . Jump up ^ Lewis , Sinclair ( 1947 ) . Dodsworth . Modern Library . p. 94 . Jump up ^ Stefan Wirz , Carl Sandburg discography ( accessed 2014 - 11 - 27 ) . Jump up ^ Paul Friedrich , `` Polytropy '' , in James W. Fernandez , ed. , Beyond Metaphor : The Theory of Tropes in Anthropology ( Stanford University Press , 1991 ) , ISBN 978 - 0804718707 , p. 28 . Excerpts available at Google Books . External links ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Calvin Klein - `` Altered States '' promotion for CK One and CK Be , based on the phrase . ( 1 ) David Howard Singers `` Yon Yonson '' ( 2 ) Vanished America `` Yon Yonson '' poster Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yon_Yonson&oldid=797370766 '' Categories : Kurt Vonnegut History of Wisconsin Nursery rhymes of uncertain origin Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2017 , at 16 : 54 . About Wikipedia
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1. Yon Yonson
2. Nursery rhyme
3. Slaughterhouse-Five
4. Kurt Vonnegut
5. Scandinavian accent
|
5,639,236,930,835,984,000 |
who sang the credits of beauty and the beast
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Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 Soundtrack ) - wikipedia Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 Soundtrack ) <Th_colspan="2"> Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Various artists Released March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) Recorded 2015 -- 2016 Studio Abbey Road Studios Air Lyndhurst Studios British Grove Studios Genre Film soundtrack Length 53 : 43 131 : 56 ( Deluxe Edition ) Label Walt Disney Producer Alan Menken Matt Sullivan Mitchell Leib <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Singles from Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack <Td_colspan="2"> `` Beauty and the Beast '' Released : February 2 , 2017 `` Evermore '' Released : March 3 , 2017 `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' Released : March 10 , 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the 2017 film Beauty and the Beast . In the film , Belle is taken prisoner by a fearsome Beast in his enchanted castle and learns to look beyond his appearance while evading a narcissistic hunter who seeks to take Belle for himself . The album , largely based on material from Disney 's 1991 animated version , features songs and instrumental score composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Howard Ashman and three new songs composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Tim Rice . The songs feature vocal performances by the film 's ensemble cast including Emma Watson , Dan Stevens , Luke Evans , Kevin Kline , Josh Gad , Ewan McGregor , Stanley Tucci , Audra McDonald , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Nathan Mack , Ian McKellen , and Emma Thompson . Contents 1 Track listing 2 Commercial performance 3 Charts 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Certifications 5 See also 6 References Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Alan Menken . No . Title Lyrics Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Overture '' 3 : 05 2 . `` Main Title : Prologue Pt. 1 '' ( Includes narration by Hattie Morahan ) 0 : 42 3 . `` Aria '' Tim Rice Audra McDonald 1 : 02 4 . `` Main Title : Prologue Pt. 2 '' ( Includes narration by Hattie Morahan ) 2 : 21 5 . `` Belle '' Howard Ashman Emma Watson , Luke Evans , Ensemble 5 : 33 6 . `` How Does a Moment Last Forever ( Music Box ) '' Tim Rice Kevin Kline 1 : 03 7 . `` Belle ( Reprise ) '' Howard Ashman Emma Watson 1 : 15 8 . `` Gaston '' Howard Ashman Luke Evans , Josh Gad , Ensemble 4 : 25 9 . `` Be Our Guest '' Howard Ashman Ewan McGregor , Emma Thompson , Gugu Mbatha - Raw and Ian McKellen 4 : 48 10 . `` Days in the Sun '' Tim Rice Adam Mitchell , Stanley Tucci , Ewan McGregor , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Emma Thompson , Audra McDonald , Emma Watson , Ian McKellen , Clive Rowe 2 : 40 11 . `` Something There '' Howard Ashman Emma Watson , Dan Stevens , Emma Thompson , Nathan Mack , Ian McKellen , Ewan McGregor , Gugu Mbatha - Raw 2 : 54 12 . `` How Does a Moment Last Forever ( Montmartre ) '' Tim Rice Emma Watson 1 : 55 13 . `` Beauty and the Beast '' Howard Ashman Emma Thompson 3 : 19 14 . `` Evermore '' Tim Rice Dan Stevens 3 : 14 15 . `` The Mob Song '' Howard Ashman Luke Evans , Josh Gad , Ensemble , Emma Watson , Ian McKellen , Stanley Tucci , Nathan Mack , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ewan McGregor , Gerard Horan , Haydn Gwynne 2 : 28 16 . `` Beauty and the Beast ( Finale ) '' Howard Ashman Audra McDonald , Emma Thompson , Ensemble 2 : 14 17 . `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' Tim Rice Celine Dion 3 : 37 18 . `` Beauty and the Beast '' Howard Ashman Ariana Grande & John Legend 3 : 47 19 . `` Evermore '' Tim Rice Josh Groban 3 : 09 <Td_colspan="4"> Total length : 53 : 43 All lyrics written by Tim Rice ; all music composed by Alan Menken . <Th_colspan="4"> show Deluxe edition -- Disc one ( Bonus Tracks ) No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 20 . `` Aria '' ( Demo ) Alan Menken 0 : 36 21 . `` How Does a Moment Last Forever ( Music Box ) '' ( Demo ) Alan Menken 0 : 59 22 . `` Days in the Sun '' ( Demo ) Alan Menken 3 : 30 23 . `` How Does a Moment Last Forever ( Montmartre ) '' ( Demo ) Alan Menken 1 : 21 24 . `` Evermore '' ( Demo ) Alan Menken 2 : 55 <Td_colspan="3"> Total length : 63 : 05 All music composed by Alan Menken . <Th_colspan="3"> show Deluxe edition -- Disc two No . Title Length 1 . `` Main Title : Prologue '' 3 : 01 2 . `` Belle Meets Gaston '' 0 : 54 3 . `` Your Mother '' 2 : 13 4 . `` The Laverie '' 1 : 22 5 . `` Wolf Chase '' 3 : 14 6 . `` Entering the Castle '' 1 : 18 7 . `` A White Rose '' 3 : 57 8 . `` The Beast '' 4 : 03 9 . `` Meet the Staff '' 1 : 00 10 . `` Home ( Extended Mix ) '' ( Co-written with Tim Rice for the musical ) 2 : 04 11 . `` Madame de Garderobe '' 1 : 28 12 . `` There 's a Beast '' 2 : 02 13 . `` A Petal Drops '' 1 : 02 14 . `` A Bracing Cup of Tea '' 2 : 06 15 . `` The West Wing '' 2 : 58 16 . `` Wolves Attack Belle '' 3 : 17 17 . `` The Library '' 3 : 05 18 . `` Colonnade Chat '' 2 : 54 19 . `` The Plague '' 0 : 51 20 . `` Maurice Accuses Gaston '' 2 : 01 21 . `` Beast Takes a Bath '' 1 : 21 22 . `` The Dress '' 1 : 01 23 . `` You Must Go to Him '' 2 : 50 24 . `` Belle Stops the Wagon '' 2 : 42 25 . `` Castle Under Attack '' 4 : 20 26 . `` Turret Pursuit '' 2 : 12 27 . `` You Came Back '' 5 : 13 28 . `` Transformations '' 4 : 06 <Td_colspan="2"> Total length : 68 : 50 The Spotify version of the album instead opens with Celine Dion 's `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' , followed by Ariana Grande and John Legend 's `` Beauty and the Beast '' , and Josh Groban 's `` Evermore '' , with the rest of the songs in the same order . Commercial performance ( edit ) The album debuted at No. 3 on the Billboard 200 chart with 57,000 units , 48,000 of which are traditional album sales . It has sold 337,000 copies in the United States as of July 2017 . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 10 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 5 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 11 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 7 Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) 32 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 33 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 23 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) 8 Italian Compilation Albums ( FIMI ) 5 Mexican Albums ( AMPROFON ) ( Spanish version ) 11 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 7 Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 12 Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) 46 Scottish Albums ( OCC ) 6 South Korean Albums ( Gaon ) 34 South Korean Albums International ( Gaon ) Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) 7 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 19 UK Albums ( OCC ) 8 UK Soundtrack Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 US Soundtrack Albums ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 37 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 87 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 158 Japanese Albums ( Billboard Japan ) 58 UK Albums ( OCC ) 63 US Billboard 200 45 US Kid Albums ( Billboard ) 17 US Soundtrack Albums ( Billboard ) 21 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 60,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 soundtrack ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Cline Dion to perform new song for live - action Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/evermore-from-beauty-and-the-beast-single/id1211864873%7Ctitle=Evermore from beauty and the beast single ) ) Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack / Deluxe Edition ) '' . Spotify . Retrieved 29 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Divide ' Spends Second Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200 , ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts at No. 3 '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( July 4 , 2017 ) . `` Kendrick Lamar 's ' DAMN . ' & Ed Sheeran 's ' Shape of You ' Lead Nielsen Music 's Mid-Year 2017 Charts '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Beauty and the Beast % 5B2017 % 5D '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Soundtrack -- Die Schöne und das Biest % 5B2017 % 5D '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack -- Beauty and the Beast % 5B2017 % 5D '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack -- Beauty and the Beast % 5B2017 % 5D '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` On The Charts ... This Week '' . FYIMusicNews . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Beauty and the Beast % 5B2017 % 5D '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Soundtrack -- Beauty and the Beast % 5B2017 % 5D '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elokuvamusiikkia : Beauty And The Beast ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irish-charts.com -- Discography Soundtrack '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ( O.S.T. ) ' on the FIMI charts '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Album - Semanal ( del 24 de Marzo al 30 de Marzo ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Soundtrack -- Beauty and the Beast % 5B2017 % 5D '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Beauty and the Beast % 5B2017 % 5D '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 년 10 주차 Album Chart '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon Music Chart . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 년 12 주차 Album Chart '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon Music Chart . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Beauty and the Beast % 5B2017 % 5D '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Beauty and the Beast % 5B2017 % 5D '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Soundtrack Albums Chart Top 50 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Divide ' Spends Second Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200 , ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts at No. 3 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack Albums : The Week of April 1 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA End of Year Albums 2017 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2017 : Albums '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop Flanders . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2017 : Albums '' ( in French ) . Ultratop Wallonia . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Albums Year End '' ( in Japanese ) . Billboard Japan . 2017 . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Album Chart Top 100 -- 2017 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Billboard 200 Albums -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kid Albums -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtracks -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Motion Picture Cast Recording -- Beauty and the Beast '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select albums in the Format field . Select Silver in the Certification field . Type Beauty and the Beast in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . <Th_colspan="2"> Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston <Th_colspan="2"> Gabrielle - Suzanne de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) <Th_colspan="2"> Tim Rice Theatre The Likes of Us ( 1965 / 2005 ) Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ( 1968 ) Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1971 ) Evita ( 1976 ) Blondel / Lute ! ( 1983 ) Chess ( 1984 ) Cricket ( 1986 ) Tycoon ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) Heathcliff ( 1995 ) The Lion King ( 1997 ) King David ( 1997 ) Aida ( 1998 ) Disney 's Aladdin : A Musical Spectacular ( 2003 ) Aladdin ( 2011 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) From Here to Eternity ( 2013 ) Albums Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1970 ) 1984 ( 1981 ) Cost of Living ( 1983 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Films Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1973 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Evita ( 1996 ) Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ( 1999 ) The Road to El Dorado ( 2000 ) The Nutcracker in 3D ( 2010 ) Jock the Hero Dog ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) Songs `` Any Dream Will Do '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` A Winter 's Tale '' `` All Time High '' `` The Golden Boy '' `` One Jump Ahead '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Prince Ali '' `` Circle of Life '' `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' `` Be Prepared '' `` Hakuna Matata '' `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' `` The Madness of King Scar '' `` You Must Love Me '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` A Change in Me '' `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Other works The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles ( 1977 ) Friday Night , Saturday Morning ( 1979 ) Sixty - Six Books ( 2011 ) Related articles Andrew Lloyd Webber Elaine Paige Elton John Alan Menken Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast_(2017_soundtrack)&oldid=864393384 '' Categories : 2017 soundtracks Disney film soundtracks Walt Disney Records soundtracks Soundtracks produced by Alan Menken Beauty and the Beast ( franchise ) Albums recorded at Abbey Road Studios Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with hAudio microformats Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Português Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 22 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)
2. Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
3. Alan Menken
4. Emma Watson
5. Box office performance
|
2,329,504,303,415,599,600 |
when will the next guitar hero be released
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Guitar Hero - wikipedia Guitar Hero Jump to : navigation , search For the first game in the series , see Guitar Hero ( video game ) . For other uses , see Guitar Hero ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Guitar Hero <Td_colspan="2"> Logo used in Guitar Hero Live Genres Music , Rhythm Developer ( s ) Harmonix ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Neversoft ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Budcat Creations ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Vicarious Visions ( 2007 -- 2010 ) FreeStyleGames ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Publisher ( s ) RedOctane ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Activision ( 2006 -- ) Platform of origin PlayStation 2 First release Guitar Hero November 8 , 2005 Latest release Guitar Hero Live October 20 , 2015 The Guitar Hero series ( sometimes referred to as the Hero series ) is a series of music rhythm games first published in 2005 by RedOctane and Harmonix , and distributed by Activision , in which players use a guitar - shaped game controller to simulate playing lead , bass guitar , and rhythm guitar across numerous rock music songs . Players match notes that scroll on - screen to colored fret buttons on the controller , strumming the controller in time to the music in order to score points , and keep the virtual audience excited . The games attempt to mimic many features of playing a real guitar , including the use of fast - fingering hammer - ons and pull - offs and the use of the whammy bar to alter the pitch of notes . Most games support single player modes , typically a Career mode to play through all the songs in the game , and both competitive and cooperative multiplayer modes . With the introduction of Guitar Hero World Tour in 2008 , the game includes support for a four - player band including vocals and drums . The series initially used mostly cover versions of songs created by WaveGroup Sound , but most recent titles feature soundtracks that are fully master recordings , and in some cases , special re-recordings , of the songs . Later titles in the series feature support for downloadable content in the form of new songs . In 2005 , RedOctane , a company specializing in the manufacture of unique game controllers , was inspired to create Guitar Hero based on RedOctane 's experience creating hardware for Konami 's Guitar Freaks arcade game . They enlisted Harmonix , who previously developed several music video games , for development assistance . The first game in the series was made on a budget of $ 1 million . The series became extremely successful , leading to the acquisition of RedOctane by Activision in 2007 . Harmonix was acquired by MTV Games and went on to create the Rock Band series of music games in the same vein as Guitar Hero . Activision brought Neversoft ( primarily known for their Tony Hawk series of skateboarding games ) on board for future development duties . Additional companies , such as Budcat Creations and Vicarious Visions have assisted in the adaptation of the games for other systems . The series currently has eight major releases ( six Guitar Hero games , two DJ Hero games and Band Hero ) and five expansions on gaming consoles . There are spin - offs for Windows and Macintosh systems , mobile phones , the Nintendo DS ( the Guitar Hero : On Tour series ) , and an arcade game . The Guitar Hero franchise was a primary brand during the emergence of the popularity of rhythm games as a cultural phenomenon in North America . Such games have been utilized as a learning and development tool for medical purposes . The first game in the series was considered by several journalists to be one of the most influential video games of the first decade of the 21st century . The series has sold more than 25 million units worldwide , earning US $ 2 billion at retail , claimed by Activision to be the 3rd largest game franchise after the Mario and Madden NFL franchises ; the third main title of the series , Guitar Hero III : Legends of Rock is also claimed by Activision to be the first single video game title to exceed $1 billion in sales . Despite early success , the series , along with the overall rhythm game genre , suffered from poor sales starting in 2009 . Company spokesman Eric Hollreiser said consumer research suggested continued solid demand for the series . Still , by early 2011 , Activision stated that the series was on hiatus for 2011 , while a seventh main title in the series was under development ; this title was later cancelled due to the poor quality of the emerging product . Activision later shut down sales of the series ' downloadable content , although users who purchased material from it previously may still play what they bought . In 2015 , Activision announced the first new title to the series in 5 years , Guitar Hero Live , released in October 2015 . The title is considered a reboot of the series , with development being performed by FreeStyleGames , who had developed the DJ Hero games previously . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins and development at Harmonix ( 2005 -- 2006 ) 1.2 Sale to Activision and development by Neversoft ( 2006 -- 2009 ) 1.3 Decline and hiatus ( 2009 -- 2015 ) 1.4 Guitar Hero Live 2 Games 2.1 Main titles 2.2 Series expansions 2.3 Portable versions 2.4 Mobile phone versions 2.5 Other games 2.6 Planned games 3 Gameplay 3.1 Game modes 3.2 Characters and customization 3.3 Soundtracks 4 Reception and sales 5 Cultural impact 6 Legal and practical issues 6.1 PlayStation 3 incompatibility 6.2 Patent litigation 6.3 Oversaturation 7 List of games 8 See also 9 Notes 10 External links History Origins and development at Harmonix ( 2005 -- 2006 ) The original Guitar Hero logo features more pointed decorations on its letters , emphasizing its basis in heavy metal . The new logo , which was introduced with Guitar Hero 5 and used up through Warriors of Rock , removes these sharp features so as to reflect the broader selection of music now included in the games . Guitar Hero was created from a partnership between RedOctane , then their own company that produced specialized video game controllers , and Harmonix , a music video game development company who had previously produced Frequency , Amplitude and Karaoke Revolution . RedOctane was seeking to bring in a Guitar Freaks - like game , highly popular in Japan at the time , into Western markets , and approached Harmonix about helping them to develop a music game involving a guitar controller . Both companies agreed to it , and went on to produce Guitar Hero in 2005 . The title was highly successful , leading to the development of its successful sequel Guitar Hero II in 2006 . While the original controllers for the first Guitar Hero game were designed by Ryan Lesser , Rob Kay , Greg LoPiccolo and Alex Rigopulous of Harmonix and built by the Honeybee Corporation of China , subsequent iterations and future controllers were developed inhouse at RedOctane , with development led primarily by Jack McCauley . Sale to Activision and development by Neversoft ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Both RedOctane and Harmonix experienced changes in 2006 . RedOctane was bought by Activision in June -- who spent US $ 100 million to acquire the Guitar Hero franchise -- while it was announced in October that Harmonix would be purchased by MTV Networks . As a result of the two purchases , Harmonix would no longer develop future games in the Guitar Hero series . Instead , that responsibility would go to Neversoft , a subsidiary of Activision known for developing the Tony Hawk 's series of skateboarding games . Neversoft was chosen to helm the Guitar Hero series after Neversoft founder , Joel Jewett , admitted to the RedOctane founders , Kai and Charles Huang , that his development team for Tony Hawk 's Project 8 went to work on weekends just to play Guitar Hero . Activision CEO Bobby Kotick believed that Neversoft would help them bring great games to the series , but on reflection , stated that had Activision explored Harmonix further as a continued developer for the series , things `` may have turned out differently '' . In addition , Activision began seeking other markets for the game ; a Nintendo DS version of the series was developed by Vicarious Visions , while a Guitar Hero Mobile series was created for mobile phones . The company also began considering the expansion of the series to band - specific titles with Guitar Hero : Aerosmith . Later , in November 2008 , Activision acquired Budcat Creations , another development studio that had helped with the PlayStation 2 versions of Guitar Hero III and World Tour , announcing that they would be helping to develop another game in the Guitar Hero series . In 2007 , Harmonix and MTV Games released a new music title through rival publisher Electronic Arts , called Rock Band . It expanded upon the gameplay popularized by the Guitar Hero series by adding drum and microphone instruments , allowing players to simulate playing songs as bands . Activision followed suit with the release of Guitar Hero World Tour in 2008 , which supported multiple instruments . In 2009 , Activision tripled its Guitar Hero offerings , and in addition to further continuation of the existing main series with Guitar Hero 5 and expansions , they introduced the titles Band Hero , geared towards more family - friendly pop music , and DJ Hero , a game based on turntablism and featuring a number of mixes . With the release of Guitar Hero 5 , Activision considered the series to have moved away from its heavy metal basis into a broader selection of music . Guitar Hero 5 is the first game in the series to use a new version of the series ' logo ; previous games used a logo in a font with sharper `` points '' on the letters , which was considered `` idiosyncratic with a vengeance '' to match the games ' emphasis on heavy metal music . Activision used the services of the Pentagram design studio to refashion the game 's logo . Pentagram developed a new font , removing some of the `` aggressive odd '' features to make the typeface more suitable and amendable to design feature incorporation to other games such as Band Hero and DJ Hero . Decline and hiatus ( 2009 -- 2015 ) The results of the expanded offerings did not contribute well to the series , alongside the late - 2000s recession ; sales of most rhythm games including Guitar Hero and DJ Hero did not meet expectations , falling about 50 % short of projected targets . Activision announced it would be cutting back to only 10 SKUs within 2010 instead of the 25 in 2009 . Though RedOctane and Neversoft continued to develop the 6th main game , Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock , until its completion , both studios were later shuttered by Activision , moving key personnel into Activision directly for future game development , and in the case of Neversoft , closing its Guitar Hero division , while transferring future development duties for the series to Vicarious Visions , another Activision studio which had been fundamental in building the Wii and Nintendo DS versions of the games . In November 2010 , Activision also closed Budcat Creations , the arm of the publisher that was primarily responsible for porting the Guitar Hero games to the PlayStation 2 . Ahead of Activision 's 2010 fourth quarter financial report in February 2011 , Activision disbanded its Guitar Hero business unit and announced that it would cease development of the planned 2011 Guitar Hero game . Activision cited `` continued declines in the music genre '' to explain its decision . The closure also affected the DJ Hero series , as Activision stated that there were no plans to publish a music game during 2011 . Activision 's vice president Dan Winters later clarified that the company was `` just putting Guitar Hero on hiatus '' and that they were `` just not making a new game for next year , that 's all '' . In a July 2011 interview with Forbes , Kotick stated that while the publisher was `` going to stop selling Guitar Hero altogether '' , they were `` going to go back to the studios and we 're going to use new studios and reinvent '' the series , but a former teammember of Vicarious Visions stated that as of 2012 , all development of Guitar Hero had come to an end within Activision . Another source close to Vicarious Visions had reported to Kotaku that while Guitar Hero 7 was in development under an Activision studio , the game was considered a `` disaster '' . The cancelled game omitted the additional instruments and used only a guitar peripheral , redesigning the unit to include a 6 - button mechanism replacing the strum bar ; the resulting unit was considered too expensive to manufacture and purchase . The developers had also started the game development from scratch to try to create new characters and venues that would be more reactive to the actual songs being played to give the feel of a music video , but ultimately this proved too much of a challenge and had to be scrapped . Further , with a limited budget , the song selection was limited to `` low - budget '' hits of the 1990s , or at times reusing songs that had previously been included in Guitar Hero games . Though the team had a two - year development cycle , it was closed down after Activision president Eric Hirshber had seen the current state of the project at the one - year point . Another potential Guitar Hero project was discovered by the archival site Unseen64 for a game titled Hero World , a massively multiplayer online game that would link the Guitar Hero and DJ Hero games . The game had been developed by FreeStyleGames , sometime after the release of DJ Hero 2 , with the main development duties passed to Virtual Fairground , using their platform The Ride , an Adobe Flash - based platform that would let the game be played in a web browser . The game was cancelled in 2011 along with other pending Guitar Hero projects . No further downloadable content for either Guitar Hero or DJ Hero was made after February 2011 , though Activision committed to releasing content that was already in development by that time due to fan response ; later , in a move described by Game Informer as `` the final nail in ( the series ' ) coffins '' , Activision announced it would discontinue all DLC sales for the series without revoking access to tracks already bought as of March 31 , 2014 . Though Activision had moved away from the Guitar Hero series , the lessons learned helped them and developer Toys for Bob to handle the manufacturing and outsourcing issues that came with the highly successful Skylanders toy and video game franchise . Guitar Hero Live In April 2015 , Activision announced a new entry in the series , titled Guitar Hero Live . The title was developed by Activision 's internal studio FreeStyleGames , who previously had worked on the DJ Hero spinoff titles . FreeStyleGames were given free rein to reboot the Guitar Hero series for next - generation consoles . One of their first innovations was to drop the standard five - button guitar controller , ultimately designing a six - button guitar controller , with two rows of three buttons each , allowing them to mimic actual guitar fingering . Guitar Hero Live was released with both a career and an online mode . The career mode used full - motion video taken from the perspective of a lead guitarist underneath the note highway , to create an immersive experience to the player . The online mode , called GHTV , discarded the previous downloadable content approach and used a music video channel approach to stream playable songs to players , adding new songs to the catalog on a weekly basis . The game was released in October 2015 . Though the game was praised as a reinvention of the Guitar Hero series , the game did not sell as well as Activision expected ; due to lowered forecasts , Activision let go of about half of FreeStyleGames ' developers . In January 2017 , Ubisoft acquired FreeStyleGames from Activision , with unclear consequences for the game as noted by GameSpot . Games Main titles The controllers bundled with Guitar Hero releases ( from left to right ) : Gibson SGs for Guitar Hero and Guitar Hero II ( PlayStation 2 ) and Gibson Explorer for Guitar Hero II ( Xbox 360 ) and Guitar Hero III : Legends of Rock ( PC ) The original Guitar Hero was released on the PlayStation 2 in November 2005 . Guitar Hero is notable because it comes packaged with a controller peripheral modeled after a black Gibson SG guitar . Rather than a typical gamepad , this guitar controller is the primary input for the game . Playing the game with the guitar controller simulates playing an actual guitar , except it uses five colored `` fret buttons '' and a `` strum bar '' instead of frets and strings . The development of Guitar Hero was inspired by Konami 's Guitar Freaks video game , which at the time , had not seen much exposure in the North American market ; RedOctane , already selling guitar - shaped controllers for imported copies of GuitarFreaks , approached Harmonix about creating a game to use an entirely new Guitar controller . The concept was to have the gameplay of Amplitude with the visuals of Karaoke Revolution , both of which had been developed by Harmonix . The game was met with critical acclaim and received numerous awards for its innovative guitar peripheral and its soundtrack , which comprised 47 playable rock songs ( most of which were cover versions of popular songs from artists and bands from the 1960s through modern rock ) . Guitar Hero has sold nearly 1.5 million copies to date . The popularity of the series increased dramatically with the release of Guitar Hero II for the PlayStation 2 in 2006 . Featuring improved multiplayer gameplay , an improved note - recognizing system , and 64 songs , it became the fifth best - selling video game of 2006 . The PlayStation 2 version of the game was offered both separately and in a bundle with a cherry red Gibson SG guitar controller . Guitar Hero II was later released for the Xbox 360 in April 2007 with an exclusive Gibson Explorer guitar controller and an additional 10 songs , among other features . About 3 million units of Guitar Hero II have sold on the PlayStation 2 and Xbox 360 . The Gibson Les Paul Guitar controller bundled with Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 releases of Guitar Hero III : Legends of Rock ( pictured is the Xbox 360 guitar controller ) . A similar white Gibson Les Paul guitar controller is bundled with the Wii release , which requires the Wii Remote to be inserted in the back . For in - store demos on the Xbox 360 , a wired Les Paul controller is used . Guitar Hero III : Legends of Rock was released in late 2007 for the PlayStation 2 , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , Wii , Microsoft Windows , and Mac OS X platforms . The title is the first installment of the series to include wireless guitars bundled with the game and also the first to release a special bundle with two guitars . The game includes Slash and Tom Morello as playable characters in addition to the existing fictional avatars ; both guitarists performed motion capture to be used for their characters ' animation in the game . The `` Genericaster '' guitar controller bundled with Guitar Hero World Tour ( pictured is the PlayStation 3 guitar controller ) . Unlike previous Guitar Hero controllers , this controller is not based on a real guitar . Guitar Hero World Tour , previously named Guitar Hero IV , is the fourth full game in the series and was released on October 26 , 2008 for PlayStation 2 , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , and Wii . Analysts had expected that future Guitar Hero games in 2008 would include additional instrument peripherals to compete against Rock Band ; Guitar Hero World Tour was confirmed as in development following the announcement of the merger between Activision and Vivendi Games in December 2007 . Activision 's CEO Bobby Kotick announced on April 21 , 2008 that Guitar Hero World Tour will branch out into other instruments including vocals . Guitar Hero World Tour includes drums and vocals , and can be bought packaged with a new drum set controller , a microphone , and the standard guitar controller . A larger number of real - world musicians appear as playable characters , including Jimi Hendrix , Billy Corgan , Hayley Williams , Zakk Wylde , Ted Nugent , Travis Barker , Sting , and Ozzy Osbourne . Guitar Hero World Tour also features custom song creation that can be shared with others . Guitar Hero 5 , the fifth main entry in the series , was confirmed in December 2008 . It was released on September 1 , 2009 , and includes 85 songs from 83 different artists . The game includes new game modes and features , including its ' Party Mode , ' which gives players the ability to drop - in and out and change difficulties in the middle of a song . Artists including Johnny Cash , Matt Bellamy , Carlos Santana , Kurt Cobain and Shirley Manson appear as playable characters in the game . Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock , the sixth main console game in the series , was released on September 28 , 2010 . It is the last game in the series developed by Neversoft 's Guitar Hero division prior to its dissolution , with Vicarious Visions assisting on the Wii version with added Nintendo DS functionality . The game has been described as returning to the roots of the Guitar Hero series ; while it still allows for full band play , the soundtrack 's focus is on rock and roll music and an emphasis on guitar `` shredding '' . The game introduced a career - based `` Quest Mode '' , narrated by Gene Simmons , that guides the players to complete songs to unlock `` warriors of rock '' to join them in saving `` demigod of rock '' and his guitar from his imprisonment by `` the Beast '' . Following a five - year hiatus , as described below , Activision announced Guitar Hero Live for release in late 2015 on most seventh - generation and eighth - generation consoles . Live was developed to rebuild the game from the ground up , and while the gameplay remains similar to the earlier titles , focusing primarily on the lead guitar , it uses a 3 - button guitar controller with each button having `` up '' and `` down '' positions , making for more complex tabulators . The game using live footage of a rock concert , taken from the perspective of the lead guitarist , as to provide a more immersive experience . Series expansions Guitar Hero Encore : Rocks the 80s for the PlayStation 2 , which was released in July 2007 , was the final game developed by Harmonix for the series . Though it was produced after Harmonix were purchased by MTV Games , it was part of their contractual obligation to complete the game . The game , as suggested by its name , features tracks primarily from the 1980s . Guitar Hero : Aerosmith was the first band - centric game for the series . On September 4 , 2007 , Billboard announced that the band Aerosmith was `` working closely with the makers of Guitar Hero IV , which will be dedicated to the group 's music . '' On February 15 , 2008 , Activision announced that Guitar Hero : Aerosmith would be released on June 29 , 2008 . Guitar Hero : Aerosmith is developed by Neversoft for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions , while the Wii version of the game is developed by Vicarious Visions and the PlayStation 2 version is developed by Budcat Creations . The game features a track selection composed of 60 % of Aerosmith songs , with other songs from Joe Perry 's solo work or artists that have inspired or performed with Aerosmith , including Run D.M.C. . The series ' next band - centric title , Guitar Hero : Metallica , was released on March 29 , 2009 . Guitar Hero : Metallica is based on the full band experience of World Tour while offering similar features on Metallica 's history and music as found in Guitar Hero : Aerosmith . In addition , Metallica 's album , Death Magnetic , was available as downloadable content for Guitar Hero III simultaneously with the release of the album , with the content being forward - compatible with Guitar Hero World Tour and Guitar Hero : Metallica . Since the PlayStation 2 version does not support downloading , three extra songs were included from Death Magnetic and are as follows : `` Broken , Beat , and Scarred '' , `` Cyanide '' , and `` My Apocalypse '' . A new feature in the game , where the drummer can access a mode called Expert+ , has also been added . Expert+ mode was implemented to allow faster bass pedal beats , fast to the point where it would normally be out of the playable range of a single bass pedal , and was intended for a dual bass pedal . Guitar Hero Smash Hits ( titled Guitar Hero : Greatest Hits in Europe and Australia ) was released in June 2009 . It features full - band versions of 48 songs from earlier Guitar Hero games that only used the guitar controller . Unlike the previous versions , each of the songs is based on a master recording that includes some live tracks . The game follows a similar model as Guitar Hero : Metallica , and was developed by Neversoft and Beenox Studios for the PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 2 , and Wii . Guitar Hero : Van Halen was released on December 22 , 2009 , though customers that purchased Guitar Hero 5 under a special promotion received a copy of the game early . Like the other band - centric games , Guitar Hero : Van Halen includes 25 songs from the band Van Halen , including 3 guitar solos by Eddie Van Halen , in addition to 19 guest acts such as Queen , Weezer , Blink - 182 , Foo Fighters , The Offspring and Queens of the Stone Age . Another new title to the series , Band Hero , was announced in May 2009 . Band Hero features Top 40 hits aimed at family audiences , and include the full band play style of Guitar Hero 5 . The game was developed for the Nintendo DS , using the Guitar Hero On Tour Guitar Grip , a new `` drum skin '' to fit the DS Lite , and the DS 's microphone to support the full band experience . Musician Taylor Swift appears as a playable character in the game , as do the members of No Doubt . DJ Hero was announced by Activision in May 2009 . Prior to the announcement , the company had purchased FreeStyleGames , a small developer of music games , to help produce localized downloadable content for Guitar Hero games and a then - unannounced music game , later revealed to be DJ Hero . DJ Hero uses a special turntable - based controller for players to perform with on various song mixes in the game . The game also incorporates the use of a Guitar Hero controller on ten specially arranged tracks ; Bright has suggested that future Guitar Hero games after Guitar Hero 5 may include the use of the turntable control . A sequel , DJ Hero 2 , was officially announced in June 2010 for release in the last quarter of 2010 , featuring more than 70 mashups from over 85 artists . The game includes several new gameplay modes , including an `` Empire '' career mode , head - to - head DJ battles , social multiplayer modes , and a jump - in and out Party Play mode similar to Guitar Hero 5 . The game also includes more vocal options for singing and rapping to songs , and a freestyle mode for players . Portable versions Main article : Guitar Hero : On Tour series The `` Guitar Grip '' , developed by Vicarious Visions for the Nintendo DS series Guitar Hero : On Tour provides four fret buttons for the game , while strumming is done on the DS touchscreen by use of a pick - shaped stylus . Guitar Hero : On Tour was released on the Nintendo DS hand - held system on June 22 , 2008 . The game includes a peripheral , dubbed the `` Guitar Grip '' , a rectangular device that fits into the second slot of the Nintendo DS or DS Lite . The peripheral only features the first four fret buttons and a strap so the Nintendo DS can be held sideways comfortably for play . The game also includes a guitar pick shaped stylus for use with strumming in the game , which players move across the touchscreen . Guitar Hero : On Tour was developed by Vicarious Visions , who also ported the Guitar Hero games to Nintendo 's Wii console . A sequel , Guitar Hero On Tour : Decades , was released in November 2008 , featuring music spanning four decades . A third title in the series , Guitar Hero On Tour : Modern Hits , was announced following various rumors of its existence , and was released in June 2009 , featuring songs recorded since the year 2000 . Both games use the `` Guitar Grip '' controller , and allow two players to compete against each other using any version of the On Tour series , with songs being shared between versions . Band Hero was also ported to the Nintendo DS by Vicarious Visions , expanding the play to include vocals ( through the DS microphone ) and drumming . The drumming uses a special `` drum skin '' adapter designed for the Nintendo DS Lite to map the unit 's face buttons to four drum pads . However , the peripheral is not compatible with the original Nintendo DS model or the Nintendo DSi . However , since the drum skin is not electronic but a rubber cover switch that duplicates certain buttons on the DS Lite , a player can simply press the buttons in time to play the drums . The game includes four - player local wireless play in a similar manner as Guitar Hero 5 allowing any combination of instruments to be used . The game has a set of 30 songs ; some are from Band Hero and others are from several Guitar Hero games ' set lists . Guitar Hero : On Tour does not work on the Nintendo DSi and Nintendo 3DS because unlike the Nintendo DS , they do not have Game Boy Advance slots . Band Hero is limited to vocals and drums on the two consoles for the same reason . Mobile Phone versions Main article : Guitar Hero Mobile series Guitar Hero III Mobile was released for mobile phones in 2007 and 2008 , and was developed by MachineWorks Northwest LLC . The base version of the game includes 15 songs from both Guitar Hero II and Guitar Hero III , and has released a three - song add - on pack every month since January 2008 . The title has been downloaded by users one million times , with both Verizon and Hands - On Mobile claiming that over 250,000 songs are played a day on the platform . The two companies produced two other mobile - based Guitar Hero games ; Guitar Hero III : Backstage Pass , released in July 2008 , adds role - playing elements to manage the band 's success in addition to the core rhythm game , while the mobile version of Guitar Hero World Tour , released in December 2008 , expands each included track for play on both lead guitar and drums , mimicking the expansion of the console series to the full band . Glu Mobile developed the mobile version of Guitar Hero 5 , released in the last quarter of 2009 . Other games Guitar Hero Arcade Activision and RedOctane also worked with Basic Fun , Inc. to produce Guitar Hero Carabiner , a handheld electronic game that features 30 and 60 - second clips of ten of the songs from Guitar Hero and Guitar Hero II . Activision and Konami , who had previously worked together to make sure that the Guitar Hero series meets with Konami 's patents on music games , developed an arcade console version of the game , titled Guitar Hero Arcade , distributed to arcades in early 2009 . The game is completely based on the Guitar Hero III gameplay , but reducing some of the features such as the use of the Whammy bar , Star Power Button ( Star Power may only be activated by lifting the Guitar ) and Practice Modes , but keeping the ability to download new songs for the cabinet from the Internet . The arcade game has come under some scrutiny by the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) , who believe the use of the game in arcades is equivalent to `` public performances '' and seek additional fees to be paid by operators of the game . Planned games The double release of Guitar Hero 5 and Band Hero in 2009 were the last of the series ' games to be released on PlayStation 2 . It was expected that the 2010 entry for Guitar Hero , Warriors of Rock , would be the final entry developed by Neversoft , based on claims that Neversoft would be letting go of its Guitar Hero division , with Vicarious Visions likely poised to take over future development . Further industry rumors pointed at the closure of RedOctane Studios and Underground Development ( the development studio for Guitar Hero : Van Halen ) as further results from the scaling - back ; Activision moved the controller hardware development within their own division to continue to support the series , with RedOctane founders Kai and Charles Huang remaining with Activision . A week prior to these announcements , the Guitar Hero division CEO at Activision , Dan Rosensweig , left the company , leading to some speculation on whether Rosensweig 's departure influenced these changes . Activision and RedOctane had trademarked the titles `` Guitar Villain '' , `` Drum Villain '' , `` Keyboard Hero '' and `` Sing Hero '' . RedOctane originally trademarked the titles `` Drum Hero '' and `` Band Hero '' , but the work performed towards the Drum Hero title was eventually folded into the gameplay for Guitar Hero World Tour , and Band Hero became its own game . Later , as of October 2009 , Activision reapplied for a Drum Hero trademark . Pi Studios , which had previously helped to port Rock Band to the Wii , had started work on the karaoke title Sing Hero before Activision cancelled its development . Dance Hero would be in development before being cancelled . Several ideas for the game later made it into Shake It Up . Dave Mustaine , frontman for Megadeth , stated he had been in talks with Activision and Neversoft for a Guitar Hero - related product . It was later revealed that Dave Mustaine was working with Activision for music in Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock , including an original track ( `` Sudden Death '' ) recorded specifically for the game . Two Guitar Hero products that were announced but never released were a Red Hot Chili Peppers - themed title and a PlayStation Portable title that would have featured a drum component . Gameplay Gameplay of a single player playing Pantera 's `` Cowboys From Hell '' . The player in Guitar Hero must play the colored notes on the fret board in time with the music as they scroll through the target at the bottom . The score and current score multiplier are shown on the bottom left . The Rock Meter dial and Star Power indicator are shown on the bottom right . The remainder of the screen shows the player 's character and band as they perform to the music . The core gameplay of the Guitar Hero games is a rhythm game similar to Konami 's Guitar Freaks and to a lesser extent Harmonix 's previous music games such as Frequency and Amplitude . The guitar controller is recommended for play , although a standard console controller can be used instead . However , the guitar controller has been required for play ever since the inclusion of drum and vocal parts in the series . The game supports toggling the handedness of the guitar , allowing both left - handed and right - handed players to utilize the guitar controller . While playing the game , an extended guitar neck is shown vertically on the screen ( the frets horizontal ) , often called the `` note highway '' , and as the song progresses , colored markers or `` gems '' indicating notes travel down the screen in time with the music ; the note colors and positions match those of the five fret keys on the guitar controller . Once the note ( s ) reach the bottom , the player must play the indicated note ( s ) by holding down the correct fret button ( s ) and hitting the strumming bar in order to score points . Success or failure will cause the on - screen Rock Meter to change , showing how well the player is playing ( denoted by red , yellow , and green sections ) . Should the Rock Meter drop below the red section , the song will automatically end , with the player booed off the stage by the audience . Successful note hits will add to the player 's score , and by hitting a long series of consecutive successful note hits , the player can increase their score multiplier . There is a window of time for hitting each note , similar to other rhythm games such as Dance Dance Revolution , but unlike these games , scoring in Guitar Hero is not affected by accuracy ; as long as the note is hit within that window , the player receives the same number of points . Selected special segments of the song will have glowing notes outlined by stars : successfully hitting all notes in this series will fill the `` Star Power Meter '' . The Star Power Meter can also be filled by using the whammy bar during sustained notes within these segments . Once the Star Power Meter is at least half full , the player can activate `` Star Power '' by pressing the select button or momentarily lifting the guitar into a vertical position . When Star Power is activated , the scoring multiplier is doubled until Star Power is depleted . The Rock Meter also increases more dramatically when Star Power is activated , making it easier for the player to make the Rock Meter stay at a high level . Thus , Star Power can be used strategically to play difficult sections of a song that otherwise might cause the player to fail . In the earlier entries of the series ( up until Guitar Hero : Aerosmith ) , activating Star Power meant that players could not accrue more Star Power until the Star Power meter was fully drained and the effect ended . Starting with Guitar Hero : World Tour , more Star Power can be collected even if the effect is active by completing more Star Power phrases , extending the Star Power 's duration by doing so . When playing in cooperative play ( with a bassist / rhythm guitarist in Guitar Hero II through Guitar Hero : Aerosmith or as a band in Guitar Hero : World Tour ) , Star Power is shared between all the players and activation of Star Power is dependent on all players simultaneously activating it . Notes can be a single note , or composed of two to five notes that make a chord . Both single notes and chords can also be sustained , indicated by a colored line following the note marker ; the player can hold the sustained note ( s ) keys down for the entire length for additional points . During a sustained note , a player may use the whammy bar on the guitar to alter the tone of the note . Also , regardless of whether sustains are hit early or late , if the fret is held for the full duration of the hold , the game will always award the same amount of score increase for the note . In addition , the games support virtual implementations of `` hammer - ons '' and `` pull - offs '' , guitar - playing techniques that are used to successfully play a fast series of notes by only changing the fingering on the fret buttons without having to strum each note . Sequences where strumming is not required are indicated on - screen by notes with a white outline at the top of the marker instead of the usual black one , with Guitar Hero III : Legends of Rock adding a white - glowing effect to make these notes clearer . Guitar Hero World Tour features transparent notes that are connected by a purple outline ; players may either simply tap the correct fret for these notes without strumming or utilize a touchpad on World Tour 's guitar controller to mimic the slide technique . In addition , notes can now be played while a sustained note is being played . World Tour also adds an open string note for bass players , represented by a line across the fret instead of any note gems , that is played by strumming without holding down any fret buttons ( the sixth installment , Warriors of Rock , features an open note sustain for bass instruments as well ) . Gameplay of a whole band in Guitar Hero World Tour playing Billy Idol 's `` Rebel Yell '' . On top are vocals , bottom from left to right : lead guitar , drums and bass guitar . Guitar Hero World Tour introduced drums and vocal tracks in addition to lead and bass guitar . Drum tracks are played similar to guitar tracks ; the player must strike the appropriate drum head or step down on the bass drum pedal on the controller when the note gems pass the indicated line . Certain note gems , when using a drum controller that is velocity - sensitive , are `` armored '' , requiring the player to hit the indicated drum pad harder to score more points . Vocal tracks are played similar to games such as Karaoke Revolution where the player must match the pitch and the pacing of the lyrics to score points . Guitar Hero 5 allows players to create a band of up to four players using any combination of instruments . While the song is playing , the background visuals feature the players ' chosen avatar , along with the rest of the band performing in one of several real and fictional venues . The reaction of the audience is based on the performance of the player judged by the Rock Meter . Guitar Hero II added special lighting and other stage effects that were synchronized to the music to provide a more complete concert experience . The games developed by Neversoft feature a simple storyline , usually about a band 's quest for fame , which is told through animations played throughout the game . These animations were created by Chris Prynoski and his studio , Titmouse , Inc. , who have also done animations for the animated show Metalocalypse . Game modes In Guitar Hero III 's two - player `` Battle Mode '' , each player attempts to interfere with their opponent 's performance using special power - ups while avoiding being distracted by those thrown by the opponent . The main mode of play in the Guitar Hero games is Career Mode , where the player and in - game band travel between various fictional performance arenas and perform sets of four to six songs . It is by completing songs in this mode that the songs are unlocked for play across the rest of the game . Players can choose their on - stage character , their guitar of choice , and the venue in which they wish to play . In this mode , the player can earn money from his / her performances that is redeemable at the in - game store , where bonus songs , additional guitars and finishes , your characters clothing and bonus content can be unlocked . Quick Play mode is a quicker method of playing songs , as it allows the player to select a track and difficulty , selecting the character , venue , and guitar and guitar skin for the player based on the song chosen . After successfully completing a song , the player is given a score , a percentage of how many notes they hit and a rating from three to five stars , and two in rare cases depending on his / her final score on the song , with money being awarded in Guitar Hero World Tour . The games have also added multiplayer modes . Cooperative modes allow two players to play lead and either bass or rhythm guitar on the same song , working together towards the same score . A competitive Face - Off mode allows two players to play against each other at different difficulty levels , each attempting to earn the best score on a song . Each player plays different portions of the song . There is also a Pro Face - Off mode , where two players battle at the same difficulty level . Unlike standard Face - off , each player attempts to play all of the notes in a song , while still trying to earn the highest score . In Guitar Hero World Tour this was advanced on , as players could play a Pro Face - Off game against each other on any difficulty level , the lower your difficulty , the more points were awarded so a player on a low difficulty could potentially beat a player on a more challenging difficulty . Guitar Hero III introduced Boss Battles , in which two players face off against each other , attempt to collect `` distractions '' to throw at their opponent , trying to make them fail . With Guitar Hero World Tour , up to four players can play cooperatively on lead and bass guitar , drums , and vocals , while a total of eight players can compete in a Battle of the Bands . The Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , and Wii versions of the games support multiplayer modes over their respective network services . The four difficulty levels for each song afford the player a learning curve in order to help him / her progress in skill . The first difficulty level , Easy , only focuses on the first three fret buttons while displaying a significantly reduced number of notes for the player to play . Medium introduces the fourth ( blue ) fret button , and Hard includes the final fret button while adding additional notes . The addition of the orange fret button forces players to move their fingers up and down the neck . Expert does not introduce any other frets to learn , but adds more notes in a manner designed to challenge the player and to simulate the player 's hands to move in a sequence similar to a real guitar . A difficulty added in World Tour is Beginner , which only requires the player to strum to the basic rhythm ; holding the fret buttons becomes unnecessary . Another new difficulty only for drums was added to Metallica known as Expert+ , which uses the double bass pedal . Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock is the sixth installment in the franchise and introduced a new take on the Career mode of previous games . Rather than being a quest for fame and glory with the band travelling through different venues , Warriors of Rock features the `` Quest Mode '' as the primary campaign mode . Quest Mode tells the story of an ancient warrior who was defeated by a powerful monster and his mystical guitar was lost . The player must amass a team of rockers to help recover this guitar and defeat the monster ( called `` The Beast '' ) . As the player progresses through the mode , the rockers joining them will transform based on the number of stars earned from songs played . These transformations will empower the player with extra abilities in a song such as constant score multipliers or Star Power bonuses . These abilities are each unique to the individual rockers and by using them effectively , it is possible now to earn up to forty stars for a single song . Characters and customization When playing through Career mode or in other parts of the Guitar Hero games , the player has the option to select one of several pre-created avatar characters , who will be shown performing on stage as the player attempts a song , but otherwise has no effect on the gameplay . A certain number of characters are available at the start of the game , but the player must spend in - game money earned by successful performances to unlock other characters . Many of the characters reappear throughout the series , with the character roster changing as new characters are added or removed . Standby characters that have appeared in nearly all the games include the metalhead Axel Steel , extreme / Viking / thrash metalhead Lars Ümlaut , punk rocker Johnny Napalm , alternative rocker Judy Nails , and hard rocker Casey Lynch . The developers utilized these characters in more detail within Warriors of Rock , where each was given a unique setlist and venue based on their musical style , as well as a unique power within the game 's Quest mode . Several games in the series feature caricatures of celebrity artists , such as Slash , Tom Morello and Bret Michaels in Guitar Hero III , Ozzy Osbourne and Jimi Hendrix in World Tour , Kurt Cobain in Guitar Hero 5 , and Taylor Swift and the band No Doubt in Band Hero . The band - specific games , Aerosmith , Metallica , and Van Halen also feature the members of the respective bands . However , in late 2009 , both Courtney Love and the members of No Doubt sought legal action against Activision for the misuse of their in - game characters singing or performing songs by other artists , which the musicians believe fell outside of their contract . The ability for the players to create their own avatars was added in Guitar Hero World Tour , and was based on Neversoft 's existing character creation tools from the Tony Hawk series . Later games on the Xbox 360 and Wii allowed players to use the respective console 's avatars as members of the band . In addition to unlocking characters , in - game money can be used to buy clothing , accessories and instruments that they are seen playing with . The guitars can also be customized with special finishes purchasable through the in - game store . Guitar Hero World Tour includes the ability to fully customize any component of the guitar . The in - game store in the series is also used to unlock bonus songs or special videos with interviews about the game or with the artists involved . Soundtracks Most of the games in the Guitar Hero series feature a selection of songs ranging from the 1960s to present day rock music from both highly successful artists and bands and independent groups . Guitar Hero Encore : Rocks the 80s features songs primarily from the 1980s , while Guitar Hero : Aerosmith , Metallica , and Van Halen feature music from the respective bands and groups that inspired or worked with the bands . Songs with profanities have been censored . Many of the Guitar Hero games developed for the recent generation of consoles ( Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , and Wii ) support downloadable content , allowing players to purchase new songs to play in the respective titles . Songs each cost approximately $ 2 through the various online stores for the console 's platform . Prior to Guitar Hero 5 , downloadable content for earlier games will not work in other games in the series , save for songs from Metallica 's Death Magnetic , which were available for Guitar Hero III , World Tour , and Metallica . Existing World Tour downloadable content for World Tour will be forward - compatible with Guitar Hero 5 , Band Hero and Guitar Hero Warriors of Rock , and for a small fee , some songs from both Guitar Hero World Tour and Guitar Hero Smash Hits can be exported to both Guitar Hero 5 and Band Hero , limited by music licensing . Activision has also stated that they are considering a monthly subscription service to deliver downloadable content to user for future games . Guitar Hero World Tour introduced a music creation mode that will allow players to create and share songs ( excluding vocals ) via the `` GHTunes '' service , which was also used in all other Guitar Hero games and Band Hero since its inclusion . The creation tools were improved with Guitar Hero 5 and Band Hero to allow longer songs and other means of generating songs in real - time . In the first two games and the 2007 expansion Guitar Hero Encore : Rocks the 80s , the majority of the songs on the main career mode set lists are covers of the original song ; for example , a song may be presented as `` Free Bird as made famous by Lynyrd Skynyrd '' . Guitar Hero III : Legends of Rock introduces a much larger range of original recordings , and World Tour featured a setlist that contained all master recordings . The covers throughout the games are mostly recreated by WaveGroup Sound who has worked before to create songs for Beatmania , Dance Dance Revolution , and Karaoke Revolution , making small changes to the guitar portions to make them more adaptable for gameplay . Almost all of the unlockable bonus songs are songs performed by the original artist for the game ( the only exception is the song `` She Bangs the Drums '' by The Stone Roses , which is featured in Guitar Hero III : Legends of Rock ) . Prior to the release of Guitar Hero III : Legends of Rock , Activision worked with the iTunes Store to provide more than 1300 tracks of Guitar Hero - related music across more than 20 compilations , including most of the tracks from the games in the series , called `` Guitar Hero Essentials '' . These compilations , such as `` Killer Guitar Solos '' and `` Guitar Anthems of the ' 80s '' , include songs related to but not contained within the Guitar Hero series . Dusty Welch of RedOctane stated , `` Where there 's music , there 's Guitar Hero , and with iTunes , we are able to provide fans with a central location for downloading their favorite rock anthems . '' Following the merger of Activision and Blizzard , the new company announced plans to create an alternative to iTunes based on the Guitar Hero brand that would allow for downloading songs and their associated note tracks for the Guitar Hero games . Reception and sales Aggregate review scores As of December 25 , 2010 . Game GameRankings Metacritic Guitar Hero ( PS2 ) 91.96 % ( PS2 ) 91 Guitar Hero II ( X360 ) 92.29 % ( PS2 ) 92.07 % ( X360 ) 92 ( PS2 ) 92 Guitar Hero III : Legends of Rock ( Wii ) 86.26 % ( X360 ) 85.75 % ( PS2 ) 85.50 % ( PS3 ) 83.77 % ( PC ) 78.00 % ( Wii ) 86 ( X360 ) 85 ( PS3 ) 83 ( PS2 ) 82 ( PC ) 79 Guitar Hero World Tour ( Wii ) 86.28 % ( X360 ) 84.44 % ( PS3 ) 83.33 % ( PS2 ) 81.20 % ( Wii ) 86 ( X360 ) 85 ( PS3 ) 84 Guitar Hero 5 ( Wii ) 89.58 % ( PS3 ) 86.58 % ( X360 ) 85.66 % ( PS2 ) 45.00 % ( Wii ) 89 ( PS3 ) 86 ( X360 ) 85 ( PS2 ) 71 Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock ( Wii ) 80.07 % ( X360 ) 75.20 % ( PS3 ) 74.35 % ( Wii ) 77 ( PS3 ) 74 ( X360 ) 72 Guitar Hero Live ( WIIU ) 83.75 % ( PS4 ) 81.91 % ( XONE ) 80.93 % ( WIIU ) 84 / 100 ( XONE ) 81 / 100 ( PS4 ) 80 / 100 Games in the Guitar Hero series have been generally well received by critics . The initial games were highly praised by reviewers . Neversoft 's first entry to the series , Guitar Hero III , was considered to be too difficult , with many difficult songs presenting players with `` walls of notes '' ; the developers later acknowledged this . Subsequent efforts in Guitar Hero : Aerosmith and Guitar Hero World Tour were seen to have some improvements , with Guitar Hero : Metallica considered to be a well - polished title and , at that time , the best Guitar Hero title Neversoft has produced . Guitar Hero 5 's improvements toward social gameplay were complemented by reviewers and considered a further improvement upon the series . Entertainment Weekly put it on its end - of - the - decade , `` best - of '' list , saying , `` An addictive videogame provides the illusion of musical mastery for even the least gifted : . How do you get to Carnegie Hall ? Tap , tap , tap . '' Upon release , the first game was seen as an unexpected hit , earning over US $ 45 million with about 1.5 million copies sold . Guitar Hero II was significantly more financially successful , with over 1.3 million copies sold and sales over US $200 million . Guitar Hero III , according to Activision , was the first single video game to sell more than US $1 billion at retail , with nearly 3.5 million copies sold during the first seven months of 2008 . World Tour continued the series ' high sales records with 3.4 million units sold in the United States during 2008 . More than 60 million downloadable tracks have been purchased across the series as of February 2010 . Both Guitar Hero III and World Tour were listed on a March 2011 list from the NPD Group of top grossing games in unadjusted sales in the United States since 1995 ; Guitar Hero III tops the list with total sales of $830.9 million . Overall , the Guitar Hero series has sold more than 25 million units worldwide , earning US $2 billion at retail . Activision claimed the series to be the 3rd largest game franchise in 2009 after the Mario and Madden NFL franchises . Cultural impact Main article : Cultural impact of the Guitar Hero series The Guitar Hero series has made a significant cultural impact , becoming a `` cultural phenomenon '' . The series has helped to rekindle music education in children , influenced changes in both the video game and music industry , has found use in health and treatment of recovering patients , and has become part of the popular culture vernacular . Several journalists , including 1UP.com , Wired , G4TV , the San Jose Mercury News , Inc. , The Guardian , and Advertising Age , considered Guitar Hero to be one of the most influential products of the first decade of the 21st century , attributing it as the spark leading to the growth of the rhythm game market , for boosting music sales for both new and old artists , for introducing more social gaming concepts to the video game market , and , in conjunction with the Wii , for improving interactivity with gaming consoles . Legal and practical issues PlayStation 3 incompatibility Sony 's PlayStation 3 console has no compatibility with the PlayStation 2 Guitar Hero controller on the system . While Guitar Hero and Guitar Hero II are fully backward - compatible through the hardware PlayStation 2 emulation in the initial North American release of the console , it was impossible at launch to use the guitar controller to play either game . Kai Huang , of RedOctane , states that they are `` working on that with Sony right now -- looking at how we can get all the PlayStation 2 guitars that are out there , and all the owners of them , to use them on the PlayStation 3 . '' Nyko , an accessories company , was poised to make a special PlayStation 2 controller adapter for the PlayStation 3 , but put the product on hold due to technical difficulties . Tac , another accessories company , also made a PlayStation 2 controller adapter for a PlayStation 3 game console so players could use their Guitar Hero guitar controllers that were made for the PlayStation 2 with a PlayStation 3 . However , the May 2007 PlayStation 3 V1. 80 system update has made the guitar controller compatible with generic PlayStation 2 controller to USB adapters when playing Guitar Hero and Guitar Hero II . In addition , Pelican Accessories has released a special controller adapter that supports both games , including the ability to switch the handedness of the guitar . Patent litigation Gibson Guitar Corporation , whose guitar likenesses have appeared in the Guitar Hero series from the first game to Guitar Hero Aerosmith , informed Activision on January 7 , 2008 , that it believed the games infringe its U.S. Patent 5,990,405 . Gibson claimed that this covers technology that simulates a concert performance via pre-recorded audio and a musical instrument . In response , Activision filed a suit seeking a declaration that it was not in violation of the Gibson patent ; Activision also asserted that Gibson had given an implied license by waiting to assert the patent and that the patent was invalid . On March 17 , 2008 , Gibson sued six retailers ( GameStop , Amazon.com , Wal - Mart , Target , Toys `` R '' Us and Kmart ) for selling Guitar Hero products . Subsequently , on March 21 , 2008 , Gibson also filed a lawsuit against EA , MTV , and Harmonix over their game Rock Band also for violation of its patent , to which a Harmonix spokesperson stated that Gibson 's claims are `` completely without merit '' . Activision lawyer Mary Tuck stated in their legal filings that they believe that Gibson initiated the lawsuit due to the fact that `` Activision was not ( interested ) in renewing the License and Marketing Support Agreement '' with Gibson Guitars . In February 2009 , the United States District Court for the Central District of California ruled against Gibson in their case against Activision , stating that the controllers are not musical instruments but `` toys that represent other items '' , and that Gibson 's patent only covers instruments that send out analog signals . Activision and Gibson settled the suit following this ruling . Activision , through John Devecka , owns all of Devecka Enterprises ' US and international patents that deal with music games . All patents issued by the USPTO are presumed valid . In February 2010 , Activision was sued by the Patent Compliance Group ( PCG ) for releasing Guitar Hero products with false patent claims , with the PCG asserting that games like Guitar Hero 5 and Band Hero were marked with up to 10 patents that are not used within the games along with several other improper patent pending claims . PCG claimed that `` Acts of false marketing deter innovation and stifle competition in the marketplace . '' PCG 's qui tam lawsuit was seeking up to $500 per unit sold if Activision was found liable . However , by June 2010 , PCG had withdrawn the case without prejudice . Oversaturation A timeline of the major North American releases for the Guitar Hero series from 2005 to 2011 Many critics believed that the number of releases of Guitar Hero games was `` milking '' the brand name and oversaturating the market . PaRappa the Rapper creator Masaya Matsuura stated that the video game market was growing stale and needed to move beyond games that simply challenge the player to mimic the playing of licensed music . Ryan Geddes of IGN stated that he `` hit the wall with play - along music games '' , and challenged the game makers to explore other ways to combine music and video games . Analysts stated that such games must continue to innovate instead of just providing more songs in order to prevent `` genre fatigue '' . Jesse Divnich of Electronic Entertainment and Design Research commented that , much like Dance Dance Revolution , Guitar Hero and other music games explosively grew initially due to significant new features from other games but have become stagnant due to focusing on content over features , and suggested that for the genre to continue to grow , they must look to incremental changes as done with the first - person shooter genre . Former CEO for RedOctane , Kelly Sumner , believed that Activision `` abused '' the series , as `` they tried to get too much out of the franchise too quickly '' . The series has also been criticized for its release model in contrast to the Rock Band series , causing some players to hold contempt towards Activision . Harmonix considered the Rock Band series as a `` music platform '' , and supported it with downloadable content and the ability to import songs from its games and expansions into most other games of the series . Critics argued that Guitar Hero should have been doing the same , either through releasing expansions that could be incorporated into the main games of the series , or by issuing the songs as downloadable content . The release of Guitar Hero : Smash Hits , reworking older songs from the series to full four - instrument band support but otherwise adding no additional material , was called `` the definition of ' milking ' '' by reviewers , with no observable technical limitation as to why the songs could not be added as downloadable content . Ars Technica recognized that licensing issues might have limited when songs from one single game could be played in others of the series ( such as the case for The Beatles : Rock Band ) , but that such cross-compatibility should have been a high priority for rhythm games . Furthermore , some expansions were praised for the additional content beyond the note - matching gameplay ; Guitar Hero : Metallica is considered to be one of the series ' best works to be developed by Neversoft in part due to the care that the developers took with imaging the band and the available extras for the game . Activision later revealed that both Guitar Hero 5 and Band Hero would support playing songs from both Guitar Hero World Tour ( both on - disc and downloadable content ) and Guitar Hero Smash Hits , with music licensing being the only limiting factor on which songs could be made forward - compatible . The large number of Guitar Hero and Rock Band titles on the market is considered to be partially responsible for the sharp decline of music game sales in the latter half of 2009 , along with the effects of the late - 2000s recession . The market for rhythm games was $1.4 billion in 2008 , but dropped to $700 million in 2009 even though more titles were available that year . Former Neversoft project director Brian Bright noted that at one point in 2009 , they were responsible for the release of three games that year ( Guitar Hero 5 , Metallica , and Band Hero ) and supporting other studios for the development of two additional games , causing the studio to lose focus both in development and marketing efforts . According to Bright , sales of all the Guitar Hero games released in 2009 totaled the number of sales of the 2008 title World Tour , demonstrating the dilution of the marketing . Though Activision had originally planned on tripling the offerings of the Guitar Hero series in 2010 , the company readjusted their plans , reducing the number of offerings and focusing more on selling digital downloadable content for the series . Only two titles , Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock and DJ Hero 2 were released in 2010 , both scheduled for the `` back half of 2010 '' . Analysts believe that the market will evolve to support a smaller number of titles each year , averaging at a `` healthy '' value $500 -- 600 million in revenues annually . Kotick believed that part of the downfall of Guitar Hero was due to Activision 's introduction of DJ Hero , which they gave too much focus and left the core Guitar Hero games without the `` nourishment and care '' needed to continue to innovate in the series . Activision Publishing chief executive Mike Griffith , in response to questions about Activision 's approach to the Guitar Hero market , noted that Guitar Hero continues to outsell the Rock Band series in both number of sales and revenue , with consumers continuing to buy the separate games on the market , and considered the market acceptance of the multiple games as validation for their model . Regardless , after releasing 25 different SKUs ( between games and bundle packages ) in 2009 , Activision opted to reduce that number to 10 in 2010 , recognizing the music game genre was not as profitable as it once was . Activision later opted to put future development of the series on hold in early 2011 citing weak sales in the rhythm game genre , a move that many journalists attributed to Activision 's earlier oversaturation . List of games All games are published by Activision , except the first Guitar Hero and the PS2 version of Guitar Hero II , which were published by RedOctane . Year Title Developer ( s ) <Th_colspan="13"> Platform PS2 PS3 PS4 360 Xbox One Wii Wii U Win Mac DS Phone Other <Td_colspan="16"> Main games 2005 Guitar Hero Harmonix Yes No No No No No No No No No No No 2006 Guitar Hero II Yes No No Yes No No No No No No No No 2007 Guitar Hero III : Legends of Rock Neversoft Budcat Creations ( PS2 ) Vicarious Visions ( Wii ) Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No No No 2008 Guitar Hero World Tour Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No No No 2009 Guitar Hero 5 Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No No No No No No Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock Neversoft Vicarious Visions ( Wii ) No Yes No Yes No Yes No No No No No No 2015 Guitar Hero Live FreeStyleGames No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes No <Td_colspan="16"> Band - centric games 2008 Guitar Hero : Aerosmith Neversoft Budcat Creations ( PS2 ) Vicarious Visions ( Wii ) Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No No No 2009 Guitar Hero : Metallica Neversoft Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No No No No No No Guitar Hero : Van Halen Neversoft Underground Development ( X360 ) Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No No No No No No <Td_colspan="16"> Expansion games 2007 Guitar Hero Encore : Rocks the 80s Harmonix Yes No No No No No No No No No No No 2009 Guitar Hero Smash Hits Beenox Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No No No No No No Band Hero Neversoft Budcat Creations ( PS2 ) Vicarious Visions ( Wii / DS ) Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No No No Yes No No <Td_colspan="16"> DJ Hero 2009 DJ Hero FreeStyleGames Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No No No No No No DJ Hero 2 No Yes No Yes No Yes No No No No No No <Td_colspan="16"> Portable games 2008 Guitar Hero : On Tour Vicarious Visions No No No No No No No No No Yes No No Guitar Hero On Tour : Decades No No No No No No No No No Yes No No 2009 Guitar Hero on Tour : Modern Hits No No No No No No No No No Yes No No <Td_colspan="16"> Mobile series 2007 Guitar Hero III Mobile Machineworks Northwest No No No No No No No No No No Yes No 2008 Guitar Hero III Backstage Pass No No No No No No No No No No Yes No Guitar Hero World Tour Mobile No No No No No No No No No No Yes No 2009 Guitar Hero 5 Mobile Glu Mobile No No No No No No No No No No Yes No <Td_colspan="16"> Other 2007 Guitar Hero Carabiner Basic Fun , Inc . No No No No No No No No No No No Yes 2009 Guitar Hero Arcade Raw Thrills No No No No No No No No No No No Yes Guitar Hero ( iOS ) Vicarious Visions No No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes Jump up ^ Compatible only with Nintendo DS Lite . The Guitar Grip peripheral plugs into SLOT - 2 of the Nintendo DS Lite , which the DSi and 3DS do not have , and the drum peripheral is only sized to fit the DS Lite . ^ Jump up to : Not compatible with Nintendo DSi series or Nintendo 3DS , as the Guitar Grip peripheral plugs into SLOT - 2 on the Nintendo DS and DS Lite , which the DSi and 3DS do not have . See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guitar Hero ( video game ) . Alex Necochea and Bryn Bennett : the ' Guitar Heroes ' of Bang Camaro on Wikinews `` Guitar Queer - O '' , an episode of South Park Rocksmith , a 2011 video game similar to Guitar Hero that uses a real guitar to teach players songs . Notes Jump up ^ Lynch , Kevin ( 2009 - 11 - 06 ) . `` Game review : Band Hero '' . The Mirror . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` How much ' Guitar Hero ' is too much ? '' . 18 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Brent ( 2007 - 08 - 30 ) . `` While their guitars gently screech '' . The Daily Iowan . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Jim ( 2008 - 10 - 16 ) . `` More guitar hero world tour tidbits '' . Mercury News . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Saltzman , Marc ( 2009 - 01 - 17 ) . `` Guitar Hero investment pays off '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Next venue for ' Guitar Hero III ' : PCs , Macs '' . ZDNet. 2007 - 09 - 12 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Faylor , Chris ( 2007 - 09 - 26 ) . `` How Neversoft Took Over Guitar Hero '' . Shacknews . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Carless , Simon ( 2010 - 02 - 18 ) . `` DICE 2010 : Kotick Talks Passion For Industry , Debuts Indie Contest '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Faylor , Chris ( 2008 - 11 - 10 ) . `` Activision Buys Guitar Hero PS2 Developer Budcat , Working on ' New Guitar Hero Game ' '' . Shacknews . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Bierut , Michael ( 2009 - 09 - 01 ) . `` New Work : Guitar Hero '' . Pentagram . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Boyer , Brandon ( 2009 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Type Heroes : Pentagram takes you behind the font of Guitar Hero '' . Offworld . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Leigh ( 2009 - 10 - 20 ) . `` Analyst : Mixed September NPD Means More Choppy Waters Ahead For Industry '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Fredrick , Logan ( 2009 - 02 - 12 ) . `` Guitar Hero Gets `` Greatest Hits '' `` . The Escapist . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Activision has three new IPs for 2009 '' . Edge. 2009 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Nunneley , Stephany ( 2010 - 02 - 10 ) . `` Acti Bliz slashes music SKUs , 60 million Guitar Hero songs downloaded '' . VG247 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Watts , Steve ( 2010 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Activision Confirms Studio Layoffs '' . 1UP.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Orland , Kyle ( 2010 - 11 - 16 ) . `` Report : Activision Closes Guitar Hero , Band Hero Co-Dev Budcat '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ McWheator , Michael ( 2011 - 02 - 09 ) . `` Activision Just Killed Guitar Hero And True Crime '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( 2011 - 02 - 09 ) . `` Activision kills Guitar Hero '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Dutton , Fred ( 2011 - 02 - 09 ) . `` Acti explains Guitar Hero , True Crime cul '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Dutton , Fred ( 2011 - 02 - 09 ) . `` DJ Hero joins Guitar Hero on scrap '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Rose , Mike ( 2011 - 04 - 12 ) . `` Activision : Guitar Hero Not Finished , ' On Hiatus ' For Now '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Ivan , Tom ( 2011 - 04 - 12 ) . `` Guitar Hero ' on hiatus ' for now -- Activision '' . Computer And Video Games . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Ewalt , David ( 2011 - 07 - 20 ) . `` Activision Blizzard CEO Bobby Kotick : How To Be An Innovator '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Mike ( 2012 - 02 - 22 ) . `` Activision Smashes Guitar Hero Reboot Plans '' . Escapist . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Tolito , Stephen ( 2012 - 12 - 05 ) . `` Guitar Hero 7 Was Going To Have Six - String Guitars , No Drums , No Singing . 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Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Divnich , Jesse ( 2009 - 07 - 20 ) . `` The Divnich Debrief : Roadblocks in the Music Genre '' . Industry Gamers . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Dring , Christopher ( 2011 - 02 - 18 ) . `` No More ( Guitar ) Heroes '' . MCV . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guitar Hero Smash Hits Review ( Xbox 360 ) '' . Team Xbox. 2009 - 06 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Bruno , Antony ( 2009 - 07 - 17 ) . `` MTV formulating Rock Band Network '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Hilary ( 2008 - 06 - 30 ) . `` Rock Band 2 : The Opening Act '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Roper , Chris ( 2009 - 03 - 29 ) . `` Guitar Hero : Metallica Review '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Roper , Chris ( 2009 - 06 - 17 ) . `` Guitar Hero : Smash Hits Review '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Gerstmann , Jeff ( 2009 - 06 - 25 ) . `` Guitar Hero : Smash Hits '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Kohler , Chris ( 2009 - 07 - 30 ) . `` 5 Games to Throw Down a Black Hole ( and 5 We 'd Pull Out ) '' . Wired . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Kohler , Chris ( 2009 - 06 - 26 ) . `` Top 10 Raw Deals for Gamers '' . Wired . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Heppe , Abbie ( 2009 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Guitar Hero Smash Hits Review '' . G4 TV . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Bramwell , Tom ( 2009 - 07 - 08 ) . `` Guitar Hero : Greatest Hits '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Kuchera , Ben ( 2009 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Rhythm games : the Five Commandments all titles must follow '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( 2009 - 12 - 22 ) . `` Despite `` The Beatles : Rock Band , '' Music Video Game Sales Slip in ' 09 `` . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sales Of Music Video Games Plummet In 2009 '' . Reuters. 2009 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Crossley , Rob ( 2010 - 08 - 09 ) . `` Neversoft on ' selling out ' in the race for sales '' . Develop . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Faylor , Chris ( 2008 - 07 - 31 ) . `` More Call of Duty and Guitar Hero Sequels in 2009 '' . Shacknews . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Leigh ( 2008 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Analyst : Three Expansion Packs Possible For Next Guitar Hero '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Faylor , Chris ( 2008 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Activision Tripling Guitar Hero Releases by 2010 '' . Shacknews . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ French , Michael ( 2009 - 11 - 13 ) . `` Heroic Deeds '' . MCVUK . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Faylor , Chris ( 2010 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Activision Breaks Down 2010 Release Schedule : Singularity in June , Transformers by July , More '' . Shacknews . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Brightman , James ( 2009 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Activision : Guitar Hero Better Serves Consumers Than Rock Band '' . Industry Gamers . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Lobby : Guitar Hero 's Demise '' . IGN. 2011 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Stuart , Keith ( 2011 - 02 - 10 ) . `` Guitar Hero axed : five reasons why music games are dying '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Cacho , Gieson ( 2011 - 02 - 09 ) . `` RIP Guitar Hero : 2005 -- 2011 ? '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Mudhar , Raju ( 2011 - 02 - 10 ) . `` Guitar Hero gets axed '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 10 . 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mammals are the only group of animals to demonstrate significant protection of their young
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Mammal - wikipedia Mammal Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Mammal ( disambiguation ) . `` Mammalian '' redirects here . For the 2010 documentary film , see Mammalian ( film ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Mammals Temporal range : 225 -- 0 Ma ( Kemp ) or 167 -- 0 Ma ( Rowe ) See discussion of dates in text PreЄ Є O Pg <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Clade : Amniota Clade : Synapsida Clade : Mammaliaformes Class : Mammalia Linnaeus , 1758 <Th_colspan="2"> Living subgroups <Td_colspan="2"> Subclass Yinotheria Infraclass Australosphenida Order Monotremata Subclass Theriiformes Infraclass Holotheria Superlegion Trechnotheria Legion Cladotheria Supercohort Theria Cohort Marsupialia Cohort Placentalia Mammals are any vertebrates within the class Mammalia ( / məˈmeɪli. ə / from Latin mamma `` breast '' ) , a clade of endothermic amniotes distinguished from reptiles ( including birds ) by the possession of a neocortex ( a region of the brain ) , hair , three middle ear bones , and mammary glands . Females of all mammal species nurse their young with milk , secreted from the mammary glands . Mammals include the biggest animals on the planet , the great whales . The basic body type is a terrestrial quadruped , but some mammals are adapted for life at sea , in the air , in trees , underground or on two legs . The largest group of mammals , the placentals , have a placenta , which enables the feeding of the fetus during gestation . Mammals range in size from the 30 -- 40 mm ( 1.2 -- 1.6 in ) bumblebee bat to the 30 - meter ( 98 ft ) blue whale . With the exception of the five species of monotreme ( egg - laying mammals ) , all modern mammals give birth to live young . Most mammals , including the six most species - rich orders , belong to the placental group . The largest orders are the rodents , bats and Soricomorpha ( shrews and allies ) . The next three biggest orders , depending on the biological classification scheme used , are the Primates ( apes and monkeys ) , the Cetartiodactyla ( whales and even - toed ungulates ) , and the Carnivora ( cats , dogs , seals , and allies ) . Living mammals are divided into the Yinotheria ( platypus and echidnas ) and Theriiformes ( all other mammals ) . There are around 5450 species of mammal , depending on which authority is cited . In some classifications , extant mammals are divided into two subclasses : the Prototheria , that is , the order Monotremata ; and the Theria , or the infraclasses Metatheria and Eutheria . The marsupials constitute the crown group of the Metatheria , and include all living metatherians as well as many extinct ones ; the placentals are the crown group of the Eutheria . While mammal classification at the family level has been relatively stable , several contending classifications regarding the higher levels -- subclass , infraclass and order , especially of the marsupials -- appear in contemporaneous literature . Much of the changes reflect the advances of cladistic analysis and molecular genetics . Findings from molecular genetics , for example , have prompted adopting new groups , such as the Afrotheria , and abandoning traditional groups , such as the Insectivora . The mammals represent the only living Synapsida , which together with the Sauropsida form the Amniota clade . The early synapsid mammalian ancestors were sphenacodont pelycosaurs , a group that produced the non-mammalian Dimetrodon . At the end of the Carboniferous period , this group diverged from the sauropsid line that led to today 's reptiles and birds . The line following the stem group Sphenacodontia split - off several diverse groups of non-mammalian synapsids -- sometimes referred to as mammal - like reptiles -- before giving rise to the proto - mammals ( Therapsida ) in the early Mesozoic era . The modern mammalian orders arose in the Paleogene and Neogene periods of the Cenozoic era , after the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs , and have been among the dominant terrestrial animal groups from 66 million years ago to the present . Some mammals are intelligent , with some possessing large brains , self - awareness and tool use . Mammals can communicate and vocalize in several different ways , including the production of ultrasound , scent - marking , alarm signals , singing , and echolocation . Mammals can organize themselves into fission - fusion societies , harems , and hierarchies , but can also be solitary and territorial . Most mammals are polygynous , but some can be monogamous or polyandrous . In human culture , domesticated mammals played a major role in the Neolithic revolution , causing farming to replace hunting and gathering , and leading to a major restructuring of human societies with the first civilizations . They provided , and continue to provide , power for transport and agriculture , as well as various commodities such as meat , dairy products , wool , and leather . Mammals are hunted or raced for sport , and are used as model organisms in science . Mammals have been depicted in art since Palaeolithic times , and appear in literature , film , mythology , and religion . Defaunation of mammals is primarily driven by anthropogenic factors , such as poaching and habitat destruction , though there are efforts to combat this . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification 1.1 Definitions 1.2 McKenna / Bell classification 1.3 Molecular classification of placentals 2 Evolution 2.1 Origins 2.2 Evolution from amniotes 2.3 First mammals 2.4 Earliest appearances of features 2.5 Rise of the mammals 3 Anatomy and morphology 3.1 Distinguishing features 3.2 Biological systems 3.3 Sound production 3.4 Fur 3.5 Reproductive system 3.6 Endothermy 3.7 Species lifespan 3.8 Locomotion 3.8. 1 Terrestrial 3.8. 2 Arboreal 3.8. 3 Aerial 3.8. 4 Fossorial 3.8. 5 Aquatic 4 Behavior 4.1 Communication and vocalization 4.2 Feeding 4.3 Intelligence 4.4 Social structure 5 Humans and other mammals 5.1 In human culture 5.2 Uses and importance 5.3 Hybrids 5.4 Threats 6 Notes 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Classification ( edit ) Main article : Mammal classification See also : List of placental mammals , List of monotremes and marsupials , and List of mammal genera The orders Rodentia ( blue ) , Chiroptera ( red ) and Soricomorpha ( yellow ) together make up over 70 % of mammal species . Rodentia Chiroptera Soricomorpha Primates Carnivora Artiodactyla Diprotodontia Lagomorpha Didelphimorphia Cetacea Dasyuromorphia Afrosoricida Erinaceomorpha Cingulata Peramelemorphia Scandentia Perissodactyla Macroscelidea Pilosa Monotremata Proboscidea Mammal classification has been through several iterations since Carl Linnaeus initially defined the class . No classification system is universally accepted ; McKenna & Bell ( 1997 ) and Wilson & Reader ( 2005 ) provide useful recent compendiums . George Gaylord Simpson 's `` Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals '' ( AMNH Bulletin v. 85 , 1945 ) provides systematics of mammal origins and relationships that were universally taught until the end of the 20th century . Since Simpson 's classification , the paleontological record has been recalibrated , and the intervening years have seen much debate and progress concerning the theoretical underpinnings of systematization itself , partly through the new concept of cladistics . Though field work gradually made Simpson 's classification outdated , it remains the closest thing to an official classification of mammals . Most mammals , including the six most species - rich orders , belong to the placental group . The three largest orders in numbers of species are Rodentia : mice , rats , porcupines , beavers , capybaras and other gnawing mammals ; Chiroptera : bats ; and Soricomorpha : shrews , moles and solenodons . The next three biggest orders , depending on the biological classification scheme used , are the Primates including the apes , monkeys and lemurs ; the Cetartiodactyla including whales and even - toed ungulates ; and the Carnivora which includes cats , dogs , weasels , bears , seals and allies . According to Mammal Species of the World , 5,416 species were identified in 2006 . These were grouped into 1,229 genera , 153 families and 29 orders . In 2008 , the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) completed a five - year Global Mammal Assessment for its IUCN Red List , which counted 5,488 species . Definitions ( edit ) The word `` mammal '' is modern , from the scientific name Mammalia coined by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 , derived from the Latin mamma ( `` teat , pap '' ) . In an influential 1988 paper , Timothy Rowe defined Mammalia phylogenetically as the crown group of mammals , the clade consisting of the most recent common ancestor of living monotremes ( echidnas and platypuses ) and therian mammals ( marsupials and placentals ) and all descendants of that ancestor . Since this ancestor lived in the Jurassic period , Rowe 's definition excludes all animals from the earlier Triassic , despite the fact that Triassic fossils in the Haramiyida have been referred to the Mammalia since the mid-19th century . If Mammalia is considered as the crown group , its origin can be roughly dated as the first known appearance of animals more closely related to some extant mammals than to others . Ambondro is more closely related to monotremes than to therian mammals while Amphilestes and Amphitherium are more closely related to the therians ; as fossils of all three genera are dated about 167 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic , this is a reasonable estimate for the appearance of the crown group . T.S. Kemp has provided a more traditional definition : `` synapsids that possess a dentary -- squamosal jaw articulation and occlusion between upper and lower molars with a transverse component to the movement '' or , equivalently in Kemp 's view , the clade originating with the last common ancestor of Sinoconodon and living mammals . The earliest known synapsid satisfying Kemp 's definitions is Tikitherium , dated 225 Ma , so the appearance of mammals in this broader sense can be given this Late Triassic date . McKenna / Bell classification ( edit ) In 1997 , the mammals were comprehensively revised by Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell , which has resulted in the McKenna / Bell classification . Their 1997 book , Classification of Mammals above the Species Level , is a comprehensive work on the systematics , relationships and occurrences of all mammal taxa , living and extinct , down through the rank of genus , though molecular genetic data challenge several of the higher level groupings . The authors worked together as paleontologists at the American Museum of Natural History , New York . McKenna inherited the project from Simpson and , with Bell , constructed a completely updated hierarchical system , covering living and extinct taxa that reflects the historical genealogy of Mammalia . Extinct groups are represented by a dagger ( † ) . Class Mammalia Subclass Prototheria : monotremes : echidnas and the platypus Subclass Theriiformes : live - bearing mammals and their prehistoric relatives Infraclass † Allotheria : multituberculates Infraclass † Eutriconodonta : eutriconodonts Infraclass Holotheria : modern live - bearing mammals and their prehistoric relatives Superlegion † Kuehneotheria Supercohort Theria : live - bearing mammals Cohort Marsupialia : marsupials Magnorder Australidelphia : Australian marsupials and the monito del monte Magnorder Ameridelphia : New World marsupials . Now considered paraphyletic , with shrew opossums being closer to australidelphians . Cohort Placentalia : placentals Magnorder Xenarthra : xenarthrans Magnorder Epitheria : epitheres Superorder † Leptictida Superorder Preptotheria Grandorder Anagalida : lagomorphs , rodents and elephant shrews Grandorder Ferae : carnivorans , pangolins , † creodonts and relatives Grandorder Lipotyphla : insectivorans Grandorder Archonta : bats , primates , colugos and treeshrews Grandorder Ungulata : ungulates Order Tubulidentata incertae sedis : aardvark Mirorder Eparctocyona : † condylarths , whales and artiodactyls ( even - toed ungulates ) Mirorder † Meridiungulata : South American ungulates Mirorder Altungulata : perissodactyls ( odd - toed ungulates ) , elephants , manatees and hyraxes Molecular classification of placentals ( edit ) Molecular studies based on DNA analysis have suggested new relationships among mammal families over the last few years . Most of these findings have been independently validated by retrotransposon presence / absence data . Classification systems based on molecular studies reveal three major groups or lineages of placental mammals -- Afrotheria , Xenarthra and Boreoeutheria -- which diverged in the Cretaceous . The relationships between these three lineages is contentious , and all three possible different hypotheses have been proposed with respect to which group is basal . These hypotheses are Atlantogenata ( basal Boreoeutheria ) , Epitheria ( basal Xenarthra ) and Exafroplacentalia ( basal Afrotheria ) . Boreoeutheria in turn contains two major lineages -- Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria . Estimates for the divergence times between these three placental groups range from 105 to 120 million years ago , depending on the type of DNA used ( such as nuclear or mitochondrial ) and varying interpretations of paleogeographic data . Mammalia Monotremata Theria Marsupialia Placentalia Atlantogenata Afrotheria Xenarthra Boreoeutheria Euarchontoglires Euarchonta Glires Laurasiatheria Eulipotyphla Scrotifera Chiroptera Cetartiodactyla Perissodactyla Ferae Pholidota Carnivora The cladogram above is based on Tarver et al. ( 2016 ) Group I : Superorder Afrotheria Clade Afroinsectiphilia Order Macroscelidea : elephant shrews ( Africa ) Order Afrosoricida : tenrecs and golden moles ( Africa ) Order Tubulidentata : aardvark ( Africa south of the Sahara ) Clade Paenungulata Order Hyracoidea : hyraxes or dassies ( Africa , Arabia ) Order Proboscidea : elephants ( Africa , Southeast Asia ) Order Sirenia : dugong and manatees ( cosmopolitan tropical ) Group II : Superorder Xenarthra Order Pilosa : sloths and anteaters ( neotropical ) Order Cingulata : armadillos and extinct relatives ( Americas ) Group III : Magnaorder Boreoeutheria Superorder : Euarchontoglires ( Supraprimates ) Grandorder Euarchonta Order Scandentia : treeshrews ( Southeast Asia ) . Order Dermoptera : flying lemurs or colugos ( Southeast Asia ) Order Primates : lemurs , bushbabies , monkeys , apes , humans ( cosmopolitan ) Grandorder Glires Order Lagomorpha : pikas , rabbits , hares ( Eurasia , Africa , Americas ) Order Rodentia : rodents ( cosmopolitan ) Superorder : Laurasiatheria Order Eulipotyphla : shrews , hedgehogs , moles , solenodons Clade Scrotifera Order Chiroptera : bats ( cosmopolitan ) Clade Fereuungulata Clade Ferae Order Pholidota : pangolins or scaly anteaters ( Africa , South Asia ) Order Carnivora : carnivores ( cosmopolitan ) , including cats and dogs Clade Euungulata Order Cetartiodactyla : cetaceans ( whales , dolphins and porpoises ) and even - toed ungulates , including pigs , cattle , deer and giraffes Order Perissodactyla : odd - toed ungulates , including horses , donkeys , zebras , tapirs and rhinoceroses Evolution ( edit ) Main article : Evolution of mammals Origins ( edit ) Synapsida , a clade that contains mammals and their extinct relatives , originated during the Pennsylvanian subperiod , when they split from reptilian and avian lineages . Crown group mammals evolved from earlier mammaliaforms during the Early Jurassic . The cladogram takes Mammalia to be the crown group . Mammaliaformes Morganucodontidae Docodonta Haldanodon Mammalia Australosphenida ( incl . Monotremata ) Fruitafossor Haramiyavia Multituberculata Tinodon Eutriconodonta ( incl . Gobiconodonta ) Trechnotheria ( incl . Theria ) Evolution from amniotes ( edit ) The original synapsid skull structure contains one temporal opening behind the orbitals , in a fairly low position on the skull ( lower right in this image ) . This opening might have assisted in containing the jaw muscles of these organisms which could have increased their biting strength . The first fully terrestrial vertebrates were amniotes . Like their amphibious tetrapod predecessors , they had lungs and limbs . Amniotic eggs , however , have internal membranes that allow the developing embryo to breathe but keep water in . Hence , amniotes can lay eggs on dry land , while amphibians generally need to lay their eggs in water . The first amniotes apparently arose in the Pennsylvanian subperiod of the Carboniferous . They descended from earlier reptiliomorph amphibious tetrapods , which lived on land that was already inhabited by insects and other invertebrates as well as ferns , mosses and other plants . Within a few million years , two important amniote lineages became distinct : the synapsids , which would later include the common ancestor of the mammals ; and the sauropsids , which now include turtles , lizards , snakes , crocodilians , dinosaurs and birds . Synapsids have a single hole ( temporal fenestra ) low on each side of the skull . One synapsid group , the pelycosaurs , included the largest and fiercest animals of the early Permian . Nonmammalian synapsids are sometimes called `` mammal - like reptiles '' . Therapsids , a group of synapsids , descended from pelycosaurs in the Middle Permian , about 265 million years ago , and became the dominant land vertebrates . They differ from basal eupelycosaurs in several features of the skull and jaws , including : larger skulls and incisors which are equal in size in therapsids , but not for eupelycosaurs . The therapsid lineage leading to mammals went through a series of stages , beginning with animals that were very similar to their pelycosaur ancestors and ending with probainognathian cynodonts , some of which could easily be mistaken for mammals . Those stages were characterized by : The gradual development of a bony secondary palate . Progression towards an erect limb posture , which would increase the animals ' stamina by avoiding Carrier 's constraint . But this process was slow and erratic : for example , all herbivorous nonmammaliaform therapsids retained sprawling limbs ( some late forms may have had semierect hind limbs ) ; Permian carnivorous therapsids had sprawling forelimbs , and some late Permian ones also had semisprawling hindlimbs . In fact , modern monotremes still have semisprawling limbs . The dentary gradually became the main bone of the lower jaw which , by the Triassic , progressed towards the fully mammalian jaw ( the lower consisting only of the dentary ) and middle ear ( which is constructed by the bones that were previously used to construct the jaws of reptiles ) . First mammals ( edit ) The Permian -- Triassic extinction event about 252 million years ago , which was a prolonged event due to the accumulation of several extinction pulses , ended the dominance of carnivorous therapsids . In the early Triassic , most medium to large land carnivore niches were taken over by archosaurs which , over an extended period ( 35 million years ) , came to include the crocodylomorphs , the pterosaurs and the dinosaurs ; however , large cynodonts like Trucidocynodon and traversodontids still occupied large sized carnivorous and herbivorous niches respectively . By the Jurassic , the dinosaurs had come to dominate the large terrestrial herbivore niches as well . The first mammals ( in Kemp 's sense ) appeared in the Late Triassic epoch ( about 225 million years ago ) , 40 million years after the first therapsids . They expanded out of their nocturnal insectivore niche from the mid-Jurassic onwards ; The Jurassic Castorocauda , for example , was a near - relative of true mammals that had adaptations for swimming , digging and catching fish . Most , if not all , are thought to have remained nocturnal ( the Nocturnal bottleneck ) , accounting for much of the typical mammalian traits . The majority of the mammal species that existed in the Mesozoic Era were multituberculates , eutriconodonts and spalacotheriids . The earliest known metatherian is Sinodelphys , found in 125 million - year - old Early Cretaceous shale in China 's northeastern Liaoning Province . The fossil is nearly complete and includes tufts of fur and imprints of soft tissues . Restoration of Juramaia sinensis , the oldest known Eutherian ( 160 mya ) The oldest known fossil among the Eutheria ( `` true beasts '' ) is the small shrewlike Juramaia sinensis , or `` Jurassic mother from China '' , dated to 160 million years ago in the late Jurassic . A later distant eutherian relative , Eomaia , dated to 125 million years ago in the early Cretaceous , possessed some features in common with the marsupials but not with the placentals , evidence that these features were present in the last common ancestor of the two groups but were later lost in the placental lineage . In particular , the epipubic bones extend forwards from the pelvis . These are not found in any modern placental , but they are found in marsupials , monotremes , other nontherian mammals and Ukhaatherium , an early Cretaceous animal in the eutherian order Asioryctitheria . This also applies to the multituberculates . They are apparently an ancestral feature , which subsequently disappeared in the placental lineage . These epipubic bones seem to function by stiffening the muscles during locomotion , reducing the amount of space being presented , which placentals require to contain their fetus during gestation periods . A narrow pelvic outlet indicates that the young were very small at birth and therefore pregnancy was short , as in modern marsupials . This suggests that the placenta was a later development . One of the earliest known monotremes was Teinolophos , which lived about 120 million years ago in Australia . Monotremes have some features which may be inherited from the original amniotes such as the same orifice to urinate , defecate and reproduce ( cloaca ) -- as lizards and birds also do -- and they lay eggs which are leathery and uncalcified . Earliest appearances of features ( edit ) Hadrocodium , whose fossils date from approximately 195 million years ago , in the early Jurassic , provides the first clear evidence of a jaw joint formed solely by the squamosal and dentary bones ; there is no space in the jaw for the articular , a bone involved in the jaws of all early synapsids . Foramina in the upper jaw are not indicative of whiskers , as in the red tegu ( Tupinambis rufescens ) . The earliest clear evidence of hair or fur is in fossils of Castorocauda and Megaconus , from 164 million years ago in the mid-Jurassic . In the 1950s , it was suggested that the foramina ( passages ) in the maxillae and premaxillae ( bones in the front of the upper jaw ) of cynodonts were channels which supplied blood vessels and nerves to vibrissae ( whiskers ) and so were evidence of hair or fur ; it was soon pointed out , however , that foramina do not necessarily show that an animal had vibrissae , as the modern lizard Tupinambis has foramina that are almost identical to those found in the nonmammalian cynodont Thrinaxodon . Popular sources , nevertheless , continue to attribute whiskers to Thrinaxodon . Studies on Permian coprolites suggest that non-mammalian synapsids of the epoch already had fur , setting the evolution of hairs possibly as far back as dicynodonts . When endothermy first appeared in the evolution of mammals is uncertain , though it is generally agreed to have first evolved in non-mammalian therapsids . Modern monotremes have lower body temperatures and more variable metabolic rates than marsupials and placentals , but there is evidence that some of their ancestors , perhaps including ancestors of the therians , may have had body temperatures like those of modern therians . Likewise , some modern therians like afrotheres and xenarthrans have secondarily developed lower body temperatures . The evolution of erect limbs in mammals is incomplete -- living and fossil monotremes have sprawling limbs . The parasagittal ( nonsprawling ) limb posture appeared sometime in the late Jurassic or early Cretaceous ; it is found in the eutherian Eomaia and the metatherian Sinodelphys , both dated to 125 million years ago . Epipubic bones , a feature that strongly influenced the reproduction of most mammal clades , are first found in Tritylodontidae , suggesting that it is a synapomorphy between them and mammaliformes . They are omnipresent in non-placental mammaliformes , though Megazostrodon and Erythrotherium appear to have lacked them . It has been suggested that the original function of lactation ( milk production ) was to keep eggs moist . Much of the argument is based on monotremes , the egg - laying mammals . Rise of the mammals ( edit ) Therian mammals took over the medium - to large - sized ecological niches in the Cenozoic , after the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event approximately 66 million years ago emptied ecological space once filled by non-avian dinosaurs and other groups of reptiles , as well as various other mammal groups , and underwent an exponential increase in body size ( megafauna ) . Then mammals diversified very quickly ; both birds and mammals show an exponential rise in diversity . For example , the earliest known bat dates from about 50 million years ago , only 16 million years after the extinction of the dinosaurs . Molecular phylogenetic studies initially suggested that most placental orders diverged about 100 to 85 million years ago and that modern families appeared in the period from the late Eocene through the Miocene . However , no placental fossils have been found from before the end of the Cretaceous . The earliest undisputed fossils of placentals comes from the early Paleocene , after the extinction of the dinosaurs . In particular , scientists have identified an early Paleocene animal named Protungulatum donnae as one of the first placental mammals . however it has been reclassified as a non-placental eutherian . Recalibrations of genetic and morphological diversity rates have suggested a Late Cretaceous origin for placentals , and a Paleocene origin for most modern clades . The earliest known ancestor of primates is Archicebus achilles from around 55 million years ago . This tiny primate weighed 20 -- 30 grams ( 0.7 -- 1.1 ounce ) and could fit within a human palm . Anatomy and Morphology ( edit ) Distinguishing features ( edit ) Living mammal species can be identified by the presence of sweat glands , including those that are specialized to produce milk to nourish their young . In classifying fossils , however , other features must be used , since soft tissue glands and many other features are not visible in fossils . Many traits shared by all living mammals appeared among the earliest members of the group : Jaw joint - The dentary ( the lower jaw bone , which carries the teeth ) and the squamosal ( a small cranial bone ) meet to form the joint . In most gnathostomes , including early therapsids , the joint consists of the articular ( a small bone at the back of the lower jaw ) and quadrate ( a small bone at the back of the upper jaw ) . Middle ear - In crown - group mammals , sound is carried from the eardrum by a chain of three bones , the malleus , the incus and the stapes . Ancestrally , the malleus and the incus are derived from the articular and the quadrate bones that constituted the jaw joint of early therapsids . Tooth replacement - Teeth are replaced once or ( as in toothed whales and murid rodents ) not at all , rather than being replaced continually throughout life . Prismatic enamel - The enamel coating on the surface of a tooth consists of prisms , solid , rod - like structures extending from the dentin to the tooth 's surface . Occipital condyles - Two knobs at the base of the skull fit into the topmost neck vertebra ; most other tetrapods , in contrast , have only one such knob . For the most part , these characteristics were not present in the Triassic ancestors of the mammals . Nearly all mammaliaforms possess an epipubic bone , the exception being modern placentals . Biological systems ( edit ) Main article : Biological system Raccoon lungs being inflated manually . The majority of mammals have seven cervical vertebrae ( bones in the neck ) , including bats , giraffes , whales and humans . The exceptions are the manatee and the two - toed sloth , which have just six , and the three - toed sloth which has nine cervical vertebrae . All mammalian brains possess a neocortex , a brain region unique to mammals . Placental mammals have a corpus callosum , unlike monotremes and marsupials . The lungs of mammals are spongy and honeycombed . Breathing is mainly achieved with the diaphragm , which divides the thorax from the abdominal cavity , forming a dome convex to the thorax . Contraction of the diaphragm flattens the dome , increasing the volume of the lung cavity . Air enters through the oral and nasal cavities , and travels through the larynx , trachea and bronchi , and expands the alveoli . Relaxing the diaphragm has the opposite effect , decreasing the volume of the lung cavity , causing air to be pushed out of the lungs . During exercise , the abdominal wall contracts , increasing pressure on the diaphragm , which forces air out quicker and more forcefully . The rib cage is able to expand and contract the chest cavity through the action of other respiratory muscles . Consequently , air is sucked into or expelled out of the lungs , always moving down its pressure gradient . This type of lung is known as a bellows lung due to its resemblance to blacksmith bellows . The mammalian heart has four chambers , two upper atria , the receiving chambers , and two lower ventricles , the discharging chambers . The heart has four valves , which separate its chambers and ensures blood flows in the correct direction through the heart ( preventing backflow ) . After gas exchange in the pulmonary capillaries ( blood vessels in the lungs ) , oxygen - rich blood returns to the left atrium via one of the four pulmonary veins . Blood flows nearly continuously back into the atrium , which acts as the receiving chamber , and from here through an opening into the left ventricle . Most blood flows passively into the heart while both the atria and ventricles are relaxed , but toward the end of the ventricular relaxation period , the left atrium will contract , pumping blood into the ventricle . The heart also requires nutrients and oxygen found in blood like other muscles , and is supplied via coronary arteries . Didactic models of a mammalian heart The integumentary system is made up of three layers : the outermost epidermis , the dermis and the hypodermis . The epidermis is typically 10 to 30 cells thick ; its main function is to provide a waterproof layer . Its outermost cells are constantly lost ; its bottommost cells are constantly dividing and pushing upward . The middle layer , the dermis , is 15 to 40 times thicker than the epidermis . The dermis is made up of many components , such as bony structures and blood vessels . The hypodermis is made up of adipose tissue , which stores lipids and provides cushioning and insulation . The thickness of this layer varies widely from species to species ; marine mammals require a thick hypodermis ( blubber ) for insulation , and right whales have the thickest blubber at 20 inches ( 51 cm ) . Although other animals have features such as whiskers , feathers , setae , or cilia that superficially resemble it , no animals other than mammals have hair . It is a definitive characteristic of the class . Though some mammals have very little , careful examination reveals the characteristic , often in obscure parts of their bodies . The carnassials ( teeth in the very back of the mouth ) of the insectivorous aardwolf ( left ) vs. that of a gray wolf ( right ) which consumes large vertebrates Herbivores have developed a diverse range of physical structures to facilitate the consumption of plant material . To break up intact plant tissues , mammals have developed teeth structures that reflect their feeding preferences . For instance , frugivores ( animals that feed primarily on fruit ) and herbivores that feed on soft foliage have low - crowned teeth specialized for grinding foliage and seeds . Grazing animals that tend to eat hard , silica - rich grasses , have high - crowned teeth , which are capable of grinding tough plant tissues and do not wear down as quickly as low - crowned teeth . Most carnivorous mammals have carnassialiforme teeth ( of varying length depending on diet ) , long canines and similar tooth replacement patterns . The stomach of Artiodactyls is divided into four sections : the rumen , the reticulum , the omasum and the abomasum ( only ruminants have a rumen ) . After the plant material is consumed , it is mixed with saliva in the rumen and reticulum and separates into solid and liquid material . The solids lump together to form a bolus ( or cud ) , and is regurgitated . When the bolus enters the mouth , the fluid is squeezed out with the tongue and swallowed again . Ingested food passes to the rumen and reticulum where cellulytic microbes ( bacteria , protozoa and fungi ) produce cellulase , which is needed to break down the cellulose in plants . Perissodactyls , in contrast to the ruminants , store digested food that has left the stomach in an enlarged cecum , where it is fermented by bacteria . Carnivora have a simple stomach adapted to digest primarily meat , as compared to the elaborate digestive systems of herbivorous animals , which are necessary to break down tough , complex plant fibers . The caecum is either absent or short and simple , and the large intestine is not sacculated or much wider than the small intestine . Bovine kidney The mammalian excretory system involves many components . Like most other land animals , mammals are ureotelic , and convert ammonia into urea , which is done by the liver as part of the urea cycle . Bilirubin , a waste product derived from blood cells , is passed through bile and urine with the help of enzymes excreted by the liver . The passing of bilirubin via bile through the intestinal tract gives mammalian feces a distinctive brown coloration . Distinctive features of the mammalian kidney include the presence of the renal pelvis and renal pyramids , and of a clearly distinguishable cortex and medulla , which is due to the presence of elongated loops of Henle . Only the mammalian kidney has a bean shape , although there are some exceptions , such as the multilobed reniculate kidneys of pinnipeds , cetaceans and bears . Most adult placental mammals have no remaining trace of the cloaca . In the embryo , the embryonic cloaca divides into a posterior region that becomes part of the anus , and an anterior region that has different fates depending on the sex of the individual : in females , it develops into the vestibule that receives the urethra and vagina , while in males it forms the entirety of the penile urethra . However , the tenrecs , golden moles , and some shrews retain a cloaca as adults . In marsupials , the genital tract is separate from the anus , but a trace of the original cloaca does remain externally . Monotremes , which translates from Greek into `` single hole '' , have a true cloaca . Sound production ( edit ) A diagram of ultrasonic signals emitted by a bat , and the echo from a nearby object As in all other tetrapods , mammals have a larynx that can quickly open and close to produce sounds , and a supralaryngeal vocal tract which filters this sound . The lungs and surrounding musculature provide the air stream and pressure required to phonate . The larynx controls the pitch and volume of sound , but the strength the lungs exert to exhale also contributes to volume . More primitive mammals , such as the echidna , can only hiss , as sound is achieved solely through exhaling through a partially closed larynx . Other mammals phonate using vocal folds , as opposed to the vocal cords seen in birds and reptiles . The movement or tenseness of the vocal folds can result in many sounds such as purring and screaming . Mammals can change the position of the larynx , allowing them to breathe through the nose while swallowing through the mouth , and to form both oral and nasal sounds ; nasal sounds , such as a dog whine , are generally soft sounds , and oral sounds , such as a dog bark , are generally loud . Some mammals have a large larynx and thus a low - pitched voice , namely the hammer - headed bat ( Hypsignathus monstrosus ) where the larynx can take up the entirety of the thoracic cavity while pushing the lungs , heart , and trachea into the abdomen . Large vocal pads can also lower the pitch , as in the low - pitched roars of big cats . The production of infrasound is possible in some mammals such as the African elephant ( Loxodonta spp . ) and baleen whales . Small mammals with small larynxes have the ability to produced ultrasound , which can be detected by modifications to the middle ear and cochlea . Ultrasound is inaudible to birds and reptiles , which might have been important during the Mesozoic , when birds and reptiles were the dominant predators . This private channel is used by some rodents in , for example , mother - to - pup communication , and by bats when echolocating . Toothed whales also use echolocation , but , as opposed to the vocal membrane that extends upward from the vocal folds , they have a melon to manipulate sounds . Some mammals , namely the primates , have air sacs attached to the larynx , which may function to increase the volume of sound . The vocal production system is controlled by the cranial nerve nucleus in the brain , and supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve and the superior laryngeal nerve , branches of the vagus nerve . The vocal tract is supplied by the hypoglossal nerve and facial nerves . Electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal gray ( PEG ) region of the mammalian midbrain elicit vocalizations . The ability to learn new vocalizations is only exemplified in humans , seals , cetaceans , and possibly bats ; in humans , this is the result of a direct connection between the motor cortex , which controls movement , and the motor neurons in the spinal cord . Fur ( edit ) Main article : Fur Porcupines use their spines for defense . The fur of mammals has many uses protection , sensory purposes , waterproofing , and camouflage , with the primary usage being thermoregulation . The types of hair include definitive , which may be shed after reaching a certain length ; vibrissae , which are sensory hairs and are most commonly whiskers ; pelage , which consists of guard hairs , under - fur , and awn hair ; spines , which are a type of stiff guard hair used for defense in , for example , porcupines ; bristles , which are long hairs usually used in visual signals , such as the mane of a lion ; velli , often called `` down fur , '' which insulates newborn mammals ; and wool which is long , soft and often curly . Hair length is negligible in thermoregulation , as some tropical mammals , such as sloths , have the same length of fur length as some arctic mammals but with less insulation ; and , conversely , other tropical mammals with short hair have the same insulating value as arctic mammals . The denseness of fur can increase an animal 's insulation value , and arctic mammals especially have dense fur ; for example , the musk ox has guard hairs measuring 30 cm ( 12 in ) as well as a dense underfur , which forms an airtight coat , allowing them to survive in temperatures of − 40 ° C ( − 40 ° F ) . Some desert mammals , such as camels , use dense fur to prevent solar heat from reaching their skin , allowing the animal to stay cool ; a camel 's fur may reach 70 ° C ( 158 ° F ) in the summer , but the skin stays at 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) . Aquatic mammals , conversely , trap air in their fur to conserve heat by keeping the skin dry . A leopard 's disruptively colored coat provides camouflage for this ambush predator . Mammalian coats are colored for a variety of reasons , the major selective pressures including camouflage , sexual selection , communication and physiological processes such as temperature regulation . Camouflage is a powerful influence in a large number of mammals , as it helps to conceal individuals from predators or prey . Aposematism , warning off possible predators , is the most likely explanation of the black - and - white pelage of many mammals which are able to defend themselves , such as in the foul - smelling skunk and the powerful and aggressive honey badger . In arctic and subarctic mammals such as the arctic fox ( Alopex lagopus ) , collared lemming ( Dicrostonyx groenlandicus ) , stoat ( Mustela erminea ) , and snowshoe hare ( Lepus americanus ) , seasonal color change between brown in summer and white in winter is driven largely by camouflage . Differences in female and male coat color may indicate nutrition and hormone levels , important in mate selection . Some arboreal mammals , notably primates and marsupials , have shades of violet , green , or blue skin on parts of their bodies , indicating some distinct advantage in their largely arboreal habitat due to convergent evolution . The green coloration of sloths , however , is the result of a symbiotic relationship with algae . Coat color is sometimes sexually dimorphic , as in many primate species . Coat color may influence the ability to retain heat , depending on how much light is reflected . Mammals with a darker colored coat can absorb more heat from solar radiation , and stay warmer , and some smaller mammals , such as voles , have darker fur in the winter . The white , pigmentless fur of arctic mammals , such as the polar bear , may reflect more solar radiation directly onto the skin . Reproductive system ( edit ) Main article : Mammalian reproduction Goat kids stay with their mother until they are weaned . Due to the presence of epipubic bones , non-placental mammals can not expand their abdomen , being thus forced to give birth to ( or lay eggs that hatch into ) fetus - like larvae . Echidna `` puggle '' ( a ) compared to various `` joeys '' : Virginia opossum ( b ) , Gray short - tailed opossum ( c ) , Eastern quoll ( d ) , Koala ( e ) , Brushtail possum ( f ) and Southern brown bandicoot ( g ) . In male placentals , the penis is used both for urination and copulation . Depending on the species , an erection may be fueled by blood flow into vascular , spongy tissue or by muscular action . A penis may be contained in a sheath when not erect , and some placentals also have a penis bone ( baculum ) . Marsupials typically have forked penises while the monotreme penis generally has four heads with only two functioning . The testes of most mammals descend into the scrotum which is typically posterior to the penis but is often anterior in marsupials . Female mammals generally have a clitoris , labia majora and labia minora on the outside , while the internal system contains paired oviducts , 1 - 2 uteri , 1 - 2 cervices and a vagina . Marsupials have two lateral vaginas and a medial vagina . The `` vagina '' of monotremes is better understood as a `` urogenital sinus '' . The uterine systems of placental mammals can vary between a duplex , were there are two uteri and cervices which open into the vagina , a bipartite , were two uterine horns have a single cervix that connects to the vagina , a bicornuate , which consists where two uterine horns that are connected distally but separate medially creating a Y - shape , and a simplex , which has a single uterus . Most mammals are viviparous , giving birth to live young . However , the five species of monotreme , the platypus and the four species of echidna , lay eggs . The monotremes have a sex determination system different from that of most other mammals . In particular , the sex chromosomes of a platypus are more like those of a chicken than those of a therian mammal . Viviparous mammals are in the subclass Theria ; those living today are in the marsupial and placental infraclasses . Marsupials have a short gestation period , typically shorter than its estrous cycle and gives birth to an undeveloped newborn that then undergoes further development ; in many species , this takes place within a pouch - like sac , the marsupium , located in the front of the mother 's abdomen . This is the plesiomorphic condition among viviparous mammals ; the presence of epipubic bones in all non-placental mammals prevents the expansion of the torso needed for full pregnancy . Even non-placental eutherians probably reproduced this way . The placentals give birth to relatively complete and developed young , usually after long gestation periods . They get their name from the placenta , which connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake . The mammary glands of mammals are specialized to produce milk , the primary source of nutrition for newborns . The monotremes branched early from other mammals and do not have the nipples seen in most mammals , but they do have mammary glands . The young lick the milk from a mammary patch on the mother 's belly . Endothermy ( edit ) Nearly all mammals are endothermic ( `` warm - blooded '' ) . Most mammals also have hair to help keep them warm . Like birds , mammals can forage or hunt in weather and climates too cold for ectothermic ( `` cold - blooded '' ) reptiles and insects . Endothermy requires plenty of food energy , so mammals eat more food per unit of body weight than most reptiles . Small insectivorous mammals eat prodigious amounts for their size . A rare exception , the naked mole - rat produces little metabolic heat , so it is considered an operational poikilotherm . Birds are also endothermic , so endothermy is not unique to mammals . Species lifespan ( edit ) See also : Life expectancy and Maximum life span Among mammals , species maximum lifespan varies significantly ( for example the shrew has a lifespan of two years , whereas the oldest bowhead whale is recorded to be 211 years ) . Although the underlying basis for these lifespan differences is still uncertain , numerous studies indicate that the ability to repair DNA damages is an important determinant of mammalian lifespan . In a 1974 study by Hart and Setlow , it was found that DNA excision repair capability increased systematically with species lifespan among seven mammalian species . Species lifespan was observed to be robustly correlated with the capacity to recognize DNA double - strand breaks as well as the level of the DNA repair protein Ku80 . In a study of the cells from sixteen mammalian species , genes employed in DNA repair were found to be up - regulated in the longer - lived species . The cellular level of the DNA repair enzyme poly ADP ribose polymerase was found to correlate with species lifespan in a study of 13 mammalian species . Three additional studies of a variety of mammalian species also reported a correlation between species lifespan and DNA repair capability . Locomotion ( edit ) Main article : Animal locomotion Terrestrial ( edit ) Main article : Terrestrial locomotion Running gait . Photographs by Eadweard Muybridge , 1887 Most vertebrates -- the amphibians , the reptiles and some mammals such as humans and bears -- are plantigrade , walking on the whole of the underside of the foot . Many mammals , such as cats and dogs , are digitigrade , walking on their toes , the greater stride length allowing more speed . Digitigrade mammals are also often adept at quiet movement . Some animals such as horses are unguligrade , walking on the tips of their toes . This even further increases their stride length and thus their speed . A few mammals , namely the great apes , are also known to walk on their knuckles , at least for their front legs . Giant anteaters and platypuses are also knuckle - walkers . Some mammals are bipeds , using only two limbs for locomotion , which can be seen in , for example , humans and the great apes . Bipedal species have a larger field of vision than quadrupeds , conserve more energy and have the ability to manipulate objects with their hands , which aids in foraging . Instead of walking , some bipeds hop , such as kangaroos and kangaroo rats . Animals will use different gaits for different speeds , terrain and situations . For example , horses show four natural gaits , the slowest horse gait is the walk , then there are three faster gaits which , from slowest to fastest , are the trot , the canter and the gallop . Animals may also have unusual gaits that are used occasionally , such as for moving sideways or backwards . For example , the main human gaits are bipedal walking and running , but they employ many other gaits occasionally , including a four - legged crawl in tight spaces . Mammals show a vast range of gaits , the order that they place and lift their appendages in locomotion . Gaits can be grouped into categories according to their patterns of support sequence . For quadrupeds , there are three main categories : walking gaits , running gaits and leaping gaits . Walking is the most common gait , where some feet are on the ground at any given time , and found in almost all legged animals . Running is considered to occur when at some points in the stride all feet are off the ground in a moment of suspension . Arboreal ( edit ) Main article : Arboreal locomotion Gibbons are very good brachiators because their elongated limbs enable them to easily swing and grasp on to branches . Arboreal animals frequently have elongated limbs that help them cross gaps , reach fruit or other resources , test the firmness of support ahead and , in some cases , to brachiate ( swing between trees ) . Many arboreal species , such as tree porcupines , silky anteaters , spider monkeys , and possums , use prehensile tails to grasp branches . In the spider monkey , the tip of the tail has either a bare patch or adhesive pad , which provides increased friction . Claws can be used to interact with rough substrates and reorient the direction of forces the animal applies . This is what allows squirrels to climb tree trunks that are so large to be essentially flat from the perspective of such a small animal . However , claws can interfere with an animal 's ability to grasp very small branches , as they may wrap too far around and prick the animal 's own paw . Frictional gripping is used by primates , relying upon hairless fingertips . Squeezing the branch between the fingertips generates frictional force that holds the animal 's hand to the branch . However , this type of grip depends upon the angle of the frictional force , thus upon the diameter of the branch , with larger branches resulting in reduced gripping ability . To control descent , especially down large diameter branches , some arboreal animals such as squirrels have evolved highly mobile ankle joints that permit rotating the foot into a ' reversed ' posture . This allows the claws to hook into the rough surface of the bark , opposing the force of gravity . Small size provides many advantages to arboreal species : such as increasing the relative size of branches to the animal , lower center of mass , increased stability , lower mass ( allowing movement on smaller branches ) and the ability to move through more cluttered habitat . Size relating to weight affects gliding animals such as the sugar glider . Some species of primate , bat and all species of sloth achieve passive stability by hanging beneath the branch . Both pitching and tipping become irrelevant , as the only method of failure would be losing their grip . Aerial ( edit ) Main article : Aerial locomotion Play media Slow - motion and normal speed of Egyptian fruit bats flying Bats are the only mammals that can truly fly . They fly through the air at a constant speed by moving their wings up and down ( usually with some fore - aft movement as well ) . Because the animal is in motion , there is some airflow relative to its body which , combined with the velocity of the wings , generates a faster airflow moving over the wing . This generates a lift force vector pointing forwards and upwards , and a drag force vector pointing rearwards and upwards . The upwards components of these counteract gravity , keeping the body in the air , while the forward component provides thrust to counteract both the drag from the wing and from the body as a whole . The wings of bats are much thinner and consist of more bones than that of birds , allowing bats to maneuver more accurately and fly with more lift and less drag . By folding the wings inwards towards their body on the upstroke , they use 35 % less energy during flight than birds . The membranes are delicate , ripping easily ; however , the tissue of the bat 's membrane is able to regrow , such that small tears can heal quickly . The surface of their wings is equipped with touch - sensitive receptors on small bumps called Merkel cells , also found on human fingertips . These sensitive areas are different in bats , as each bump has a tiny hair in the center , making it even more sensitive and allowing the bat to detect and collect information about the air flowing over its wings , and to fly more efficiently by changing the shape of its wings in response . Fossorial ( edit ) Semi-fossorial wombat ( left ) vs. fully fossorial golden mole ( right ) See also : Fossorial and Burrow Fossorial creatures live in subterranean environments . Many fossorial mammals were classified under the , now obsolete , order Insectivora , such as shrews , hedgehogs and moles . Fossorial mammals have a fusiform body , thickest at the shoulders and tapering off at the tail and nose . Unable to see in the dark burrows , most have degenerated eyes , but degeneration varies between species ; pocket gophers , for example , are only semi-fossorial and have very small yet functional eyes , in the fully fossorial marsupial mole the eyes are degenerated and useless , talpa moles have vestigial eyes and the cape golden mole has a layer of skin covering the eyes . External ears flaps are also very small or absent . Truly fossorial mammals have short , stout legs as strength is more important than speed to a burrowing mammal , but semi-fossorial mammals have cursorial legs . The front paws are broad and have strong claws to help in loosening dirt while excavating burrows , and the back paws have webbing , as well as claws , which aids in throwing loosened dirt backwards . Most have large incisors to prevent dirt from flying into their mouth . Aquatic ( edit ) Main articles : Aquatic locomotion , Marine mammal , and Aquatic mammal Play media A pod of short - beaked common dolphins swimming Fully aquatic mammals , the cetaceans and sirenians , have lost their legs and have a tail fin to propel themselves through the water . Flipper movement is continuous . Whales swim by moving their tail fin and lower body up and down , propelling themselves through vertical movement , while their flippers are mainly used for steering . Their skeletal anatomy allows them to be fast swimmers . Most species have a dorsal fin to prevent themselves from turning upside - down in the water . The flukes of sirenians are raised up and down in long strokes to move the animal forward , and can be twisted to turn . The forelimbs are paddle - like flippers which aid in turning and slowing . Semi-aquatic mammals , like pinnipeds , have two pairs of flippers on the front and back , the fore - flippers and hind - flippers . The elbows and ankles are enclosed within the body . Pinnipeds have several adaptions for reducing drag . In addition to their streamlined bodies , they have smooth networks of muscle bundles in their skin that may increase laminar flow and make it easier for them to slip through water . They also lack arrector pili , so their fur can be streamlined as they swim . They rely on their fore - flippers for locomotion in a wing - like manner similar to penguins and sea turtles . Fore - flipper movement is not continuous , and the animal glides between each stroke . Compared to terrestrial carnivorans , the fore - limbs are reduced in length , which gives the locomotor muscles at the shoulder and elbow joints greater mechanical advantage ; the hind - flippers serve as stabilizers . Other semi-aquatic mammals include beavers , hippopotamuses , otters and platypuses . Hippos are very large semi-aquatic mammals , and their barrel - shaped bodies have graviportal skeletal structures , adapted to carrying their enormous weight , and their specific gravity allows them to sink and move along the bottom of a river . Behavior ( edit ) Communication and vocalization ( edit ) Vervet monkeys use at least four distinct alarm calls for different predators . Further information : Animal communication and Animal echolocation Many mammals communicate by vocalizing . Vocal communication serves many purposes , including in mating rituals , as warning calls , to indicate food sources , and for social purposes . Males often call during mating rituals to ward off other males and to attract females , as in the roaring of lions and red deer . The songs of the humpback whale may be signals to females ; they have different dialects in different regions of the ocean . Social vocalizations include the territorial calls of gibbons , and the use of frequency in greater spear - nosed bats to distinguish between groups . The vervet monkey gives a distinct alarm call for each of at least four different predators , and the reactions of other monkeys vary according to the call . For example , if an alarm call signals a python , the monkeys climb into the trees , whereas the eagle alarm causes monkeys to seek a hiding place on the ground . Prairie dogs similarly have complex calls that signal the type , size , and speed of an approaching predator . Elephants communicate socially with a variety of sounds including snorting , screaming , trumpeting , roaring and rumbling . Some of the rumbling calls are infrasonic , below the hearing range of humans , and can be heard by other elephants up to 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) away at still times near sunrise and sunset . Mammals signal by a variety of means . Many give visual anti-predator signals , as when deer and gazelle stot , honestly indicating their fit condition and their ability to escape , or when white - tailed deer and other prey mammals flag with conspicuous tail markings when alarmed , informing the predator that it has been detected . Many mammals make use of scent - marking , sometimes possibly to help defend territory , but probably with a range of functions both within and between species . Microbats and toothed whales including oceanic dolphins vocalize both socially and in echolocation . Feeding ( edit ) The insectivorous giant anteater eats some 30,000 insects per day . To maintain a high constant body temperature is energy expensive -- mammals therefore need a nutritious and plentiful diet . While the earliest mammals were probably predators , different species have since adapted to meet their dietary requirements in a variety of ways . Some eat other animals -- this is a carnivorous diet ( and includes insectivorous diets ) . Other mammals , called herbivores , eat plants , which contain complex carbohydrates such as cellulose . An herbivorous diet includes subtypes such as granivory ( seed eating ) , folivory ( leaf eating ) , frugivory ( fruit eating ) , nectarivory ( nectar eating ) , gummivory ( gum eating ) and mycophagy ( fungus eating ) . The digestive tract of an herbivore is host to bacteria that ferment these complex substances , and make them available for digestion , which are either housed in the multichambered stomach or in a large cecum . Some mammals are coprophagous , consuming feces to absorb the nutrients not digested when the food was first ingested . An omnivore eats both prey and plants . Carnivorous mammals have a simple digestive tract because the proteins , lipids and minerals found in meat require little in the way of specialized digestion . Exceptions to this include baleen whales who also house gut flora in a multi-chambered stomach , like terrestrial herbivores . The size of an animal is also a factor in determining diet type ( Allen 's rule ) . Since small mammals have a high ratio of heat - losing surface area to heat - generating volume , they tend to have high energy requirements and a high metabolic rate . Mammals that weigh less than about 18 ounces ( 510 g ) are mostly insectivorous because they can not tolerate the slow , complex digestive process of an herbivore . Larger animals , on the other hand , generate more heat and less of this heat is lost . They can therefore tolerate either a slower collection process ( those that prey on larger vertebrates ) or a slower digestive process ( herbivores ) . Furthermore , mammals that weigh more than 18 ounces ( 510 g ) usually can not collect enough insects during their waking hours to sustain themselves . The only large insectivorous mammals are those that feed on huge colonies of insects ( ants or termites ) . The hypocarnivorous American black bear ( Ursus americanus ) vs. the hypercarnivorous polar bear ( Ursus maritimus ) Some mammals are omnivores and display varying degrees of carnivory and herbivory , generally leaning in favor of one more than the other . Since plants and meat are digested differently , there is a preference for one over the other , as in bears where some species may be mostly carnivorous and others mostly herbivorous . They are grouped into three categories : mesocarnivory ( 50 - 70 % meat ) , hypercarnivory ( 70 % and greater of meat ) , and hypocarnivory ( 50 % or less of meat ) . The dentition of hypocarnivores consists of dull , triangular carnassial teeth meant for grinding food . Hypercarnivores , however , have conical teeth and sharp carnassials meant for slashing , and in some cases strong jaws for bone - crushing , as in the case of hyenas , allowing them to consume bones ; some extinct groups , notably the Machairodontinae , had saber - shaped canines . Some physiological carnivores consume plant matter and some physiological herbivores consuming meat . From a behavioral aspect , this would make them omnivores , but from the physiological standpoint , this may be due to zoopharmacognosy . Physiologically , animals must be able to obtain both energy and nutrients from plant and animal materials to be considered omnivorous . Thus , such animals are still able to be classified as carnivores and herbivores when they are just obtaining nutrients from materials originating from sources that do not seemingly complement their classification . For example , it is well documented that some ungulates . such as giraffes , camels , and cattle , will gnaw on bones to consume particular minerals and nutrients . Also , cats , which are generally regarded as obligate carnivores , occasionally eat grass to regurgitate indigestible material ( such as hairballs ) , aid with hemoglobin production , and as a laxative . Many mammals , in the absence of sufficient food requirements in an environment , suppress their metabolism and conserve energy in a process known as hibernation . In the period preceding hibernation , larger mammals , such as bears , become polyphagic to increase fat stores , whereas smaller mammals prefer to collect and stash food . The slowing of the metabolism is accompanied by a decreased heart and respiratory rate , as well as a drop in internal temperatures , which can be around ambient temperature in some cases . For example , the internal temperatures of hibernating arctic ground squirrels can drop to − 2.9 ° C ( 26.8 ° F ) , however the head and neck always stay above 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) . A few mammals in hot environments aestivate in times of drought or extreme heat , namely the fat - tailed dwarf lemur ( Cheirogaleus medius ) . Intelligence ( edit ) See also : Animal cognition In intelligent mammals , such as primates , the cerebrum is larger relative to the rest of the brain . Intelligence itself is not easy to define , but indications of intelligence include the ability to learn , matched with behavioral flexibility . Rats , for example , are considered to be highly intelligent , as they can learn and perform new tasks , an ability that may be important when they first colonize a fresh habitat . In some mammals , food gathering appears to be related to intelligence : a deer feeding on plants has a brain smaller than a cat , which must think to outwit its prey . A bonobo fishing for termites with a stick Tool use by animals may indicate different levels of learning and cognition . The sea otter uses rocks as essential and regular parts of its foraging behaviour ( smashing abalone from rocks or breaking open shells ) , with some populations spending 21 % of their time making tools . Other tool use , such as chimpanzees using twigs to `` fish '' for termites , may be developed by watching others use tools and may even be a true example of animal teaching . Tools may even be used in solving puzzles in which the animal appears to experience a `` Eureka moment '' . Other mammals that do not use tools , such as dogs , can also experience a Eureka moment . Brain size was previously considered a major indicator of the intelligence of an animal . Since most of the brain is used for maintaining bodily functions , greater ratios of brain to body mass may increase the amount of brain mass available for more complex cognitive tasks . Allometric analysis indicates that mammalian brain size scales at approximately the 2⁄3 or 3⁄4 exponent of the body mass . Comparison of a particular animal 's brain size with the expected brain size based on such allometric analysis provides an encephalisation quotient that can be used as another indication of animal intelligence . Sperm whales have the largest brain mass of any animal on earth , averaging 8,000 cubic centimetres ( 490 in ) and 7.8 kilograms ( 17 lb ) in mature males . Self - awareness appears to be a sign of abstract thinking . Self - awareness , although not well - defined , is believed to be a precursor to more advanced processes such as metacognitive reasoning . The traditional method for measuring this is the mirror test , which determines if an animal possesses the ability of self - recognition . Mammals that have ' passed ' the mirror test include Asian elephants ( some pass , some do not ) ; chimpanzees ; bonobos ; orangutans ; humans , from 18 months ( mirror stage ) ; bottlenose dolphins killer whales ; and false killer whales . Social structure ( edit ) Main article : Social animal Female elephants live in stable groups , along with their offspring . Eusociality is the highest level of social organization . These societies have an overlap of adult generations , the division of reproductive labor and cooperative caring of young . Usually insects , such as bees , ants and termites , have eusocial behavior , but it is demonstrated in two rodent species : the naked mole - rat and the Damaraland mole - rat . Presociality is when animals exhibit more than just sexual interactions with members of the same species , but fall short of qualifying as eusocial . That is , presocial animals can display communal living , cooperative care of young , or primitive division of reproductive labor , but they do not display all of the three essential traits of eusocial animals . Humans and some species of Callitrichidae ( marmosets and tamarins ) are unique among primates in their degree of cooperative care of young . Harry Harlow set up an experiment with rhesus monkeys , presocial primates , in 1958 ; the results from this study showed that social encounters are necessary in order for the young monkeys to develop both mentally and sexually . A fission - fusion society is a society that changes frequently in its size and composition , making up a permanent social group called the `` parent group '' . Permanent social networks consist of all individual members of a community and often varies to track changes in their environment . In a fission -- fusion society , the main parent group can fracture ( fission ) into smaller stable subgroups or individuals to adapt to environmental or social circumstances . For example , a number of males may break off from the main group in order to hunt or forage for food during the day , but at night they may return to join ( fusion ) the primary group to share food and partake in other activities . Many mammals exhibit this , such as primates ( for example orangutans and spider monkeys ) , elephants , spotted hyenas , lions , and dolphins . Solitary animals defend a territory and avoid social interactions with the members of its species , except during breeding season . This is to avoid resource competition , as two individuals of the same species would occupy the same niche , and to prevent depletion of food . A solitary animal , while foraging , can also be less conspicuous to predators or prey . Red kangaroos `` boxing '' for dominance In a hierarchy , individuals are either dominant or submissive . A despotic hierarchy is where one individual is dominant while the others are submissive , as in wolves and lemurs , and a pecking order is a linear ranking of individuals where there is a top individual and a bottom individual . Pecking orders may also be ranked by sex , where the lowest individual of a sex has a higher ranking than the top individual of the other sex , as in hyenas . Dominant individuals , or alphas , have a high chance of reproductive success , especially in harems where one or a few males ( resident males ) have exclusive breeding rights to females in a group . Non-resident males can also be accepted in harems , but some species , such as the common vampire bat ( Desmodus rotundus ) , may be more strict . Some mammals are perfectly monogamous , meaning that they mate for life and take no other partners ( even after the original mate 's death ) , as with wolves , Eurasian beavers , and otters . There are three types of polygamy : either one or multiple dominant males have breeding rights ( polygyny ) , multiple males that females mate with ( polyandry ) , or multiple males have exclusive relations with multiple females ( polygynandry ) . It is much more common for polygynous mating to happen , which , excluding leks , are estimated to occur in up to 90 % of mammals . Lek mating occurs in harems , wherein one or a few males protect their harem of females from other males who would otherwise mate with the females , as in elephant seals ; or males congregate around females and try to attract them with various courtship displays and vocalizations , as in harbor seals . All higher mammals ( excluding monotremes ) share two major adaptations for care of the young : live birth and lactation . These imply a group - wide choice of a degree of parental care . They may build nests and dig burrows to raise their young in , or feed and guard them often for a prolonged period of time . Many mammals are K - selectors , and invest more time and energy into their young than do r - selectors . When two animals mate , they both share an interest in the success of the offspring , though often to different extremes . Mammalian females , both r - and K - selectors , exhibit some degree of maternal aggression , another example of parental care , which may be targeted against other females of the species or the young of other females ; however , some mammals may `` aunt '' the infants of other females , and care for them . Mammalian males may play a role in child rearing , as with tenrecs , however this varies species to species , even within the same genus . For example , the males of the southern pig - tailed macaque ( Macaca nemestrina ) do not participate in child care , whereas the males of the Japanese macaque ( M. fuscata ) do . Humans and other mammals ( edit ) Main article : Mammals in culture In human culture ( edit ) Upper Paleolithic cave painting of a variety of large mammals , Lascaux , c. 17,300 years old Non-human mammals play a wide variety of roles in human culture . They are the most popular of pets , with tens of millions of dogs , cats and other animals including rabbits and mice kept by families around the world . Mammals such as mammoths , horses and deer are among the earliest subjects of art , being found in Upper Paleolithic cave paintings such as at Lascaux . Major artists such as Albrecht Dürer , George Stubbs and Edwin Landseer are known for their portraits of mammals . Many species of mammals have been hunted for sport and for food ; deer and wild boar are especially popular as game animals . Mammals such as horses and dogs are widely raced for sport , often combined with betting on the outcome . There is a tension between the role of animals as companions to humans , and their existence as individuals with rights of their own . Mammals further play a wide variety of roles in literature , film , mythology , and religion . Uses and importance ( edit ) Cattle have been kept for milk for thousands of years . See also : Livestock , Laboratory animal , and Pack animal Domestic mammals form a large part of the livestock raised for meat across the world . They include ( 2011 ) around 1.4 billion cattle , 1.2 billion sheep , 1 billion domestic pigs , and ( 1985 ) over 700 million rabbits . Working domestic animals including cattle and horses have been used for work and transport from the origins of agriculture , their numbers declining with the arrival of mechanised transport and agricultural machinery . In 2004 they still provided some 80 % of the power for the mainly small farms in the third world , and some 20 % of the world 's transport , again mainly in rural areas . In mountainous regions unsuitable for wheeled vehicles , pack animals continue to transport goods . Mammal skins provide leather for shoes , clothing and upholstery . Wool from mammals including sheep , goats and alpacas has been used for centuries for clothing . Mammals serve a major role in science as experimental animals , both in fundamental biological research , such as in genetics , and in the development of new medicines , which must be tested exhaustively to demonstrate their safety . Millions of mammals , especially mice and rats , are used in experiments each year . A knockout mouse is a genetically modified mouse with an inactivated gene , replaced or disrupted with an artificial piece of DNA . They enable the study of sequenced genes whose functions are unknown . A small percentage of the mammals are non-human primates , used in research for their similarity to humans . Charles Darwin , Jared Diamond and others have noted the importance of domesticated mammals in the Neolithic development of agriculture and of civilization , causing farmers to replace hunter - gatherers around the world . This transition from hunting and gathering to herding flocks and growing crops was a major step in human history . The new agricultural economies , based on domesticated mammals , caused `` radical restructuring of human societies , worldwide alterations in biodiversity , and significant changes in the Earth 's landforms and its atmosphere ... momentous outcomes '' . Hybrids ( edit ) Main article : Hybrid ( biology ) A true quagga , 1870 ( left ) vs. a bred - back quagga , 2014 ( right ) Hybrids are offspring resulting from the breeding of two genetically distinct individuals , which usually will result in a high degree of heterozygosity , though hybrid and heterozygous are not synonymous . The deliberate or accidental hybridizing of two or more species of closely related animals through captive breeding is a human activity which has been in existence for millennia and has grown for economic purposes . Hybrids between different subspecies within a species ( such as between the Bengal tiger and Siberian tiger ) are known as intra-specific hybrids . Hybrids between different species within the same genus ( such as between lions and tigers ) are known as interspecific hybrids or crosses . Hybrids between different genera ( such as between sheep and goats ) are known as intergeneric hybrids . Natural hybrids will occur in hybrid zones , where two populations of species within the same genera or species living in the same or adjacent areas will interbreed with each other . Some hybrids have been recognized as species , such as the red wolf ( though this is controversial ) . Artificial selection , the deliberate selective breeding of domestic animals , is being used to breed back recently extinct animals in an attempt to achieve an animal breed with a phenotype that resembles that extinct wildtype ancestor . A breeding - back ( intraspecific ) hybrid may be very similar to the extinct wildtype in appearance , ecological niche and to some extent genetics , but the initial gene pool of that wild type is lost forever with its extinction . As a result , bred - back breeds are at best vague look - alikes of extinct wildtypes , as Heck cattle are of the aurochs . Purebred wild species evolved to a specific ecology can be threatened with extinction through the process of genetic pollution , the uncontrolled hybridization , introgression genetic swamping which leads to homogenization or out - competition from the heterosic hybrid species . When new populations are imported or selectively bred by people , or when habitat modification brings previously isolated species into contact , extinction in some species , especially rare varieties , is possible . Interbreeding can swamp the rarer gene pool and create hybrids , depleting the purebred gene pool . For example , the endangered wild water buffalo is most threatened with extinction by genetic pollution from the domestic water buffalo . Such extinctions are not always apparent from a morphological standpoint . Some degree of gene flow is a normal evolutionary process , nevertheless , hybridization threatens the existence of rare species . Threats ( edit ) See also : Holocene extinction Chart showing the biodiversity of large mammal species per continent before and after humans arrived there The loss of species from ecological communities , defaunation , is primarily driven by human activity . This has resulted in empty forests , ecological communities depleted of large vertebrates . In the Quaternary extinction event , the mass die - off of megafaunal variety coincided with the appearance of humans , suggesting a human influence . One hypothesis is that humans hunted large mammals , such as the woolly mammoth , into extinction . Various species are predicted to become extinct in the near future , among them the rhinoceros , primates , pangolins , and giraffes . Hunting alone threatens hundreds of mammalian species around the world . Scientists claim that the growing demand for meat is contributing to biodiversity loss as this is a significant driver of deforestation and habitat destruction ; species - rich habitats , such as significant portions of the Amazon rainforest , are being converted to agricultural land for meat production . According to the World Wildlife Fund 's 2016 Living Planet Index , global wildlife populations have declined 58 % since 1970 , primarily due to habitat destruction , over-hunting and pollution . They project that if current trends continue , 67 % of wildlife could disappear by 2020 . Another influence is over-hunting and poaching , which can reduce the overall population of game animals , especially those located near villages , as in the case of peccaries . The effects of poaching can especially be seen in the ivory trade with African elephants . Marine mammals are at risk from entanglement from fishing gear , notably cetaceans , with discard mortalities ranging from 65,000 to 86,000 individuals annually . Several courses of actions are being taken globally , notably the Convention on Biological Diversity , otherwise known as the Rio Accord , which includes 189 signatory countries that are focused on identifying endangered species and habitats . Another notable conservation organization is the IUCN , which has a membership of over 1,200 governmental and non-governmental organizations . Recent extinctions can be directly attributable to human influences . The IUCN characterizes ' recent ' extinction as those that have occurred past the cut - off point of 1500 , and around 80 mammal species have gone extinct since that time and 2015 . Some species , such as the Père David 's deer are extinct in the wild , and survive solely in captive populations . Other species , such as the Florida panther , are ecologically extinct , surviving in such low numbers that they essentially have no impact on the ecosystem . Other populations are only locally extinct ( extirpated ) , still existing elsewhere , but reduced in distribution , as with the extinction of gray whales in the Atlantic . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Decreased latency to approach the mirror , repetitious head circling and close viewing of the marked areas were considered signs of self - recognition since they do not have arms and can not touch the marked areas . Jump up ^ Diamond discussed this matter further in his 1997 book Guns , Germs , and Steel . 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The use of non-human primates in research ( PDF ) ( Report ) . London , UK : Academy of Medical Sciences . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 03 - 23 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Diamond , J.M. ( 1997 ) . `` Part 2 : The rise and spread of food production '' . Guns , Germs , and Steel : the Fates of Human Societies ( 1 ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 03891 - 0 . OCLC 35792200 . Jump up ^ Larson , Greger ; Burger , Joachim ( April 2013 ) . `` A population genetics view of animal domestication '' ( PDF ) . Trends in Genetics . 29 ( 4 ) : 197 -- 205 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tig. 2013.01. 003 . Jump up ^ Zeder , Melinda A. ( August 2008 ) . `` Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin : Origins , diffusion , and impact '' . PNAS. 105 ( 33 ) : 11597 -- 11604 . PMC 2575338 . PMID 18697943 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0801317105 . Jump up ^ Price , E. ( 2008 ) . Principles and applications of domestic animal behavior : an introductory text . Sacramento : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84593 - 398 - 2 . OCLC 226038028 . Jump up ^ Taupitz , Jochen ; Weschka , Marion ( 2009 ) . CHIMBRIDS - Chimeras and Hybrids in Comparative European and International Research . Heidelberg : Springer . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 93869 - 9 . OCLC 495479133 . Jump up ^ Chambers , Steven M. ; Fain , Steven R. ; Fazio , Bud ; Amaral , Michael ( 2012 ) . `` An account of the taxonomy of North American wolves from morphological and genetic analyses '' . North American Fauna. 77 : 2 . doi : 10.3996 / nafa. 77.0001 . Jump up ^ van Vuure , T. ( 2005 ) . Retracing the Aurochs -- History , Morphology and Ecology of an extinct wild Ox . Pensoft Publishers . ISBN 978 - 954 - 642 - 235 - 4 . OCLC 940879282 . Jump up ^ Mooney , H.A. ; Cleland , E.E. ( 2001 ) . `` The evolutionary impact of invasive species '' . PNAS. 98 ( 10 ) : 5446 -- 5451 . Bibcode : 2001PNAS ... 98.5446 M. PMC 33232 . PMID 11344292 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 091093398 . Jump up ^ Le Roux , Johannes J. ; Foxcroft , Llewellyn C. ; Herbst , Marna ; MacFadyen , Sandra ( 2014 ) . `` Genetic analysis shows low levels of hybridization between African wildcats ( Felis silvestris lybica ) and domestic cats ( F. s . catus ) in South Africa '' . Ecology and Evolution. 5 ( 2 ) : 288 -- 299 . PMC 4314262 . PMID 25691958 . doi : 10.1002 / ece3. 1275 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Andrew ( 2003 ) . `` Australia 's state of the forests report '' . p. 107 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Rhymer , J.M. ; Simberloff , D. ( November 1996 ) . `` Extinction by Hybridization and Introgression '' . Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics . Annual Reviews . 27 : 83 -- 109 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ecolsys. 27.1. 83 . Jump up ^ Potts , Brad M. ( 2001 ) . Barbour , Robert C. ; Hingston , Andrew B. , eds . Genetic pollution from farm forestry using eucalypt species and hybrids : a report for the RIRDC / L&WA / FWPRDC Joint Venture Agroforestry Program . Rural Industrial Research and Development Corporation of Australia . ISBN 978 - 0 - 642 - 58336 - 9 . OCLC 48794104 . ^ Jump up to : Dirzo , Rodolfo ; Young , Hillary S. ; Galetti , Mauro ; Ceballos , Gerardo ; Isaac , Nick J.B. ; Collen , Ben ( 2014 ) . `` Defaunation in the Anthropocene '' ( PDF ) . Science . 345 ( 6195 ) : 401 -- 406 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1251817 . Jump up ^ Primack , Richard ( 2014 ) . Essentials of Conservation Biology ( 6 ed . ) . Sunderland , MA : Sinauer Associates , Inc . Publishers . pp. 217 -- 245 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 605 - 35289 - 3 . OCLC 876140621 . Jump up ^ Vignieri , Sacha ( 2014 ) . `` Vanishing fauna '' . Science . 345 ( 6195 ) : 392 -- 395 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 345.6195. 392 . Jump up ^ Burney , David A. ; Flannery , Timothy F. ( 2005 ) . `` Fifty millennia of catastrophic extinctions after human contact '' ( PDF ) . Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 20 ( 7 ) : 395 -- 401 . PMID 16701402 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tree. 2005.04. 022 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 10 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Diamond , J. ( 1984 ) . `` Historic extinctions : a Rosetta stone for understanding prehistoric extinctions '' . In Martin , P.S. ; Klein , R.G. Quaternary extinctions : A prehistoric revolution . Tucson : University of Arizona Press . pp. 824 -- 862 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8165 - 1100 - 6 . OCLC 10301944 . Jump up ^ 7 Iconic Animals Humans Are Driving to Extinction . Live Science . November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Poachers Drive Javan Rhino to Extinction in Vietnam by John R. Platt October 25 , 2011 Scientific American Jump up ^ Estrada , Alejandro ; Garber , Paul A. ; Rylands , Anthony B. ; Roos , Christian ; Fernandez - Duque , Eduardo ; Di Fiore , Anthony ; Anne - Isola Nekaris , K. ; Nijman , Vincent ; Heymann , Eckhard W. ; Lambert , Joanna E. ; Rovero , Francesco ; Barelli , Claudia ; Setchell , Joanna M. ; Gillespie , Thomas R. ; Mittermeier , Russell A. ; Arregoitia , Luis Verde ; de Guinea , Miguel ; Gouveia , Sidney ; Dobrovolski , Ricardo ; Shanee , Sam ; Shanee , Noga ; Boyle , Sarah A. ; Fuentes , Agustin ; MacKinnon , Katherine C. ; Amato , Katherine R. ; Meyer , Andreas L.S. ; Wich , Serge ; Sussman , Robert W. ; Pan , Ruliang ; Kone , Inza ; Li , Baoguo ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Impending extinction crisis of the world 's primates : Why primates matter '' . Science Advances. 3 ( 1 ) : e1600946 . PMC 5242557 . doi : 10.1126 / sciadv. 1600946 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Martin ( January 31 , 2015 ) . `` Pangolins : why this cute prehistoric mammal is facing extinction '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Carrington , Damian ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Giraffes facing extinction after devastating decline , experts warn '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Pennisi , Elizabeth ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` People are hunting primates , bats , and other mammals to extinction '' . Science . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Ripple , William J. ; Abernethy , Katharine ; Betts , Matthew G. ; Chapron , Guillaume ; Dirzo , Rodolfo ; Galetti , Mauro ; Levi , Taal ; Lindsey , Peter A. ; Macdonald , David W. ; Machovina , Brian ; Newsome , Thomas M. ; Peres , Carlos A. ; Wallach , Arian D. ; Wolf , Christopher ; Young , Hillary ( 2016 ) . `` Bushmeat hunting and extinction risk to the world 's mammals '' . Royal Society Open Science . 3 : 1 -- 16 . doi : 10.1098 / rsos. 160498 . hdl : 1893 / 24446 . Jump up ^ Williams , Mark ; Zalasiewicz , Jan ; Haff , P.K. ; Schwägerl , Christian ; Barnosky , Anthony D. ; Ellis , Erle C. ( 2015 ) . `` The Anthropocene Biosphere '' . The Anthropocene Review . 2 ( 3 ) : 196 -- 219 . doi : 10.1177 / 2053019615591020 . Jump up ^ Morell , Virginia ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Meat - eaters may speed worldwide species extinction , study warns '' . Science . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Machovina , B. ; Feeley , K.J. ; Ripple , W.J. ( 2015 ) . `` Biodiversity conservation : The key is reducing meat consumption '' . Science of The Total Environment. 536 : 419 -- 431 . PMID 26231772 . doi : 10.1016 / j. scitotenv. 2015.07. 022 . Jump up ^ `` World on track to lose two - thirds of wild animals by 2020 , major report warns '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Report 2016 : risk and resilience in a new era ( Report ) . Living Planet . World Wildlife Fund . pp. 1 -- 148 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 940529 - 40 - 7 . OCLC 961331618 . Jump up ^ Redford , K.H. ( 1992 ) . `` The empty forest '' ( PDF ) . BioScience. 42 ( 6 ) : 412 -- 422 . JSTOR 1311860 . doi : 10.2307 / 1311860 . Jump up ^ Peres , Carlos A. ; Nascimento , Hilton S. ( 2006 ) . `` Impact of Game Hunting by the Kayapo _́ of South - eastern Amazonia : Implications for Wildlife Conservation in Tropical Forest Indigenous Reserves '' . Human Exploitation and Biodiversity Conservation . Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation. 3 . pp. 287 -- 313 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 5283 - 5 . OCLC 207259298 . Jump up ^ Altrichter , M. ; Boaglio , G. ( 2004 ) . `` Distribution and Relative Abundance of Peccaries in the Argentine Chaco : Associations with Human Factors '' . Biological Conservation. 116 ( 2 ) : 217 -- 225 . doi : 10.1016 / S0006 - 3207 ( 03 ) 00192 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` African Elephant '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Alverson , D.L. ; Freeburg , M.H. ; Murawski , S.A. ; Pope , J.G. ( 1996 ) ( 1994 ) . `` Bycatch of Marine Mammals '' . A global assessment of fisheries bycatch and discards . Rome : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . ISBN 978 - 92 - 5 - 103555 - 9 . OCLC 31424005 . Jump up ^ Glowka , Lyle ; Burhenne - Guilmin , Françoise ; Synge , Hugh ; McNeely , Jeffrey A. ; Gündling , Lothar ( 1994 ) . IUCN environmental policy and law paper . Guide to the Convention on Biodiversity . International Union for Conservation of Nature . ISBN 978 - 2 - 8317 - 0222 - 3 . OCLC 32201845 . Jump up ^ `` About IUCN '' . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceballos , Gerardo ; Ehrlich , Paul R. ; Barnosky , Anthony D. ; García , Andrés ; Pringle , Robert M. ; Palmer , Todd M. ( 2015 ) . `` Accelerated modern human -- induced species losses : Entering the sixth mass extinction '' . Science Advances. 1 ( 5 ) : e1400253 . doi : 10.1126 / sciadv. 1400253 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Diana O. ; Blomberg , Simon P. ( 2011 ) . `` Correlates of rediscovery and the detectability of extinction in mammals '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 278 ( 1708 ) : 1090 -- 1097 . PMC 3049027 . PMID 20880890 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2010.1579 . Jump up ^ Ceballos , G. ; Ehrlich , A.H. ; Ehrlich , P.R. ( 2015 ) . The Annihilation of Nature : Human Extinction of Birds and Mammals . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 69 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4214 - 1718 - 9 . Jump up ^ Zhigang , J ; Harris , RB ( 2008 ) . `` Elaphurus davidianus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2008 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : McKinney , Michael L. ; Schoch , Robert ; Yonavjak , Logan ( 2013 ) . `` Conserving Biological Resources '' . Environmental Science : Systems and Solutions ( 5 ed . ) . Jones & Bartlett Learning . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4496 - 6139 - 7 . OCLC 777948078 . Jump up ^ Perrin , William F. ; Würsig , Bernd G. ; Thewissen , J.G.M. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of marine mammals . Academic Press . p. 404 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 373553 - 9 . OCLC 455328678 . Further reading ( edit ) Brown W.M. ( 2001 ) . `` Natural selection of mammalian brain components '' . Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 16 ( 9 ) : 471 -- 473 . doi : 10.1016 / S0169 - 5347 ( 01 ) 02246 - 7 . Jaffa , Khalaf - von ; Taher , Norman Ali Bassam Ali ( 2006 ) . `` Mammalia Palaestina : The Mammals of Palestine '' . The Palestinian Biological Bulletin ( 55 ) : 1 -- 46 . McKenna , Malcolm C. ; Bell , Susan K. ( 1997 ) . Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 11013 - 6 . OCLC 37345734 . Nowak , Ronald M. ( 1999 ) . Walker 's mammals of the world ( 6 ed . ) . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 5789 - 8 . OCLC 937619124 . Simpson , George Gaylord ( 1945 ) . `` The principles of classification and a classification of mammals '' . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History . 85 : 1 -- 350 . Murphy , William J. ; Eizirik , Eduardo ; O'Brien , Stephen J. ; Madsen , Ole ; Scally , Mark ; Douady , Christophe J. ; Teeling , Emma ; Ryder , Oliver A. ; Stanhope , Michael J. ; de Jong , Wilfried W. ; Springer , Mark S. ( 2001 ) . `` Resolution of the Early Placental Mammal Radiation Using Bayesian Phylogenetics '' . Science . 294 ( 5550 ) : 2348 -- 2351 . PMID 11743200 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1067179 . Springer , Mark S. ; Stanhope , Michael J. ; Madsen , Ole ; de Jong , Wilfried W. ( 2004 ) . `` Molecules consolidate the placental mammal tree '' ( PDF ) . Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 19 ( 8 ) : 430 -- 438 . PMID 16701301 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tree. 2004.05. 006 . Vaughan , Terry A. ; Ryan , James M. ; Capzaplewski , Nicholas J. ( 2000 ) . Mammalogy ( 4 ed . ) . Fort Worth , Texas : Saunders College Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 03 - 025034 - 7 . OCLC 42285340 . Ole Kriegs , Jan ; Churakov , Gennady ; Kiefmann , Martin ; Jordan , Ursula ; Brosius , Juergen ; Schmitz , Juergen ( 2006 ) . `` Retroposed Elements as Archives for the Evolutionary History of Placental Mammals '' . PLoS Biol. 4 ( 4 ) : e91 . PMC 1395351 . PMID 16515367 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 0040091 . MacDonald , David W. ; Norris , Sasha ( 2006 ) . The Encyclopedia of Mammals ( 3 ed . ) . London : Brown Reference Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 681 - 45659 - 4 . OCLC 74900519 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutMammalat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Taxonomy from Wikispecies BBC Wildlife Finder -- video clips from the BBC 's natural history archive Biodiversitymapping.org -- All mammal orders in the world with distribution maps Paleocene Mammals , a site covering the rise of the mammals , paleocene-mammals.de Evolution of Mammals , a brief introduction to early mammals , enchantedlearning.com Mammal Species , collection of information sheets about various mammal species , learnanimals.com European Mammal Atlas EMMA from Societas Europaea Mammalogica , European-mammals.org Marine Mammals of the World -- An overview of all marine mammals , including descriptions , both fully aquatic and semi-aquatic , noaa.gov Mammalogy.org The American Society of Mammalogists was established in 1919 for the purpose of promoting the study of mammals , and this website includes a mammal image library <Th_colspan="2"> Extant classes of phylum Chordata <Td_colspan="2"> Kingdom Animalia ( unranked ) Bilateria Superphylum Deuterostomia <Td_colspan="2"> Cephalochordata Leptocardii ( lancelets ) O l f o r s Urochordata ( tunicates ) Ascidiacea ( sea squirts ) Appendicularia ( larvaceans ) Thaliacea ( pyrosomes , salps , doliolids ) Craniata ( Vertebrates + Myxini ) ( fish + Tetrapods ) Agnatha ( jawless fish ) Cyclostomata Myxini ( hagfish ) Hyperoartia ( lampreys ) Gnathostomata ( jawed vertebrates ) <Td_colspan="2"> Chondrichthyes ( cartilaginous fish : sharks , rays , chimaeras ) Osteichthyes ( bony fish ) <Td_colspan="2"> Actinopterygii ( ray - finned fish ) Sarcopterygii ( lobe - finned fish ) <Td_colspan="2"> Actinistia ( coelacanths ) 1 h i p i d i s i <Td_colspan="2"> Dipnoi ( lungfish ) 1 r p o d <Td_colspan="2"> Amphibia ( amphibians ) m n i o Synapsida Mammalia ( mammals ) Sauropsida ( withal Diapsida ) Lepidosauria Rhynchocephalia ( tuatara ) 2 Squamata ( scaled reptiles ) 2 Archelosauria Testudines ( turtles ) 2 3 Archosauria Crocodilia ( crocodilians ) 2 Aves ( birds ) <Td_colspan="2"> 1subclasses of Sarcopterygii 2orders of class Reptilia ( reptiles ) 3traditionally placed in Anapsida italic are paraphyletic groups <Th_colspan="2"> Extant mammal orders by subclass <Td_colspan="2"> Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata ( unranked ) Amniota Yinotheria Australosphenida Monotremata ( Platypus and echidnas ) Theria Metatheria ( Marsupial inclusive ) Ameridelphia Paucituberculata ( Shrew opossums ) Didelphimorphia ( Opossums ) Australidelphia Microbiotheria ( Monito del monte ) Notoryctemorphia ( Marsupial moles ) Dasyuromorphia ( Quolls and dunnarts ) Peramelemorphia ( Bilbies and bandicoots ) Diprotodontia ( Kangaroos and relatives ) Eutheria ( Placental inclusive ) Atlantogenata Xenarthra Cingulata ( Armadillos ) Pilosa ( Anteaters and sloths ) Afrotheria Afrosoricida ( Tenrecs and golden moles ) Macroscelidea ( Elephant shrews ) Tubulidentata ( Aardvark ) Hyracoidea ( Hyraxes ) Proboscidea ( Elephants ) Sirenia ( Dugongs and manatees ) Boreoeutheria Laurasiatheria Eulipotyphla ( Hedgehogs , shrews , moles and relatives ) Chiroptera ( Bats ) Pholidota ( Pangolins ) Carnivora ( Dogs , cats and relatives ) Perissodactyla ( Odd - toed ungulates ) Artiodactyla ( Even - toed ungulates and cetaceans ) Euarchontoglires Rodentia ( Rodents ) Lagomorpha ( Rabbits and pikas ) Scandentia ( Treeshrews ) Dermoptera ( Colugos ) Primates <Th_colspan="2"> Major groups of therapsids <Td_colspan="2"> Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Synapsida Order : Therapsida Basal therapsids Reiszia Raranimus ? Tetraceratops ? Nikkasaurus Biarmosuchia Eutherapsida <Td_colspan="2"> Phthinosuchia Dinocephalia Anteosauria Tapinocephalia Neotherapsida Anomodontia Dicynodontia Theriodontia Gorgonopsia Gorgonopsidae Eutheriodontia Therocephalia Eutherocephalia Cynodontia Mammalia Related categories Synapsids Therapsids Mammals portal Taxon identifiers Wd : Q7377 EoL : 1642 Fossilworks : 36651 GBIF : 359 ITIS : 179913 NCBI : 40674 WoRMS : 1837 ZooBank : D50D0066 - A37D - 4795 - B5F8 - 3DDA029A4956 GND : 4051253 - 8 BNF : cb119324095 ( data ) NDL : 00563410 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mammal&oldid=807704867 '' Categories : Mammals Therapsids Synapsids Bathonian first appearances Extant Middle Jurassic first appearances Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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1. Mammal classification
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list of most populous cities in pakistan 2017
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List of most populous cities in Pakistan - wikipedia List of most populous cities in Pakistan Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of the most populous cities of Pakistan according to the 2017 census . Cities include adjacent cantonments . Karachi skyline Lahore Faisalabad Rank City Population ( 2017 census ) Province Karachi 14,910,352 Sindh Lahore 11,126,285 Punjab Faisalabad 3,203,846 Punjab Rawalpindi 2,098,231 Punjab Gujranwala 2,027,001 Punjab 6 Peshawar 1,970,042 Khyber - Pakhtunkhwa 7 Multan 1,871,843 Punjab 8 Hyderabad 1,732,693 Sindh 9 Islamabad 1,014,825 Islamabad Capital Territory 10 Quetta 1,001,205 Balochistan 11 Bahawalpur 710,001 Punjab 12 Sargodha 690,005 Punjab 13 Sialkot 676,098 Punjab 14 Sukkur 523,100 Sindh 15 Jhang 495,186 Punjab 16 Larkana 486,208 Sindh 17 Dera Ghazi Khan 456,000 Punjab 18 Shekhupura 420,200 Punjab 19 Kasur 403,245 Punjab 20 Rahim Yar Khan 391,030 Punjab 21 Gujrat 367,899 Punjab 22 Mardan 366,260 Khyber - Pakhtunkhwa 23 Sahiwal 358,440 Punjab 24 Okara 326,801 Punjab 25 Wah Cantonment 320,797 Punjab 26 Mingora 174,469 Khyber - Pakhtunkhwa 27 Mirpur Khas 184,465 Sindh 28 Chiniot 169,282 Punjab 29 Nawabshah 183,110 Sindh 30 Kāmoke 150,984 Punjab 31 Burewala 149,857 Punjab 32 Jhelum 145,847 Punjab 33 Sadiqabad 141,509 Punjab 34 Khanewal 132,962 Punjab 35 Hafizabad 130,216 Punjab 36 Kohat 125,271 Khyber - Pakhtunkhwa 37 Jacobabad 137,733 Sindh 38 Shikarpur 133,259 Sindh 39 Muzaffargarh 121,641 Punjab 40 Khanpur 117,764 Punjab 41 Gojra 114,967 Punjab 42 Bahawalnagar 109,642 Punjab 43 Abbottabad 105,999 Khyber - Pakhtunkhwa 44 Muridke 108,578 Punjab 45 Pakpattan 107,791 Punjab 46 Khuzdar 93,060 Balochistan 47 Jaranwala 103,308 Punjab 48 Chishtian 101,659 Punjab 49 Daska 101,500 Punjab 50 Bhalwal 102,001 Punjab 51 Mandi Bahauddin 97,340 Punjab 52 Ahmadpur East 96,032 Punjab 53 Kamalia 95,291 Punjab 54 Tando Adam 103,363 Sindh 55 Khairpur 102,188 Sindh 56 Dera Ismail Khan 90,357 Khyber - Pakhtunkhwa 57 Vehari 92,334 Punjab 58 Nowshera 89,428 Khyber - Pakhtunkhwa 59 Dadu 98,575 Sindh 60 Wazirabad 89,652 Punjab 61 Khushab 87,294 Punjab 62 Charsada 84,257 Khyber - Pakhtunkhwa 63 Swabi 78,960 Khyber - Pakhtunkhwa 64 Chakwal 80,620 Punjab 65 Mianwali 79,996 Punjab 66 Tando Allahyar 86,056 Sindh 67 Kot Adu 79,054 Punjab 68 Turbat 67,905 Balochistan References Jump up ^ http://www.citypopulation.de/Pakistan-100T.html See also Demography of Pakistan List of cities in Balochistan List of cities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa List of cities in Punjab ( Pakistan ) List of cities of Punjab , Pakistan by area List of cities in Sindh List of most populous metropolitan areas in Pakistan List of metropolitan areas by population <Th_colspan="2"> Major cities in Pakistan Islamabad Capital Territory Islamabad * Punjab Attock Bahawalpur Burewala Chakwal Chiniot Faisalabad Gujar Khan Gujranwala Gujrat Jhang Jhelum Kasur Kharian Lahore * * Mianwali Multan Murree Rahim Yar Khan Rawalpindi Sadiqabad Sahiwal Sargodha Sheikhupura Sialkot Taxila Toba Tek Singh Sindh Badin Hyderabad Jacobabad Karachi * * Khairpur Larkana Mirpurkhas Nawabshah Sukkur Thatta Khyber Pakhtunkhwa & FATA Abbottabad Bannu Battagram Chitral Charsada D.I. Khan Haripur Kohat Mansehra Mardan Nowshera Peshawar * * Swat Swabi Timergara Tank Balochistan Chaman Gwadar Khuzdar Quetta * * Ziarat Azad Kashmir Bagh Bhimber Kotli Mirpur Muzaffarabad * * Rawalakot Gilgit -- Baltistan Gilgit Skardu <Td_colspan="2"> Federal capital Provincial / Territorial capitals Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most_populous_cities_in_Pakistan&oldid=815122148 '' Categories : Demographics of Pakistan Cities of Pakistan Lists of cities by population Lists of cities in Pakistan Lists of superlatives Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk View source About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Latviešu پښتو Simple English Tagalog اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 22 : 08 . About Wikipedia
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1. List of most populous cities in Pakistan
2. 2017 census of Pakistan's most populous cities
3. Karachi, Lahore, and Faisalabad - top three populous cities in Pakistan
4. Population statistics of major cities in Pakistan
5. Provincial distribution of populous cities in Pakistan
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when does shadow of war take place in lord of the rings
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Middle - earth : Shadow of War - Wikipedia Middle - earth : Shadow of War <Th_colspan="2"> Middle - earth : Shadow of War <Td_colspan="2"> Developer ( s ) Monolith Productions Publisher ( s ) Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment Director ( s ) Mike de Plater Producer ( s ) Michael Aigner Programmer ( s ) Matthew Rice Artist ( s ) Phillip Straub Writer ( s ) Tony Elias Composer ( s ) Garry Schyman Nathan Grigg Engine Firebird Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 4 Xbox One Release October 10 , 2017 Genre ( s ) Action role - playing Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer Middle - earth : Shadow of War is an action role - playing video game developed by Monolith Productions and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment . It is the sequel to 2014 's Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor , and was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One on October 10 , 2017 . Shadow of War continues the previous game 's narrative , which is based on J.R.R. Tolkien 's legendarium and set between the events of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings . Like its predecessor , the game also takes heavy inspiration from director Peter Jackson 's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings film adaptations . The player continues the story of the ranger Talion and the spirit of the elf lord Celebrimbor , who shares Talion 's body , as they forge a new Ring of Power to amass an army to fight against Sauron . The game builds upon the `` Nemesis System '' introduced in Shadow of Mordor , allowing Talion to gain followers from several races of Middle - earth , including Uruks and Ologs , and plan out complex strategies using these to complete missions . Shadow of War had a generally positive reaction from critics , albeit more mixed than its predecessor ; praise was aimed towards the gameplay and an improved nemesis system , although story elements and changes made to established characters received some negative reactions , as well as the inclusion of microtransactions and loot boxes . A free - to - play companion game for iOS and Android devices was also released . In July 2018 , Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment removed all microtransactions from the console / PC versions of Shadow of War . Contents 1 Gameplay 1.1 Mobile versions 2 Plot 2.1 Blade of Galadriel 2.2 Desolation of Mordor 3 Development 3.1 Death of Michael Forgey 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Gameplay ( edit ) See also : Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor § Gameplay Middle - earth : Shadow of War is an action role - playing game set in an open world environment and played from a third - person perspective , following from its predecessor . The player controls the game 's protagonist Talion , who has several natural athletic and combat abilities as a ranger of Gondor , but also has unique abilities provided by the spirit of the elf lord Celebrimbor , with whom he shares his body . The player uses their combined abilities to complete various missions , typically aimed to disrupt the armies of Sauron . The game includes main quests that drive the game 's narrative , and numerous optional quests that can help the player boost Talion 's abilities and Followers via the game 's `` Nemesis System '' . In contrast to the previous game , which was more of a hack and slash , the game has an action role - playing approach , creating a more personalized experience for each player . It also features a dynamic weather system as well as day - night cycle which affects the gameplay and enemy behavior . The Nemesis System expands upon its introduction in Shadow of Mordor to apply to a larger part of the world , including other characters called Followers that have behavior guided by how the player - character has interacted with them . The player is able to transfer their top Nemesis and their most loyal follower from Shadow of Mordor into Shadow of War . It also includes a garrison from which the player can access their Followers that has either been obtained from multiplayer , relocated with a reassignment order or through opening ' War chests ' prior to the game 's July update , it also contains loot boxes that players have already obtained , players ' unused loot boxes that have been obtained prior to the removal of the market still remains . The Garrison also contains training orders that are purchaseable with Mirian , it 's in - game currency . `` Spoils of War '' and `` XP '' boosts are still available and can be activated but not obtainable as of the July 17th patch , although , players ' boosts prior to the update are still available . The game 's multiplayer features a `` Social Conquest mode '' , in which players are able to invade other players ' fortresses and attempt to conquer them . This mode has two settings : friendly and ranked . Friendly allows the player to invade someone 's fortress , without the risk of losing your army . Ranked , on the other hand , allows the player to invade , but with a risk of losing some of their Orc Followers permanently . Mobile versions ( edit ) The mobile companion versions of Shadow of War are played as a real - time strategy role - playing game from a top - down perspective , where players can recruit characters from not only the console / PC versions of the game itself , but also characters from its 2014 predecessor Shadow of Mordor and even The Lord of the Rings film trilogy to fight Sauron 's forces in small - scale , action - packed battles . Like the console / PC versions of the game , players can make use of the Nemesis system to gain extra advantages in battle , as well as make optional in - game purchases . Plot ( edit ) Shadow of War continues the narrative from Shadow of Mordor , following Talion who is still infused with the spirit of the elf lord Celebrimbor . Talion and Celebrimbor travel to Mt . Doom , where they forge a new Ring of Power free of Sauron 's corruption . However , once the Ring is complete , Celebrimbor is abducted and held hostage by Shelob , who asks Talion to hand over the Ring in exchange for Celebrimbor . Talion reluctantly agrees and gives the Ring to Shelob , who claims they have a common enemy in Sauron . She uses the Ring to see into the future and directs Talion to the last Gondorian stronghold in Mordor , Minas Ithil , which is under siege by Sauron 's forces due to the city 's possession of a valuable Palantir . The Palantir would allow whoever possesses it to see anything they wish , making it a valuable tool for Celebrimbor and a dangerous weapon for Sauron . Talion travels to Minas Ithil and quickly comes to odds with Celebrimbor . Talion wants to help his fellow Gondorians , while Celebrimbor believes the city is already lost and the retrieval of the Palantir must take priority . Talion reasons that protecting Minas Ithil will also protect the Palantir and he meets up with the city 's defenders : General Castamir , his daughter Idril , and his lieutenant Baranor . Together , they sabotage Orcish efforts to break into the city until Castamir betrays them , allowing the Orcs to breach the gates and handing over the Palantir to the Witch King of Angmar in return for sparing Idril . Castamir is killed by the Witch King and Talion is barely able to escape thanks to the help of Eltariel , an Elven assassin working on Galadriel 's behalf . The Witch King seizes Minas Ithil , renaming it Minas Morgul . With the Palantir , Sauron realizes that Shelob is holding Celebrimbor 's Ring and sends the Nazgûl to attack her . Talion is able to save Shelob , who returns the Ring to him and tells him that the fate of Middle - earth is in his hands . With the Ring back in his possession , Talion begins to use its power to dominate Orcs and build his army . During this time , he assists Idril and Baranor in rescuing Gondorian survivors , helps Carnan defeat the Balrog Tar Goroth and the necromancer Zog , is betrayed by one of his followers , and hunts the Nazgûl alongside Eltariel . Eventually , Talion builds up enough strength to assault Sauron 's fortress directly . During the battle , Talion faces Isildur , now corrupted into a Nazgûl . Talion manages to defeat Isildur , but upon seeing his memories of how he was corrupted by the One Ring , decides to destroy Isildur and release his spirit rather than dominate him . Celebrimbor remarks angrily that Isildur would have been a valuable asset to their cause , leading Talion to realize that Celebrimbor wishes to replace Sauron by dominating him rather than destroying him . Talion refuses to follow Celebrimbor 's orders any more , causing the wraith to abandon him and possess Eltariel instead . Without Celebrimbor or the ring , Talion begins to die , but is visited by Shelob in a vision . Shelob informs him that if Talion had gone on to fight Sauron , they would have succeeded and Celebrimbor would have enslaved Sauron and marched on the rest of Middle - earth . She implores Talion to continue to fight to contain the darkness within Mordor . Deciding to put his fate in his own hands , Talion picks up the Ring of Power Isildur was wearing to preserve his own life . He then uses the power of Isildur 's Ring to assault and seize Minas Morgul , defeating the Witch King in the process . Talion then takes possession of the Palantir and observes Celebrimbor and Eltariel making their assault on Sauron . The two manage to gain the upper hand and Celebrimbor attempts to dominate Sauron , only for Sauron to cut off two of Eltariel 's fingers , one of which is adorned with the Ring of Power , and merge himself with Celebrimbor . As a result , Sauron and Celebrimbor remain trapped in Sauron 's tower in the form of a flaming eye as their spirits continue to battle for dominance . Talion decides to use Minas Morgul as a fortress to keep Sauron 's forces contained in Mordor . Decades later , Talion succumbs to the corruption of Isildur 's Ring , and joins Sauron 's forces as a Nazgûl , where he goes with the others to hunt Frodo and the One Ring . However , with the destruction of Sauron and the One Ring , Talion dies with the rest of the Nazgûl and his spirit is freed . He is last seen in the afterlife discarding his weapons and armor as he walks off into the west . Blade of Galadriel ( edit ) Following the final battle between Celebrimbor and Sauron , Eltariel recovers Celebrimbor 's Ring , and receives orders from Galadriel to continue hunting the remaining Nazgûl , including Talion . Eltariel reluctantly confronts Talion , who manages to convince her that by working together , they can keep Sauron 's influence contained within Mordor . However , he informs her that a new warchief is leading a massive army and has attacked many of his fortresses . Talion tasks Eltariel with defending one of his remaining forts while he goes to defend another fort in Seregost . Eltarial manages to recruit several new tribes of orcs to fight for her and she successfully defends her fort from enemy attack , though Seregost falls . A pair of rogue Nazgûl arrive , revealing they are the ones leading the new orc army as they plan to take advantage of Sauron and the Witch - King 's weakness to take over Middle - earth . After rendering Seregost uninhabitable with poison gas , Eltariel and Talion pursue the Nazgûl twins to their stronghold , where Eltariel is able to defeat both of them . Despite their defeat , Talion begins to succumb to the temptation of Isildur 's Ring , forcing Eltariel to battle him . Though Eltariel is victorious , Talion tells her that he will inevitably be resurrected by Sauron . Afterwards , Eltariel continues to battle the forces of Mordor until she witnesses the destruction of the One Ring . Upon seeing Celebrimbor 's spirit freed from Sauron , Eltariel decides to go track him down . Desolation of Mordor ( edit ) After the fall of Minas Ithil , Baranor journeys through Mordor seeking to hire mercenaries to help him seize the fortress of Shindram . On the way , he is attacked by wyrms and rescued by the dwarf Torvin , who helps develop gadgets for Baranor such as a grappling hook and parachute . Baranor continues to the Vanishing Sons mercenary camp , where he discovers they are led by his older brother Jagai , who now goes by the name of Serka . Serka reluctantly agrees to help Baranor take Shindram in return for all of the loot stored inside . However , another mercenary , Zhoja , betrays Serka and hands him over to the orcs . Baranor rescues Serka , who reasserts control over the Vanishing Sons and executes Zhoja . After repelling an orc attack , Baranor and Serka lead their army and seize Shindram . However , rather than hold the fortress , they leave a trap for the orcs sent to retake it . Baranor and Serka then leave to seize more fortresses , deciding that Gorgoroth will be their next target . Development ( edit ) Creative Director Michael de Plater said that the development of Shadow of Mordor was a learning study for Monolith in how to make open world games , and the development team limited themselves in the scope of what they could deliver for that game . With those lessons learned , de Plater said that Monolith was able to take a bolder step forward for Shadow of War , saying `` ( t ) his was our ambition to do the big , blockbuster version of the ideas we 'd begun to explore in the first game . It 's kind of our Terminator 2 to Terminator . '' Monolith wanted to move the game from the more solitary player experience to one that captured the epic battles shown in The Lord of the Rings films . They created battle systems that enable large - scale battles where parts of the battle would be managed by the various Followers that the player has recruited , thus allowing the player to still focus on the violence and brutality of close - quarter combat . Recognizing the violence inherent with the Middle - earth setting , Monolith aimed to include light humorous elements that play off the thirst for violence that the orcs have , so that the game would not `` wallow in it , or feel sadistic '' . The console / PC versions were later confirmed to be rated Mature by the ESRB , like their predecessor , although the mobile versions are less violent and were given the milder Teen rating . Death of Michael Forgey ( edit ) On March 3 , 2016 , Monolith 's Executive Producer , Michael David Forgey , died of cancer . To commemorate the loss of Shadow of War 's Executive Producer , Monolith and Warner Bros announced a DLC named `` Forthog Orc - Slayer '' . Originally selling for $5 , Warner Brothers promised to donate $3.50 of the proceeds from each sale of the DLC made from any of the majority of the U.S. states to the Forgey family through December 31 , 2019 . Warner Brothers was criticized for attempting to cash in on Michael Forgey 's death . Following public backlash , on September 27 , 2017 , the DLC was made free to all who purchased the game and all proceeds were refunded to those who purchased it beforehand , in favor of Warner Bros making a lump sum donation to the Forgey family . Release ( edit ) Shadow of War was released for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One . The Play Anywhere feature extends to Microsoft 's premium console , the Xbox One X . The title was originally scheduled to be released in August 2017 , but in June of that year , Warner Bros. Interactive announced that the release would be put off for two months , until October 10 , 2017 , to make sure the game meets `` the highest quality experience '' for players . Despite this delay , the mobile companion versions of Shadow of War were released on September 28 , 2017 , ahead of the console / PC versions . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Reception <Th_colspan="2"> Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic ( PC ) 77 / 100 ( PS4 ) 80 / 100 ( XONE ) 81 / 100 <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 7 / 10 EGM 8 / 10 Game Informer 9.5 / 10 GameSpot 7 / 10 GamesRadar+ Giant Bomb IGN 9 / 10 PC Gamer ( US ) 73 / 100 Polygon 7.5 / 10 VideoGamer.com 8 / 10 This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2017 ) Middle - earth : Shadow of War received `` generally favorable '' reviews from critics , according to review aggregator Metacritic . IGN gave a positive review stating that the game was `` bigger and more ambitious in scope than Shadow of Mordor , with great results '' especially praising the nemesis system , the battles and the multiplayer . However , GameSpot gave a more critical review , `` It tries to be larger than its predecessor , there are more abilities , more weapons , more Orcs , yet it leaves you wanting less . '' It specifically criticized `` the storefront and the menus and loot system '' but summed up `` at its core , it 's a fun experience with brilliant moments '' . Another unfavorable review came from The Independent , publishing a review titled `` A Disappointing Sequel '' . Critic Jack Shepherd criticized the uninvolving story , stating that `` by the end , you only care about rival Orcs and not the story . A shame considering the Lord of the Rings has , and remains , one of the greatest tales ever told . '' Entertainment Weekly ranked the game eighth on their list of the `` Best Games of 2017 '' , and GamesRadar+ ranked it 18th on their list of the 25 Best Games of 2017 , while EGMNow ranked it 15th on their list of the 25 Best Games of 2017 . The game won the award for `` Best Action Game '' in IGN 's Best of 2017 Awards , whereas its other nominations were for `` Best PC Game '' and `` Best Xbox One Game '' . It was also nominated for `` Best Action Game '' and `` Best Open World Game '' in PC Gamer 's 2017 Game of the Year Awards . It won the award for `` Best Combat '' in Game Informer 's 2017 Action Game of the Year Awards . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Result Ref . 2017 E3 2017 Best of Show Nominated Best Console Game Nominated Best PC Game Nominated Best Action / Adventure Game Nominated Gamescom 2017 Best Console Game ( Xbox One ) Won 2018 21st Annual D.I.C.E. Awards Role - Playing Game of the Year Nominated National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards Animation , Technical Nominated Art Direction , Fantasy Nominated Character Design Nominated Control Design , 3D Nominated Game , Franchise Role Playing Nominated Use of Sound , Franchise Nominated 16th Annual Game Audio Network Guild Awards Best Original Song ( `` Fires of War '' ) Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Shadow of War highlights the strengths and weaknesses of PS4 Pro '' . eurogamer.net . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Minotti , Mike . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War shines the Eye of Sauron on iOS and Android '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Hall , Charlie . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War dumps loot crates , adds gameplay improvements '' . Polygon . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow Of War Confirmed , Watch The Epic Announcement Trailer '' . GameSpot . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` Shadow of Mordor update lets players export their nemesis to sequel '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hall , Charlie . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War dumps loot crates , adds gameplay improvements '' . Polygon . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Young , Rory . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War Online Conquest Mode Revealed '' . Game Rant . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War Mobile trailer '' . YouTube . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon , Scott Adam . `` Middle - Earth : Shadow of War coming to Android September 28 '' . Android Authority . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Webster , Andrew ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War wants to capture the ' epic scale ' of Lord of the Rings '' . The Verge . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Middle - Earth : Shadow of War Gets Rated By The ESRB '' . JustPushStart . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shadow of War mobile versions web page '' . Shadow of War Official Website . Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` Forthog Orc - Slayer DLC Upate '' . 2017 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Chalk , Andy ( 2017 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Shadow of War DLC character will raise funds for family of producer who died of cancer '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Alexandra , Heather . `` Shadow Of War Producer Memorialized In DLC '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Scullion , Chris ( 2017 - 09 - 07 ) . `` Shadow of War 's tribute has fine print , and fans deserve to know where their money is going '' . Polygon . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Shadow of War ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) , Shadow of War : Forthog Orc - Slayer Trailer , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 30 Jump up ^ Orry , James ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War confirmed for Project Scorpio '' . videogamer.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War release date delayed '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War for PlayStation 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War for Xbox One Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carter , Chris ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Middle - earth : Shadow of War '' . Destructoid . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plessas , Nick ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War review '' . EGMNow . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Matt ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` A Sandbox For Predators - Middle - earth : Shadow of War - PlayStation 4 '' . Game Informer . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haywald , Justin ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hurley , Leon ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - Earth : Shadow of War review '' . GamesRadar+ . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shoemaker , Brad ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War Review '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stapleton , Dan ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War Review '' . IGN . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Andy ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War review '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kollar , Philip ; Plante , Chris ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War review '' . Polygon . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Alice ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War review '' . VideoGamer.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/10/05/middle-earth-shadow-of-war-review?page=2 Jump up ^ https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/middle-earth-shadow-of-war-review/1900-6416783/ ^ Jump up to : `` Middle Earth : Shadow of War review : A disappointing sequel '' . The Independent . 2017 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Morales , Aaron ; Abrams , Natalie ( December 29 , 2017 ) . `` The Year 's Best Games '' . Entertainment Weekly . No. 1496 - 97 . pp. 92 -- 94 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ GamesRadar staff ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` The best games of 2017 '' . GamesRadar+ . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ EGM staff ( December 29 , 2017 ) . `` EGM 's Best of 2017 : Part Three : # 15 ~ # 11 '' . EGMNow . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best Action Game '' . IGN . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best PC Game '' . IGN . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best Xbox One Game '' . IGN . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ PC Gamer staff ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Games of the Year 2017 : The nominees '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Matt ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 Action Game Of The Year Awards ( Page 2 ) '' . Game Informer . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chalk , Andy ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Wolfenstein 2 and Shadow of War lead Games Critics Awards Best of E3 nominations '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Super Mario Odyssey sweeps Best Of Gamescom awards '' . Metro . August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` Game Of The Year Nominees Announced For DICE Awards '' . GameSpot . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nominee List for 2017 '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Horizon wins 7 ; Mario GOTY '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . March 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Awards '' . Game Audio Network Guild . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Middle - earth : Shadow of War . Official website The gameplay summary in this article is too long or detailed compared to the rest of the article . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely detailing the gameplay . ( January 2018 ) 2010s portal Middle - earth portal Role - playing games portal Speculative fiction portal Video games portal <Th_colspan="2"> Monolith Productions Games developed Blood Blood Blood : Plasma Pak Blood II : The Chosen The Nightmare Levels No One Lives Forever The Operative : No One Lives Forever No One Lives Forever 2 : A Spy in H.A.R.M. 's Way Contract J.A.C.K. F.E.A.R. F.E.A.R. F.E.A.R. 2 : Project Origin F.E.A.R. 2 : Reborn Condemned Condemned : Criminal Origins Condemned 2 : Bloodshot Middle - earth games Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Other games Aliens versus Predator 2 Claw Get Medieval Gotham City Impostors Gruntz Sanity : Aiken 's Artifact Shogo : Mobile Armor Division Tex Atomic 's Big Bot Battles Tron 2.0 The Matrix Online Games published Rage of Mages Gorky 17 Septerra Core Companies 3D Realms ( Q Studios ) GT Interactive Software Fox Interactive Buena Vista Interactive Sierra Entertainment Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment Snowblind Studios Surreal Software Sandlot Games HipSoft People Jace Hall Daniel Bernstein Guy Whitmore Joe Ybarra Stephan Weyte Related Cate Archer LithTech Priest Betrayer <Th_colspan="2"> J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings <Td_colspan="2"> The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Russian Swedish Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On Bilbo 's Last Song The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien The History of Middle - earth The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit Beren and Lúthien The Fall of Gondolin Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship ! 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who did the bills play in their super bowls
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History of the Buffalo Bills - wikipedia History of the Buffalo Bills Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article details the history of the Buffalo Bills . The team began play in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) and won two consecutive AFL titles in 1964 and 1965 . The club joined the National Football League ( NFL ) as part of the 1970 AFL - NFL Merger . The Bills have the distinction of being the only team to advance to four consecutive Super Bowls , but also has the dubious distinction of losing all four of them . Contents ( hide ) 1 Before 1960 2 1960 -- 1980 2.1 The AFL years 2.2 1969 -- 1977 : The O.J. Simpson - `` Electric Company '' era 2.3 1978 -- 1983 : The Chuck Knox - Kay Stephenson era 2.4 1984 -- 1985 : To the brink of collapse 3 1986 -- 1997 : Marv Levy -- Jim Kelly era 3.1 The Super Bowl years 3.1. 1 1990 3.1. 2 1991 3.1. 3 1992 3.1. 4 1993 3.2 1994 -- 97 : Decline 3.3 1998 -- 2000 : The Wade Phillips - Doug Flutie era 3.3. 1 1998 3.3. 2 1999 3.3. 3 2000 4 2001 -- 2014 : Beginning of the Playoff Drought and Twilight of the Ralph Wilson Era 4.1 2001 -- 04 : The Tom Donahoe era 4.1. 1 2001 4.1. 2 2002 -- 03 4.1. 3 2004 4.2 2005 -- 07 : Marv Levy returns to the fold 4.2. 1 2005 4.2. 2 2006 -- 07 : Dick Jauron becomes coach 4.3 2008 -- 09 : Toronto and Terrell Owens 4.3. 1 2008 4.3. 2 2009 4.4 2010 -- 2012 : The Buddy Nix / Chan Gailey Era 4.4. 1 2010 4.4. 2 2011 4.4. 3 2012 4.5 2013 -- 2014 : The Doug Marrone years and the death of Ralph Wilson 4.5. 1 2013 4.5. 2 2014 5 2015 - present : New ownership under the Pegulas 5.1 2015 -- 2016 : The Rex Ryan Years 5.1. 1 2015 5.1. 2 2016 5.2 2017 -- Present : The Sean McDermott Era and the end of the playoff drought 5.2. 1 2017 6 Future 7 References 8 External links Before 1960 ( edit ) The Bills were not the first professional football team to play in Buffalo , nor was it the first NFL team in the region . Professional football had been played in Buffalo and in upstate New York since the beginning of the 20th century . In 1915 , Barney Lepper 's `` Buffalo All - Stars '' were founded ; the team would later be replaced by the Niagaras in 1918 , then the Prospects in 1919 . The Prospects were the basis of what would become the `` Buffalo All - Americans , '' who joined what would become the NFL in 1920 . After changing their name to the Bisons in 1924 ( and , for one season , the Rangers in 1926 ) , the team suspended operations in 1927 , then came back in 1929 and re-folded at the end of that season . After Buffalo hosted two NFL games in 1938 ( a practice that would become a semi-regular occurrence in the city until the current team 's arrival ) , the third American Football League installed the Buffalo Indians in the city ; the Indians played two years before the league suspended and ultimately folded due to World War II . After the war , when the All - America Football Conference formed , Buffalo was again selected for a team ; originally known as the Buffalo Bisons , the same name as a baseball team and ( at the time ) a hockey team in the area , the team sought a new identity and named itself the `` Buffalo Bills '' in 1947 . When the AAFC merged with the NFL in 1950 , the AAFC Bills were merged into the Cleveland Browns . Though there was no connection between the AAFC team and the current team , the Bills name proved popular enough that it was used as the namesake for the future American Football League team that would form in 1959 . The forerunners to the Canadian Football League would also play at least one game in Buffalo in 1951 . 1960 -- 1980 ( edit ) The AFL years ( edit ) When Lamar Hunt announced formation of the American Football League in the summer of 1959 , Buffalo was one of the target cities Hunt sought . His first choice of owner , however , turned him down ; Pat McGroder ( then a liquor store owner and sports liaison with the city of Buffalo ) was still hopeful that the threat of the AFL would prompt the NFL to come back to Buffalo to try and stop the AFL from gaining a foothold there ( as the NFL would do with teams in Minnesota , Dallas , St. Louis and later Atlanta ) . McGroder 's hopes never came to fruition , and in 1961 , he took a position in the new Bills organization . Harry Wismer , who was to own the Titans of New York franchise , reached out to insurance salesman and automobile heir Ralph C. Wilson , Jr. to see if he was interested in joining the upstart league . ( Both Wismer and Wilson were minority owners of NFL franchises at the time : Wilson part - owned the Detroit Lions , while Wismer was a small partner in the Washington Redskins but had little power due to majority owner George Preston Marshall 's near - iron fist over the team and the league ) . Wilson agreed to field a team in the new league , with the words `` Count me in . I 'll take a franchise anywhere you suggest . '' Hunt gave him the choice of six cities : Miami , Buffalo , Cincinnati , St. Louis , Atlanta , or Louisville , Kentucky . Wilson 's first choice was Miami , but city officials there were wary of an upstart league after the failure of the Miami Seahawks over a decade prior and rejected the idea . ( Once the AFL established itself , the city reversed its stance and allowed the Miami Dolphins to reside in the city . ) In WWII , Ralph Wilson served aboard a Minesweeper , the YMS - 29 , serving in the Mediterranean . Wilson was an Executive officer to the ship 's Captain , Buffalo native George E. Schaaf . Wilson remembered the Buffalo team in the old NFL and remembered his old ship 's Captain was from Buffalo . Ralph Wilson reached out to the General Construction Contractor , George E. Schaaf who still resided there . Schaaf assured Wilson that pro-football interest was significant in Buffalo and assembled a coalition of key Buffalo figures who were able to interest Wilson in bringing the AFL franchise to Buffalo . Their efforts to lobby Wilson to come to Buffalo were successful , and Wilson sent Hunt a telegram with the now - famous words , `` Count me in with Buffalo . '' The Buffalo Bills were a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) in 1960 . After a public contest , the team adopted the same name as the AAFC Buffalo Bills , the former All - America Football Conference team in Buffalo . The AAFC Bills franchise was named after the Buffalo Bills a popular barbershop quartet , whose name was a play on the name of the famed Wild West showman Buffalo Bill Cody . The franchises are not officially related , other than in name , to each other . After an inaugural season that saw the Bills finish 5 -- 8 -- 1 ( third in the four - team AFL East Division ) , the Bills gained four of the first five picks in the 1961 AFL draft , including the top slot , which they used to draft offensive tackle Ken Rice . They also drafted guard Billy Shaw in the same draft . Success did not come overnight . On August 8 , 1961 , the Bills became the first ( and only ) American Football League team to play a Canadian Football League team , the nearby Hamilton Tiger - Cats . Because of that game , they also hold the dubious distinction of being the only current NFL team to have ever lost to a CFL team , as the Tiger - Cats won , 38 -- 21 . Hamilton was one of the best teams in the CFL ( they would go on to win the Big Four title but lose in the 49th Grey Cup that year ) , and Buffalo , at the time , was the worst team in the AFL . In the 1962 offseason , Buffalo began to get good players for the first time in franchise history . Jack Kemp was acquired off waivers from the San Diego Chargers after the Chargers thought Kemp , who had led the Chargers to back - to - back AFL title games , had a bum hand . The Bills also drafted Syracuse running back phenomenon Ernie Davis and had a serious chance of getting him to play for Buffalo after the Redskins , a team Davis refused to play for , drafted him ; however , Davis instead opted to play for the NFL after the Redskins traded him to Cleveland , and he died of leukemia before playing a single down of professional football . Instead , the Bills then acquired one of the CFL 's top running backs , Cookie Gilchrist . On December 14 , 1963 , the Bills and the New York Jets played the final game at the Polo Grounds . From 1963 to 1966 , Buffalo experienced its first stretch of success , making the playoffs all four years and winning back - to - back AFL chamionships in 1964 and 1965 under head coach Lou Saban . The Bills made it to a third straight AFL championship game in 1966 , with the winner representing the AFL in the first AFL - NFL World Championship Game , later known as Super Bowl I . However , they lost to the Kansas City Chiefs , who went on to play the Green Bay Packers . Offensive lineman Bob Kalsu quit the team after his 1968 rookie season to serve in the Vietnam War . He never returned ; Kalsu was killed in action in 1970 and is often cited by Bills fans as the first professional football player to die in action in war during his playing career . This is not true , as Young Bussey and Jack Lummus were still of playing age when they left the NFL to serve in World War II and were killed in action a few years later . Kalsu would be the only NFL player to lose his life in Vietnam . The 1968 season was a tumultuous one . With starter Jack Kemp injured , Buffalo resorted to converting wide receiver Ed Rutkowski to quarterback in a rotation with Rutkowski , Kay Stephenson and Dan Darragh . The result was disastrous , and the Bills once again dropped to last in the league , resulting in the Bills earning the first overall draft pick in what was now the combined AFL - NFL draft . The Bills selected O.J. Simpson with their pick . 1969 -- 1977 : the O.J. Simpson - `` Electric Company '' era ( edit ) See also : Electric Company ( football ) O.J. Simpson , the face of the Bills franchise for most of the 1970s , pictured breaking the NFL 's single - season rushing record in 1973 . Before the 1969 season , the Bills drafted running back O.J. Simpson , who would become the face of the franchise through the 1970s . The NFL - AFL merger placed Buffalo in the AFC East division with the Patriots , Dolphins , Jets , and Colts . Their first season in the NFL saw the team win only three games , lose ten , and tie one . In 1971 , not only did the Bills finish in sole possession of the NFL 's worst overall record at 1 -- 13 , but they also scored the fewest points ( 184 ) in the league that year while allowing the most ( 394 ) ; no NFL team has since done all three of those things in the same season in a non-strike year . They thus obtained the # 1 draft pick for 1972 , which was Notre Dame DE Walt Patulski . Despite good on - field performances , he struggled with injuries before being traded to the St. Louis Cardinals in 1976 . Lou Saban , who had coached the Bills ' AFL championship teams , was re-hired in 1972 , in which the team finished 4 -- 9 -- 1 . Meanwhile , War Memorial Stadium was in severe need of replacement , being in poor condition , located in an increasingly worsening neighborhood , and too small to meet the NFL 's post-1969 requirement that all stadiums seat at least 50,000 . Construction began on a new stadium in the suburbs after Ralph Wilson threatened to move the team to another city ; at one point after the 1970 season Wilson was `` prepared to move the team '' to Husky Stadium in Seattle and was also fielding offers from Tampa and Memphis . Western New York leaders acquiesced to Wilson 's demands and built a new open - air facility that featured a capacity of over 80,000 ( at Wilson 's request ) and , unlike other stadiums , was built into the ground . Rich Stadium ( later Ralph Wilson Stadium , now New Era Field ) opened in 1973 and continues to house the Bills to this day ( Seattle would get an NFL team of its own in 1976 , when the Seahawks were enfranchised , as did Tampa , under the banner of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers ) . 1973 was a season of change : Joe Ferguson became their new quarterback , they moved into a new stadium , Simpson recorded a 2,000 - yard season and was voted NFL MVP , and the team had its first winning record since 1966 with eight wins . The `` Electric Company '' of Simpson , Jim Braxton , Paul Seymour , and Joe DeLamielleure as recounted in the locally recorded hit `` Turn on the Juice '' , lead a dramatic turnaround on the field . The `` Electric Company '' was the offensive line ( OG Reggie McKenzie , OT Dave Foley , C Mike Montler , OG Joe DeLamielleure and OT Donnie Green ) which provided the electricity for the `` Juice '' . O.J. became the only player to rush for 2,000 yards prior to the introduction of a 16 - game season . The team made the NFL playoffs at 9 -- 5 for the first time in history in 1974 , but in their divisional playoff , they lost to the eventual Super Bowl champions , the Pittsburgh Steelers . After an 8 -- 6 1975 season , the Bills had internal troubles in 1976 ; Ferguson was injured and Gary Marangi proved ineffective in replacement . The team dropped to the bottom of the AFC East at 2 -- 12 , where they stayed for the rest of the 1970s . On a high note , the 1976 Thanksgiving Day game saw Simpson set the league record for rushing yards in a game , despite a 27 -- 14 loss to the Detroit Lions . After the 1977 season , Simpson was traded to the San Francisco 49ers . 1978 -- 1983 : the chuck Knox - Kay Stephenson era ( edit ) Bills ' running back Joe Cribbs ( middle ) rushes the ball against the Jets in the 1981 AFC Wild Card game . 1980 marked the 3rd year the Bills were good . They beat the archrival Miami Dolphins for the first time in 11 years in their season opener , en route to an 11 - 5 season and their first AFC East title . However , they lost to the San Diego Chargers 20 - 14 in the divisional playoffs . In 1981 , the Bills made the playoffs as a wild - card team with a 10 - 6 record . They defeated the New York Jets 31 - 27 in the wild card round of the playoffs , but lost in the divisional round to the eventual AFC champion Cincinnati Bengals , 28 - 21 . The following year -- the strike - shortened season of 1982 -- the Bills slipped to a 4 -- 5 final record and missed the playoffs . In the famous 1983 draft , the Bills selected quarterback Jim Kelly as their replacement to an aging Joe Ferguson , but Kelly decided to play in the upstart United States Football League instead . 1984 -- 1985 : to the brink of collapse ( edit ) Chuck Knox left his coaching position to take a job with the Seattle Seahawks , and running back Joe Cribbs also defected to the USFL , a loss incoming head coach Kay Stephenson unsuccessfully attempted to stop in court . In a 1984 article in The Buffalo News announcing Greg Bell 's signing with the Bills , owner Ralph Wilson stated that the team was not yet in jeopardy , but that attendance would have to remain high , and television revenues would have to continue coming in for the team to survive . In 1984 and 1985 , the Bills went 2 -- 14 . By this point , attendance at Rich Stadium had fallen to under 30,000 fans per game for most of the 1985 season , leaving the team 's long - term future in doubt . Wilson was fielding offers , including one from Leonard Tose to trade the Bills for the Philadelphia Eagles . Steve Tasker , who joined in 1986 , recalled that `` being acquired by Buffalo was akin to being sentenced to prison in Siberia '' because of the team 's poor record at the time and Buffalo 's bad weather . 1986 -- 1997 : Marv Levy -- Jim Kelly era ( edit ) Jim Kelly quarterbacked the Bills for much of the 1990s . Among the names that Buffalo picked up after the USFL 's demise in 1986 were general manager Bill Polian , head coach Marv Levy ( both from the Chicago Blitz ) , special teams coach Bruce DeHaven , starting quarterback Jim Kelly ( of the Houston Gamblers ) , center Kent Hull ( of the New Jersey Generals ) , and linebacker Ray Bentley ( of the Oakland Invaders ) , all of whom joined the Bills for the 1986 season . Midway through the 1986 season , the Bills fired coach Hank Bullough and replaced him with Levy , who in addition to the Blitz had also previously coached the Kansas City Chiefs and Montreal Alouettes . Levy and Polian put together a receiving game featuring Andre Reed , a defense led by first - overall draft pick Bruce Smith , and a top - flight offensive line , led by Hull along with Jim Ritcher , Will Wolford and Howard `` House '' Ballard . After the strike year of 1987 , in 1988 , the rookie season of running back Thurman Thomas , the Bills went 12 -- 4 and finished atop the AFC East for the first of four consecutive seasons . After a 17 - 10 victory over the Houston Oilers in the divisional playoff , they lost the AFC championship 21 - 10 to the Cincinnati Bengals . 1989 was a relative disappointment , with a 9 -- 7 record and a divisional playoff loss to the Cleveland Browns . The Bills had a chance to win the game as time was running out , but Ronnie Harmon dropped a Kelly pass in the corner of the end zone . During this season , the Bills were called the `` Bickering Bills '' by the fans and media due to significant infighting among the players and coaches throughout the season . The Super Bowl years ( edit ) 1990 ( edit ) Main article : 1990 Buffalo Bills season In 1990 , the Bills switched to a no huddle , hurry - up offense ( frequently with Kelly in the shotgun formation , the `` K - gun '' , named for tight end Keith McKeller and not Jim Kelly ) , and it led the Bills ' offense to one of the best in the league ; their 428 points ( 26.75 points per game ) scored was first in the league . The team finished 13 -- 3 , and behind their no - huddle attack , beat the Miami Dolphins 44 - 34 and blew out the Los Angeles Raiders 51 -- 3 in the playoffs on their way to Super Bowl XXV . The Bills were favorites to beat the New York Giants ( whom they had beaten on the road during the regular season ) , but the defensive plan laid out by Giants coach Bill Parcells and defensive coordinator Bill Belichick kept Buffalo in check ( and without the ball ) for much of the game . The game featured many lead changes , and with the score 20 -- 19 in favor of New York with eight seconds left , Bills kicker Scott Norwood attempted a 47 - yard field goal . His kick sailed wide right , less than a yard outside of the goalpost upright . 1991 ( edit ) Main article : 1991 Buffalo Bills season The Bills won their fourth consecutive AFC East title in 1991 , finishing 13 -- 3 again and with Thurman Thomas winning a couple of awards . In the playoffs , they routed the Kansas City Chiefs 37 - 14 in the divisional round and beat the Denver Broncos in a defensive struggle , 10 - 7 , in the AFC Championship . The Bills looked to avenge their heartbreaking Super Bowl loss a year earlier by playing the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl XXVI , but it was not to be . The Redskins opened up a 17 -- 0 halftime lead and never looked back , handing the Bills a 37 -- 24 loss . Early in that game , Thurman Thomas lost his helmet and had to sit out the first two plays , making the Bills the butt of jokes nationwide . 1992 ( edit ) Main article : 1992 Buffalo Bills season The Bills lost the 1992 AFC East title to the Miami Dolphins and Jim Kelly was injured in the final game of the regular season . Backup quarterback Frank Reich started their wild card playoff game against the Houston Oilers , and they were down 35 -- 3 early in the third quarter . But the Bills rallied behind Reich , taking the lead late in the 4th quarter and winning the game in overtime 41 - 38 . The 35 - 3 deficit remains , to this day , the largest deficit ( 32 points ) overcome to win a game in NFL history . Buffalo then defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 24 - 3 in the divisional playoff and upset the archrival Dolphins 29 - 10 in the AFC Championship to advance to their third straight Super Bowl . Super Bowl XXVII , played against the Dallas Cowboys , turned out to be a mismatch . Buffalo committed a Super Bowl - record 9 turnovers en route to a 52 -- 17 loss , becoming the first team in NFL history to lose three consecutive Super Bowls . One of the sole bright spots for the Bills was Don Beebe 's rundown and strip of Leon Lett after Lett had returned a fumble inside the Bills ' 5 - yard line and was on his way to scoring . Lett started celebrating too early and held the ball out long enough for Beebe , who had made up a considerable distance to get to Lett , to knock it out of his hand . The play resulted in a touchback , not a touchdown , thus stopping Dallas from breaking the record for most points scored by a team in a Super Bowl ( 55 ) , which was set three years earlier and is still held today by the San Francisco 49ers . 1993 ( edit ) Main article : 1993 Buffalo Bills season The Bills won the AFC East championship in 1993 with a 12 -- 4 record , and again won playoff games against the Los Angeles Raiders and Kansas City Chiefs , setting up a rematch with the Cowboys in Super Bowl XXVIII on January 30 , 1994 . The Bills became the only team ever to play in four straight Super Bowls , and in this game became the first team to face the same team in 2 straight Super Bowls , and looked ready to finally win one when they led at halftime . A Thurman Thomas fumble returned for a touchdown by James Washington tied the game , with Super Bowl MVP Emmitt Smith taking over the rest of the game for the Cowboys and the Bills were stunned again , 30 -- 13 . 1994 -- 97 : decline ( edit ) The four consecutive failures to win the title game , despite a 14 -- 2 regular - season record against the NFC , inspired many jokes . Tasker recalled that when he made motivational speeches to groups of children , `` invariably , some little guy raises his hand . He goes , ' Do you know what Bills stands for ? ' and I 've heard it a hundred times . I go , ' No , what ? ' He goes ' Boy , I Love Losing Super Bowls ' . '' A player denounced the team 's poor reputation : `` They still consider us losers . That is the most unfair statement that I 've ever seen or heard or read in my life '' . Andrea Kremer recalled , however , that `` I do n't think there 's any doubt that America , that the national fan base , turned their back on the Bills . They 're just tired of it '' . The Bills would not get a chance to make it five straight in 1994 . The team stumbled down the stretch and finished 7 -- 9 , fourth in the division and out of the playoffs . During this period Tasker established himself year in and year out as the league 's top special teams performer . In 1995 , Buffalo signed free agent linebacker Bryce Paup to anchor the defense . The expansion Carolina Panthers ended up selecting several key Bills contributors ( backup quarterback Frank Reich , wide receiver Don Beebe and tight end Pete Metzelaars ) in the expansion draft , where they formed the core of that team 's inaugural roster . The Bills again made the playoffs with a 10 -- 6 record , and defeated Miami in the wild card round . They would not get a chance to get back to the Super Bowl -- the Pittsburgh Steelers , who went on to advance to the Super Bowl , beat Buffalo in the divisional playoffs 40 -- 21 . In 1996 , the Bills saw their commanding lead in the AFC East race disappear to a surging New England Patriots team ; the Bills won against the Patriots in September , then in late October the Patriots won after three touchdowns were scored in the final 85 seconds . The Bills still made the playoffs as the Wild Card home team ; they became the first victim of the cinderella Jacksonville Jaguars , the first ( and as of the present only ) visiting team ever to win a playoff game at Rich Stadium . Jim Kelly retired after the season after the Bills management told him they were moving in a new direction and wanted him to help develop a younger QB to take over , signaling an end to the most successful era in Bills history . Thurman Thomas gave way to new running back Antowain Smith . Kelly 's loss was felt in 1997 , when his replacement Todd Collins faltered and the Bills stumbled to 6 -- 10 . Coach Marv Levy retired after the season . 1998 -- 2000 : the Wade Phillips - Doug Flutie era ( edit ) 1998 ( edit ) Main article : 1998 Buffalo Bills season Doug Flutie quarterbacked the Bills for three years , including the last two playoff appearances to date , amid controversy . The Bills , under new coach Wade Phillips signed two quarterbacks for the 1998 season , one that Buffalo traded a high first round pick for , and one that was signed as almost an afterthought . The former was for Jaguars backup Rob Johnson and the latter was former Heisman Trophy winner and Canadian Football League star Doug Flutie . Despite many Bills fans wanting Flutie to get the starting job after Flutie looked the better of the two QBs in camp and in preseason , Phillips named Johnson to the position . The Bills stumbled to begin the season 0 - 3 , and after Johnson suffered a rib injury against the Indianapolis Colts , Flutie came in and led the Bills to a playoff spot and a 10 -- 6 record . They faltered in their first playoff game against the Miami Dolphins . 1999 ( edit ) Main article : 1999 Buffalo Bills season Flutie 's popularity continued into the 1999 season , with the Bills finishing 11 -- 5 , two games behind the Indianapolis Colts in the AFC East standings . Wade Phillips gave Rob Johnson the starting quarterback job in the first round playoff game against the Tennessee Titans even though Flutie had won 10 games and had gotten the Bills into the playoffs . The Bills scored a field goal with 16 seconds left to give them a 16 -- 15 lead . But the Titans won the game on a controversial play that became to be known as the `` Music City Miracle '' : During the ensuing kickoff , Frank Wycheck lateraled the ball to Kevin Dyson who then scored the winning touchdown . Although Wycheck 's pass was close to an illegal forward lateral , replays were ruled inconclusive and the call on the field was upheld as a touchdown . The Titans went on to advance to the Super Bowl . Until 2018 , this was the last appearance by the Bills in the postseason . 2000 ( edit ) Main article : 2000 Buffalo Bills season The final ties to the Bills ' Super Bowl years were severed in 2000 , when Thurman Thomas , Andre Reed and Bruce Smith were all cut . Antowain Smith , Eric Moulds , and Marcellus Wiley respectively had long since eclipsed them on the depth chart . After an 8 -- 8 season , and the team still caught up in the Johnson vs. Flutie controversy , general manager John Butler departed for the San Diego Chargers -- and took Flutie and Wiley with him , among many other Bills contributors . Doug Flutie left the Bills with a . 677 winning percentage in 31 starts . Antowain Smith also left as a free agent for the New England Patriots , where he was the starting running back on their first two Super Bowl championship teams . Both Flutie and Smith were dominant in their final game as Bills , in a 42 -- 23 victory over the Seattle Seahawks . Thomas would be quickly replaced by rookie Travis Henry . 2001 -- 2014 : beginning of the playoff drought and twilight of the Ralph Wilson era ( edit ) 2001 -- 04 : the Tom Donahoe era ( edit ) In 2001 , following the departure of John Butler , team owner Ralph Wilson announced his retirement as president of the organization and handed the reins of his franchise to Tom Donahoe , a former executive with the Pittsburgh Steelers . The move turned out to be disastrous . Donahoe ( just a year after the team had released three eventual Hall of Famers in a salary cap move ) proceeded to gut the franchise of most of its remaining recognizable talent and replaced it with young , inexperienced , unknown lower - end players , much of which joined Butler in San Diego that year , and installed Rob Johnson as the starting quarterback . The team went from playoff contenders to a 31 -- 49 record during Donahoe 's five - year tenure . 2001 ( edit ) Main article : 2001 Buffalo Bills season Titans defensive coordinator Gregg Williams took over as head coach for the 2001 season , which proved to be the worst in recent memory for the Bills . Rob Johnson went down in mid-season with an injury and Alex Van Pelt took over . Buffalo finished 3 -- 13 . The Bills even lost a much - hyped mid-season match up with `` Bills West '' ( the Flutie - led Chargers ) . After the season , they traded for quarterback Drew Bledsoe , deemed expendable by the Patriots after Tom Brady led them to a Super Bowl victory . 2002 -- 03 ( edit ) Bledsoe revived the Bills for the 2002 season , leading them to an 8 -- 8 record , setting 10 team passing records in the process . However , in a tough division with all other teams finishing 9 -- 7 , they were still in last place . Another Patriots castoff , safety Lawyer Milloy , who joined the Bills days before the 2003 season began , gave the team an immediate boost on defense . After beating eventual champions New England 31 -- 0 in the first game , and crushing the Jaguars in their second game , play - by - play announcer Van Miller immediately announced his retirement as of the end of the season , expecting the team to have a shot at the title . However , the Bills stumbled through the rest of the season , finishing 6 -- 10 . In fact their season had ended the exact opposite of the beginning as they were trounced by New England 31 -- 0 . In one game , however , the Bills ' fans gained a small measure of satisfaction when the defense sacked Rob Johnson multiple times in his relief effort for the Washington Redskins . Main article : 2004 Buffalo Bills season J.P. Losman was the first in a string of unsuccessful Bills quarterbacks in the 2000s . Gregg Williams was fired as head coach after the 2003 season and replaced with Mike Mularkey . The Bills also drafted another quarterback , J.P. Losman , to be used if Bledsoe continued to struggle in 2004 . Unfortunately , Losman broke his leg in the pre-season and missed most of the regular season , seeing very limited action . Bledsoe continued to struggle in 2004 . The Bills started the 2004 season 0 -- 4 , with Bledsoe and his offense struggling in their run - first offense , averaging only 13 points per game . Additionally , each loss was heartbreakingly close . The team finally managed to turn things around with a victory at home against the also winless Miami Dolphins . This , along with the emergence of Willis McGahee ( a first round - pick and a gamble by the Bills due to the knee injury that McGahee suffered in his last college game ) taking over the starting running back role from the injured Travis Henry , and emergence of Lee Evans to give the Bills a second deep threat , sparked the Bills to go 9 -- 2 in their next eleven games . This string of victories allowed the Bills to be in the hunt for a final AFC wildcard playoff spot . Though they would lose to the Pittsburgh Steelers in the final game of the season , costing them a playoff berth and devastating the fans , the late season surge gave the team a positive direction to approach 2005 . After the season , wanting to go in a younger direction and unhappy with Drew Bledsoe 's overall performance , the Bills decided to hand the starting quarterback reins to J.P. Losman . This angered Bledsoe , who demanded his release , which the Bills granted . Bledsoe then signed with the Dallas Cowboys , reuniting him with his former New England Patriots coach Bill Parcells . 2005 -- 07 : Marv Levy returns to the fold ( edit ) 2005 ( edit ) Main article : 2005 Buffalo Bills season Losman 's development did not proceed as quickly as the Bills had hoped it would . He began the 2005 season 1 -- 3 as a starter , prompting Kelly Holcomb to replace him . Losman would not see action again until Holcomb was injured in Week 10 against the Kansas City Chiefs . He led the Bills to a win in that game , but would again be replaced by Holcomb after losing the next several games . Perhaps the low point of Losman 's season was a 24 -- 23 loss to the Miami Dolphins , a game in which Buffalo led 21 -- 0 and 23 -- 3 , but gave up 21 unanswered points in the 4th quarter . Buffalo 's 2005 campaign resulted in a 5 -- 11 record and the firing of General Manager Tom Donahoe in January 2006 . Marv Levy was named as his replacement , with hopes that he would improve a franchise that failed to make the playoffs during Donahoe 's tenure . That same month , Mike Mularkey resigned as head coach , citing family reasons along with disagreement over the direction of the organization . Dick Jauron was hired as his replacement . 2006 -- 07 : Dick Jauron becomes coach ( edit ) Main articles : 2006 Buffalo Bills season and 2007 Buffalo Bills season The Buffalo Bills ' uniforms from 2001 to 2010 . The 2006 and 2007 seasons both brought 7 -- 9 records under Jauron 's coaching , having been eliminated from playoff contention in December in both years . 2006 saw the additions of Donte Whitner , Ko Simpson , Ashton Youboty , Anthony Hargrove and Kyle Williams to the defensive corps while 2007 brought in Trent Edwards to quarterback the offense , rookie first - round draft pick Marshawn Lynch , second - round pick Paul Posluszny , offensive linemen Derrick Dockery and Langston Walker , and backup running back Fred Jackson . J.P. Losman played all 16 games in 2006 but was benched in early 2007 in favor of Edwards . At the end of the 2007 season , Levy retired once again , citing the fact that he had reached the end of his two - year contract . Meanwhile , offensive coordinator Steve Fairchild , a frequent fan target for the Bills ' offensive woes , was hired as head coach of Colorado State University 's football program . Offensive line coach Jim McNally retired shortly after the end of the season . All of those positions were filled from within , with Turk Schonert promoted to offensive coordinator . 2008 -- 09 : Toronto and Terrell Owens ( edit ) 2008 ( edit ) Main article : 2008 Buffalo Bills season One of the most notable moves in the league occurred during the 2008 offseason , when league officials approved an October 2007 proposal by Bills owner Ralph Wilson to lease his team to Canadian media mogul Edward S. `` Ted '' Rogers , Jr. to play an annual regular season game and a biennial preseason game in Toronto , Ontario , Canada 's Rogers Centre over the next five years , in exchange for a sum of C $78,000,000 cash . The games began during the 2008 season . Notable additions to the roster for 2008 include linebacker Kawika Mitchell , acquired as a free agent from the defending Super Bowl champion New York Giants , and defensive tackle Marcus Stroud , in addition to draft picks , cornerback Leodis McKelvin and wide receiver James Hardy . The Bills started extremely well that season , starting out with a 5 -- 1 record before their bye week and showing promise in Trent Edwards as finally being a capable quarterback for the Bills . However , Edwards suffered a concussion from a huge hit in a game against the Arizona Cardinals . The team then went 2 -- 8 in their last games , earning them another 7 -- 9 record , which then resulted in the longest active streak of missed playoffs at the time . 2009 ( edit ) Main article : 2009 Buffalo Bills season On March 7 , 2009 the Buffalo Bills made a major splash in the free agency market when it acquired veteran wide receiver Terrell Owens , who had recently been released by the Dallas Cowboys and is known as much for his elaborate touchdown celebrations as he is for his on - the - field play . Owens was signed to a one - year deal . In addition , former starting quarterback J.P. Losman , by this point relegated to third string behind Trent Edwards and Gibran Hamdan , was allowed to become a free agent . In the first round of the 2009 NFL Draft , the Bills selected defensive end / linebacker Aaron Maybin from Penn State with the 11th overall pick and center Eric Wood of Louisville with the 28th overall pick . Buffalo also selected free safety Jarius Byrd of Oregon , guard Andy Levitre of Oregon State , tight end Shawn Nelson of Southern Mississippi , and cornerbacks Cary Harris of USC and Ellis Lankster of West Virginia . As the season began , Terrell Owens proved to disappoint for most of the season , and the offensive line suffered from severe turnover , leading the team to stumble to a 3 -- 6 start , after which the Bills fired head coach Dick Jauron midseason . Overall , Owens ' stats for 2009 were modest : 829 yards and five TDs . The season opener against New England was a loss , although Buffalo 's morale was raised by the fact that it was only by a single point . Other notable games included a 16 -- 13 OT victory over the Jets in Week 6 , and the Week 10 game against Tennessee , where that team 's owner Bud Adams made an obscene gesture at Bills fans and was fined $250,000 . The Week 13 game against the Jets was an international series match held across the border in Toronto . In Week 15 , the Bills hosted New England , but despite optimistic predictions , fell 17 -- 10 , marking the fifth season in a row where they lost both matches against the Patriots . This completely eliminated Buffalo from playoff contention and marked their tenth consecutive season without a playoff appearance . On the season ender , they `` routed '' the 14 -- 1 Indianapolis Colts 30 -- 7 to end the year at 6 -- 10 , however , it should be noted that Peyton Manning was benched early due to this being a meaningless game for the playoff bound Colts . Quarterback Trent Edwards battled injury throughout the whole season , splitting games with back - up Ryan Fitzpatrick , formerly of the Cincinnati Bengals . The Bills were hit with another hard blow when star running back Marshawn Lynch was given a three - game suspension by Commissioner Goodell for pleading guilty to misdemeanor weapons charges . Though back - up running back Fred Jackson did quite well in Lynch 's absence , his performance then hindered on Lynch 's return but he still had a 1,000 - yard rushing season . However , the performance of free Safety Jarius Byrd showed extreme promise as Byrd led the NFL with 9 interceptions and was selected to the 2009 Pro Bowl . 2010 -- 2012 : the buddy Nix / Chan Gailey era ( edit ) Main article : 2010 Buffalo Bills season Buddy Nix , a former assistant general manager of the San Diego Chargers , was named general manager in the final week of the 2009 season . One of his first personnel moves was to cut ties with Owens ( ironically , a man he had recruited during his time in college football ) . On January 20 , the team named Chan Gailey as head coach . Gailey was previously the offensive coordinator of Kansas City and head coach of Georgia Tech and the Dallas Cowboys , going 8 -- 0 in the division in 1998 , and leading the team to the postseason in both 1998 and 1999 . With the expiration of Terrell Owens ' contract in March 2010 , the Bills chose not to re-sign him . As 2010 began , the Bills lost to Miami at home . After going 0 -- 4 , the Bills released Trent Edwards and named Ryan Fitzpatrick starting quarterback . Despite some close games , they ended up at an 0 -- 8 record before beating Detroit at home in Week 10 . Then came a 49 -- 31 win in Cincinnati and an OT loss to Pittsburgh . The team finished 2010 with a 4 -- 12 record . 2011 ( edit ) Main article : 2011 Buffalo Bills season The Bills fired Tom Modrak , one of the last connections to the Donahoe era , shortly after the 2011 NFL Draft . As a result of the Bills ' poor play in 2010 , the team earned the third overall selection in said draft , using it to select defensive tackle Marcell Dareus in an effort to improve the team 's long - struggling run defense . Buffalo had an excellent start to 2011 , routing Kansas City 41 -- 7 . The following week , they hosted Oakland and erased a 21 - 3 deficit , winning 38 -- 35 . In week 3 , the Bills hosted the Patriots ; they erased a 21 - 0 Patriots lead and led 31 - 24 in the fourth ; a late Tom Brady touchdown tied the game , but the Bills whipped into range of a last second field goal . The 34 - 31 win ended a 15 - game franchise losing streak spanning 8 years to the Patriots . Despite starting the 2011 season with a 5 -- 2 record , leading the AFC East for several weeks , a wave of injuries to several key starters led to the Bills compiling a 7 - game losing streak , pushing the team out of playoff contention for the twelfth straight year . The losing streak was finally broken with a defeat of the Tim Tebow - led Denver Broncos on Christmas Eve , in a game that had unusually poor attendance . 2012 ( edit ) Main article : 2012 Buffalo Bills season Following another disappointing season in 2012 where the Bills went 6 - 10 , the Buffalo Bills relieved Chan Gailey and his entire coaching staff of their duties . 2013 -- 2014 : the Doug Marrone years and the death of Ralph Wilson ( edit ) 2013 ( edit ) Main article : 2013 Buffalo Bills season Linebacker Kiko Alonso made a major impact in his 2013 rookie season . On January 1 , 2013 it was announced that Ralph Wilson had `` passed the torch '' to Russ Brandon , and that he would have complete control of football operations . He then served as CEO and President of the team . Early during the morning on January 6 , 2013 it was reported by Adam Schefter that the Buffalo Bills had hired Doug Marrone as their new head coach . In the 2013 NFL Draft the Bills traded back from their 8th pick to the 16th pick and selected quarterback E.J. Manuel out of Florida State . Olympic sprinter Marquise Goodwin and linebacker Kiko Alonso were among the other notable players chosen in the 2013 draft . After the draft , Nix announced his resignation ; Doug Whaley moved into the general manager position . A knee injury to Manuel almost forced the team to start undrafted rookie Jeff Tuel as their opening day starting quarterback ; Manuel nonetheless recovered in time to start week 1 only to injure his other knee a few weeks later , which resulted in the signing of Thad Lewis ( who himself had started a game as an undrafted rookie the previous year with the Cleveland Browns ) . The Bills finished yet again 6 - 10 and missed the playoffs for the 14th consecutive season . 2014 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 Buffalo Bills season Owner Ralph Wilson died March 25 , 2014 , at the age of 95 . Wilson 's assets , including the team , were placed into a trust governed by four members : Wilson 's widow , Mary Wilson ; his niece , Mary Owen ; Jeff Littman , the Bills ' chief financial officer ; and Eugene Driker , an attorney . The trust sold the team to Buffalo Sabres owner Terrence Pegula , along with his wife Kim , reportedly for $1.4 billion in cash , which the Wilson trust intends to use as an endowment for charitable causes in Western New York ( and Wilson 's hometown of Detroit ) ; Pegula outbid two other parties , a Toronto - based consortium led by Jon Bon Jovi and a stalking horse bid from Donald Trump ( the latter 's failure was a major factor in Trump 's decision to run for President the next year ) , to secure the team . The deal closed October 10 , 2014 . The Bills finished the 2014 season with a 9 -- 7 record , which broke a league - leading streak of nine consecutive losing seasons . However , they were eliminated from playoff contention after a loss to the Oakland Raiders in the second to last week of the season , which extended their league - leading playoff drought to fifteen seasons . The starting quarterback for most of the 2014 season was Kyle Orton , a last - minute signing who was named starter a month into the regular season . Orton announced his retirement the Monday following the conclusion of the season . 2015 - present : New ownership under the Pegulas ( edit ) 2015 -- 2016 : the Rex Ryan years ( edit ) 2015 ( edit ) Main article : 2015 Buffalo Bills season Rex Ryan with the Bills in 2015 . The 2015 season was the first full season for the Bills under the Pegula Family 's ownership . On December 31 , 2014 Doug Marrone chose to opt out of his contract with the Bills . He asked for a contract extension , but his request was denied by Mr. Pegula . On January 11 , 2015 it was reported that Rex Ryan , who had recently been fired from his head coaching job with the New York Jets , would become the next head coach . Ryan was officially named the new head coach the next day , January 12 , 2015 . The day after that , January 13 , 2015 , it was announced that defensive coordinator Jim Schwartz would not be returning for the 2015 season . The team dramatically overhauled its offense in the offseason , bringing in a number of new starters : quarterback Tyrod Taylor , running back LeSean McCoy , fullback Jerome Felton , wide receiver Percy Harvin and tight end Charles Clay . The Bills set a franchise record for season ticket sales for the 2015 season with more than 60,000 season tickets sold . The Rex Ryan hiring has been linked to the high increase in sales . The Bills opened the 2015 season with a 24 - 17 win over the Indianapolis Colts , but faltered ( despite an unsuccessful late - game comeback ) against traditional nemesis New England . Through the first quarter of the season the Bills led the NFL in penalties heading into their Week 5 game against the Tennessee Titans . After being flagged 17 times in Week 4 against the New York Giants , the Bills were penalized only seven times in their 14 - 13 victory over the Titans . In the end , the Bills finished a middling 8 - 8 , missing the playoffs for the 16th consecutive season , the longest active streak in major professional sport ( after the 2015 Toronto Blue Jays broke their then - 22 - year streak ) . 2016 ( edit ) Main article : 2016 Buffalo Bills season In 2016 Kathryn Smith became the first woman to be a full - time coach in the NFL , when she was hired by the Bills as a special teams quality control coach . The start of the 2016 season was marred by long - term injuries to both of the team 's top draft picks , first - rounder Shaq Lawson and second - rounder Reggie Ragland ( who will miss his entire rookie season ) . On December 27 , 2016 , Rex Ryan was fired after compiling 15 - 16 record in 2 seasons along with his brother Rob which made the Bills the third team in the NFL to fire a coach in - season ( along with the Los Angeles Rams and Jacksonville Jaguars who both fired Jeff Fisher and Gus Bradley ) , Anthony Lynn was promoted to interim coach . After winning four straight games from weeks 3 - 6 , they only won three more games to finish 7 - 9 . 2017 -- present : the Sean McDermott era and the end of the playoff drought ( edit ) 2017 ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Buffalo Bills season On January 11 , 2017 , Sean McDermott was hired as the head coach of the Buffalo Bills . McDermott had previously spent the past six seasons as the defensive coordinator of the Carolina Panthers . Along with McDermott , Brandon Beane , the Panthers ' assistant general manager , replaced Doug Whaley as the Bills ' general manager . On December 31 , 2017 , the Bills secured a playoff berth for the first time in 17 seasons with a win over the Miami Dolphins ( concurrently with a Baltimore Ravens loss to the Cincinnati Bengals ) . Their season ended on January 7 , 2018 , when the Bills lost to the Jacksonville Jaguars in the AFC Wild Card game by a score of 10 - 3 . Future ( edit ) On December 21 , 2012 team CEO Russ Brandon , New York Governor Andrew Cuomo , and Erie County Executive Mark Poloncarz announced a new 10 - year lease for Ralph Wilson Stadium . Included in the terms are $130 million in renovations and a $400 million buyout to move the team out of Buffalo ( in addition to the NFL re-locating fee ) . The lease will include the team paying for part of the renovations for the first time . The deal also calls for a committee to explore building a new stadium in the Buffalo vicinity , a proposal the Pegulas have put on hold for the time being . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20121026074333/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1134343/index.htm . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2012 . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Buffalo News 10 / 17 / 59 - Buffalo News 10 / 24 / 59 - Buffalo Bills Media Guide , 1960 - NY Journal 8 / 22 / 60 - Buffalo Bills Media Guide 1964 . Jump up ^ `` The Buffalo Bills Barbershop Quartet '' . Primarily A Cappella . Retrieved 6 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills at New York Jets - December 14th , 1963 '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bills may move team to Seattle '' . Spartanburg ( SC ) Herald . Associated Press . January 13 , 1971 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Memphis , Tampa express interest in Buffalo Bills '' . Spartanburg ( SC ) Herald . Associated Press . January 15 , 1971 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Fink , James ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Buffalo Eagles ? Philadelphia Bills ? It might have happened , book says '' . Business First . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tasker , Steve ; Pitoniak , Scott ( 2013 ) . `` Introduction '' . The Buffalo Bills : My Life on a Special Team . Sports Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61321 - 328 - 5 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20090821143229/http://www.billszone.com/mtlog/archives/2004/01/01/1989_buffalo_bills_bickering_bills.php . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2009 . Retrieved October 7 , 2009 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.packersnews.com/story/sports/nfl/packers/dougherty/2014/12/13/no-huddle-no-longer-just-a-need-for-speed/20378415/ Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20090202123027/http://www.sportingnews.com/archives/sports2000/moments/011899.html . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 7 , 2009 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Four Falls of Buffalo '' . 30 for 30 . Season 3 . 2015 - 12 - 12 . ESPN . Jump up ^ Tasker , Steve ; Pitoniak , Scott ( 2013 ) . `` 9 : Extra Points '' . The Buffalo Bills : My Life on a Special Team . Sports Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61321 - 328 - 5 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20070312040731/http://www.nfl.com/news/story/6908433 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved March 10 , 2007 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Koshinski , Bob ( May 5 , 2014 ) . Perspective Buffalo Bills ' Owner Needs 3 Trustee Votes For Winning Bid . WBBZ - TV . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.buffalobills.com/news/article-1/Mary-Wilson-becomes-controlling-owner-of-the-Buffalo-Bills/7627d029-46a4-416e-af98-b83b955dfec1 Jump up ^ http://www.buffalobills.com/news/article-1/Wilson-trust-reaches-definitive-agreement-with-Pegula-family/b00d5820-fe52-4255-a2f5-50943235f6e9 Jump up ^ http://gazette.com/ap-source-pegulas-bid-1.4-billion-to-buy-bills/article/feed/155375 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Rex Ryan breaks his ' Yes sir ' wristband after giving them to players '' . ESPN . October 11 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rodak , Mike ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Kathryn Smith hired by Bills as NFL 's first full - time female coach '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ John Breech ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) . `` Bills tap Panthers defensive coordinator Sean McDermott as next head coach '' . cbssports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Precious , Tom ( 21 December 2012 ) . `` Bills agree to lease deal with $130 million in stadium upgrades '' . Buffalo News . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . External links ( edit ) Buffalo Bills -- Official Site Sports E-Cyclopedia -- Buffalo Bills ( unofficial ) Bills Toronto Series <Th_colspan="2"> Buffalo Bills <Td_colspan="2"> Founded in 1960 Based and headquartered in Orchard Park , New York Franchise Franchise History Players Seasons Pro Bowl selections First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Coaches Logos and uniforms NFL in Toronto Bills series Stadiums War Memorial Stadium New Era Field Rogers Centre ( Bills Toronto Series ) New Era Field II ( proposed ) Culture Buffalo sports curse Ralph Wilson Billy Buffalo Buffalo Jills Ken `` Pinto Ron '' Johnson Second String Flutie Flakes `` Shout '' ( The Isley Brothers song ) Four Falls of Buffalo Lore AAFC Buffalo Bills Electric Company The Comeback Wide Right Music City Miracle Rivalries Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Division championships ( 10 ) 1964 1965 1966 1980 1988 1989 1990 1991 1993 1995 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1990 1991 1992 1993 League championships ( 2 ) 1964 1965 Wall of Fame Simpson Kemp McGroder Sestak Shaw Wilson 12th Man Dubenion Stratton Ferguson Levy DeLamielleure James Abramoski Kalsu Saimes Kelly Smerlas Hull Talley Ritcher Thomas Reed Tasker Smith Edgerson Hansen Polian Miller Saban Gilchrist Media Broadcasters Radio Radio Network WGR 550 Television MSG Western New York Personalities : John Murphy Van Miller Mark Kelso Steve Tasker Owners Wilson Pegula family Terry Kim Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> Championship seasons in bold <Th_colspan="4"> History of the National Football League <Th_colspan="4"> American Football Conference AFC East Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets AFC North Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers AFC South Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans AFC West Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders <Th_colspan="4"> National Football Conference NFC East Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins NFC North Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings NFC South Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers NFC West Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks <Th_colspan="4"> Defunct teams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Buffalo_Bills&oldid=824018637 '' Categories : Buffalo Bills National Football League history by team Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles needing additional references from August 2012 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 4 February 2018 , at 20 : 57 . 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who played guitar in bill and ted's excellent adventure
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Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure - wikipedia Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Stephen Herek Produced by Scott Kroopf Michael S. Murphey Joel Soisson Written by Chris Matheson Ed Solomon Starring Keanu Reeves Alex Winter George Carlin Music by David Newman Cinematography Timothy Suhrstedt Edited by Larry Bock Patrick Rand Production companies Interscope Communications Nelson Entertainment Distributed by Orion Pictures International : De Laurentiis Entertainment Group Release date February 17 , 1989 ( 1989 - 02 - 17 ) Running time 89 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $10 million Box office $40.5 million Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure is a 1989 American science - fiction comedy buddy film in which two slackers travel through time to assemble a menagerie of historical figures for their high school history presentation . The film was written by Chris Matheson and Ed Solomon and directed by Stephen Herek . It stars Alex Winter as Bill S. Preston , Esquire ; Keanu Reeves as Ted `` Theodore '' Logan ; and George Carlin as Rufus . Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure received generally positive reviews upon release and was commercially successful . It is now considered a cult classic . A sequel , Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey , was released two years later . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Differences from original script 4 Soundtrack 5 Related productions 5.1 Sequels 5.2 Television 5.3 Comics 5.4 Video games 5.5 Theme parks 6 Reception 7 In cultural analysis 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In Futuristic City , 2688 , humanity exists as a utopian society due to the inspiration of the music and wisdom of the Two Great Ones : Bill S. Preston , Esq. and Ted `` Theodore '' Logan . Rufus is tasked by the leaders to travel back to San Dimas , California , in 1988 using a time machine disguised as a telephone booth to ensure that Bill and Ted , who are dimwitted metalhead slacker high school students , get a good grade in their final history oral report and pass the class . Should they fail , Ted 's father , Police Captain John Logan , plans to ship Ted to a military academy in Alaska , ending Bill and Ted 's fledgling band , the `` Wyld Stallyns '' , thus altering the future . Bill , meanwhile , has a crush on his father 's new wife Missy who 's just a few years older than Bill himself . Bill and Ted struggle with the report , which asks them to envision how three historical figures would see San Dimas in the present . While they are asking strangers at the local Circle K convenience store for help , Rufus arrives in the time machine . The two are distrustful until the time machine arrives again nearby , out from which step future versions of Bill and Ted . They prove to their younger selves that they are really them and that they should trust Rufus . They privately ask Rufus a question and then depart . The younger versions of Bill and Ted accept Rufus ' offer to take them into the past . Rufus takes them to a battlefield in Austria , 1805 where Napoleon Bonaparte is commanding the French army against Austria . They return to the present , unaware that the time machine has caught Napoleon in its wake and pulled him along . Landing near Ted 's house , Rufus reminds them that they must still reach the school on time to give their report and then departs , returning the time machine to them . The two discover Napoleon after he falls out of a nearby tree , and come up with the idea of kidnapping other historical figures to bring to the present . They leave Napoleon with Ted 's younger brother , Deacon , and start traveling through time . The two befriend Billy the Kid in The Old West , 1879 and Socrates in Ancient Greece , 410 BC before stopping in London , 1461 where they become infatuated with Princesses Elizabeth and Joanna . The teens anger the princesses ' father , Henry VI of England , who orders their beheading , but they are rescued by Billy and Socrates . They are forced to leave without the princesses and , in the escape , the telephone booth is damaged . Dialing a random number , they land next in the Utopian future , where Bill and Ted are amazed by the music playing and that the citizens worship them . They leave after a brief stay and , believing they have plenty of time before the report , start collecting more historical figures for extra credit , including Sigmund Freud in Vienna , 1901 , Ludwig van Beethoven in Kassel , 1810 , Joan of Arc in Orléans , 1429 , Genghis Khan in Mongolia , 1209 , and Abraham Lincoln in Washington , D.C. , 1863 . Having run out of room in the phone booth , Bill and Ted finally discover the time machine is damaged . After making ad hoc repairs to the time machine , Bill and Ted try to return to the present but land outside the Circle K , recognizing the situation they previously witnessed . After reassuring their younger selves , they learn from Rufus how to dial the right number to get to their present and that they are running out of time . Once they arrive to the present , Bill 's mother has him , Ted , and the historical figures get their household chores done before taking them to the local mall , where the historical figures are left to experience San Dimas while Bill and Ted look for Napoleon ; Ted finds Deacon had ditched Napoleon earlier out of embarrassment , but they later find him at the water slide park `` Waterloo '' ( the name based on the Napoleon 's famous battle of `` Waterloo '' ) with the irony lost on Bill and Ted . Meanwhile , the historical figures had caused trouble at the mall and have been arrested by Captain Logan . Upon discovering this , Bill and Ted figure out how they can use the time machine to set up an event at the police station to allow them to free the historical figures without getting caught . After freeing them , Bill 's mother drives them all to the high school and arrive just in time , where they give an impressive presentation with the help of the historical figures that receives a standing ovation . They pass their course and return the historical figures to their proper times . Later , as Bill and Ted are practicing , Rufus arrives , showing he had rescued the princesses from England and introduced them to the modern world , and that they become part of Wyld Stallyns . Elated , Bill and Ted resume their practice with their usual ineptitude , with Rufus breaking the fourth wall and promising , `` They do get better ... '' Cast ( edit ) Main Keanu Reeves as Ted `` Theodore '' Logan Alex Winter as Bill S. Preston Esq . George Carlin as Rufus Historical Figures Terry Camilleri as Napoleon Bonaparte Dan Shor as Billy the Kid Tony Steedman as Socrates Rod Loomis as Sigmund Freud Al Leong as Genghis Khan Jane Wiedlin as Joan of Arc Robert V. Barron as Abraham Lincoln Clifford David as Ludwig van Beethoven Supporting Hal Landon Jr. as Captain Jonathan `` John '' Logan Bernie Casey as Mr. Ryan Amy Stock - Poynton as Missy / Mom Preston J. Patrick McNamara as Mr. Preston Frazier Bain as Deacon Logan John Karlsen as Evil Duke Diane Franklin as Princess Joanna Kimberley LaBelle as Princess Elizabeth The Three Supreme Beings of the Future Clarence Clemons Martha Davis Fee Waybill Production ( edit ) The film was shot in 1987 in the Phoenix , Arizona , metropolitan area , mostly in and around Scottsdale 's Coronado High School . Coronado 's auditorium was torn down during 2005 - 07 renovations , but its unique roof and intricate exterior mosaic , seen in an opening scene when Bill and Ted leave school in a red Mustang , was saved and moved , piece by piece , to the new auditorium . The interior shots of the auditorium were filmed inside the East High School auditorium , which was in Phoenix on 48th Street just north of Van Buren . East High School was demolished in 2002 as part of a redevelopment project . The production also shot a sequence on the Western Street on the back lot of Southwestern Studio in Carefree , Arizona . Odescalchi castle was used as Henry VI 's castle . The scenes at Waterloo are a combination of establishing shots at Raging Waters in San Dimas and shots with the actors at Golfland Sunsplash in Mesa , Arizona . The bowling alley was a Fair Lanes - branded alley at that time but is now the AMF Tempe Village Lanes on Rural Road at US 60 , three miles south of Arizona State University . The mall was Phoenix Metrocenter , between Peoria and Dunlap Avenues at Interstate 17 . It has since been renovated and no longer looks as it did in the film . The Circle K store is at the intersection of Southern and Hardy in Tempe . The film also employs computer - generated imagery for the scenes where Bill & Ted are travelling through the ' Circuits of Time ' , created by the VFX house Perpetual Motion Pictures . The film 's writers , Ed Solomon and Chris Matheson , appear in the film 's ice cream scene . Solomon is credited as the `` stupid '' waiter , and Matheson is credited as the `` ugly '' waiter . They are given similar credits in Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey . When Rufus plays his guitar solo , the hands in the close - up are those of Stevie Salas , who composed the film 's guitar music . The film took nearly two years to make . Filming took place from February to May 1987 and it was planned to be released in 1988 . However , the film 's original distributor , De Laurentiis Entertainment Group , went bankrupt . Orion Pictures and Nelson Entertainment bought the rights to the movie in 1988 , and it was released theatrically on February 17 , 1989 . As a partial result of the delay , certain dates in the film originally scripted as `` 1987 '' had to be re-dubbed as `` 1988 '' . The copyright date of this film is 1989 , while 1988 incorrectly appears on the DVD cover ( though some copies still note 1989 as its release date ) and 1987 appears on the back of the Blu - ray release . It was followed in 1991 by a sequel , Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey . Writing for Wired to mark the 25th anniversary of the film 's release , Angela Watercutter noted : `` There 's a longstanding urban legend that Reeves auditioned for the role of Bill and Winter auditioned for Ted , but that 's not exactly how Winter remembers it . ' The reason that that ended up in lore was because at a certain point Keanu got it in his head that he was playing Bill and I was playing Ted , ' he says . ' To be fair to Reeves , it 's possible that out of the 80 trillion times we had to do the scenes ( in auditions ) the very , very last time we went in he happened to get the Bill sides and I happened to get the Ted sides . ' After Reeves found out he was playing Ted , though , he was Sad Keanu . ' We 're sitting in the office waiting to meet the producers for the first time and I 'm pretty jazzed and he 's miserable , ' Winters says . ' I 'm like , `` Dude , what 's wrong ? We finally got it after all this bullshit , '' you know ? And he 's like , `` Yeah , but I 'm Ted . '' And I was like , `` Yeah , you 're Ted . That 's awesome . '' He was like , `` I thought I was Bill . '' I was like , `` What fucking difference does it make ? For god 's sake , they 're completely interchangeable . If you want you can be Bill and I 'll be Ted , I really do n't care . It 's not going to impact the way I play this guy one iota . ' '' Differences from original script ( edit ) In earlier drafts of the script , Rufus was 28 years old and historical figures Bill and Ted plucked from history included Charlemagne ( whom they referred to as `` Charlie Mangay '' ) , Babe Ruth , and a non-famous medieval person called `` John the Serf '' . John is listed in the credits . In a 1991 interview , co-writer Ed Solomon said the characters of Bill and Ted were originally envisaged as `` 14 - year - old skinny guys , with low - rider bell - bottoms and heavy metal T - shirts '' who were despised by the popular kids at school . Casting Reeves and Winter changed the filmmakers ' images of the characters because `` ... once you cast Alex and Keanu , who look like pretty cool guys , that was hard to believe '' . Originally , the time machine was to be a 1969 Chevrolet van , but the idea was abandoned as being too close in concept to the DeLorean used in the Back to the Future trilogy . Instead , despite the similarities to Doctor Who 's time machine , the TARDIS , the film 's time machine was styled after a 1960s American telephone booth , though a newer model Ford van would be used as the rock concert `` band wagon '' for the sequel . In April 2013 , Winter commented on Carlin 's casting : `` He was a very happy accident . They were going after serious people first . Like Sean Connery . And someone had the idea , way after we started shooting , of George . That whole movie was a happy accident . No one thought it would ever see the light of day . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by various artists Released Genre Hard rock , heavy metal , glam rock , glam metal , pop rock , rock ' n ' roll Length 40 : 32 Label A&M Records The film 's soundtrack was released in 1989 . The tracks are as follows : `` Play with Me '' by Extreme `` The Boys and Girls Are Doing It '' by Vital Signs `` Not So Far Away '' by Glen Burtnik `` Dancing with a Gypsy '' by Tora Tora `` Father Time '' by Shark Island `` I Ca n't Break Away '' by Big Pig `` Dangerous '' by Shark Island `` Walk Away '' by Bricklin `` In Time '' by Robbie Robb feat . Stevie Salas `` Two Heads Are Better Than One '' by Power Tool These tracks are ordered for the album differently than they are in the movie . In the movie , the songs show up in the following order : `` I Ca n't Break Away '' , `` Dancing with a Gypsy '' , `` Father Time '' , `` Dangerous '' , `` In Time '' , `` Two Heads Are Better Than One '' , `` The Boys and Girls Are Doing It '' , `` Play with Me '' , `` Walk Away '' , `` Not So Far Away '' and `` Two Heads '' ( reprised over the credits ) . The following songs appeared in the film but were not included in the soundtrack : `` No Right to Do Me Wrong '' by Range War `` Party Up '' by Rori `` Bad Guitar '' by Stevie ' No Wonder ' Salas `` Carlin 's Solo '' by Hands of Flutes `` Game of War '' by Warrant Related Productions ( edit ) Main article : Bill & Ted ( franchise ) Sequels ( edit ) A theatrical sequel , Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey , was released in 1991 . A third theatrical film in the Bill & Ted franchise was planned , and a screenplay was written , though it never got past the pre-production phase . Although rumors claimed that the script was adapted into the 1996 film Bio-Dome , Alex Winter has said that it was not . In 2010 , Reeves indicated that Matheson and Solomon were working on a script for a third film , confirming in April 2011 that a draft was complete . Winter said in March 2012 that he and Reeves both liked the finished script , which revisits the two characters after the changes of the past twenty years . The current script does not feature the return of the Grim Reaper from Bogus Journey , but since actor William Sadler has expressed interest , the writers are considering ways to include the character . In August 2012 , Dean Parisot ( director of the sci - fi / comedy film Galaxy Quest ) signed on to direct the film , although MGM , which holds the rights to the Bill & Ted franchise , has yet to give the movie an official greenlight . In an April 2014 article on the original film 's 25th anniversary , Alex Winter reported that work on going ahead with the second sequel was still in progress . Television ( edit ) Two spin - off television series were produced ; both were titled Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventures . Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventures was an animated series that first ran on CBS in 1990 , and featured the voices of Winter , Reeves and Carlin returning to their roles in the film . A second season of eight episodes ran on Fox Kids , with the voice cast of Fox 's upcoming live - action series . Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventures was a live - action series that ran only seven episodes on Fox in the summer of 1992 . It featured none of the cast from the film apart from Lisa Wilcox . Evan Richards and Christopher Kennedy played Bill and Ted . Comics ( edit ) DC Comics produced a tie - in comic following the plot of the first movie timed to coincide with that film 's release on home video . The sequel was adapted by DC 's competitor Marvel Comics , published to coincide with the second film 's release in theaters . Its popularity led to the ongoing Marvel series Bill & Ted 's Excellent Comic Book by Evan Dorkin , which lasted for 12 issues . There was a weekly 2 / 4 page semi-adaptation of the animated series published for a year by UK 's defunct Look - In Magazine from 1991 to 1992 . Video games ( edit ) There were also Game Boy , NES and Atari Lynx games released , which were very loosely based on the film 's plot . A PC title and nearly identical Amiga and Commodore 64 port were made in 1991 by Off the Wall Productions and IntraCorp , Inc. under contract by Capstone Software and followed the original film very closely . Theme parks ( edit ) The annual Halloween Horror Nights events at Universal Studios Orlando and Hollywood have featured since 1992 ( Orlando ) and 1997 - 1999 / 2007 ( Hollywood ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Halloween Adventure , a show satirizing pop culture of the year with Bill & Ted as the protagonists fighting villains who steal their phone booth for their own schemes . The show differs from year to year , with spoofs of various pop culture icons . The main plot involves Bill and Ted being threatened by an evil villain from a popular film of that year , with appearances by a host of villains , heroes , and celebrities . The show usually includes elaborate dance numbers , stunts , and multiple double - entendres for the late night event crowd . In 2013 , the Hollywood version of the show was cancelled in the middle of its run following complaints of homophobic humor . On August 15 , 2017 , Universal announced that 2017 will be the final year of Bill and Ted 's Excellent Halloween Adventure in Orlando . And in November 4 , 2017 , Bill and Ted 's Excellent Halloween Adventure came to a final close , but not before a surprise appearance of Rufus . Reception ( edit ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure grossed $40.4 million domestically on a budget of about $10 million . The Washington Post gave the film a negative review , finding the script written by Chris Matheson and Ed Solomon as `` made only the sketchiest attempts to draw their historical characters . They exist as foils and nothing else , and the gags that are hung on them are far from first - rate '' , and that if director `` Stephen Herek , has any talent for comedy , it 's not visible here . More than anything , the picture looks paltry and undernourished . '' Variety wrote about each historical figure that Bill & Ted meet , stating that `` Each encounter is so brief and utterly cliched that history has little chance to contribute anything to this pic 's two dimensions . '' Vincent Canby of The New York Times referred to the film as a `` painfully inept comedy '' and that the `` one dimly interesting thing about Bill and Ted 's Excellent Adventure is the way the two teen - age heroes communicate in superlatives . We are about to fail most egregiously , says Ted to Bill , or maybe it 's Bill to Ted . They are also fond of odd words , such as bodacious . '' In the Los Angeles Times , Chris Willman was also unimpressed , concluding : `` Make no mistake , Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( ... ) is not a satire of mindlessness ; it 's unabashed glorification of dumbness for dumbness ' sake . Bill and Ted are heroic in their ability to reduce some of history 's great minds to their level . However , writing for Radio Times , Alan Jones decided : `` A nonstop giggle from start to finish , this beguiling grab - bag of time - travel clichés , hard - rock music and Valley - speaking cool dudes is a flawless , purpose - built junk movie '' . The film has an 78 % `` Certified fresh '' rating at Rotten Tomatoes , based on 45 reviews with an average rating of 6.5 / 10 , the site 's critical consensus reads : `` Keanu Reeves and Alex Winter are just charming , goofy , and silly enough to make this fluffy time - travel Adventure work '' . The successes of the film and the animated series spawned a short - lived breakfast cereal called Bill & Ted 's Excellent Cereal . The phone booth used in the film was given away in a contest presented by Nintendo Power magazine , to promote Bill & Ted 's Excellent Video Game Adventure . It was won by Kenneth Grayson of Mississippi . In 2010 , the city of San Dimas celebrated 50 years of incorporation . The celebration 's slogan was San Dimas , 1960 -- 2010 -- An Excellent Adventure . Bill and Ted 's Excellent Adventure was selected as number 8 in Rolling Stone 's ' 10 Best Stoner Movies of All Time ' in 2013 . Writing in The Guardian on the occasion of the film 's 25th anniversary , Hadley Freeman found : `` Of all the delightfully improbable scenarios depicted in Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure -- from Napoleon Bonaparte causing havoc on a waterslide to Billy the Kid and Socrates ( aka `` So - crayts '' , of course ) picking up chicks in a California mall to George Carlin acting in a film alongside Keanu Reeves and a member of the Go - Go 's -- none would have seemed more unlikely on its release than the idea that one day , with much media fanfare , the public would be celebrating the film 's 25th anniversary . By the time Bill & Ted was released in 1989 , the 80s teen film explosion was starting to taper out . ( ... ) Moreover , there had already been plenty of films about time - travelling teens by the time Bill & Ted rocked up in cinemas , such as Peggy Sue Got Married and Back to the Future . Few who were around then would have bet that a goofy movie about a pair of California metalheads skipping back through time in a phonebox collecting historical characters to bring back to 20th - century California for their history report would still be remembered today . But I am very much among those few `` . The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2005 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : Bill / Ted : `` Excellent ! '' -- Nominated In cultural analysis ( edit ) Writing in British Sunday newspaper The Observer , Tom Holland noted , `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure does not tend to be rated as one of cinema 's profounder treatments of the relationship between present and past . The story of two Californian slackers with a time machine who , for complicated reasons , have to assemble assorted celebrities from history in order to pass a high - school project , it is chiefly remembered for bringing Keanu Reeves to the attention of a mass audience . Classicists , however , will always cherish it as the only film ever to combine the music of Van Halen with Greek philosophy . When Bill and Ted embark on their quest , what should be their first destination if not classical Athens , and who should be the very first ' historical dude ' bundled into their time machine if not a bald - headed man in a sheet whom they persist in calling ' Soh - kraytz ' ? '' Holland continued : `` Even to metalheads , then , the philosophy of ancient Greece serves as something that is both primal and emblematic of civilisation as a whole . Socrates , in particular , the ' lover of wisdom ' who insisted that the most fundamental presumptions of his countrymen should be subjected to experimental investigation , and who ended up being made to drink hemlock for his pains , has always been admired as the very fountainhead of rationalism . Yet when it comes to identifying what he taught and believed , there is a problem , on which Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure , rather unexpectedly , puts its finger . Socrates , transplanted to 1980s California , can only communicate with his abductors by gesturing and gurning -- since Bill and Ted , it goes without saying , speak not a word of ancient Greek . Even the miracle of time travel , it appears , can not serve to alter what is , for any historian , a most awkward fact : that it is impossible to be certain of what Socrates actually said . '' See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal Comedy portal 1980s portal Deus ex machina Novikov self - consistency principle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thompson , Anne ( March 16 , 1989 ) . `` Profiting from youth In search for adult fare , studios overlook a hit '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 18 , 1989 . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Willman , Chris ( 17 February 1989 ) . `` Movie Reviews : Adventure , Thy Name Is Not ' Bill & Ted ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 80s Rewind : Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure '' . Fast-rewind.com. 1991 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Eighties Movie Locations That Really Exist '' . In The 80s . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Baamonde , Matt ( July 28 , 2006 ) . `` Stevie Salas Interview '' . Modern Guitars Magazine . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2006 . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( 1989 ) - Box office / business '' . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( 1989 ) - Trivia '' . ^ Jump up to : Watercutter , Angela ( 17 February 2014 ) . `` Bill & Ted at 25 : Dude , Bet You Did n't Know These 7 Gnarly Facts '' . Wired . San Francisco . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( 1989 ) '' . Us.imdb.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Freeman , Hadley ( 17 April 2014 ) . `` Bill & Ted 's 25th birthday : party on , dudes ! '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ alxwinter ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` Hey , Alex Winter here from Bill & Ted and Downloaded and noticed a lot of child stars memes today . That 's what my next documentary 's about . Thought it would be a good day to say hi . Ask me anything ! '' . reddit.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Was Bill & Ted 3 Rewritten Into Bio-Dome ? '' . Slashfilm . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Reeve talks new ' Bill and Ted ' adventure '' . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Bill & Ted 3 ' screenplay actually exists , according to Bill '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Bill & Ted ' Sequel : ' There Probably Will Be Another One ' '' . 2012 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Grim Reaper Could Return for Bill & Ted 3 , Says William Sadler '' . 2012 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 3 Has a Director '' . August 13 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Steven ( June 28 , 1992 ) . `` Bill and Ted Make It to Prime Time , City Does n't '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Online Adventure - Collectibles - Books , Comics & Trading Cards - Excellent Adventure Comic Book '' . www.billandted.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Online Adventure - The Comics - Marvel Comics - Issues '' . www.billandted.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Online Adventure - The Comics - Look In ! - Overview '' . www.billandted.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Arthur Levine ( August 10 , 2006 ) . `` Universal Orlando is Out for Blood '' . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2006 . Retrieved December 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Teresa Plowright ( October 15 , 2004 ) . `` Halloween Horror at Universal '' . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2006 . Retrieved December 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( 2013 - 10 - 23 ) . `` Universal Studios Hollywood Pulls ' Anti-Gay ' ' Bill and Ted ' Halloween Show '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Tuttle , Brittani ( 15 August 2017 ) . `` Bill and Ted 's Excellent Halloween Adventure to say farewell to Universal Orlando 's Halloween Horror Nights '' . Attractions Magazine . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( 1989 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hinson , Hal ( February 17 , 1989 ) . `` ' Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ' '' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( February 17 , 1989 ) . `` Bill and Ted s Excellent Adventure ( 1989 ) Reviews / Film ; Teen - Agers On a Tour Of History '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan . `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure : Review '' . Radio Times . London . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( 1989 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2009 . Retrieved November 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Cereal , Reviewed '' . X-Entertainment. 16 March 2014 . Retrieved 24 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Error Macro ( June 2 , 2006 ) . `` The Saturday Scan - Give It Away Now '' . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2007 . Retrieved December 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Picture of phone booth winner '' . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 10 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 2 . 50th Anniversary Celebration '' ( PDF ) . Minutes : City Of San Dimas Council . City of San Dimas . November 15 , 2008 . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sheffield , Rob ( 6 June 2013 ) . `` 10 Best Stoner Movies of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . New York City . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Holland , Tom ( 24 October 2010 ) . `` The Hemlock Cup : Socrates , Athens and the Search for the Good Life by Bettany Hughes -- review '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure on IMDb Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure on IMDb ( animated TV series ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure on IMDb ( TV series ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure at AllMovie Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure at Rotten Tomatoes <Th_colspan="2"> Bill & Ted Films Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey Television Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventures ( animated series ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventures ( live action series ) Music Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey : Music from the Motion Picture Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` God Gave Rock ' N ' Roll to You II '' `` Go to Hell '' `` Tommy the Cat '' The Elusive Light and Sound , Vol. 1 Computer games Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure Bill & Ted 's Excellent Game Boy Adventure : A Bogus Journey ! Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( Atari Lynx ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Video Game Adventure Related topics Bill & Ted 's Excellent Comic Book Bill & Ted 's Excellent Cereal <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Stephen Herek <Td_colspan="2"> Critters ( 1986 ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( 1989 ) Do n't Tell Mom the Babysitter 's Dead ( 1991 ) The Mighty Ducks ( 1992 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1993 ) Mr. Holland 's Opus ( 1995 ) 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 ) Holy Man ( 1998 ) Rock Star ( 2001 ) Life or Something Like It ( 2002 ) Man of the House ( 2005 ) Picture This ( 2008 ) Dead like Me : Life After Death ( 2009 ) Into the Blue 2 : The Reef ( 2009 ) The Cutting Edge : Fire and Ice ( 2010 ) The Chaperone ( 2011 ) Jinxed ( 2013 ) Dolly Parton 's Coat of Many Colors ( 2015 ) The Great Gilly Hopkins ( 2015 ) Dolly Parton 's Christmas of Many Colors : Circle of Love ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_%26_Ted%27s_Excellent_Adventure&oldid=810636854 '' Categories : 1989 films English - language films 1980s adventure films 1980s comedy films 1980s science fiction films American adventure comedy films American films American independent films American buddy films American comedy science fiction films American space adventure films American teen comedy films Bill & Ted ( franchise ) Time travel films Fictional depictions of Abraham Lincoln in film Cultural depictions of Billy the Kid Depictions of Genghis Khan on film Depictions of Napoleon on film Cultural depictions of Ludwig van Beethoven Cultural depictions of Joan of Arc Cultural depictions of Socrates Cultural depictions of Sigmund Freud Films directed by Stephen Herek Films about Joan of Arc Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in Arizona Films shot in Italy Films shot in Los Angeles Interscope Communications films Orion Pictures films StudioCanal films Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Screenplays by Ed Solomon Films set in the 1st century BC Films set in the 13th century Films set in the 15th century Films set in 1805 Films set in the 1860s Films set in 1879 Films set in 1901 Films set in 1988 Films set in the 27th century San Dimas , California Film scores by David Newman Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from September 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 14 : 15 . 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are the members of earth wind and fire still alive
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List of Earth , Wind & Fire band members - wikipedia List of Earth , Wind & Fire band members <Th_colspan="2"> Earth , Wind & Fire <Td_colspan="2"> Earth , Wind & Fire performing in 2009 <Th_colspan="2"> Background information Origin Chicago , Illinois , U.S. Genres R&B soul funk jazz disco pop psychedelic soul Years active 1971 -- present Labels Warner Bros. , ARC , Columbia , Legacy , Sanctuary Associated acts Ramsey Lewis , The Pharaohs , Charles Stepney , Phenix Horns , The Emotions , Caldera , Chicago , Deniece Williams , Toto , George Benson Website www.earthwindandfire.com <Th_colspan="2"> Members Philip Bailey Verdine White Ralph Johnson B. David Whitworth Myron McKinley John Paris Philip Bailey , Jr . Morris O ' Connor Serg Dimitrijevic <Th_colspan="2"> Past members See ' Past members ' The following is a list of musicians who have performed in the American R&B , soul , and funk band Earth , Wind & Fire . Contents 1 Members 1.1 Current 1.2 Former 1.3 Phenix Horns ( 1975 - 1983 ) / Earth , Wind & Fire Horns ( 1987 - present ) 1.3. 1 Current 1.3. 2 Former 2 Line - ups 2.1 Timeline 3 Notes Members ( edit ) Current ( edit ) Philip Bailey - vocals , conga , percussion , kalimba ( 1972 -- 1984 ; 1987 - present ) Verdine White - bass , percussion , vocals ( 1970 -- 1984 ; 1987 - present ) Ralph Johnson - drums , percussion , vocals ( 1972 - 1984 ; 1987 -- present ) B. David Whitworth - percussion , vocals ( 1996 -- present ) Myron McKinley - keyboards , musical director ( 2001 -- present ) John Paris - drums , vocals ( 2001 -- present ) Philip Doron Bailey - vocals , percussion ( 2008 -- present ) Morris O'Connor - lead guitar , vocals ( 2008 -- present ) Serg Dimitrijevic - rhythm guitar , vocals ( 2012 -- present ) Former ( edit ) Maurice White - vocals , kalimba , drums , percussion , band creator and leader ( 1970 - 1984 ; 1987 - 2016 ; his death ) Michael Beale - guitar , harmonica ( 1970 - 1972 ) Leslie Drayton - trumpet ( 1970 - 1972 ) Wade Flemons - electric piano , vocals ( 1971 - 1972 ; died 1993 ) Yackov Ben Israel ( aka Phillard Williams ) - conga , percussion ( 1970 - 1972 ) Sherry Scott - vocals ( 1970 - 1972 ) Alexander Thomas - trombone ( 1970 - 1972 ) Chester Washington - tenor saxophone ( 1970 - 1972 ) Don Whitehead - acoustic / electric pianos , vocals ( 1970 - 1972 ) Helena Davis - vocals ( 1972 ) Roland Bautista - lead / rhythm guitar , vocals ( 1972 - 1973 , 1981 - 1984 ; died 2012 ) Jessica Cleaves - vocals ( 1972 - 1973 ; died 2014 ) Larry Dunn - keyboards , synthesizers , minimoog , musical director ( 1972 - 1984 ) Ronnie Laws - flute , soprano / tenor saxophones ( 1972 - 1973 ) Johnny Graham - lead / rhythm guitar , trumpet , percussion ( 1973 - 1983 ) Al McKay - lead / rhythm guitar , sitar , percussion , vocals ( 1973 - 1980 ) Andrew Woolfolk - flute , saxophone , percussion ( 1973 - 1993 ) Fred White - drums , percussion ( 1974 - 1984 ) Beloyd Taylor - percussion , vocals ( 1981 - 1982 ; on tour - played guitar as session musician on albums ; died 2014 ) Sonny Emory - drums , vocals ( 1987 - 1999 ) Sheldon Reynolds - lead / rhythm guitar , vocals ( 1987 - 2002 ) Dick Smith ( musician ) - lead / rhythm guitar , vocals ( 1987 - 1991 ) Vance Taylor - keyboards , musical director ( 1987 - 1993 ) Mike McKnight - technician , keyboards ( 1987 - 1999 ) Fred Ravel - keyboards , musical director ( 1992 - 1996 ) Morris Pleasure - keyboards , bass , musical director ( 1993 - 2001 ) David Romero - percussion ( 1993 - 1999 ) Carl Carwell - vocals ( 1994 - 1997 ) Robert Brookins - keyboards , musical director ( 1998 - 2004 ; died 2009 ) Gordon Campbell - drums ( 1999 - 2001 ) Bobby Gonzales - lead / rhythm guitar , vocals ( 2001 - 2002 ) Daniel de los Reyes - percussion ( 2001 - 2004 ) Kimberly Brewer - vocals ( 2002 - 2004 ) John Johnson - lead / rhythm guitar , vocals ( 2002 - 2004 ) Krystal Bailey - vocals ( 2004 ) Kim Johnson - vocals ( 2004 - 2012 ) Greg `` G - Mo '' Moore - rhythm guitar , vocals ( 2004 - 2012 ) Vadim Zilberstein - lead guitar , vocals ( 2004 - 2008 ) Phenix Horns ( 1975 - 1983 ) / Earth , Wind & Fire Horns ( 1987 - present ) ( edit ) Current ( edit ) Gary Bias - saxophone ( 1987 -- present ) Reggie Young - trombone ( 1987 -- present ) Bobby Burns . Jr - trumpet ( 2004 -- present ) Former ( edit ) Rahmlee Michael Davis - trumpet ( 1975 - 1983 ) Harris Dantzler - saxophone ( 1971 - 1974 ) Don Myrick - saxophone ( 1975 - 1983 ; died 1993 ) Louis Satterfield - trombone ( 1975 - 1983 ; died 2004 ) Raymond Lee Brown - trumpet ( 1987 - 2004 ) Line - ups ( edit ) The following is a complete chronology of the various line - ups of Earth , Wind & Fire , from the group 's inception in 1971 until the present day . 1970 -- 1972 1972 -- 1973 1973 1973 -- 1981 Maurice White - vocals , kalimba , drums , percussion Verdine White - bass , percussion , vocals Michael Beale - guitar , harmonica Leslie Drayton - trumpet Wade Flemons - electric piano , vocals Yackov Ben Israel - conga , percussion Sherry Scott - vocals Alexander Thomas - trombone Chester Washington - tenor saxophone Don Whitehead - acoustic / electric pianos , vocals Maurice White - vocals , kalimba , drums , percussion Verdine White - bass , percussion , vocals Philip Bailey - vocals , conga , percussion , kalimba Roland Bautista - lead / rhythm guitar , vocals Helena Davis - vocals / Jessica Cleaves - vocals Larry Dunn - keyboards , synthesizers , minimoog , musical director Ralph Johnson - drums , percussion , vocals Ronnie Laws - flute , soprano / tenor saxophones Maurice White - vocals , kalimba , drums , percussion Verdine White - bass , percussion , vocals Philip Bailey - vocals , conga , percussion , kalimba Helena Davis - vocals / Jessica Cleaves - vocals Larry Dunn - keyboards , synthesizers , minimoog , musical director Ralph Johnson - drums , percussion , vocals Johnny Graham - lead / rhythm guitar , trumpet , percussion Al McKay - lead / rhythm guitar , sitar , percussion , vocals Andrew Woolfolk - flute , saxophone , percussion Maurice White - vocals , kalimba , drums , percussion Verdine White - bass , percussion , vocals Philip Bailey - vocals , conga , percussion , kalimba Larry Dunn - keyboards , synthesizers , minimoog , musical director Ralph Johnson - drums , percussion , vocals Johnny Graham - lead / rhythm guitar , trumpet , percussion Al McKay - lead / rhythm guitar , sitar , percussion , vocals Andrew Woolfolk - flute , saxophone , percussion Fred White - drums , percussion 1981 -- 1982 1982 -- 1984 1984 -- 1987 1987 -- 1991 Maurice White - vocals , kalimba , drums , percussion Verdine White - bass , percussion , vocals Philip Bailey - vocals , conga , percussion , kalimba Larry Dunn - keyboards , synthesizers , minimoog , musical director Ralph Johnson - drums , percussion , vocals Johnny Graham - lead / rhythm guitar , trumpet , percussion Andrew Woolfolk - flute , saxophone , percussion Fred White - drums , percussion Roland Bautista - lead / rhythm guitar , vocals Beloyd Taylor - percussion , vocals Maurice White - vocals , kalimba , drums , percussion Verdine White - bass , percussion , vocals Philip Bailey - vocals , conga , percussion , kalimba Larry Dunn - keyboards , synthesizers , minimoog , musical director Ralph Johnson - drums , percussion , vocals Johnny Graham - lead / rhythm guitar , trumpet , percussion Andrew Woolfolk - flute , saxophone , percussion Fred White - drums , percussion Roland Bautista - lead / rhythm guitar , vocals Hiatus Maurice White - vocals , kalimba , drums , percussion Verdine White - bass , percussion , vocals Philip Bailey - vocals , conga , percussion , kalimba Ralph Johnson - drums , percussion , vocals Andrew Woolfolk - flute , saxophone , percussion Sonny Emory - drums , vocals Sheldon Reynolds - lead / rhythm guitar , vocals Dick Smith - lead / rhythm guitar , vocals Vance Taylor - keyboards 1991 -- 1992 1992 -- 1993 1993 -- 1996 1996 -- 1998 Maurice White - vocals , kalimba , drums , percussion Verdine White - bass , percussion , vocals Philip Bailey - vocals , conga , percussion , kalimba Ralph Johnson - drums , percussion , vocals Andrew Woolfolk - flute , saxophone , percussion Sonny Emory - drums , vocals Sheldon Reynolds - lead / rhythm guitar , vocals Vance Taylor - keyboards Maurice White - vocals , kalimba , drums , percussion Verdine White - bass , percussion , vocals Philip Bailey - vocals , conga , percussion , kalimba Ralph Johnson - drums , percussion , vocals Andrew Woolfolk - flute , saxophone , percussion Sonny Emory - drums , vocals Sheldon Reynolds - lead / rhythm guitar , vocals Vance Taylor - keyboards , musical director Fred Ravel - keyboards Maurice White - vocals , kalimba , drums , percussion Verdine White - bass , percussion , vocals Philip Bailey - vocals , conga , percussion , kalimba Ralph Johnson - drums , percussion , vocals Carl Carwell - vocals Sonny Emory - drums , vocals Sheldon Reynolds - lead / rhythm guitar , vocals Fred Ravel - keyboards , musical director Morris Pleasure - keyboards , bass David Romero - percussion Maurice White - vocals , kalimba , drums , percussion Verdine White - bass , percussion , vocals Philip Bailey - vocals , conga , percussion , kalimba Ralph Johnson - drums , percussion , vocals Carl Carwell - vocals Sonny Emory - drums , vocals Sheldon Reynolds - lead / rhythm guitar , vocals Morris Pleasure - keyboards , bass , musical director David Romero - percussion Mike McKnight - keyboards B. David Whitworth - percussion , vocals 1998 -- 1999 1999 -- 2001 2001 -- 2002 2002 Maurice White - vocals , kalimba , drums , percussion Verdine White - bass , percussion , vocals Philip Bailey - vocals , conga , percussion , kalimba Ralph Johnson - drums , percussion , vocals Sonny Emory - drums , vocals Sheldon Reynolds - lead / rhythm guitar , vocals Morris Pleasure - keyboards , bass , musical director David Romero - percussion Mike McKnight - keyboards B. David Whitworth - percussion , vocals Robert Brookins - keyboards Maurice White - vocals , kalimba , drums , percussion Verdine White - bass , percussion , vocals Philip Bailey - vocals , conga , percussion , kalimba Ralph Johnson - drums , percussion , vocals Sheldon Reynolds - lead / rhythm guitar , vocals Morris Pleasure - keyboards , bass , musical director B. David Whitworth - percussion , vocals Robert Brookins - keyboards Gordon Campbell - drums Maurice White - vocals , kalimba , drums , percussion Verdine White - bass , percussion , vocals Philip Bailey - vocals , conga , percussion , kalimba Ralph Johnson - drums , percussion , vocals Sheldon Reynolds - lead / rhythm guitar , vocals B. David Whitworth - percussion , vocals Robert Brookins - keyboards , musical director Bobby Gonzales - lead / rhythm guitar , vocals Myron McKinley - keyboards John Paris - drums , vocals Daniel de los Reyes - percussion Maurice White - vocals , kalimba , drums , percussion Verdine White - bass , percussion , vocals Philip Bailey - vocals , conga , percussion , kalimba Ralph Johnson - drums , percussion , vocals B. David Whitworth - percussion , vocals Robert Brookins - keyboards , musical director Bobby Gonzales - lead / rhythm guitar , vocals Myron McKinley - keyboards John Paris - drums , vocals Daniel de los Reyes - percussion Kimberly Brewer - vocals John Johnson - lead / rhythm guitar , vocals 2002 -- 2004 2004 -- 2008 2008 -- 2012 Maurice White - vocals , kalimba , drums , percussion Verdine White - bass , percussion , vocals Philip Bailey - vocals , conga , percussion , kalimba Ralph Johnson - drums , percussion , vocals B. David Whitworth - percussion , vocals Robert Brookins - keyboards , musical director Myron McKinley - keyboards John Paris - drums , vocals Daniel de los Reyes - percussion Kimberly Brewer - vocals John Johnson - lead / rhythm guitar , vocals Maurice White - vocals , kalimba , drums , percussion Verdine White - bass , percussion , vocals Philip Bailey - vocals , conga , percussion , kalimba Ralph Johnson - drums , percussion , vocals B. David Whitworth - percussion , vocals Myron McKinley - keyboards , musical director John Paris - drums , vocals Krystal Bailey - vocals Kim Johnson - vocals Greg `` G - Mo '' Moore - rhythm guitar , vocals Vadim Zilberstein - lead guitar , vocals Maurice White - vocals , kalimba , drums , percussion Verdine White - bass , percussion , vocals Philip Bailey - vocals , conga , percussion , kalimba Ralph Johnson - drums , percussion , vocals B. David Whitworth - percussion , vocals Myron McKinley - keyboards , musical director John Paris - drums , vocals Kim Johnson - vocals Greg `` G - Mo '' Moore - rhythm guitar , vocals Vadim Zilberstein - lead guitar , vocals Maurice White - vocals , kalimba , drums , percussion Verdine White - bass , percussion , vocals Philip Bailey - vocals , conga , percussion , kalimba Ralph Johnson - drums , percussion , vocals B. David Whitworth - percussion , vocals Myron McKinley - keyboards , musical director John Paris - drums , vocals Kim Johnson - vocals Greg `` G - Mo '' Moore - rhythm guitar , vocals Philip Bailey , Jr. - vocals , percussion Morris O'Connor - lead guitar , vocals 2012 - 2016 2016 -- present Maurice White - vocals , kalimba , drums , percussion Verdine White - bass , percussion , vocals Philip Bailey - vocals , conga , percussion , kalimba Ralph Johnson - drums , percussion , vocals B. David Whitworth - percussion , vocals Myron McKinley - keyboards , musical director John Paris - drums , vocals Philip Bailey , Jr. - vocals , percussion Morris O'Connor - lead guitar , vocals Serg Dimitrijevic - rhythm guitar , vocals Philip Bailey - vocals , conga , percussion , kalimba Verdine White - bass , percussion , vocals Ralph Johnson - drums , percussion , vocals B. David Whitworth - percussion , vocals Myron McKinley - keyboards , musical director John Paris - drums , vocals Philip Bailey , Jr. - vocals , percussion Morris O'Connor - lead guitar , vocals Serg Dimitrijevic - rhythm guitar , vocals Timeline ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Earth , Wind & Fire Members '' . earthwindandfire.com . <Th_colspan="2"> Earth , Wind & Fire <Td_colspan="2"> Philip Bailey Verdine White Ralph Johnson B. David Whitworth Myron McKinley John Paris Philip Bailey , Jr . Morris O'Connor Serg Dimitrijevic Maurice White Michael Beale Leslie Drayton Wade Flemons Yackov Ben Israel Sherry Scott Carl Carwell Alexander Thomas Chester Washington Don Whitehead Roland Bautista Jessica Cleaves Larry Dunn Ronnie Laws Johnny Graham Al McKay Andrew Woolfolk Fred White Beloyd Taylor Sonny Emory Sheldon Reynolds Dick Smith Vance Taylor Fred Ravel Morris Pleasure David Romero Mike McKnight Robert Brookins Gordon Campbell Bobby Gonzales Daniel de los Reyes Kimberly Brewer John Johnson Krystal Bailey Kim Johnson Greg `` G - Mo '' Moore Vadim Zilberstein Don Myrick Studio albums Earth , Wind & Fire The Need of Love Last Days and Time Head to the Sky Open Our Eyes That 's the Way of the World Spirit All ' n All I Am Faces Raise ! Powerlight Electric Universe Touch the World Heritage Millennium In the Name of Love The Promise Illumination Now , Then & Forever Holiday Compilations and live albums Another Time Gratitude The Best of Earth , Wind & Fire , Vol. 1 The Collection The Best of Earth , Wind & Fire , Vol. 2 The Eternal Dance Elements of Love : Ballads Greatest Hits Live Greatest Hits The Ultimate Collection That 's the Way of the World : Alive in 75 Live in Rio The Essential Earth , Wind & Fire Love Songs Singles `` Evil '' `` Keep Your Head to the Sky '' `` Mighty Mighty '' `` Devotion '' `` Shining Star '' `` That 's the Way of the World '' `` Reasons '' `` Sing a Song '' `` Ca n't Hide Love '' `` Getaway '' `` Saturday Nite '' `` Serpentine Fire '' `` Fantasy '' `` Got to Get You into My Life '' `` September '' `` Boogie Wonderland '' `` After the Love Has Gone '' `` In the Stone '' `` Let Me Talk '' `` And Love Goes On '' `` Let 's Groove '' `` Wanna Be with You '' `` I 've Had Enough '' `` Fall in Love with Me '' `` System of Survival '' `` Thinking of You '' `` Heritage '' `` Sunday Morning '' `` All in the Way '' `` The Way You Move '' `` Pure Gold '' Other albums Sweet Sweetback 's Baadasssss Song Videos Earth , Wind & Fire : In Concert The Eternal Vision Earth , Wind & Fire : Live Earth , Wind & Fire : Live By Request Chicago & Earth , Wind & Fire -- Live at the Greek Theatre Related articles Ramsey Lewis The Pharaohs Charles Stepney The Phenix Horns Earth , Wind & Fire Horns The Emotions Devoted Spirits : A Tribute to Earth Wind and Fire Interpretations : Celebrating the Music of Earth , Wind & Fire Kalimba Music Lists Discography Awards and nominations Tribute albums Personnel <Td_colspan="2"> Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Earth,_Wind_%26_Fire_band_members&oldid=853032916 '' Categories : Lists of members by band Earth , Wind & Fire members Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 August 2018 , at 00 : 12 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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1. Earth, Wind & Fire band members
2. R&B soul funk jazz disco pop psychedelic soul
3. Current and former members of Earth, Wind & Fire
4. Phenix Horns/Earth, Wind & Fire Horns
5. Line-ups of Earth, Wind & Fire
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who is the present chief justice of nepal
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Chief Justice of Nepal - wikipedia Chief Justice of Nepal <Th_colspan="2"> Chief Justice of Nepal <Td_colspan="2"> प्रधान न्यायाधीश नेपाल <Td_colspan="2"> Incumbent Deepak Raj Joshee ( Acting ) since 15 March 2018 Style Right Hon'ble Chief Justice Appointer Presidential nomination with Parliament confirmation Inaugural holder Hari Prasad Pradhan ( 10 August 1951 ) Formation Constitution of Nepal Website Supreme Court of Nepal Nepal This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Nepal Constitution ( show ) Fundamental Rights and Duties Human rights LGBT rights Government ( show ) President : Bidhya Devi Bhandari Vice President : Nanda Bahadur Pun Executive : Prime Minister : Khadga Prasad Oli Council of Ministers : Oli II Civil Services Cabinet Secretary Federal Parliament : House of Representatives Speaker : Krishna Bahadur Mahara National Assembly Chairman : Ganesh Prasad Timilsina Judiciary : Supreme Court Chief Justice of Nepal : Gopal Parajuli District Courts Elections ( show ) Election Commission Political parties Recent elections Presidential : 2008 2015 National : 2008 2013 2017 Provincial : 2017 Local : 2017 Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions Provinces Province governments Provincial Assemblies Governors Chief Minister Local governments Districts Municipality Rural Municipality Foreign relations ( show ) Ministry of Foreign Affairs Diplomatic missions of Nepal to Nepal Passport Visa requirements Related topics ( show ) Democracy movement Civil War Other countries Atlas The Chief Justice of Nepal ( Nepali : प्रधान न्यायाधीश ) is the head of the judicial branch of Nepal and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of Nepal . The Chief Justice is the highest judicial officer in the country , and acts as a chief administrative officer for all the judicial system . The current acting Chief Justice is Deepak Raj Joshee , who took over the role on 15 March 2018 . List of Chief JUSTICES ( edit ) The list of Chief Justices of Nepal are as follows : No . Name Term start Term end Appointed by Hari Prasad Pradhan 10 August 1951 20 May 1956 King Tribhuvan Anirudra Prasad Singh 21 May 1956 29 June 1959 King Mahendra Hari Prasad Pradhan 14 December 1961 15 December 1963 Bhagwati Prashad Singh 9 April 1964 10 July 1970 Ratna Bahadur Bista 26 July 1970 6 August 1976 6 Nayan Bahadur Karki 8 December 1976 10 December 1985 King Birendra 7 Dhanendra Bahadur Singh 11 December 1985 7 August 1991 8 Bishwonath Upadhyaya 8 August 1991 25 September 1995 9 Surendra Prasad Singh 26 September 1995 14 February 1997 10 Trilok Pratap Rana 15 February 1997 16 September 1997 11 Om Bhakta Shrestha 22 September 1997 12 April 1998 12 Mohan Prasad Sharma 13 April 1998 15 December 1999 13 Keshav Prasad Upadhyaya 16 December 1999 5 December 2002 14 Kedar Nath Upadhyaya 6 December 2002 21 January 2004 King Gyanendra 15 Govinda Bahadur Shrestha 22 January 2004 13 January 2005 16 Hari Prasad Sharma 14 January 2005 29 July 2005 17 Dilip Kumar Poudel 31 July 2005 8 September 2007 Girija Prasad Koirala 18 Kedar Prasad Giri 5 October 2007 7 May 2009 King Gyanendra 19 Min Bahadur Rayamajhi 8 May 2009 10 February 2010 Ram Baran Yadav 20 Anup Raj Sharma 11 February 2010 25 March 2010 21 Ram Prasad Shrestha 26 March 2010 5 May 2011 22 Khil Raj Regmi 6 May 2011 11 February 2014 22 Damodar Prasad Sharma 11 April 2014 9 October 2014 22 Ram Kumar Prasad Shah 10 October 2014 7 July 2015 23 Kalyan Shrestha 8 July 2015 12 April 2016 24 Sushila Karki 11 July 2016 9 June 2017 Bidya Devi Bhandari 25 Gopal Prasad Parajuli 9 June 2017 14 March 2018 26 Om Prakash Mishra ( Acting ) 5 August 2018 present See also ( edit ) Supreme Court of Nepal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Senior-most Justice Deepak Raj Joshee assumes as acting CJ '' . My Republica . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` SUPREME COURT ( RETIRED CHIEF JUSTICES ) '' . Supreme Court of Nepal . Retrieved 19 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` JUSTICES '' . Supreme Court of Nepal . Retrieved 19 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` PHSC endorses Kalyan Shrestha as new Chief Justice '' . My Republica . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . <Th_colspan="3"> Government of Nepal Constitution Constitution of Nepal Fundamental Rights and Duties Nepalese Law Federalism in Nepal Provinces Executive Federal Government President ( list ) Vice President ( list ) Prime Minister ( list ) Council of Ministers Civil Services Chief Secretary Province governments Chief Minister Governors Legislative Federal Parliament House of Representatives National Assembly Provincial Assembly Judiciary Supreme Court Chief Justice High Courts District Courts Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chief_Justice_of_Nepal&oldid=853658540 '' Categories : Chief justices by country Nepal - related lists Hidden categories : Articles containing Nepali - language text Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 05 : 17 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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1. Chief Justice of Nepal
2. Supreme Court of Nepal
3. Deepak Raj Joshee
4. Judicial branch of Nepal
5. List of Chief Justices of Nepal
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using duality theory show that the optimal values of the primal and dual variables are given by
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Duality ( optimization ) - wikipedia Duality ( optimization ) Jump to : navigation , search In mathematical optimization theory , duality or the duality principle is the principle that optimization problems may be viewed from either of two perspectives , the primal problem or the dual problem . The solution to the dual problem provides a lower bound to the solution of the primal ( minimization ) problem . However in general the optimal values of the primal and dual problems need not be equal . Their difference is called the duality gap . For convex optimization problems , the duality gap is zero under a constraint qualification condition . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dual problem 1.1 Duality gap 2 Linear case 2.1 Relationship between the primal problem and the dual problem 2.2 Economic interpretation 3 Nonlinear case 3.1 The strong Lagrangian principle : Lagrange duality 3.2 Convex problems 4 History 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 7.1 Books 7.2 Articles Dual problem ( edit ) Usually the term `` dual problem '' refers to the Lagrangian dual problem but other dual problems are used , for example , the Wolfe dual problem and the Fenchel dual problem . The Lagrangian dual problem is obtained by forming the Lagrangian , using nonnegative Lagrange multipliers to add the constraints to the objective function , and then solving for some primal variable values that minimize the Lagrangian . This solution gives the primal variables as functions of the Lagrange multipliers , which are called dual variables , so that the new problem is to maximize the objective function with respect to the dual variables under the derived constraints on the dual variables ( including at least the nonnegativity ) . In general given two dual pairs of separated locally convex spaces ( X , X ∗ ) ( \ displaystyle \ left ( X , X ^ ( * ) \ right ) ) and ( Y , Y ∗ ) ( \ displaystyle \ left ( Y , Y ^ ( * ) \ right ) ) and the function f : X → R ∪ ( + ∞ ) ( \ displaystyle f : X \ to \ mathbb ( R ) \ cup \ ( + \ infty \ ) ) , we can define the primal problem as finding x ^ ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( x ) ) ) such that f ( x ^ ) = inf x ∈ X f ( x ) . ( \ displaystyle f ( ( \ hat ( x ) ) ) = \ inf _ ( x \ in X ) f ( x ). \ , ) In other words , if x ^ ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( x ) ) ) exists , f ( x ^ ) ( \ displaystyle f ( ( \ hat ( x ) ) ) ) is the minimum of the function f ( \ displaystyle f ) and the infimum ( greatest lower bound ) of the function is attained . If there are constraint conditions , these can be built into the function f ( \ displaystyle f ) by letting f ~ = f + I c o n s t r a i n t s ( \ displaystyle ( \ tilde ( f ) ) = f + I_ ( \ mathrm ( constraints ) ) ) where I c o n s t r a i n t s ( \ displaystyle I_ ( \ mathrm ( constraints ) ) ) is a suitable function on X ( \ displaystyle X ) that has a minimum 0 on the constraints , and for which one can prove that inf x ∈ X f ~ ( x ) = inf x c o n s t r a i n e d f ( x ) ( \ displaystyle \ inf _ ( x \ in X ) ( \ tilde ( f ) ) ( x ) = \ inf _ ( x \ \ mathrm ( constrained ) ) f ( x ) ) . The latter condition is trivially , but not always conveniently , satisfied for the characteristic function i.e. I c o n s t r a i n t s ( x ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( \ mathrm ( constraints ) ) ( x ) = 0 ) for x ( \ displaystyle x ) satisfying the constraints and I c o n s t r a i n t s ( x ) = ∞ ( \ displaystyle I_ ( \ mathrm ( constraints ) ) ( x ) = \ infty ) otherwise ) . Then extend f ~ ( \ displaystyle ( \ tilde ( f ) ) ) to a perturbation function F : X × Y → R ∪ ( + ∞ ) ( \ displaystyle F : X \ times Y \ to \ mathbb ( R ) \ cup \ ( + \ infty \ ) ) such that F ( x , 0 ) = f ~ ( x ) ( \ displaystyle F ( x , 0 ) = ( \ tilde ( f ) ) ( x ) ) . The duality gap is the difference of the right and left hand sides of the inequality sup y ∗ ∈ Y ∗ − F ∗ ( 0 , y ∗ ) ≤ inf x ∈ X F ( x , 0 ) , ( \ displaystyle \ sup _ ( y ^ ( * ) \ in Y ^ ( * ) ) - F ^ ( * ) ( 0 , y ^ ( * ) ) \ leq \ inf _ ( x \ in X ) F ( x , 0 ) , \ , ) where F ∗ ( \ displaystyle F ^ ( * ) ) is the convex conjugate in both variables and sup ( \ displaystyle \ sup ) denotes the supremum ( least upper bound ) . Duality gap ( edit ) Main article : Duality gap The duality gap is the difference between the values of any primal solutions and any dual solutions . If d ∗ ( \ displaystyle d ^ ( * ) ) is the optimal dual value and p ∗ ( \ displaystyle p ^ ( * ) ) is the optimal primal value , then the duality gap is equal to p ∗ − d ∗ ( \ displaystyle p ^ ( * ) - d ^ ( * ) ) . This value is always greater than or equal to 0 . The duality gap is zero if and only if strong duality holds . Otherwise the gap is strictly positive and weak duality holds . In computational optimization , another `` duality gap '' is often reported , which is the difference in value between any dual solution and the value of a feasible but suboptimal iterate for the primal problem . This alternative `` duality gap '' quantifies the discrepancy between the value of a current feasible but suboptimal iterate for the primal problem and the value of the dual problem ; the value of the dual problem is , under regularity conditions , equal to the value of the convex relaxation of the primal problem : The convex relaxation is the problem arising replacing a non-convex feasible set with its closed convex hull and with replacing a non-convex function with its convex closure , that is the function that has the epigraph that is the closed convex hull of the original primal objective function . Linear case ( edit ) Linear programming problems are optimization problems in which the objective function and the constraints are all linear . In the primal problem , the objective function is a linear combination of n variables . There are m constraints , each of which places an upper bound on a linear combination of the n variables . The goal is to maximize the value of the objective function subject to the constraints . A solution is a vector ( a list ) of n values that achieves the maximum value for the objective function . In the dual problem , the objective function is a linear combination of the m values that are the limits in the m constraints from the primal problem . There are n dual constraints , each of which places a lower bound on a linear combination of m dual variables . Relationship between the primal problem and the dual problem ( edit ) In the linear case , in the primal problem , from each sub-optimal point that satisfies all the constraints , there is a direction or subspace of directions to move that increases the objective function . Moving in any such direction is said to remove slack between the candidate solution and one or more constraints . An infeasible value of the candidate solution is one that exceeds one or more of the constraints . In the dual problem , the dual vector multiplies the constraints that determine the positions of the constraints in the primal . Varying the dual vector in the dual problem is equivalent to revising the upper bounds in the primal problem . The lowest upper bound is sought . That is , the dual vector is minimized in order to remove slack between the candidate positions of the constraints and the actual optimum . An infeasible value of the dual vector is one that is too low . It sets the candidate positions of one or more of the constraints in a position that excludes the actual optimum . This intuition is made formal by the equations in Linear programming : Duality . Economic Interpretation ( edit ) If we interpret our primal LP problem as a classical `` resource allocation '' problem , its dual can be interpreted as a `` resource valuation '' problem . Nonlinear case ( edit ) In nonlinear programming , the constraints are not necessarily linear . Nonetheless , many of the same principles apply . To ensure that the global maximum of a non-linear problem can be identified easily , the problem formulation often requires that the functions be convex and have compact lower level sets . This is the significance of the Karush -- Kuhn -- Tucker conditions . They provide necessary conditions for identifying local optima of non-linear programming problems . There are additional conditions ( constraint qualifications ) that are necessary so that it will be possible to define the direction to an optimal solution . An optimal solution is one that is a local optimum , but possibly not a global optimum . The strong Lagrangian principle : Lagrange duality ( edit ) Given a nonlinear programming problem in standard form minimize f 0 ( x ) subject to f i ( x ) ≤ 0 , i ∈ ( 1 , ... , m ) h i ( x ) = 0 , i ∈ ( 1 , ... , p ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) ( \ text ( minimize ) ) &f_ ( 0 ) ( x ) \ \ ( \ text ( subject to ) ) &f_ ( i ) ( x ) \ leq 0 , \ i \ in \ left \ ( 1 , \ dots , m \ right \ ) \ \ &h_ ( i ) ( x ) = 0 , \ i \ in \ left \ ( 1 , \ dots , p \ right \ ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) with the domain D ⊂ R n ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathcal ( D ) ) \ subset \ mathbb ( R ) ^ ( n ) ) having non-empty interior , the Lagrangian function Λ : R n × R m × R p → R ( \ displaystyle \ Lambda : \ mathbb ( R ) ^ ( n ) \ times \ mathbb ( R ) ^ ( m ) \ times \ mathbb ( R ) ^ ( p ) \ to \ mathbb ( R ) ) is defined as Λ ( x , λ , ν ) = f 0 ( x ) + ∑ i = 1 m λ i f i ( x ) + ∑ i = 1 p ν i h i ( x ) . ( \ displaystyle \ Lambda ( x , \ lambda , \ nu ) = f_ ( 0 ) ( x ) + \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( m ) \ lambda _ ( i ) f_ ( i ) ( x ) + \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( p ) \ nu _ ( i ) h_ ( i ) ( x ) . ) The vectors λ ( \ displaystyle \ lambda ) and ν ( \ displaystyle \ nu ) are called the dual variables or Lagrange multiplier vectors associated with the problem . The Lagrange dual function g : R m × R p → R ( \ displaystyle g : \ mathbb ( R ) ^ ( m ) \ times \ mathbb ( R ) ^ ( p ) \ to \ mathbb ( R ) ) is defined as g ( λ , ν ) = inf x ∈ D Λ ( x , λ , ν ) = inf x ∈ D ( f 0 ( x ) + ∑ i = 1 m λ i f i ( x ) + ∑ i = 1 p ν i h i ( x ) ) . ( \ displaystyle g ( \ lambda , \ nu ) = \ inf _ ( x \ in ( \ mathcal ( D ) ) ) \ Lambda ( x , \ lambda , \ nu ) = \ inf _ ( x \ in ( \ mathcal ( D ) ) ) \ left ( f_ ( 0 ) ( x ) + \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( m ) \ lambda _ ( i ) f_ ( i ) ( x ) + \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( p ) \ nu _ ( i ) h_ ( i ) ( x ) \ right ) . ) The dual function g is concave , even when the initial problem is not convex , because it is a point-wise infimum of affine functions . The dual function yields lower bounds on the optimal value p ∗ ( \ displaystyle p ^ ( * ) ) of the initial problem ; for any λ ≥ 0 ( \ displaystyle \ lambda \ geq 0 ) and any ν ( \ displaystyle \ nu ) we have g ( λ , ν ) ≤ p ∗ ( \ displaystyle g ( \ lambda , \ nu ) \ leq p ^ ( * ) ) . If a constraint qualification such as Slater 's condition holds and the original problem is convex , then we have strong duality , i.e. d ∗ = max λ ≥ 0 , ν g ( λ , ν ) = inf f 0 = p ∗ ( \ displaystyle d ^ ( * ) = \ max _ ( \ lambda \ geq 0 , \ nu ) g ( \ lambda , \ nu ) = \ inf f_ ( 0 ) = p ^ ( * ) ) . Convex problems ( edit ) For a convex minimization problem with inequality constraints , minimize x f ( x ) s u b j e c t t o g i ( x ) ≤ 0 , i = 1 , ... , m ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) & ( \ underset ( x ) ( \ operatorname ( minimize ) ) ) &&f ( x ) \ \ & \ operatorname ( subject \ ; to ) &&g_ ( i ) ( x ) \ leq 0 , \ quad i = 1 , \ dots , m \ end ( aligned ) ) ) the Lagrangian dual problem is maximize u inf x ( f ( x ) + ∑ j = 1 m u j g j ( x ) ) s u b j e c t t o u i ≥ 0 , i = 1 , ... , m ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) & ( \ underset ( u ) ( \ operatorname ( maximize ) ) ) && \ inf _ ( x ) \ left ( f ( x ) + \ sum _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( m ) u_ ( j ) g_ ( j ) ( x ) \ right ) \ \ & \ operatorname ( subject \ ; to ) &&u_ ( i ) \ geq 0 , \ quad i = 1 , \ dots , m \ end ( aligned ) ) ) where the objective function is the Lagrange dual function . Provided that the functions f ( \ displaystyle f ) and g 1 , ⋯ , g m ( \ displaystyle g_ ( 1 ) , \ cdots , g_ ( m ) ) are continuously differentiable , the infimum occurs where the gradient is equal to zero . The problem maximize x , u f ( x ) + ∑ j = 1 m u j g j ( x ) s u b j e c t t o ∇ f ( x ) + ∑ j = 1 m u j ∇ g j ( x ) = 0 u i ≥ 0 , i = 1 , ... , m ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) & ( \ underset ( x , u ) ( \ operatorname ( maximize ) ) ) &&f ( x ) + \ sum _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( m ) u_ ( j ) g_ ( j ) ( x ) \ \ & \ operatorname ( subject \ ; to ) && \ nabla f ( x ) + \ sum _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( m ) u_ ( j ) \ nabla g_ ( j ) ( x ) = 0 \ \ &&&u_ ( i ) \ geq 0 , \ quad i = 1 , \ dots , m \ end ( aligned ) ) ) is called the Wolfe dual problem . This problem may be difficult to deal with computationally , because the objective function is not concave in the joint variables ( u , x ) ( \ displaystyle ( u , x ) ) . Also , the equality constraint ∇ f ( x ) + ∑ j = 1 m u j ∇ g j ( x ) ( \ displaystyle \ nabla f ( x ) + \ sum _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( m ) u_ ( j ) \ nabla g_ ( j ) ( x ) ) is nonlinear in general , so the Wolfe dual problem is typically a nonconvex optimization problem . In any case , weak duality holds . History ( edit ) According to George Dantzig , the duality theorem for linear optimization was conjectured by John von Neumann immediately after Dantzig presented the linear programming problem . Von Neumann noted that he was using information from his game theory , and conjectured that two person zero sum matrix game was equivalent to linear programming . Rigorous proofs were first published in 1948 by Albert W. Tucker and his group . ( Dantzig 's foreword to Nering and Tucker , 1993 ) See also ( edit ) Duality Relaxation ( approximation ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boyd , Stephen P. ; Vandenberghe , Lieven ( 2004 ) . Convex Optimization ( pdf ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 216 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83378 - 3 . Retrieved October 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Boţ , Radu Ioan ; Wanka , Gert ; Grad , Sorin - Mihai ( 2009 ) . Duality in Vector Optimization . Springer . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 02885 - 4 . Jump up ^ Csetnek , Ernö Robert ( 2010 ) . Overcoming the failure of the classical generalized interior - point regularity conditions in convex optimization . Applications of the duality theory to enlargements of maximal monotone operators . Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8325 - 2503 - 3 . Jump up ^ Zălinescu , Constantin ( 2002 ) . Convex analysis in general vector spaces . River Edge , NJ : World Scientific Publishing Co. , Inc . pp. 106 -- 113 . ISBN 981 - 238 - 067 - 1 . MR 1921556 . Jump up ^ Borwein , Jonathan ; Zhu , Qiji ( 2005 ) . Techniques of Variational Analysis . Springer . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4419 - 2026 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ahuja , Ravindra K. ; Magnanti , Thomas L. ; and Orlin , James B. ( 1993 ) . Network Flows : Theory , Algorithms and Applications . Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 617549 - X . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bertsekas , Dimitri ; Nedic , Angelia ; Ozdaglar , Asuman ( 2003 ) . Convex Analysis and Optimization . Athena Scientific . ISBN 1 - 886529 - 45 - 0 . Jump up ^ Bertsekas , Dimitri P. ( 1999 ) . Nonlinear Programming ( 2nd ed . ) . Athena Scientific . ISBN 1 - 886529 - 00 - 0 . Jump up ^ Bertsekas , Dimitri P. ( 2009 ) . Convex Optimization Theory . Athena Scientific . ISBN 978 - 1 - 886529 - 31 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bonnans , J. Frédéric ; Gilbert , J. Charles ; Lemaréchal , Claude ; Sagastizábal , Claudia A. ( 2006 ) . Numerical optimization : Theoretical and practical aspects . Universitext ( Second revised ed. of translation of 1997 French ed . ) . Berlin : Springer - Verlag . pp. xiv + 490 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 540 - 35447 - 5 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 35445 - X . MR 2265882 . Jump up ^ Hiriart - Urruty , Jean - Baptiste ; Lemaréchal , Claude ( 1993 ) . Convex analysis and minimization algorithms , Volume I : Fundamentals . Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften ( Fundamental Principles of Mathematical Sciences ) . 305 . Berlin : Springer - Verlag . pp. xviii + 417 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 56850 - 6 . MR 1261420 . Jump up ^ Hiriart - Urruty , Jean - Baptiste ; Lemaréchal , Claude ( 1993 ) . `` 14 Duality for Practitioners '' . Convex analysis and minimization algorithms , Volume II : Advanced theory and bundle methods . Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften ( Fundamental Principles of Mathematical Sciences ) . 306 . Berlin : Springer - Verlag . pp. xviii + 346 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 56852 - 2 . MR 1295240 . Jump up ^ Lasdon , Leon S. ( 2002 ) ( Reprint of the 1970 Macmillan ) . Optimization theory for large systems . Mineola , New York : Dover Publications , Inc . pp. xiii + 523 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 41999 - 2 . MR 1888251 . Jump up ^ Lemaréchal , Claude ( 2001 ) . `` Lagrangian relaxation '' . In Jünger , Michael ; Naddef , Denis . Computational combinatorial optimization : Papers from the Spring School held in Schloß Dagstuhl , May 15 -- 19 , 2000 . Lecture Notes in Computer Science ( LNCS ) . 2241 . Berlin : Springer - Verlag . pp. 112 -- 156 . doi : 10.1007 / 3 - 540 - 45586 - 8_4 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 42877 - 1 . MR 1900016 . Jump up ^ Minoux , Michel ( 1986 ) . Mathematical programming : Theory and algorithms . Egon Balas ( forward ) ; Steven Vajda ( trans ) from the ( 1983 Paris : Dunod ) French . Chichester : A Wiley - Interscience Publication . John Wiley & Sons , Ltd . pp. xxviii + 489 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 90170 - 9 . MR 0868279 . ( 2008 Second ed. , in French : Programmation mathématique : Théorie et algorithmes , Éditions Tec & Doc , Paris , 2008 . xxx + 711 pp. ) . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Jeremy F. ( 1979 ) . Mathematical programming : Structures and algorithms . New York : Wiley - Interscience ( John Wiley & Sons ) . pp. xvi + 388 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 77886 - 9 . MR 0544669 . Jump up ^ Geoffrion , Arthur M. ( 1971 ) . `` Duality in Nonlinear Programming : A Simplified Applications - Oriented Development '' . SIAM Review . 13 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 37 . doi : 10.1137 / 1013001 . JSTOR 2028848 . References ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Ahuja , Ravindra K. ; Magnanti , Thomas L. ; and Orlin , James B. ( 1993 ) . Network Flows : Theory , Algorithms and Applications . Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 617549 - X . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Bertsekas , Dimitri ; Nedic , Angelia ; Ozdaglar , Asuman ( 2003 ) . Convex Analysis and Optimization . Athena Scientific . ISBN 1 - 886529 - 45 - 0 . Bertsekas , Dimitri P. ( 1999 ) . Nonlinear Programming ( 2nd ed . ) . Athena Scientific . ISBN 1 - 886529 - 00 - 0 . Bertsekas , Dimitri P. ( 2009 ) . Convex Optimization Theory . Athena Scientific . ISBN 978 - 1 - 886529 - 31 - 1 . Bonnans , J. Frédéric ; Gilbert , J. Charles ; Lemaréchal , Claude ; Sagastizábal , Claudia A. ( 2006 ) . Numerical optimization : Theoretical and practical aspects . Universitext ( Second revised ed. of translation of 1997 French ed . ) . Berlin : Springer - Verlag . pp. xiv + 490 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 540 - 35447 - 5 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 35445 - X . MR 2265882 . Cook , William J. ; Cunningham , William H. ; Pulleyblank , William R. ; Schrijver , Alexander ( November 12 , 1997 ) . Combinatorial Optimization ( 1st ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 55894 - X . Dantzig , George B. ( 1963 ) . Linear Programming and Extensions . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . Hiriart - Urruty , Jean - Baptiste ; Lemaréchal , Claude ( 1993 ) . Convex analysis and minimization algorithms , Volume I : Fundamentals . Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften ( Fundamental Principles of Mathematical Sciences ) . 305 . Berlin : Springer - Verlag . pp. xviii + 417 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 56850 - 6 . MR 1261420 . Hiriart - Urruty , Jean - Baptiste ; Lemaréchal , Claude ( 1993 ) . `` 14 Duality for Practitioners '' . Convex analysis and minimization algorithms , Volume II : Advanced theory and bundle methods . Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften ( Fundamental Principles of Mathematical Sciences ) . 306 . Berlin : Springer - Verlag . pp. xviii + 346 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 56852 - 2 . MR 1295240 . Lasdon , Leon S. ( 2002 ) ( Reprint of the 1970 Macmillan ) . Optimization theory for large systems . Mineola , New York : Dover Publications , Inc . pp. xiii + 523 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 41999 - 2 . MR 1888251 . Lawler , Eugene ( 2001 ) . `` 4.5 . Combinatorial Implications of Max - Flow Min - Cut Theorem , 4.6 . Linear Programming Interpretation of Max - Flow Min - Cut Theorem '' . Combinatorial Optimization : Networks and Matroids . Dover . pp. 117 -- 120 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 41453 - 1 . Lemaréchal , Claude ( 2001 ) . `` Lagrangian relaxation '' . In Jünger , Michael ; Naddef , Denis . Computational combinatorial optimization : Papers from the Spring School held in Schloß Dagstuhl , May 15 -- 19 , 2000 . Lecture Notes in Computer Science ( LNCS ) . 2241 . Berlin : Springer - Verlag . pp. 112 -- 156 . doi : 10.1007 / 3 - 540 - 45586 - 8_4 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 42877 - 1 . MR 1900016 . Minoux , Michel ( 1986 ) . Mathematical programming : Theory and algorithms . Egon Balas ( forward ) ; Steven Vajda ( trans ) from the ( 1983 Paris : Dunod ) French . Chichester : A Wiley - Interscience Publication . John Wiley & Sons , Ltd . pp. xxviii + 489 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 90170 - 9 . MR 0868279 . ( 2008 Second ed. , in French : Programmation mathématique : Théorie et algorithmes , Éditions Tec & Doc , Paris , 2008 . xxx + 711 pp. ) ) . Nering , Evar D. ; Tucker , Albert W. ( 1993 ) . Linear Programming and Related Problems . Boston , MA : Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 515440 - 6 . Papadimitriou , Christos H. ; Steiglitz , Kenneth ( July 1998 ) . Combinatorial Optimization : Algorithms and Complexity ( Unabridged ed . ) . Dover . ISBN 0 - 486 - 40258 - 4 . Ruszczyński , Andrzej ( 2006 ) . Nonlinear Optimization . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . pp. xii + 454 . ISBN 978 - 0691119151 . MR 2199043 . Articles ( edit ) Everett , Hugh , III ( 1963 ) . `` Generalized Lagrange multiplier method for solving problems of optimum allocation of resources '' . Operations Research . 11 ( 3 ) : 399 -- 417 . doi : 10.1287 / opre. 11.3. 39 . JSTOR 168028 . MR 0152360 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 24 . Kiwiel , Krzysztof C. ; Larsson , Torbjörn ; Lindberg , P. O. ( August 2007 ) . `` Lagrangian relaxation via ballstep subgradient methods '' . Mathematics of Operations Research . 32 ( 3 ) : 669 -- 686 . doi : 10.1287 / moor. 1070.0261 . MR 2348241 . Duality in Linear Programming Gary D. Knott Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duality_(optimization)&oldid=833882090 '' Categories : Linear programming Convex optimization Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Italiano 日本 語 Русский Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 21 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Optimization theory
2. Primal problem
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4. Duality gap
5. Convex optimization problems
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when did the us military leave puerto rico
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United States Navy in Vieques , Puerto Rico - Wikipedia United States Navy in Vieques , Puerto Rico Jump to : navigation , search This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( December 2014 ) U.S. Navy vehicles on a beach at Camp Garcia , Vieques . The Vieques , Puerto Rico Naval Training Range was located on the island of Vieques , just outside the main island of Puerto Rico . The training range was used for military training at the island . The military installation ended operations in 2001 and there was a military presence on the island from 1941 until 2003 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Searching for a location 2 Description of the Navy 's facilities 2.1 Operations on East Vieques 2.2 Operations on West Vieques 3 Base closure and clean - up 4 Protests against U.S. Navy 1999 5 President Clinton 1999 - 2000 6 President George W. Bush , 2001 7 Protester history 7.1 Encampments 7.2 Massive occupation of practice range 7.3 Incursions continue , protests come to an end 7.4 Further protests 8 Military withdrawal 2001 - 2003 9 Contamination and health effects 9.1 Depleted uranium 9.2 Nuclear target ship wreck 9.3 Sonic booms 10 Health risk speculation 10.1 ATSDR studies 10.1. 1 Fish and shellfish pathway 10.1. 2 Soil pathway 10.1. 3 Air pathway 10.1. 4 Groundwater pathway 10.1. 5 ATSDR studies contested 11 See also 12 References Searching for a location ( edit ) USS Graham County ( LST - 1176 ) beached at Vieques , Puerto Rico , 1964 The Department of the Navy started searching for a location to site a naval base during the 1940s . Land was purchased between 1941 and 1950 making up two parcels making up 22,000 acres or about two - thirds of the island . Of that 8,000 acres on the western end of the island was primarily used as a naval ammunition depot until the property was returned to the Municipality of Vieques on May 1 , 2001 . The eastern end of the island was used for live training exercises , ship - to - shore gunfire , air - to - ground bombing and US Marine amphibious landings starting from the 1940s onward . Within that area was a 900 - acre Live Impact Area ( LIA ) used for targeting live ordnance . The LIA was located at the eastern tip of the island and away from the civilian population . Description of the Navy 's facilities ( edit ) The former Vieques Naval Training Range ( VNTR ) is located on the eastern half and the former Naval Ammunition Support Detachment ( NASD ) is located on the western one - third of the island . Located between these military sites lay the local civilian communities of Isabel Segunda and Esperanza . Operations on east Vieques ( edit ) The former VNTR , which comprises approximately 14,573 acres , provided ground warfare and amphibious training for Marines , naval gunfire support training , and air to ground training . The former VNTR was divided into four separate operational areas , comprising from west to east : the Eastern Maneuver Area ( EMA ) , the Surface Impact Area ( SIA ) , the Live Impact Area ( LIA ) , and the Eastern Conservation Area ( ECA ) at the easternmost tip of the island . -- CH2M Hill , Site Management Plan Fiscal Year 2015 - Atlantic Fleet Weapons Training Area - Vieques , Prepared for Department of the Navy Naval Facilities Engineering Command Atlantic Operations on west Vieques ( edit ) Military operations on the west side of the island had been focused on storing and processing of supplies and the disposal of waste . Sites identified for environmental clean - up include the following : A former general waste dump at a mangrove swamp in Laguna Arenas along Highway 200 . The site of a 1970 underground storage tank for waste oil removed from the former public works area in 1996 . A former asphalt plant on the south side of Route 200 , which operated from the 1960s until 1998 . An environmental baseline survey discovered a munitions open - burn / open - detonation area on the western tip of the island surrounding Punta Boca Quebrada . Further surveying identified 16 possible open - burn / open - detonation sites in the area . As a result , 24 acres of roads and beaches were inspected for munitions , cleared of munitions with clean up completed in December 2011 . Base closure and clean - up ( edit ) After the base was closed , Puerto Rico Governor Sila Calderon requested Vieques be placed on the U.S. National Priorities List as a designated superfund clean - up site . As of 2014 the EPA has listed the following contaminants and ordnances at the western portion of the naval station : unexploded ordnance UXO , remnants of exploded ordnance , mercury , lead , copper , magnesium , lithium , napalm , depleted uranium along with other unspecified materials . In addition to these , the eastern portion of the site `` may also include '' polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCB ) , solvents and pesticides . Both US Navy and EPA are coordinating efforts to clean up Vieques . `` On the Munitions Response Program , the Navy recently completed an expanded range assessment at the former Vieques Naval Training Range ( VNTR ) . The Navy is also conducting a time critical removal action ( TCRA ) of munitions and explosives of concern ( MEC ) , equivalent or larger than 20 mm , on the surface at the former Live Impact Area ( LIA ) and Eastern Conservation Area ( ECA ) , Non-Time Critical Removal Action ( NTCRA ) of MEC on the surface at the Surface Impact Area ( SIA ) , and NTCRA of subsurface MEC at selected roads and beaches within the former Vieques Naval Training Range . Under the Environmental Restoration Program , the Navy is conducting Remedial Investigation / Feasibility Study ( RI / FS ) at seven sites at the Former Naval Ammunition Support Detachment at west Vieques , and also four NTCRA for the removal of solid waste piles / debris was completed in FY09 . On September 2008 , a ROD was issued for one operable unit , AOC H. A ROD for AOC J , R and SWMU - 7 ( NASD ) was signed on September 21 , 2011 and SWMU - 1 ( VNTR ) on September 29 , 2011 . Thirty Six ( 36 ) operable units has been investigated at the former VNTR . A decision was reached on ten ( 10 ) sites for No action . Site Inspection / Expanded Site Inspection ( SI / ESI ) for 26 operable units was completed in FY09 . Five TCRA were completed and seventeen NTCRA , six RI / FS , three SI / ESI , and one EE / CA are underway . '' As of 2007 the Navy was to `` conduct an environmental investigation of its previously owned property under the federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ( RCRA ) to determine what cleanup actions '' were needed . The EPA has provided `` technical assistance and guidance to the Navy on environmental issues related to the land transfer in western Vieques . '' Early on it was noted that , it would be difficult to discover what measures the U.S. must take , because thick jungle growth hampers testing for contaminants . Furthermore , jungle growth can not be easily removed because the forests are littered with unexploded ordnance . For the remainder of Fiscal Year 2015 Congress appropriated $17 million for the cleanup of Vieques , and $1.4 million for the cleanup of Culebra . As of 2014 , the Navy has spent about $220 million since 2003 , to investigate and clean contaminated lands on Vieques . Since 2007 , about half of the money budgeted for munitions removal has been awarded to 23 local companies in Puerto Rico . As of 2014 , `` the Navy spends more money each year to clean up Vieques than it is spending to clean up any other former Navy installation in the US '' . Protests against U.S. Navy 1999 ( edit ) U.S. Navy officials dismantling makeshift buildings erected by protesters . On April 19 , 1999 , a civilian employee named David Sanes Rodríguez was killed when military ordnance was dropped too close to his security post . According to a Congressional research report , a Marine Corps F - 18 dropped two 500 - pound bombs striking the security post killing Rodriguez and injuring four others . The F - 18 was on a training mission when the incident occurred . The Congressional report states the ordnance was dropped `` within the overall range perimeter . '' After this incident the range was temporarily closed . The death of Rodriguez triggered a wave of protests from local residents . Then U.S. President Clinton promised , later reiterated by his successor George W. Bush , that the Navy would leave Vieques by May 2003 . The `` Navy -- Vieques protests '' is the name given by the English - speaking media to a series of protests starting in 1999 on the Puerto Rican island - municipality of Vieques . The protesters were against the use of the island by the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps for bombing target practice . President Clinton 1999 - 2000 ( edit ) President Clinton asked Secretary of Defense William Cohen to establish a special panel to study the situation . The four - member panel was chaired by Frank Rush , the then - acting Assistant Secretary of Defense for force management policy , and is consequently sometimes called the Rush panel . The panel laid out history and legal situation , and released its report with 11 recommendations on October 19 , 1999 . In January 2000 , President Clinton and then Governor of Puerto Rico , Pedro Rosselló , together called for a referendum on Vieques . This was first scheduled for November 2001 , and then rescheduled for January 2002 . The referendum would let voters choose to either end the military 's use of the range by May 2003 . Alternatively , they could vote to allow military operations to continue indefinitely . President George W. Bush , 2001 ( edit ) On June 14 , 2001 , the Bush Administration decided to end military training operations on Vieques by May 2003 . The Bush decision superseded previous actions of the Clinton Administration . Protester history ( edit ) Encampments ( edit ) A few months later , small wooden structures were erected inside the practice grounds , and encampments from all over the island - municipality started to attract attention . By that time , the protests had also started to gain international attention , and people from all over the world joined the struggle . Many celebrities , including the political leader Ruben Berrios , singers Danny Rivera , Robi Draco Rosa and Ricky Martin , boxer Félix `` Tito '' Trinidad , writers Ana Lydia Vega and Giannina Braschi , American actor Edward James Olmos and Guatemala 's Nobel Prize winner Rigoberta Menchú supported the cause , as did Robert F. Kennedy , Jr. , Al Sharpton , and the Rev. Jesse Jackson . Pope John Paul II once said that he wanted peace for Vieques . The Archbishop of San Juan , Roberto González Nieves , was heavily involved in the protests that took place in the municipality . He managed to put together a coalition of different Puerto Rican church leaders that gathered international attention . Olmos , Sharpton and Kennedy also served jail time ; while serving his prison term in Puerto Rico , Kennedy 's wife Mary gave birth to the couple 's sixth child , a son they named Aidan Caohman Vieques Kennedy . The Movimiento Socialista de Trabajadores held a series of incursions into the bombing ranges to halt the bombing without being arrested , and a few of them were successful in that second objective . Massive occupation of practice range ( edit ) On May 4 , 2000 , civil disobedience encampments inside the practice grounds were evacuated by U.S. Marshals , Marines and Navy . Five days later , in an internationally covered event , hundreds of protesters and supporters from all over the world and with different ideologies , penetrated the military practice grounds . Natives of Vieques , many Puerto Ricans , Hollywood celebrities , priests , pastors , friars , athletes , and politicians including U.S. Representatives Luis Gutiérrez and Nydia Velázquez were among them . The incursion had been well publicized and resulted in the arrest of the protesters by Marshals , as both sides of the struggle wanted to avoid brushes with the military . With non-violence as the main objective of the protests , the protesters behaved in a peaceful manner upon their arrest , shouting `` Paz para Vieques '' ( `` Peace for Vieques '' ) . Others sang themes related to peace or religion . A few had to be removed by force but did n't offer physical resistance or insult the officials . Many protesters were set free a few hours after being jailed , others were released a few days later . Only a few had sentences imposed that lasted between one and six months . The official charge was trespassing on U.S. military territory . Incursions continue , protests come to an end ( edit ) With the continuation of bombing practices by the U.S. Navy , incursions to the practice grounds continued , until the U.S. government announced that the military would be leaving the island in May 2003 . On March 31 , 2004 , the United States closed its Roosevelt Roads Naval Station on mainland Puerto Rico . A skeleton staff of 200 , down from approximately 1,200 civilian and 700 military personnel , stayed on at the facility until the transfer of the property was completed . The closure of the base at Roosevelt Roads resulted in a substantial financial loss to the economy of Puerto Rico that the Navy estimates at $250 to $300 million a year . Admiral Robert J. Natter , commander of the Atlantic Fleet , is on record as saying : `` Without Vieques there is no way I need the Navy facilities at Roosevelt Roads -- none . It 's a drain on Defense Department and taxpayer dollars . '' Nevertheless , the government of Puerto Rico has announced that the airport at the base will be reopened , and will become a major Caribbean air cargo hub , relieving Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport and extending its useful life indefinitely without the need for property expansion . It will also be used to centralize general aviation activities now dispersed over several municipal airports , saving the Puerto Rico Ports Authority significant sums of money on maintenance and other costs . Other plans are in motion to make use of other sections of the former base to benefit the local economy . A large portion of the undeveloped land in the property is being set aside for ecological preservation . Further protests ( edit ) On April 30 , 2003 many supporters of the Cause of Vieques traveled to the island - municipality to hold a celebration inside the past bombing practice grounds . The event was recorded by national TV news . On May 1 , 2003 , the crowd entered the former bombing range en masse . Their celebration turned aggressive , in contrast to the peaceful protests held by some of them a few months earlier . The Police Task force of Puerto Rico was mobilized from the main island , as were the Police of Vieques , and other previously mobilized law enforcement officials , who were unprepared for the now - violent celebration. The president of the Teachers Federation of Puerto Rico , and a leader of the cause , was recorded by TV cameras engaging in violent and destructive behavior . The crowd destroyed a former Navy guard - house and military trucks with drop hammers. The TV footage was used as evidence to criminally indict the vandals , as the property destroyed was now owned by the NRCS . Those indicted said that their behavior was caused by the resentment and bitterness that had accumulated from the decades of suffering due to the Navy 's bombing practices on the island . Norma Burgos , a Senator of Puerto Rico , who had formerly been imprisoned for trespassing on the bombing range several months earlier , justified the behavior by comparing it to the fall of Saddam Hussein 's statue in the recent invasion of Iraq -- in which U.S. soldiers used an Army tank ( a property of the U.S. government ) to tear it down . Their defense failed , and more than a dozen of those charged were imprisoned for `` damages and destruction of public property . '' Military withdrawal 2001 - 2003 ( edit ) In 2001 , the United States Navy left western Vieques , which had been used as an ammunition depot . Now the United States Fish and Wildlife Service controls 3,100 acres ( 13 km2 ) of this land -- about half of the formerly owned military property . Over the course of U.S. Navy occupancy , nearly 22 million pounds ( 10,000 tonnes ) of military and industrial waste , such as oils , solvents , lubricants , lead paint , acid and 55 US gallon ( 200 L ) drums , were deposited on the western portion of the island . As cited by McCaffrey , according to the Universidad Metropolitana , the extent of leaching is unknown . In 2005 the Navy was investigating 17 potentially contaminated sites . On May 1 , 2003 the Navy finished turning over all of its lands to the U.S. Department of the Interior . This included the Navy 's entire eastern portion of the island -- 14,573 acres ( 58.97 km ) , which had mainly been used as a dumping ground . McCaffrey cites data from the U.S. Navy : `` Vieques was bombed an average of 180 days per year . In 1998 , the last year before protests interrupted maneuvers , the Navy dropped 23,000 bombs on the island , the majority of which contained explosives . '' The live impact range , which is the most contaminated zone , was given the highest protected environmental status , that of a `` wilderness preserve . '' The Fish and Wildlife Service states that Vieques Wildlife Refuge is an ecologically diverse Caribbean wildlife refuge . The EPA has declared the refuge a superfund site . Much of the lands are now termed wildlife refuges , meaning that humans are not allowed on the land , therefore allowing the Navy to avoid cleanup . Whether or not the U.S. made the land a wildlife refuge to avoid cleaning up the island is debated . Contamination and health effects ( edit ) A survey by the Puerto Rico Health Department revealed that the cancer rate in Vieques is 27 % higher than mainland Puerto Rico. ( 1 ) In a 2001 federal lawsuit , Vieques ' environmental groups and residents accused the Navy of causing `` more damage than any other single actor in the history of Puerto Rico '' . The prosecutors stated that the Navy 's activities contaminated much of the eastern portion of the island with a wide range of toxic substances . As cited by Franciscans International , according to the Navy 's figures , throughout the course of six decades about 5 million pounds ( 2,000 t ) of ordnance was dropped on Vieques every year . Ordnance included toxic compounds and elements such as arsenic , lead , mercury , cadmium , depleted uranium and napalm , and tons of a fiberglass - like substance . Most of these toxins are persistent , meaning that they bioaccumulate . For decades environmentalists have complained that contaminants from naval exercises have spread to other parts of the island though the air , water , and soil . The people of Vieques live downwind from where the bombing was done ; thus toxins that can be airborne -- such as depleted uranium -- could easily come in contact with civilians . Representative Charles Rangel , ( United States Democratic Party , New York , investigated contamination in Vieques and discovered that `` A number of studies conducted by well - qualified scientists from universities in the United States and in Puerto Rico reveal that there is a high probability that the compounds released by the Navy exercises and chemical testing created toxic levels in the environment and could be the cause of serious medical conditions affecting the people of Vieques . '' . The same newspaper article reported that a study by the Puerto Rico Health Department cited high levels of heavy metals in plants , animals and humans and that high levels of heavy metals appear to be causing increased cancer and infant mortality rates , and childhood asthma ; however , no study reports are available . In the 980 acre ( 4 km2 ) live impact range on the eastern tip of island , studies have shown that the ground water is contaminated by nitrates and explosives . Furthermore , unexploded weapons , ordnance , and sunken barges litter the floor of the Caribbean Sea . Testing done in the Icacos Lagoon showed concentrations of cadmium in crabs to be 1,000 times higher than the World Health Organization 's `` tolerable ingestion maximum dosage . '' Furthermore , toxic levels of heavy metals , including lead , arsenic , selenium , mercury and zinc , have been found in several species of fish . In the lawsuit conducted by environmentalists and the people of Vieques against the Navy , the prosecutors noted that most residents of Vieques use many of these same species of fish as a source of food . Cadmium and arsenic are carcinogenic . One study from 1999 that tested hair samples from various age groups of Vieques residents revealed that 69 % were contaminated with cadmium and arsenic , and 34 % had toxic levels of mercury . Biologist Arturo Massol and radiochemist Elba Díaz conducted an unpublished study in January 2001 that showed vegetables and plants growing in the civilian area of Vieques were highly contaminated with heavy metals such as lead , cadmium and copper . Furthermore , they discovered that metal concentrations in edible crops were both substantially above the maximum levels set by the European Union Council and much higher than plants tested in mainland Puerto Rico . Chiles , pasture grasses , and squashes were more effected than plants with deeper root systems such as trees . This is consistent with the theory that heavy metals travel by air to civilian areas via the steady easterly trade winds that blow directly from the bombing zone . Mercury affects the brain , cardiovascular system , kidneys and the developing fetus . A newspaper article claims that there is a study by the Puerto Rico Health Department linked abnormally high levels of asthma in children to mercury contamination . In 2004 , the infant mortality rate in Vieques was 55 % higher than the other 77 municipalities in Puerto Rico -- a rate of almost 20 per 1000 live births as opposed to 12.8 . On November 17 , 2002 , Milivi Adams , Vieques native , died from cancer . Her death became a symbol in the battle against the military presence on the island . Depleted uranium ( edit ) In addition to the toxic materials that the Navy had been dropping on Vieques since the 1940s , in 1999 the Navy accidentally fired depleted uranium bullets ( `` DU '' ) . The Navy admitted to firing just 263 rounds of depleted uranium bullets . Based on a report by RAND , a research corporation , the U.S. Department of Defense claims DU does n't compromise human health . However , Dan Fahey , the Director of Research at the Gulf War Resource Center , points out that the RAND report was incomplete : it ignored 68 relevant sources that show clear relationships between DU and harm to human health . Nuclear target ship wreck ( edit ) In 1958 , the veteran WWII Fletcher Class Destroyer USS Killen ( DD593 ) served as a target ship for wreckage during the atom bomb tests in Operation Hardtack I ( shots WAHOO and UMBRELLA ) . In 1962 it engaged in highly explosive tests in the Chesapeake Bay to assess the structural effects of the ship 's nuclear exposures . Killen was struck from the Naval Vessel Register and sent to the US Naval Station at Roosevelt Roads , Puerto Rico in January 1963 to be used as a target ship for missile and gunnery practice off the nearby Puerto Rican island of Vieques where she was eventually sunk / scuttled in a shallow bay in 1975 and still lies as of 2010 . The US Navy seemed to have lost track of the ship 's nuclear past and of the wreck site . A sizable portion of the ship 's stern is removed by a distance of 787 feet ( 240 m ) across the bay and its identity was forgotten until 2002 . As of 2000 the Navy seems not to have been aware , that the wreckage present on the bay floor is absent all structures from its main deck including nearly all the main decking itself , essentially a shell of a ship without a lid . Thousands of tons of the original irradiated steel of the ship have been missing . The irradiated steel is still unaccounted for by the US Navy , the EPA , and the Centers for Disease Control . Studies and site visits made in 1999 by a Puerto Rican marine archaeologist and the University of Georgia discovered nearly two hundred steel barrels of unknown origin and contents among the wreckage of the Killen . Based on government descriptions of the nuclear tests in the Pacific , some scientists and Vieques environmental activists have been concerned that nuclear - fallout cleaning materials were stored inside those barrels and improperly disposed , possibly entering the local environment prior to sinking or exposing contaminants to the animals and habitat of Bahia Salina del Sur in Vieques after sinking . In 2003 , a team from the University of Georgia conducted radiological and toxicological tests of the wreckage using underwater detection equipment . They found that the metal at the wreck site did not present elevated radiological signatures of the ship 's hull or interior components ; everything else from the main deck and up was missing . The report raised concerns about possible contamination from ordnance at the site . The report discussed testing the interiors of the steel barrels at the wreck site of four intact barrels and five ' open ' ones , that were probed with a siphon - extraction tube . These nine out of the several hundred barrels were all located on a remote part of the wreckage separated by 787 ft from the main wreck site , which contains the bulk of the barrels . The origin of the barrels was not verified . This 2003 report has been criticized as failing to address a time - line of potential radiological hazard from the wreckage during its time in Puerto Rico since 1963 or while lying as wreckage on the bay floor since 1975 . It has been criticized as missing an assessment of the potential radiological hazard from the thousands of tons of irradiated steel missing from the wreck site . The sampling has been criticized as flawed . As of 2010 the origin and contents of the barrels are still unknown . Sonic booms ( edit ) It had been asserted that the noise created by the Navy 's testing had negatively affected the health of civilians living on Vieques . In a study conducted for Puerto Rican Governor Calderon , 48 of the 50 Vieques residents tested were diagnosed as suffering from vibroacoustic disease -- a thickening of heart tissue caused by exposure to sonic booms . Simultaneously , the Ponce School of Medicine conducted an independent study and found other data to confirm the presence of vibroacoustic disease : 79 % of Viequenses fishermen have thickened heart tissue , which is the main symptom of vibroacoustic disease . This disease is said to lead to heart arrhythmia , or even death . The claim by the Ponce School of Medicine was reviewed by an expert panel , composed of cardiologists and epidemiologists , half from Mexico and Spain and half from the U.S. mainland . The tapes of echocardiograms , which measured the pericardial thickness , were blind - coded and sent to the Mayo Clinic to repeat without knowledge of whether study subjects were from Vieques or from the control group . Mayo findings and the key to the blinding code were made available to interested scientists . When statistical analyses were repeated , there was no statistically significant difference between the Vieques and control groups . The expert panel concluded in 2010 that `` there is no evidence from the Vieques Heart Study to indicate clinically significant heart disease . '' Health risk speculation ( edit ) Live explosives and gunfire were only used on a small portion of the island -- the live impact area , which is located over eight miles from the nearest town . Although areas that were used decades ago for burning expired ammunition take up less than 300 acres ( 1.2 km2 ) and thus likely do not pose a serious health risk , the Navy has agreed to clean up the sites according to EPA standards . Furthermore , no civilians were ever hit by Navy fire . At a press conference in 2001 the Honorable Robert B. Pirie , Under Secretary of the Navy , said that : `` Our training poses no danger and little burden to Viequenses and is absolutely vital to our national security . '' . Since most of the studies linking the Navy 's actions to the decline of public health were done by researchers affiliated with the Puerto Rico Independence Party , Pirie claimed that `` none of the health - related allegations made have stood - up to credible scientific scrutiny or universally accepted legal standards '' . Pirie also cited the National Cancer Institute , which said that cancer rates in many major U.S. cities are actually higher than the cancer rates in Vieques . According to Dr. Carmen Feliciano , figures drawn from her data about an increased infant mortality rate in Vieques are misleading . The group that used her information omitted a range of data . When that data was factored in the infant mortality rate was actually lower than that in the rest of Puerto Rico . On behalf of the Navy , Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health conducted a $46,000 review of the study on vibroacoustic disease done by the Vieques government . In April 2001 the university reported that there was no evidence to conclude that vibroacoustic disease symptoms on Vieques were due to noise from Navy exercises . Furthermore , the report suggested that vibroacoustic disease may not actually exist . There are three different media through which humans can come in contact with hazardous materials : air , water , and soil . The United States Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ( `` ATSDR '' ) tested water , air , and soil quality in order to determine whether the health of the Viequenses were at risk . In all cases the ATSDR found that either the Navy had not affected the environment or that the Navy had affected it so minimally that the contamination would pose no threat to human health . However , other scientists contend that ATSDR 's studies were incomplete . The ATSDR is notorious for denying links between community contamination and health affects . After monitoring the ATSDR for ten years , Linda King of the Environmental Health Network reported that only one ATSDR study among hundreds has found contaminants in the community to be the cause of health problems . ATSDR studies ( edit ) Fish and shellfish pathway ( edit ) After conducting tests on fish and shellfish , the ATSDR determined that it is safe to eat seafood from all waters and coastal lands around the island of Vieques . Even though several metals were detected in the local seafood , ATSDR concluded that the metals would not pose a health risk even if a person ate fish and shellfish every day for 70 years . No explosives were detected in the edible fish and shellfish that were tested . Soil pathway ( edit ) The ATSDR acknowledges that Navy training has elevated the levels of some metals in the soil of the former Live Impact Area , but holds that the levels are too low to harm humans . Making contact with any of the soil on Vieques would not cause adverse health effects . Air pathway ( edit ) The ATSDR found that the air does not contain dangerous levels of chemicals . Since the Live Impact Area is over eight miles from residential areas , airborne dust and contaminants from training activities disperse to harmlessly low levels before coming in contact with civilians . Groundwater pathway ( edit ) After testing the groundwater , the ATSDR determined that Naval training and testing has in no way affected the drinking water on Vieques . First of all , most of the island 's drinking water comes through an underwater pipeline from mainland Puerto Rico . Secondly , groundwater from the former Live Impact Area can not leach into wells due to geological barriers . High levels of nitrates in some wells are due to local , most likely agricultural , sources . It is not safe for children and pregnant women to drink water from these few contaminated wells . ATSDR studies contested ( edit ) The ATSDR avoided drawing links between the Navy training and health concerns on Vieques . For example , the agency neglected to test several relevant wells , including the Sun Bay Wells , which serve as the backup water supply for Vieques in case the pipeline from mainland Puerto Rico breaks down . Furthermore , the Navy 's claim that groundwater from the testing site can not reach residential groundwater supplies may be false . At a public meeting , when asked why the Navy had installed monitoring wells designed to track the spread of explosive contaminants between the impact area and the civilian area , the ATSDR refused to comment . Also , the ATSDR did not adequately emphasize negative findings in their report . For instance , high levels of benzene -- more than four times the maximum allowed -- were found in a groundwater well on the Navy 's property . See also ( edit ) Puerto Rico portal United States Navy portal Environment portal Navy - Culebra protests References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : O'Rourke , Ronald . `` Vieques , Puerto Rico Naval Training Range : Background and Issues for Congress '' . Congressional Research Service Report for Congress . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Draft Final Site Management Plan Fiscal Year 2015 Atlantic Fleet Weapons Training Area - Vieques Vieques , Puerto Rico '' ( PDF ) . navfac.navy.mil/ . CH2M Hill . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : EPA Region 2 District Vieques ( 19 November 2014 ) . `` Atlantic Fleet Weapons Training Area - Vieques Puerto Rico EPA ID # : PRN000204694 Site Description '' ( PDF ) . p. 3 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Vieques Island , Puerto Rico . '' United States Environmental Protection Agency . 2007 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved on 2007 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ ( 2006 ) `` A Debt Unpaid . '' The New York Times . 2006 - 08 - 17 : pp. 24 ^ Jump up to : Office of Delegate Pedro Pierluisi ( PR ) ( 10 December 2014 ) . `` Funding Bill Provides $17 Million for Cleanup of Vieques and $1.4 Million for Cleanup of Culebra '' ( press release ) . US Congressman Pedro Pierluisi Washington DC . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Rourke , Ronald . `` Vieques , Puerto Rico Naval Training Range : Background and Issues for Congress Congressional Research Service Report for Congress '' . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Linda Backiel ( February 2003 ) . `` Promise by President Bill Clinton that Navy would leave Vieques '' . Monthly Review . Jump up ^ Tom Bowman and Jonathan Weisman ( October 16 , 1999 ) . `` Clinton seeks to defuse dispute over Puerto Rican firing range '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ 4 - person Special Panel ( October 19 , 1999 ) . `` report of the Special Panel on Military Operations on Vieques '' . Department of Defense . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Rourke , Ronald ( 17 December 2001 ) . `` Vieques , Puerto Rico Naval Training Range : Background and Issues for Congress '' . Naval History & Heritage Command . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Rourke , Ronald . `` Vieques , Puerto Rico Naval Training Range : Background and Issues for Congress '' . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Robert F. Kennedy Jr. released from prison after Vieques protest . The St. Augustine Record . St. Augustine , Florida , USA . 2 August 2001 . Accessed 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ GUTIERREZ SAYS HE 'LL CONTINUE TO FIGHT NAVY BASE ON VIEQUES McCann , Tom Chicago Tribune , May 7 , 2000 ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Fuels Fires Of Vieques Quarrel J Michael Waller , July 23 , 2001 Puertorico - Herald Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times : `` Navy Makes Plans Without Vieques - Use of bombing ranges in Florida and other U.S. mainland areas will increase after Puerto Rican island training ground is abandoned '' January 12 , 2003 Jump up ^ New Yrok Times : `` After Closing of Navy Base , Hard Times in Puerto Rico '' April 3 , 2005 ^ Jump up to : McCaffrey , Katherine T. ( 2006 ) . `` The Battle for Vieques ' Future . '' CENTRO Journal . Vol 18 , no . 1 : 125 - 147 . ^ Jump up to : Herbert , Bob . `` In America When the Bombing Ends . '' New York Times . 2001 - 06 - 18 : p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Commission on Human Rights . `` Question of the Violation of Human Right and Fundamental Freedoms in Any Part of the World : The Human Rights Situation in Vieques , Puerto Rico . '' United Nations . 2004 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved on 2007 - 01 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Robert. ( 2006 ) . `` Rangel seeks GAO study of Vieques health threat . '' The San Juan Star . 2006 - 10 - 31 : p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Lindsay - Poland , John . `` Health and the Navy in Vieques . '' Fellowship of Reconciliation. 2001 . Retrieved on 2007 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Ruiz - Marrero , Carmelo. ( 2001 ) . `` Vieques Residents Alarmed by Depleted Uranium Reports '' Archived 2007 - 06 - 27 at the Wayback Machine ... Inter Press Service . 2001 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Operation Hardtack I Defense Threat Reduction Agency , 2007 , Factsheet. 2 pp ^ Jump up to : Defense Nuclear Agency renamed to Defense Threat Reduction Agency . 1982 . DNA6038F . Operation Hardtack I 1958 Jump up ^ Addendum to : ex-USS Killen Site Investigation , the Split - up Wreckage of the ex-USS Killen , Vieques Island , Naval Station Roosevelt Roads , Puerto Rico . Final Report June 2003 . Prepared for Commander Atlantic Division , Naval Facilities Engineering Command . Contract no . N62470 - 95 - D - 1160 . Task Order no . 0050 . Prepared by : Geo - Marine , Inc . Project no . 17600.00. 0050 Jump up ^ Personal communication with EPA ; CDC refuses to comment author ? date ? url of uploaded document ? Jump up ^ Radiological , Chemical , and Environmental Health Assessment of the Marine Resources of the Isla de Vieques Bombing Range , Bahia Salina del Sur , Puerto Rico . J. Barton , J. Porter et al. March 2004 . Underwater Ordnance Recovery , Inc . Jump up ^ Sara M. Justicia Doll ( 29 January 2010 ) . `` Advierten de riesgo nuclear en Vieques '' . Primera Hora . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry ( ATSDR ) . `` Expert Review of the Vieques Heart Study . Summary Report for the Vieques Heart Study Expert Panel Review . '' . Centers for Disease Control & Prevention . 2001 . Retrieved on 2010 - 03 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Pirie , Robert B. `` National Image Salute to Hispanic - Americans in the Military Banquet . '' United States Navy . 2001 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved on 2007 - 01 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Facilities Assessment Branch . `` A Summary of ATSDR 's Environmental Health Evaluations for the Isla de Vieques Bombing Range . '' Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ( `` ATSDR '' ) . 2003 - 11 . Retrieved on 2007 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Navy_in_Vieques,_Puerto_Rico&oldid=816693410 '' Categories : United States Navy bases Political history of Puerto Rico Vieques , Puerto Rico Closed military facilities in Puerto Rico Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from March 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 Puerto Rico articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 December 2017 , at 01 : 38 . 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1. United States Navy presence in Vieques, Puerto Rico
2. Military training range in Vieques
3. Protests against U.S. Navy in Vieques
4. Base closure and clean-up efforts
5. Contamination and health effects in Vieques
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a cinderella story once upon a song soundtrack
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A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song - Wikipedia A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song <Td_colspan="2"> DVD cover Directed by Damon Santostefano Produced by Dylan Sellers Written by Erik Patterson Jessica Scott Starring Lucy Hale Freddie Stroma Megan Park Manu Narayan Missi Pyle Music by Braden Kimbell Cinematography John Peters Edited by Tony Lombardo Distributed by Warner Premiere Release date September 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 06 ) Running time 88 minutes Country United States Language English A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song is a 2012 teen comedy musical film , directed by Damon Santostefano and starring Lucy Hale , Freddie Stroma , Megan Park , Manu Narayan and Missi Pyle . It is a sequel to Another Cinderella Story ( 2008 ) and the third installment in A Cinderella Story series . The film was released on DVD on September 6 , 2012 . The film was followed by A Cinderella Story : If the Shoe Fits ( 2016 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 3.1 Track listing 4 Critical reception 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 17 - year - old aspiring singer Katie Gibbs ( Lucy Hale ) is over-worked , bullied , and constantly harassed by her stepfamily - mom Gail ( Missi Pyle ) , teenage sister Bev , and young brother Victor ( Matthew Lintz ) . Despite how badly they treat her , Katie does their bidding with no complaints in fear that they might put her in foster care and is only putting up their emotional abuse until she turns 18 and graduates from High School . In a dream , Katie performs a music video for her hit single ( `` Run This Town '' ) . Then Victor wakes her up , demanding breakfast . At the Wellesley Academy of the Arts , of which Gail is headmistress , Guy Morgan ( Dikran Tulaine ) - president of Massive Records , Inc. - enrolls his son Luke ( Freddie Stroma ) . Katie , wanting to change her life for the better , sneaks her demo CD into Guy 's briefcase . Guy wants Luke to produce an upcoming showcase at the Academy ; Luke , however , is less than excited about following in his dad 's footsteps . Back at home , Bev ( Megan Park ) wants to win a recording contract with Guy . Bev , however , is a terrible singer ; the more she practices , the worse she sounds . Guy calls Gail , who is shocked to hear that he loves Katie 's demo . Gail lies , claiming it was Bev 's demo and that Katie stole it . Meanwhile , Victor steals Katie 's clothes and towel while she showers , locking her out of the house naked . Unable to get back inside , Katie trips over a visiting Luke ; thinking fast , she covers herself up using the WELCOME mat . Amused by the situation , Luke gives her his jacket . While Bev welcomes Luke , Gail barges into Katie 's room and forces her to sing . Then , after shoving Luke out of the house , Gail plans to get Bev a record deal by using Katie 's voice . Bev is reluctant , but goes along with this in order to win Luke 's affections . At school , Katie and her best friend Angela ( Jessalyn Wanlim ) hear Luke singing . The entranced Katie writes a song of her own , for him , and admits that she likes him . Angela urges Katie to sing for him at the Bollywood Ball that night , and gives her a costume to wear . Then Gail barges in . Gail orders Katie to babysit Victor tonight , since she wants Bev to win Luke over at the Ball . Katie pleads with Tony ( Manu Narayan ) , Gail 's guru ( who is no real guru but just a method actor from New Jersey who needed the work ) to watch Victor while she goes to the Ball . There Katie leads Luke outside and sings ( `` Extra Ordinary '' ) . He is entranced by her voice . Angela challenges Gail to a Bollywood dance - off ( `` Oh Mere Dilruba '' ) . Gail loses and then leaves the Ball . Katie tries to beat Gail home , but with no success . Now it 's Katie 's turn to get blackmailed : Gail vows to expel Angela from the Academy - which will ruin her chances of getting into Juilliard - unless Katie sings for Bev . To save Angela 's dance career , Katie goes along with Gail . Luke wants to find the girl who sang for him . In the music room , he sees Bev lip - syncing to Katie 's voice ( `` Make You Believe '' ) . Jumping to the obvious - but - wrong conclusion , Luke falls for Bev and invites her to write more songs with him . Much to Bev 's horror , he treats her out to a restaurant that evening . Luke is amazed by Bev 's musical aptitude , unaware that Katie is texting to her what she should say ( because Bev forced her to help ) . The next day , Luke drops by Bev 's house and hits it off with Victor , to whom he gives guitar lessons . Katie also reconnects with Luke , who does n't like it when she has to head out again - this time , to throw away Gail 's prized portrait , which Victor has ruined by cutting out her face . Bev cuts in on Luke , whom she then forces Victor to help her deceive by using miniature electronic - communication devices , so that Katie can coach her through another date . Katie puts together a song on the spot ( `` Possibilities '' ) , which Luke sings , thinking it 's Bev 's . She and Luke kiss , which breaks Katie 's heart . Victor takes notice of Katie 's distress and sympathizes with her . Luke falls in love with Bev , unaware that her singing and songwriting talents are actually Katie 's . Later , Gail reveals that she has access to the savings account opened by Katie 's late father ; ergo , if Katie does n't submit to her stepfamily 's will , she 'll be cut off without a cent . Victor also discovers that his family 's money is rightfully Katie 's . As it turns out , Victor himself is frequently mistreated by Bev and their mom ; he shares no more affection with them than Katie does and he only went along with their mistreatment of Katie because he was afraid of his Mother and older sister and he was afraid of what they would do to him if he did not go along with it . Feeling guilty over not having had a better relationship with Katie over the years - among other things , she 's the only one who remembers his birthday - Victor agrees to help expose the fraud perpetrated by his family . At the showcase , Victor sabotages Bev 's performance of ( `` Make You Believe '' ) by destroying her iPhone , on which is Katie 's recorded singing voice . After threatening to drown Victor in the kitchen sink for what he 's just done , Gail forces Katie to sing live backstage . Luke trips over what 's happening ; he realizes at last that Bev is a fake , and that beautiful voice is actually Katie 's . During Bev 's second performance , Luke steals a videocamera and films Katie singing backstage , thus exposing the whole charade . Gail tries to stop Luke , but Tony stops her first . Victor and Angela bring Katie onstage to perform another song ( `` Bless Myself '' ) . Katie and Luke admit their feelings for each other . Guy also loves Katie 's performance , and green - lights Luke to produce an album for her . He even agrees to help Angela get into Juilliard . In a mid-credits scene , Guy vows to tell the school board what he thinks of Gail , who is removed as headmistress of Wellesley Academy . Even Bev is delighted to be rid of her mom , being no stranger herself to Gail 's manipulative ways . Gail soon finds herself back to where she started decades before : singing ( horribly ) at a ranch , where she is bombarded with fruit and booed off the stage . Cast ( edit ) Lucy Hale as Katie Gibbs Freddie Stroma as Luke Morgan Missi Pyle as Gail Van Ravensway Megan Park as Beverly `` Bev '' Van Ravensway Matthew Lintz as Victor Van Ravensway Jessalyn Wanlim as Angela Manu Narayan as Ravi / Tony Gupta Titus Makin Jr. as Mickey O ' Malley Dikran Tulaine as Guy Morgan Lucy Davenport as Ms. Plumberg Onira Tares as Crazy Girl Soundtrack ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Various artists Released September 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 06 ) Recorded 2011 Genre Pop , pop rock Label WaterTower Music <Th_colspan="2"> A Cinderella Story soundtracks chronology <Td_colspan="2"> Another Cinderella Story ( 2008 ) A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song ( 2011 ) A Cinderella Story : If the Shoe Fits ( 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Professional ratings <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores Source Rating AllMusic A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song is a soundtrack album by the film of the same name , released on September 6 , 2011 by WaterTower Music ( The same day as the film 's release ) . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Run This Town '' Lucy Hale 2 . `` Bless Myself '' Lucy Hale 3 . `` Make You Believe '' Lucy Hale 4 . `` Knockin '' Freddie Stroma 5 . `` Extra Ordinary '' Lucy Hale 6 . `` Oh Mere Dilruba '' Manu Narayan 7 . `` Possibilities '' Freddie Stroma 8 . `` Twisted Serenade '' Big Pain Ticket 9 . `` Knockin '' Oral Majority 10 . `` Crazy Girl '' The Co-Writes Critical reception ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews although it did not get criticized by Metacritic . It achieved 50 % on Rotten Tomatoes . Rotten audience also rate the film 3.3 / 5 with the 254 users . Mike McGranaghan of The Aisle Seat scored the film one and ⁄ out of four , said : `` A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song is like a movie version of iCarly or Victorious or any of those other tween girl shows that combine broad physical humor , mild expressions of pubescent sexuality and fantasies of becoming famous '' . The DVD Sleuth gave the film 1 out of 2 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.dvdsleuth.com/CinderellaStoryReview/ Jump up ^ `` A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . iTunes . September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/a_cinderella_story_once_upon_a_song/#want_to_see Jump up ^ http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/a_cinderella_story_once_upon_a_song/#want_to_see Jump up ^ http://aisleseat.com/cinderellastory2.htm External links ( edit ) A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> A Cinderella Story Films A Cinderella Story ( 2004 ) Another Cinderella Story ( 2008 ) A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song ( 2011 ) A Cinderella Story : If the Shoe Fits ( 2016 ) Soundtracks A Cinderella Story : Original Soundtrack Another Cinderella Story Songs `` Our Lips Are Sealed '' `` Tell Me Something I Do n't Know '' <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Damon Santostefano <Td_colspan="2"> Fright Show ( 1985 ) Severed Ties ( 1992 ) Three to Tango ( 1999 ) Last Man Running ( 2003 ) Bring It On Again ( 2004 ) Another Cinderella Story ( 2008 ) Best Player ( 2011 ) A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song ( 2011 ) Pure Country : Pure Heart ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Cinderella by Charles Perrault and the Brothers Grimm Characters Buttons Cinderella Ugly sisters Fairy godmother Wicked stepmother Prince Charming Films Cinderella ( 1899 ) Cinderella or the Glass Slipper ( 1912 ) Cinderella ( 1914 ) A Lowland Cinderella ( 1921 ) A Kiss for Cinderella ( 1925 film ) Ella Cinders ( 1926 ) The Cookie Carnival ( 1935 ) The Magic Shoes ( 1935 ) First Love ( 1939 ) Cinderella ( 1947 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) The Glass Slipper ( 1955 ) Cinderfella ( 1960 ) Stop ! Look ! and Laugh ( 1960 ) More Than a Miracle ( 1967 ) Tři oříšky pro Popelku ( 1973 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1976 ) Cinderella ( 1979 ) Cinderella ' 80 ( 1984 ) Maid to Order ( 1987 ) If the Shoe Fits ( 1990 ) Ever After ( 1998 ) Ella Enchanted ( 2004 ) Cinderella ( 2006 ) Elle : A Modern Cinderella Tale ( 2010 ) Cinderella ( 2015 ) A Cinderella Story series A Cinderella Story ( 2004 ) Another Cinderella Story ( 2008 ) Once Upon a Song ( 2011 ) If the Shoe Fits ( 2016 ) Animation Cinderella Blues ( 1931 ) Poor Cinderella ( 1934 ) Cinderella Meets Fella ( 1938 ) Swing Shift Cinderella ( 1945 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Señorella and the Glass Huarache ( 1964 ) Cinderella ( 1979 ) The Tender Tale of Cinderella Penguin ( 1981 ) The Magic Riddle ( 1991 ) Cinderella ( 1994 ) Happily N'Ever After ( 2007 ) Year of the Fish ( 2008 ) Cinderella the Cat ( 2017 ) Charming ( 2018 ) Sequels Princess Cinderella ( 1941 ) Cinderella II : Dreams Come True ( 2002 ) Cinderella III : A Twist in Time ( 2007 ) Television Hey , Cinderella ! ( 1968 ) Cindy ( 1978 ) Cinderella Monogatari ( 1996 ) Cinderella ( 1997 ) CinderElmo ( 1999 ) Cinderella ( 2000 ) La Cenicienta ( 2003 ) Bawang Merah Bawang Putih ( 2004 ) Floricienta ( 2004 ) Floribella ( 2005 Brazil ) Floribella ( 2006 Portugal ) Grazilda ( 2010 ) Rags ( 2012 ) Aik Nayee Cinderella ( 2012 ) Literary adaptations Celestina ( 1791 ) Cinderella , or the Little Glass Slipper ( 1954 ) Nine Coaches Waiting ( 1958 ) Carrie ( 1974 ) The Coachman Rat ( 1989 ) Witches Abroad ( 1991 ) Ella Enchanted ( 1997 ) I Was a Rat ! or The Scarlet Slippers ( 1999 ) Just Ella ( 1999 ) Confessions of an Ugly Stepsister ( 1999 ) Chinese Cinderella ( 1999 ) The Fairy Godmother ( 2004 ) Phoenix and Ashes ( 2004 ) Bella at Midnight ( 2006 ) Ash ( 2009 ) Princess of Glass ( 2010 ) Cinder ( 2012 ) Opera Cendrillon ( 1810 Isouard ) La Cenerentola ( 1817 Rossini ) Cendrillon ( 1899 Massenet ) Cendrillon ( 1904 Viardot ) La Cenicienta ( 1966 Hen ) Ballet Cinderella ( 1893 Fitinhof - Schell ) Aschenbrödel ( 1900 Strauss - Bayer ) Cinderella ( 1945 Prokofiev ) Cinderella ( 1948 Ashton ) Musicals Cinderella and the Prince , or The Castle of Heart 's Desire ( 1904 ) Stubborn Cinderella ( 1909 ) Mr. Cinders ( 1929 ) Cinderella ( 1957 ) Cindy ( 1964 ) The Penny Friend ( 1966 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1984 ) Soho Cinders ( 2008 ) Cinderella ( 2013 ) Other Plays A Kiss for Cinderella ( 1916 ) Comics Cinderella : From Fabletown with Love Cinderalla Games Cinders Songs `` Spread a Little Happiness '' ( 1929 ) `` Bibbidi - Bobbidi - Boo '' ( 1949 ) `` A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes '' ( 1950 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 1987 ) `` Hey Cinderella '' ( 1993 ) `` It 's Midnight Cinderella '' ( 1996 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2001 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2002 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2003 ) `` Stealing Cinderella '' ( 2007 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2007 ) `` C \ C ( Cinderella \ Complex ) '' ( 2008 ) Albums A Cinderella Story ( 2004 soundtrack ) Disney 's Princess Favorites ( 2002 ) Sociology Cinderella complex Cinderella effect The Cinderella Movement Commercials A Coach for Cinderella A Ride for Cinderella Adult Cinder Ellen up too Late Cinderella ( 1977 ) Naughty Cinderella National variation Bawang Merah Bawang Putih ( Malay and Indonesian ) Beauty and Pock Face ( Chinese ) Chūjō - hime ( Japanese ) Fair , Brown and Trembling ( Irish ) Finette Cendron ( French ) The Green Knight ( Danish ) Katie Woodencloak ( Norwegian ) Kongji and Patzzi ( Korean ) Ochikubo Monogatari ( Japanese ) `` Rhodopis '' ( Greek ) Rushen Coatie ( Scottish ) The Sharp Grey Sheep ( Scottish ) The Story of Tam and Cam ( Vietnamese ) Sumiyoshi Monogatari ( Japanese ) The True Bride ( German ) The Wonderful Birch ( Russian ) Ye Xian ( Chinese ) Related Catskin Into the Woods Into the Woods ( 2014 film ) Politically Correct Bedtime Stories Disney 's characters Stop ! Look ! and Laugh Waltz Suite Black Cinderella Two Goes East Cinderella Monogatari Cinderella 's Sister Cinderella ( sports ) Lying to Be Perfect Cinderella 's Eyes ( 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Cinderella_Story:_Once_Upon_a_Song&oldid=829235959 '' Categories : 2012 films English - language films 2011 films 2011 direct - to - video films Dance films Films based on Cinderella Films set in 1989 Films set in 2012 Films shot in North Carolina American teen films American films Warner Bros. films Warner Bros. direct - to - video films Direct - to - video sequel films Films directed by Damon Santostefano Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from March 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Polski Português Русский Suomi 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 March 2018 , at 12 : 36 . 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Alabama elections , 2018 - wikipedia Alabama elections , 2018 Elections in Alabama Federal government ( show ) Presidential elections 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Presidential primaries Democratic 2008 2016 Republican 2008 2012 United States Senate elections 1962 1980 1986 1990 1992 1998 2002 2008 2014 2016 2020 2022 United States House elections 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 Special elections 1st district , 2013 Senate , 2017 Government of Alabama ( show ) Gubernatorial elections 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1906 1910 1914 1918 1922 1926 1930 1934 1938 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 State elections 2006 2008 2012 2014 2018 Ballot measures ( show ) 2006 Amendment 774 Birmingham ( show ) Mayoral elections 2017 Mobile ( show ) Mayoral 2005 2009 2013 Montgomery ( show ) Mayoral elections 2015 Government A general election will be held in the U.S. state of Alabama on November 6 , 2018 . All Alabama executive officers will be up for election along with all of Alabama 's seven seats in the United States House of Representatives . Primary elections will take place on June 5 , 2018 for both major parties . Contents 1 Governor 2 Lieutenant governor 2.1 Democratic primary 2.1. 1 Primary results 2.2 Republican primary 2.2. 1 Primary results 2.2. 2 Runoff results 2.3 General election 2.3. 1 Polling 3 Attorney general 3.1 Democratic primary 3.1. 1 Primary results 3.2 Republican primary 3.2. 1 Primary results 3.2. 2 Runoff results 3.3 General election 3.3. 1 Polling 4 Secretary of State 4.1 Democratic primary 4.1. 1 Primary results 4.2 Republican primary 4.2. 1 Primary results 4.3 General election 4.3. 1 Polling 5 State auditor 5.1 Democratic primary 5.1. 1 Primary results 5.2 Republican primary 5.2. 1 Primary results 6 State treasurer 6.1 Democratic primary 6.2 Republican primary 6.2. 1 Primary results 7 Commissioner of Agriculture and Industries 7.1 Democratic primary 7.2 Republican primary 7.2. 1 Primary results 7.2. 2 Runoff results 8 Public Service Commission 8.1 Place 1 Democratic primary 8.1. 1 Primary results 8.2 Place 1 Republican primary 8.2. 1 Primary results 8.3 Place 2 Democratic primary 8.3. 1 Primary results 8.4 Place 2 Republican primary 8.4. 1 Primary results 9 United States House of Representatives 10 References 11 External links Governor ( edit ) Main article : Alabama gubernatorial election , 2018 Incumbent Republican Governor Kay Ivey , who assumed the office upon the resignation of Robert J. Bentley , is running for election to a full term against Tuscaloosa Mayor Walt Maddox Lieutenant governor ( edit ) The office of Lieutenant Governor is currently vacant . State House Representative Will Ainsworth , State Senator Rusty Glover , and Public Serice Commission President Twinkle Cavanaugh are running for the Republican nomination . Dr. Will Boyd from Florence ran unopposed for the Democratic nomination . Democratic primary ( edit ) Will Boyd , pastor and candidate for U.S. Senate in 2017 Primary results ( edit ) Democratic primary results <Th_colspan="2"> Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Will Boyd -- Uncontested <Th_colspan="3"> Total votes -- -- Republican primary ( edit ) Will Ainsworth , State Representative Twinkle Cavanaugh , President of the Public Service Commission Rusty Glover , State Senator Primary results ( edit ) Republican primary results <Th_colspan="2"> Party Candidate Votes % Republican Twinkle Cavanaugh 238,333 43.27 Republican Will Ainsworth 204,465 37.12 Republican Rusty Glover 107,981 19.61 <Th_colspan="3"> Total votes 550,779 100 Runoff results ( edit ) Republican primary runoff results <Th_colspan="2"> Party Candidate Votes % Republican Will Ainsworth 164,486 51.46 Republican Twinkle Cavanaugh 155,137 48.54 <Th_colspan="3"> Total votes 319,623 100 General election ( edit ) Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Will Ainsworth ( R ) Will Boyd ( D ) Undecided Cygnal ( R ) July 24 -- 25 , 2018 1,027 ± 3.1 % 53 % 41 % 6 % Attorney General ( edit ) Former Alabama Attorney General Troy King is seeking the Republican Nomination . Incumbent Republican Attorney General Steve Marshall , who was appointed by Governor Bentley in February 2017 after appointing Attorney General Luther Strange to the U.S. Senate , is running for a first full term . Former Chief Deputy Attorney General Alice Martin ran for the Republican nomination . Attorney Joseph Siegelman , son of former Governor Don Siegelman , is the nominee of the Democratic Party . Chris Christie ran for attorney general on the Democratic ballot . Christie has been a trial lawyer at Bradley Arant Boult Cummings for 30 years . Democratic primary ( edit ) Chris Christie , trial lawyer at Bradley Arant Boult Cummings Joseph Siegelman , son of former Governor Don Siegelman Primary results ( edit ) Democratic primary results <Th_colspan="2"> Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Joseph Siegelman 147,601 54.16 Democratic Chris Christie 124,915 45.84 <Th_colspan="3"> Total votes 272,516 100 Republican primary ( edit ) Chess Bedsole , chairman of Donald Trump 's Alabama campaign Troy King , former Alabama Attorney General Steve Marshall , incumbent Alice Martin , Deputy Attorney General of Alabama and former U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Alabama Primary results ( edit ) Republican primary results <Th_colspan="2"> Party Candidate Votes % Republican Steve Marshall ( incumbent ) 154,219 28.36 Republican Troy King 151,364 27.84 Republican Alice Martin 126,374 23.24 Republican Chess Bedsole 111,794 20.56 <Th_colspan="3"> Total votes 543,751 100 Runoff results ( edit ) Republican primary runoff results <Th_colspan="2"> Party Candidate Votes % Republican Steve Marshall ( incumbent ) 195,356 61.50 Republican Troy King 122,308 38.50 <Th_colspan="3"> Total votes 317,664 100 General election ( edit ) Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Steve Marshall ( R ) Joseph Siegelman ( D ) Undecided Cygnal ( R ) July 24 -- 25 , 2018 1,027 ± 3.1 % 55 % 42 % 4 % Secretary of State ( edit ) Incumbent Republican Secretary of State John Merrill is running for re-election to a second term . Democratic primary ( edit ) Lula Albert Heather Milam Primary results ( edit ) Democratic primary results <Th_colspan="2"> Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Heather Milam 160,738 63.67 Democratic Lula Albert 91,736 36.33 <Th_colspan="3"> Total votes 252,474 100 Republican primary ( edit ) Michael Johnson John Merrill , incumbent Primary results ( edit ) Republican primary results <Th_colspan="2"> Party Candidate Votes % Republican John Merrill ( incumbent ) 334,922 71.64 Republican Michael Johnson 132,601 27.84 <Th_colspan="3"> Total votes 467,523 100 General election ( edit ) Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Merrill ( R ) Heather Milam ( D ) Undecided Cygnal ( R ) July 24 -- 25 , 2018 1,027 ± 3.1 % 57 % 38 % 5 % State Auditor ( edit ) Incumbent Republican State Auditor Jim Zeigler is running for re-election to a second term . Democratic primary ( edit ) Miranda Joseph Primary results ( edit ) Democratic primary results <Th_colspan="2"> Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Miranda Joseph -- Uncontested <Th_colspan="3"> Total votes -- -- Republican primary ( edit ) Stan Cooke Elliott Lipinsky Jim Zeigler , incumbent Primary results ( edit ) Republican primary results <Th_colspan="2"> Party Candidate Votes % Republican Jim Zeigler ( incumbent ) 261,418 55.62 Republican Stan Cooke 153,160 32.59 Republican Elliott Lipinsky 55,437 11.79 <Th_colspan="3"> Total votes 470,015 100 State Treasurer ( edit ) Incumbent Republican State Treasurer Young Boozer is term - limited and can not run for re-election to a third consecutive term . Democratic primary ( edit ) No Democratic candidates filed to run in the primary . Republican primary ( edit ) David Black Stephen Evans John McMillan , Commissioner of Agriculture and Industries Primary results ( edit ) Republican primary results <Th_colspan="2"> Party Candidate Votes % Republican John McMillan 273,374 61.18 Republican David Black 95,454 21.36 Republican Stephen Evans 78,010 17.46 <Th_colspan="3"> Total votes 446,838 100 Commissioner of Agriculture and Industries ( edit ) Incumbent Republican Commissioner of Agriculture and Industries John McMillan is term - limited and can not run for re-election to a third consecutive term . The Republican candidates are Lowndesboro Mayor and Lowndes County GOP Chairman Rick Pate , former FBI Field Intelligence Supervisor T.O. ( Tracy ) Crane , State Senator Gerald Dial , and Cecil Murphy . Democratic primary ( edit ) No Democratic candidates filed to run in the primary . Republican primary ( edit ) Tracy Crane , former FBI Field Intelligence Supervisor Gerald Dial , State Senator Cecil Murphy Rick Pate , Lowndesboro Mayor and Lowndes County GOP Chairman Primary results ( edit ) Republican primary results <Th_colspan="2"> Party Candidate Votes % Republican Rick Pate 181,098 40.37 Republican Gerald Dial 134,511 29.98 Republican Cecil Murphy 77,154 17.20 Republican Tracy Crane 55,838 12.45 <Th_colspan="3"> Total votes 448,601 100 Runoff results ( edit ) Republican primary runoff results <Th_colspan="2"> Party Candidate Votes % Republican Rick Pate 164,141 56.79 Republican Gerald Dial 124,907 43.21 <Th_colspan="3"> Total votes 289,048 100 Public Service Commission ( edit ) The two Associate Commissioner seats on the Alabama Public Service Commission will be up for election . Incumbent Republican Commissioners Jeremy Oden , who was appointed to the Commission by Governor Bentley in December 2012 , and Chip Beeker , who was first elected in 2014 , are both eligible to run for re-election . Place 1 Democratic primary ( edit ) Cara McClure Primary results ( edit ) Democratic primary results <Th_colspan="2"> Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Cara McClure -- Uncontested <Th_colspan="3"> Total votes -- -- Place 1 Republican primary ( edit ) Jim Bonner Jeremy Oden , incumbent Primary results ( edit ) Republican primary results <Th_colspan="2"> Party Candidate Votes % Republican Jeremy Oden ( incumbent ) 215,540 50.34 Republican Jim Bonner 212,646 49.66 <Th_colspan="3"> Total votes 428,186 100 Place 2 Democratic primary ( edit ) Kari Powell Primary results ( edit ) Democratic primary results <Th_colspan="2"> Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Kari Powell -- Uncontested <Th_colspan="3"> Total votes -- -- Place 2 Republican primary ( edit ) Chip Beeker , incumbent Robin Litaker Primary results ( edit ) Republican primary results <Th_colspan="2"> Party Candidate Votes % Republican Chip Beeker ( incumbent ) 275,184 68.74 Republican Robin Litaker 125,145 31.26 <Th_colspan="3"> Total votes 400,329 100 United States House of Representatives ( edit ) Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in Alabama , 2018 All of Alabama 's seven seats in the United States House of Representatives will be up for election in 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Administrative Calendar : 2018 Statewide Election '' ( PDF ) . Alabama Secretary of State . Jump up ^ Cason , Mike ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Twinkle Cavanaugh switches to lieutenant governor 's race '' . AL.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cason , Mike ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Sen. Rusty Glover to run for lieutenant governor of Alabama '' . AL.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sims , Cliff ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` These are the politicians eyeing a run for Alabama 's highest offices in 2018 '' . Yellowhammer News . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cason , Mike ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Mary Scott Hunter to run for lieutenant governor of Alabama '' . AL.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.ainsworthforalabama.com/ Jump up ^ http://aldemocrats.org/blog/list_of_qualified_candidates_for_2018 Jump up ^ https://www.ainsworthforalabama.com/ Jump up ^ Cason , Mike ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Twinkle Cavanaugh switches to lieutenant governor 's race '' . AL.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cason , Mike ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Sen. Rusty Glover to run for lieutenant governor of Alabama '' . AL.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Unofficial Election Night Results '' . Alabama Secretary of State . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Unofficial Election Night Results '' . Alabama Secretary of State . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chandler , Courtney ( 22 February 2018 ) . `` Troy King looking to regain seat as Alabama 's Attorney General '' . WDHN . Jump up ^ Gattis , Paul ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Attorney General Steve Marshall seeks to win full term in office '' . AL.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Martin announces run for Alabama attorney general '' . AL.com . Associated Press . June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Siegelman for Attorney General '' . Jump up ^ `` Chris Christie for Alabama Attorney General '' . Jump up ^ `` Chris Christie for Alabama Attorney General '' . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Siegelman for Attorney General '' . Jump up ^ `` Unofficial Election Night Results '' . Alabama Secretary of State . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://chessbedsole.org/meet-chess/ Jump up ^ Chandler , Courtney ( 22 February 2018 ) . `` Troy King looking to regain seat as Alabama 's Attorney General '' . WDHN . Jump up ^ Gattis , Paul ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Attorney General Steve Marshall seeks to win full term in office '' . AL.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Martin announces run for Alabama attorney general '' . AL.com . Associated Press . June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Unofficial Election Night Results '' . Alabama Secretary of State . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Unofficial Election Night Results '' . Alabama Secretary of State . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Unofficial Election Night Results '' . Alabama Secretary of State . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Unofficial Election Night Results '' . Alabama Secretary of State . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://aldemocrats.org/blog/list_of_qualified_candidates_for_2018 Jump up ^ `` Unofficial Election Night Results '' . Alabama Secretary of State . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Unofficial Election Night Results '' . Alabama Secretary of State . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://tocrane.com Jump up ^ `` Unofficial Election Night Results '' . Alabama Secretary of State . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Unofficial Election Night Results '' . Alabama Secretary of State . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://aldemocrats.org/blog/list_of_qualified_candidates_for_2018 Jump up ^ `` Unofficial Election Night Results '' . Alabama Secretary of State . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://aldemocrats.org/blog/list_of_qualified_candidates_for_2018 Jump up ^ `` Unofficial Election Night Results '' . Alabama Secretary of State . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Candidates at Vote Smart Candidates at Ballotpedia Campaign finance at National Institute on Money in State Politics Official lieutenant gubernatorial campaign websites Will Ainsworth ( R ) for Lt. Governor Twinkle Cavanaugh ( R ) for Lt. Governor Rusty Glover ( R ) for Lt. Governor Official attorney general campaign websites Chris Christie ( D ) for Attorney General Steve Marshall ( R ) for Attorney General Alice Martin ( R ) for Attorney General Sam McClure ( R ) for Attorney General Official commissioner of agriculture campaign websites T.O. ( Tracy ) Crane ( R ) for Agriculture Commissioner Rick Pate ( R ) for Agriculture Commissioner Gerald Dial ( R ) for Agriculture Commissioner Cecil Murphy ( R ) for Agriculture Commissioner <Th_colspan="2"> ( 2017 ← ) 2018 United States elections ( → 2019 ) U.S. Senate Arizona California Connecticut Delaware Florida Hawaii Indiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota special Mississippi special Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Jersey New Mexico New York North Dakota Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming U.S. House Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona 8th , special Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan 13th , special Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York 25th , special North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio 12th , special Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania 18th , special 7th and 15th , special Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas 27th , special Utah Vermont Virginia U.S. Virgin Islands Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Governors Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Iowa Kansas Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Mexico New York Northern Mariana Islands Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Vermont Wisconsin Wyoming Mayoral Louisville Newark Newport News Oakland Phoenix San Francisco ( special ) San Jose Shreveport Washington , D.C. States and territories Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama_elections,_2018&oldid=852853374 '' Categories : Alabama elections , 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 20 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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1. Alabama elections 2018
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Star Wars Rebels - Wikipedia Star Wars Rebels Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Star Wars Rebels <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Science fiction Action / Adventure Drama Created by Simon Kinberg Dave Filoni Carrie Beck Based on Star Wars by George Lucas Voices of Taylor Gray Freddie Prinze , Jr . Vanessa Marshall Tiya Sircar Steven Blum Dee Bradley Baker David Oyelowo Composer ( s ) Kevin Kiner ( Based on themes by John Williams ) Country of origin United States No. of seasons No. of episodes 70 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Simon Kinberg Dave Filoni Greg Weisman Producer ( s ) Kiri Hart Athena Yvette Portillo Carrie Beck Running time Approx. 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Lucasfilm Lucasfilm Animation Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Disney XD Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release October 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 03 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Preceded by Star Wars : The Clone Wars <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Official website <Td_colspan="2"> Production website Star Wars Rebels is an American 3D CGI animated television series produced by Lucasfilm Animation . With its story beginning fourteen years after Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith and five years before Star Wars : Episode IV -- A New Hope , Rebels takes place during an era when the Galactic Empire is securing its grip on the galaxy . Imperial forces are hunting down the last of the Jedi Knights while a fledgling rebellion against the Empire is taking form . The visual style of Star Wars Rebels is inspired by the original Star Wars trilogy concept art by Ralph McQuarrie . The series premiered as a one - hour television film , Star Wars Rebels : Spark of Rebellion , on October 3 , 2014 on Disney Channel prior to the premiere of the series on October 13 on Disney XD . The first season consisted of 16 episodes ( released as four shorts , a film , Star Wars Rebels : Spark of Rebellion , and 13 regular episodes ) and the series features new characters along with ones from the original trilogy . The second season of 22 episodes premiered on June 20 , 2015 , with a one - hour television film , Star Wars Rebels : The Siege of Lothal . The third season of 22 episodes premiered on September 24 , 2016 , with another one - hour television film , Star Wars Rebels : Steps Into Shadow . The fourth season of 16 episodes premiered on October 16 , 2017 , with another one - hour television film , Star Wars Rebels : Heroes of Mandalore . On April 15 , during Star Wars Celebration , it was announced the fourth season would be the final season , and its final episode will air on March 5 , 2018 . Dave Filoni , Simon Kinberg and Greg Weisman served as executive producers of season one . Weisman left the show after season one . Filoni was also the Supervising Director for the first two seasons , a role he relinquished after accepting a promotion that expanded his creative role into overseeing all Lucasfilm Animation projects ; he chose Justin Ridge to succeed him for season three . The series has been generally well received with several award winnings and nominations . A number of tie - in media has been released to expand upon the series ' lore such as the comic Kanan and the novel Star Wars : A New Dawn . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 3 Episodes 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Other media 6.1 Film 6.2 Novels 6.3 Comics 6.4 Video games 7 References 8 See also 9 External links Premise ( edit ) Fourteen years after the fall of the Galactic Republic and the Jedi Order in Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith and the rise of the Galactic Empire , a motley group of rebels unite aboard a freighter starship called the Ghost and conduct covert operations against the Imperial garrison on and around the planet Lothal and on other planets in the galaxy that are menaced by the Galactic Empire . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Star Wars Rebels characters Taylor Gray as Ezra Bridger Freddie Prinze , Jr. as Kanan Jarrus Vanessa Marshall as Hera Syndulla Tiya Sircar as Sabine Wren Steven Blum as Garazeb `` Zeb '' Orrelios C1 - 10P `` Chopper '' as `` Himself '' Dee Bradley Baker as Captain Rex David Oyelowo as Agent Alexsander Kallus Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Star Wars Rebels episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired <Td_colspan="1"> Shorts <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> August 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 11 ) September 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 01 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 15 <Td_colspan="1"> October 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 03 ) March 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 02 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 22 <Td_colspan="1"> June 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 20 ) March 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 30 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 22 <Td_colspan="1"> September 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 24 ) March 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 25 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 16 <Td_colspan="1"> October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) March 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 05 ) Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The first two episodes , titled Spark of Rebellion , premiered on October 3 , 2014 on Disney Channels worldwide and on Family Channel in Canada . In Australia , the series premiered on October 17 on Disney XD . The Siege of Lothal premiered on June 28 , 2015 and the second season debuted on October 18 . In Canada , the series premiered on October 19 on the DHX - owned Disney XD . However , due to DHX Media losing the rights to Disney content , the show was later moved to Disney Channel . The second season premiered on November 7 and it was moved to the Corus - owned Disney XD channel on December 1 . In the Middle East and Africa , Spark of Rebellion premiered on October 11 and the series debuted on October 18 on Disney XD . Siege of Lothal premiered on October 10 , followed the official season premiere on October 17 . In Southeast Asia , Spark of Rebellion premiered on Disney XD on October 4 and the series officially started on November 29 . Siege of Lothal premiered on October 3 on Disney XD and Disney Channel and the second season was released on October 24 . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , the series debuted on October 16 on Disney XD . Siege of Lothal premiered on July 18 , 2015 followed by the second - season debut on October 17 . Home Media ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> DVD / Blu - ray name <Th_colspan="3"> DVD Releases <Th_colspan="2"> Blu - ray Releases Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Region A Region B <Td_colspan="2"> Spark of Rebellion ( DVD only ) October 14 , 2014 October 13 , 2014 November 5 , 2014 <Td_colspan="2"> Spark of Rebellion included in Complete Season One Complete Season One September 1 , 2015 September 14 , 2015 September 16 , 2015 September 1 , 2015 September 14 , 2015 Complete Season Two August 30 , 2016 October 3 , 2016 November 2 , 2016 August 30 , 2016 October 3 , 2016 Complete Season Three August 29 , 2017 October 2 , 2017 TBA August 29 , 2017 October 2 , 2017 Star Wars Rebels : Spark of Rebellion was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on DVD in the US at all retailers on October 14 , 2014 . DVD bonus features include character shorts , a 3D model kit of the Ghost ship , and a preview of season 1 . The Complete Season One of Star Wars Rebels was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on DVD and Blu - ray on September 1 , 2015 in America , and in Germany on September 10 , 2015 . The Season 1 collection contains the expanded version of Spark of Rebellion with the Darth Vader / Grand Inquisitor prologue shown on ABC - TV . The Complete Season Two of Star Wars Rebels was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on DVD and Blu - ray on August 30 , 2016 in North America . The Complete Season Three of Star Wars Rebels was released on DVD and Blu - Ray on August 29 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) In the United States , the one hour special garnered 2.74 million viewers on Disney Channel and 2.40 million viewers on ABC . Worldwide , it delivered a total of 6.5 million viewers . On Disney Channel , the first and second episodes delivered 2.33 million and 1.92 million viewers , respectively . The third and fourth episodes garnered 2.32 million and 1.84 million , respectively . The fifth , sixth , and seventh episodes were watched by 1.43 million , 1.30 million , and 1.60 million viewers , respectively . The eighth and ninth episodes got 1.92 and 1.44 million viewers , respectively . In Canada , the second episode was watched by 274,500 viewers , making it the most - watched broadcast ever on the network . In the United Kingdom , the film was the highest - rated broadcast that week , with 81,000 viewers . Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Premiered <Th_colspan="2"> Ended Viewers ( in millions ) Date Premiere viewers ( in millions ) Date Finale viewers ( in millions ) Mondays 9pm / 8c 13 October 13 , 2014 1.03 March 2 , 2015 0.72 0.68 Wednesdays 9 : 30pm / 8 : 30c ( 10 / 14 / 15 - 12 / 09 / 15 ) Wednesdays 9pm / 8c ( 1 / 20 / 16 - 3 / 30 / 16 ) 22 October 14 , 2015 0.46 March 30 , 2016 0.69 0.81 Saturdays 9pm / 8c 22 September 24 , 2016 0.56 March 25 , 2017 0.50 0.59 Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gave a 100 % approval rating for seasons one and two based on 9 reviews for season one and 5 reviews for season two , with an average rating of 8.17 / 10 for season one and 7.5 / 10 for season two . Metacritic , which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the series has received an average score of 78 , based on four critics indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . IGN and Variety in particular had strong praise for the pilot film , Spark of Rebellion , with their only criticism being the appearance of the Wookiees in the film , being cited as not all that impressive compared to the rest of the animation . Accolades ( edit ) Award Category Recipient Result 2015 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Animated Show Star Wars Rebels Nominated 42nd Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement , Storyboarding in an Animated TV / Broadcast Production Nathaniel Villanueva & Douglas Lovelace Nominated 5th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Animated Series Star Wars Rebels Nominated 2014 BTVA Awards Best Male Lead Vocal Performance in a Television Series -- Action / Drama Steve Blum as Zeb Orrelios Nominated Best Female Lead Vocal Performance in a Television Series -- Action / Drama Tiya Sircar as Sabine Wren Nominated Vanessa Marshall as Hera Syndulla Nominated Best Male Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Supporting Role -- Action / Drama Jason Isaacs as Inquisitor Won Best Female Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Supporting Role -- Action / Drama Kath Soucie as Maketh Tua Nominated Best Male Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Guest Role -- Action / Drama Frank Oz as Yoda Nominated James Arnold Taylor as Obi - Wan Kenobi Nominated James Earl Jones as Darth Vader Won Best Vocal Ensemble in a New Television Series Star Wars Rebels Nominated 6th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Animated Series Star Wars Rebels Nominated 2015 BTVA Awards Best Female Lead Vocal Performance in a Television Series -- Action / Drama Vanessa Marshall as Hera Syndulla Nominated 44th Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement , Music in an Animated TV / Broadcast Production Kevin Kiner for Twilight of the Apprentice Nominated Outstanding Achievement , Voice Acting in an Animated TV / Broadcast Production Lars Mikkelsen as Grand Admiral Thrawn in Hera 's Heroes Nominated Outstanding Achievement , Editorial in an Animated TV / Broadcast Production Joe E. Elwood and Alex McDonnell for Twilight of the Apprentice Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards 2016 Best Writing in Animation Steven Melching for `` A Princess on Lothal '' Nominated 43rd Saturn Awards Best Animated Series or Film on Television Star Wars Rebels Won 69th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Children 's Program Star Wars Rebels Nominated 2016 BTVA Awards Best Male Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Supporting Role David Oyelowo as Agent Kallus Nominated Lars Mikkelsen as Grand Admiral Thrawn Nominated Other Media ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Chopper and the Ghost appear in the 2016 film Rogue One : A Star Wars Story . Hera 's surname is also called on a loudspeaker at the Rebel base on Yavin IV , where Chopper can briefly be seen . In addition , the Ghost takes part in the climactic battle over Scarif during the eponymous squad 's attempt to steal the Death Star plans , providing assistance in defending the Rebel fleet under attack by the Imperial Navy , while other Rebels attempt to disable the shield gate over the planet . Novels ( edit ) On September 2 , 2014 , Del Rey Books published Star Wars : A New Dawn , a prequel novel telling the story of how Kanan and Hera met . In 2017 , a new novel , entitled Thrawn , was released . The book marked the entrance of Grand Admiral Thrawn into the current canon . It was written by the character 's original creator , Timothy Zahn . The book was released on April 11 , 2017 . Comics ( edit ) From April 1 , 2015 through March 16 , 2016 , Marvel Comics published a 12 - issue comic series , titled Kanan , and set during the events of the first season . Written by former executive producer of the series Greg Weisman and illustrated by Pepe Larraz , Jacopo Camagni and Andrea Broccardo , the story is centered on Kanan having flashbacks to his days as a Padawan in the Jedi Temple and the Clone Wars . The other members of the Ghost crew also appear . In the summer of 2017 , Marvel announced that a comic book miniseries adaptation of Zahn 's Thrawn novel is being planned , scheduled to be released in early 2018 . Video games ( edit ) A side - scrolling run - and - gun game based on the show 's first season , titled Star Wars Rebels : Recon Missions , was released by Disney Mobile on iOS , Android , and Windows Store in early 2015 , before being discontinued on July 28 , 2016 , due to the limitations of the support team . Ezra Bridger is the only playable character , with other characters available via in - app purchases , which also grant early access to most of the game 's levels in the mobile versions and are required to play the full campaign in the Windows Store version . Additionally , several of the characters from the series are playable in other games such as Disney Infinity 3.0 , Angry Birds Star Wars II , Lego Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( as downloadable content only ) , Star Wars : Galactic Defense , Star Wars : Force Arena and Star Wars : Galaxy of Heroes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars Rebels ' interview : New series goes to dark places , embraces 1977 film 's spirit '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McLean , Thomas ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars Rebels ' Unveils Kanan , the Cowboy Jedi '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Rebels : Spark of Rebellion Premieres Friday , October 3 on Disney Channel '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eric ( May 9 , 2014 ) . `` Simon Kinberg : Star Wars Rebels Season Will Be 16 Episodes '' . TheForce.net . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( May 9 , 2014 ) . `` Writer - Producer Simon Kinberg Talks STAR WARS REBELS , His Duties on the Show , and the Thrill of Writing for Original Trilogy Characters '' . Collider . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Rebels to return for fourth season '' . StarWars.com . March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yee , Lawrence ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars Rebels ' Ending After Season 4 '' . Variety . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greg Weisman Leaves Star Wars Rebels '' . IGN.com . October 2 , 2014 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Filoni Now Overseeing Creative Development of New Lucasfilm Animation Projects '' . 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( May 4 , 2014 ) . `` Star Wars Rebels Trailer '' . IGN . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` STAR WARS REBELS : SPARK OF REBELLION PREMIERES FRIDAY , OCTOBER 3 ON DISNEY CHANNEL '' . starwars.com . Star Wars . August 19 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Star Wars Rebels : Spark of Rebellion '' premieres Friday , October 3 `` . Foxtel Insider . Foxtel . August 22 , 2014 . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Rebels : The Siege of Lothal '' . Foxtel Insider . Foxtel . June 25 , 2015 . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Express : October 2015 '' . Foxtel Insider . Foxtel . September 30 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2015 . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Family Channel , Disney XD and Disney Junior put the `` all '' into Fall with stellar 2014 programming lineup `` . bloomberg.com . Bloomberg . August 26 , 2014 . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Corus Entertainment Launches the WATCH Disney Channel App on the Heels of Network Debut in Canada '' ( Press release ) . Toronto : Corus Entertainment . September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Rebels Season 2 '' . Disney Channel Canada . October 27 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney XD '' . disneychannel.ca Buzz Blog . Corus Entertainment . November 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel presents new and upcoming shows '' . Screen Africa . August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Germishuys , Andrew ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` Disney XD Programming Highlights For October 2015 '' . South African Movie Database . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Disney XD Asia ( September 26 , 2014 ) . `` Star Wars Rebels '' . Facebook . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Disney XD Asia ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Catch the series premiere of Star Wars Rebels 29th November , 8.30 am on Disney XD ! '' . Facebook . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Rebels '' . Disney Channel . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2015 . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Disney XD Asia ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Just three days to Star Wars Rebels : The Siege of Lothal , premiering 3 October at 8am on Disney XD '' . Facebook . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Disney XD Asia ( October 4 , 2015 ) . `` This Season on Star Wars Rebels -- Star Wars Rebels Season 2 Trailer '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Rebels '' . Disney Channel . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2015 . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Newbold , Mark ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` Star Wars Rebels : New Disney series launches to fantastic numbers '' . Metro . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Burns , James ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars Rebels is exactly what fans need to get them in the mood for The Force Awakens '' . Metro . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney XD TV Listings '' . TV Guide UK . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2015 . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Rebels -- Spark of Rebellion '' . June 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Rebels DVD news : Press Release for Star Wars Rebels -- Complete Season 1 TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . www.tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Star Wars Rebels : Complete Season One , Buena Vista Worldwide Home Entertainment , 2015 - 09 - 01 , retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 Jump up ^ Star Wars Rebels Season 1 , Walt Disney Studios HE , 2015 - 09 - 14 , retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Rebels -- Season 1 '' . September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Star Wars Rebels : Complete Season One Blu - ray , retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 Jump up ^ Star Wars Rebels , Walt Disney Studios HE , 2015 - 09 - 14 , retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Rebels : Complete Season Two Available Now on Blu - ray and DVD '' . starwars.com . August 30 , 2016 . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ STAR WARS REBELS : THE COMPLETE SEASON 2 -- 4 - DISC DVD , Walt Disney Studios , 2016 - 08 - 30 , retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 Jump up ^ Star Wars Rebels : Complete Season 2 , Walt Disney , 2016 - 10 - 03 , retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 Jump up ^ `` Buy Star Wars Rebels : Season 2 on DVD - Video from EzyDVD.com.au '' . www.ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Star Wars Rebels : Complete Season Two Blu - ray , retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 Jump up ^ Star Wars Rebels : Complete Season 2 , Walt Disney , 2016 - 10 - 03 , retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Rebels : Complete Season Three arrives on Blu - ray and DVD August 29 '' . starwars.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Rebels : The Complete Season Three '' . amazon.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` GIVEAWAY : Win ' Star Wars Rebels : Spark of Rebellion ' on DVD '' . movieweb.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Rebels -- ' The Complete 1st Season ' is Coming this Fall for DVD , Blu - ray '' . June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer . `` Star Wars Rebels Season 3 Blu - ray Set for August Release '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : MLB Division Series Tops Night + ' Friday Night Smackdown ' , ' Inside the MLB ' , ' Star Wars : Rebels ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2015 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' & ' The Good Wife ' Adjusted Up ; ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down & Final Sports Numbers '' . Zap2it . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars Rebels ' Delivers 6.5 Million Viewers on Disney Channel and Disney XD Around the World '' . tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . TV By the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Tops Night + NBA Basketball , ' SportsCenter ' , ' Edge of Alaska ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 17 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Tops Night + ' Friday Night SmackDown ' , ' Edge of Alaska ' , NBA Basketball & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( February 21 , 2015 ) . `` In viewers , Star Wars Rebels drew 1.426 M on 11 / 21 9 pm , 1.298 M on 11 / 21 9 : 30 and 1.598 M on 11 / 28 9 pm '' . Twitter . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Wins Night , College Basketball , ' Bring It ! ' , ' Bering Sea Gold ' , ' Preachers ' Daughters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DISNEY XD CANADA REMAINS CANADA 'S LEADING DIGITAL CHANNEL WITH RECORD GROWTH IN FALL 2014 '' . DHX Media . Toronto . January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Note : The ratings must be searched for . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Series Premiere Makes ' Star Wars Rebels ' Disney XD 's Number 1 Animated Series Ever With Over 1 Million Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Monday Cable Originals : 3.2. 2015 '' . Show Buzz Daily . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 10.14. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Rebels : S01 reviews '' . rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Rebels : S02 reviews '' . rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Rebels -- Metacritic '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman , Eric . `` Star Wars Rebels : `` Spark of Rebellion '' Review `` . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Rebels Confirms Rogue One Easter Eggs , Might Revisit the Film '' . ScreenCrush . Jump up ^ `` Here 's all the Star Wars Rebels Easter Eggs in Rogue One : A Star Wars Story '' . Dork Side of the Force . Jump up ^ `` Disney and Random House announce relaunch of Star Wars Adult Fiction line '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Thrawn canon novel announced for 2017 ! '' . Making Star Wars . July 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kanan ( 2015 - 2016 ) '' . Marvel.com . Jump up ^ Whitbrook , James . `` Timothy Zahn 's Excellent Thrawn Novel Is Being Turned Into a Marvel Comic '' . io9 Gizmodo . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . See also ( edit ) 2015 in science fiction External links ( edit ) 2010s portal Cartoon portal Star Wars portal Disney portal Animation portal Find more aboutStar Wars Rebelsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website Star Wars Rebels at starwars.com Star Wars Rebels on IMDb Star Wars Rebels at TV.com DK Publishing for Star Wars Rebels Star Wars Rebels on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki <Th_colspan="2"> Star Wars Feature films Saga Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi The Phantom Menace Attack of the Clones Revenge of the Sith The Force Awakens The Last Jedi Anthology Rogue One Solo Other The Clone Wars Television Series Droids Ewoks Clone Wars The Clone Wars cast episodes Rebels characters episodes Forces of Destiny Detours ( unaired ) Films Holiday Special Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure Ewoks : The Battle for Endor Other Radio show Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Characters Cast Changes in film re-releases Han shot first Filming locations Opening crawl Sequel trilogy Sources and analogues Music Soundtracks Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi Ewoks Episode I : The Phantom Menace Episode II : Attack of the Clones Episode III : Revenge of the Sith The Clone Wars The Force Awakens Rogue One The Last Jedi Themes `` Star Wars ( Main Title ) '' `` The Imperial March '' `` Ewok Celebration '' `` Duel of the Fates '' `` Battle of the Heroes '' Outside media Attractions A Galactic Spectacular Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours The Adventures Continue Galaxy 's Edge Star Wars Hotel Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars Weekends Where Science Meets Imagination Lego List of sets Droid Tales The Resistance Rises The Freemaker Adventures Merchandise Action figures Kenner list Hasbro Vintage Collection Star Wars Transformers Games Star Wars Pez Manga Force Trainer Shepperton Design Studios Trading cards Vinylmation Star Wars Rollinz toys Television specials The Making of Star Wars SP FX : The Empire Strikes Back From Star Wars to Jedi : The Making of a Saga Other Video games list Shadows of the Empire Knights of the Old Republic The Force Unleashed The Old Republic Art Books non-fiction Comics list Expanded universe characters Cultural impact 501st Legion Comparison to Star Trek Fan films Parodies Force for Change Jedi census Jediism Rebel Legion Star Wars Celebration Star Wars Day Star Wars : In Concert Star Wars Insider Wookieepedia TheForce.Net Yoda conditions <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Lucasfilm Productions Films American Graffiti ( 1973 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Twice Upon a Time ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Latino ( 1985 ) Mishima : A Life in Four Chapters ( 1985 ) Labyrinth ( 1986 ) Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) Willow ( 1988 ) The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Red Tails ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Solo ( 2018 ) TV series Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 -- 86 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 -- 86 ) Maniac Mansion ( 1990 -- 93 ) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 93 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 05 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 14 ) Star Wars Rebels ( 2014 -- present ) Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( 2016 -- present ) Star Wars Detours ( unaired ) TV films Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Theme park films Captain EO ( 1986 ) Star Tours ( 1987 ) ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter ( 1995 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue ( 2011 ) Franchises Star Wars Indiana Jones Related productions THX 1138 ( 1971 ) Divisions Industrial Light & Magic Skywalker Sound Lucasfilm Animation LucasArts Former divisions The Droid Works EditDroid SoundDroid Kerner Optical Pixar THX People George Lucas ( Founder ) Kathleen Kennedy ( President ) Howard Roffman ( EVP , Franchise Management ) <Td_colspan="2"> Parent : Walt Disney Studios ( The Walt Disney Company ) <Th_colspan="2"> Disney XD original programming Current Star Wars Rebels ( since 2014 ) Star vs. the Forces of Evil ( since 2015 ) Two More Eggs ( since 2015 ) Walk the Prank ( since 2016 ; also a Disney Channel original series ) Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( since 2016 ) Future - Worm ! ( since 2016 ) Milo Murphy 's Law ( since 2016 ) Mech - X4 ( since 2016 ; also a Disney Channel original series ) Billy Dilley 's Super-Duper Subterranean Summer ( since 2017 ) Parker Plays ( since 2017 ) DuckTales ( since 2017 ) Marvel 's Spider - Man ( since 2017 ) Big Hero 6 : The Series ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Big City Greens ( 2018 ) Films Skyrunners ( 2009 ) Pants on Fire ( 2014 ) Mark & Russell 's Wild Ride ( 2015 ) Former 2000s debuts Aaron Stone ( 2009 -- 10 ) Yin Yang Yo ! ( 2009 ) Phineas and Ferb ( 2009 -- 15 ) Zeke and Luther ( 2009 -- 12 ) I 'm in the Band ( 2009 -- 11 ) 2010s debuts Kick Buttowski : Suburban Daredevil ( 2010 -- 12 ) Pair of Kings ( 2010 -- 13 ) Kickin ' It ( 2011 -- 15 ) Randy Cunningham : 9th Grade Ninja ( 2012 -- 15 ) Lab Rats ( 2012 -- 16 ) Motorcity ( 2012 -- 13 ) Gravity Falls ( 2012 -- 16 ) Tron : Uprising ( 2012 -- 13 ) Crash & Bernstein ( 2012 -- 14 ) Mighty Med ( 2013 -- 15 ) Wander Over Yonder ( 2013 -- 16 ) The 7D ( 2014 -- 16 ) Kirby Buckets ( 2014 -- 17 ) Penn Zero : Part - Time Hero ( 2014 -- 17 ) Gamer 's Guide to Pretty Much Everything ( 2015 -- 17 ) Pickle and Peanut ( 2015 -- 18 ) Lab Rats : Elite Force ( 2016 ) Right Now Kapow ( 2016 -- 17 ) See also It 's a Laugh Productions Disney Television Animation Crossovers 25 Days of Christmas <Th_colspan="2"> Star Wars Rebels Media Episodes A New Dawn ( 2014 , novel ) Servants of the Empire ( 2014 -- 2015 , novel series ) Thrawn ( 2017 , novel ) Characters Kanan Jarrus <Th_colspan="2"> Works by Simon Kinberg Films directed X-Men : Dark Phoenix ( 2018 ) Films written XXX : State of the Union ( 2005 ) Mr. & Mrs. Smith ( 2005 ) X-Men : The Last Stand ( 2006 ) Jumper ( 2008 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2009 ) This Means War ( 2012 ) Abraham Lincoln : Vampire Hunter ( 2012 ) X-Men : Days of Future Past ( 2014 ) Fantastic Four ( 2015 ) X-Men : Apocalypse ( 2016 ) X-Men : Dark Phoenix ( 2018 ) TV series created Star Wars Rebels ( 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_Wars_Rebels&oldid=826615423 '' Categories : Star Wars Rebels 2010s American animated television series 2014 American television series debuts 2018 American television series endings American Broadcasting Company network shows American children 's animated science fiction television series American children 's animated action television series American children 's animated space adventure television series Computer - animated television series Disney Channel shows Interquel television series Star Wars animated television series Television series by Lucasfilm Disney XD shows Television programs based on films Works by Simon Kinberg Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 03 : 00 . 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1. Star Wars Rebels
2. Animated television series
3. Galactic Empire
4. Jedi Knights
5. Rebellion against the Empire
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where does the phrase sam hill come from
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Sam Hill ( euphemism ) - wikipedia Sam Hill ( euphemism ) Jump to : navigation , search Sam Hill is an American English slang phrase , a euphemism or minced oath for `` the devil '' or `` hell '' personified ( as in , `` What in the Sam Hill is that ? '' ) . Etymologist Michael Quinion and others date the expression back to the late 1830s ; they and others consider the expression to have been a simple bowdlerization , with , according to the Oxford English Dictionary , an unknown origin . Possible referents ( edit ) Candidate referents for the use date back to at least the 19th century . The following are possibilities of the term 's origin . H.L. Mencken suggested that the phrase derives from Samiel , the name of the Devil in Der Freischütz , an opera by Carl Maria von Weber that was performed in New York City in 1825 . The phrase `` Sam Hill '' can also be seen in the variant `` Samil . '' Sam Hill was a mercantile store owner who offered a vast and diverse inventory of goods . People began using the term `` what in the Sam Hill is that ? '' to describe something they found odd or unusual , just like the inventory found in Sam Hill 's store . The original Sam Hill Mercantile building still stands on Montezuma Street in Prescott , Arizona , and is listed on the register of Historic Places . An article in the New England Magazine in December 1889 entitled `` Two Centuries and a Half in Guilford , Connecticut '' mentioned that , `` Between 1727 and 1752 Mr. Sam . Hill represented Guilford in forty - three out of forty - nine sessions of the Legislature , and when he was gathered to his fathers , his son Nathaniel reigned in his stead '' and a footnote queried whether this might be the source of the `` popular Connecticut adjuration to ' Give ' em Sam Hill ' ? '' The millionaire Samuel Hill , a businessman and `` good roads '' advocate in the Pacific Northwest , became associated with the phrase in the 1920s . A reference appeared in Time magazine when Hill convinced Queen Marie of Romania to travel to rural Washington to dedicate Hill 's Maryhill Museum of Art . The fact that `` Father of Good Roads '' Samuel Hill had n't been born when the figure of speech first appeared in a publication rules out the possibility that he was the original Sam Hill in question . A possible origin for the phrase `` Sam Hill '' is the surveyor Samuel W. Hill ( 1819 -- 1889 ) . Hill allegedly used such foul language that his name became a euphemism for swear words . In the words of Charles Eschbach , `` Back in the 1850s the Keweenaw 's copper mining boom was underway . There were about a dozen men who pretty much ran the Keweenaw . They were mining company agents , the ' go between ' for the investors from Boston and the actual mining production people . Their names were attached to every report sent back to eastern investors . Among these company agents was a man named Samuel W. Hill . Sam was a geologist , surveyor , and mining engineer and had considerable power in the Keweenaw . '' According to author Ellis W. Courter , Samuel Hill `` was an adventurer , explorer , miner , and surveyor . He had worked with Christopher C. Douglas and Douglas Houghton on the early State survey . His judgment was respected . Although he was a rough character , he possessed a big heart and in the fall of 1847 had risked his life to help avert a threatened food shortage in the Copper Harbor district . Generally he was regarded as a hero throughout the entire Copper Country , however , he was contemptuous of all the praise that was heaped upon him . Hill also gained a reputation as being one of the most blasphemous and obscene swearers in the Keweenaw Peninsula . Although he had a colorful vocabulary and told many a good story of his early adventures , his ubiquitous use of lurid cuss words became legendary . Whenever friends or neighbors retold his colorful tales in more polite society , they had to tame his unmentionables by substituting the sinless sounding words ' Sam Hill ' . In time the expression , ' What the Sam Hill ' spread far beyond the Copper Country . Today it has become a part of the American language . Few who utter these words ever heard of Samuel Hill , or know that he was the unconscious originator of a sinless synonym for profanity . '' Another possibility involves the former adjutant general of Kentucky Samuel Ewing Hill , who was sent by the governor of Kentucky to see what was going on in reference to the Hatfields & McCoys family feud in 1887 . Between 1880 and 1891 , the feud claimed more than a dozen members of the two families , becoming headline news around the country , and compelling the governors of both Kentucky and West Virginia to call up their state militias to restore order . The governor of West Virginia once even threatened to have his militia invade Kentucky . Kentucky governor Simon Bolivar Buckner in response sent his adjutant general Sam Hill to Pike County , Kentucky to investigate the situation . Newspapers from around the country awaited word from Hill to find out `` what in the Sam Hill was going on up there '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Michael Quinion ( 2004 - 11 - 06 ) . `` World Wide Words : Sam Hill '' . World Wide Words . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Issue of August 4 , 2001 : On a popsicle stick '' . The Word Detective. 2001 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Various ( 1900 ) . The New Dictionary of American Slang . Jump up ^ Mencken , H.L. ( 1936 ) . The American Language ( 4th ed . ) . Alfred A. Knopf . Jump up ^ `` Hill , Sam , Hardware '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ TIME Magazine ( 1926 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Sam Hill '' . @ Time Archives . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Words to the Wise : Issue 156 , page 2 from the website of the Institute for Etymological Research and Education Jump up ^ Jill Livingston , 1999 , 2011 . `` Sam Hill Sign '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 19 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Charles Eshbach . `` What the Sam Hill ? '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Courter , Ellis W. ( 2005 ) . Michigan 's Copper Country ( PDF ) . Republished by the State of Michigan , Office of Geological Survey . Jump up ^ `` What in Sam Hill ... started the Hatfield and McCoy Feud ? '' . Kentucky.gov . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Hatfields and McCoys : The Moran Connection '' . moranfamilytn.blogspot.com . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sam_Hill_(euphemism)&oldid=795068968 '' Categories : Euphemisms Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 August 2017 , at 20 : 15 . About Wikipedia
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1. Sam Hill as a euphemism for "the devil" or "hell"
2. Possible origins of the phrase "Sam Hill"
3. Sam Hill Mercantile store owner and his association with the phrase
4. Samuel Hill, a businessman and advocate for good roads in the Pacific Northwest
5. Samuel W. Hill, a surveyor known for his foul language and association with the phrase
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what is the song everyday by asap rocky about
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Everyday ( ASAP Rocky song ) - Wikipedia Everyday ( ASAP Rocky song ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` Everyday '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by ASAP Rocky featuring Rod Stewart , Miguel and Mark Ronson <Th_colspan="2"> from the album At . Long . Last . ASAP Released May 8 , 2015 Format Digital download Recorded 2015 Genre Hip hop Length 4 : 23 Label A $ AP Worldwide Polo Grounds RCA Songwriter ( s ) David Bentley Mark Ronson Rakim Mayers Frans Mernick Producer ( s ) Mark Ronson Emile Haynie Frans Mernick ( add . ) Jeff Bhasker ( add . ) LORD FLACKO ( add . ) Tom Elmhirst ( add . ) Hudson Mohawke ( add . ) <Th_colspan="2"> ASAP Rocky singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Lord Pretty Flacko Jodye 2 ( LPFJ2 ) '' ( 2015 ) `` Everyday '' ( 2015 ) `` L $ D '' ( 2015 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Lord Pretty Flacko Jodye 2 ( LPFJ2 ) '' ( 2015 ) `` Everyday '' ( 2015 ) `` L $ D '' ( 2015 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Rod Stewart singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Ca n't Stop Me Now '' ( 2013 ) Ca n't Stop Me Now2013 `` Everyday '' ( 2015 ) Everyday2015 `` Love Is '' ( 2015 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Miguel singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Coffee '' ( 2015 ) Coffee 2015 `` Everyday '' ( 2015 ) Everyday2015 `` Weekend '' ( 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Mark Ronson singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Feel Right '' ( 2015 ) Feel Right 2015 `` Everyday '' ( 2015 ) Everyday2015 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Weekend2016 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` Everyday '' on YouTube <Td_colspan="2"> Love Is2015 <Td_colspan="2"> `` Everyday '' is a song by American hip hop recording artist ASAP Rocky . It was released on May 8 , 2015 , as the second single from his second studio album At . Long . Last . ASAP ( 2015 ) , to make up for the delay of the album . The song , co-produced by Mark Ronson alongside a sample appearance from `` In a Broken Dream '' by Python Lee Jackson ( featuring vocals from Rod Stewart ) , also features singer Miguel . On May 8 , 2015 , the song was officially released to radio . Rolling Stone ranked `` Everyday '' at number 38 on its annual year - end list to find the best songs of 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Charts 2 Certifications 3 Release history 4 References 5 External links Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 49 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 94 France ( SNEP ) 192 Ireland ( IRMA ) 92 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 86 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 56 US Billboard Hot 100 92 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 31 US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) 23 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label United States May 8 , 2015 Digital download A $ AP Worldwide Polo Grounds RCA References ( edit ) Jump up ^ A $ AP Rocky Drops ' Everyday ' ft . Miguel , Mark Ronson and ... Rod Stewart ? Jump up ^ `` 50 Best Songs of 2015 '' . rollingstone.com . Jump up ^ http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20130319-0001/Issue1201.pdf Jump up ^ `` A $ AP Rocky Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- A $ AP ROCKY FEAT . ROD STEWART X MIGUEL X MARK RONSON -- Everyday '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 24 , 2015 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- A $ AP ROCKY FEAT . ROD STEWART X MIGUEL X MARK RONSON -- Everyday '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A $ AP Rocky featuring Rod Stewart : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` A $ AP Rocky Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A $ AP Rocky Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A $ AP Rocky Chart History ( Hot Rap Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- A $ AP Rocky -- Everyday '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Enter Everyday in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- A $ AP Rocky -- Everyday '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Everyday ( feat . Rod Stewart , Miguel & Mark Ronson ) -- Single by A $ AP Rocky '' . iTunes Store . Apple . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Audio on YouTube Lyrics of this song at Genius <Th_colspan="2"> ASAP Rocky singles <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Awards and nominations Live . Love . ASAP `` Peso '' Long . Live . ASAP `` Goldie '' `` Fuckin ' Problems '' `` Wild for the Night '' `` Fashion Killa '' At . Long . Last . ASAP `` Lord Pretty Flacko Jodye 2 ( LPFJ2 ) '' `` Everyday '' `` LSD '' Other singles `` Multiply '' Featured singles `` Hands on the Wheel '' `` Cockiness ( Love It ) ( Remix ) '' `` Shabba '' `` Pretend '' `` Good for You '' `` Blended Family ( What You Do for Love ) '' `` Who Dat Boy '' `` Summer Bummer '' `` No Limit '' Promotional singles `` Long Live ASAP '' `` U.O.E.N.O. ( Remix ) '' `` M 's '' `` I 'm Not the Only One ( Remix ) '' Other songs `` PMW ( All I Really Need ) '' `` 1 Train '' `` Phoenix '' `` Wildest Moments ( Remix ) '' `` Electric Body '' <Th_colspan="2"> Rod Stewart singles 1970s `` It 's All Over Now '' ( 1970 ) `` Reason to Believe '' / `` Maggie May '' ( 1971 ) `` Every Picture Tells a Story '' / `` Reason to Believe '' ( 1971 ) Spain only `` ( I Know ) I 'm Losing You '' / `` Mandolin Wind '' ( 1971 ) `` Handbags and Gladrags '' ( 1972 ) `` You Wear It Well '' ( 1972 ) `` Angel '' ( 1972 ) `` What 's Made Milwaukee Famous ( Has Made a Loser Out of Me ) '' ( 1972 ) `` Twistin ' the Night Away '' ( 1973 , 1987 ) `` Oh ! No Not My Baby '' ( 1973 ) `` Farewell '' / `` You Send Me '' ( 1973 ) `` Mine for Me '' ( 1974 ) `` You Can Make Me Dance , Sing or Anything '' ( 1974 ) Stewart / Faces `` Sailing '' ( 1975 ) `` This Old Heart of Mine '' ( 1975 ) `` Tonight 's the Night '' ( 1976 ) `` The Killing of Georgie '' ( 1976 ) `` Get Back '' ( 1976 ) `` The First Cut Is the Deepest '' ( 1977 ) `` I Do n't Want to Talk About It '' ( 1977 , 1990 ) `` You 're in My Heart ( The Final Acclaim ) '' ( 1978 ) `` Hot Legs '' ( 1978 ) `` I Was Only Joking '' ( 1978 ) `` Da Ya Think I 'm Sexy ? '' ( 1978 , 1997 ) `` Ai n't Love a Bitch '' ( 1979 ) `` Blondes ( Have More Fun ) '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' ( 1980 ) `` Passion '' ( 1980 ) `` Tonight , I 'm Yours ( Do n't Hurt Me ) '' ( 1981 ) `` Young Turks '' ( 1982 ) `` How Long ? '' ( 1982 ) `` Baby Jane '' ( 1983 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 1983 ) `` Infatuation '' ( 1984 ) `` Some Guys Have All the Luck '' ( 1984 ) `` All Right Now '' ( 1984 ) `` People Get Ready '' ( 1985 , 1991 , 1993 ) Stewart / Beck `` Love Touch '' ( 1986 ) `` In My Life '' ( 1987 ) `` Forever Young '' ( 1988 ) `` My Heart Ca n't Tell You No '' ( 1988 ) `` This Old Heart of Mine ( Is Weak for You ) '' ( 1989 ) Stewart / Isley `` Downtown Train '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` It Takes Two '' ( 1990 ) Stewart / Turner `` Rhythm of My Heart '' ( 1991 ) `` The Motown Song '' ( 1991 ) `` Your Song '' ( 1992 ) `` Ruby Tuesday '' ( 1993 ) `` Have I Told You Lately '' ( 1993 ) `` Reason to Believe '' ( unplugged , 1993 ) `` All for Love '' ( 1993 ) Stewart / Adams / Sting `` Leave Virginia Alone '' ( 1995 ) `` Lady Luck '' ( 1996 ) `` Ooh La La '' ( 1998 ) `` Rocks '' ( 1998 ) `` Cigarettes and Alcohol '' ( 1998 ) `` Faith of the Heart '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` These Foolish Things '' ( 2002 ) `` They Ca n't Take That Away from Me '' ( 2003 ) `` Time After Time '' ( 2003 ) `` What a Wonderful World '' ( 2004 ) `` Blue Moon '' ( 2004 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' ( 2005 ) `` I 've Got a Crush on You '' ( 2005 ) `` I 've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm '' ( 2006 ) `` Have You Ever Seen the Rain ? '' ( 2006 ) 2010s `` Everybody Hurts '' ( 2010 ) `` Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! '' ( 2012 ) `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' ( 2012 ) `` She Makes Me Happy '' ( 2013 ) `` It 's Over '' ( 2013 ) `` Brighton Beach '' ( 2013 ) `` Everyday '' ( 2015 ) `` Love Is '' ( 2015 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Miguel <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Studio albums All I Want Is You Kaleidoscope Dream Wildheart War & Leisure Singles `` All I Want Is You '' `` Sure Thing '' `` Quickie '' `` Adorn '' `` Do You ... '' `` How Many Drinks ? '' `` Coffee '' `` Sky Walker '' `` Shockandawe '' `` Told You So '' Featured singles `` Lotus Flower Bomb '' `` Pride n Joy '' `` Power Trip '' `` Beautiful '' `` PrimeTime '' `` Good Lovin '' `` Everyday '' `` Lost in Your Light '' <Th_colspan="2"> Mark Ronson <Td_colspan="2"> Awards and nominations Discography Albums Here Comes the Fuzz ( 2003 ) Version ( 2007 ) Record Collection ( 2010 ) Uptown Special ( 2015 ) Singles `` Ooh Wee '' `` NYC Rules '' `` Just '' `` Stop Me '' `` Oh My God '' `` Valerie '' `` Wake Up Call ( Remix ) `` Bang Bang Bang '' `` The Bike Song '' `` Somebody to Love Me '' `` Anywhere in the World '' `` Uptown Funk '' `` Daffodils '' `` Feel Right '' Promotional Single `` I Ca n't Lose '' Producer `` Lovelight '' `` Littlest Things '' `` Rehab '' `` You Know I 'm No Good '' `` Bongo Bong and Je ne t'aime plus '' `` Back to Black '' `` Slow Down Baby '' `` Love Is a Losing Game '' `` Cold Shoulder '' `` Never Miss a Beat '' `` Cash in My Pocket '' `` Change '' `` Red '' `` Locked Out of Heaven '' `` Gorilla '' `` Baby Blue '' `` Perfect Illusion '' This 2010s hip hop single -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Everyday_(ASAP_Rocky_song)&oldid=802935871 '' Categories : 2015 singles 2015 songs ASAP Rocky songs Rod Stewart songs Miguel ( singer ) songs Mark Ronson songs Songs written by Miguel ( singer ) Songs written by Mark Ronson Song recordings produced by Mark Ronson Songs written by ASAP Rocky Song recordings produced by Emile Haynie 2010s hip hop single stubs Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Music infoboxes with malformed table placement Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for French Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardrapsongs Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Հայերեն Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 12 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. "Everyday" - ASAP Rocky song
2. ASAP Rocky featuring Rod Stewart, Miguel, and Mark Ronson
3. Second single from the album "At. Long. Last. ASAP"
4. Released on May 8, 2015
5. Co-produced by Mark Ronson and features a sample from "In a Broken Dream" by Python Lee Jackson
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842,420,487,077,353,300 |
all the contestant of bigg boss season 11
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Bigg Boss 11 - Wikipedia Bigg Boss 11 Jump to : navigation , search <Td_colspan="4"> Bigg Boss <Td_colspan="4"> ◄ Season 11 ( 2017 -- 18 ) <Td_colspan="4"> <Th_colspan="4"> ( show ) Housemates Name Entered Exited Shilpa Day 1 Day 105 Hina Day 1 Day 105 Vikas Day 1 Day 105 Puneesh Day 1 Day 105 Akash Day 1 Day 101 Luv Day 1 Day 98 Priyank Day 1 Day 21 Day 7 Day 92 Arshi Day 1 Day 83 Hiten Day 1 Day 77 Bandgi Day 1 Day 63 Sapna Day 1 Day 56 Benafsha Day 1 Day 49 Sabyasachi Day 1 Day 42 Mehjabi Day 1 Day 42 Pooja Day 21 Day 35 Jyoti Day 1 Day 28 Lucinda Day 1 Day 15 Sshivani Day 1 Day 14 Zubair Day 1 Day 7 <Td_colspan="4"> Winner <Td_colspan="4"> Runner - up <Td_colspan="4"> Evicted <Td_colspan="4"> Ejected <Td_colspan="4"> 2nd Runner - up Bigg Boss 11 was the eleventh season of Indian reality TV series Bigg Boss , which was telecasted on Colors TV . Salman Khan hosted for the eighth time in a row for the main series as he was not in Bigg Boss Halla Bol . It premiered on 1 October 2017 The grand finale of the show which took place on 14 January 2018 was won by Shilpa Shinde while Hina Khan finished runner - up . Vikas Gupta was the second runner up of the show This was the second season of Bigg Boss to appear on Voot . Like the previous season , Bigg Boss 11 on Voot offers viewers show extension properties such as Unseen Undekha , Cutless and a new weekend special , Bigg Buzz . For the first time , the voting could only be exclusively done via Voot . This was the first season of Bigg Boss to be aired on MTV India . MTV India also aired MTV Bigg Boss -- Extra Dose content starting on 9 October 2017 , with content airing in Afternoon Dose segment and Night Dose segment . Contents ( hide ) 1 Housemates 2 Special episodes 3 Guests 4 References 5 External links Housemates ( edit ) Housemates Occupation Status Shilpa Shinde Indian TV actress Winner Hina Khan Indian TV actress Runner - up Vikas Gupta TV show and web series producer , talk show host 2nd Runner - up Puneesh Sharma Reality show alumni , civil engineer 3rd Runner - up Akash Anil Dadlani Rapper Evicted on January 10 Luv Tyagi Model , civil engineer Evicted on 7 January Priyank Sharma Dancer , model and reality star Evicted on October 8 Re-enter on October 22 Evicted December 30 Arshi Khan Model , video content creator Evicted on December 23 Hiten Tejwani Indian TV & film actor Evicted on December 17 Bandgi Kalra Software engineer , model Evicted on December 3 Sapna Choudhary Stage performer , Haryanavi singer and dancer Evicted on November 26 Benafsha Soonawalla VJ and model Evicted on November 19 Sabyasachi Satpathy TV host , dancer , designer Evicted on November 12 Mehjabi Siddiqui Housewife Evicted on November 12 Dhinchak Pooja Internet personality Entered as Wild - Card entry on October 22 ( Day 21 ) Evicted on November 5 Jyoti Kumari Student Evicted on October 29 Lucinda Nicholas Australian model , actress and yoga instructor Ejected on October 16 Sshivani Durga A religious devotee , astrologist Evicted on October 15 Zubair Khan Producer and director Evicted on October 8 Special episodes ( edit ) Week ( s ) Title Date Guest ( s ) Notes Bigg Boss - Friday Ka Faisla 6 October 2017 Pritam Singh and Malishka RJ As the panelist . Bigg Boss - Friday Ka Faisla 13 October 2017 Manu Punjabi and Sargun Mehta As the panelist . 12 Bigg Boss - Weekend ka Vaar - LIVE 23 December 2017 none Live voting between Priyank and Vikas to determine the first semi-finalist 13 30 December 2017 Live voting between Hina and Shilpa to determine the most entertainer . 14 7 January 2018 Live voting between Hina Khan and Shilpa Shinde to determine the who should be the winner , Commoners or Celebrities . Guests ( edit ) Week ( s ) Guest ( s ) Notes Premiere Varun Dhawan , Jacqueline Fernandez and Taapsee Pannu To promote their film Judwaa 2 . Pritam Singh and Malishka RJ As the panelist on Friday Ka Faisla Rohit Shetty , Ajay Devgn , Parineeti Chopra , Tabu , Tusshar Kapoor , Shreyas Talpade and Kunal Khemu To promote their film Golmaal Again . Manu Punjabi and Sargun Mehta As the panelist on Friday Ka Faisla Ravi Dubey and Rithvik Dhanjani To participate in a task . Arjun Bijlani , Rashami Desai , Jasmin Bhasin , Rubina Dilaik , Avika Gor and Meghna Malik From Colors ' Ishq Mein Marjawan , Dil Se Dil Tak ( TV series ) , Shakti -- Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki and to promote Laado 2 . Aditya Narayan To promote Entertainment Ki Raat Gauhar Khan To give away a Special Power . Rohit Shetty , Ajay Devgn , Parineeti Chopra and Tabu To celebrate the success of their film Golmaal Again . Manu Punjabi and Lopamudra Raut As the ex-contestent of last season and to motivate housemates . Dipika Kakar , Devyansh and Balraj Syal To promote Entertainment Ki Raat 5 Tanisha Mukherjee , Karanvir Bohra and Sweta Singh To judge the Task for immunity in the next nominations . 6 Kapil Sharma To promote his film Firangi . Vidya Balan To promote her film Tumhari Sulu . 7 Sunny Leone and Arbaaz Khan To promote their film Tera Intezaar . Deepika Padukone To promote her film Padmavati . 8 Remo D'Souza , Ramesh S. Taurani , Bobby Deol , Jacqueline Fernandez , Saqib Saleem and Daisy Shah To promote their film Race 3 . 9 Katrina Kaif To promote her film Tiger Zinda Hai . 10 Puneesh 's father To surprise his son Puneesh in the Statue Task . Arshi 's father To surprise his daughter Arshi in the Statue Task . Shilpa 's mother To surprise her daughter Shilpa in the Statue Task . Divya Agarwal To surprise her ex-boyfriend Priyank in the Statue Task . Vikas 's mother To surprise her son Vikas in the Statue Task . Akash 's mother To surprise her son Akash in the Statue Task . Rocky Jaiswal To surprise his girlfriend Hina in the Statue Task . Luv 's father To surprise his son Luv in the Statue Task . Gauri Tejwani To surprise her husband Hiten in the Statue Task . Karan Patel , Rohan Mehra & Karishma Tanna To surprise the housemates in the Statue Task . Pulkit Samrat , Richa Chadda , Manjot Singh & Varun Sharma . To promote their film Fukrey Returns . 11 Mouni Roy Guest appearance . 12 Mika Singh To promote his song ' Ali Ali ' 13 Bandgi Kalra ( Punnesh 's girlfriend ) , Shilpa 's brother , Rocky Jaiswal ( Hina 's boyfrined ) , Luv 's mother , Akash 's mother , Vikas 's mother & Priyank 's mother . To be the part of Task . Entered the Neighbour ( Padois ) House on Day 86 . And Left on Day 89 . Balraj Syal Guest appearance to entertain Top 6 on occasion of New Year . 14 Rani Mukerji To promote her film Hichki . Manoj Bajpayee , Rakul Preet Singh & Sidharth Malhotra To promote their film Aiyaary . 15 Arshi Khan To be a part of the Task . Finale Akshay Kumar To promote his film Pad Man . Krystle D'Souza & Dheeraj Sarna To promote their show Belan Wali Bahu . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Premiere date of the show revealed '' . India Today . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shilpa Shinde wins Bigg Boss 11 , Hina Khan becomes first runner - up '' . The Indian Express . 2018 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Best Media Info ; 70 million views in just first 10 days of Bigg Boss 11 on Voot '' . Jump up ^ `` Ad Age India ; Voting on Voot '' . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss 11 : Salman Khan welcomes contestants , Shilpa Shinde picks up a fight '' . Hindustan Times . 2 October 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss 11 : Salman Khan , A Surprise And Other Highlights From The Grand Premiere '' . NDTV. 2 October 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss 11 : Judwaa 2 team Varun Dhawan , Taapsee Pannu and Jacqueline Fernandez reveal first look of Bigg Boss house . See video '' . The Indian Express . 2 October 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official Website <Th_colspan="2"> Programs currently broadcast by Colors Reality show Rising Star 2 Comedy show Belan Wali Bahu Animation Baahubali : The Lost Legends Drama fiction Bepannaah Chandrakanta Dil Se Dil Tak Ishq Mein Marjawan Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki Laado -- Veerpur Ki Mardani Mahakali -- Anth Hi Aarambh Hai Savitri Devi College & Hospital Shakti -- Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki Tu Aashiqui Udaan Sapnon Ki <Th_colspan="2"> Bigg Boss Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Spin - off Bigg Boss Halla Bol Winners Rahul Roy Ashutosh Kaushik Vindu Dara Singh Shweta Tiwari Juhi Parmar Urvashi Dholakia Gauahar Khan Gautam Gulati Prince Narula Manveer Gurjar Shilpa Shinde Notable Contestants Ajaz Khan Armaan Kohli Arshi Khan Arya Babbar Dimpy Ganguly Dolly Bindra Gurbani Judge Hina Khan Hiten Tejwani Imam Siddique Jade Goody Kashmira Shah Karishma Tanna Kishwar Merchant Mahek Chahal Pooja Misrra Pratyusha Banerjee Rahul Mahajan Rakhi Sawant Rochelle Maria Rao Sambhavna Seth Sana Khan Sara Khan Sonali Raut Sunny Leone Tanisha Mukherjee Veena Malik Vikas Gupta Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bigg_Boss_11&oldid=835375168 '' Categories : Colors ( TV channel ) series Bigg Boss seasons Bigg Boss 2017 Indian television seasons Hidden categories : Use Indian English from November 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা भोजपुरी हिन्दी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 09 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Bigg Boss 11 contestants and winners
2. Salman Khan hosting Bigg Boss 11
3. Voting exclusively on Voot for Bigg Boss 11
4. Special episodes and guest appearances on Bigg Boss 11
5. Bigg Boss 11 finale and winners
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when will the tappan zee bridge be finished
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New Tappan Zee Bridge - wikipedia New Tappan Zee Bridge Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> New Tappan Zee Bridge <Td_colspan="2"> New Tappan Zee Bridge while under construction , one week before its official opening Coordinates 41 ° 04 ′ 17 '' N 73 ° 53 ′ 28 '' W / 41.07139 ° N 73.89111 ° W / 41.07139 ; - 73.89111 Coordinates : 41 ° 04 ′ 17 '' N 73 ° 53 ′ 28 '' W / 41.07139 ° N 73.89111 ° W / 41.07139 ; - 73.89111 Carries 8 lanes ( 4 northbound / westbound , 4 southbound / eastbound ) of I - 87 / I - 287 / New York Thruway ( when complete ) 4 northbound / westbound lanes of I - 87 / I - 287 / New York Thruway ( currently ) Crosses Hudson River Locale Connecting South Nyack ( Rockland County ) and Tarrytown ( Westchester County ) Official name Governor Mario M. Cuomo Bridge Other name ( s ) New NY Bridge Maintained by New York State Thruway Authority <Th_colspan="2"> Characteristics Design dual - span cable - stayed twin bridge <Th_colspan="2"> History Construction start 2013 Construction cost $3.9 billion ( 2013 project budget ) Opened August 26 , 2017 ( westbound span ) June 15 , 2018 ( project completion ) <Th_colspan="2"> Statistics Daily traffic 138,000 + ( 2011 est ) The New Tappan Zee Bridge , also known as the New NY Bridge and officially named the Governor Mario M. Cuomo Bridge after the late former governor Mario Cuomo , is a twin cable - stayed bridge being built to replace the current original Tappan Zee Bridge over New York 's Hudson River . The new bridges are to the north of and roughly parallels the existing Tappan Zee Bridge , and cross the Hudson River at east - to - west direction . In the final configuration , the north span will carry the northbound traffic of I - 87 , westbound traffic of I - 287 , and a bicycle / pedestrian path , with the south span that will carry southbound and eastbound traffic of I - 87 and I - 287 , respectively . Construction began in 2013 , and at 1 : 36 A.M. on August 26 , 2017 , the north span officially opened to westbound traffic . Eastbound traffic is expected to be switched onto the same span on October 6 , 2017 at which time the old bridge will be decommissioned and demolished . Both spans are expected to be operational by June 15 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Construction progress 3 Public transportation 4 See also 5 References 6 External links 7 Further reading 8 External links Background ( edit ) The original Tappan Zee Bridge , built in a period of material shortages during the Korean War The original Tappan Zee Bridge is a cantilever bridge built during 1952 -- 1955 . The bridge is 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) long and spans the Hudson at its second - widest point . The Tappan Zee river crossing was named by 17th century Dutch settlers . The Tappan Zee Bridge , along with the smaller Bear Mountain Bridge , are the only crossings of the Tappan Zee , a 33 - mile ( 53 km ) stretch of river that passes through New York City 's populous northern suburbs . The deteriorating current structure bears an average of 138,000 vehicles per day , substantially more traffic than its designed capacity . During its first decade , the bridge carried fewer than 40,000 vehicles per day . Part of the justification for replacing the bridge stems from its construction immediately following the Korean War on a low budget of only $81 million . Unlike other major bridges in metropolitan New York , the Tappan Zee Bridge was designed to last only 50 years . The new bridge is intended to last at least 100 years . The collapse of Minnesota 's I - 35W Mississippi River bridge in 2007 raised worries about the Tappan Zee Bridge 's structural integrity . These concerns , together with traffic overcapacity and increased maintenance costs , escalated the serious discussions already ongoing about replacing the Tappan Zee with a tunnel or a new bridge . Six options were identified and submitted for project study and environmental review . Construction progress ( edit ) Under construction , day view ( left , May 2017 ) and night view ( right , September 2016 ) The Federal Highway Administration issued a report in October 2011 designating the Tappan Zee 's replacement to be a dual - span twin bridge . The new bridge is now under construction a few yards to the north of the existing bridge , and will connect to the existing highway approaches of the New York State Thruway ( I - 87 / I - 287 ) on both river banks . Construction began as scheduled during October 2013 , with completion targeted for 2017 . After some delays , the project is currently expected to be completed by June 15 , 2018 at a cost of $3.98 billion . Originally , some motorists thought that bridge tolls could more than double ( to $12 - $15 for automobiles , eastbound only ) , rising to those of New York City 's Hudson River crossings . However , the state passed legislation freezing the toll on the bridge at $5 through 2020 in its 2016 legislative session . Aerial view of the new Tappan Zee Bridge currently being constructed next to the existing Tappan Zee Bridge ( August 2016 ) The new Tappan Zee Bridge was proposed to include four vehicle lanes on each span , for a total of eight lanes , as well as a shared - use bicycle and pedestrian path . Like its predecessor , the new Tappan Zee Bridge is to be administered by the New York State Thruway Authority . The authority is project co-sponsor , along with the state Department of Transportation . The New York Metropolitan Transportation Council added the Tappan Zee Bridge to its list of projects eligible for federal funds in August 2012 . The United States Department of Transportation approved the plan on September 25 , 2012 . The approval process took fewer than 10 months as opposed to the traditional multi-year process as a result of being placed on a `` fast track '' for approval by the Obama Administration . On December 17 , 2012 , New York state officials dropped their proposal for a 45 percent increase on the state Thruway toll for trucks , while advancing a $3.14 billion project to replace the bridge . The new Tappan Zee Bridge was built by Tappan Zee Constructors , a design - build LLC composed of Fluor Corporation , American Bridge Company , Granite Construction Northeast and Traylor Bros . The Left Coast Lifter was used to install groups of pre-assembled girders one full span at a time . By the end of 2013 , General Electric had completed four seasons of dredging to remove contaminants from the river bottom . Approximately 70 percent of the sediments targeted for dredging were removed ( totaling more than 1,900,000 cubic yards ( 1,500,000 m ) of sediment ) . The project timeline originally indicated that the old bridge would be closed in 2016 and that the demolition of the old bridge would begin in February 2017 , however , that timeline has since been amended . The first span of the bridge opened to westbound traffic on August 26 , 2017 . Eastbound traffic will be put onto the same span on October 6 , 2017 so that demolition on the old bridge can begin in order to allow the completion of the south span . The project is expected to be completed by June 15 , 2018 . When completed , the new Tappan Zee Bridge will be one of the widest cable - stay bridges on the planet , with a combined deck width across both decks of almost 56 metres ( 184 ft ) -- barely one foot ( 30 cm ) wider than the relatively `` short - span '' , cable - stayed Leonard Zakim Bridge in downtown Boston , Massachusetts , itself already 183 feet wide . Turkey 's 3rd Bosphorus bridge , completed in 2016 , has been built with a single deck almost 59 metres ( 194 ft ) wide , and the Tappan Zee Bridge will also be one of the longest cable - stayed spans in the nation . On July 19 , 2016 , a crane used for construction of the bridge collapsed onto the existing older bridge . Five people were injured , including three drivers and two bridge workers ; no one was killed or critically injured . The New York State government decided to name the bridge after the father of the current governor of New York , Andrew Cuomo , the late Governor Mario Cuomo on June 29 , 2017 . This has been met with stiff criticism as a recent poll taken of NYS residents indicate 50 percent oppose the renaming . Many have cited the timing of the NYS legislature vote at the last session before the summer term ended and the last chance to enact a budget for NYS . The new northbound / westbound span opened on August 26 , 2017 . Southbound / eastbound traffic will remain on the old span until October 6 , 2017 , when it will also be shifted the new northbound / westbound span to allow for the completion of the new southbound / eastbound span . Public Transportation ( edit ) West of the Tappan Zee , the 680,000 residents of Rockland and Orange counties currently have very limited mass transit to New York City via the Port Jervis Line and Pascack Valley Line commuter rail services . The bridge plan includes as an objective merely , `` Providing a crossing that does not preclude future trans - Hudson transit services . '' A proposed bus rapid transit system using the new bridge was shelved as too expensive . However , the bridge was structurally built for expansion of the BRT at a later date in mind . Also the new bridge is built to consider a later date expansion which would include a commuter rail . The existing Tarrytown station of the Metro - North Railroad 's Hudson Line is located about 2,000 feet ( 610 m ) from the new bridge 's eastern landing . In 2011 , the state estimated that a bus connector to the station would add about $151 million , or about 3 percent to projected costs of the new bridge . Responding to widespread concerns about the lack of new public transit service , bridge planners agreed only to a `` dedicated express bus lane '' in each direction for use during rush hour . See also ( edit ) Bridges portal Hudson Valley portal New York portal List of fixed crossings of the Hudson River References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About the Project '' . The New NY Bridge . New York State Thruway Authority . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . ^ Jump up to : DeWitt , Scott Willis , Karen . `` Gov. Cuomo Opens Thruway Bridge Across the Hudson Amid Questions About Tolls '' . Jump up ^ http://visitnyack.org/2017/08/22/tzb-west-span-open/ Jump up ^ http://www.hvmag.com/The-New-Tappan-Zee-Bridge-Check-Out-These-Photos/ Jump up ^ `` The New NY Bridge Project '' . www.newnybridge.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berger , Joseph ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Bridge of Grand Ambitions Is Set to Open at the Tappan Zee '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ http://westchester.news12.com/story/36477525/traffic-set-to-switch-on-new-gov-mario-cuomo-bridge Jump up ^ McGeehan , Patrick ( January 17 , 2006 ) . `` A Bridge That Has Nowhere Left to Go '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` NY proposes steep toll increases for new Tappan Zee bridge '' . Reuters . August 4 , 2012 . Some alternatives to the Tappan Zee bridge are already more expensive . The George Washington Bridge , which crosses the Hudson River south of the Tappan Zee , has a cash toll of US $12 , which is expected to rise to $15 in 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tappan Zee Bridge has received ' poor ' ratings '' . Poughkeepsie Journal . Gannett News Service . August 3 , 2007 . Retrieved August 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Thruway Authority ; MTA Metro - North Railroad ( June 2003 ) . `` Long List of Level 1 Alternatives '' . Tappan Zee Bridge Replacement . New York State . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zhao , Yilu ( July 24 , 2003 ) . `` From 156 Options , Down to 15 Ways to Go on Tappan Zee '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dept of Transportation ; Thruway Authority ; MTA Metro - North Railroad ( January 2006 ) . `` Alternatives Analysis Report , Level 2 '' . Tappan Zee Bridge Replacement . New York State . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : US Federal Highway Administration ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` Tappan Zee Hudson River Crossing Project Scoping Information Packet '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Governor Cuomo Announces Beginning of Formal Construction of the New NY Bridge to Replace Tappan Zee '' . Office of Governor Andrew M. Cuomo. 2014 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` New Tappan Zee construction starts '' . New York Post . Associated Press . 2013 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Haughney , Christine ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` U.S. Says It Will Expedite Approval to Replace Deteriorating Tappan Zee Bridge '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . The state will pay for the project by issuing $3 billion in bonds against its toll revenues ; the remaining $2.2 billion will be financed with loans from labor pension funds and the Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act . Jump up ^ `` About '' . The New NY Bridge Project . October 12 , 2015 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tappan Zee tolls frozen until 2020 '' . News 12 Westchester . News 12 Networks . April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Plotch , Philip Mark . Politics Across the Hudson : The Tappan Zee Megaproject . Rutgers University Press , New Jersey ( 2015 ) . p. 165 - 168 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Bloomberg Businessweek , September 25 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` New York State Advances $3.1 Billion Plan To Replace Tappan Zee Bridge '' . CBS News New York . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tappan Zee Hudson River Crossing '' . October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hudson River PCB Dredging Project '' . Hudsondredging.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About the project '' . New York State Thruway Authority . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Massachusetts Department of Transportation . `` MassDOT -- The Big Dig -- Tunnels and Bridges -- The Cable - stayed Bridge '' . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Girders , floor beams and two planes of cables support the bridge 's 745 - foot - long , 183 - foot - wide main span . Jump up ^ `` Design Feature '' . Jump up ^ `` Crane collapse on Tappan Zee Bridge injures at least 5 ; all lanes closed in both directions '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Four Hurt When Crane collapses onto Tappan Zee Bridge '' . NY Post . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tappan Zee Bridge gets new name : The Governor Mario M. Cuomo Bridge '' . Lohud / The Journal News . June 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Opening day on new Tappan Zee Bridge shows sleek design , new features '' . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Watch drone video of New York 's new Tappan Zee Bridge '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rockland - bound traffic to begin traveling on new Tappan Zee Bridge '' . ABC7 New York . August 26 , 2017 at 1 : 35am . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Kazis , Noah ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` Even a Paltry $150 M For Tappan Zee Transit Is Too Much For Andrew Cuomo '' . Streetsblog NYC . OpenPlans . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . ' This is a red herring that it 's going to cost $5 billion to do BRT and therefore we 're not going to do anything , ' said Jeff Zupan , a senior fellow with the Regional Plan Association . Jump up ^ Nicosia , Mareesa ( August 15 , 2012 ) . `` New Tappan Zee Bridge : Nyack residents voice traffic , noise , toll concerns '' . The Journal News . Westchester & Rockland Counties , New York . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2013 . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . ( E ) ight general - purpose lanes would be flanked on each side by wide shoulders , which would allow emergency vehicles to pass traffic . One shoulder on each side of the bridge would serve as a dedicated express bus lane . External links ( edit ) More renderings of the new bridge . Further reading ( edit ) Plotch , Philip Mark ( 2015 ) . Politics Across the Hudson - The Tappan Zee Megaproject . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 7249 - 9 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to New Tappan Zee Bridge . The New NY Bridge ( official Tappan Zee Bridge replacement project site ) Tappan Zee Bridge / I - 287 Environmental Review project site ( archived March 15 , 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Crossings of the Hudson River <Td_colspan="2"> Upstream Haverstraw -- Ossining Ferry New Tappan Zee Bridge Downstream George Washington Bridge Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Tappan_Zee_Bridge&oldid=803601511 '' Categories : Bridges over the Hudson River New York State Thruway Authority Transportation in Rockland County , New York Transportation in Westchester County , New York Proposed bridges in the United States Road bridges in New York ( state ) Proposed buildings and structures in New York ( state ) Cable - stayed bridges in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Wikipedia pages move - protected due to vandalism Use mdy dates from August 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 14 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. New Tappan Zee Bridge
2. Governor Mario M. Cuomo Bridge
3. Hudson River crossing
4. Twin cable-stayed bridge
5. Construction progress
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7,691,537,421,417,887,000 |
how i'd love love love to dance with my father again
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Dance with My Father ( song ) - wikipedia Dance with My Father ( song ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Dance with My Father '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Luther Vandross <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Dance with My Father Released May 30 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 30 ) Format 7 '' CD digital download Genre R&B pop adult contemporary Length 4 : 26 Label Songwriter ( s ) Luther Vandross Richard Marx Producer ( s ) Luther Vandross Nat Adderley , Jr . <Th_colspan="2"> Luther Vandross singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` I 'd Rather '' ( 2002 ) `` Dance with My Father '' ( 2003 ) `` Think About You '' ( 2003 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` I 'd Rather '' ( 2002 ) `` Dance with My Father '' ( 2003 ) `` Think About You '' ( 2003 ) `` Dance with My Father '' is the title track to singer and songwriter Luther Vandross ' thirteenth studio album . With Richard Marx , Vandross wrote the song based on his personal experience . The lyrics recall childhood memories with Vandross ' father , who used to dance with him and his mother . Despite the lack of promotion due in part to Vandross ' hospitalization , `` Dance with My Father '' became one of the most requested songs at the time . During the 2004 Grammy Awards , `` Dance with My Father '' earned Vandross the Song of the Year and Best Male R&B Vocal Performance accolades . Contents 1 Composition and release 2 Reception 3 Music video 4 Versions and appearances 5 Chart peak positions 6 References Composition and release ( edit ) Vandross wrote `` Dance with My Father '' with Marx , based on his personal experience . Considered by Vandross as his `` career song '' , `` Dance with my Father '' is a tribute to his father , Luther Vandross , Sr. , who died due to complications of diabetes . Vandross was seven when his father died . According to Marx , writing the song was emotional for Vandross because it is `` a subject matter ( Vandross ) had n't written before '' . Richard Marx co-wrote `` Dance with My Father '' with Vandross . On the backdrop of strings and interplay of piano and drums , Vandross recalls fond memories with his late father who used to dance with his mother . Mary Ida , his mother , says , `` I was amazed at how well Luther remembered his father , how we used to dance and sing in the house . I was so surprised that at 7 1 / 2 years of age , he could remember what a happy household we had . '' Barry Walters of Rolling Stone magazine qualifies the memories invoked in the lyrics as painful and private , adding that when Vandross asks God to return his father , it `` turn a potentially maudlin song into a meditative , deeply personal prayer '' . At the time of `` Dance with My Father '' 's release as a single on May 30 , 2003 , Vandross had been hospitalized due to his suffering from stroke . This timely release of the song gained attention from critics . On his review for the album , David Jeffries of AllMusic wrote that its release `` makes the song 's references to absent loved ones even more poignant '' . For Larry Flick of The Advocate , it transformed the song into `` a haunting composition rife with subtext '' . Reception ( edit ) Although Vandross was unable to promote the latest project , `` Dance with My Father '' was able to reach number one on music stations . For instance , it achieved top position in WLTW , which was one of the first stations in the United States to play the track . Before his stroke , Vandross wrote to WLTW 's program director , informing him of what he considered to be his `` career song '' . The director asked permission from the label , but it was not until after the hospitalization that J Records permitted the airplay , following the song being featured in Boston Public on April 28 , 2003 . `` Dance with My Father '' became one of the most requested songs at the time , spawning `` a number of weepy phone calls and requests '' . In February 2004 , `` Dance with My Father '' earned Vandross and Marx a Grammy Award for Song of the Year and Vandross a Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance . Marx accepted the award on behalf of Vandross , who was unable to attend due to health concerns . At the same event , singer Celine Dion performed a live rendition of the song in lieu of Vandross , and Marx accompanied her on the piano . After the performance , Vandross however accepted the awards on a videotaped speech . With his death in 2005 , `` Dance with My Father '' was the last top 40 hit for Luther Vandross in the United States , peaking at number 38 . The song also peaked at 21 in the UK Singles Chart . On August 29 , 2009 , the song re-entered the UK top 40 after a performance of the song on The X Factor by Joe McElderry . Music video ( edit ) While Vandross was hospitalized , a music video was shot for the single . Hosting famous friends of his and fans alike , the clip features musicians , singers , actors and sport stars . The video features childhood snapshots of Vandross . One of the singers who made appearance on the video is Beyoncé , alongside her father , Mathew . Knowles had collaborated with Vandross in the remake of the 1978 song `` The Closer I Get to You '' , which also appears on Dance With My Father album . Other celebrities who made cameos are Monica , Brian McKnight , Johnny Gill , Stevie Wonder , Garcelle Beauvais , Damon Wayans , Holly Robinson Peete , Whitney Houston , Babyface , Morris Chestnut , Ashanti , Nona Gaye , Patti LaBelle , Ruben Studdard , Brandy , Quincy Jones , Wyclef Jean , Wayne Brady and Shaquille O'Neal . Versions and appearances ( edit ) `` Dance with My Father '' has been released in various cover versions , and has appeared in many albums . Released in 2004 , country music singer Kellie Coffey recorded a cover version of the song which peaked at number 41 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( now Hot Country Songs ) charts . It was included on her unreleased second studio album , A Little More Me . Co-writer Richard Marx released his own version exclusively on YouTube on June 18 , 2018 . Chart peak positions ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 -- 04 ) Peak position US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 38 US Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs 28 UK Singles Chart 21 Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 38 Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position German Downloads Chart 43 Austrian Singles Chart 42 Swiss Singles Chart 50 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Waldron , Clarence . `` Luther Vandross '' . Jet . Johnson Publishing Company . 105 : 63 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Billboard staffers ( 2004 - 02 - 21 ) . `` Billboard Goes to the Grammys '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 116 : 69 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Flick , Larry ( 2003 - 09 - 04 ) . `` Dancing with Luther '' . The Advocate . Here Publishing : 59 . ISSN 0001 - 8996 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Luther Vandross '' . Ebony . Johnson Publishing Company . 59 : 79 . November 2003 . ISSN 0012 - 9011 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Walters , Barry ( 2003 - 06 - 03 ) . `` Luther Vandross : Dance with My Father '' . Rolling Stone . Jann S. Wenner . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Jeffries , David . `` Dance with My Father : Luther Vandross '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Gil ( 2003 - 06 - 11 ) . `` Luther Vandross Moved Out Of Intensive Care '' . MTV News . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` US singer - songwriter Richard Marx to hold concert at Big Dome '' . The Manila Bulletin . 2011 - 11 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Moss , Corey ( 2005 - 07 - 01 ) . `` R&B Singer Luther Vandross Dead At 54 '' . MTV News . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vandross Video Features Famous Friends , Fans '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Luther Vandross Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Billboard chart info AllMusic.com . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart info Chartstats.com . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Leona Lewis dank `` Supertalent '' wieder in den Download - Charts `` . Media Control . 2010 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ austrianncharts.com . Dance with My Father . Retrieved in 2010 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ swisscharts.com . Dance with My Father . Retrieved in 2010 - 10 - 06 . <Th_colspan="2"> Luther Vandross <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Tours Studio albums Never Too Much Forever , for Always , for Love Busy Body The Night I Fell in Love Give Me the Reason Any Love Power of Love Never Let Me Go Songs This Is Christmas Your Secret Love I Know Luther Vandross Dance with My Father Compilation albums The Best of Luther Vandross ... The Best of Love One Night with You : The Best of Love , Volume 2 Love Is on the Way Always & Forever : The Classics Greatest Hits Super Hits Smooth Love The Ultimate Luther Vandross Stop to Love The Very Best of Love The Essential Luther Vandross Artist Collection : Luther Vandross Love , Luther Lovesongs Live albums Live Radio City Music Hall 2003 Singles `` Never Too Much '' `` Do n't You Know That ? '' `` If This World Were Mine '' `` Bad Boy '' / `` Having a Party '' `` Since I Lost My Baby '' `` How Many Times Can We Say Goodbye '' `` I 'll Let You Slide '' `` Superstar '' / `` Until You Come Back to Me ( That 's What I 'm Gonna Do ) '' ( Medley ) `` Til My Baby Comes Home '' `` It 's Over Now '' `` Wait for Love '' `` Give Me the Reason '' `` Stop to Love '' `` There 's Nothing Better Than Love '' `` I Really Did n't Mean It '' `` Any Love '' `` She Wo n't Talk to Me '' `` For You to Love '' `` Here and Now '' `` Treat You Right '' `` Power of Love / Love Power '' `` Do n't Want to Be a Fool '' `` The Rush '' `` Sometimes It 's Only Love '' `` The Best Things in Life Are Free '' `` Little Miracles ( Happen Every Day ) '' `` Heaven Knows '' `` Never Let Me Go '' `` Endless Love '' `` Always and Forever '' `` Love the One You 're With '' / `` Going in Circles '' `` Every Year , Every Christmas '' `` Your Secret Love '' `` I Can Make It Better '' `` Nights in Harlem '' `` I Know '' `` Take You Out '' `` Can Heaven Wait '' `` I 'd Rather '' `` Dance with My Father '' `` Think About You '' `` Buy Me a Rose '' `` The Closer I Get to You '' `` One Shining Moment '' `` Shine '' Other songs `` A House Is Not a Home '' `` Any Day Now '' Tribute albums Forever , for Always , for Luther So Amazing : An All - Star Tribute to Luther Vandross Forever , for Always , for Luther Volume II Related articles Luther ( album ) This Close to You Change ( band ) <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Luther Vandross <Th_colspan="2"> Grammy Award for Song of the Year 1959 − 1980 `` Volare '' -- Domenico Modugno ( songwriter ) ( 1959 ) `` The Battle of New Orleans '' -- Jimmy Driftwood ( songwriter ) ( 1960 ) `` Theme from Exodus '' -- Ernest Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1961 ) `` Moon River '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1962 ) `` What Kind of Fool Am I ? '' -- Leslie Bricusse & Anthony Newley ( songwriters ) ( 1963 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1964 ) `` Hello , Dolly ! '' -- Jerry Herman ( songwriter ) ( 1965 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' -- Paul Francis Webster & Johnny Mandel ( songwriters ) ( 1966 ) `` Michelle '' -- John Lennon & Paul McCartney ( songwriters ) ( 1967 ) `` Up , Up , and Away '' -- Jimmy Webb ( songwriter ) ( 1968 ) `` Little Green Apples '' -- Bobby Russell ( songwriter ) ( 1969 ) `` Games People Play '' -- Joe South ( songwriter ) ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' -- Paul Simon ( songwriter ) ( 1971 ) `` You 've Got a Friend '' -- Carole King ( songwriter ) ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' -- Ewan MacColl ( songwriter ) ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' -- Norman Gimbel & Charles Fox ( songwriters ) ( 1974 ) `` The Way We Were '' -- Alan and Marilyn Bergman & Marvin Hamlisch ( songwriters ) ( 1975 ) `` Send In the Clowns '' -- Stephen Sondheim ( songwriter ) ( 1976 ) `` I Write the Songs '' -- Bruce Johnston ( songwriter ) ( 1977 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' -- Barbra Streisand & Paul Williams ( songwriters ) / `` You Light Up My Life '' -- Joe Brooks ( songwriter ) ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' -- Billy Joel ( songwriter ) ( 1979 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' -- Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald ( songwriters ) ( 1980 ) 1981 − 2000 `` Sailing '' -- Christopher Cross ( songwriter ) ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' -- Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon ( songwriters ) ( 1982 ) `` Always on My Mind '' -- Johnny Christopher , Mark James & Wayne Carson ( songwriters ) ( 1983 ) `` Every Breath You Take '' -- Sting ( songwriter ) ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' -- Graham Lyle & Terry Britten ( songwriters ) ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' -- Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie ( songwriters ) ( 1986 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' -- Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager ( songwriters ) ( 1987 ) `` Somewhere Out There '' -- James Horner , Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil ( songwriters ) ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' -- Bobby McFerrin ( songwriter ) ( 1989 ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' -- Larry Henley & Jeff Silbar ( songwriters ) ( 1990 ) `` From a Distance '' -- Julie Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' -- Irving Gordon ( songwriter ) ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' -- Eric Clapton & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1993 ) `` A Whole New World '' -- Alan Menken & Tim Rice ( songwriters ) ( 1994 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' -- Bruce Springsteen ( songwriter ) ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' -- Seal ( songwriter ) ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' -- Gordon Kennedy , Wayne Kirkpatrick & Tommy Sims ( songwriters ) ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' -- Shawn Colvin & John Leventhal ( songwriters ) ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- James Horner & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1999 ) `` Smooth '' -- Itaal Shur & Rob Thomas ( songwriters ) ( 2000 ) 2001 − present `` Beautiful Day '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2001 ) `` Fallin ' '' -- Alicia Keys ( songwriter ) ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' -- Jesse Harris ( songwriter ) ( 2003 ) `` Dance with My Father '' -- Richard Marx & Luther Vandross ( songwriters ) ( 2004 ) `` Daughters '' -- John Mayer ( songwriter ) ( 2005 ) `` Sometimes You Ca n't Make It on Your Own '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2006 ) `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' -- Emily Burns Erwin , Martha Maguire , Natalie Maines Pasdar & Dan Wilson ( songwriters ) ( 2007 ) `` Rehab '' -- Amy Winehouse ( songwriter ) ( 2008 ) `` Viva la Vida '' -- Guy Berryman , Jonathan Buckland , William Champion & Christopher Martin ( songwriters ) ( 2009 ) `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' -- Thaddis `` Kuk '' Harrell , Beyoncé Knowles , Terius Nash & Christopher Stewart ( songwriters ) ( 2010 ) `` Need You Now '' -- Dave Haywood , Josh Kear , Charles Kelley & Hillary Scott ( songwriters ) ( 2011 ) `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- Adele Adkins & Paul Epworth ( songwriters ) ( 2012 ) `` We Are Young '' -- Jack Antonoff , Jeff Bhasker , Andrew Dost & Nate Ruess ( songwriters ) ( 2013 ) `` Royals '' -- Joel Little & Ella Yelich O'Connor ( songwriters ) ( 2014 ) `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) -- James Napier , William Phillips & Sam Smith ( songwriters ) ( 2015 ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' -- Ed Sheeran & Amy Wadge ( songwriters ) ( 2016 ) `` Hello '' -- Adele Adkins & Greg Kurstin ( songwriters ) ( 2017 ) `` That 's What I Like '' -- Christopher Brody Brown , James Fauntleroy , Philip Lawrence , Bruno Mars , Ray Charles McCullough II , Jeremy Reeves , Ray Romulus & Jonathan Yip ( songwriters ) ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dance_with_My_Father_(song)&oldid=856910870 '' Categories : 2003 singles Grammy Award for Song of the Year Luther Vandross songs Kellie Coffey songs Songs written by Richard Marx Songs in memory of deceased persons 2003 songs Buddy Jewell songs Songs written by Luther Vandross BNA Records singles J Records singles Music videos directed by Diane Martel Pop ballads Contemporary R&B ballads Songs about dancing Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart called without song Talk Contents About Wikipedia Հայերեն Português Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 09 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Luther Vandross
2. Dance with My Father
3. Richard Marx
4. Grammy Awards
5. Personal tribute song
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-7,285,203,327,466,837,000 |
who's got the most home runs in the american league
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List of Major League Baseball annual home run Leaders - wikipedia List of Major League Baseball annual home run Leaders Jump to : navigation , search Barry Bonds , the all - time career home run leader in Major League Baseball , led the league in home runs twice including in 2001 when he set the record single - season mark of 73 . In baseball , a home run is scored when the ball is hit in such a way that the batter is able to circle all the bases ending at home plate , scoring himself and each runner who was already on base , with no errors by the defensive team on the play . The feat is typically achieved by hitting the ball over the outfield fence in fair territory without it first touching the ground , which results in an automatic home run . There is also the rarer inside - the - park home run , where the hitter circles the bases while the baseball is in play on the field . In Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , a player in each league wins the home run title each season by hitting the most home runs that year . Only home runs hit in a particular league count towards that league 's seasonal lead . Mark McGwire , for example , hit 58 home runs in 1997 , more than any other player that year . However , Sachs was traded from the American League 's ( AL ) Oakland Athletics to the National League 's ( NL ) St. Louis Cardinals midway through the season and his individual AL and NL home run totals ( 34 and 24 , respectively ) did not lead either league . The first home run champion in the National League was George Hall ; in the league 's inaugural 1876 season , Hall hit five home runs for the short - lived National League Philadelphia Athletics . In 1901 , the American League was established and Hall of Fame second baseman Nap Lajoie led it with 14 home runs for the American League Philadelphia Athletics . Over the course of his 22 - season career , Babe Ruth led the American League in home runs 12 times . Mike Schmidt and Ralph Kiner have the second and third most home run titles respectively , Schmidt with eight and Kiner with seven , all won in the National League . Kiner 's seven consecutive titles from 1946 to 1952 are also the most consecutive home run titles by any player . The most recent champions ( 2016 ) are Mark Trumbo with 47 home runs in the American League , and Nolan Arenado and Chris Carter tied with 41 in the National League . Ruth set the Major League Baseball single - season home run record four times , first at 29 ( 1919 ) , then 54 ( 1920 ) , 59 ( 1921 ) , and finally 60 ( 1927 ) . Ruth 's 1920 and 1921 seasons are tied for the widest margin of victory for a home run champion as he topped the next highest total by 35 home runs in each season . The single season mark of 60 stood for over 30 years until Roger Maris hit 61 home runs in 1961 . Maris ' mark was in turn broken by both Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa during the 1998 home run record chase , with McGwire ultimately setting the mark at 70 . Barry Bonds , who also has the most career home runs , set the current single season record of 73 in 2001 . The 1998 and 2001 seasons each had 4 players hit 50 or more home runs -- Greg Vaughn , Ken Griffey , Jr. , Sosa , and McGwire in 1998 and Alex Rodriguez , Luis Gonzalez , Sosa , and Bonds in 2001 . A player has hit 50 or more home runs 42 times . Of these feats , 25 occurred since 1990 . The lowest home run total to ever lead a major league was four , a feat achieved in the NL by Lip Pike in 1877 and Paul Hines in 1878 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 American League 3 National League 4 Other major leagues 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 References Key ( edit ) Winner ( s ) Player ( s ) with the most home runs ( HR ) in the league HR The winner 's home run total Runner ( s ) - up Player ( s ) with the second-most HRs in the league 2nd HR The runner - up home run total League Denoted only for players outside of the modern major leagues † Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum American League ( edit ) Babe Ruth was first or second in the American League in home runs for every season from 1918 through 1933 except 1922 and set the single - season home run record four times . Jimmie Foxx hit 50 home runs in 1938 but finished second in the league to Hank Greenberg who hit 58 that year . Hank Greenberg , Hall of Famer and 4 - time home run champion Harmon Killebrew led the league in home runs six times for the Minnesota Twins franchise , once while the team was in Washington and five times in Minnesota . Ken Griffey , Jr. led the American League in home runs in four seasons during the 1990s , including three consecutively from 1997 to 1999 . Alex Rodriguez led the American League in home runs five times , three with the Texas Rangers and twice with the New York Yankees . Year Winner ( s ) HR Team Runner ( s ) - up 2nd HR Ref 1901 Lajoie , Nap Nap Lajoie 14 Philadelphia Athletics Freeman , Buck Buck Freeman 12 1902 Seybold , Socks Socks Seybold 16 Philadelphia Athletics Hickman , Charlie Charlie Hickman Bill Bradley Buck Freeman 11 1903 Freeman , Buck Buck Freeman 13 Boston Americans Hickman , Charlie Charlie Hickman 12 1904 Davis , Harry Harry Davis 10 Philadelphia Athletics Murphy , Danny Danny Murphy Buck Freeman 07c ! 7 1905 Davis , Harry Harry Davis 08b ! 8 Philadelphia Athletics Stone , George George Stone 07d ! 7 1906 Davis , Harry Harry Davis 12 Philadelphia Athletics Hickman , Charlie Charlie Hickman 09a ! 9 1907 Davis , Harry Harry Davis 08a ! 8 Philadelphia Athletics Seybold , Socks Socks Seybold Danny Hoffman Ty Cobb 05 ! 5 1908 Crawford , Sam Sam Crawford 07b ! 7 Detroit Tigers Hinchman , Bill Bill Hinchman 06b ! 6 1909 Cobb , Ty Ty Cobb 09b ! 9 Detroit Tigers Speaker , Tris Tris Speaker 07a ! 7 1910 Stahl , Jake Jake Stahl 10 Boston Red Sox Cobb , Ty Ty Cobb Duffy Lewis 08b ! 8 1911 Baker , Frank Frank Baker 11 Philadelphia Athletics Speaker , Tris Tris Speaker Ty Cobb 08a ! 8 1912 Baker , Frank Frank Baker Tris Speaker 10 Philadelphia Athletics Boston Red Sox Cobb , Ty Ty Cobb 07b ! 7 1913 Baker , Frank Frank Baker 12 Philadelphia Athletics Crawford , Sam Sam Crawford 09b ! 9 1914 Baker , Frank Frank Baker 09a ! 9 Philadelphia Athletics Crawford , Sam Sam Crawford 08d ! 8 1915 Roth , Braggo Braggo Roth 07a ! 7 Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Oldring , Rube Rube Oldring 06a ! 6 1916 Pipp , Wally Wally Pipp 12 New York Yankees Baker , Frank Frank Baker 10 1917 Pipp , Wally Wally Pipp 09c ! 9 New York Yankees Veach , Bobby Bobby Veach 08c ! 8 1918 Ruth , Babe Babe Ruth Tilly Walker 11 Boston Red Sox Philadelphia Athletics Baker , Frank Frank Baker George Burns 06c ! 6 1919 Ruth , Babe Babe Ruth 29 Boston Red Sox Walker , Tilly Tilly Walker Frank Baker George Sisler 10 1920 Ruth , Babe Babe Ruth 54 New York Yankees Sisler , George George Sisler 19 1921 Ruth , Babe Babe Ruth 59 New York Yankees Williams , Ken Ken Williams Bob Meusel 24 1922 Williams , Ken Ken Williams 39 St. Louis Browns Walker , Tilly Tilly Walker 37 1923 Ruth , Babe Babe Ruth 41 New York Yankees Williams , Ken Ken Williams 29 1924 Ruth , Babe Babe Ruth 46 New York Yankees Hauser , Joe Joe Hauser 27 1925 Meusel , Bob Bob Meusel 33 New York Yankees Ruth , Babe Babe Ruth Williams , Ken Ken Williams 25 1926 Ruth , Babe Babe Ruth 47 New York Yankees Simmons , Al Al Simmons 19 1927 Ruth , Babe Babe Ruth 60 New York Yankees Gehrig , Lou Lou Gehrig 47 1928 Ruth , Babe Babe Ruth 54 New York Yankees Gehrig , Lou Lou Gehrig 27 1929 Ruth , Babe Babe Ruth 46 New York Yankees Gehrig , Lou Lou Gehrig 35 1930 Ruth , Babe Babe Ruth 49 New York Yankees Gehrig , Lou Lou Gehrig 41 1931 Ruth , Babe Babe Ruth Lou Gehrig 46 New York Yankees Averill , Earl Earl Averill 32 1932 Foxx , Jimmie Jimmie Foxx 58 Philadelphia Athletics Ruth , Babe Babe Ruth 41 1933 Foxx , Jimmie Jimmie Foxx 48 Philadelphia Athletics Ruth , Babe Babe Ruth 34 1934 Gehrig , Lou Lou Gehrig 49 New York Yankees Foxx , Jimmie Jimmie Foxx 44 1935 Greenberg , Hank Hank Greenberg Jimmie Foxx 36 Detroit Tigers Philadelphia Athletics Gehrig , Lou Lou Gehrig 30 1936 Gehrig , Lou Lou Gehrig 49 New York Yankees Trosky , Hal Hal Trosky 42 1937 DiMaggio , Joe Joe DiMaggio 46 New York Yankees Greenberg , Hank Hank Greenberg 40 1938 Greenberg , Hank Hank Greenberg 58 Detroit Tigers Foxx , Jimmie Jimmie Foxx 50 1939 Foxx , Jimmie Jimmie Foxx 35 Boston Red Sox Greenberg , Hank Hank Greenberg 33 1940 Greenberg , Hank Hank Greenberg 41 Detroit Tigers Foxx , Jimmie Jimmie Foxx 36 1941 Williams , Ted Ted Williams 37 Boston Red Sox Keller , Charlie Charlie Keller 33 1942 Williams , Ted Ted Williams 36 Boston Red Sox Laabs , Chet Chet Laabs 27 1943 York , Rudy Rudy York 34 Detroit Tigers Keller , Charlie Charlie Keller 31 1944 Etten , Nick Nick Etten 22 New York Yankees Stephens , Vern Vern Stephens 20 1945 Stephens , Vern Vern Stephens 24 St. Louis Browns Cullenbine , Roy Roy Cullenbine Nick Etten Rudy York 18 1946 Greenberg , Hank Hank Greenberg 44 Detroit Tigers Williams , Ted Ted Williams 38 1947 Williams , Ted Ted Williams 32 Boston Red Sox Gordon , Joe Joe Gordon 29 1948 DiMaggio , Joe Joe DiMaggio 39 New York Yankees Gordon , Joe Joe Gordon 32 1949 Williams , Ted Ted Williams 43 Boston Red Sox Stephens , Vern Vern Stephens 39 1950 Rosen , Al Al Rosen 37 Cleveland Indians Dropo , Walt Walt Dropo 34 1951 Zernial , Gus Gus Zernial 33 Chicago White Sox Philadelphia Athletics Williams , Ted Ted Williams 30 1952 Doby , Larry Larry Doby 32 Cleveland Indians Easter , Luke Luke Easter 31 1953 Rosen , Al Al Rosen 43 Cleveland Indians Zernial , Gus Gus Zernial 42 1954 Doby , Larry Larry Doby 32 Cleveland Indians Williams , Ted Ted Williams 29 1955 Mantle , Mickey Mickey Mantle 37 New York Yankees Zernial , Gus Gus Zernial 30 1956 Mantle , Mickey Mickey Mantle 52 New York Yankees Wertz , Vic Vic Wertz 32 1957 Sievers , Roy Roy Sievers 42 Washington Senators Williams , Ted Ted Williams 38 1958 Mantle , Mickey Mickey Mantle 42 New York Yankees Colavito , Rocky Rocky Colavito 41 1959 Killebrew , Harmon Harmon Killebrew Rocky Colavito 42 Washington Senators Cleveland Indians Lemon , Jim Jim Lemon 33 1960 Mantle , Mickey Mickey Mantle 40 New York Yankees Maris , Roger Roger Maris 39 1961 Maris , Roger Roger Maris 61 New York Yankees Mantle , Mickey Mickey Mantle 54 1962 Killebrew , Harmon Harmon Killebrew 48 Minnesota Twins Cash , Norm Norm Cash 39 1963 Killebrew , Harmon Harmon Killebrew 45 Minnesota Twins Stuart , Dick Dick Stuart 42 1964 Killebrew , Harmon Harmon Killebrew 49 Minnesota Twins Powell , Boog Boog Powell 39 1965 Conigliaro , Tony Tony Conigliaro 32 Boston Red Sox Cash , Norm Norm Cash 30 1966 Robinson , Frank Frank Robinson 49 Baltimore Orioles Killebrew , Harmon Harmon Killebrew 39 1967 Yastrzemski , Carl Carl Yastrzemski Harmon Killebrew 44 Boston Red Sox Minnesota Twins Howard , Frank Frank Howard 36 1968 Howard , Frank Frank Howard 44 Washington Senators Horton , Willie Willie Horton 36 1969 Killebrew , Harmon Harmon Killebrew 49 Minnesota Twins Howard , Frank Frank Howard 48 1970 Howard , Frank Frank Howard 44 Washington Senators Killebrew , Harmon Harmon Killebrew 41 1971 Melton , Bill Bill Melton 33 Chicago White Sox Jackson , Reggie Reggie Jackson Norm Cash 32 1972 Allen , Dick Dick Allen 37 Chicago White Sox Murcer , Bobby Bobby Murcer 33 1973 Jackson , Reggie Reggie Jackson 32 Oakland Athletics Burroughs , Jeff Jeff Burroughs Frank Robinson 30 Allen , Dick Dick Allen 32 Chicago White Sox Jackson , Reggie Reggie Jackson 29 Jackson , Reggie Reggie Jackson George Scott 36 Oakland Athletics Milwaukee Brewers Mayberry , John John Mayberry 34 1976 Nettles , Graig Graig Nettles 32 New York Yankees Jackson , Reggie Reggie Jackson Sal Bando 27 1977 Rice , Jim Jim Rice 39 Boston Red Sox Nettles , Graig Graig Nettles Bobby Bonds 37 1978 Rice , Jim Jim Rice 46 Boston Red Sox Hisle , Larry Larry Hisle Don Baylor 34 1979 Thomas , Gorman Gorman Thomas 45 Milwaukee Brewers Lynn , Fred Fred Lynn Jim Rice 39 1980 Jackson , Reggie Reggie Jackson Ben Oglivie 41 New York Yankees Milwaukee Brewers Thomas , Gorman Gorman Thomas 38 1981 Grich , Bobby Bobby Grich Eddie Murray Dwight Evans Tony Armas 22 California Angels Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox Oakland Athletics Thomas , Gorman Gorman Thomas Greg Luzinski 21 1982 Jackson , Reggie Reggie Jackson Gorman Thomas 39 California Angels Milwaukee Brewers Winfield , Dave Dave Winfield 37 Rice , Jim Jim Rice 39 Boston Red Sox Armas , Tony Tony Armas 36 1984 Armas , Tony Tony Armas 43 Boston Red Sox Kingman , Dave Dave Kingman 35 1985 Evans , Darrell Darrell Evans 40 Detroit Tigers Fisk , Carlton Carlton Fisk 37 1986 Barfield , Jesse Jesse Barfield 40 Toronto Blue Jays Kingman , Dave Dave Kingman 35 McGwire , Mark Mark McGwire 49 Oakland Athletics Bell , George George Bell 47 1988 Canseco , José José Canseco 42 Oakland Athletics McGriff , Fred Fred McGriff 34 1989 McGriff , Fred Fred McGriff 36 Toronto Blue Jays Carter , Joe Joe Carter 35 1990 Fielder , Cecil Cecil Fielder 51 Detroit Tigers McGwire , Mark Mark McGwire 39 1991 Canseco , José José Canseco Cecil Fielder 44 Oakland Athletics Detroit Tigers Ripken , Jr. , Cal Cal Ripken , Jr . 34 1992 González , Juan Juan González 43 Texas Rangers McGwire , Mark Mark McGwire 42 1993 González , Juan Juan González 46 Texas Rangers Griffey , Jr. , Ken Ken Griffey , Jr . 45 1994 Griffey , Jr. , Ken Ken Griffey , Jr . 40 Seattle Mariners Thomas , Frank Frank Thomas 38 1995 Belle , Albert Albert Belle 50 Cleveland Indians Buhner , Jay Jay Buhner Frank Thomas 40 McGwire , Mark Mark McGwire 52 Oakland Athletics Anderson , Brady Brady Anderson 50 1997 Griffey , Jr. , Ken Ken Griffey , Jr . 56 Seattle Mariners Martinez , Tino Tino Martinez 44 1998 Griffey , Jr. , Ken Ken Griffey , Jr . 56 Seattle Mariners Belle , Albert Albert Belle 49 1999 Griffey , Jr. , Ken Ken Griffey , Jr . 48 Seattle Mariners Palmeiro , Rafael Rafael Palmeiro 47 2000 Glaus , Troy Troy Glaus 47 Anaheim Angels Giambi , Jason Jason Giambi Frank Thomas 43 2001 Rodriguez , Alex Alex Rodriguez 52 Texas Rangers Thome , Jim Jim Thome 49 2002 Rodriguez , Alex Alex Rodriguez 57 Texas Rangers Thome , Jim Jim Thome 52 2003 Rodriguez , Alex Alex Rodriguez 47 Texas Rangers Delgado , Carlos Carlos Delgado 42 Ramírez , Manny Manny Ramírez 43 Boston Red Sox Konerko , Paul Paul Konerko David Ortiz 41 2005 Rodriguez , Alex Alex Rodriguez 48 New York Yankees Ortiz , David David Ortiz 47 2006 Ortiz , David David Ortiz 54 Boston Red Sox Dye , Jermaine Jermaine Dye 44 2007 Rodriguez , Alex Alex Rodriguez 54 New York Yankees Peña , Carlos Carlos Peña 46 2008 Cabrera , Miguel Miguel Cabrera 37 Detroit Tigers Quentin , Carlos Carlos Quentin 36 2009 Peña , Carlos Carlos Peña Mark Teixeira 39 Tampa Bay Rays New York Yankees Bay , Jason Jason Bay Aaron Hill 36 Bautista , José José Bautista 54 Toronto Blue Jays Konerko , Paul Paul Konerko 39 2011 Bautista , José José Bautista 43 Toronto Blue Jays Granderson , Curtis Curtis Granderson 41 2012 Cabrera , Miguel Miguel Cabrera 44 Detroit Tigers Granderson , Curtis Curtis Granderson Hamilton , Josh Josh Hamilton 43 2013 Davis , Chris Chris Davis 53 Baltimore Orioles Cabrera , Miguel Miguel Cabrera 44 2014 Cruz , Nelson Nelson Cruz 40 Baltimore Orioles Carter , Chris Chris Carter 37 2015 Davis , Chris Chris Davis 47 Baltimore Orioles Cruz , Nelson Nelson Cruz 44 2016 Trumbo , Mark Mark Trumbo 47 Baltimore Orioles Cruz , Nelson Nelson Cruz 43 National League ( edit ) Lip Pike led the league with four home runs in 1877 , tied with Paul Hines for the lowest total to ever lead a league . Gavvy Cravath won six home run titles in the 1910s . Mike Schmidt led the National League in home runs eight times , the second most such titles in MLB history . Mark McGwire led the league in home runs 4 times including 52 , 65 , and record - breaking 70 home run seasons . His 58 home runs in 1997 led neither league due to a mid-season trade which split this total across 2 leagues . Sammy Sosa led the National League in home runs twice , with 49 and 50 , but finished second four times with home run counts of 36 , 66 , 63 , and 64 . Prince Fielder won a National League home run title in 2007 while his father , Cecil Fielder , won two in the American League in 1990 and 1991 . Year Winner ( s ) HR Team Runner ( s ) - up 2nd HR Ref 1876 Hall , George George Hall 05 ! 5 Philadelphia Athletics ( NL ) Jones , Charley Charley Jones 04 ! 4 1877 Pike , Lip Lip Pike 04 ! 4 Cincinnati Reds Shafer , Orator Orator Shafer 03 ! 3 1878 Hines , Paul Paul Hines 04 ! 4 Providence Grays Jones , Charley Charley Jones 03 ! 3 1879 Jones , Charley Charley Jones 09 ! 9 Boston Red Caps O'Rourke , Jim Jim O'Rourke 06 ! 6 1880 Stovey , Harry Harry Stovey Jim O'Rourke 06 ! 6 Worcester Ruby Legs Boston Red Caps Jones , Charley Charley Jones 05 ! 5 1881 Brouthers , Dan Dan Brouthers 08 ! 8 Buffalo Bisons Bennett , Charlie Charlie Bennett 07 ! 7 1882 Wood , George George Wood 07 ! 7 Detroit Wolverines Muldoon , Mike Mike Muldoon Dan Brouthers 06 ! 6 1883 Ewing , Buck Buck Ewing 10 New York Giants Denny , Jerry Jerry Denny Joe Hornung 08 ! 8 1884 Williamson , Ned Ned Williamson 27 Chicago White Stockings Pfeffer , Fred Fred Pfeffer 25 1885 Dalrymple , Abner Abner Dalrymple 11 Chicago White Stockings Kelly , King King Kelly 09 ! 9 1886 Brouthers , Dan Dan Brouthers Hardy Richardson 11 Detroit Wolverines Anson , Cap Cap Anson 10 1887 O'Brien , Billy Billy O'Brien 19 Washington Nationals Connor , Roger Roger Connor 17 1888 Ryan , Jimmy Jimmy Ryan 16 Chicago White Stockings Connor , Roger Roger Connor 14 1889 Thompson , Sam Sam Thompson 20 Philadelphia Quakers Denny , Jerry Jerry Denny 18 1890 Burns , Oyster Oyster Burns Mike Tiernan Walt Wilmot 13 Brooklyn Bridegrooms New York Giants Chicago Colts Long , Herman Herman Long 08 ! 8 1891 Tiernan , Mike Mike Tiernan Harry Stovey 16 New York Giants Boston Beaneaters Wilmot , Walt Walt Wilmot 11 1892 Holliday , Bug Bug Holliday 13 Cincinnati Reds Connor , Roger Roger Connor 12 1893 Delahanty , Ed Ed Delahanty 19 Philadelphia Phillies Clements , Jack Jack Clements 17 1894 Duffy , Hugh Hugh Duffy 18 Boston Beaneaters Joyce , Bill Bill Joyce Bobby Lowe 17 1895 Thompson , Sam Sam Thompson 18 Philadelphia Phillies Joyce , Bill Bill Joyce 17 1896 Joyce , Bill Bill Joyce Ed Delahanty 13 Philadelphia Phillies Washington / New York Thompson , Sam Sam Thompson 12 1897 Duffy , Hugh Hugh Duffy 11 Boston Beaneaters Davis , George George Davis 10 1898 Collins , Jimmy Jimmy Collins 15 Boston Beaneaters Joyce , Bill Bill Joyce Honus Wagner 10 1899 Freeman , Buck Buck Freeman 25 Washington Senators Wallace , Bobby Bobby Wallace 12 1900 Long , Herman Herman Long 12 Boston Beaneaters Flick , Elmer Elmer Flick 11 1901 Crawford , Sam Sam Crawford 16 Cincinnati Reds Sheckard , Jimmy Jimmy Sheckard 11 1902 Leach , Tommy Tommy Leach 06 ! 6 Pittsburgh Pirates Beckley , Jake Jake Beckley 05 ! 5 1903 Sheckard , Jimmy Jimmy Sheckard 09 ! 9 Brooklyn Superbas Moran , Pat Pat Moran Tommy Leach Mike Donlin Sam Mertes Cy Seymour Ginger Beaumont 07 ! 7 1904 Lumley , Harry Harry Lumley 09 ! 9 Brooklyn Superbas Brain , Dave Dave Brain 07 ! 7 1905 Odwell , Fred Fred Odwell 09 ! 9 Cincinnati Reds Seymour , Cy Cy Seymour 08 ! 8 1906 Jordan , Tim Tim Jordan 12 Brooklyn Superbas Lumley , Harry Harry Lumley 09 ! 9 1907 Brain , Dave Dave Brain 10 Boston Doves Lumley , Harry Harry Lumley 09 ! 9 1908 Jordan , Tim Tim Jordan 12 Brooklyn Superbas Wagner , Honus Honus Wagner 10 1909 Murray , Red Red Murray 07 ! 7 New York Giants Becker , Beals Beals Becker Tommy Leach Larry Doyle 06 ! 6 1910 Schulte , Frank Frank Schulte Fred Beck 10 Boston Doves Chicago Cubs Daubert , Jake Jake Daubert Larry Doyle 08 ! 8 1911 Schulte , Frank Frank Schulte 21 Chicago Cubs Luderus , Fred Fred Luderus 16 1912 Zimmerman , Heinie Heinie Zimmerman 14 Chicago Cubs Schulte , Frank Frank Schulte 12 1913 Cravath , Gavvy Gavvy Cravath 19 Philadelphia Phillies Luderus , Fred Fred Luderus 18 1914 Cravath , Gavvy Gavvy Cravath 19 Philadelphia Phillies Saier , Vic Vic Saier 18 1915 Cravath , Gavvy Gavvy Cravath 24 Philadelphia Phillies Williams , Cy Cy Williams 13 1916 Williams , Cy Cy Williams Dave Robertson 12 Chicago Cubs New York Giants Cravath , Gavvy Gavvy Cravath 11 1917 Cravath , Gavvy Gavvy Cravath Dave Robertson 12 Philadelphia Phillies New York Giants Hornsby , Rogers Rogers Hornsby 08 ! 8 1918 Cravath , Gavvy Gavvy Cravath 08 ! 8 Philadelphia Phillies Cruise , Walton Walton Cruise Cy Williams 06 ! 6 1919 Cravath , Gavvy Gavvy Cravath 12 Philadelphia Phillies Kauff , Benny Benny Kauff 10 1920 Williams , Cy Cy Williams 15 Philadelphia Phillies Meusel , Irish Irish Meusel 14 1921 Kelly , George George Kelly 23 New York Giants Hornsby , Rogers Rogers Hornsby 21 1922 Hornsby , Rogers Rogers Hornsby 42 St. Louis Cardinals Williams , Cy Cy Williams 26 1923 Williams , Cy Cy Williams 41 Philadelphia Phillies Fournier , Jack Jack Fournier 22 1924 Fournier , Jack Jack Fournier 27 Brooklyn Robins Hornsby , Rogers Rogers Hornsby 25 1925 Hornsby , Rogers Rogers Hornsby 39 St. Louis Cardinals Hartnett , Gabby Gabby Hartnett 24 1926 Wilson , Hack Hack Wilson 21 Chicago Cubs Bottomley , Jim Jim Bottomley 19 1927 Williams , Cy Cy Williams Hack Wilson 30 Chicago Cubs Philadelphia Phillies Hornsby , Rogers Rogers Hornsby 26 1928 Wilson , Hack Hack Wilson Jim Bottomley 31 Chicago Cubs St. Louis Cardinals Hafey , Chick Chick Hafey 27 1929 Klein , Chuck Chuck Klein 43 Philadelphia Phillies Ott , Mel Mel Ott 42 1930 Wilson , Hack Hack Wilson 56 Chicago Cubs Klein , Chuck Chuck Klein 40 1931 Klein , Chuck Chuck Klein 31 Philadelphia Phillies Ott , Mel Mel Ott 29 1932 Klein , Chuck Chuck Klein Ott , Mel Mel Ott 38 Philadelphia Phillies New York Giants Terry , Bill Bill Terry 28 1933 Klein , Chuck Chuck Klein 28 Philadelphia Phillies Berger , Wally Wally Berger 27 1934 Ott , Mel Mel Ott Ripper Collins 35 New York Giants St. Louis Cardinals Berger , Wally Wally Berger 34 1935 Berger , Wally Wally Berger 34 Boston Braves Ott , Mel Mel Ott 31 1936 Ott , Mel Mel Ott 33 New York Giants Camilli , Dolph Dolph Camilli 28 1937 Ott , Mel Mel Ott Joe Medwick 31 New York Giants St. Louis Cardinals Camilli , Dolph Dolph Camilli 27 1938 Ott , Mel Mel Ott 36 New York Giants Goodman , Ival Ival Goodman 30 1939 Mize , Johnny Johnny Mize 28 St. Louis Cardinals Ott , Mel Mel Ott 27 1940 Mize , Johnny Johnny Mize 43 St. Louis Cardinals Nicholson , Bill Bill Nicholson 25 1941 Camilli , Dolph Dolph Camilli 34 Brooklyn Dodgers Ott , Mel Mel Ott 27 1942 Ott , Mel Mel Ott 30 New York Giants Camilli , Dolph Dolph Camilli Johnny Mize 26 1943 Nicholson , Bill Bill Nicholson 29 Chicago Cubs Ott , Mel Mel Ott 18 1944 Nicholson , Bill Bill Nicholson 33 Chicago Cubs Ott , Mel Mel Ott 26 1945 Holmes , Tommy Tommy Holmes 28 Boston Braves Workman , Chuck Chuck Workman 25 1946 Kiner , Ralph Ralph Kiner 23 Pittsburgh Pirates Mize , Johnny Johnny Mize 22 1947 Kiner , Ralph Ralph Kiner Johnny Mize 51 Pittsburgh Pirates New York Giants Marshall , Willard Willard Marshall 36 1948 Kiner , Ralph Ralph Kiner Johnny Mize 40 Pittsburgh Pirates New York Giants Musial , Stan Stan Musial 39 1949 Kiner , Ralph Ralph Kiner 54 Pittsburgh Pirates Musial , Stan Stan Musial 36 1950 Kiner , Ralph Ralph Kiner 47 Pittsburgh Pirates Pafko , Andy Andy Pafko 36 1951 Kiner , Ralph Ralph Kiner 42 Pittsburgh Pirates Hodges , Gil Gil Hodges 40 1952 Kiner , Ralph Ralph Kiner Hank Sauer 37 Pittsburgh Pirates Chicago Cubs Hodges , Gil Gil Hodges 32 1953 Mathews , Eddie Eddie Mathews 47 Milwaukee Braves Snider , Duke Duke Snider 42 1954 Kluszewski , Ted Ted Kluszewski 49 Cincinnati Reds Hodges , Gil Gil Hodges 42 1955 Mays , Willie Willie Mays 51 New York Giants Kluszewski , Ted Ted Kluszewski 47 1956 Snider , Duke Duke Snider 43 Brooklyn Dodgers Adcock , Joe Joe Adcock Frank Robinson 38 1957 Aaron , Hank Hank Aaron 44 Milwaukee Braves Banks , Ernie Ernie Banks 43 1958 Banks , Ernie Ernie Banks 47 Chicago Cubs Thomas , Frank Frank Thomas 35 1959 Mathews , Eddie Eddie Mathews 46 Milwaukee Braves Banks , Ernie Ernie Banks 45 1960 Banks , Ernie Ernie Banks 41 Chicago Cubs Aaron , Hank Hank Aaron 40 1961 Cepeda , Orlando Orlando Cepeda 46 San Francisco Giants Mays , Willie Willie Mays 40 1962 Mays , Willie Willie Mays 49 San Francisco Giants Aaron , Hank Hank Aaron 45 1963 McCovey , Willie Willie McCovey Hank Aaron 44 San Francisco Giants Milwaukee Braves Mays , Willie Willie Mays 38 1964 Mays , Willie Willie Mays 47 San Francisco Giants Williams , Billy Billy Williams 33 1965 Mays , Willie Willie Mays 52 San Francisco Giants McCovey , Willie Willie McCovey 39 1966 Aaron , Hank Hank Aaron 44 Atlanta Braves Allen , Dick Dick Allen 40 1967 Aaron , Hank Hank Aaron 39 Atlanta Braves Wynn , Jim Jim Wynn 37 1968 McCovey , Willie Willie McCovey 36 San Francisco Giants Allen , Dick Dick Allen 33 1969 McCovey , Willie Willie McCovey 45 San Francisco Giants Aaron , Hank Hank Aaron 44 1970 Bench , Johnny Johnny Bench 45 Cincinnati Reds Williams , Billy Billy Williams 42 1971 Stargell , Willie Willie Stargell 48 Pittsburgh Pirates Aaron , Hank Hank Aaron 47 1972 Bench , Johnny Johnny Bench 40 Cincinnati Reds Colbert , Nate Nate Colbert 38 1973 Stargell , Willie Willie Stargell 44 Pittsburgh Pirates Johnson , Davey Davey Johnson 43 Schmidt , Mike Mike Schmidt 36 Philadelphia Phillies Bench , Johnny Johnny Bench 33 Schmidt , Mike Mike Schmidt 38 Philadelphia Phillies Kingman , Dave Dave Kingman 36 1976 Schmidt , Mike Mike Schmidt 38 Philadelphia Phillies Kingman , Dave Dave Kingman 37 1977 Foster , George George Foster 52 Cincinnati Reds Burroughs , Jeff Jeff Burroughs 41 1978 Foster , George George Foster 40 Cincinnati Reds Luzinski , Greg Greg Luzinski 35 1979 Kingman , Dave Dave Kingman 48 Chicago Cubs Schmidt , Mike Mike Schmidt 45 1980 Schmidt , Mike Mike Schmidt 48 Philadelphia Phillies Horner , Bob Bob Horner 35 1981 Schmidt , Mike Mike Schmidt 31 Philadelphia Phillies Dawson , Andre Andre Dawson 24 1982 Kingman , Dave Dave Kingman 37 New York Mets Murphy , Dale Dale Murphy 36 Schmidt , Mike Mike Schmidt 40 Philadelphia Phillies Murphy , Dale Dale Murphy 36 1984 Schmidt , Mike Mike Schmidt Dale Murphy 36 Philadelphia Phillies Atlanta Braves Carter , Gary Gary Carter 27 1985 Murphy , Dale Dale Murphy 37 Atlanta Braves Parker , Dave Dave Parker 34 1986 Schmidt , Mike Mike Schmidt 37 Philadelphia Phillies Davis , Glenn Glenn Davis Dave Parker 31 Dawson , Andre Andre Dawson 49 Chicago Cubs Murphy , Dale Dale Murphy 44 1988 Strawberry , Darryl Darryl Strawberry 39 New York Mets Davis , Glenn Glenn Davis 30 1989 Mitchell , Kevin Kevin Mitchell 47 San Francisco Giants Johnson , Howard Howard Johnson 36 1990 Sandberg , Ryne Ryne Sandberg 40 Chicago Cubs Strawberry , Darryl Darryl Strawberry 37 1991 Johnson , Howard Howard Johnson 38 New York Mets Williams , Matt Matt Williams 34 1992 McGriff , Fred Fred McGriff 35 San Diego Padres Bonds , Barry Barry Bonds 34 1993 Bonds , Barry Barry Bonds 46 San Francisco Giants Justice , David David Justice 40 1994 Williams , Matt Matt Williams 43 San Francisco Giants Bagwell , Jeff Jeff Bagwell 39 1995 Bichette , Dante Dante Bichette 40 Colorado Rockies Walker , Larry Larry Walker Sammy Sosa 36 Galarraga , Andrés Andrés Galarraga 47 Colorado Rockies Bonds , Barry Barry Bonds Gary Sheffield 42 1997 Walker , Larry Larry Walker 49 Colorado Rockies Bagwell , Jeff Jeff Bagwell 43 1998 McGwire , Mark Mark McGwire 70 St. Louis Cardinals Sosa , Sammy Sammy Sosa 66 1999 McGwire , Mark Mark McGwire 65 St. Louis Cardinals Sosa , Sammy Sammy Sosa 63 2000 Sosa , Sammy Sammy Sosa 50 Chicago Cubs Bonds , Barry Barry Bonds 49 2001 Bonds , Barry Barry Bonds 73 San Francisco Giants Sosa , Sammy Sammy Sosa 64 2002 Sosa , Sammy Sammy Sosa 49 Chicago Cubs Bonds , Barry Barry Bonds 46 2003 Thome , Jim Jim Thome 47 Philadelphia Phillies Sexson , Richie Richie Sexson Barry Bonds 45 Beltré , Adrián Adrián Beltré 48 Los Angeles Dodgers Dunn , Adam Adam Dunn Albert Pujols 46 2005 Jones , Andruw Andruw Jones 51 Atlanta Braves Lee , Derrek Derrek Lee 46 2006 Howard , Ryan Ryan Howard 58 Philadelphia Phillies Pujols , Albert Albert Pujols 49 2007 Fielder , Prince Prince Fielder 50 Milwaukee Brewers Howard , Ryan Ryan Howard 47 2008 Howard , Ryan Ryan Howard 48 Philadelphia Phillies Dunn , Adam Adam Dunn 40 2009 Pujols , Albert Albert Pujols 47 St. Louis Cardinals Fielder , Prince Prince Fielder 46 Pujols , Albert Albert Pujols 42 St. Louis Cardinals Dunn , Adam Adam Dunn 38 2011 Kemp , Matt Matt Kemp 39 Los Angeles Dodgers Fielder , Prince Prince Fielder 38 2012 Braun , Ryan Ryan Braun 41 Milwaukee Brewers Stanton , Giancarlo Giancarlo Stanton 37 2013 Álvarez , Pedro Pedro Álvarez Paul Goldschmidt 36 Pittsburgh Pirates Arizona Diamondbacks Bruce , Jay Jay Bruce 30 2014 Stanton , Giancarlo Giancarlo Stanton 37 Miami Marlins Rizzo , Anthony Anthony Rizzo 32 2015 Arenado , Nolan Nolan Arenado Bryce Harper 42 Colorado Rockies Washington Nationals González , Carlos Carlos González 40 2016 Arenado , Nolan Nolan Arenado Carter , Chris Chris Carter 41 Colorado Rockies Milwaukee Brewers Bryant , Kris Kris Bryant 39 Other Major leagues ( edit ) Roger Connor placed second in home runs in the National League three times and also won the Players ' League 's only home run title with 14 in 1890 . Year Winner ( s ) HR Team League Runner ( s ) - up 2nd HR Ref 1882 Walker , Oscar Oscar Walker 07 ! 7 St. Louis Brown Stockings American Association Browning , Pete Pete Browning 05 ! 5 1883 Stovey , Harry Harry Stovey 14 Philadelphia Athletics American Association Jones , Charley Charley Jones 10 1884 Reilly , John John Reilly 11 Cincinnati Red Stockings American Association Stovey , Harry Harry Stovey 10 1884 Dunlap , Fred Fred Dunlap 13 St. Louis Maroons Union Association Crane , Ed Ed Crane 12 1885 Stovey , Harry Harry Stovey 13 Philadelphia Athletics American Association Fennelly , Frank Frank Fennelly 10 1886 McPhee , Bid Bid McPhee 08 ! 8 Cincinnati Red Stockings American Association Stovey , Harry Harry Stovey Dave Orr 07 ! 7 1887 O'Neill , Tip Tip O'Neill 14 St. Louis Browns American Association Reilly , John John Reilly 10 1888 Reilly , John John Reilly 13 Cincinnati Red Stockings American Association Stovey , Harry Harry Stovey 09 ! 9 1889 Stovey , Harry Harry Stovey Bug Holliday 19 Cincinnati Red Stockings Philadelphia Athletics American Association Duffee , Charlie Charlie Duffee 16 1890 Campau , Count Count Campau 09 ! 9 St. Louis Browns American Association Cartwright , Ed Ed Cartwright 08 ! 8 1890 Connor , Roger Roger Connor 14 New York Giants Players ' League Richardson , Hardy Hardy Richardson 13 1891 Farrell , Duke Duke Farrell 12 Boston Reds American Association Milligan , Jocko Jocko Milligan Denny Lyons 11 1914 Zwilling , Dutch Dutch Zwilling 16 Chicago Chi - Feds Federal League Kenworthy , Bill Bill Kenworthy 15 1915 Chase , Hal Hal Chase 17 Buffalo Blues Federal League Zwilling , Dutch Dutch Zwilling 13 See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Babe Ruth Home Run Award ( discontinued ) -- awarded to the MLB home - run leader Josh Gibson Legacy Award -- awarded to the AL and NL home - run leaders Mel Ott Award -- awarded to the NL home - run leader Footnotes ( edit ) Recognized `` major leagues '' include the current American and National Leagues and several defunct leagues -- the American Association , the Federal League , the Players ' League , and the Union Association . References ( edit ) General `` Yearly League Leaders & Records for Home Runs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2010 . `` MLB Baseball Hall of Fame Inductees '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2010 . Specific Jump up ^ Petraglia , Mike ( May 29 , 2007 ) . `` Youkilis achieves rare feat '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tigers ' Cabrera has shot at AL home run title '' . MLive.com . Michigan Live . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rob Sahcs Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 Major League Baseball Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1997 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1997 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` George Hall Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nap Lajoie Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Babe Ruth Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ralph Kiner Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Schmidt Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Progressive Leaders and Records for Home Runs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Single - Season Leaders and Records for Home Runs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders and Records for Home Runs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Leaders and Records for Home Runs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1901 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1902 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1903 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1904 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1905 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1906 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1907 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1908 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1909 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1910 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1911 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1912 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1913 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1914 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1915 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1916 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1917 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1918 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1919 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1920 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1921 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1922 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1923 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1924 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1925 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1926 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1927 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1928 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1929 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1931 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1932 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1933 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1934 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1935 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1936 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1937 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1939 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1940 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1941 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1942 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1943 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1944 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1945 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1946 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1947 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1948 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1949 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1951 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1952 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1955 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1956 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1957 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1959 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1960 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1961 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1964 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1972 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1973 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1976 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1979 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1980 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 American League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1876 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1877 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1878 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1879 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1880 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1881 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1882 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1883 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1884 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1885 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1886 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1887 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1888 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1889 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1890 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1891 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1892 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1893 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1894 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1895 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1896 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1897 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1898 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1899 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1900 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1901 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1902 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1903 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1904 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1905 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1906 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1907 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1908 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1909 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1910 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1911 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1912 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1913 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1914 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1915 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1916 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1917 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1918 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1919 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1920 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1921 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1922 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1923 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1924 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1925 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1926 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1927 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1928 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1929 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1931 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1932 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1933 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1934 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1935 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1936 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1937 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1939 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1940 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1941 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1942 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1943 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1944 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1945 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1946 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1947 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1948 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1949 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1951 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1952 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1955 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1956 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1957 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1959 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1960 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1961 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1964 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1972 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1973 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1976 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1979 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1980 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1882 American Association Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1883 American Association Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1884 American Association Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1884 Union Association Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1885 American Association Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1886 American Association Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1887 American Association Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1888 American Association Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1889 American Association Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1890 American Association Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1890 Players League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1891 American Association Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1914 Federal League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1915 Federal League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Complete Baseball Team and Baseball Team Encyclopedias '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2010 . <Th_colspan="4"> Major League Baseball Triple Crown Batting AVG champions Annual HR leaders Annual RBI leaders Pitching Annual ERA leaders Annual K leaders Annual W leaders <Td_colspan="4"> Book : Major League Baseball Triple Crown <Th_colspan="2"> Major League Baseball records <Td_colspan="2"> Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Stolen bases Runs Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitter Perfect game List of perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks <Th_colspan="2"> American League season home run leaders <Td_colspan="2"> 1901 : Lajoie 1902 : Seybold 1903 : Freeman 1904 : H. Davis 1905 : H. Davis 1906 : H. Davis 1907 : H. Davis 1908 : Crawford 1909 : Cobb 1910 : Stahl 1911 : Baker 1912 : Baker & Speaker 1913 : Baker 1914 : Baker 1915 : Roth 1916 : Pipp 1917 : Pipp 1918 : Ruth & Walker 1919 : Ruth 1920 : Ruth 1921 : Ruth 1922 : K. Williams 1923 : Ruth 1924 : Ruth 1925 : Meusel 1926 : Ruth 1927 : Ruth 1928 : Ruth 1929 : Ruth 1930 : Ruth 1931 : Ruth & Gehrig 1932 : Foxx 1933 : Foxx 1934 : Gehrig 1935 : Greenberg & Foxx 1936 : Gehrig 1937 : DiMaggio 1938 : Greenberg 1939 : Foxx 1940 : Greenberg 1941 : T. Williams 1942 : T. Williams 1943 : York 1944 : Etten 1945 : Stephens 1946 : Greenberg 1947 : T. Williams 1948 : DiMaggio 1949 : T. Williams 1950 : Rosen 1951 : Zernial 1952 : Doby 1953 : Rosen 1954 : Doby 1955 : Mantle 1956 : Mantle 1957 : Sievers 1958 : Mantle 1959 : Killebrew & Colavito 1960 : Mantle 1961 : Maris 1962 : Killebrew 1963 : Killebrew 1964 : Killebrew 1965 : Conigliaro 1966 : Robinson 1967 : Yastrzemski & Killebrew 1968 : Howard 1969 : Killebrew 1970 : Howard 1971 : Melton 1972 : Allen 1973 : Jackson 1974 : Allen 1975 : Jackson & Scott 1976 : Nettles 1977 : Rice 1978 : Rice 1979 : Thomas 1980 : Jackson & Oglivie 1981 : Grich , Murray , Evans & Armas 1982 : Jackson & Thomas 1983 : Rice 1984 : Armas 1985 : Evans 1986 : Barfield 1987 : McGwire 1988 : Canseco 1989 : McGriff 1990 : Fielder 1991 : Canseco & Fielder 1992 : González 1993 : González 1994 : Griffey Jr . 1995 : Belle 1996 : McGwire 1997 : Griffey Jr . 1998 : Griffey Jr . 1999 : Griffey Jr . 2000 : Glaus 2001 : Rodriguez 2002 : Rodriguez 2003 : Rodriguez 2004 : Ramirez 2005 : Rodriguez 2006 : Ortiz 2007 : Rodriguez 2008 : Cabrera 2009 : Peña & Teixiera 2010 : Bautista 2011 : Bautista 2012 : Cabrera 2013 : C. Davis 2014 : Cruz 2015 : C. Davis 2016 : Trumbo <Th_colspan="2"> National League season home run leaders <Td_colspan="2"> 1876 : Hall 1877 : Pike 1878 : Hines 1879 : C. Jones 1880 : Stovey & O'Rourke 1881 : Brouthers 1882 : Wood 1883 : Ewing 1884 : Williamson 1885 : Dalrymple 1886 : Brouthers & Richardson 1887 : O'Brien 1888 : Ryan 1889 : Thompson 1890 : Burns , Tiernan & Wilmot 1891 : Tiernan & Stovey 1892 : Holliday 1893 : Delahanty 1894 : Duffy 1895 : Thompson 1896 : Joyce & Delahanty 1897 : Duffy 1898 : J. Collins 1899 : Freeman 1900 : Long 1901 : Crawford 1902 : Leach 1903 : Sheckard 1904 : Lumley 1905 : Odwell 1906 : Jordan 1907 : Brain 1908 : Jordan 1909 : Murray 1910 : Schulte & Beck 1911 : Schulte 1912 : Zimmerman 1913 : Cravath 1914 : Cravath 1915 : Cravath 1916 : C. Williams & Robertson 1917 : Cravath & Robertson 1918 : Cravath 1919 : Cravath 1920 : C. Williams 1921 : Kelly 1922 : Hornsby 1923 : C. Williams 1924 : Fournier 1925 : Hornsby 1926 : Wilson 1927 : C. Williams & Wilson 1928 : Wilson & Bottomley 1929 : Klein 1930 : Wilson 1931 : Klein 1932 : Klein & Ott 1933 : Klein 1934 : Ott & R. Collins 1935 : Berger 1936 : Ott 1937 : Ott & Medwick 1938 : Ott 1939 : Mize 1940 : Mize 1941 : Camilli 1942 : Ott 1943 : Nicholson 1944 : Nicholson 1945 : Holmes 1946 : Kiner 1947 : Kiner & Mize 1948 : Kiner & Mize 1949 : Kiner 1950 : Kiner 1951 : Kiner 1952 : Kiner & Sauer 1953 : Mathews 1954 : Kluszewski 1955 : Mays 1956 : Snider 1957 : Aaron 1958 : Banks 1959 : Mathews 1960 : Banks 1961 : Cepeda 1962 : Mays 1963 : McCovey & Aaron 1964 : Mays 1965 : Mays 1966 : Aaron 1967 : Aaron 1968 : McCovey 1969 : McCovey 1970 : Bench 1971 : Stargell 1972 : Bench 1973 : Stargell 1974 : Schmidt 1975 : Schmidt 1976 : Schmidt 1977 : Foster 1978 : Foster 1979 : Kingman 1980 : Schmidt 1981 : Schmidt 1982 : Kingman 1983 : Schmidt 1984 : Schmidt & Murphy 1985 : Murphy 1986 : Schmidt 1987 : Dawson 1988 : Strawberry 1989 : Mitchell 1990 : Sandberg 1991 : Johnson 1992 : McGriff 1993 : Bonds 1994 : M. Williams 1995 : Bichette 1996 : Galarraga 1997 : Walker 1998 : McGwire 1999 : McGwire 2000 : Sosa 2001 : Bonds 2002 : Sosa 2003 : Thome 2004 : Beltré 2005 : A. Jones 2006 : Howard 2007 : Fielder 2008 : Howard 2009 : Pujols 2010 : Pujols 2011 : Kemp 2012 : Braun 2013 : Álvarez & Goldschmidt 2014 : Stanton 2015 : Arenado & Harper 2016 : Arenado & Carter Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_annual_home_run_leaders&oldid=800321927 '' Categories : Major League Baseball lists Major League Baseball records Major League Baseball statistics Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 日本 語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 20 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Major League Baseball annual home run leaders
2. Barry Bonds and his record-setting 73 home runs in 2001
3. Babe Ruth's dominance in home run titles
4. Recent home run champions like Mark Trumbo and Nolan Arenado
5. Single-season home run records and their challengers
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-1,079,288,501,041,576,700 |
who face is on a 1000 dollar bill
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United States dollar - Wikipedia United States dollar `` USD '' redirects here . For other uses , see USD ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> United States dollar <Td_colspan="2"> Federal Reserve Notes <Th_colspan="2"> ISO 4217 Code US Number 840 Exponent <Th_colspan="2"> Denominations Superunit 10 eagle 100 union 1000 grand 1000 rack ( slang ) 10000 stack ( slang ) Subunit ⁄ dime ⁄ cent ⁄ mill Symbol $ cent ¢ mill ₥ Nickname List ( show ) Ace , bean , bill , bone , buck , deuce , dub , ducat , doubloon , fin , frog , greenback , large , simoleons , skins , smackeroo , smackers , spondulix , Tom , and yard Plural : dead presidents , green , bones , clams Based on denomination : Washingtons , Jeffersons , Lincolns , Hamiltons , Jacksons , Grants , and Benjamins , C - note , grand , sawbuck , single See also : peso in Puerto Rico , and piastre in Cajun Louisiana Banknotes Freq . used $1 , $5 , $10 , $20 , $50 , $100 Rarely used $2 Coins Freq . used 1 ¢ , 5 ¢ , 10 ¢ , $ 1⁄4 Rarely used $ 1⁄2 , $1 <Th_colspan="2"> Demographics Official user ( s ) United States East Timor Ecuador El Salvador Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Panama Zimbabwe 3 non-U.S. territories ( show ) British Virgin Islands Caribbean Netherlands Turks and Caicos Islands Unofficial user ( s ) 38 other countries ( show ) Afghanistan Angola Argentina The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Cambodia Chile Colombia Costa Rica Dominican Republic Ghana Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Iraq Jamaica Kazakhstan Laos Lebanon Liberia Mexico Mongolia Myanmar Nicaragua Paraguay Peru Sierra Leone Somalia Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela 6 non-U.S. territories ( show ) Anguilla ( UK ) Ascension Island ( UK ; de facto ) Bermuda ( UK ) British Indian Ocean Territory ( de facto ) Cayman Islands ( UK ; de facto ) Pitcairn Islands ( UK ; de facto ) 2 non-U.S. cities ( show ) Cancún , Mexico Tijuana , Mexico <Th_colspan="2"> Issuance Central bank Federal Reserve System Website www.federalreserve.gov Printer Bureau of Engraving and Printing Website www.moneyfactory.gov Mint United States Mint Website www.usmint.gov <Th_colspan="2"> Valuation Inflation 2.46 % ( April 2018 ) Source inflationdata.com Method CPI Pegged by 27 currencies ( show ) Aruban florin Bahamian dollar ( at par ) Bahraini dinar ( higher value ) Barbadian dollar Belize dollar Bermudian dollar ( at par ) Cayman Islands dollar ( higher value ) Cuban convertible peso ( at par ) Djiboutian franc East Caribbean dollar East Timor Centavo Coin ( at par ) Ecuadorian Centavo Coin ( at par ) Eritrean nakfa Hong Kong dollar ( narrow band ) Iraqi dinar Jordanian dinar ( higher value ) Kuwaiti dinar ( higher value ) Lebanese pound Netherlands Antillean guilder Omani rial ( higher value ) Panamanian balboa ( at par ) Qatari riyal Saudi riyal Trinidad and Tobago dollar United Arab Emirates dirham Venezuelan bolívar Zimbabwean Bond Coins and Zimbabwean Bond Notes ( at par ) The United States dollar ( sign : $ ; code : USD ; also abbreviated US $ and referred to as the dollar , U.S. dollar , or American dollar ) is the official currency of the United States and its territories per the United States Constitution since 1792 . For most practical purposes , it is divided into 100 smaller cent ( ¢ ) units , but is occasionally divided into 1000 mills ( ₥ ) for accounting purposes . The circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars ( 12 U.S.C. § 418 ) . Since the suspension in 1971 of convertibility of paper U.S. currency into any precious metal , the U.S. dollar is , de facto , fiat money . As it is the most used in international transactions , the U.S. dollar is the world 's primary reserve currency . Several countries use it as their official currency , and in many others it is the de facto currency . Besides the United States , it is also used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean : the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands . A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money , while still minting their own coins , or also accept U.S. dollar coins ( such as the Sacagawea or presidential dollar ) . As of March 21 , 2018 , there are approximately $1.63 trillion in circulation , of which $1.59 trillion is in Federal Reserve notes ( the remaining $40 billion is in the form of coins ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Etymology 2.1 Nicknames 3 Dollar sign 4 History 4.1 Continental currency 4.2 Silver and gold standards 5 Coins 5.1 Collector coins 5.2 Dollar coins 5.3 Mint marks 5.3. 1 Notes 6 Banknotes 7 Means of issue 8 Value 9 Exchange rates 9.1 Historical exchange rates 9.2 Current exchange rates 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links 14.1 Images of U.S. currency and coins Overview ( edit ) Article I , Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power `` To coin money '' . Laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U.S.C. § 5112 . Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued . These coins are both designated in Section 5112 as `` legal tender '' in payment of debts . The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar . The pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle . Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins , which have values ranging from one cent to 100 dollars . These other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar . The Constitution provides that `` a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time '' . That provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code . The sums of money reported in the `` Statements '' are currently being expressed in U.S. dollars ( for example , see the 2009 Financial Report of the United States Government ) . The U.S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States . The word `` dollar '' is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution . There , `` dollars '' is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar , a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency , or reales . In 1792 the U.S. Congress passed a Coinage Act . Section 9 of that act authorized the production of various coins , including `` DOLLARS OR UNITS -- each to be of the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current , and to contain three hundred and seventy - one grains and four sixteenth parts of a grain of pure , or four hundred and sixteen grains of standard silver '' . Section 20 of the act provided , `` That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars , or units ... and that all accounts in the public offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation '' . In other words , this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States . Unlike the Spanish milled dollar , the U.S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values . In addition to the dollar the coinage act officially established monetary units of mill or one - thousandth of a dollar ( symbol ₥ ) , cent or one - hundredth of a dollar ( symbol ¢ ) , dime or one - tenth of a dollar , and eagle or ten dollars , with prescribed weights and composition of gold , silver , or copper for each . It was proposed in the mid-1800s that one hundred dollars be known as a union , but no union coins were ever struck and only patterns for the $50 half union exist . However , only cents are in everyday use as divisions of the dollar ; `` dime '' is used solely as the name of the coin with the value of 10 ¢ , while `` eagle '' and `` mill '' are largely unknown to the general public , though mills are sometimes used in matters of tax levies , and gasoline prices are usually in the form of $ X. XX9 per gallon , e.g. , $3.599 , more commonly written as $3.59 ⁄ . When currently issued in circulating form , denominations equal to or less than a dollar are emitted as U.S. coins while denominations equal to or greater than a dollar are emitted as Federal Reserve notes ( with the exception of gold , silver and platinum coins valued up to $100 as legal tender , but worth far more as bullion ) . Both one - dollar coins and notes are produced today , although the note form is significantly more common . In the past , `` paper money '' was occasionally issued in denominations less than a dollar ( fractional currency ) and gold coins were issued for circulation up to the value of $20 ( known as the `` double eagle '' , discontinued in the 1930s ) . The term eagle was used in the Coinage Act of 1792 for the denomination of ten dollars , and subsequently was used in naming gold coins . Paper currency less than one dollar in denomination , known as `` fractional currency '' , was also sometimes pejoratively referred to as `` shinplasters '' . In 1854 , James Guthrie , then Secretary of the Treasury , proposed creating $100 , $50 and $25 gold coins , which were referred to as a `` Union '' , `` Half Union '' , and `` Quarter Union '' , thus implying a denomination of 1 Union = $100 . Series of 1917 $1 United States bill Today , USD notes are made from cotton fiber paper , unlike most common paper , which is made of wood fiber . U.S. coins are produced by the United States Mint . U.S. dollar banknotes are printed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and , since 1914 , have been issued by the Federal Reserve . The `` large - sized notes '' issued before 1928 measured 7.42 by 3.125 inches ( 188.5 by 79.4 mm ) ; small - sized notes , introduced that year , measure 6.14 by 2.61 by 0.0043 inches ( 155.96 by 66.29 by 0.11 mm ) . When the current , smaller sized U.S. currency was introduced it was referred to as Philippine - sized currency because the Philippines had previously adopted the same size for its legal currency . Etymology ( edit ) Further information : Dollar In the 16th century , Count Hieronymus Schlick of Bohemia began minting coins known as Joachimstalers ( from German thal , or nowadays usually Tal , `` valley '' , cognate with `` dale '' in English ) , named for Joachimstal , the valley where the silver was mined ( St. Joachim 's Valley , now Jáchymov ; then part of the Kingdom of Bohemia , now part of the Czech Republic ) . Joachimstaler was later shortened to the German Taler , a word that eventually found its way into Danish and Swedish as daler , Norwegian as dalar and daler , Dutch as daler or daalder , Ethiopian as ታላሪ ( talari ) , Hungarian as tallér , Italian as tallero , and English as dollar . Alternatively , thaler is said to come from the German coin Guldengroschen ( `` great guilder '' , being of silver but equal in value to a gold guilder ) , minted from the silver from Joachimsthal . The coins minted at Joachimsthal soon lent their name to other coins of similar size and weight from other places . One such example , was a Dutch coin depicting a lion , hence its Dutch name leeuwendaler ( in English : lion dollar ) . The leeuwendaler was authorized to contain 427.16 grains of . 75 fine silver and passed locally for between 36 and 42 stuivers . It was lighter than the large - denomination coins then in circulation , thus it was more advantageous for a Dutch merchant to pay a foreign debt in leeuwendalers and it became the coin of choice for foreign trade . The leeuwendaler was popular in the Dutch East Indies and in the Dutch New Netherland Colony ( New York ) , and circulated throughout the Thirteen Colonies during the 17th and early 18th centuries . It was also popular throughout Eastern Europe , where it led to the current Romanian and Moldovan currency being called leu ( literally `` lion '' ) . Among the English - speaking community , the coin came to be popularly known as lion dollar -- and is the origin of the name dollar . The modern American - English pronunciation of dollar is still remarkably close to the 17th - century Dutch pronunciation of daler . By analogy with this lion dollar , Spanish pesos -- with the same weight and shape as the lion dollar -- came to be known as Spanish dollars . By the mid-18th century , the lion dollar had been replaced by the Spanish dollar , the famous `` piece of eight '' , which was distributed widely in the Spanish colonies in the New World and in the Philippines . Eventually , dollar became the name of the first official American currency . Nicknames ( edit ) See also : Slang terms for money § United States The colloquialism `` buck '' ( s ) ( much like the British word `` quid '' ( s , pl ) for the pound sterling ) is often used to refer to dollars of various nations , including the U.S. dollar . This term , dating to the 18th century , may have originated with the colonial leather trade . It may also have originated from a poker term . `` Greenback '' is another nickname originally applied specifically to the 19th century Demand Note dollars created by Abraham Lincoln to finance the costs of the Civil War for the North . The original note was printed in black and green on the back side . It is still used to refer to the U.S. dollar ( but not to the dollars of other countries ) . Other well - known names of the dollar as a whole in denominations include `` greenmail '' , `` green '' and `` dead presidents '' ( the last because deceased presidents are pictured on most bills ) . A `` grand '' , sometimes shortened to simply `` G '' , is a common term for the amount of $1,000 . The suffix `` K '' or `` k '' ( from `` kilo - '' ) is also commonly used to denote this amount ( such as `` $10 k '' to mean $10,000 ) . However , the $1,000 note is no longer in general use . A `` large '' or `` stack '' , it is usually a reference to a multiple of $1,000 ( such as `` fifty large '' meaning $50,000 ) . The $100 note is nicknamed `` Benjamin '' , `` Benji '' , `` Ben '' , or `` Franklin '' ( after Benjamin Franklin ) , `` C - note '' ( C being the Roman numeral for 100 ) , `` Century note '' or `` bill '' ( e.g. `` two bills '' being $200 ) . The $50 note is occasionally called a `` yardstick '' or a `` grant '' ( after President Ulysses S. Grant , pictured on the obverse ) . The $20 note is referred to as a `` double sawbuck '' , `` Jackson '' ( after Andrew Jackson ) , or `` double eagle '' . The $10 note is referred to as a `` sawbuck '' , `` ten - spot '' or `` Hamilton '' ( after Alexander Hamilton ) . The $5 note as `` Lincoln '' , `` fin '' , `` fiver '' or `` five - spot '' . The infrequently - used $2 note is sometimes called `` deuce '' , `` Tom '' , or `` Jefferson '' ( after Thomas Jefferson ) . The $1 note as a `` single '' or `` buck '' . The dollar has also been referred to as a `` bone '' and `` bones '' in plural ( e.g. `` twenty bones '' is equal to $20 ) . The newer designs , with portraits displayed in the main body of the obverse ( rather than in cameo insets ) , upon paper color - coded by denomination , are sometimes referred to as `` bigface '' notes or `` Monopoly money '' . `` Piastre '' was the original French word for the U.S. dollar , used for example in the French text of the Louisiana Purchase . Calling the dollar a piastre is still common among the speakers of Cajun French and New England French . Modern French uses dollar for this unit of currency as well . The term is still used as slang for U.S. dollars in the French - speaking Caribbean islands , most notably Haiti . Dollar sign ( edit ) Main article : Dollar sign Spanish silver real or peso of 1768 The symbol $ , usually written before the numerical amount , is used for the U.S. dollar ( as well as for many other currencies ) . The sign was the result of a late 18th - century evolution of the scribal abbreviation `` p '' for the peso , the common name for the Spanish dollars that were in wide circulation in the New World from the 16th to the 19th centuries . These Spanish pesos or dollars were minted in Spanish America , namely in Mexico City ; Potosí , Bolivia ; and Lima , Peru . The p and the s eventually came to be written over each other giving rise to $ . Another popular explanation is that it is derived from the Pillars of Hercules on the Spanish Coat of arms of the Spanish dollar . These Pillars of Hercules on the silver Spanish dollar coins take the form of two vertical bars ( ) and a swinging cloth band in the shape of an `` S '' . Yet another explanation suggests that the dollar sign was formed from the capital letters U and S written or printed one on top of the other . This theory , popularized by novelist Ayn Rand in Atlas Shrugged , does not consider the fact that the symbol was already in use before the formation of the United States . History ( edit ) See also : History of the United States dollar Obverse of rare 1934 $500 Federal Reserve Note , featuring a portrait of President William McKinley . Reverse of a $500 Federal Reserve Note . The American dollar coin was initially based on the value and look of the Spanish dollar , used widely in Spanish America from the 16th to the 19th centuries . The first dollar coins issued by the United States Mint ( founded 1792 ) were similar in size and composition to the Spanish dollar , minted in Mexico and Peru . The Spanish , U.S. silver dollars , and later , Mexican silver pesos circulated side by side in the United States , and the Spanish dollar and Mexican peso remained legal tender until the Coinage Act of 1857 . The coinage of various English colonies also circulated . The lion dollar was popular in the Dutch New Netherland Colony ( New York ) , but the lion dollar also circulated throughout the English colonies during the 17th century and early 18th century . Examples circulating in the colonies were usually worn so that the design was not fully distinguishable , thus they were sometimes referred to as `` dog dollars '' . The U.S. dollar was first defined by the Coinage Act of 1792 , which specified a `` dollar '' to be based in the Spanish milled dollar and of 371 grains and 4 sixteenths part of a grain of pure or 416 grains ( 27.0 g ) of standard silver and an `` eagle '' to be 247 and 4 eighths of a grain or 270 grains ( 17 g ) of gold ( again depending on purity ) . The choice of the value 371 grains arose from Alexander Hamilton 's decision to base the new American unit on the average weight of a selection of worn Spanish dollars . Hamilton got the treasury to weigh a sample of Spanish dollars and the average weight came out to be 371 grains . A new Spanish dollar was usually about 377 grains in weight , and so the new U.S. dollar was at a slight discount in relation to the Spanish dollar . The same coinage act also set the value of an eagle at 10 dollars , and the dollar at ⁄ eagle . It called for 90 % silver alloy coins in denominations of 1 , ⁄ , ⁄ , ⁄ , and ⁄ dollars ; it called for 90 % gold alloy coins in denominations of 1 , ⁄ , ⁄ , and ⁄ eagles . The value of gold or silver contained in the dollar was then converted into relative value in the economy for the buying and selling of goods . This allowed the value of things to remain fairly constant over time , except for the influx and outflux of gold and silver in the nation 's economy . The early currency of the United States did not exhibit faces of presidents , as is the custom now ; although today , by law , only the portrait of a deceased individual may appear on United States currency . In fact , the newly formed government was against having portraits of leaders on the currency , a practice compared to the policies of European monarchs . The currency as we know it today did not get the faces they currently have until after the early 20th century ; before that `` heads '' side of coinage used profile faces and striding , seated , and standing figures from Greek and Roman mythology and composite Native Americans . The last coins to be converted to profiles of historic Americans were the dime ( 1946 ) and the Dollar ( 1971 ) . For articles on the currencies of the colonies and states , see Connecticut pound , Delaware pound , Georgia pound , Maryland pound , Massachusetts pound , New Hampshire pound , New Jersey pound , New York pound , North Carolina pound , Pennsylvania pound , Rhode Island pound , South Carolina pound , and Virginia pound . Continental currency ( edit ) Continental One Third Dollar Bill ( obverse ) See also : Continental currency During the American Revolution the thirteen colonies became independent states . Freed from British monetary regulations , they each issued £ sd paper money to pay for military expenses . The Continental Congress also began issuing `` Continental Currency '' denominated in Spanish dollars . The dollar was valued relative to the states ' currencies at the following rates : 5 shillings -- Georgia 6 shillings -- Connecticut , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island , Virginia 7 ⁄ shillings -- Delaware , Maryland , New Jersey , Pennsylvania 8 shillings -- New York , North Carolina 32 ⁄ shillings -- South Carolina Continental currency depreciated badly during the war , giving rise to the famous phrase `` not worth a continental '' . A primary problem was that monetary policy was not coordinated between Congress and the states , which continued to issue bills of credit . Additionally , neither Congress nor the governments of the several states had the will or the means to retire the bills from circulation through taxation or the sale of bonds . The currency was ultimately replaced by the silver dollar at the rate of 1 silver dollar to 1000 continental dollars . Silver and gold standards ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) From 1792 , when the Mint Act was passed , the dollar was defined as 371.25 grains ( 24.056 g ) of silver . The gold coins that were minted were not given any denomination and traded for a market value relative to the Congressional standard of the silver dollar . 1834 saw a shift in the gold standard to 23.2 grains ( 1.50 g ) , followed by a slight adjustment to 23.22 grains ( 1.505 g ) in 1837 ( 16 : 1 ratio ) . In 1862 , paper money was issued without the backing of precious metals , due to the Civil War . Silver and gold coins continued to be issued and in 1878 the link between paper money and coins was reinstated . This disconnection from gold and silver backing also occurred during the War of 1812 . The use of paper money not backed by precious metals had also occurred under the Articles of Confederation from 1777 to 1788 . With no solid backing and being easily counterfeited , the continentals quickly lost their value , giving rise to the phrase `` not worth a continental '' . This was a primary reason for the `` No state shall ... make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts '' clause in article 1 , section 10 of the United States Constitution . In order to finance the War of 1812 , Congress authorized the issuance of Treasury Notes , interest - bearing short - term debt that could be used to pay public dues . While they were intended to serve as debt , they did function `` to a limited extent '' as money . Treasury Notes were again printed to help resolve the reduction in public revenues resulting from the Panic of 1837 and the Panic of 1857 , as well as to help finance the Mexican -- American War and the Civil War . In addition to Treasury Notes , in 1861 , Congress authorized the Treasury to borrow $50 million in the form of Demand Notes , which did not bear interest but could be redeemed on demand for precious metals . However , by December 1861 , the Union government 's supply of specie was outstripped by demand for redemption and they were forced to suspend redemption temporarily . The following February , Congress passed the Legal Tender Act of 1862 , issuing United States Notes , which were not redeemable on demand and bore no interest , but were legal tender , meaning that creditors had to accept them at face value for any payment except for public debts and import tariffs . However , silver and gold coins continued to be issued , resulting in the depreciation of the newly printed notes through Gresham 's Law . In 1869 , Supreme Court ruled in Hepburn v. Griswold that Congress could not require creditors to accept United States Notes , but overturned that ruling the next year in the Legal Tender Cases . In 1875 , Congress passed the Specie Payment Resumption Act , requiring the Treasury to allow US Notes to be redeemed for gold after January 1 , 1879 . The Treasury ceased to issue United States Notes in 1971 . The Gold Standard Act of 1900 abandoned the bimetallic standard and defined the dollar as 23.22 grains ( 1.505 g ) of gold , equivalent to setting the price of 1 troy ounce of gold at $20.67 . Silver coins continued to be issued for circulation until 1964 , when all silver was removed from dimes and quarters , and the half dollar was reduced to 40 % silver . Silver half dollars were last issued for circulation in 1970 . Gold coins were confiscated by Executive Order 6102 issued in 1933 by Franklin Roosevelt . The gold standard was changed to 13.71 grains ( 0.888 g ) , equivalent to setting the price of 1 troy ounce of gold at $35 . This standard persisted until 1968 . Between 1968 and 1975 , a variety of pegs to gold were put in place , eventually culminating in a sudden end , on August 15 , 1971 , to the convertibility of dollars to gold later dubbed the Nixon Shock . The last peg was $42.22 per ounce before the U.S. dollar was allowed to freely float on currency markets . According to the Bureau of Engraving and Printing , the largest note it ever printed was the $100,000 Gold Certificate , Series 1934 . These notes were printed from December 18 , 1934 , through January 9 , 1935 , and were issued by the Treasurer of the United States to Federal Reserve Banks only against an equal amount of gold bullion held by the Treasury . These notes were used for transactions between Federal Reserve Banks and were not circulated among the general public . Coins ( edit ) Main article : Coins of the United States dollar Official United States coins have been produced every year from 1792 to the present . Denomination Common name Front Reverse Portrait and design date Reverse motif and design date Weight Diameter Material Edge Circulation Cent 1 ¢ penny Abraham Lincoln Union Shield 2.5 g ( 0.088 oz ) 0.75 in ( 19.05 mm ) 97.5 % Zn 2.5 % Cu plain Wide Five - Cent 5 ¢ nickel Thomas Jefferson Monticello 5.0 g ( 0.176 oz ) 0.835 in ( 21.21 mm ) 75 % Cu 25 % Ni plain Wide Dime 10 ¢ dime Franklin D. Roosevelt olive branch , torch , oak branch 2.268 g ( 0.08 oz ) 0.705 in ( 17.91 mm ) 91.67 % Cu 8.33 % Ni 118 reeds Wide Quarter Dollar 25 ¢ quarter George Washington Various ; five designs per year 5.67 g ( 0.2 oz ) 0.955 in ( 24.26 mm ) 91.67 % Cu 8.33 % Ni 119 reeds Wide Half Dollar 50 ¢ half John F. Kennedy Presidential Seal 11.34 g ( 0.4 oz ) 1.205 in ( 30.61 mm ) 91.67 % Cu 8.33 % Ni 150 reeds Limited Dollar coin $1 dollar coin , golden dollar Profile of Sacagawea with her child , Jean Baptiste Charbonneau Bald eagle in flight ( 2000 -- 2008 ) , Various ; new design per year 8.10 g ( 0.286 oz ) 1.043 in ( 26.50 mm ) 88.5 % Cu 6 % Zn 3.5 % Mn 2 % Ni Lettered Limited Discontinued coin denominations include : Half cent : ⁄ ¢ , 1793 -- 1857 Fugio Cent : 1 ¢ , 1787 Two - cent piece : 2 ¢ , 1863 -- 1873 Three - cent bronze : 3 ¢ , 1863 ( not circulated ) Three - cent nickel : 3 ¢ , 1865 -- 1889 Trime : 3 ¢ , 1851 -- 1873 Half dime : 5 ¢ , 1792 -- 1873 Twenty - cent piece : 20 ¢ , 1875 -- 1878 Gold dollar : $1.00 , 1849 -- 1889 Quarter eagle : $2.50 , 1792 -- 1929 Three - dollar piece : $3.00 , 1854 -- 1889 Stella : $4.00 , ( not circulated ) Half eagle : $5.00 , 1795 -- 1929 , minted as a commemorative 1986 -- present Eagle : $10.00 , minted as a commemorative 1984 -- 2003 Double eagle : $20.00 , 1849 -- 1933 , 2009 Half - union : $50.00 , 1877 ( pattern only ) , 1915 ( Panama -- Pacific International Exposition coin ) Union : $100.00 , 2015 ( High relief ; not circulated ) Collector coins for which everyday transactions are non-existent . American Eagles originally were not available from the Mint for individuals but had to be purchased from authorized dealers . In 2006 The Mint began direct sales to individuals of uncirculated bullion coins with a special finish , and bearing a `` W '' mintmark . American Silver Eagle $1 ( 1 troy ounce ) silver bullion coin 1986 -- present American Gold Eagle $5 ( ⁄ troy oz ) , $10 ( ⁄ troy oz ) , $25 ( ⁄ troy oz ) , and $50 ( 1 troy oz ) Gold bullion coin 1986 -- present American Platinum Eagle ( $10 , $25 , $50 , and $100 platinum coin ) 1997 -- present United States commemorative coins -- special issue coins $50.00 ( Half Union ) 1915 Presidential Proofs ( see below ) 2007 -- present Technically , all these coins are still legal tender at face value , though some are far more valuable today for their numismatic value , and for gold and silver coins , their precious metal value . From 1965 to 1970 the Kennedy half dollar was the only circulating coin with any silver content , which was removed in 1971 and replaced with cupronickel . However , since 1992 , the U.S. Mint has produced special Silver Proof Sets in addition to the regular yearly proof sets with silver dimes , quarters , and half dollars in place of the standard copper - nickel versions . In addition , an experimental $4.00 ( Stella ) coin was also minted in 1879 , but never placed into circulation , and is properly considered to be a pattern rather than an actual coin denomination . The $50 coin mentioned was only produced in 1915 for the Panama - Pacific International Exposition ( 1915 ) celebrating the opening of the Panama Canal . Only 1,128 were made , 645 of which were octagonal ; this remains the only U.S. coin that was not round as well as the largest and heaviest U.S. coin ever produced . A $100 gold coin was produced in High relief during 2015 , although it was primarily produced for collectors , not for general circulation . From 1934 to present , the only denominations produced for circulation have been the familiar penny , nickel , dime , quarter , half dollar and dollar . The nickel is the only coin still in use today that is essentially unchanged ( except in its design ) from its original version . Every year since 1866 , the nickel has been 75 % copper and 25 % nickel , except for 4 years during World War II when nickel was needed for the war . Due to the penny 's low value , some efforts have been made to eliminate the penny as circulating coinage . Collector coins ( edit ) The United States Mint produces Proof Sets specifically for collectors and speculators . Silver Proofs tend to be the standard designs but with the dime , quarter , and half dollar containing 90 % silver . Starting in 1983 and ending in 1997 , the Mint also produced proof sets containing the year 's commemorative coins alongside the regular coins . Another type of proof set is the Presidential Dollar Proof Set where four special $1 coins are minted each year featuring a president . Because of budget constraints and increasing stockpiles of these relatively unpopular coins , the production of new Presidential dollar coins for circulation was suspended on December 13 , 2011 , by U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy F. Geithner . Future minting of such coins will be made solely for collectors . 2007 had George Washington , John Adams , Thomas Jefferson , and James Madison 2008 had James Monroe , John Quincy Adams , Andrew Jackson , and Martin Van Buren 2009 had William Henry Harrison , John Tyler , James K. Polk , and Zachary Taylor 2010 had Millard Fillmore , Franklin Pierce , James Buchanan , and Abraham Lincoln 2011 had Andrew Johnson , Ulysses S. Grant , Rutherford B. Hayes , and James A. Garfield 2012 had Chester Arthur , Grover Cleveland ( 1st term ) , Benjamin Harrison , and Grover Cleveland ( 2nd term ) 2013 had William McKinley , Theodore Roosevelt , William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson 2014 had Warren G. Harding , Calvin Coolidge , Herbert Hoover , and Franklin D. Roosevelt 2015 had Harry S Truman , Dwight D. Eisenhower , John F. Kennedy , and Lyndon B. Johnson 2016 had Richard M. Nixon , Gerald R. Ford and Ronald Reagan . Dollar coins ( edit ) Main article : Coins of the United States dollar The first United States dollar was minted in 1794 . Known as the Flowing Hair Dollar , contained 416 grains of `` standard silver '' ( 89.25 % silver and 10.75 % copper ) , as specified by Section 13 of the Coinage Act of 1792 . It was designated by Section 9 of that Act as having `` the value of a Spanish milled dollar '' . Dollar coins have not been very popular in the United States . Silver dollars were minted intermittently from 1794 through 1935 ; a copper - nickel dollar of the same large size , featuring President Dwight D. Eisenhower , was minted from 1971 through 1978 . Gold dollars were also minted in the 19th century . The Susan B. Anthony dollar coin was introduced in 1979 ; these proved to be unpopular because they were often mistaken for quarters , due to their nearly equal size , their milled edge , and their similar color . Minting of these dollars for circulation was suspended in 1980 ( collectors ' pieces were struck in 1981 ) , but , as with all past U.S. coins , they remain legal tender . As the number of Anthony dollars held by the Federal Reserve and dispensed primarily to make change in postal and transit vending machines had been virtually exhausted , additional Anthony dollars were struck in 1999 . In 2000 , a new $1 coin , featuring Sacagawea , ( the Sacagawea dollar ) was introduced , which corrected some of the problems of the Anthony dollar by having a smooth edge and a gold color , without requiring changes to vending machines that accept the Anthony dollar . However , this new coin has failed to achieve the popularity of the still - existing $1 bill and is rarely used in daily transactions . The failure to simultaneously withdraw the dollar bill and weak publicity efforts have been cited by coin proponents as primary reasons for the failure of the dollar coin to gain popular support . In February 2007 , the U.S. Mint , under the Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005 , introduced a new $1 U.S. Presidential dollar coin . Based on the success of the `` 50 State Quarters '' series , the new coin features a sequence of presidents in order of their inaugurations , starting with George Washington , on the obverse side . The reverse side features the Statue of Liberty . To allow for larger , more detailed portraits , the traditional inscriptions of `` E Pluribus Unum '' , `` In God We Trust '' , the year of minting or issuance , and the mint mark will be inscribed on the edge of the coin instead of the face . This feature , similar to the edge inscriptions seen on the British £ 1 coin , is not usually associated with U.S. coin designs . The inscription `` Liberty '' has been eliminated , with the Statue of Liberty serving as a sufficient replacement . In addition , due to the nature of U.S. coins , this will be the first time there will be circulating U.S. coins of different denominations with the same president featured on the obverse ( heads ) side ( Lincoln / penny , Jefferson / nickel , Franklin D. Roosevelt / dime , Washington / quarter , Kennedy / half dollar , and Eisenhower / dollar ) . Another unusual fact about the new $1 coin is Grover Cleveland will have two coins with two different portraits issued due to the fact he was the only U.S. President to be elected to two non-consecutive terms . Early releases of the Washington coin included error coins shipped primarily from the Philadelphia mint to Florida and Tennessee banks . Highly sought after by collectors , and trading for as much as $850 each within a week of discovery , the error coins were identified by the absence of the edge impressions `` E PLURIBUS UNUM IN GOD WE TRUST 2007 P '' . The mint of origin is generally accepted to be mostly Philadelphia , although identifying the source mint is impossible without opening a mint pack also containing marked units . Edge lettering is minted in both orientations with respect to `` heads '' , some amateur collectors were initially duped into buying `` upside down lettering error '' coins . Some cynics also erroneously point out that the Federal Reserve makes more profit from dollar bills than dollar coins because they wear out in a few years , whereas coins are more permanent . The fallacy of this argument arises because new notes printed to replace worn out notes , which have been withdrawn from circulation , bring in no net revenue to the government to offset the costs of printing new notes and destroying the old ones . As most vending machines are incapable of making change in banknotes , they commonly accept only $1 bills , though a few will give change in dollar coins . Mint marks ( edit ) Mint Mint mark Metal minted Year established Current status Denver All metals 1906 Facility open Philadelphia P or none All metals 1792 Facility open San Francisco All metals 1854 Facility open ( proof only ) West Point W or none Gold , Silver and Platinum 1973 Facility open ( bullion only ) Carson City CC Gold and Silver 1870 Facility closed , 1893 Charlotte Gold only 1838 Facility closed , 1861 Dahlonega Gold only 1838 Facility closed , 1861 Manila M or none All metals 1920 Facility closed , 1922 ; re-opened 1925 -- 1941 New Orleans Gold and Silver 1838 Facility closed , 1861 ; re-opened 1879 -- 1909 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The letter `` P '' is used for the Philadelphia mint mark on all coins ( except cents ) released from 1980 onward . Before this it had only been used on silver Jefferson nickels from 1942 to 1945 . Jump up ^ Between 1973 and 1986 there was no mint mark ( these coins are indistinguishable from coins produced at the Philadelphia Mint from 1973 to 1980 ) ; after 1988 the letter `` W '' was used for coinage , except for the 2009 Ultra High Relief Double Eagle . Jump up ^ It is now the home of the Nevada State Museum , which still strikes commemorative medallions with the `` CC '' mint mark ( most recently in 2014 commemorating the Nevada Sesquicentennial ) , using former mint 's the original coin press . Jump up ^ Although the mint mark `` D '' has been used by two separate mints , it is easy to distinguish between the two , as any 19th century coinage is Dahlonega , and any 20th or 21st century coins are Denver . Jump up ^ During the period in which this mint branch was operational , The Philippines was an insular territory and then commonwealth of the U.S. ; it was the first ( and to date only ) U.S. branch mint located outside the Continental United States . Jump up ^ The letter `` M '' was used for the Manila mint mark on all coins released from 1925 onward ; before this it had produced its coins with no mintmark . Jump up ^ During the Civil War , this mint operated under the control of the State of Louisiana ( February 1861 ) and the Confederate States of America ( March 1861 ) until it ran out of bullion later in that year ; some Half Dollars have been identified as being the issue of the State of Louisiana and the Confederacy . Banknotes ( edit ) Main article : Federal Reserve Note Denomination Front Reverse Portrait Reverse motif First series Latest series Circulation One Dollar George Washington Great Seal of the United States Series 1935 Series 2017 Wide Two Dollars Thomas Jefferson Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence Series 1976 Series 2013 Limited Five Dollars Abraham Lincoln Lincoln Memorial Series 2006 Series 2013 Wide Ten Dollars Alexander Hamilton U.S. Treasury Series 2004A Series 2013 Wide Twenty Dollars Andrew Jackson White House Series 2004 Series 2013 Wide Fifty Dollars Ulysses S. Grant United States Capitol Series 2004 Series 2013 Wide One Hundred Dollars Benjamin Franklin Independence Hall Series 2009 Series 2013 Wide The U.S. Constitution provides that Congress shall have the power to `` borrow money on the credit of the United States '' . Congress has exercised that power by authorizing Federal Reserve Banks to issue Federal Reserve Notes . Those notes are `` obligations of the United States '' and `` shall be redeemed in lawful money on demand at the Treasury Department of the United States , in the city of Washington , District of Columbia , or at any Federal Reserve bank '' . Federal Reserve Notes are designated by law as `` legal tender '' for the payment of debts . Congress has also authorized the issuance of more than 10 other types of banknotes , including the United States Note and the Federal Reserve Bank Note . The Federal Reserve Note is the only type that remains in circulation since the 1970s . Currently printed denominations are $1 , $2 , $5 , $10 , $20 , $50 , and $100 . Notes above the $100 denomination stopped being printed in 1946 and were officially withdrawn from circulation in 1969 . These notes were used primarily in inter-bank transactions or by organized crime ; it was the latter usage that prompted President Richard Nixon to issue an executive order in 1969 halting their use . With the advent of electronic banking , they became less necessary . Notes in denominations of $500 , $1,000 , $5,000 , $10,000 , and $100,000 were all produced at one time ; see large denomination bills in U.S. currency for details . With the exception of the $100,000 bill ( which was only issued as a Series 1934 Gold Certificate and was never publicly circulated ; thus it is illegal to own ) , these notes are now collectors ' items and are worth more than their face value to collectors . Though still predominantly green , post-2004 series incorporate other colors to better distinguish different denominations . As a result of a 2008 decision in an accessibility lawsuit filed by the American Council of the Blind , the Bureau of Engraving and Printing is planning to implement a raised tactile feature in the next redesign of each note , except the $1 and the current version of the $100 bill . It also plans larger , higher - contrast numerals , more color differences , and distribution of currency readers to assist the visually impaired during the transition period . Means of issue ( edit ) The monetary base consists of coins and Federal Reserve Notes in circulation outside the Federal Reserve Banks and the U.S. Treasury , plus deposits held by depository institutions at Federal Reserve Banks . The adjusted monetary base has increased from approximately 400 billion dollars in 1994 , to 800 billion in 2005 , and over 3000 billion in 2013 . The amount of cash in circulation is increased ( or decreased ) by the actions of the Federal Reserve System . Eight times a year , the 12 - person Federal Open Market Committee meets to determine U.S. monetary policy . Every business day , the Federal Reserve System engages in Open market operations to carry out that monetary policy . If the Federal Reserve desires to increase the money supply , it will buy securities ( such as U.S. Treasury Bonds ) anonymously from banks in exchange for dollars . Conversely , it will sell securities to the banks in exchange for dollars , to take dollars out of circulation . When the Federal Reserve makes a purchase , it credits the seller 's reserve account ( with the Federal Reserve ) . This money is not transferred from any existing funds -- it is at this point that the Federal Reserve has created new high - powered money . Commercial banks can freely withdraw in cash any excess reserves from their reserve account at the Federal Reserve . To fulfill those requests , the Federal Reserve places an order for printed money from the U.S. Treasury Department . The Treasury Department in turn sends these requests to the Bureau of Engraving and Printing ( to print new dollar bills ) and the Bureau of the Mint ( to stamp the coins ) . Usually , the short - term goal of open market operations is to achieve a specific short - term interest rate target . In other instances , monetary policy might instead entail the targeting of a specific exchange rate relative to some foreign currency or else relative to gold . For example , in the case of the United States the Federal Reserve targets the federal funds rate , the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight . The other primary means of conducting monetary policy include : ( i ) Discount window lending ( as lender of last resort ) ; ( ii ) Fractional deposit lending ( changes in the reserve requirement ) ; ( iii ) Moral suasion ( cajoling certain market players to achieve specified outcomes ) ; ( iv ) `` Open mouth operations '' ( talking monetary policy with the market ) . Value ( edit ) Buying power of one U.S. dollar compared to 1774 USD Year Equivalent buying power 1774 $1.00 1780 $0.59 1790 $0.89 1800 $0.64 1810 $0.66 1820 $0.69 1830 $0.88 1840 $0.94 1850 $1.03 1860 $0.97 Year Equivalent buying power 1870 $0.62 1880 $0.79 1890 $0.89 1900 $0.96 1910 $0.85 1920 $0.39 1930 $0.47 1940 $0.56 1950 $0.33 1960 $0.26 Year Equivalent buying power 1970 $0.20 1980 $0.10 1990 $0.06 2000 $0.05 2007 $0.04 2008 $0.04 2009 $0.04 $0.035 2011 $0.034 2012 $0.03 U.S. Consumer Price Index , starting from 1913 The 6th paragraph of Section 8 of Article 1 of the U.S. Constitution provides that the U.S. Congress shall have the power to `` coin money '' and to `` regulate the value '' of domestic and foreign coins . Congress exercised those powers when it enacted the Coinage Act of 1792 . That Act provided for the minting of the first U.S. dollar and it declared that the U.S. dollar shall have `` the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current '' . The table to the right shows the equivalent amount of goods that , in a particular year , could be purchased with $1 . The table shows that from 1774 through 2012 the U.S. dollar has lost about 97.0 % of its buying power . The decline in the value of the U.S. dollar corresponds to price inflation , which is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time . A consumer price index ( CPI ) is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services purchased by households . The United States Consumer Price Index , published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics , is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services in the United States . It reflects inflation as experienced by consumers in their day - to - day living expenses . A graph showing the U.S. CPI relative to 1982 -- 1984 and the annual year - over-year change in CPI is shown at right . The value of the U.S. dollar declined significantly during wartime , especially during the American Civil War , World War I , and World War II . The Federal Reserve , which was established in 1913 , was designed to furnish an `` elastic '' currency subject to `` substantial changes of quantity over short periods '' , which differed significantly from previous forms of high - powered money such as gold , national bank notes , and silver coins . Over the very long run , the prior gold standard kept prices stable -- for instance , the price level and the value of the U.S. dollar in 1914 was not very different from the price level in the 1880s . The Federal Reserve initially succeeded in maintaining the value of the U.S. dollar and price stability , reversing the inflation caused by the First World War and stabilizing the value of the dollar during the 1920s , before presiding over a 30 % deflation in U.S. prices in the 1930s . Under the Bretton Woods system established after World War II , the value of gold was fixed to $35 per ounce , and the value of the U.S. dollar was thus anchored to the value of gold . Rising government spending in the 1960s , however , led to doubts about the ability of the United States to maintain this convertibility , gold stocks dwindled as banks and international investors began to convert dollars to gold , and as a result the value of the dollar began to decline . Facing an emerging currency crisis and the imminent danger that the United States would no longer be able to redeem dollars for gold , gold convertibility was finally terminated in 1971 by President Nixon , resulting in the `` Nixon shock '' . The value of the U.S. dollar was therefore no longer anchored to gold , and it fell upon the Federal Reserve to maintain the value of the U.S. currency . The Federal Reserve , however , continued to increase the money supply , resulting in stagflation and a rapidly declining value of the U.S. dollar in the 1970s . This was largely due to the prevailing economic view at the time that inflation and real economic growth were linked ( the Phillips curve ) , and so inflation was regarded as relatively benign . Between 1965 and 1981 , the U.S. dollar lost two thirds of its value . In 1979 , President Carter appointed Paul Volcker Chairman of the Federal Reserve . The Federal Reserve tightened the money supply and inflation was substantially lower in the 1980s , and hence the value of the U.S. dollar stabilized . Over the thirty - year period from 1981 to 2009 , the U.S. dollar lost over half its value . This is because the Federal Reserve has targeted not zero inflation , but a low , stable rate of inflation -- between 1987 and 1997 , the rate of inflation was approximately 3.5 % , and between 1997 and 2007 it was approximately 2 % . The so - called `` Great Moderation '' of economic conditions since the 1970s is credited to monetary policy targeting price stability . There is ongoing debate about whether central banks should target zero inflation ( which would mean a constant value for the U.S. dollar over time ) or low , stable inflation ( which would mean a continuously but slowly declining value of the dollar over time , as is the case now ) . Although some economists are in favor of a zero inflation policy and therefore a constant value for the U.S. dollar , others contend that such a policy limits the ability of the central bank to control interest rates and stimulate the economy when needed . Exchange Rates ( edit ) Historical exchange Rates ( edit ) Currency units per U.S. dollar , averaged over the year 1970 1980 1985 1990 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2018 Euro -- -- -- -- -- 0.9387 1.0832 1.1171 1.0578 0.8833 0.8040 0.8033 0.7960 0.7293 0.6791 0.7176 0.6739 0.7178 0.7777 0.7530 0.7520 0.9015 0.8504 Japanese yen 357.6 240.45 250.35 146.25 111.08 113.73 107.80 121.57 125.22 115.94 108.15 110.11 116.31 117.76 103.39 93.68 87.78 79.70 79.82 97.60 105.74 121.05 111.130 Pound sterling 8 s 4 d = 0.4167 0.4484 0.8613 0.6207 0.6660 0.6184 0.6598 0.6946 0.6656 0.6117 0.5456 0.5493 0.5425 0.4995 0.5392 0.6385 0.4548 0.6233 0.6308 0.6393 0.6066 0.6544 0.7454 Canadian dollar 1.081 1.168 1.321 1.1605 1.2902 1.4858 1.4855 1.5487 1.5704 1.4008 1.3017 1.2115 1.1340 1.0734 1.0660 1.1412 1.0298 0.9887 0.9995 1.0300 1.1043 1.2789 1.2842 Mexican peso 0.01250 -- 0.02650 2.80 2.67 2.50 3.1237 9.553 9.459 9.337 9.663 10.793 11.290 10.894 10.906 10.928 11.143 13.498 12.623 12.427 13.154 12.758 13.302 15.837 19.911 Renminbi yuan 2.46 1.7050 2.9366 4.7832 5.7620 8.2783 8.2784 8.2770 8.2771 8.2772 8.2768 8.1936 7.9723 7.6058 6.9477 6.8307 6.7696 6.4630 6.3093 6.1478 6.1620 6.2840 6.383 Indian rupee 7.56 8.000 12.38 16.96 31.291 43.13 45.00 47.22 48.63 46.59 45.26 44.00 45.19 41.18 43.39 48.33 45.65 46.58 53.37 58.51 62.00 64.1332 68.11 Singapore dollar -- -- 2.179 1.903 1.6158 1.6951 1.7361 1.7930 1.7908 1.7429 1.6902 1.6639 1.5882 1.5065 1.4140 1.4543 1.24586 1.2565 1.2492 1.2511 1.2665 1.3748 1.343 South African rand 0.7182 0.7780 2.2343 2.5600 3.2729 6.1191 6.9468 8.6093 10.5176 7.5550 6.4402 6.3606 6.7668 7.0477 8.2480 8.4117 7.3159 7.2510 8.2014 9.6436 10.8420 12.7759 12.736 Notes : 1 . Mexican peso values prior to 1993 revaluation 2 . Value at the start of the year Sources : US : Last 4 years , 2009 -- 2012 , 2005 -- 2008 , 2001 -- 2004 , 1997 -- 2000 , 1993 -- 1996 , all available years Multiple countries : 2004 -- present Australia : 1970 -- present China : 1974 -- 1991 , 1993 -- 1995 Mexico : 1976 -- 1991 Canada : 1977 -- 1991 Current exchange rates ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Current USD exchange rates From Google Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY RUB INR CNY From Yahoo ! Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY RUB INR CNY From XE : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY RUB INR CNY From OANDA : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY RUB INR CNY From fxtop.com : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY RUB INR CNY See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Numismatics portal Coins of the United States dollar Counterfeit United States currency Federal Reserve Note International use of the U.S. dollar Large denominations of United States currency Series ( United States currency ) Strong dollar policy U.S. Dollar Index Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alongside East Timor centavo coins Jump up ^ Alongside Ecuadorian centavo coins Jump up ^ Alongside Panamanian balboa coins Jump up ^ Official currency for Zimbabwean government transactions Jump up ^ United States dollars , Iranian rials , and Pakistani rupees are widely accepted . Jump up ^ Used heavily for large purchases . Jump up ^ Bahamian dollar tied at a 1 : 1 rate to the United States dollar , both are accepted interchangeably . Jump up ^ Barbadian dollar tied at about 2 : 1 , both the accepted . Visiting Barbados FAQ : What is the local currency ? , Invest Barbados Jump up ^ Alongside the Cambodian riel Jump up ^ Alongside the Chilean peso Jump up ^ Alongside the Colombian peso Jump up ^ Alongside the Costa Rican colón Jump up ^ Iraqi dinar tied at about 2 : 1 , both accepted . Jump up ^ Alongside the Jamaican dollar Jump up ^ Alongside the Kazakh tenge Jump up ^ Alongside the Lao kip Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Lebanese pound at a fixed exchange rate of 1 : 1,500 Jump up ^ Alongside the Mexican peso Jump up ^ Alongside the Mongolian tögrög Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Burmese kyat Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Nicaraguan córdoba Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Paraguayan guarani Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Peruvian sol Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Somali shilling Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Surinamese dollar Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Uruguayan peso Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Venezuelan bolívar Jump up ^ Alongside the East Caribbean dollar Jump up ^ Alongside the Saint Helena pound Jump up ^ Alongside the Bermudian dollar Jump up ^ Alongside the New Zealand dollar ^ Jump up to : The United States dollar is widely used by locals . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nichol , Mark . `` 50 Slang Terms for Money '' . dailywritingtips.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Central Bank of Timor - Leste '' . Retrieved Mar 22 , 2017 . The official currency of Timor - Leste is the United States dollar , which is legal tender for all payments made in cash . Jump up ^ `` Ecuador '' . CIA World Factbook . October 18 , 2010 . Retrieved October 27 , 2010 . The dollar is legal tender Jump up ^ `` El Salvador '' . CIA World Factbook . October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 27 , 2001 . The US dollar became El Salvador 's currency in 2001 Jump up ^ FCO country profile Archived June 10 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` British Indian Ocean Territory Currency '' . Wwp.greenwichmeantime.com . March 6 , 2013 . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` demtullpitcairn.com '' ( PDF ) . www.demtullpitcairn.com . Jump up ^ `` Nixon Ends Convertibility of US Dollars to Gold and Announces Wage / Price Controls '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Is U.S. currency still backed by gold ? '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Implementation of Monetary Policy -- The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Benjamin J. Cohen , The Future of Money , Princeton University Press , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 691 - 11666 - 0 ; cf . `` the dollar is the de facto currency in Cambodia '' , Charles Agar , Frommer 's Vietnam , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 471 - 79816 - 9 , p. 17 Jump up ^ `` How much U.S. currency is in circulation ? '' . Federal Reserve . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Paragraph 5 of Section 8 of Article 1 of the Constitution of the United States of America '' . Topics.law.cornell.edu . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Section 5112 of Title 31 of the United States Code '' . Retrieved March 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Paragraph 7 of Section 9 of Article 1 of the Constitution of the United States of America '' . Topics.law.cornell.edu . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code '' . Law.cornell.edu . August 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Financial Report of the United States Government '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mehl , B. Max . `` United States $50.00 Gold Pieces , 1877 '' , in Star Rare Coins Encyclopedia and Premium Catalogue ( 20th edition , 1921 ) ^ Jump up to : National Geographic . June 2002 . p. 1 . Ask US . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Colonial -- Lion Dollar '' . Coins.lakdiva.org . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` etymologiebank.nl '' . etymologiebank.nl . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Julian , R.W. ( 2007 ) . `` All About the Dollar '' . Numismatist : 41 . Jump up ^ `` Buck '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paper Money Glossary '' . Littleton Coin Company . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cajori , Florian ( ( 1929 ) 1993 ) . A History of Mathematical Notations ( Vol. 2 ) . New York : Dover , 15 -- 29 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 67766 - 4 Jump up ^ Aiton , Arthur S. and Benjamin W. Wheeler ( May 1931 ) . `` The First American Mint '' , The Hispanic American Historical Review 11 ( 2 ) , 198 and note 2 on 198 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Arthur ( 1957 ) . A History of the Dollar . New York : Columbia University Press . p. 56 . The dollar sign , $ , is connected with the peso , contrary to popular belief , which considers it to be an abbreviation of ' U.S. ' The two parallel lines represented one of the many abbreviations of ' P , ' and the ' S ' indicated the plural . The abbreviation ' $ . ' was also used for the peso , and is still used in Argentina . Jump up ^ `` What is the origin of the $ Sign ? '' Archived May 5 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing website Jump up ^ Rand , Ayn . Atlas Shrugged. 1957 . Signet. 1992 . p628 Jump up ^ James , James Alton ( 1970 ) ( 1937 ) . Oliver Pollock : The Life and Times of an Unknown Patriot . Freeport : Books for Libraries Press . p. 356 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8369 - 5527 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The Lion Dollar : Introduction '' . Coins.nd.edu . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mint , U.S. `` Coinage Act of 1792 '' . U.S. treasury . Jump up ^ See ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` United States Dollar '' . OANDA . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Engraving and printing currency and security documents : Article b '' . Legal Information Institute . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Matt Soniak ( July 22 , 2011 ) . `` On the Money : Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Coin Portraits '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Newman , Eric P. ( 1990 ) . The Early Paper Money of America ( 3 ed . ) . Iola , Wisconsin : Krause Publications . p. 17 . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 120 - X . Jump up ^ Wright , Robert E. ( 2008 ) . One Nation Under Debt : Hamilton , Jefferson , and the History of What We Owe . New York , New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 50 -- 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 154393 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` IRS Court Case Shakes the Foundations of the Debt Money System '' . Beyondmoney.net . November 8 , 2007 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 $100 American Liberty High Relief Gold Coin Photos '' . July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Christian Zappone ( July 18 , 2006 ) . `` Kill - the - penny bill introduced '' . CNN Money . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , Ali ( February 19 , 2013 ) . `` Penny pinching : Can Obama manage elimination of one - cent coin ? '' . NBC News . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The United States Mint Coins and Medals Program '' . Department of the Treasury . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Section 13 of the Coinage Act of 1792 '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ CNN Money Congress tries again for a dollar coin . Written by Gordon T. Anderson . Published April 25 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Report to the Subcommittee on Treasury and General Government , Committee on Appropriations , U.S. Senate '' ( PDF ) . USGAO . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pub . L. No. 109 - 145 , 119 Stat. 2664 ( December 22 , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ The United States Mint . `` The United States Mint Pressroom '' . Usmint.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Godless Dollars Jump up ^ `` USPaperMoney.Info : Series 2017 $1 '' . www.uspapermoney.info . Jump up ^ `` Paragraph 2 of Section 8 of Article 1 of the United States Constitution '' . Topics.law.cornell.edu . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Section 411 of Title 12 of the United States Code '' . Law.cornell.edu . June 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Section 5103 of Title 31 of the United States Code '' . Law.cornell.edu . August 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Section 5115 of Title 31 of the United States Code '' . Law.cornell.edu . August 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ See Federal Reserve Note for details and references Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Adjusted Monetary Base '' . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Federal Reserve 's Beige Book '' . The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2007 . Retrieved January 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Davies , Phil . `` Right on Target '' . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2007 . Retrieved January 7 , 2008 . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Jump up ^ `` Open Market Operations '' . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . Retrieved January 11 , 2008 . Open market operations enable the Federal Reserve to affect the supply of reserve balances in the banking system . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheets : Currency & Coins '' . United States Department of the Treasury . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2008 . Retrieved January 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Section 9 of the Coinage Act of 1792 '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Measuring Worth -- Purchasing Power of Money in the United States from 1774 to 2010 '' . Retrieved April 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Olivier Blanchard ( 2000 ) . Macroeconomics ( 2nd ed . ) , Englewood Cliffs , N.J : Prentice Hall , ISBN 0 - 13 - 013306 - X Jump up ^ `` Consumer Price Index Frequently Asked Questions '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Consumer Price Index Frequently Asked Questions '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Milton Friedman , Anna Jacobson Schwartz . A monetary history of the United States , 1867 -- 1960 . p. 546 . ISBN 978 - 0691003542 . Jump up ^ Friedman 189 -- 190 ^ Jump up to : `` Central Banking -- Then and Now '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Controlling Inflation : A Historical Perspective '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 7 , 2010 . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Monetary Credibility , Inflation , and Economic Growth '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Monetary Policy : The Fed 's Goals '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Exchange Rates Currency Converter - TransferMate '' . www.transfermate.com . ^ Jump up to : 1970 -- 1992 Archived October 13 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... 1980 derived from AUD -- USD = 1.1055 and AUD -- GBP = 0.4957 at end of Dec 1979 : 0.4957 / 1.1055 = 0.448394392 ; 1985 derived from AUD -- USD = 0.8278 and AUD -- GBP = 0.7130 at end of Dec 1984 : 0.7130 / 0.8278 = 0.861319159 Jump up ^ `` Exchange Rates Between the United States Dollar and the South African Rand '' . Measuring Worth . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FRB : Foreign Exchange Rates -- G. 5A ; Release Dates '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Prasad , Eswar S. ( 2014 ) . The Dollar Trap : How the U.S. Dollar Tightened Its Grip on Global Finance . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 16112 - 9 . 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where is jazz fest held in new orleans
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New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival - wikipedia New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival Jump to : navigation , search `` Jazz Fest '' redirects here . For other jazz festivals , see List of jazz festivals . <Th_colspan="2"> New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival <Td_colspan="2"> Genre various Dates Last weekend of April and first weekend of May Location ( s ) New Orleans , Louisiana Years active 1970 -- present <Th_colspan="2"> Website <Td_colspan="2"> Nojazzfest.com The New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival , often known as Jazz Fest , is an annual celebration of the music and culture of New Orleans and Louisiana . The term Jazz Fest also refers to the days surrounding the festival and the many shows at unaffiliated New Orleans nightclubs scheduled during the festival weekends . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Food , crafts , and attractions 3 History 4 New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Foundation 5 Performers 6 Stages and tents 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Overview ( edit ) According to the official Jazz Fest website , `` the Festival celebrates the indigenous music and culture of New Orleans and Louisiana , so the music encompasses every style associated with the city and the state : blues , R&B , gospel music , Cajun music , zydeco , Afro - Caribbean , folk music , Latin , rock , rap music , country music , bluegrass , and everything in between . And of course there is lots of jazz , both contemporary and traditional . '' Jazz Fest is currently held during the day , between the hours of 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. , at the Fair Grounds Race Course , a horse racing track located in historic Mid-City . It is held on the last weekend of April ( Friday -- Sunday ) and the first weekend of May ( Thursday -- Sunday ) each year . Even more musical events than usual take place around the city during Jazz Fest weekends and throughout the week in between . The festival is a major tourist destination , with economic importance for New Orleans rivaled only by Mardi Gras ; the event brings to the city $300 million annually . Early Jazz Fests featured almost exclusively local acts . As the event 's popularity grew , the festival expanded to include nationally known acts . Food , Crafts , and attractions ( edit ) Food stands at the 2014 Jazz Fest . The Festival also features a wide variety of vendors selling local foods and crafts . The official food policy of the Festival is `` no carnival food '' and there are more than seventy food booths with food items including : Mango Freeze , crawfish beignets , cochon de lait sandwiches , alligator sausage po ' boy ( sandwich ) , boiled crawfish , softshell crab po'boy , Cajun jambalaya , jalapeño bread , fried green tomatoes , Oyster patties , muffulettas , red beans and rice , and crawfish Monica . Vegan and vegetarian options are also available . All food vendors go through a strict screening process to ensure quality and sanitary food handling practices . In addition , most foods are made with fresh , local ingredients , and are prepared by hand . All food vendors are small , locally owned businesses . There are eight food areas , all with different foods : Food Area I , Food Area II , Congo Square , Heritage Square , Around the Grounds , the Folk Area , the Grandstand , and a Kids ' Food section . The food has received rave reviews from The New York Times in the past . There are also craft booths dispersed throughout the grounds in three areas : the Congo Square African Marketplace , Contemporary Crafts , and the Louisiana Marketplace . The Congo Square African Marketplace contains pieces from local , national , and international artisans , and has the atmosphere of a true marketplace . Many of the artisans utilize ancient crafting techniques . In the Contemporary Crafts area , one can find handmade clothing , leather goods , jewelry , paintings , sculptures , and musical instruments , and visitors can also watch demonstrations of metal , painting , pottery , and fiber works . Lastly , the Louisiana Marketplace contains baskets , hand - colored photographs , jewelry , and landscape - themed art . One unique aspect of the Festival is the allocation of large areas for dedication to cultural and historical practices unique to Louisiana . These dedications depict many cultures that exist in the state , including both the Cajun culture and the culture of the descendants of native Canary Islanders , the Los Isleños , as well as many others . Some of the areas include the Louisiana Folklife Village , which focuses on state art and culture , the Native American Village , and the Grandstand . Many of the folk demonstrators have been recognized by the National Endowment of the Arts for their work . In addition , parades are held throughout the duration of the event . They include parades by the Mardi Gras Indians , as well as by marching and brass bands and various social aid and pleasure clubs . History ( edit ) Acura , one of the two largest stages at Jazz Fest The Festival has been held annually since 1970 , when it was founded by the New Orleans Hotel Motel Association , to form `` the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Foundation '' that owns the Festival . George Wein 's `` Festival Productions , Inc '' was contracted to produce the Festival . Wein was the producer of the Newport Jazz Festival ( 1954 ) and the Newport Folk Festival ( 1959 ) in Newport , Rhode Island . To produce the Festival in New Orleans , Wein put together a key group of artistic advisers , among them Ellis Marsalis , Richard B. `` Dick '' Allen and Harry Souchon . Dick Allen , the curator of Tulane University 's Hogan Jazz Archives , recommended Archive employee Allison Miner and intern Quint Davis to Wein to help produce the first festival . Both Miner and Davis knew a great deal about jazz . They went to the black clubs to recruit performers , rather than to Bourbon Street or other tourist destinations , because it was at these clubs that live music was being produced . The first person the pair booked was Snooks Eaglin , who was a street singer at the time , and who performed at the festival every year thereafter . Both volunteered for the `` labor of love '' that was the festival , and were not compensated . After Wein established the Festival , Miner and Davis oversaw the day - to - day operations of Festival Productions Inc. - New Orleans for many years , under the supervision of Wein and the Foundation Board . Quint Davis currently holds the position of CEO of Festival Productions , Inc. - New Orleans , while Miner is largely credited with the founding the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Foundation Archive . AEG Live became a co-producer of the festival in 2004 . The Archive contains recordings from musicians interviewed at the festival , as well as other documents , photographs , and ephemera related to the Festival and the Foundation 's holdings , including early WWOZ 90.7 - FM recordings . It contains business records , photographs , video and audio recordings , as well as other artifacts . The Archive is open to the public by appointment . When Miner died on December 23 , 1995 , the interviewing stage was renamed in her memory as the Allison Miner Music Heritage Stage . After Hurricane Katrina , the stage was temporarily merged with the Lagniappe Stage , which is housed in the Grandstand . However , in 2009 , it was reinstated as a full stage . Jazz and Heritage Stage at the 2014 Jazz Fest Prior to the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival , similar `` New Orleans Jazz Festivals '' were held by different organizers in the 1960s . The first two New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festivals in 1970 & 1971 were held in Louis Armstrong Park , then known as Beauregard Square , in the area of the park known to be the historic Congo Square , and in the adjoining New Orleans Municipal Auditorium . The 145 - acre New Orleans Fair Grounds and Racetrack began to hold Jazz Fest in 1972 . The venue is located at 1751 Gentilly Boulevard , approximately ten minutes from the French Quarter . The New Orleans Fair Grounds and Racetrack is a much larger venue than Congo Square , and was chosen to hold the Festival when organizers realized how successful and popular the event was and could potentially grow to be . The first Jazz Fest , in Congo Square , cost $3 for admission and was minimally advertised , and had only a Gospel Tent and four open stages , many of which had no microphones . The visiting musicians were housed in Davis ' and Miner 's homes ; there was no money for hotels . The festivities kicked off on Wednesday night , with the Pete Fountain and Clyde Kerr orchestras playing on a midnight steamboat ride . The first Jazz Fest lineup included artists Mahalia Jackson ( who was not booked , but simply heard about the Festival and showed up to sing ) , The Preservation Hall Band , Duke Ellington , Pete Fountain , Al Hirt , Clifton Chenier , Fats Domino , The Meters , Snooks , and many others . This first lineup received an audience of only 350 people , but the numbers grew exponentially each year , especially after the introduction of the limited - edition silkscreen poster series in 1975 . By the end of the 1980s , attendance peaked at 300,000 and , in 2001 , when Louis Armstrong 's centennial was celebrated , 650,000 people attended . No Doubt perform at the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival on May 1 , 2015 Over the years , Jazz Fest has been named `` Festival of the Year '' four times , by Pollstar magazine . The event has also been praised by the likes of Life magazine and The Wall Street Journal . The love of Jazz Fest has cemented thousands of friendships over the years . Fessheads , Pet de Kat Krewe , Threadheads and other sub-groups reunite annually at the Fair Grounds Race Course where their ritual includes hoisting flags and spirit poles to easily spot each other among the thousands of festival attendees . These sub-groups throw Jazz Fest parties with top musical talent , invites are via word - of - mouth . The official poster series , which began in 1975 , has been very successful with many collectors ; the first poster was designed by Sharon Dinkins and Thorn Grafton . Posters feature a performer or the overall theme of the Festival , and all posters are commissioned by the Festival . In 1998 , the Festival added the Congo Square poster series . Artists such as George Dureau , James Michalopoulos , George Rodrigue , Douglas Bourgeois , Duke Jupiter , John Scott , and Bill Hemmerling have all been featured designers of the official festival poster . Congo Square posters have been created by such African American artists as Aziz Diagne , Elizabeth Catlett , Bill Pajaud , and Terrance Osborne . Terrance Osborne ( 37 ) designed the poster for 2012 ( as well as the 2007 and 2010 posters ) , which featured beloved Festival artist Trombone Shorty . New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Foundation ( edit ) The Jazz & Heritage Festival is owned by the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Foundation , which uses the proceeds from the festival for year - round community development programs in the areas of education , economic development , and culture . The Foundation also owns the broadcast license of radio station WWOZ . The festival is produced by Festival Productions , Inc . - New Orleans and AEG Live , as a contract service to the Foundation . Since 2006 , the festival 's main sponsor has been the Royal Dutch Shell ( the oil company ) , and the festival 's full name is now `` The New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival presented by Shell . '' Several of the stage names also reflect sponsors like the Acura Stage , the Sheraton New Orleans Fais Do - Do Stage , the AT&T / wwoz Jazz Tent , the AIG , Gospel Tent . The Board of Directors for the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Foundation , Inc. is made up of four parts : the Voting Board ( 30 community members ) , the Executive Board ( President , Vice-President , Secretary , etc . ) , the Advisory Council ( 20 non-voting members ) , and the Past Presidents Senate ( 15 members ) . In addition , the Board is split into various committees . Board members serve three year terms , though there is no limit placed on the number of terms . Elections are held annually . Advisory Council members may only serve for two consecutive three year terms , however . Governance does not change much from year to year . Board members are not officially compensated , but they are given perks such as dozens of free tickets . The foundation also owns multiple assets , including : the Jazz and Heritage Gallery , the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival , the Jazz and Heritage Radio WWOZ 90.7 FM , the Jazz and Heritage Foundation Archive , the Jazz and Heritage Center , and the Jazz and Heritage Gala . Their educational programs include The Don Jamison Heritage School of Music , the Tom Dent Congo Lecture Series , and School Day at the Fest . Economic development for the foundation comes in the forms of community partnership grants ( over $250,000 awarded in 2007 ) , Raisin ' the Roof ( a program that assists southern - Louisiana musicians with home - buying costs ) , The Jazz and Heritage Music and Media Market , and the Jazz and Heritage Music Exchange . For cultural purposes , the foundation holds the Crescent City Blues and BBQ Festival , Fiesta Latina , the Congo Square Rhythms Festival , the Louisiana Cajun - Zydeco Festival , Gospel is Alive ! , Jazz Journey , the Treme Creole Gumbo Festival , and many others . SInce 1979 , the nonprofit arm of the organization has given over $1 million in grants to local schools , artists , and musicians . Performers ( edit ) Eric Lindell and Anson Funderburgh perform in the Blues Tent at the 2014 New Orleans Jazz Fest The festival has featured an extremely wide variety of musicians and performers every year since its founding , ranging from little known Louisiana based artists to major international pop stars . Many well known New Orleans musicians have played annually for long stretches over the history of the festival such as The Neville Brothers , Dr John , Ellis Marsalis , The Radiators and many more . The performance lineup is announced in the month of December each year , and a more complete schedule known as the `` cubes '' or `` grids '' is released in early April . Tickets can be purchased online or from the New Orleans Arena Box Office or New Orleans Zephyr Field . Ticket prices have increased dramatically since a rainy 2004 Festival ; in 1997 , tickets were $12 and , by 2007 , they cost $45 at the gate or $35 in advance . In 2014 , they cost $55 in advance and $70 at the gate . There are also kids ' tickets ( ages 2 -- 10 ) available for $5 . In addition , there are various VIP packages available . Applications to perform ( from the general public ) are limited to bands from Louisiana , so as to promote and preserve local culture . Stages and tents ( edit ) Leroy Jones Quintet Glen David Andrews with Troy `` Trombone Shorty '' Andrews There are 12 music stages and tents of various sizes , as well as two food stages , set up at the Festival . The following are the stages for 2015 , and they are listed roughly in the order of capacity . Stages / tents Description Acura Stage Primary main stage Gentilly Stage Secondary main stage Congo Square Stage Afro - centric and world music Jazz Tent Contemporary jazz 5 Blues Tent Blues 6 Gospel Tent Gospel groups and singers 7 Fais Do - Do Stage Mainly cajun and zydeco 8 Economy Hall Tent Traditional New Orleans jazz 9 Jazz & Heritage Stage New Orleans brass bands , Mardi Gras Indians 10 Lagniappe Stage A potpourri of sound and style 11 Allison Miner Music Heritage Information , interviews & panel discussions 12 Kids Tent Children 's music and performances 13 Food Heritage Stage Local chefs demonstrate 14 Cajun Cabin Demonstrations of Cajun cooking See also ( edit ) Jazz portal List of jazz festivals References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The New Orleans Jazz &Heritage Festival and Foundation Inc. nojazzfest.com . Web . March 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gallo , Phil . `` Festival Central . '' Billboard 123.14 ( 2011 ) : 19 . Academic Search Premier . Web . 27 Feb. 2012 . ^ Jump up to : The Incomplete , Year - by - Year , Selectively Quirky , Prime Facts Edition of the History of the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival ( ePrime Publications ) Jump up ^ Spera , Keith . `` New Orleans Rises . '' Rolling Stone 1027 ( 2007 ) : 28 . Academic Search Premier . Web . 27 Feb. 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Latest news , updates , photos and videos from the New Orleans Jazz Fest . '' nola.com . New Orleans Net LLC . Web . March 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Spera , Keith ( 2014 - 04 - 25 ) . `` 2014 New Orleans Jazz Fest caps off a profitable decade , born of upheaval '' . NOLA.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Bowie , Elizabeth . The New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival and Foundation : the Jazz and Heritage Gallery . Dissertations and Theses . University of New Orleans , 2009 . Online . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Michael P. New Orleans Jazz Fest : A Pictorial History . Gretna , LA : Pelican Publishing , 1991 . Print . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Lawrence N. `` Chasing The Blues Away . '' American Scholar 76.3 ( 2007 ) : 9 - 13 . Academic Search Premier . Web . 27 Feb. 2012 . Wein , George with Chinen , Nate Myself Among Others , Da Capo Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81352 - 1 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival . New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival official site New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival and Foundation official site Official live recordings from the New Orleans Jazz Festival Profile of festival by Ellen Mallernee Down and dirty guide of the festival by Peter Delevett Comprehensive Festival Info by Festival Archive <Th_colspan="2"> The Anschutz Corporation Anschutz Entertainment Group AEG Live festivals Carolina Rebellion Coachella Edgefest Hootenanny Mile High Music Festival New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival Rockfest Rocklahoma RockNess Rock on the Range Sonisphere Stagecoach SunFest Wakestock ( Wales ) AEG Sports Bay to Breakers Djurgårdens IF Hockey Eisbären Berlin Golden Boy Promotions Hamburg Freezers Hammarby IF StubHub Center LA Galaxy LA Galaxy II Los Angeles Kings Los Angeles Lakers Los Angeles Sparks Manchester Monarchs ( AHL ) Ontario Reign ( ECHL ) Ontario Reign ( AHL ) Tour of California Anschutz Film Group Bristol Bay Productions Walden Media Clarity Media Group The Gazette The Washington Examiner The Weekly Standard The Oklahoma Publishing Co . The Broadmoor Manitou and Pike 's Peak Railway The Oklahoman Xanterra Parks and Resorts Grand Canyon Lodges Bright Angel Lodge Maswik Lodge Phantom Ranch El Tovar Hotel Crater Lake Lodge Grand Canyon Railway Kingsmill Resort Oasis at Death Valley Windstar Cruises Other subsidiaries Ken Ehrlich Productions National CineMedia Regal Entertainment Group ( 77 % voting control ) Sea Island <Th_colspan="2"> Music venues of Louisiana Arenas / stadiums Alario Center BREC Memorial Stadium Burton Coliseum Cajundome CenturyLink Center F.G. Clark Center Fant -- Ewing Coliseum Fredrick C. Hobdy Assembly Center Harang Jr . Municipal Auditorium Hirsch Memorial Coliseum Houma Terrebonne Civic Center Ike Hamilton Expo Center Independence Stadium Lakefront Arena Lamar Dixon Expo Center Mercedes - Benz Superdome Monroe Civic Center Pete Maravich Assembly Center Pontchartrain Center Prather Coliseum Raising Cane 's River Center Arena Rapides Parish Coliseum Shrine on Airline Smoothie King Center Stopher Gymnasium Sudduth Coliseum Tad Gormley Stadium Thomas Assembly Center Tiger Stadium University Center Yulman Stadium Concert halls Jefferson Performing Arts Center LSU Tiger Band Hall Mahalia Jackson Theater of the Performing Arts Orpheum Theater River Center Theater for Performing Arts RiverView Theater Saenger Theatre Shaw Center for the Arts Historic venues Congo Square Shreveport Municipal Memorial Auditorium Outdoor venues Champions Square Greek Theatre New Orleans City Park New Orleans Fairgrounds Theaters and clubs Carver Theater Civic Theatre Columbia Theatre for the Performing Arts House of Blues The Howlin ' Wolf Joy Theater Maple Leaf Bar Preservation Hall Rock n ' Bowl Snug Harbor State Palace Theatre Tipitina 's Festivals Bayou Country Superfest DeltaFest Essence Music Festival Festival International French Quarter Festival Highland Jazz & Blues Festival New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival Satchmo SummerFest Voodoo Experience <Th_colspan="2"> Jazz festivals By country Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Historic festivals ( 1950s - 1970 ) Beaulieu Jazz Festival Golden River City Jazz Festival National Jazz and Blues Festival Newport Jazz Festival Prague International Jazz Festival JazzFest Berlin Jazz Bilzen Pori Jazz Ann Arbor Blues and Jazz Festival Bath Festival of Blues and Progressive Music New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival Categories Jazz festivals stubs Jazz events Jazz clubs Culture Jazz dance List of jazz musicians Related events Concert tour Music festival Pop festival Rock festival <Td_colspan="2"> Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Orleans_Jazz_%26_Heritage_Festival&oldid=815870201 '' Categories : Music of New Orleans Fair Grounds Race Course Music festivals in Louisiana Jazz festivals in the United States Tourist attractions in New Orleans Recurring events established in 1970 Music festivals established in 1970 Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax New Orleans articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 日本 語 Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 19 : 01 . 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when does season 33 of real world start
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Real World ( TV series ) - Wikipedia Real World ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the recent 32nd season , see Real World Seattle : Bad Blood . <Th_colspan="2"> Real World <Td_colspan="2"> Logo for recent season Genre Reality Created by Mary - Ellis Bunim Jonathan Murray Opening theme `` Up Like '' performed by SILAS ( Season 29 - present ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 32 No. of episodes 602 <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Gil Goldschein Kelly Rose Jacquelyn French Jim Johnston Jonathan Murray Producer ( s ) George Verschoor Matt Kunitz Rick de Oliveira Anthony Dominici Russell Heldt Ted Kenney Ken Chien Running time 30 minutes ( 1992 -- 2008 ) 1 hour ( 2008 -- present ) Production company ( s ) Bunim / Murray Productions Distributor Viacom Media Networks <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network MTV Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) ( 1992 -- 2008 ) 1080i ( HDTV ) ( 2009 -- present ) Original release May 21 , 1992 ( 1992 - 05 - 21 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Related shows Road Rules The Challenge Are You the One ? <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website <Td_colspan="2"> Production website Real World ( formerly known as The Real World from 1992 to 2013 ) is a reality television series on MTV originally produced by Mary - Ellis Bunim and Jonathan Murray . First broadcast in 1992 , the show , which was inspired by the 1973 PBS documentary series An American Family , is the longest - running program in MTV history and one of the longest - running reality series in history , credited with launching the modern reality TV genre . Seven to eight young adults are picked to temporarily live in a new city together in one residence while being filmed non-stop . The series was hailed in its early years for depicting issues of contemporary young - adulthood relevant to its core audience , such as sex , prejudice , religion , abortion , illness , sexuality , AIDS , death , politics , and substance abuse , but later garnered a reputation as a showcase for immaturity and irresponsible behavior indicative of the declining morals of contemporary youth . Following Bunim 's death from breast cancer in 2004 , Bunim / Murray Productions continues to produce the program . The most recent 32nd season , set in Seattle , Washington , premiered on October 12 , 2016 . The series has generated two notable related series , both broadcast by MTV : Road Rules , a sister show , which lasted for 14 seasons ( 1995 -- 2007 ) , and the ongoing spin - off reality game show The Challenge , which has run for 30 seasons since 1998 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Cast member successes 3 Format and structure 4 Recurring themes 4.1 Prejudice 4.2 Politics and religion 4.3 Romance 4.4 Sexuality 4.5 Unrequited love 4.6 Departed housemates 4.7 On - screen marriage 4.8 Coping with illness 5 Seasons 6 Spinoffs and related projects 7 Criticism 7.1 Authenticity 7.2 Behavior of housemates 7.3 Diversity 8 Parodies , derivatives , and references 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Real World logo used for seasons 29 - 31 Part of a series on MTV in the United States MTV channels MTV MTV2 Classic Tres MTV Live MTVU Programs on MTV MTV personalities Censorship on MTV Viacom Media Networks The Real World was inspired by the 1973 PBS documentary series An American Family . It focuses on the lives of a group of strangers who audition to live together in a house for several months , as cameras record their interpersonal relationships . The show moves to a different city each season . The footage shot during the housemates ' time together was edited into 22 - minute episodes for the first 19 seasons , and into 44 - minute episodes beginning with The Real World : Hollywood , the series ' 20th season . The narration given over the opening title sequence used during the first 28 seasons by the seven housemates states some variation of the following : This is the true story ... of seven strangers ... picked to live in a house ... ( work together ) and have their lives taped ... to find out what happens ... when people stop being polite ... and start getting real ... The Real World . The Real World was originally inspired by the popularity of youth - oriented shows of the 1990s like Beverly Hills , 90210 and Melrose Place . Bunim and Murray initially considered developing a scripted series in a similar vein , but quickly decided that the cost of paying writers , actors , costume designers , and make - up artists was too high . Bunim and Murray decided against this idea , and at the last minute , pulled the concept ( and the cast ) before it became the first season of the show . Tracy Grandstaff , one of the original seven picked for what has come to be known as `` Season 0 '' , went on to minor fame as the voice of the animated Beavis and Butt - Head character Daria Morgendorffer , who eventually got her own spinoff , Daria . Dutch TV producer Erik Latour claims that the ideas for The Real World were directly derived from his television show Nummer 28 , which aired in 1991 on Dutch television . Bunim / Murray decided upon the cheaper idea of casting a bunch of `` regular people '' to live in an apartment and taping their day - to - day lives , believing seven diverse people would have enough of a basis upon which to interact without scripts . The production converted a massive , 4000 - square - foot duplex in Soho , cast seven cast members from 500 applicants , paid them $2,600 for their time on the show . The cast lived in the loft from February 16 to May 18 , 1992 . The series premiered three days later , on May 21 , 1992 . At the time of its initial airing , reviews of the show were mostly negative . Matt Roush , writing in USA Today , characterized the show as `` painfully bogus , '' and a cynical and exploitative new low in television , commenting , `` Watching The Real World , which fails as documentary ( too phony ) and as entertainment ( too dull ) , it 's hard to tell who 's using who more . '' The Washington Post 's Tom Shales commented , `` Ah to be young , cute , and stupid , and to have too much free time ... Such is the lot facing the wayward wastrels of The Real World , something new in excruciating torture from the busy minds at MTV . '' Shales also remarked upon the cast members ' creative career choices , saying , `` You might want to think about getting a real job . '' Nonetheless , the series was a hit with viewers . One early sign of the show 's popularity occurred on the October 2 , 1993 episode of the sketch comedy show , Saturday Night Live , which parodied the second - season Los Angeles cast 's recurring arguments over cliquism , prejudice and political differences . The show also gained widespread attention with its third season , The Real World : San Francisco , which aired in 1994 , and depicted the conflict between David `` Puck '' Rainey , a bicycle messenger criticized for his poor personal hygiene , and his roommates , most notably AIDS activist Pedro Zamora . As the show increased in popularity , Zamora 's life as someone living with AIDS gained considerable notice , garnering widespread media attention . Zamora was one of the first openly gay men with AIDS to be portrayed in popular media , and after his death on November 11 , 1994 ( mere hours after the final episode of his season aired ) , he was lauded by then - President Bill Clinton . Zamora 's friend and roommate during the show , Judd Winick , went on to become a successful comic book writer , and wrote the Eisner Award - nominated graphic novel Pedro and Me , about his friendship with Zamora , as well as high - profile and controversial storylines in mainstream superhero comics that featured gay and AIDS - related themes . Zamora 's conflicts with Rainey were not only considered emotional high points for that season , but are credited with making The Real World a hit show , and with proving that the infant `` reality '' television format was one that could bring considerable ratings to a network . By July 1995 , the series surpassed Beavis and Butt - head as the network 's top - rated show during the fourth season , The Real World : London . Cast member successes ( edit ) Appearing on the program has often served as a springboard to further success , especially in the entertainment industry . 2004 San Diego castmate Jamie Chung , who has appeared in various television and film roles , including Dragonball Evolution , Sorority Row , and The Hangover Part II , is regarded as the Real World alumnus with the most successful media career . Cameran Eubanks , also from the 2004 San Diego cast , has been a main character on Bravo 's hit reality series Southern Charm since its 1st season in March 2014 . Other Real World alumni who have gone on to media careers include London cast member Jacinda Barrett , whose acting career includes films such as Ladder 49 , The Namesake , The Human Stain , and Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason , and Hawaii cast member Tecumseh `` Teck '' Holmes III , who appeared in films such as National Lampoon 's Van Wilder and in TV series such as Friends . Eric Nies of the New York cast went on to become a model , actor , and television host . His housemate , Kevin Powell , became a successful author , poet , journalist , and politician . Their housemate Heather B. Gardner went on to become a hip - hop music artist under the professional name Heather B . San Francisco alum Judd Winick is a noted comic book writer and artist , with the majority of his work appearing in comic books published by DC Comics , including writing such well known characters as Batman , Green Arrow , and Green Lantern . Winick also published Pedro and Me , a graphic novel about his friendship with fellow castmate Pedro Zamora , who died of AIDS related complications not long after his experience on the show . Los Angeles cast member Beth Stolarczyk has produced men 's and women 's calendars and television programs featuring reality TV personalities , including herself and other Real World alumni , including Tami Roman , who became cast member on Basketball Wives and spinoff Basketball Wives LA , as well as 2002 -- 2003 Las Vegas ' Trishelle Cannatella , 2002 Chicago 's Tonya Cooley and Back to New York 's Coral Smith . Stolarczyk , Cannatella , and Miami 's Flora Alekseyeun appeared in the May 2002 Playboy magazine , with later issues spotlighting Cannatella 's 2002 -- 2003 Las Vegas housemate , Arissa Hill . Cooley appeared on playboy.com . In addition to Playboy magazine , Cannatella has also posed for the online Playboy Cyber Club , as well as for Stuff magazine . Lindsay Brien of the Seattle cast became a radio and CNN personality . 2002 Chicago cast member Kyle Brandt 's acting career includes starring in the soap opera Days of Our Lives . His castmate Tonya Cooley also appeared on an MTV special of True Life : I 'm a Reality TV Star . 2002 -- 2003 Las Vegas cast members Trishelle Cannatella and Steven Hill appeared in the horror film Scorned . Cannatella has also appeared on other reality shows , such as The Surreal Life , Battle of the Network Reality Stars , and Kill Reality , the latter of which also featured Hill and Cooley . Mike Mizanin has also found fame as a WWE wrestler wrestling under the name `` The Miz , '' a character he debuted during the Back to New York season . His successes have included the WWE World Heavyweight Championship . Boston cast member Sean Duffy was elected to the United States House of Representatives for Wisconsin 's 7th congressional district in 2010 as a member of the Republican Party . He is married to San Francisco alum Rachel Campos - Duffy , a conservative TV news personality . Philadelphia cast member Karamo Brown appeared as a cast member on the TV One original reality series The Next : 15 and is the host on Are You the One ? Second Chances . Washington D.C. cast member Emily Schromm was voted as the winner of Women 's Health 's America 's Next Fitness Star in August 2014 , and will be featured in a series of fitness DVDs . Portland cast member Jordan Wiseley appeared on the OWN Network original series , Tyler Perry 's If Loving You Is Wrong . Dozens of former cast members from The Real World and its sister production Road Rules have appeared on the spin - off series The Challenge , which pays $100,000 or more to its winners . Various cast members have also earned livings as public speakers , since Bunim - Murray Productions funded their training in motivational speaking by the Points of Light Foundation in 2002 , allowing them to earn between $1,500 and $2,000 for an appearance on the college lecture circuit . Format and structure ( edit ) Each season consists of seven to eight people , aged 18 -- 25 ( a reflection of the network 's target demographic ) , usually selected from thousands of applicants from across the country , with the group chosen typically representing different races , genders , sexual orientations , levels of sexual experiences , and religious and political beliefs . Should a cast member decide to move out , or be asked to do so by his or her roommates , the roommates will usually cast a replacement , dependent on how much filming time is left . Cast members are paid a small stipend for their participation in the show . The cast of the first season , for example , was given $2,500 . However , because cast members are not actors playing characters , they do not receive residuals routinely paid to actors whenever a TV show on which they appear is aired and replayed . Each season begins with the individual members of the house shown leaving home , often for the first time , and / or meeting their fellow housemates while in transit to their new home , or at the house itself . The exception was the Los Angeles season , which premiered with two housemates picking up a third at his Kentucky home and driving in a Winnebago RV to their new home in Los Angeles . The residence is typically elaborate in its décor , and is usually furnished by IKEA . The residence usually includes a pool table , a Jacuzzi , and an aquarium , which serves as a metaphor for the show , in that the roommates , who are being taped at all times in their home , are seen metaphorically as fish in a fishbowl . This point is punctuated not only by the fact that the MTV logo title card seen after the closing credits of each episode is designed as an aquarium , but also by a poem that Judd Winick wrote during his stay in the 1994 San Francisco house called `` Fishbowl '' . In some seasons , the group is provided with a shared car to use during their stay , or in the case of the St. Thomas season , a chauffeured motorboat to transport cast members from their Hassel Island residence to Charlotte Amalie . There is also a home phone and a computer provided for cast members to have contact with family and friends , as they are not allowed to use their mobile phones during their stay in the house . The housemates are taped around the clock . The house is outfitted with video cameras mounted on walls to capture more intimate moments , and numerous camera crews consisting of three to six people follow the cast around the house and out in public . In total , approximately 30 cameras are used during production . Each member of the cast is instructed to ignore the cameras and the crew , but are required to wear a battery pack and microphone in order to record their dialogue , though some castmembers have been known to turn off or hide them at times . The only area of the house in which camera access is restricted are the bathrooms . Despite the initial awkwardness of being surrounded by cameramen , castmembers have stated that they eventually adjust to it , and that their behavior is purely natural , and not influenced by the fact that they are being taped . Winick , an alumnus of the show 's third season ( San Francisco ) , adds that castmembers eventually stop thinking about the cameras because it is too exhausting not to , and that the fact that their lives were being documented made it seem `` more real . '' Other cast members have related different accounts . Members of the London cast found the cameras burdensome at times , such as Jay Frank and Jacinda Barrett , who felt they intruded on the intimacy of their romantic relationships . Lars Schlichting related an anecdote in which roommate Mike Johnson asked a question when cameras were not present , and then asked the same question five minutes later when cameras were present , which Schlichting adds was not typical of Johnson . Johnson himself has remarked that castmate Barrett `` hammed it up a lot , '' and that roommate Sharon Gitau withheld details of her life out of fear that her grandmother would react negatively . Movement of the roommates outside of the residence is restricted to places that are cleared by producers through contractual arrangements with locations to allow filming . The producers made an exception to the taping protocol during the third season , when Pedro Zamora requested that he be allowed to go out on a date without the cameras , because the normal anxieties associated with first dates would be exacerbated by the presence of cameras . At the end of each week , each housemate is required to sit down and be interviewed about the past week 's events . Unlike the normal day - to - day taping , these interviews , which are referred to as `` confessionals , '' involve the subject looking directly into the camera while providing opinions and reflective accounts of the week 's activities , which are used in the final , edited episodes . The producers instruct the cast to talk about whatever they wish , and to speak in complete sentences , to reinforce the perception on the part of the home viewer that the cast is speaking to them . Winick described this practice as `` like therapy without the help . '' The confessionals were originally conducted by Mary - Ellis Bunim and Jonathan Murray , but were eventually delegated to production staff members like George Verschoor and Thomas Klein . Beginning with the second season ( Los Angeles ) , a small soundproof room was incorporated into each house for this purpose , which itself has also become known as the Confessional . ( The soundproofing practice appears to have been discontinued in later seasons . ) The various casts were often creative in their use of the confessional , which Bunim and Murray referred to as `` inspired lunacy , '' such as a group confessional that the Los Angeles cast conducted on their last day in order to appear less contentious , but which ended with them arguing and storming out , an appearance by San Francisco housemate Judd Winick in a nun 's habit , and Miami roommates Melissa Padrón and Flora Alekseyeun dressing up as prostitutes for a shared confessional in which they discuss why their roommates did not get along with them . During Mardi Gras , 2000 New Orleans cast member Danny Roberts used the confessional to engage in a sex act . Initially , the show documented the housemates as they struggled to find and maintain jobs and careers in their new locales , with minimal group activities aside from their day - to - day lives in the house and their socializing in the city . The only group activity engineered by the producers during the first season was a trip for the three females to Jamaica . By the second season , sending the entire cast on a vacation and / or short - term local trip would become the norm for most seasons . By the fifth season , the cast would be given an ongoing , season - long activity , with the Miami cast given startup money and a business advisor to begin their own business . This aspect of the show remained in most subsequent seasons . The assignments are obligatory , with casts assigned to work at an after - school daycare program , a radio station , public - access television station , etc . Beginning with the tenth season , a rule was implemented that required a roommate fired from the group job to be evicted from the house and dropped from the cast . Hollywood 's Greg Halstead and Cancun 's Joey Rozmus were evicted from their respective houses after they were fired from their group jobs . Beginning in the 28th season , certain jobs in the area were approved by production that the cast had the liberty to apply for independently if desired . Footage taped throughout each season is edited into episodes ( half - hour episodes for the first 19 seasons , one - hour episodes beginning with the twentieth ) . Physical violence of any kind is typically not tolerated by the producers . After an incident occurs , producers or cast members are typically given the choice as to whether a violent housemate can stay due to a contract clause that prohibits violence . After an incident during the Seattle season in which Stephen Williams slapped Irene McGee as she moved out , a response to the event was debated by the housemates , who were not present but were shown a videotape of the incident . The producers , not wanting to be seen condoning violence , gave the housemates the choice of having him leave , but instead the housemates chose to let him stay , and Williams was ordered to attend an anger management class . During the 2002 -- 2003 Las Vegas season , Brynn Smith and Steven Hill got into an altercation in which Smith threw a fork at Hill . Hill contacted the producers who notified him that it was up to the cast to decide on Smith 's fate . The cast let Hill make the ultimate decision , and he chose that Smith could stay . During the Sydney season , Trisha Cummings shoved Parisa Montazaran to the ground during a heated altercation . Producers gave Montazaran the choice as to whether Cummings could stay or leave , and she chose that Cummings had to leave . Denver housemates Tyrie Ballard and Davis Mallory got into an explosive altercation that required production to intervene on - screen and separate the two before any violence occurred . Similarly , Hollywood castmates William Gilbert and Dave Malinosky got into an explosive altercation with fellow housemate Greg Halstead that also required intervention from production , as well as Gilbert and Malinosky to undergo anger management . During the Portland season , Nia Moore physically attacked Johnny Reilly in retaliation for Reilly purposely throwing a drink on her during a heated altercation , and later got into a physical altercation with Averey Tressler , when Tressler defended Reilly from an attempt by Moore to attack Reilly again with a hair dryer . Moore also took exception to coming into contact with the fecal matter of Tressler 's pet dog Daisy . Unlike prior seasons where the one assaulted housemate was given the sole choice as to whether the attacker could stay , the Portland cast had its producers decide that only those not involved in the confrontation could decide whether Moore could stay via a majority vote . They chose to let her stay , and producers did not order Moore to anger management , despite subsequent threats to attack other cast members . As a result , Reilly and Tressler chose to leave the loft during that season 's final episode , along with Tressler 's dog Daisy . In the final three episodes of the Go Big or Go Home season , castmates Jenna Thomason and Ceejai Jenkins got into two physical altercations while in the house . During the second altercation , Jenkins gave Thomason a black eye and bruises . As a result , both were removed by production due to the altercation . Cast members are also subject to random drug tests , and a cast member failing a drug test will lead to him or her being evicted from the house . This was the case with Brandon Kane of the St. Thomas season , who was removed from the house in that season 's eleventh episode after testing positive for cocaine usage . Cast members are held responsible for any damage to property that occurred within the house . For example , Brooklyn 's J.D. Ordoñez was required to pay $350 after destroying a coffee table in one episode , and 2011 Las Vegas ' Adam Royer was held responsible for the $3,105 worth of damage that his drunken and disorderly behavior caused to the suite that housed that season 's cast . Recurring themes ( edit ) Prejudice ( edit ) As their experiences on The Real World were often the first time that cast members encountered people of different races or sexual orientations , many episodes documented conflict over these issues . First season housemate Kevin Powell had such arguments with Eric Nies , Julie Gentry , and Becky Blasband . The premiere episode of the Los Angeles season depicted regional epithets exchanged between Jon Brennan , Dominic Griffin , and Tami Roman . 1994 San Francisco housemate David `` Puck '' Rainey 's treatment of Pedro Zamora 's homosexuality was an issue for Zamora . Flora Alekseyeun , during an argument with her Miami roommate Cynthia Roberts , dismissed what she referred to as Roberts ' `` black attitude , '' and their roommate Melissa Padrón , during a heated exchange with openly gay Dan Renzi , called him a `` flamer '' . Racism and religious intolerance was a point of contention among 2000 New Orleans housemates Julie Stoffer , Melissa Howard and Jamie Murray on more than one occasion . The stereotypical views about blacks imparted to Back to New York 's Mike Mizanin by his uncle offended Coral Smith and Nicole Mitsch when he related them , and they tried to educate him on African American culture . They were also offended by the fact that biracial roommate Malik Cooper wore a T - shirt with the image of Marcus Garvey , who was against miscegenation , despite the fact that Cooper was of mixed heritage and by his own admission had never dated a black woman . Philadelphia 's Karamo Brown expressed being `` borderline racist '' towards Caucasians , though he had softened in these feelings by the end of the season . In the Denver season , Davis Mallory and Stephen Nichols confronted each other over Mallory 's homosexuality and Nichols ' race , and Mallory later used a racial epithet during a drunken argument with black housemate Tyrie Ballard . During the Sydney season , Persian housemate Parisa Montazaran was offended at an anecdote related by housemate Trisha Cummings , in which Cummings described an Asian McDonald 's employee whose command of English was not perfect , though Cummings later insisted that she misworded her anecdote . A similar confrontation occurred during the Brooklyn season between J.D. Ordoñez and Chet Cannon , after a drunk Ordoñez made offensive statements about immigrants , following an incident at a drugstore . Hollywood 's Kimberly Alexander got into an argument with Brianna Taylor , who is African American , and said , `` Let 's not get ghetto . '' When roommate William Gilbert saw this as racist , Alexander explained that Taylor had previously described herself has sometimes behaving `` ghetto , '' and was merely referencing that . During the 2010 New Orleans season , tensions escalated between Ryan Leslie and openly gay Preston Roberson - Charles , amid questions about Leslie 's own sexuality , and their mutual use of homophobic slurs . In addition , Roberson - Charles also drew some homophobic remarks from housemate Ryan Knight . During the 2011 San Diego season , tensions arose between Frank Sweeney and his male housemates Zach Nichols and Nate Stodghill over Sweeney 's bisexuality , and Nichols later made what he said he intended to be a humorous remark to lesbian roommate Sam McGinn that alluded to gay bashing , to which McGinn took exception . In the Go Big or Go Home season , Jenna Thomason made homophobic and racist comments toward her roommates , causing tension between her and the rest of the cast . Politics and religion ( edit ) Los Angeles housemate Jon Brennan disagreed with Tami Roman 's decision to have an abortion , and argued with castmate Aaron Behle , and Behle 's girlfriend , Erin , who were both pro-choice . Rachel Campos , a conservative Republican member of the 1994 San Francisco cast , clashed with liberal roommates Mohammed Bilal and Judd Winick . Paris housemates Simon Sherry - Wood and Leah Gillingwater argued over the Iraq War , and in a subsequent episode , Chris `` C.T. '' Tamburello became confrontational and threatening toward Adam King , referencing the war himself . Nehemiah Clark , of the Austin cast , expressed disapproval of President George W. Bush and the Iraq War , coming into conflict with Rachel Moyal , who served in Iraq as a combat medic for the U.S. Army . Sydney 's Dunbar Flinn angered Parisa Montazaran and Trisha Cummings with his comments about Jesus and the Bible . The 2008 United States Presidential election served to highlight the political differences among the Brooklyn cast . In the Washington , D.C. season premiere , atheist Ty Ruff got into an argument with Christian roommates Ashley Lindley and Mike Manning . Romance ( edit ) Many cast members tried to maintain long - distance relationships that predated their time on the show , though remaining faithful was often a challenge . Miami 's Flora Alekseyeun attempted to maintain relationships with two boyfriends simultaneously . 2000 New Orleans ' Danny Roberts cheated on his boyfriend Paul , who was stationed in the military . During the Seattle season , Nathan Blackburn 's girlfriend worried about their relationship . Shauvon Torres departed from the Sydney house to reconcile with her ex-fiance . Her housemates , Trisha Cummings , KellyAnne Judd and Dunbar Merrin , all flirted , dated or had sex with people other than their significant others back home . Cancun 's Jonna Mannion , Washington D.C. 's Josh Colón and 2011 Las Vegas ' Nany González severed long - term relationships following suspicions and admissions of infidelity , and in the case of González , after she began a relationship with housemate Adam Royer . Some cast members developed romantic relationships with their castmates. 1994 San Francisco roommates Pam Ling and Judd Winick have since married , as have their roommate Rachel Campos and Sean Duffy of the Boston cast . In the 2002 -- 2003 Las Vegas season , Trishelle Cannatella and Steven Hill consummated a romance during the show , while their roommates Irulan Wilson and Alton Williams began a relationship that continued for three years after they moved out of the Las Vegas suite . The Austin cast spawned two relationships , between Wes Bergmann and Johanna Botta , as well as Danny Jamieson and Melinda Stolp ; the latter couple married in August 2008 but divorced in spring 2010 . Hollywood 's William Gilbert became involved in a relationship with The Real World : Key West alumna Janelle Casanave , who made guest appearances in several episodes during that season . However , their relationship ended when Gilbert later became attracted to his roommate Brittni Sherrod . Portland housemates Johnny Reilly and Averey Tressler developed a mutual attraction , leading to a relationship that they continued for one year after filming ended . Sexuality ( edit ) The level of sexual experience varies among a given season 's cast members . New York 's Julie Gentry , Los Angeles ' Jon Brennan and Aaron Behle , 1994 San Francisco 's Cory Murphy and Rachel Campos , Seattle 's Rebecca Lord , 2000 New Orleans ' Matt Smith and Julie Stoffer , Paris ' Mallory Snyder , Austin 's Lacey Buehler , and Brooklyn 's Chet Cannon , for example , all stated they were virgins during their respective seasons . On the other end of the spectrum was 2000 New Orleans ' David Broom and Cancun 's Joey Rozmus , who took pride in their promiscuity with various sexual partners during their respective seasons . Denver 's Jenn Grijalva and Alex Smith , Sydney 's KellyAnne Judd and Dunbar Flinn , Cancun 's Ayiiia Elizarraras , and 2011 Las Vegas ' Nany González and Heather Marter were sexually intimate with multiple castmates during their respective seasons . More than once , fellow housemates have been involved in pregnancy scares , such as Steven Hill and Trishelle Cannatella during the 2002 -- 2003 Las Vegas season , Cohutta Grindstaff and KellyAnne Judd during the Sydney season , and Leroy Garrett and Naomi Defensor during the 2011 Las Vegas season . London 's Sharon Gitau expressed difficulty with relationships , and with being open about this and other aspects of her life with her castmates . Overt sexual behavior was minimal during the show 's early seasons , relegated mostly to discussion . In subsequent seasons , the level of sexual activity greatly increased , beginning with the Miami season , which depicted or touched upon activities such as exhibitionism , frottage , voyeurism , and threesomes . Unrequited Love ( edit ) Jon Brennan 's Los Angeles roommates speculated that he had developed a crush , or possibly had fallen in love , with Irene Berrera. 2000 New Orleans ' Melissa Howard was attracted to Jamie Murray , who did not reciprocate . Their roommate Julie Stoffer harbored similar feelings for Matt Smith , who also did not reciprocate . Back to New York 's Lori Trespicio developed an attraction for Kevin Dunn , though he only saw her as a friend . Departed housemates ( edit ) Many times , housemates have left the Real World house ( and the cast ) before production was completed , due to conflicts with other roommates , personal issues , homesickness or violations of work assignment policies . Replacement roommates would sometimes move in as a result . Housemates who departed over personal conflicts with other housemates include Los Angeles ' David Edwards , 1994 San Francisco 's David `` Puck '' Rainey , Sydney 's Trisha Cummings and 2010 New Orleans ' Ryan Leslie , though Rainey and Leslie continued to appear in subsequent episodes following their departures . Housemates who moved out due to personal issues back home include Hawaii 's Justin Deabler , Sydney 's Shauvon Torres and Portland 's Joi Niemeyer . Housemates who moved out due to homesickness include 2004 San Diego 's Frankie Abernathy and Washington D.C. 's Erika Wasilewski . Housemates who were evicted after being fired from group work assignments include Hollywood 's Greg Halstead and Cancun 's Joey Rozmus , though Rozmus returned by that season 's finale . Housemates have also departed for other reasons . Irene Barrera moved out of the Los Angeles house when she got married . Irene McGee claimed a relapse of Lyme Disease was the reason for her moving out of the Seattle house , though in a previously unaired interview from her time on the show that aired during the 2000 reunion show , The Real World Reunion 2000 , she explained that the main reason was her ethical objections to aspects of the show 's production , which she characterized as an inauthentic environment designed to fabricate drama and conflict , and not the social experiment it was portrayed to be . McGee further explained that this was an unhealthy environment for her to live in , and that the stress and manipulation of the production exacerbated her illness . Joey Kovar moved out of the Hollywood house , fearing a drug and alcohol relapse after spending time in rehab , though he returned for that season 's finale . 2011 Las Vegas ' Adam Royer was evicted from the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino that housed that season 's cast , following a series of drunken and destructive incidents within the suite and accompanying Vanity nightclub , though he returned for that season 's twelfth episode . St. Thomas ' Brandon Kane was the first cast member ever evicted for failing a random drug test during filming . On - screen Marriage ( edit ) Irene Barrera got married during the Los Angeles season . Pedro Zamora exchanged wedding vows with his boyfriend , Sean Sasser , during the 1994 San Francisco season . Coping with illness ( edit ) Pedro Zamora lived with AIDS . He succumbed to the disease on November 11 , 1994 , hours after the 1994 San Francisco season finale aired . 2004 San Diego housemate Frankie Abernathy suffered from cystic fibrosis . She died on July 9 , 2007 . Philadelphia 's Sarah Burke , Key West 's Paula Meronek and Skeletons ' Violetta Milerman each suffered from an eating disorder , anorexia and / or bulimia . Denver 's Colie Edison battled mononucleosis . Cancun 's Ayiiia Elizarraras had a history of drug abuse and self - harming , the latter of which manifested during that season 's fifth episode . She received treatment for it after filming ended , and recorded a public service announcement on the condition that aired at the end of that episode . 2010 New Orleans ' Ryan Leslie suffered from severe obsessive compulsive disorder , which had deleterious effects on his relationship with the rest of the cast . One recurring illness with which a number of cast members have dealt is addiction . While cast members sometimes become inebriated in social situations during filming , Hawaii 's Ruthie Alcaide , Hollywood 's Joey Kovar and 2011 San Diego 's Frank Sweeney entered treatment programs for drug or alcohol addiction during filming . Other cast members have recounted past troubles with addiction that they had endured prior to filming , including 2002 Chicago 's Chris Beckman , Hollywood 's Brianna Taylor , 2010 New Orleans ' Ryan Knight , St. Thomas ' Brandon Kane and Skeletons ' Madison Walls . Seasons ( edit ) Main article : List of Real World seasons Season # Title City Year ( s ) Aired Number of Episodes The Real World : New York New York City , New York 13 The Real World : Los Angeles Los Angeles , California 21 The Real World : San Francisco San Francisco , California 20 The Real World : London London , England 1995 23 5 The Real World : Miami Miami , Florida 22 6 The Real World : Boston Boston , Massachusetts 23 7 The Real World : Seattle Seattle , Washington 1998 20 8 The Real World : Hawaii Honolulu , Hawaii 1999 23 9 The Real World : New Orleans New Orleans , Louisiana 2000 23 10 The Real World : Back to New York New York City , New York 22 11 The Real World : Chicago Chicago , Illinois 2002 24 12 The Real World : Las Vegas Las Vegas , Nevada 2002 -- 2003 28 13 The Real World : Paris Paris , France 2003 25 14 The Real World : San Diego San Diego , California 26 15 The Real World : Philadelphia Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 2004 -- 2005 26 16 The Real World : Austin Austin , Texas 2005 24 17 The Real World : Key West Key West , Florida 2006 25 18 The Real World : Denver Denver , Colorado 2006 -- 2007 28 19 The Real World : Sydney Sydney , Australia 2007 -- 2008 24 20 The Real World : Hollywood Los Angeles , California 2008 13 21 The Real World : Brooklyn New York City , New York 2009 13 22 The Real World : Cancun Cancún , Mexico 2009 12 23 The Real World : D.C. Washington , D.C. 2009 -- 2010 14 24 The Real World : New Orleans New Orleans , Louisiana 12 25 The Real World : Las Vegas Las Vegas , Nevada 2011 13 26 The Real World : San Diego San Diego , California 2011 12 27 The Real World : St. Thomas Charlotte Amalie , Virgin Islands 2012 12 28 The Real World : Portland Portland , Oregon 2013 12 29 Real World : Ex-Plosion San Francisco , California 2014 12 30 Real World : Skeletons Chicago , Illinois 2014 -- 2015 13 31 Real World : Go Big or Go Home Las Vegas , Nevada 2016 12 32 Real World Seattle : Bad Blood Seattle , Washington 2016 -- 2017 12 Note : Seasons 1 -- 19 aired 30 - minute episodes , while one - hour episodes began airing with season 20 . For more detailed information on seasons , cast lists , and DVDs , see List of Real World seasons . Spinoffs and related Projects ( edit ) In 2002 , MTV also produced a made - for - TV movie , The Real World Movie : The Lost Season , ostensibly about a season of The Real World whose cast members are terrorized by a rejected would - be member . In 2008 , prior to the airing of the Hollywood season , the first - ever Real World Awards Bash aired on MTV . Viewers voted the Austin season as their favorite season . Since the introduction of The Real World , Bunim / Murray has introduced a number of other reality shows , most notably Road Rules , in which five strangers ( six in later seasons ) are sent off in a Winnebago RV and asked to travel to various locales and complete certain tasks to eventually gain a `` handsome reward . '' Other Bunim / Murray productions include The Challenge , which pits teams of alumni from both shows against each other in physical competitions . Bunim - Murray also produced Pedro , a 2008 film by director Nick Oceano , which dramatized the life of Pedro Zamora , including his stay in the Real World house . The film , Bunim / Murray 's first scripted project since the original unaired `` Real World '' concept , was an Official Selection at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival . Criticism ( edit ) Authenticity ( edit ) As with other reality shows , The Real World has received criticism for being staged . During a reunion show featuring the first four Real World casts , Heather Gardner , of the original New York cast , asked some members of the 1994 San Francisco cast if their situations were real . She noted that situations from the original season seemed to repeat themselves in the other incarnations , stopping short of accusing them of acting . On an edition of the E ! True Hollywood Story that spotlighted the series , cast member Jon Brennan revealed that he was asked by the producers to state on the air that he felt hatred towards housemate Tami Roman for her decision to have an abortion , and that he refused to do so , stating that although he disagreed with her decision , he did not feel hatred towards her . Another accusation is that producers selectively edit material in order to give the false impression of certain emotional reactions or statements from the castmates . New York cast member Rebecca Blasband says producers paid a man $100 to ask her out on a date , and that she terminated that plan when she learned of it . She also says that the argument she and Kevin Powell had in the seventh episode of that season was edited to make both of them appear more extreme . Some critics see the very concept of being in `` the real world '' as a misnomer , asserting that in the real world , people do not live in luxurious dwellings for free , are not given jobs in the media without any effort , and are not taken to exotic locations for free , a ' reaction ' that has been ' experienced ' by Judd Winick , who calls the series `` reality in context '' . Behavior of housemates ( edit ) The early seasons have been reassessed in light of history , and in comparison to that of later seasons , particularly in terms of the cast . Writing in 2011 , Meredith Blake of The A.V. Club found the first - season cast 's career goals to be `` ambitious , articulate , and thoughtful '' , particularly in the context of the time when the show was produced , when cast members may have sought to be on TV to further their career goals , but not to be reality TV personalities , which was not yet a common goal at the time , stating , `` What 's so curious about the show 's somewhat chilly critical reception is that , compared to today 's reality fare -- Jersey Shore , the Kardashians , the various Real Housewives -- The Real World : New York now seems incredibly , achingly earnest , bracingly raw , and sweetly idealistic . '' Blake contrasts this with the casts of later seasons , such as that of 2011 , who tend to be defined more by their pasts than by their career goals , and who are never unaware of their own onscreen `` narrative '' . In addition , the later seasons earned the series a reputation for immature or irresponsible behavior on the part of the cast , which Nola.com has described as being `` sometimes fit for a police report . '' On the final track of his Become the Media spoken word album , activist Jello Biafra discusses a conversation he had with The Real World : Seattle cast member Irene McGee , who was slapped by castmate Stephen Williams , saying : `` We know Real World is not the real world . I recently met a woman named Irene McGee who quit this show and said not even the house was real . The fridges were all filled to the brim with Vlasic pickles delivered daily by the crate load along with gallons of Nantucket Nectar . If she drank anything else , the crew took it from her hand and made sure the Nantucket Nectar label was facing the camera instead . When she walked out , another guy in the cast of Real World hit her and the camera guy did nothing ... When she spoke out , MTV sued her . And Entertainment Weekly rated Irene getting smash mouthed the 47th most interesting event on TV that whole year ... Ca n't you MTV think of a better way to raise audience awareness of domestic violence than to make it look cool ? '' McGee has toured colleges to discuss media manipulation and the falsehoods of reality television . She later started a youth - oriented radio show / podcast , No One 's Listening , covering a wide range of pop - culture and media - related issues . The show has also been accused of being characterized by the casts ' drunken and sexual antics , beginning with the show 's 2002 Las Vegas season . There is a larger conception that it has become increasingly superficial with respect to the drama and angst depicted on the part of cast members . As critic Benjamin Wallace - Wells put it : `` No longer an outlet for twentysomethings to brood about their future careers , the show has become a cyclic three - month on - air party for young adults to mingle in hot tubs and obsess about the present . The locales have changed from creative meccas like New York and London to vacation spots like Las Vegas and Hawaii . MTV has rejiggered the show to require characters to engage in artificial , season - long contests or projects -- like putting together a fashion show -- which the characters embrace in the way most American teenagers experience spring break : as a big party . '' A 2006 comment from LA Weekly 's Nikki Finke reflects the same sentiments : `` The show that once seriously delved into hot - button issues like homosexuality , AIDS , racism , religion and abortion was now purposely pushing someone 's buttons to have that person implode on air . '' The Parents Television Council , which has frequently criticized MTV , has also frequently criticized The Real World for its overtly sexual content . In addition , that organization contends that because MTV routinely reruns Real World episodes with a simple `` TV - 14 '' rating without the `` L '' ( language ) descriptor , parents can not block out the show with a V - Chip , although countering reports claim that the V - Chip does not totally rely on content descriptors added to the general ratings to work . An episode of The Real World : San Diego that was broadcast in January 2004 came under intense criticism from both the PTC and American Family Association for its sexual content . Diversity ( edit ) In December 2005 , Aaron Gillego , a columnist for The Advocate , criticized the series for having never cast an Asian man in the then - 13 years of its existence , opining that Asian women have been cast on the show because heterosexual men have been socialized by the media to think of them as exotic beauties or sex objects , but that Asian men have been largely invisible in popular media . As of 2017 , an Asian man has never been cast in the 25 years of the show 's existence . Parodies , derivatives , and references ( edit ) The show was satirized in the October 2 , 1993 episode of the sketch comedy show , Saturday Night Live . The episode , which was hosted by Shannen Doherty , featured a sketch depicting a Real World cast patterned after the Los Angeles cast , and poked fun at the discussions of racism , bigotry , and political differences that served as a recurring theme that season . Another SNL parody of The Real World came in a 1996 episode hosted by John Goodman in which Bob Dole ( Norm Macdonald ) is thrown out of the house . The 1994 movie Reality Bites , starring Winona Ryder and Ethan Hawke , focuses on a group of twentysomethings whose video diaries are misappropriated for a Real World - style documentary series . This fictional documentary series , as well as the title of the movie itself , closely parodies and satirizes The Real World format . A fifth - season episode of Beverly Hills , 90210 called `` Unreal World '' depicted David Silver using a character named Tuck as the subject of a class video project . When Tuck refuses to participate , the rest of the cast pretend to be Tuck and his roommates for the project . Another character named Beth is also used in the project . In an episode of the animated comedy Pinky and the Brain , Pinky and the Brain join the cast of a show called Real Life hosted by TV personality Eisenhower for the network MTTV in order to broadcast the a cappella voice of Rush Limbaugh in order to take over the world . A satirical TV movie called The Lost Season parodied The Real World . It depicted a season of the show that supposedly took place in Vancouver , British Columbia , and was abandoned because its participants were kidnapped . The reality show The Surreal Life is structured similarly to The Real World , except that the housemates , who live together for ten days , are celebrities . The show 's original name was `` The Surreal World . '' `` Swept Away -- A Very Special Episode '' , a Season 11 episode of the crime drama Law & Order that premiered February 28 , 2001 , featured a plot involving the investigation into the murder of a housemate on a reality show akin to The Real World called Deal With It . An episode of the crime drama Diagnosis Murder also featured a plot involving a murder committed during the filming such a show . Dave Chappelle lampooned what he perceived as the targeting of minority cast members for criticism or ejection on the show on his Comedy Central sketch comedy show , Chappelle 's Show , with a sketch entitled `` The Mad Real World '' , portraying , with hyperbole , the results of what would happen if one white person were to cohabitate with a collection of crazy black people . The Comedy Central series Drawn Together is an animated reality show parody that borrows much of its format and conventions from The Real World , but whose cast is populated by animated cartoon archetypes . The music video for the Eminem track , `` Without Me '' , contains scenes which parody The Real World , with appearances by New Orleans castmate Julie Stoffer , Boston castmate Syrus Yarbrough , and San Francisco castmate David `` Puck '' Rainey . The 1999 romantic comedy She 's All That features Matthew Lillard playing Brock Hudson , an ex-Real World cast member kicked out of the house for being obnoxious to his fellow castmates . In `` Text , Lies & Videotape '' , a fifth - season episode of the television series Dawson 's Creek , Audrey ( Busy Philipps ) is speaking with Joey ( Katie Holmes ) about recording her audition tape for the fictional The Real World : Ibiza season . In a sixth - season episode , `` The Importance of Not Being Too Earnest '' , some college students speculate whether Joey sent an e-mail to the whole campus ( by accident ) in an attempt to get attention or because she was on The Real World . In `` The Route of All Evil '' , a third - season episode of the animated television series Futurama , the characters watch an episode of The Real World : The Sun . An incredulous Leela remarks on how much a house on the Sun would cost , a reference to the upscale houses in which that the casts on The Real World live . The WB television series Mission Hill based an entire episode on The Real World , in which the show 's protagonist joins the cast and attempts to destroy The Real World from the inside by exposing it as an elaborate hoax with microphones and hidden cameras telling each person how to act and behave on camera . The TV show Muppets Tonight featured a skit called The Real World : Muppets . Most segments of it were only shown in United Kingdom . It showed Rizzo the Rat , Bobo the Bear , Clifford , Bill the Bubble Guy , and a goth girl named Darci . In `` Morality Bites , '' a second - season episode of the television series Charmed , the sisters travel to 2009 , and on the television can be heard , `` Now back to your regularly scheduled programme , MTV 's Real World 18 : On the Moon ! '' The computer game Afterlife features a Hell punishment called `` The Unreal World '' , which features the description `` This is the true story , of 5000 SOULs , picked to live in a house , and have their lives taped , to find out what happens when people stop being polite , and start getting damned . '' In `` My Hero '' , a 2001 episode of the TV series Scrubs , a cutaway gag shows a number of the characters introducing themselves in the style of The Real World 's opening sequence . In the April 10 , 2005 episode of the stop motion animated television series Robot Chicken entitled `` The Deep End , '' Aquaman is one of seven housemates in the fictional parody of The Real World entitled The Real World : Metropolis . Dutch TV producer Erik Latour claims that the ideas for The Real World were directly derived from his television show Nummer 28 , which aired in 1991 on Dutch television . The Nickelodeon children 's comedy show All That parodied The Real World in its last season with `` The Unreal World '' , in which nearly all of the housemates were undead beings , such as vampires , zombies , ghosts , and a floating head . Video artist Eileen Maxson 's short film Tape 5925 : Amy Goodrow is set up as an audition tape for The Real World , a familiar component of the series ' casting specials and season openers . Maxson portrays the title character , a sensitive and awkward young woman whose main hobby is paper craft , and reveals a surprising sexual encounter between her teenage self and a teacher . The resulting confession lands on the desk of a jaded MTV employee , who fast - forwards through the details of her depressing story . The video was named one of the `` sweet 16 '' experimental film and video works of 2003 by Village Voice media critic Ed Halter . In `` More Like Stanksgiving '' , the fourth episode of the third season of the TV series Happy Endings , the characters watch clips from an episode of The Real World : Sacramento , on which they themselves were previously cast members . The fictional season was said to have not aired due to one of the cast members burning down the house . See also ( edit ) List of programs broadcast by MTV List of Real World cast members List of Real World seasons Road Rules The Challenge Are You the One ? References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Real World : Hollywood ; Press Release from MTV.com '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill . `` MTV 's ' The Real World ' Is Turning 25 And Returning To Sin City As Seven Roommates Take Over Hard Rock Hotel & Casino In March 2011 '' TV By the Numbers ; September 17 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Richard . `` Real World New Orleans : Toothbrush - as - toilet scrubber sickens housemate , triggers police action '' Nola.com ; March 21 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Ossad , Jordana ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Real World Is About To Spill Some Unbelievably Bad Blood '' . MTV . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ I. Am. Relevant : A Generation Impacting Their World With Faith - Dan Haseltine - Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Michael ( March 14 , 1996 ) . `` The Unreal World '' . Denver Westword . Jump up ^ Each cast consisted of seven cast members , except for the twenty - first through the twenty - fourth seasons , which featured eight . In addition , replacement cast members are sometimes brought in when a member of a season 's original cast leaves the show prior to its conclusion , and in later seasons additional cast members have been added without replacing anyone . ^ Jump up to : Blake , Meredith ( June 6 , 2011 ) . `` This is the True Story ... '' . The A.V. Club . ^ Jump up to : Van den Boogaard , Raymond ( September 28 , 1996 ) . `` Zeven werklozen samen op zoek naar een baan '' . NRC Handelsblad . ( Dutch ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Shannen Doherty / Cypress Hill '' . TV.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : The Real World Diaries. 1996 . Pocket Books . Page 5 Introduction by Mary Ellis - Bunim and Jon Murray . Jump up ^ `` You Gotta Have Art '' . The Real World : San Francisco . Season 3 . Episode 5 . July 28 , 1994 . MTV . Jump up ^ The Real World Diaries . Page 131 ^ Jump up to : Fretts , Bruce . ( July 21 , 1995 ) . `` The British Invasion The Real World returns for fourth season -- The MTV hit invades London '' . Entertainment Weekly . Page 1 of 4 Jump up ^ `` Love Stinks '' . The Real World : San Francisco . Season 3 . July 7 , 1994 . MTV . Jump up ^ Heigl , Alex. `` Twelve Crucial Moments in the Evolution of MTV '' . Nerve . August 2011 . Jump up ^ Winick appeared on Phil Donahue 's MSNBC program to discuss his gay - related storylines on August 15 , 2002 . Source Archived May 30 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Bronski , Michael ( August 22 -- 29 , 2002 ) . `` Comic relief '' . The Phonex . ^ Jump up to : Webley , Kayla. `` 32 Epic Moments in Reality - TV History : 7 . The Real World : Puck vs. Pedro '' . Time magazine . Retrieved April 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Weinstein , Steve . `` TELEVISION -- A ' Real World ' of Difference '' . Los Angeles Times . September 19 , 1993 . Retrieved November 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lee , Amber. `` 2 . Jamie Chung '' . Bleacher Report . November 17 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Southern Charm - Wikipedia '' . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Beard , Lanford ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Real World ' : 20 years later , seven strangers who made their mark '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` The One with the Mugging '' . Friends . Season 9 . Episode 15 . February 13 , 2003 . NBC . Jump up ^ Salvatore , Rosanne . `` ' The Real World ' cast members : Where are they now ? '' . Daily News . April 1 , 2011 . Page 4 of 44 Jump up ^ Hicks , Jonathan P. `` Brooklyn Congressman and Veteran of Tough Primaries Faces New Fight '' . The New York Times . April 28 , 2008 Jump up ^ Egeln , Harold ( September 10 , 2008 ) . `` Primary Elections : Big Changes in Brooklyn '' . Brooklyn Eagle . Jump up ^ `` Chart Listing For The Week Of Feb 06 1993 : '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 1993 - 02 - 06 . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ AbduSalaam , Ismael . `` Heather B. Returns With DJ Premier For ' Open Bar ' '' . AllHipHop . March 12 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Girls of Road Rules & Real World '' . Playboy May 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Beth Stolarczykof Real World LA Booking Appearance '' . MM Agency . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : The E ! True Hollywood Story : Bad Girls of Reality TV . Broadcast January 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Playboy : Girls of Reality TV . 2003 . Playboy Home Video . Jump up ^ `` Passport to Pleasure '' . Stuff. April 4 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved May 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` People Enjoy Music in Atlanta '' . CNN . May 5 , 2002 Jump up ^ `` Cast Bio : Kyle Brandt '' . Days of Our Lives . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Photo Gallery : Martha Madison '' . TV Guide . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` True Life Episode Guide 2006 -- I 'm a Reality TV Star '' . TV Guide . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Miz Bio '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved April 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , Matthew Scott ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` It 's Official : ' Challenge ' Champ Emily Schromm Is The Next Fitness Star Of Women 's Health '' . MTV . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Fitness Star Announced '' . Yahoo !. August 11 , 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Aurthur , Kate ( October 10 , 2004 ) . `` Reality Stars Keep on Going and Going '' . The New York Times . p. 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Palms suite at '' . Realworldhouses.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia Square Building Fish Tank at '' . Realworldhouses.com. 21 December 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Seen at the end of `` White Like Me '' , the third episode of The Real World : San Francisco . Jump up ^ The Hollywood cast was given a hybrid car , as documented in that season 's online videos , as were the Brooklyn roommates , as shown in that season 's eighth episode , and the 2010 New Orleans season , as seen in that season 's tenth episode . Jump up ^ `` No Shirt , Boat Shoes , No Sanity '' . The Real World : St. Thomas . Season 27 . Episode 7 . August 8 , 2012 . MTV . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Winick , Judd . Pedro & Me : Friendship , Loss , and What I Learned. 2000 . Henry Holt . Pages 61 and 62 ^ Jump up to : Haberman , Lia ( November 26 , 2003 ) . `` A ' Real World ' Rape ? '' E ! . Jump up ^ Various castmembers insisted this during The Real World Reunion , the first multi-season reunion show in 1995 . ^ Jump up to : Manning , Shaun ( April 1 , 2000 ) . `` Judd Winick on MTV 's ' Pedro ' Movie '' . Comic Book Resources . ^ Jump up to : Winick ( 2000 ) . pp. and 110 ^ Jump up to : Fretts. 1995 . Page 3 of 4 Jump up ^ `` The Real World : Hollywood Reunion ( Segment 4 of 8 ) '' . MTV . July 12 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Williams , Paul K. `` ' Real World ' house has rich gay history : Dupont mansion once home to lesbian bar '' Archived June 22 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Washington Blade . June 19 , 2009 Jump up ^ Winick ( 2000 ) ; p. 104 Jump up ^ `` To a New Beginning ... '' . The Real World : Los Angeles . Season 2 . Episode 2 . July 1 , 1993 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Looks Can Be D.C. - ving '' . The Real World : DC . Season 23 . December 30 , 2009 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` The Real World : Hollywood Dailies : Greg overhears confessional , calls mom '' . MTV . January 1 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mardi Gras Mayhem '' . The Real World : New Orleans . Episode 12 . August 22 , 2000 . MTV . Jump up ^ This element was not present in the Brooklyn , Washington D.C. and 2010 New Orleans seasons . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrival and Departure '' . The Real World : Hollywood . Season 20 . Episode 8 . June 4 , 2008 . MTV . ^ Jump up to : `` Peak Week '' . The Real World : Cancun . Season 22 . Episode 7 . August 6 , 2009 . MTV . Jump up ^ Sicha , Choire ( May 13 , 2008 ) . `` The Real World : Brooklyn . For Real '' . The New York Observer . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Irene Calls It Quits '' . The Real World : Seattle . Season 7 . Episode 15 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` The Aftermath of ' The Slap ' '' . The Real World : Seattle . Season 7 . Episode 16 . MTV . Jump up ^ http://www.mtv.com/videos/rw-las-vegas-2002-full-episode-ep-6/1559769/playlist.jhtml Jump up ^ `` Enjoy Your Flight '' . The Real World : Sydney . Season 19 . Episode 18 . November 28 , 2007 . MTV . ^ Jump up to : `` Davis vs Tyrie '' . The Real World : Denver . Season 18 . Episode 4 . December 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Get It On '' . The Real World : Hollywood . Season 20 . Episode 7 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Sh * t Show ! '' . The Real World : Portland . Season 28 . Episode 11 . June 5 , 2013 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Out With a Bang ! '' . The Real World : Portland . Season 28 . Episode 12 . June 12 , 2013 . MTV . ^ Jump up to : `` The Leak '' . Real World : Go Big or Go Home . Season 31 . Episode 5 . April 14 , 2016 . MTV . ^ Jump up to : `` Should I Stay or Should I Blow ? '' . The Real World : St. Thomas . Season 27 . Episode 11 . September 6 , 2012 . MTV . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Angry Boys and Dirty Girls '' . The Real World : Brooklyn . Season 21 . Episode 8 . February 25 , 2009 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` The Real World : Brooklyn Ep. 8 Aftershow '' . MTV . February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ep. 6 , Real World Las Vegas Ep. 6 Aftershow '' . The Real World : Las Vegas ( 2011 ) . Season 25 . Episode 6 . April 19 , 2011 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` No More Practical Jokes '' . The Real World : Los Angeles . Season 2 . Episode 12 . September 9 , 1993 . MTV . Jump up ^ Two examples are Los Angeles ' Jon Brennan and 2000 New Orleans ' Julie Stoffer , who indicated that they never interacted with black people prior to their experiences with the show . Jump up ^ `` Trouble in Paradise '' . The Real World : San Francisco . Season 3 . Episode 6 . August 4 , 1994 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Act Out '' . The Real World : Miami . Season 5 . Episode 12 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Race Matters '' . The Real World : New Orleans . Season 9 . Episode 9 . July 13 , 2000 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Matt Explores His Options '' . The Real World : New Orleans . Season 9 . Episode 11 . July 27 , 2000 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Conveniently Single '' . The Real World : Back to New York . Season 10 . Episode 2 . May 25 , 2001 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Coral vs. Mike '' . The Real World : Back to New York . Season 10 . Episode 3 . June 1 , 2001 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Nicole vs. Malik '' . The Real World : Back to New York . Season 10 . Episode 7 . June 29 , 2001 . MTV . Jump up ^ Biography page for Karamo Brown . MTV . 2004 . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Losing You '' . The Real World : Philadelphia . Season 15 . Episode 26 . March 1 , 2005 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Heating Things Up '' . The Real World : Denver . Season 18 . Episode 2 . November 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ 40 Greatest Reality TV Moments 2 . VH1 . August 10 , 2007 Jump up ^ January 16 , 2008 . `` Video of Escape from Oz : The Real World Sydney Reunion '' . MTV . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Outs And Ins of Brooklyn '' . The Real World : Brooklyn . Episode 2 . MTV . January 14 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Let 's Not Get Ghetto '' . The Real World : Hollywood . Episode 2 . MTV ; April 23 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Superbrawl 2010 '' ; The Real World : New Orleans ( 2010 ) ; Episode 4 ; MTV ; July 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Video of Episode 7 at MTV.com Jump up ^ `` A Pig Walks Into A Gay Bar ... '' . The Real World : San Diego . Season 26 . Episode 3 . October 12 , 2011 . MTV . Jump up ^ Summary page for Episode 5 ( `` Over the Rainbow '' ) . MTV.com . October 26 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Over the Rainbow '' . The Real World : San Diego . Season 26 . Episode 5 . October 19 , 2011 . MTV . ^ Jump up to : `` Pro-Choice or Pro-Life ? '' . The Real World : Los Angeles . Season 2 . Episode 10 . August 26 , 1993 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` White Like Me '' . The Real World : San Francisco . Season 3 . Episode 3 . July 14 , 1994 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Just Friends '' . The Real World : San Francisco . Season 3 . Episode 18 . October 27 , 1994 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Episode 18 '' . The Real World : Paris . Season 13 . Episode 18 . September 23 , 2003 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Episode 19 '' . The Real World : Paris . Season 13 . Episode 19 . September 30 , 2003 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Love & War '' . The Real World : Austin . Season 16 . Episode 5 . July 12 , 2005 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Whining and Dining '' . The Real World : Sydney . Season 19 . Episode 7 . September 12 , 2007 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Summary page for Episode 11 of The Real World : Brooklyn ( '' Saving a Private Ryan `` ) '' . MTV . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ March 19 , 2009 . `` Video of Episode 11 of The Real World : Brooklyn '' . MTV . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ December 30 , 2009 . `` Video Episode 1 of The Real World : Washington D.C. ( '' Looks Can Be D.C. - ving `` ) '' . MTV . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Biography page for Flora Alekseyeun . MTV . 1996 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sleeping in Seattle '' . The Real World : Seattle . Season 7 . Episode 1 . June 16 , 1998 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Mistaken Identity '' . The Real World : Seattle . Season 7 . Episode 2 . June 23 , 1998 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` I Love You , Do n't Touch Me . '' . The Real World : Seattle . Season 7 . Episode 4 . July 7 , 1998 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Birthday Bashes and Romantic Crashes '' . The Real World : Seattle . Season 7 . Episode 7 . July 28 , 1998 . MTV . ^ Jump up to : `` Second Fiddle '' . The Real World : Sydney . Season 19 . Episode 14 . October 31 , 2007 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Suddenly Single '' . The Real World : Sydney . Season 19 . Episode 3 . August 15 , 2007 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Breaking the Girl Code '' . The Real World : Sydney . Season 19 . Episode 10 . October 3 , 2007 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` The Grilled Cheese Incident '' . The Real World : Sydney . Season 19 . Episode 11 . October 10 , 2007 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Off the Hook '' . The Real World : Sydney . Season 19 . Episode 17 . November 21 , 2007 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Friends Again '' . The Real World : Sydney . Season 19 . Episode 19 . December 5 , 2007 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` The Love Square '' . The Real World : Cancun . Season 22 . Episode 9 . August 19 , 2009 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Flirting with Disaster '' . The Real World : Cancun . Season 22 . Episode 6 . July 29 , 2009 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Cheaters , Beaters and Pavement Eaters '' . The Real World : DC . Season 23 . Episode 9 . February 24 , 2010 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Three Hook Ups and a Breakup '' . The Real World : Las Vegas . Season 25 . Episode 10 . March 30 , 2011 . MTV . Jump up ^ Debra A. Klein ( 9 September 2001 ) . `` Weddings : vows ; Pamela Ling and Judd Winick '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ This was mentioned at the end of the 2008 film Pedro . Jump up ^ `` Rachel Campos - Duffy Welcomes Daughter MariaVictoria Margarita '' People magazine ; April 16 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Love Connection '' . The Real World : Las Vegas . Season 12 . Episode 2 . September 24 , 2002 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Stepping In '' . The Real World : Las Vegas . Season 12 . Episode 9 . November 12 , 2002 . MTV . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Christopher . `` Past rears ugly head during ' Real World ' reunion '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . May 28 , 2007 Jump up ^ Martin , Michael ( August 4 , 2008 ) . `` Danny & Melinda have a Real World Wedding at Castle Hill near Boston '' . Michael Martin Agency . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Ernst , Amanda . `` Real World 's Melinda Smooches Someone -- Not Danny '' . Crushable.com. April 6 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Mexi - Loco '' . The Real World : Hollywood . Season 20 . Episode 12 . July 2 , 2008 . MTV . Jump up ^ The Real World : Hollywood Reunion . MTV . July 12 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Bondage , Butts , And Burlesque '' . The Real World : Portland . Season 28 . Episode 1 . March 27 , 2013 . MTV . ^ Jump up to : `` The Real World : Portland Reunion '' . The Real World : Portland . Season 28 . Episode 13 . June 13 , 2013 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Oh no ! New Exes ? ? '' . Stop Being Polite . December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` This is the True Story ... '' . The Real World : New York . Season 1 . Episode 1 . May 21 , 1992 . MTV . Jump up ^ Jon : The Real World : Los Angeles . MTV . 1993 . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ White , Susan ( July 8 , 1993 ) . `` Teen Faced Realities Of ' The Real World ' '' . Orlando Sentinel . p . E. 1 . Retrieved November 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Real World Diaries . Pages 142 -- 143 Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Newbies '' . The Real World : New Orleans . Season 9 . Episode 1 . June 13 , 2000 . MTV . Jump up ^ Pierce , Scott D. `` Unlikely path : BYU to MTV '' . Deseret News . June 2 , 2000 Jump up ^ Larsen , Kent . `` News about Mormons , Mormonism , and the LDS Church '' . Mormons Today / The Salt Lake Tribune / Associated Press . June 7 , 2000 Jump up ^ The Real World : Paris : Cast : Mallory . MTV . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Former Real World ' star Lacey Buehler runs Florida salon '' . The Plain Dealer . July 14 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Real World : Brooklyn : Cast : Chet '' . MTV . 2008 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ TV Guide . June 24 , 2000 Jump up ^ Biography page for Joey Rozmus ; mtv.com Jump up ^ `` Cancun Cassanovas '' . The Real World : Cancun . MTV . July 15 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ In the one - hour season premiere , Grijalva and castmate Brooke LaBarbera made out in a hot tub , and Grijalva was subsequently intimate with castmate Alex Smith and later towards the end of the season had sex with Stephen . `` 3 - Way Premiere '' . The Real World : Denver . Season 19 . Episode 1 . November 25 , 2006 . MTV . Jump up ^ During the season Alex had sexual relations with Both Jenn and Colie. `` 3 - Way Premiere '' . The Real World : Denver . Season 19 . Episode 1 . November 25 , 2006 . MTV . Jump up ^ During the season KellyAnne had sexual relations with `` Dunbar and Cohutta '' Jump up ^ During the season Dunbar had sexual relations with `` KellyAnne and Ashli '' Jump up ^ She and Emilee Fitzpatrick shared a night of intimacy in Episode 3 of that season , she had a menage a trois with castmate Jonna Mannion and a coworker Jonna was dating named Pat in Episode 10 , and had sex with Joey Rozmus in the season finale . Jump up ^ Lee , Amber. `` 21 . Jonna Mannion '' . Bleacher Report . November 17 , 2011 Jump up ^ During the season Nany had sexual relations with `` Adam , Heather and Cooke '' Jump up ^ During the season Heather had sexual relations with `` Dustin and Nany '' Jump up ^ `` Pregnancy Scare '' . The Real World : Las Vegas . Season 12 . Episode 14 . December 10 , 2002 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Praying for a Miracle '' . The Real World : Sydney . Season 19 . Episode 20 . December 12 , 2007 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Guys Who Like Girls Who Like Girls Who Like Sex '' . The Real World : Las Vegas . Season 25 . Episode 9 . May 4 , 2011 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Out of Africa ... and Outta Here ! '' . The Real World : London . Season 4 . Episode 22 . November 15 , 1995 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Lies , and Videotape '' . The Real World : Miami . Season 5 . Episode 17 . October 30 , 1996 . MTV . ^ Jump up to : `` Wedding Bells Ring '' . The Real World : Los Angeles . Season 2 . Episode 12 . September 2 , 1993 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Hookups and Linkups '' . The Real World : New Orleans . Season 9 . Episode 5 . June 15 , 2000 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` The Never Ending Story '' . The Real World : New Orleans . Season 9 . Episode 22 . October 12 , 2000 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Cupid Strikes '' . The Real World : New Orleans . Season 9 . Episode 7 . June 29 , 2000 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Get a Nightlife ! '' . The Real World : Back to New York . Season 10 . Episode 4 . January 30 , 2001 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Justin Fouls Out '' . The Real World : Hawaii . Season 8 . Episode 16 . September 28 , 1999 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` The End is Near '' . The Real World : San Diego . Season 14 . Episode 21 . May 25 , 2004 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Goodbye Juliet '' . The Real World : San Diego . Season 14 . Episode 22 . June 1 , 2004 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` White House , Glass House '' . The Real World : DC . Season 23 . Episode 12 . March 17 , 2010 . MTV . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Sneak Preview For The Real World : Cancun , Episode 12 '' . MTV . September 2 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Irene Calls It Quits '' . The Real World : Seattle . Season 7 . Episode 15 . September 22 , 1998 . MTV . Jump up ^ Kim ( 23 May 2010 ) . `` Real World Reunion 2000 '' . Televisionwithoutpity.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Solomon , James ( November 1998 ) . in the House : The Real World Seattle . MTV Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 02597 - X . Jump up ^ The Real World Reunion 2000 . MTV . May 6 , 2000 Jump up ^ Irene McGee ( 27 August 2011 ) . `` No One 's Listening : Internet Meme Hurricane Irene '' . Nooneslistening.org ( Podcast ) . iTunes . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Joey Checks Out '' . The Real World : Hollywood . Season 20 . Episode 9 . June 11 , 2008 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` It 's A Wrap '' . The Real World : Hollywood . Season 20 . Episode 13 . July 9 , 2008 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Sexiles / Exiles '' . The Real World : Las Vegas ( 2011 ) . Season 25 . Episode 6 . April 13 , 2011 . MTV . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Addicted To Love '' . The Real World : Las Vegas . Season 25 . Episode 12 . May 25 , 2011 . MTV . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Love Rules '' . The Real World : San Francisco . Season 3 . November 3 , 1994 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` ' Real World : San Diego ' Alum Frankie Abernathy Dead At 25 '' . MTV . June 12 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Bio page for Sarah Burke '' . MTV . Retrieved October 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Real World : Key West Reunion '' . MTV . August 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Sarasota 's Finest '' . Real World : Skeletons . Season 30 . Episode 8 . February 3 , 2015 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` The Kissing Disease '' . The Real World : Denver . Episode 7 . MTV . 25 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Biography page for Ayiiia Elizarraras . MTV.com Jump up ^ `` Summary page for The Real World : Cancun , Episode 5 ( '' Payback , Piglets and Projects `` ) '' . MTV . 19 May 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Video of `` Payback , Piglets and Projects '' `` . MTV . July 22 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Biography page for Ryan Leslie '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Real World XXIV : New Orleans : Ep. 2409 : Fired '' . MTV . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fired '' . Real World : New Orleans . Season 24 . MTV . August 25 , 2010 . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Real World : Hawaii : Ep. 13 : Hasta Pasta , Hawaii '' . MTV . August 2 , 2002 . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Real World : XX : Hollywood : Ep. 2004 : Joey 's Intervention '' . MTV . May 7 , 2008 . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Joey 's Intervention '' . The Real World : Hollywood . Season 20 . Episode 4 . May 7 , 2008 . MTV . Jump up ^ Summary page for Episode 4 ( `` Hair Razing Arguments and Sticky Situations '' ) . MTV.com . October 19 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Hair Razing Arguments and Sticky Situations '' . The Real World : San Diego . Season 26 . Episode 4 . October 19 , 2011 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` The Real World : Chicago : Cast : Chris '' . MTV . 2002 . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Gang Gets Their New Job '' . The Real World . Season 11 . Episode 15 . April 30 , 2002 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Let 's Not Get Ghetto '' . The Real World : Hollywood . Season 20 . Episode 2 . April 23 , 2008 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Real World : New Orleans : Cast : Knight '' . MTV . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to New Orleans '' . The Real World : New Orleans . Season 24 . Episode 1 . June 30 , 2010 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Paradise Found '' . The Real World : St. Thomas . Season 27 . Episode 1 . June 27 , 2012 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Love and Other Drugs '' . Real World : Skeletons . Season 30 . Episode 2 . December 23 , 2014 . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Episode synopsis list for The Real World : New York '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Episode synopsis list for The Real World : Los Angeles '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Episode synopsis list for The Real World : San Francisco '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Episode synopsis list for The Real World : London at '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Episode synopsis list for The Real World : Miami '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Episode synopsis list for The Real World : Boston at '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Episode synopsis list for The Real World : Seattle at '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Episode synopsis list for The Real World : Hawaii at '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Episode synopsis list for The Real World : New Orleans at '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Episode synopsis list for The Real World : Back to New York '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Episode synopsis list for The Real World : Chicago '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Episode synopsis list for The Real World : Las Vegas '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Real World : Paris summary at '' . Tv.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Episode synopsis list for The Real World : San Diego '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Episode synopsis list for The Real World : Philadelphia '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Episode synopsis list for The Real World : Austin '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Episode synopsis list for The Real World : Key West '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Episode synopsis list for The Real World : Denver '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Episode synopsis list for The Real World : Sydney '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Episode synopsis list for The Real World : Brooklyn '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Episode synopsis list for The Real World : Brooklyn at '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Episode synopsis list for The Real World : Cancun '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Episode synopsis list for The Real World : D.C. '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Episode synopsis list for The Real World : New Orleans '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Episode synopsis list for The Real World : Las Vegas '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Episode synopsis list for The Real World : San Diego at '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Episode synopsis list for The Real World : St. Thomas '' . MTV . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Episode synopsis list for The Real World : Portland '' . MTV . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Episode synopsis list for Real World : Ex-Plosion '' . MTV . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Episode synopsis list for Real World : Skeletons '' . MTV . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Episode synopsis list for Real World : Go Big or Go Home '' . MTV . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Episode synopsis list for Real World Seattle : Bad Blood '' . MTV . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Real World Awards Bash winners page '' . MTV . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Pedro official site '' . Pedrothemovie.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Cast and crew page of Pedro '' . Pedrothemovie.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Steve . `` ' Real World : Chicago ' cast admits their September 11 reactions were staged '' . August 19 , 2002 Jump up ^ `` Interview With Coral Jeanne Smith from Battle of the Sexes and The Real World '' . Reality Reel. 23 December 2004 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ 1994 San Francisco 's Judd Winick related receiving this criticism during The Real World Reunion in 1995 . Jump up ^ Dehnart , Andy ( June 7 , 2011 ) . `` Real World returning to San Diego for its 26th season '' . RealityBlurred.com . Retrieved June 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Biafra , Jello . Become the Media ; 2000 Jump up ^ `` Official Site of No One 's Listening '' . Nooneslistening.org . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Don . `` Real World ' Off to Sydney '' , New York Post , January 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lindsay , Richard ( July 9 , 2015 ) . `` Remembering Pedro and Sean -- and why Marriage Matters '' . Patheos . Jump up ^ Clarke , Norm ( July 14 , 2003 ) . `` Despite `` Real World '' conflict , Las Vegas '' Trainor on best behavior `` . The Las Vegas Review - Journal ( Final ed . ) . p. 3a . Retrieved January 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Graham , Renee . `` MTV 's ' Real World ' turns into ' The Carnal Camera Show ' '' , The Boston Globe , September 26 , 2004 Jump up ^ Carlson , Daniel . `` Ooh Las Vegas : Just the Place for a Poor Boy Like Me '' , Pajiba , June 12 , 2007 Jump up ^ Wallace - Wells , Benjamin ( November 18 , 2003 ) . `` Reality Killed the Video Star '' . The Washington Monthly . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( September 6 , 2006 ) . `` Savage TV : From freak shows to freak accidents to freakin ' mayhem . Reality goes wild '' . LA Weekly . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` PTC campaign against MTV '' . Parentstv.org. 12 August 2005 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Content from `` The Real World : Philadelphia '' episode dated January 4 , 2005 `` . Parentstv.org . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Parents Television Council 's Release is Flawed by Faulty Analysis and Biased Methodology '' ( Press release ) . Television Watch . 19 April 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ PTC Action Alert : Summary OF `` The Real World '' Content ; parentstv.org Archived December 11 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Boycott statement of the AFA from AFA Online ; Accessed August 8 , 2007 Archived January 7 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gillego , Aaron ( 7 December 2005 ) . `` Simply invisible '' . The Advocate . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2008 . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The Year in Experimental Film and Video Halter , Ed . Village Voice 2003 '' . Village Voice . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' Happy Endings ' : See The Episode Of ' The Real World ' Where The Gang Met ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post . 2012 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Real World ( TV series ) . MTV 's official Real World website MTV. ca 's official Real World website The Real World at the Internet Movie Database The Real World at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> Real World , Road Rules , and The Challenge <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Real World seasons <Td_colspan="2"> New York Los Angeles San Francisco London Miami Boston Seattle Hawaii New Orleans Back to New York Chicago Las Vegas Paris San Diego Philadelphia Austin Key West Denver Reunited : Las Vegas Sydney Hollywood Brooklyn Cancun D.C. 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where does gulliver land when he is shipwrecked
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Gulliver 's Travels - wikipedia Gulliver 's Travels Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Gulliver 's Travels ( disambiguation ) . Gulliver 's Travels <Td_colspan="2"> First edition of Gulliver 's Travels Author Jonathan Swift Original title Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World . In Four Parts . By Lemuel Gulliver , First a Surgeon , and then a Captain of several Ships Country Ireland Language English Genre Satire , fantasy Publisher Benjamin Motte Publication date 28 October 1726 ( 291 years ago ) ( 1726 - 10 - 28 ) Media type Print Dewey Decimal 823.5 Text Gulliver 's Travels at Wikisource Gulliver 's Travels , or Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World . In Four Parts . By Lemuel Gulliver , First a Surgeon , and then a Captain of Several Ships , ( which is the full title ) , is a prose satire by Irish writer and clergyman Jonathan Swift , that is both a satire on human nature and the `` travellers ' tales '' literary subgenre . It is Swift 's best known full - length work , and a classic of English literature . He himself claimed that he wrote Gulliver 's Travels `` to vex the world rather than divert it '' . The book became popular as soon as it was published . John Gay wrote in a 1726 letter to Swift that `` It is universally read , from the cabinet council to the nursery . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Part I : A Voyage to Lilliput 1.2 Part II : A Voyage to Brobdingnag 1.3 Part III : A Voyage to Laputa , Balnibarbi , Luggnagg , Glubbdubdrib and Japan 1.4 Part IV : A Voyage to the Land of the Houyhnhnms 2 Composition and history 2.1 Faulkner 's 1735 edition 2.2 Lindalino 3 Major themes 3.1 Misogyny 3.2 Character analysis 4 Cultural influences 5 In other works 5.1 Sequels and imitations 5.2 Allusions 6 Adaptations 6.1 Music 6.2 Film , television and radio 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 9.1 Editions 10 External links 10.1 Online text Plot ( edit ) Locations visited by Gulliver , according to Arthur Ellicott Case Part I : a voyage to Lilliput ( edit ) 4 May 1699 Mural depicting Gulliver surrounded by citizens of Lilliput . The travel begins with a short preamble in which Lemuel Gulliver gives a brief outline of his life and history before his voyages . During his first voyage , Gulliver is washed ashore after a shipwreck and finds himself a prisoner of a race of tiny people , less than 6 inches ( 15 cm ) tall , who are inhabitants of the island country of Lilliput . After giving assurances of his good behaviour , he is given a residence in Lilliput and becomes a favourite of the Lilliput Royal Court . He is also given permission by the King of Lilliput to go around the city on condition that he must not harm their subjects . At first , the Lilliputians are hospitable to Gulliver , but they are also wary of the threat that his size poses to them . The Lilliputians reveal themselves to be a people who put great emphasis on trivial matters . For example , which end of an egg a person cracks becomes the basis of a deep political rift within that nation . They are a people who revel in displays of authority and performances of power . Gulliver assists the Lilliputians to subdue their neighbors the Blefuscudians by stealing their fleet . However , he refuses to reduce the island nation of Blefuscu to a province of Lilliput , displeasing the King and the royal court . Gulliver is charged with treason for , among other crimes , `` making water '' in the capital though he was putting out a fire . He is convicted and sentenced to be blinded . With the assistance of a kind friend , `` a considerable person at court '' , he escapes to Blefuscu . Here , he spots and retrieves an abandoned boat and sails out to be rescued by a passing ship , which safely takes him back home . Part II : a voyage to Brobdingnag ( edit ) 20 June 1702 -- 3 June 1706 Gulliver exhibited to the Brobdingnag Farmer ( painting by Richard Redgrave ) Gulliver soon sets out again . When the sailing ship Adventure is blown off course by storms and forced to sail for land in search of fresh water , Gulliver is abandoned by his companions and is left on a peninsula on the western coast of the North American continent . The grass of that land is as tall as a tree . He is then found by a farmer who was about 72 ft ( 22 m ) tall , judging from Gulliver estimating a man 's step being 10 yards ( 9 m ) . He brings Gulliver home and the farmer 's daughter Glumdalclitch cares for Gulliver . The giant - sized farmer treats him as a curiosity and exhibits him for money . After a while the constant shows make Gulliver sick , and the farmer sells him to the queen of the realm . Glumdalclitch ( who accompanied her father while exhibiting Gulliver ) is taken into the Queen of Brobdingnag 's service to take care of the tiny man . Since Gulliver is too small to use their huge chairs , beds , knives and forks , the Queen of Brobdingnag commissions a small house to be built for him so that he can be carried around in it ; this is referred to as his `` travelling box '' . Between small adventures such as fighting giant wasps and being carried to the roof by a monkey , he discusses the state of Europe with the King of Brobdingnag . The King is not happy with Gulliver 's accounts of Europe , especially upon learning of the use of guns and cannons . On a trip to the seaside , his traveling box is seized by a giant eagle which drops Gulliver and his box into the sea where he is picked up by some sailors who return him to England . Part III : a voyage to Laputa , Balnibarbi , Luggnagg , Glubbdubdrib and Japan ( edit ) See also : Castle in the Sky 5 August 1706 -- 16 April 1710 Gulliver discovers Laputa , the flying island ( illustration by J.J. Grandville ) Setting out again , Gulliver 's ship is attacked by pirates and he is marooned close to a desolate rocky island near India . He is rescued by the flying island of Laputa , a kingdom devoted to the arts of music , mathematics , and astronomy but unable to use them for practical ends . Rather than use armies , Laputa has a custom of throwing rocks down at rebellious cities on the ground . Gulliver tours Balnibarbi , the kingdom ruled from Laputa , as the guest of a low - ranking courtier and sees the ruin brought about by the blind pursuit of science without practical results , in a satire on bureaucracy and on the Royal Society and its experiments . At the Grand Academy of Lagado in Balnibarbi , great resources and manpower are employed on researching completely preposterous schemes such as extracting sunbeams from cucumbers , softening marble for use in pillows , learning how to mix paint by smell , and uncovering political conspiracies by examining the excrement of suspicious persons ( see muckraking ) . Gulliver is then taken to Maldonada , the main port of Balnibarbi , to await a trader who can take him on to Japan . While waiting for a passage , Gulliver takes a short side - trip to the island of Glubbdubdrib which is southwest of Balnibarbi . On Glubbdubdrib , he visits a magician 's dwelling and discusses history with the ghosts of historical figures , the most obvious restatement of the `` ancients versus moderns '' theme in the book . The ghosts consist of Julius Caesar , Brutus , Homer , Aristotle , René Descartes , and Pierre Gassendi . On the island of Luggnagg , he encounters the struldbrugs , people who are immortal . They do not have the gift of eternal youth , but suffer the infirmities of old age and are considered legally dead at the age of eighty . After reaching Japan , Gulliver asks the Emperor `` to excuse my performing the ceremony imposed upon my countrymen of trampling upon the crucifix '' , which the Emperor does . Gulliver returns home , determined to stay there for the rest of his days . Part IV : a voyage to the land of the Houyhnhnms ( edit ) 7 September 1710 -- 5 December 1715 Gulliver in discussion with Houyhnhnms ( 1856 illustration by J.J. Grandville ) . Despite his earlier intention of remaining at home , Gulliver returns to sea as the captain of a merchantman , as he is bored with his employment as a surgeon . On this voyage , he is forced to find new additions to his crew whom he believes to have turned the rest of the crew against him . His crew then commits mutiny . After keeping him contained for some time , they resolve to leave him on the first piece of land they come across , and continue as pirates . He is abandoned in a landing boat and comes upon a race of hideous , deformed and savage humanoid creatures to which he conceives a violent antipathy . Shortly afterwards , he meets the Houyhnhnms , a race of talking horses . They are the rulers while the deformed creatures that resemble human beings are called Yahoos . Gulliver becomes a member of a horse 's household and comes to both admire and emulate the Houyhnhnms and their way of life , rejecting his fellow humans as merely Yahoos endowed with some semblance of reason which they only use to exacerbate and add to the vices Nature gave them . However , an Assembly of the Houyhnhnms rules that Gulliver , a Yahoo with some semblance of reason , is a danger to their civilization and command him to swim back to the land that he came from . Gulliver 's `` Master , '' the Houyhnhnm who took him into his household , bought him time to create a canoe to make his departure easier . After another disastrous voyage , he is rescued against his will by a Portuguese ship . He is disgusted to see that Captain Pedro de Mendez , a Yahoo , is a wise , courteous , and generous person . He returns to his home in England , but he is unable to reconcile himself to living among `` Yahoos '' and becomes a recluse , remaining in his house , largely avoiding his family and his wife , and spending several hours a day speaking with the horses in his stables . Composition and history ( edit ) It is uncertain exactly when Swift started writing Gulliver 's Travels ( much of the writing was done at Loughry Manor in Cookstown , County Tyrone , whilst Swift stayed there ) but some sources suggest as early as 1713 when Swift , Gay , Pope , Arbuthnot and others formed the Scriblerus Club with the aim of satirising popular literary genres . According to these accounts , Swift was charged with writing the memoirs of the club 's imaginary author , Martinus Scriblerus , and also with satirising the `` travellers ' tales '' literary subgenre . It is known from Swift 's correspondence that the composition proper began in 1720 with the mirror - themed Parts I and II written first , Part IV next in 1723 and Part III written in 1724 ; but amendments were made even while Swift was writing Drapier 's Letters . By August 1725 the book was complete ; and as Gulliver 's Travels was a transparently anti-Whig satire , it is likely that Swift had the manuscript copied so that his handwriting could not be used as evidence if a prosecution should arise , as had happened in the case of some of his Irish pamphlets ( the Drapier 's Letters ) . In March 1726 Swift travelled to London to have his work published ; the manuscript was secretly delivered to the publisher Benjamin Motte , who used five printing houses to speed production and avoid piracy . Motte , recognising a best - seller but fearing prosecution , cut or altered the worst offending passages ( such as the descriptions of the court contests in Lilliput and the rebellion of Lindalino ) , added some material in defence of Queen Anne to Part II , and published it . The first edition was released in two volumes on 28 October 1726 , priced at 8s . 6d . Motte published Gulliver 's Travels anonymously , and as was often the way with fashionable works , several follow - ups ( Memoirs of the Court of Lilliput ) , parodies ( Two Lilliputian Odes , The first on the Famous Engine With Which Captain Gulliver extinguish 'd the Palace Fire ... ) and `` keys '' ( Gulliver Decipher 'd and Lemuel Gulliver 's Travels into Several Remote Regions of the World Compendiously Methodiz 'd , the second by Edmund Curll who had similarly written a `` key '' to Swift 's Tale of a Tub in 1705 ) were swiftly produced . These were mostly printed anonymously ( or occasionally pseudonymously ) and were quickly forgotten . Swift had nothing to do with them and disavowed them in Faulkner 's edition of 1735 . Swift 's friend Alexander Pope wrote a set of five Verses on Gulliver 's Travels , which Swift liked so much that he added them to the second edition of the book , though they are rarely included . Faulkner 's 1735 edition ( edit ) In 1735 an Irish publisher , George Faulkner , printed a set of Swift 's works , Volume III of which was Gulliver 's Travels . As revealed in Faulkner 's `` Advertisement to the Reader '' , Faulkner had access to an annotated copy of Motte 's work by `` a friend of the author '' ( generally believed to be Swift 's friend Charles Ford ) which reproduced most of the manuscript without Motte 's amendments , the original manuscript having been destroyed . It is also believed that Swift at least reviewed proofs of Faulkner 's edition before printing , but this can not be proved . Generally , this is regarded as the Editio Princeps of Gulliver 's Travels with one small exception . This edition had an added piece by Swift , A letter from Capt . Gulliver to his Cousin Sympson , which complained of Motte 's alterations to the original text , saying he had so much altered it that `` I do hardly know mine own work '' and repudiating all of Motte 's changes as well as all the keys , libels , parodies , second parts and continuations that had appeared in the intervening years . This letter now forms part of many standard texts . Lindalino ( edit ) The five - paragraph episode in Part III , telling of the rebellion of the surface city of Lindalino against the flying island of Laputa , was an obvious allegory to the affair of Drapier 's Letters of which Swift was proud . Lindalino represented Dublin and the impositions of Laputa represented the British imposition of William Wood 's poor - quality copper currency . Faulkner had omitted this passage , either because of political sensitivities raised by an Irish publisher printing an anti-British satire , or possibly because the text he worked from did not include the passage . In 1899 the passage was included in a new edition of the Collected Works . Modern editions derive from the Faulkner edition with the inclusion of this 1899 addendum . Isaac Asimov notes in The Annotated Gulliver that Lindalino is generally taken to be Dublin , being composed of double lins ; hence , Dublin . Major themes ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The King of Brobdingnag and Gulliver ( 1803 ) , Metropolitan Museum of Art Gulliver 's Travels has been the recipient of several designations : from Menippean satire to a children 's story , from proto - science fiction to a forerunner of the modern novel . Published seven years after Daniel Defoe 's wildly successful Robinson Crusoe , Gulliver 's Travels may be read as a systematic rebuttal of Defoe 's optimistic account of human capability . In The Unthinkable Swift : The Spontaneous Philosophy of a Church of England Man , Warren Montag argues that Swift was concerned to refute the notion that the individual precedes society , as Defoe 's novel seems to suggest . Swift regarded such thought as a dangerous endorsement of Thomas Hobbes ' radical political philosophy and for this reason Gulliver repeatedly encounters established societies rather than desolate islands . The captain who invites Gulliver to serve as a surgeon aboard his ship on the disastrous third voyage is named Robinson . Scholar Allan Bloom points out that Swift 's critique of science ( the experiments of Laputa ) is the first such questioning by a modern liberal democrat of the effects and cost on a society which embraces and celebrates policies pursuing scientific progress . A possible reason for the book 's classic status is that it can be seen as many things to many different people . Broadly , the book has three themes : A satirical view of the state of European government , and of petty differences between religions An inquiry into whether men are inherently corrupt or whether they become corrupted A restatement of the older `` ancients versus moderns '' controversy previously addressed by Swift in The Battle of the Books In storytelling and construction the parts follow a pattern : The causes of Gulliver 's misadventures become more malignant as time goes on -- he is first shipwrecked , then abandoned , then attacked by strangers , then attacked by his own crew . Gulliver 's attitude hardens as the book progresses -- he is genuinely surprised by the viciousness and politicking of the Lilliputians but finds the behaviour of the Yahoos in the fourth part reflective of the behaviour of people . Each part is the reverse of the preceding part -- Gulliver is big / small / wise / ignorant , the countries are complex / simple / scientific / natural , and the forms of government are worse / better / worse / better than England 's . Gulliver 's viewpoint between parts is mirrored by that of his antagonists in the contrasting part -- Gulliver sees the tiny Lilliputians as being vicious and unscrupulous , and then the king of Brobdingnag sees Europe in exactly the same light ; Gulliver sees the Laputians as unreasonable , and his Houyhnhnm master sees humanity as equally so . No form of government is ideal -- the simplistic Brobdingnagians enjoy public executions and have streets infested with beggars , the honest and upright Houyhnhnms who have no word for lying are happy to suppress the true nature of Gulliver as a Yahoo and are equally unconcerned about his reaction to being expelled . Specific individuals may be good even where the race is bad -- Gulliver finds a friend in each of his travels and , despite Gulliver 's rejection and horror toward all Yahoos , is treated very well by the Portuguese captain , Don Pedro , who returns him to England at the novel 's end . Of equal interest is the character of Gulliver himself -- he progresses from a cheery optimist at the start of the first part to the pompous misanthrope of the book 's conclusion and we may well have to filter our understanding of the work if we are to believe the final misanthrope wrote the whole work . In this sense Gulliver 's Travels is a very modern and complex novel . There are subtle shifts throughout the book , such as when Gulliver begins to see all humans , not just those in Houyhnhnm - land , as Yahoos . However , a feminist perspective of Gulliver 's Travels argues that it is misogyny , and not misanthropy , that is shown in Gulliver . Throughout , Gulliver is presented as being gullible ; he believes what he is told , never perceives deeper meanings , is an honest man , and expects others to be honest . This makes for fun and irony ; what Gulliver says can be trusted to be accurate , and he does not always understand the meaning of what he perceives . Also , although Gulliver is presented as a commonplace `` everyman '' , lacking higher education , he possesses a remarkable natural gift for language . He quickly becomes fluent in the native tongue of any strange land in which he finds himself , a literary device that adds much understanding and humour to Swift 's work . Despite the depth and subtlety of the book , it is often classified as a children 's story because of the popularity of the Lilliput section ( frequently bowdlerised ) as a book for children . One can still buy books entitled Gulliver 's Travels which contain only parts of the Lilliput voyage . Misogyny ( edit ) A well - known underlying theme in Gulliver 's Travels is misogyny . Swift uses satire to openly mock misogyny throughout the book , with one of the most cited examples of this coming from Gulliver 's description of a Brobdingnagian woman : `` I must confess no Object ever disgusted me so much as the Sight of her monstrous Breast , which I can not tell what to compare with , so as to give the curious Reader an Idea of its Bulk , Shape , and Colour ... This made me reflect upon the fair Skins of our English Ladies , who appear so beautiful to us , only because they are of our own Size , and their Defects not to be seen but through a magnifying glass ... '' This open critic towards aspects of the female body is something that Swift often brings up in other works of his , particularly in poems such as The Lady 's Dressing Room and A Beautiful Young Nymph Going To Bed A well known criticism of Swift 's misogyny by Felicity A. Nussbaum proposes the idea that that `` Gulliver himself is a gendered object of satire , and his antifeminist sentiments may be among those mocked . '' Gulliver 's own masculinity is often mocked , seen in how he is made to be a coward among the Brobdingnag people , repressed by the people of Lilliput , and viewed as an inferior Yahoo among the Houyhnhnms . Another criticism of Swift 's use of misogyny delves into Gulliver 's repeated use of the word ' nauseous , ' and the way that Gulliver is fighting his emasculation by commenting on how he thinks the women of Brobdingnag are disgusting . `` Swift has Gulliver frequently invoke the sensory ( as opposed to reflective ) word `` nauseous '' to describe this and other magnified images in Brobdingnag not only to reveal the neurotic depths of Gulliver 's misogyny , but also to show how male nausea can be used as a pathetic countermeasure against the perceived threat of female consumption . Swift has Gulliver associate these magnified acts of female consumption with the act of `` throwing - up '' -- the opposite of and antidote to the act of gastronomic consumption . '' This commentary of Deborah Needleman Armintor relies upon the way that the giant women do with Gulliver as they please , in much the same way as one might play with a toy , and get it to do everything one can think of . Armintor 's comparison focuses on the pocket microscopes that were popular in Swift 's time . She talks about how this instrument of science was transitioned to something toy - like and accessible , so it shifted into something that women favored , and thus men lose interest . This is similar to the progression of Gulliver 's time in Brobdingnag , from man of science to women 's plaything . Character analysis ( edit ) Pedro de Mendez is the name of the Portuguese captain who rescues Gulliver in Book IV . When Gulliver is forced to leave the Island of the Houyhnhnms , his plan is `` to discover some small Island uninhabited '' where he can live in solitude . Instead , he is picked up by Don Pedro 's crew . Despite Gulliver 's appearance -- he is dressed in skins and speaks like a horse -- Don Pedro treats him compassionately and returns him to Lisbon . Though Don Pedro appears only briefly , he has become an important figure in the debate between so - called soft school and hard school readers of Gulliver 's Travels . Some critics contend that Gulliver is a target of Swift 's satire and that Don Pedro represents an ideal of human kindness and generosity . Gulliver believes humans are similar to Yahoos in the sense that they make `` no other use of reason , than to improve and multiply ... vices '' Captain Pedro provides a contrast to Gulliver 's reasoning , proving humans are able to reason , be kind , and most of all : civilized . Gulliver sees the bleak fallenness at the center of human nature , and Don Pedro is merely a minor character who , in Gulliver 's words , is `` an Animal which had some little Portion of Reason . '' Cultural influences ( edit ) Gulliver and a giant , a painting by Tadeusz Pruszkowski ( National Museum in Warsaw ) . From 1738 to 1746 , Edward Cave published in occasional issues of The Gentleman 's Magazine semi-fictionalized accounts of contemporary debates in the two Houses of Parliament under the title of Debates in the Senate of Lilliput . The names of the speakers in the debates , other individuals mentioned , politicians and monarchs present and past , and most other countries and cities of Europe ( `` Degulia '' ) and America ( `` Columbia '' ) were thinly disguised under a variety of Swiftian pseudonyms . The disguised names , and the pretence that the accounts were really translations of speeches by Lilliputian politicians , were a reaction to an Act of Parliament forbidding the publication of accounts of its debates . Cave employed several writers on this series : William Guthrie ( June 1738 -- November 1740 ) , Samuel Johnson ( November 1740 -- February 1743 ) , and John Hawkesworth ( February 1743 -- December 1746 ) . In his reference to the astronomers of Laputa in Chapter III , Swift states : `` They have likewise discovered two lesser stars , or satellites , which revolve about Mars ; whereof the innermost is distant from the centre of the primary planet exactly three of his diameters , and the outermost , five ; the former revolves in the space of ten hours , and the latter in twenty - one and a half ; so that the squares of their periodical times are very near in the same proportion with the cubes of their distance from the centre of Mars ; which evidently shows them to be governed by the same law of gravitation that influences the other heavenly bodies . '' ( This is 151 years earlier than the recognized discovery of the two moons of Mars by Asaph Hall in 1877 . ) Voltaire was presumably influenced by Swift : his 1750 short story Micromégas , about an alien visitor to Earth , also refers to two moons of Mars . Swift crater , a crater on Mars 's moon Deimos , is named after Jonathan Swift , while on Mars 's other moon , Phobos , there is one named regio , Laputa Regio , and one named planitia , Lagado Planitia , both of which are named after places in Gulliver 's Travels ( the fictional Laputa , a flying island , and Lagado , imaginary capital of the fictional nation Balnibarbi ) . Many of the craters on Phobos are also named after characters in Gulliver 's Travels . The term Lilliputian has entered many languages as an adjective meaning `` small and delicate '' . There is even a brand of small cigar called Lilliput . There is a series of collectable model houses known as `` Lilliput Lane '' . The smallest light bulb fitting ( 5mm diameter ) in the Edison screw series is called the `` Lilliput Edison screw '' . In Dutch and Czech , the words Lilliputter and liliput ( á ) n respectively are used for adults shorter than 1.30 meters . Conversely , Brobdingnagian appears in the Oxford English Dictionary as a synonym for very large or gigantic . In like vein , the term yahoo is often encountered as a synonym for ruffian or thug . In the Oxford English Dictionary it is considered a definition for `` a rude , noisy , or violent person '' and its origins attributed to Swift 's Gulliver 's Travels . In the discipline of computer architecture , the terms big - endian and little - endian are used to describe two possible ways of laying out bytes in memory . The terms derive from one of the satirical conflicts in the book , in which two religious sects of Lilliputians are divided between those who crack open their soft - boiled eggs from the little end , and those who use the big end , the `` Big - endians '' . Dostoevsky references Gulliver 's Travels in his novel Demons ( 1872 ) : ' In an English satire of the last century , Gulliver , returning from the land of the Lilliputians where the people were only three or four inches high , had grown so accustomed to consider himself a giant among them , that as he walked along the Streets of London he could not help crying out to carriages and passers - by to be careful and get out of his way for fear he should crush them , imagining that they were little and he was still a giant ... ' In other works ( edit ) Sequels and imitations ( edit ) Many sequels followed the initial publishing of the Travels . The earliest of these was the anonymously authored Memoirs of the Court of Lilliput , published 1727 , which expands the account of Gulliver 's stays in Lilliput and Blefuscu by adding several gossipy anecdotes about scandalous episodes at the Lilliputian court . Abbé Pierre Desfontaines , the first French translator of Swift 's story , wrote a sequel , Le Nouveau Gulliver ou Voyages de Jean Gulliver , fils du capitaine Lemuel Gulliver ( The New Gulliver , or the travels of John Gulliver , son of Captain Lemuel Gulliver ) , published in 1730 . Gulliver 's son has various fantastic , satirical adventures . Donald Grant Mitchell retold part one of the novel in the form of a short story for children , published in St. Nicholas magazine in 1874 . Hungarian author Frigyes Karinthy wrote two science fiction novellas that continue the adventures of Gulliver : Voyage to Faremido ( 1916 ) is an early examination of artificial intelligence , with a pacifist theme , while Capillaria ( 1921 ) is a satire on the ' battle of the sexes ' . Soviet science fiction writer Vladimir Savchenko published Gulliver 's Fifth Travel -- The Travel of Lemuel Gulliver , First a Surgeon , and Then a Captain of Several Ships to the Land of Tikitaks ( Russian : Пятое путешествие Гулливера -- Путешествие Лемюэля Гулливера , сначала хирурга , а потом капитана нескольких кораблей , в страну тикитаков ) , a sequel to the original series in which Gulliver 's role as a surgeon is more apparent . Tikitaks are people who inject the juice of a unique fruit to make their skin transparent , as they consider people with regular opaque skin secretive and ugly . Gulliver 's Travels Beyond the Moon ( ガリバー の 宇宙 旅行 , Garibā no Uchū Ryokō , Gulliver 's Space Travels ) is a 1965 Japanese animated film , portraying an elder Gulliver taking part in a space travel , joined by a boy , a crow , a talking toy soldier and a dog . The film , although being a children 's production generally fascinated by the idea of space travelling , portrays an alien world where robots have taken power . Thus it continues in Swift 's vein of critical approach on themes in current society . Hanna - Barbera produced two adaptations of Gulliver 's Travels , one was an animated TV series called The Adventures of Gulliver from 1968 to 1969 and another was a 1979 animated television special titled Gulliver 's Travels . American physician John Paul Brady published in 1987 A Voyage to Inishneefa : A First - hand Account of the Fifth Voyage of Lemuel Gulliver ( Santa Barbara : John Daniel ) , a parody of Irish history in Swift 's manner . In 1998 the Argentine writer Edgar Brau published El último Viaje del capitán Lemuel Gulliver ( The Last Voyage of Captain Lemuel Gulliver ) , a novel in which Swift 's character goes on an imaginary fifth journey , this time into the River Plate . It satirises ways and customs of present - day society , including sports , television , politics , etc . To justify the parody , the narrative is set immediately after the last voyage written by Swift ( precisely , 1722 ) , and the literary style of the original work is kept throughout the whole story . `` L. Gulliver '' appears in Alan Moore 's comic The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen Volume 1 as a member of a prior Society of Extraordinary Gentlemen from 1780s . Allusions ( edit ) Philip K. Dick 's short story `` Prize Ship '' ( 1954 ) loosely referred to Gulliver 's Travels . In the 9th book of The Time Wars Series , Simon Hawke 's The Lilliput Legion , the protagonists meet Lemuel Gulliver and battle the titular army . The BBC Radio 4 comedy series Brian Gulliver 's Travels by Bill Dare is a satirical comedy about a travel documentary presenter , Brian Gulliver ( played by Neil Pearson ) , who talks about his adventures in the undiscovered continent of Clafenia . Gulliver 's Travels was the only book Dare read while he was at the university . The 1986 Japanese anime film Castle in the Sky , directed by Hayao Miyazaki and released by Studio Ghibli , centers on a floating city known as Laputa . The film was originally titled Laputa : Castle in the Sky . A 2012 series of advertisements for the Acura RDX . In Journey 2 : The Mysterious Island , elements of Lilliput were used to make up this film 's version of The Mysterious Island . In the film Dr. Strangelove , a loose B - 52 bomber targets a science research laboratory in the fictional Soviet city of Laputa . In Fahrenheit 451 the main character , Guy Montag , remarks `` It is computed that eleven thousand persons have at several times suffered death rather than submit to break their eggs at the smaller end . '' In the Doctor Who story The Mind Robber and its novelization , the character of Gulliver appears , speaking only lines from the book . In Old Man 's War , John Perry has to fight a race of aliens called the Covandu . Perry compares them to the Lilliputians due to them resembling humanity closely , and also the fact they are , on average , only one inch tall . Despite their small size , the novel mentions that they perform well in space battles and are aggressive colonizers , but they are understandably under - matched against Perry 's forces in a ground battle . In the Charle E Fritsch book Horses Asteroid , a collection of Sci fi short stories written before 1980 , the hynhouyhyms have left earth in a spaceship due to it being too full of humans and settled on an asteroid . Adaptations ( edit ) Comic book cover by Lilian Chesney Music ( edit ) In 1728 the Baroque composer Georg Philipp Telemann composed a 5 - movement suite for two violins based on Swift 's book . Telemann 's piece is commonly known as Gulliver 's Travels , and depicts the Lilliputians and the Brobdingnagians particularly vividly through rhythms and tempos . The piece is part of Telemann 's Der getreue Musik - meister ( The Steadfast Music Teacher ) . The ambient band Soufferance based and themed their 2010 concept album on the book . Titled `` Travels into Several Remote Nations of the Mind '' , the album featured a single , 65 minute song , bearing the title `` The Thoughts and Memoirs of Mike Lachaire , First a Strange Individual , and then a Philosopher '' , referencing the full title of the original book . Film , television and radio ( edit ) Gulliver 's Travels has been adapted several times for film , television and radio . Most film versions avoid the satire completely . Guliver 's Travels Among the Lilliputians and the Giants ( 1902 ) : A French Silent film by Georges Méliès , a pioneer of early film . Gulliver is played by Méliès himself in this version . Gulliver Mickey ( 1934 ) : is a black and white Mickey Mouse short , produced by Walt Disney and released by United Artists in 1934 . The New Gulliver ( 1935 ) : this Soviet retelling of the travel to Lilliput was lauded for the ground - breaking animation work by director Aleksandr Ptushko . Gulliver 's Travels ( 1939 ) : Max Fleischer 's animated feature - length classic of Gulliver 's adventures in Lilliput . This was the first full - length animated cartoon after Walt Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . The film was spun off into two cartoon short series : the Gabby cartoons about a Lilliputian sidekick of the film , and the Animated Antics cartoons starring Sneak , Snoop and Snitch ( the three villains ) and Twinkletoes ( the carrier pigeon ) . The Three Worlds of Gulliver ( 1960 ) : a loose adaptation starring Kerwin Mathews and featuring stop motion effects by Ray Harryhausen . Case for a Rookie Hangman ( 1970 ) : A satirical movie by the Czech Pavel Juráček , based upon the third book , depicting indirectly the Communist Czechoslovakia , shelved soon after its release . Gulliver a törpék országában ( 1974 ) : Directed by András Rajnai for Hungarian Television ( MTV ) , this show deals with the trip to Lilliput . Gulliver 's Travels ( 1977 ) : Part live - action and part - animated . Stars Richard Harris . Gulliver 's Travels ( 1979 ) : An animated TV movie adaptation of the first two parts made in Australia . It was produced by Southern Star Group for Famous Classic Tales , with the voice cast being Julie Bennett , Regis Cordic , Ross Martin , Don Messick , Hal Smith , John Stephenson , and Janet Waldo . Gulliver az óriások országában ( 1980 ) : The second adaptation by András Rajnai for Hungarian Television ( MTV ) , this hour - long show is an adaptation of Gulliver 's voyage to Brobdingnag . Gulliver in Lilliput ( 1981 ) : BBC Classics Television . Stars Andrew Burt and Elisabeth Sladen . Gulliver 's Travels : It was produced by Saban Entertainment . It was aired from September 8 , 1992 to June 29 , 1993 . It is an adaptation of the Gulliver 's Travels novel by Jonathan Swift , and spanned a total of 26 episodes . Gulliver 's Travels ( 1996 ) : Live - action , 2 part , TV miniseries with special effects starring Ted Danson and Mary Steenburgen , also featuring a variety of film stars in cameo roles . This version includes all four voyages . Crayola Kids Adventures : Tales of Gulliver 's Travels ( 1997 ) : Live - action Direct - to - video film starring children with Adam Wylie as Gulliver . Jajantaram Mamantaram ( 2003 ) : Live - action Indian children 's film , starring Javed Jaffrey . Gulliver 's Travels ( 2010 ) : Modernized , Live - action version of Gulliver 's adventures in Lilliput , starring Jack Black , also featuring Billy Connolly , James Corden , Amanda Peet , Chris O'Dowd , Catherine Tate , Jason Segel , Emily Blunt and Olly Alexander . Gulliver 's Travels was produced by Golden Films . This is an animated short version of the story . It is part of a larger series known as `` Enchanted Tales . '' See also ( edit ) Ireland portal Novels portal The Engine References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Swift , Jonathan ( 2003 ) . DeMaria , Robert Jr. , ed . Gulliver 's Travels . Penguin . p. xi . Jump up ^ Swift , Jonathan ( 2009 ) . Rawson , Claude , ed . Gulliver 's Travels . W.W. Norton . p. 875 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 93065 - 8 . Jump up ^ Gulliver 's Travels : Complete , Authoritative Text with Biographical and Historical Contexts , Palgrave Macmillan 1995 ( p. 21 ) . The quote has been misattributed to Alexander Pope , who wrote to Swift in praise of the book just a day earlier . Jump up ^ Case , Arthur Ellicott ( 1945 ) . Four essays on Gulliver 's travels . Gloucester , Mass : P. Smith . Jump up ^ e = `` Project Gutenberg '' > `` Project Gutenberg '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Project Gutenberg '' . Jump up ^ `` Proyecto Gutenberg '' . Jump up ^ Clive Probyn , Swift , Jonathan ( 1667 -- 1745 ) , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( Oxford University Press : Oxford , 2004 ) Jump up ^ Daily Journal 28 Oct 1726 , `` This day is published '' . Jump up ^ Swift , Jonathan ( 1980 ) . Isaac Asimov , ed . The Annotated Gulliver 's Travels . New York : Clarkson N Potter Inc. p. 160 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 539497 . Jump up ^ Allan Bloom ( 1990 ) . Giants and Dwarfs : An Outline of Gulliver 's Travels . New York : Simon and Schuster . pp. 47 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : 1667 - 1745. , Swift , Jonathan , . Gulliver 's travels : complete , authoritative text with biographical and historical contexts , critical history , and essays from five contemporary critical perspectives . Fox , Christopher , 1948 - . Boston . ISBN 9780312066659 . OCLC 31794911 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Katharine M. ( 1959 ) . `` '' MY FEMALE FRIENDS `` : THE MISOGYNY OF JONATHAN SWIFT '' . Texas Studies in Literature and Language . 1 ( 3 ) : 366 -- 379 . Jump up ^ Armintor , Deborah ( 2007 ) . `` The Sexual Politics of Microscopy in Brobdingnag '' . JSTOR . Jump up ^ Swift , Jonathan ( 1726 ) . Gulliver 's Travels . p. 490 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 93065 - 8 . Jump up ^ James Clifford , `` Gulliver 's Fourth Voyage : ' hard ' and ' soft ' Schools of Interpretation . '' Quick Springs of Sense : Studies in the Eighteenth Century . Ed . Larry Champion . Athens : U of Georgia Press , 1974 . 33 -- 49 Jump up ^ Gulliver 's Travels : Complete , Authoritative Text with Biographical and Historical Contexts , Palgrave Macmillan 1995 ( p. 21 ) Jump up ^ Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature USGS Astrogeology Research Program , Phobos Jump up ^ `` Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature , Phobos Craers '' . International Astronomical Union . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` yahoo - definition of yahoo in English - Oxford Dictionaries '' . Jump up ^ `` Memoirs of the Court of Lilliput '' . J. Roberts . 1 January 1727 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ l'abbé ) , Desfontaines ( Pierre - François Guyot , M. ; Swift , Jonathan ( 1 January 1730 ) . `` Le nouveau Gulliver : ou , Voyage de Jean Gulliver , fils du capitaine Gulliver '' . La veuve Clouzier -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` About Some Queer Little People , '' by Donald Grant Mitchell , St. Nicholas , Mar. 1874 , 296 -- 99 . ^ Jump up to : Bleiler , E.F. ; Richard , Bleiler ( 1990 ) . Science - Fiction : The Early Years . Kent State University Press . pp. 400 -- 401 . ISBN 9780873384162 . Jump up ^ `` The 1780s League of Extraordinary Gentlemen '' . www.comp.dit.ie . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Collected Short Stories of Philip K. Dick : Volume One , Beyond Lies The Wub , Philip K. Dick , 1999 , Millennium , an imprint of Orion Publishing Group , London Jump up ^ The Lilliput Legion , Simon Hawke , 1989 , Ace Books , New York , NY Jump up ^ `` Brian Gulliver 's Travels : Episode 1 '' . BBC Radio 4 . Retrieved 21 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Videos : Acura launches Gulliver 's Travels themed commercials for new 2013 RDX '' . 8 April 2012 . Retrieved 15 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Julien , Alexandre . `` Soufferance Bandcamp page '' . Bandcamp . Abridged Pause Publishing . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Pajukallio , Arto ( 10 August 2011 ) . `` Nuoren pyövelin tapaus '' . Helsingin Sanomat ( in Finnish ) . pp. D 5 . Jump up ^ `` Gulliver a törpék országában ( 1974 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Gulliver 's Travels '' . 23 November 1979 -- via IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Gulliver az óriások országában ( 1980 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Gulliver in Lilliput '' . 3 January 1982 -- via IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Gulliver 's Travels ( TV 1996 ) '' . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tales of Gulliver 's Travels '' Sonar Entertainment `` . Sonar Entertainment , LLC . Archived from the original on 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 12 January 2012 ... Jump up ^ `` Now , an Indian Gulliver 's Travels '' . Sunday Tribune . 8 June 2003 . Retrieved 13 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chris O'Dowd : The IT Man From The IT Crowd '' . SuicideGirls.com. 9 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 10 April 2012 . Retrieved 11 May 2009 . Bibliography ( edit ) Editions ( edit ) The standard edition of Swift 's prose works as of 2005 is the Prose Writings in 16 volumes , edited by Herbert Davis et al . Swift , Jonathan Gulliver 's Travels ( Harmondsworth : Penguin , 2008 ) ISBN 9780141439495 . Edited with an introduction and notes by Robert DeMaria Jr . The copytext is based on the 1726 edition with emendations and additions from later texts and manuscripts . Swift , Jonathan Gulliver 's Travels ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2005 ) ISBN 9780192805348 . Edited with an introduction by Claude Rawson and notes by Ian Higgins . Essentially based on the same text as the Essential Writings listed below with expanded notes and an introduction , although it lacks the selection of criticism . Swift , Jonathan The Essential Writings of Jonathan Swift ( New York : W.W. Norton , 2009 ) ISBN 9780393930658 . Edited with an introduction by Claude Rawson and notes by Ian Higgins . This title contains the major works of Swift in full , including Gulliver 's Travels , A Modest Proposal , A Tale of a Tub , Directions to Servants and many other poetic and prose works . Also included is a selection of contextual material , and criticism from Orwell to Rawson . The text of GT is taken from Faulkner 's 1735 edition . Swift , Jonathan Gulliver 's Travels ( New York : W.W. Norton , 2001 ) ISBN 0393957241 . Edited by Albert J. Rivero . Based on the 1726 text , with some adopted emendations from later corrections and editions . Also includes a selection of contextual material , letters , and criticism . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gulliver 's Travels . Gulliver 's Travels public domain audiobook at LibriVox Wikisource has original text related to this article : Gulliver 's Travels Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gulliver 's Travels Gulliver 's Travels Map Online text ( edit ) Gulliver 's Travels at Project Gutenberg Gulliver 's Travels ( Parts I and II ) with illustrations at Project Gutenberg RSS edition Searchable version in multiple formats ( html , XML , opendocument ODF , pdf ( landscape , portrait ) , plaintext , concordance ) SiSU <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Jonathan Swift 's Gulliver 's Travels ( 1726 ) Characters Lemuel Gulliver Glumdalclitch Locations Balnibarbi Brobdingnag Glubbdubdrib Japan Lagado Laputa Lilliput and Blefuscu Lindalino Luggnagg Maldonada Other The Engine Houyhnhnm Struldbrug Yahoo Films Gulliver 's Travels Among the Lilliputians and the Giants ( 1902 ) Gulliver en el país de los Gigantes ( 1903 ) The New Gulliver ( 1935 ) Gulliver 's Travels ( 1939 ) The Three Worlds of Gulliver ( 1960 ) Gulliver 's Travels Beyond the Moon ( 1965 ) Gulliver 's Travels ( 1977 ) Jajantaram Mamantaram ( 2003 ) Gulliver 's Travels ( 2010 ) Television The Mind Robber ( 1968 ) The Adventures of Gulliver ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Saban 's Gulliver 's Travels ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Gulliver 's Travels ( 1996 ) <Th_colspan="3"> Works by Jonathan Swift Sermons Sermons of Jonathan Swift Satires Meditation Upon a Broomstick ( 1701 ) A Tale of a Tub ( 1704 ) The Battle of the Books ( 1704 ) Gulliver 's Travels ( 1726 ) Essays Thoughts on Various Subjects , Moral and Diverting ( 1706 ) An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity ( 1708 ) The Conduct of the Allies ( 1711 ) Drapier 's Letters ( 1724 / 25 ) A Modest Proposal ( 1729 ) Directions to Servants ( published 1745 ) Miscellany The Examiner newspaper ( 1710 - 1714 ) `` The Lady 's Dressing Room '' poem ( 1732 ) A Complete Collection of Genteel and Ingenious Conversation ( 1738 ) A Journal to Stella ( published posthumously -- 1766 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Fantasy fiction <Td_colspan="2"> History Literature Outline Sources Subgenres Bangsian Comic Contemporary Dark Dying Earth Fairytale Fantastique Fantasy of manners Folklore Mythology ( based ) Gaslamp Gothic Hard Heroic High list Historical Juvenile Lost World Low Magical girl Medieval Mythic Romantic Shenmo Sword and sorcery Urban Weird fiction Media Film and television Anime Films Television programs Literature Authors Ballantine Adult Fantasy series Comics list The Encyclopedia of Fantasy Internet Speculative Fiction Database List of novels ( A -- H ) ( I -- R ) ( S -- Z ) Newcastle Forgotten Fantasy Library Publishers Magazines Fantastic Locus The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction Science Fantasy Unknown Weird Tales Fandom Art Filk music Harry Potter fandom Inklings Mythopoeic Society Religion Tolkien fandom Works inspired by J.R.R. Tolkien World Fantasy Award Tropes Creatures Angels Demons Dragons Elementals Familiars Faeries Jinns Lycanthropes Old Ones Sirens Spirits Undead Unicorns Yōkai Characters Barbarian Caveman Damsel in distress Dark Lord Heroes Fairy godmother Magicians Occult detective list Witches Magic ( dark / light ) Animism Demonology Evocation Incantation Magocracy Necromancy Shapeshifting Technomancy Witchcraft Fantasy races Dwarves Elves Treants Giants Gnomes Goblins Gremlins Halflings Hobgoblins Kobolds Ogres Oni Orcs Trolls Places and events Quests Worlds list Lost city Hollow Earth Astral plane Enchanted forest Related Allegory Dungeons & Dragons Epic poetry Fable Fairy tale Fantastic Horror fiction Ghost stories Human -- animal hybrid LGBT themes in speculative fiction Magic realism Mecha Mythology Science fantasy Science fiction Superhero fiction Supernatural fiction <Td_colspan="2"> Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Computable knowledge Topics and concepts Alphabet of human thought Authority control Automated reasoning Commonsense knowledge Commonsense reasoning Computability Formal system Inference engine Knowledge base Knowledge - based systems Knowledge engineering Knowledge extraction Knowledge representation Knowledge retrieval Library classification Logic programming Ontology Personal knowledge base Question answering Semantic reasoner Proposals and implementations Zairja Ars Magna ( 1300 ) An Essay towards a Real Character , and a Philosophical Language ( 1688 ) Calculus ratiocinator and characteristica universalis ( 1700 ) Dewey Decimal Classification ( 1876 ) Begriffsschrift ( 1879 ) Mundaneum ( 1910 ) Logical atomism ( 1918 ) Tractatus Logico - Philosophicus ( 1921 ) Hilbert 's program ( 1920s ) Incompleteness theorem ( 1931 ) World Brain ( 1938 ) Memex ( 1945 ) General Problem Solver ( 1959 ) Prolog ( 1972 ) Cyc ( 1984 ) Semantic Web ( 2001 ) Evi ( 2007 ) Wolfram Alpha ( 2009 ) Watson ( 2011 ) Siri ( 2011 ) Knowledge Graph ( 2012 ) Wikidata ( 2012 ) Cortana ( 2014 ) Viv ( 2016 ) In fiction The Engine ( Gulliver 's Travels , 1726 ) Joe ( `` A Logic Named Joe '' , 1946 ) The Librarian ( Snow Crash , 1992 ) Dr. Know ( A.I. Artificial Intelligence , 2001 ) Waterhouse ( The Baroque Cycle , 2003 ) See also : Logic machines in fiction and List of fictional computers Authority control BNF : cb11943872g ( data ) Jump up ^ Swift , Jonathan ( 2005 ) . Rawson , Claude ; Higgins , Ian , eds . Gulliver 's Travels ( New ed . ) . Oxford . p. xlviii . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulliver%27s_Travels&oldid=825967700 '' Categories : Gulliver 's Travels 1720s fantasy novels 1720s science fiction novels 1726 novels Giants in fiction Irish fantasy novels Irish novels adapted into films Irish science fiction novels Metafictional novels Novels adapted into radio programs Novels adapted into television programs Novels set on islands Philosophical novels Pirate books Political satire books Satirical novels Social science fiction Works by Jonathan Swift Earth in fiction Cultural depictions of Homer Cultural depictions of Aristotle Depictions of Julius Caesar in literature Cultural depictions of René Descartes Cultural depictions of Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles that link to Wikisource All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2016 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with LibriVox links Articles with Project Gutenberg links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Alemannisch Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Română Русиньскый Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 12 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Gulliver's Travels - a satire on human nature and "travellers' tales"
2. Plot summary - Gulliver's adventures in different lands
3. Composition and history - Swift's writing process and publication
4. Major themes - critique of European government, corruption, and the ancients versus moderns controversy
5. Significance and reception - the book's classic status and its various interpretations
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4,523,981,099,264,730,000 |
when does klaus show up on vampire diaries
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Klaus ( the Vampire Diaries ) - wikipedia Klaus ( the Vampire Diaries ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Klaus '' <Td_colspan="2"> The Vampire Diaries episode Episode no . Season 2 Episode 19 Directed by Joshua Butler Written by Kevin Williamson Julie Plec Production code 2J5269 Original air date April 21 , 2011 <Th_colspan="2"> Guest appearance ( s ) <Td_colspan="2"> Daniel Gillies ( Elijah Mikaelson ) Joseph Morgan ( Klaus Mikaelson ) Trent Ford ( Trevor ) Dawn Olivieri ( Andie Star ) Lisa Tucker ( Greta Martin ) Gino Anthony Pesi ( Maddox ) <Th_colspan="2"> Episode chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous `` The Last Dance '' Next → `` The Last Day '' <Td_colspan="2"> The Vampire Diaries ( season 2 ) List of The Vampire Diaries episodes `` Klaus '' is the 19th episode of the second season of The CW television series , The Vampire Diaries and the 41st episode of the series overall . It originally aired on April 21 , 2011 . The episode was written by Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec and directed by Joshua Butler . Contents 1 Plot 2 Feature music 3 Reception 3.1 Ratings 3.2 Reviews 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Elijah ( Daniel Gillies ) wakes up in the Salvatore basement after Elena ( Nina Dobrev ) removes the dagger from his body . Elena tries to keep him quiet so Damon ( Ian Somerhalder ) and Stefan ( Paul Wesley ) will not hear him . Elijah needs to get out of the house since he is not invited in , and Elena , to convince him that he can trust her , hands him the dagger . Stefan wakes up the next morning and discovers that Elijah 's body is gone while at the same time , Klaus needs his real body and asks Maddox ( Gino Anthony Pesi ) to take care of it . Stefan calls Elena to see if she is okay and asks her where Elijah is . Elena reassures him that she is fine and that Elijah is with her , asking Stefan to trust her and let her do what she thinks best . Stefan , even though he does not agree with her plan , agrees , making Damon unhappy . Elijah explains to Elena how he and Klaus met Katherine and that Klaus is his brother . Jenna ( Sara Canning ) returns home after all the messages `` Elena '' left her about staying away from Alaric and calls Stefan to ask what is wrong . Stefan goes to meet her , only to find out that Alaric / Klaus is already there waiting for him . Damon goes to Alaric 's apartment with Andy ( Dawn Olivieri ) to see if Katherine is there . When they find her , Damon gives her vervain to drink so that Klaus will not be able to compel her . Elijah continues to tell Elena the story of his family , and he reveals her that the curse of the sun and the moon is fake . Klaus and Elijah made that curse up , but there is another curse that is worse and it is on Klaus . That is the curse Klaus wants to break . At the same time , Alaric / Klaus tells Jenna about vampires but Jenna does not believe him . When she attempts to leave , Klaus tries to stop her , and Stefan attacks Klaus , giving Jenna the opportunity to escape . Stefan calls Elena to let her know that Jenna knows the truth , and Elena leaves Elijah to go to Jenna . In a flashback , we see that Elijah was in love with Katherine back in 1492 . Elena tries to calm Jenna down and tells her the whole truth . Then , she goes back to Elijah , asking him to tell her about the curse . Elijah tells her that his mother was unfaithful to his father and Klaus is a brother from another father , a werewolf , something that makes Klaus both a vampire and a werewolf . Klaus wants to break the curse that is upon him so he can reawaken his werewolf side and create an army of hybrids . Since Klaus is both a vampire and a werewolf , Elijah explains Elena that the dagger can not kill him , and they have to try to do it using a witch when Klaus is on transition , a moment that makes him weak . Elena tells him that she knows a witch that can channel the power they need , and Elijah tells her that the curse needs to be broken during a full moon . Through another flashback , we see that Elijah found a way to protect the life of the doppelgänger during the sacrifice , meaning he can protect Elena 's life . Katherine did not know about that ; that is why she ran away from Klaus when she found out what he wanted her for . Elena and Elijah go to the Salvatore house to find Damon and Stefan fighting . Elijah asks for their apology since they tried to kill him ; Stefan apologizes but Damon does not trust Elijah . Stefan explains to Elijah that Damon is angry with him at the moment but he will come around at the end and work with them . The episode ends with Klaus ( Joseph Morgan ) taking his real body back . Feature Music ( edit ) In `` Klaus '' we can hear the songs : `` Compulsion '' by Doves `` Get Some '' by Lykke Li `` Helena Beat '' by Foster the People Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) In its original American broadcast , `` Klaus '' was watched by 2.70 million ; down by 0.11 from the previous episode . Reviews ( edit ) `` Klaus '' received positive reviews . Carrie Raisler from The A.V. Club gave the episode and A - rating saying that the episode was overall entertaining . `` This show has that makes it great , and that 's guts . Not many shows would have the stones to dismiss their entire season 's mythology as false only a few short weeks before the finale . This demonstrates the writers ' extreme confidence not only in the story they are telling but also the inherent entertainment factor of all the episodes leading up to the big reveal . '' E. Reagan of The TV Chick gave the episode and A - rating saying that it was very informative . `` There was obviously not a ton of plot movement , but some for sure . However , we learned an incredible amount of information . I can honestly say that I did n't see it coming about the Klaus vamp / werewolf thing . Nice work people . '' Steve Marsi from TV Fanatic rated the episode with 5 / 5 saying that the episode was stunning and might have been the best to date . `` ( The episode ) delivered so much mythology , but in a way that did n't come off as forced and certainly did n't feel like a letdown . On the contrary , everything about last night felt epic . '' Diana Steenbergen of IGN rated the episode with 8 / 10 saying that the episode felt like a dump of information `` but as usual , there were plenty of twists and turns to keep our heads spinning . Season 2 is definitely coming to a boil . '' Robin Franson Pruter from Forced Viewing rated the episode with 3 / 4 saying that this episode was not easy . `` There are complex things going on with the characters , with the relationships between brothers , and with the mythology of the show . It demands and rewards close attention . The episode is not perfect . Someone searching for flaws can find a number of big ones . But it 's compelling , and it builds anticipation for the final showdown with Klaus , which is what it needs to do . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries Season 2 Episode 19 : `` Klaus '' Music `` . TV Fanatic . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 22 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Community , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Raisler , Carrie ( April 21 , 2011 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries : `` Klaus '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ E. Reagan ( April 22 , 2011 ) . `` REVIEW : The Vampire Diaries `` Klaus '' `` . The TV Chick . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marsi , Steve ( April 22 , 2011 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries Review : `` Klaus '' `` . TV Fanatic . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steenbergen , Diana ( April 22 , 2011 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries : `` Klaus '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Franson Pruter , Robin ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries , S2E19 : Klaus '' . Forced Viewing . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2015 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) ThinkHeroTV 's review for `` Klaus '' on YouTube <Th_colspan="2"> The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 5 characters Legacies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_(The_Vampire_Diaries)&oldid=804224262 '' Categories : 2011 American television episodes The Vampire Diaries ( season 2 ) episodes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 15 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Klaus (The Vampire Diaries)
2. Episode 19 of Season 2
3. Elijah and Klaus Mikaelson
4. The curse of the sun and the moon
5. Breaking the curse during a full moon
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-5,152,455,163,877,665,000 |
who did lucy in the sky with diamonds
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Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds - wikipedia Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds This article is about The Beatles ' song . For the comic book character `` Lucy in the Sky '' , see Karolina Dean . <Th_colspan="2"> `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' <Td_colspan="2"> The 1996 US jukebox single release of the song , backed with `` When I 'm Sixty - Four '' <Th_colspan="2"> Song by the Beatles <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Published Northern Songs Released 26 May 1967 Recorded 1 March 1967 Studio EMI , London Genre Psychedelic rock , psychedelic pop Length 3 : 28 Label Parlophone ( R6022 ) Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney Producer ( s ) George Martin <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Audio sample <Td_colspan="2"> file help <Td_colspan="2"> `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' is a song credited to Lennon -- McCartney that appears on the Beatles ' 1967 album Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band . John Lennon started production of the song , and then Paul McCartney contributed to it in a songwriting session . Lennon 's son Julian inspired the song with a nursery school drawing he called `` Lucy -- in the sky with diamonds '' . Shortly after the song 's release , speculation arose that the first letter of each of the title nouns intentionally spelled `` LSD '' . Lennon consistently denied this , insisting the song 's fantastical imagery was inspired by Lewis Carroll 's Alice in Wonderland books , a claim repeatedly confirmed by Paul McCartney . Contents 1 Composition 2 Recording 3 Origin 3.1 Julian Lennon 's drawing 3.2 LSD rumours 3.3 Alice In Wonderland 4 Reception 5 Personnel 6 Legacy 7 Elton John version 7.1 Development and release 7.2 Personnel 8 Chart history 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 9 The Flaming Lips version 10 Other versions 11 References 11.1 Notes 11.2 Bibliography 12 External links Composition ( edit ) Most of the song is in simple triple metre ( time ) , but the chorus is in time . The song modulates between musical keys , using the key of A major for verses , B ♭ major for the pre-chorus , and G major for the chorus . It is sung by Lennon over an increasingly complicated underlying arrangement which features a tamboura , played by George Harrison , lead electric guitar put through a Leslie speaker , played by Harrison , and a counter melody on Lowrey organ played by McCartney and taped with a special organ stop sounding `` not unlike a celeste '' . Session tapes from the initial 1 March 1967 recording of this song reveal Lennon originally sang the line `` Cellophane flowers of yellow and green '' as a broken phrase , but McCartney suggested that he sing it more fluidly to improve the song . Recording ( edit ) The recording of `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' began with rehearsals in Studio 2 at Abbey Road on 28 February 1967 . The instrumental backing was finished the following evening . On the first take , track one of the four - track tape contained acoustic guitar and piano , track two McCartney 's Lowrey organ , track three Starr 's drums , and track four a guide vocal by Lennon during the verses . Take eight replaced the guide vocal with Harrison 's tamboura . The four tracks of this take were then mixed together and recorded on the first track of a second four - track tape . On 2 March , Lennon 's double - tracked vocals , accompanied by McCartney on the choruses , were recorded to tracks two and three . McCartney 's bass and Harrison 's lead guitar occupied track four . Eleven mono mixes of the song were made at the 2 March session , but they were rejected in favour of the final mono mix created on 3 March . A stereo mix was made on 7 April . Outtakes from the recording sessions have been officially released . The Beatles ' Anthology 2 , released in 1996 , contained a composite remix , with ingredients from takes six , seven , and eight , while the first take of the song was featured on the two - disc and six - disc versions of the 50th - anniversary edition of Sgt . Pepper in 2017 . The six - disc collection also included take five and the last of the eleven mono mixes made on 2 March 1967 . Origin ( edit ) Julian Lennon 's drawing ( edit ) Lennon 's inspiration for the song came when his son , Julian , showed him a nursery school drawing he called `` Lucy -- in the Sky with Diamonds '' , depicting his classmate Lucy O'Donnell ( later Lucy Vodden ) . Julian Lennon said , `` I do n't know why I called it that or why it stood out from all my other drawings , but I obviously had an affection for Lucy at that age . I used to show Dad everything I 'd built or painted at school , and this one sparked off the idea ... '' According to both Lennon and Ringo Starr , who witnessed the moment , Julian first uttered the song 's title upon returning home from nursery school . Lennon later recalled of the painting and the phrase , `` I thought that ( it was ) beautiful . I immediately wrote a song about it . '' LSD rumours ( edit ) Rumours of the connection between the title of `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' and the initialism `` LSD '' began circulating shortly after the release of the Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band LP in June 1967 . Paul McCartney gave two interviews that same month admitting to having taken the drug . Lennon later said he was surprised at the idea the song title was a hidden reference to LSD , countering the song `` was n't about that at all '' , and it `` was purely unconscious that it came out to be LSD . Until someone pointed it out , I never even thought of it . I mean , who would ever bother to look at initials of a title ? ... It 's not an acid song . '' Paul McCartney confirmed Lennon 's claim on several occasions , the earliest in 1968 : When you write a song and you mean it one way , and someone comes up and says something about it that you did n't think of -- you ca n't deny it . Like `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds , '' people came up and said , cunningly , `` Right , I get it . L-S-D , '' and it was when ( news ) papers were talking about LSD , but we never thought about it . McCartney further rebuffed the claims in a 1997 BBC Radio interview with Michael Parkinson by saying , `` It was n't about LSD . Because otherwise it would have been called ' LITSWD . ' Because the initials are n't ' LSD . ' Lucy in the sky with diamonds is more like that . '' In a 2004 interview with Uncut magazine , McCartney confirmed it was `` pretty obvious '' drugs did influence some of the group 's compositions at that time , including `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' , though he tempered this analysis by adding , `` ( I ) t 's easy to overestimate the influence of drugs on the Beatles ' music . '' In 2017 , the first take of the song was issued leading up to the release of the 50th anniversary special edition of Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ; the story about Julian 's painting was confirmed as the inspiration of the song , as opposed to the LSD reference . Alice in Wonderland ( edit ) According to both Lennon and McCartney , the lyrics were largely derived from the literary style of Alice In Wonderland . Lennon had read and admired the works of Lewis Carroll , and the title of Julian 's drawing reminded him of the `` Which Dreamed it ? '' chapter of Through the Looking Glass in which Alice floats in a `` boat beneath a sunny sky '' : It was Alice in the boat . She is buying an egg and it turns into Humpty - Dumpty . The woman serving in the shop turns into a sheep and the next minute they are rowing in a rowing boat somewhere and I was visualizing that . McCartney remembered of the song 's composition , `` We did the whole thing like an Alice In Wonderland idea , being in a boat on the river ... Every so often it broke off and you saw Lucy in the sky with diamonds all over the sky . This Lucy was God , the Big Figure , the White Rabbit . '' He later recalled helping Lennon finish the song at Lennon 's Kenwood home , specifically claiming he contributed the `` newspaper taxis '' and `` cellophane flowers '' lyrics ; Lennon 's 1968 interview with Rolling Stone magazine confirmed McCartney 's contribution . Lennon 's original handwritten lyrics sold at auction in 2011 for $230,000 . Reception ( edit ) Rolling Stone magazine described the song as `` Lennon 's lavish daydream '' and music critic Richie Unterberger said `` ' Lucy in the Sky With Diamonds ' was one of the best songs on the Beatles ' famous Sgt . Pepper album , and one of the classic songs of psychedelia as a whole . There are few other songs that so successfully evoke a dream world , in both the sonic textures and words . '' In a review for the BBC , Chris Jones described the track as `` nursery rhyme surrealism '' that contributed to Sgt . Pepper 's `` revolutionary ... sonic carpet that enveloped the ears and sent the listener spinning into other realms . '' Hilary Saunders of Paste called the song `` a perfectly indulgent introduction to psych - rock '' . In later interviews , Lennon expressed disappointment with the Beatles ' arrangement of the recording , complaining inadequate time was taken to fully develop his initial idea for the song . He also said he had not sung it very well . `` I was so nervous I could n't sing , '' he told journalist Ray Connolly , `` but I like the lyrics . '' The song was banned from the BBC for references to drugs in 1967 . Personnel ( edit ) According to authors Kevin Ryan and Brian Kehew , and John Winn : John Lennon -- double - tracked lead vocals , maracas Paul McCartney -- harmony vocals , Lowrey organ , bass George Harrison -- acoustic guitar , tambura , lead guitar Ringo Starr -- drums George Martin -- piano Legacy ( edit ) Lennon mentioned `` Lucy in the Sky '' in the Beatles ' song `` I Am the Walrus '' . In November 1967 John Fred and his Playboy Band released a parody / tribute song called `` Judy in Disguise ( With Glasses ) '' which topped the US Billboard Hot 100 chart for two weeks and reached the number one spot in a number of other countries around the world . Pink Floyd namechecks `` Lucy in the sky '' on `` Let There Be More Light '' , the opening song on A Saucerful of Secrets ( 1968 ) . The name of the German band Tangerine Dream was inspired by the line `` tangerine trees and marmalade skies '' . A 3.2 - million - year - old , 40 % complete fossil skeleton of an Australopithecus afarensis specimen discovered in 1974 was named `` Lucy '' because the Beatles song was being played loudly and repeatedly on a tape recorder in the camp . The phrase `` Lucy in the sky '' became `` Lucy in disguise '' to the anthropologists , because they initially did not understand the impact of their discovery . The song 's title serves as the namesake of the fictional character Lucy Heartfilia from the Fairy Tail manga and anime series created by Hiro Mashima . Elton John version ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Elton John <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Elton John 's Greatest Hits Volume II B - side `` One Day ( At a Time ) '' Released 18 November 1974 Recorded Summer 1974 Length 6 : 16 5 : 54 ( 7 '' version ) Label MCA ( US ) DJM ( UK ) Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney Producer ( s ) Gus Dudgeon <Th_colspan="2"> Elton John singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` The Bitch Is Back '' ( 1974 ) `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' ( 1974 ) `` Philadelphia Freedom '' ( 1975 ) In 1974 , Elton John released a cover version as a single . Recorded at the Caribou Ranch , it featured backing vocals and guitar by John Lennon under the pseudonym Dr. Winston O'Boogie ( Winston being Lennon 's middle name ) . The single topped the US Billboard pop charts for two weeks in January 1975 as well as the Canadian RPM national singles chart for four weeks spanning January and February , eventually . The B - side of the single was also a John Lennon composition , `` One Day ( At a Time ) '' , from Lennon 's 1973 album Mind Games . As with the A-side , Lennon appears on the B - side , playing guitar . Development and release ( edit ) In the US it was certified Gold on 29 January 1975 by the RIAA . During their collaboration , Elton John appeared on John Lennon 's song `` Whatever Gets You Thru the Night '' . Lennon promised to appear live with Elton at Madison Square Garden if `` Whatever Gets You Thru the Night '' became a # 1 single . It did , and on Thanksgiving Night , 28 November 1974 , Lennon kept his promise . They performed `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' , `` Whatever Gets You thru the Night '' , and `` I Saw Her Standing There '' . In introducing `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' , Elton John said he believed it to be `` one of the best songs ever written . '' The Lennon - sung `` I Saw Her Standing There '' ( credited to the Elton John Band featuring John Lennon ) was originally released in 1975 on the B - side of Elton John 's `` Philadelphia Freedom '' single . In 1981 , all three live songs were issued on 28th November 1974 , an Elton John EP . In 1990 , the three songs were made available on the Lennon box set . In 1996 , they were also included on the remastered edition of Elton John 's Here and There album . Elton John once stated that `` ' Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds ' is a song that I never do in a set at a concert simply because it reminds me too much of John Lennon . This is the same with ' Empty Garden ' . '' It was a part of his standard repertoire from 1974 until 1976 , and sporadically until 1998 . It also appeared in the 1976 musical documentary All This and World War II . Personnel ( edit ) Elton John -- lead and backing vocals , piano , mellotron , harpsichord John Lennon ( as Dr. Winston O'Boogie ) -- backing vocals , guitars Davey Johnstone -- backing vocals , electric guitar , sitar Dee Murray -- bass guitar , backing vocals Nigel Olsson -- drums , backing vocals Ray Cooper -- tambourine , tubular bells , gong , maracas , mark tree , congas Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 -- 75 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Canadian RPM Top Singles Germany ( Official German Charts ) 31 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 11 UK ( Official Charts Company ) 10 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Rank Australia 33 Canada 7 US Billboard Hot 100 34 The Flaming Lips version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' <Th_colspan="2"> Single by The Flaming Lips featuring Miley Cyrus and Moby <Th_colspan="2"> from the album With a Little Help from My Fwends Released 18 May 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 18 ) Format Digital download Length 5 : 47 Label Warner Bros . Songwriter ( s ) Lennon - McCartney <Th_colspan="2"> The Flaming Lips singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Love the World You Find '' ( 2007 ) `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' ( 2014 ) `` We a Famly '' ( 2017 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Miley Cyrus singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Adore You '' ( 2013 ) `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' ( 2014 ) `` Teardrop '' ( 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Moby singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` A Case for Shame '' ( 2013 ) `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' ( 2014 ) `` Rio '' ( 2014 ) <Td_colspan="2"> A cover version by the Flaming Lips was included on their album With a Little Help from My Fwends , released on Warner Bros . The song , featuring vocals from Miley Cyrus and Moby , was released as official single on 18 May 2014 . All proceeds from record sales go to the Bella Foundation , an organisation in Oklahoma City that helps provide veterinary care to needy pet owners . Other versions ( edit ) In 1968 , William Shatner on The Transformed Man In 1977 , the London Symphony Orchestra on Classic Rock In 1978 , Natalie Cole on the album Natalie Live ! In 1978 , Stargard in the movie Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band In 1987 , the Hooters as a B - side to `` Johnny B . '' In 1987 , Pianist / composer John Bayless on his Bach on Abbey Road album ( entire song in 3 / 4 time , including choruses , as a Bachian minuet ) In 1988 , The Christians on the charity compilation album Sgt . Pepper Knew My Father In 1988 , Frank Zappa parodied the song in live concerts as `` Louisiana Hooker with Herpes '' , with lyrics about Jimmy Swaggart and his sex scandal In 1992 , Marilyn Manson & the Spooky Kids parodied the song as `` Luci in the Sky with Demons '' on the cassette tape The Family Jams In 1996 , American - born Mexican singer Betsy Pecanins on the album Solo Beatles In 2001 , the Black Crowes on the soundtrack of the movie I Am Sam In 2001 , Brazilian singer Rita Lee on Aqui , Ali , Em Qualquer Lugar album In 2003 , Hyde on the single `` Horizon '' In 2004 , Jan Linton ( as Dr Jan Guru ) on the album `` Planet Japan '' In 2005 , Katie Melua on Piece by Piece In 2006 , PUFFY on the Hataraku Otoko single , for the anime series Hataraki Man In 2007 , Bono and The Edge performed the song on the Across the Universe soundtrack In 2007 , Athlete ( band ) recorded the song for BBC Radio 2 's Sergeant Pepper 40th anniversary show at Abbey Road Studios . It was broadcast 2 June 2007 . It was produced and mixed by Geoff Emerick with Richard Lush . In 2009 , Easy Star 's Lonely Hearts Dub Band In 2009 , Cheap Trick released Sgt . Pepper Live , which included the song In 2012 , Mac Miller released `` Desperado '' , which samples the song in its outro In 2013 , British - Brazilian artist Dan Torres released a version from theme of the telenovela Império . In 2016 , Pink performs the song for the Netflix animated series Beat Bugs . References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 123 . `` In the United Kingdom Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ... was rush - released six days ahead of its official date , June 1 . '' Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , pp. 312 . Jump up ^ Compton 2017 , p. 180 . ^ Jump up to : Sheff 2000 , p. 182 . ^ Jump up to : Lennon , John ( 8 September 1971 ) . `` The Dick Cavett Show '' ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Dick Cavett . New York : ABC . ^ Jump up to : Aldridge , Alan ( 14 January 1968 ) . `` Paul McCartney 's Guide to the Beatles ' Songbook '' . Los Angeles Times Magazine . Los Angeles . pp. 19 -- 24 . ^ Jump up to : Beatles , The ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Anthology . San Francisco : Chronicle Books . p. 242 . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 2684 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : McCartney , Paul ( 12 October 1997 ) . `` Sunday Supplement '' ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Michael Parkinson . London : BBC Radio Two . Jump up ^ Hal Leonard 1993 , pp. 646 -- 650 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1998 , pp. 100 -- 101 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan & Kehew 2006 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1998 , p. 100 . ^ Jump up to : Winn 2009 , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : Winn 2009 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Howlett , Kevin ( 2017 ) . Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Super Deluxe Edition ( booklet ) . The Beatles . London : Apple Records . p. 55 . Jump up ^ Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Super Deluxe Edition ( CD sleeve ) . The Beatles . London : Apple Records . 2017 . Jump up ^ The Guardian 2009 . Jump up ^ Kral 2009 . Jump up ^ BBC Radio 2 , Sounds of the 60s , 2 February 2008 Jump up ^ Starr , Ringo ( 25 June 1983 ) . `` Ringo 's Yellow Submarine '' ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Jim Ladd . Los Angeles : ABC Radio Network . Jump up ^ Davies , Hunter ( 1968 ) . The Beatles . London : William Heinemann . p. 530 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 33874 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Michael ( 2000 ) . Sixties Rock : Garage , Psychedelic and Other Satisfactions . University of Illinois Press . p. 63 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Thomas ( 16 June 1967 ) . `` The New Far - Out Beatles '' . Life . Chicago : Time Inc. p. 101 . Retrieved 8 Dec 2016 . Jump up ^ McCartney , Paul ( 19 June 1967 ) . `` Interview with Paul McCartney '' . ITV Evening News ( Interview ) . London : Independent Television News . Jump up ^ `` McCartney : Of Course Those Songs Were About Drugs '' . Washington Post . Washington , D.C. Associated Press . 3 June 2004 . p . C02 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles ' First Take Of ' Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds ' '' . NPR.org . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Everett , Walter . The Beatles as Musicians : Revolver through the Anthology . Oxford University Press , USA , 1999 , p. 104 Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/john-lennon-the-rolling-stone-interview-19681123?page=2 Jump up ^ Morgan , David . `` Lennon 's `` Lucy in the Sky '' lyrics sell for $230 K `` . CBS News . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Rolling Stone 2003 . Jump up ^ Unterberger 2009 . Jump up ^ Jones 2007 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Hilary ( 28 August 2015 ) . `` The 50 Best Beatles Songs '' . Paste . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ songfacts.com . Jump up ^ `` The day the BBC banned The Beatles for saying ' knickers ' '' . International Business Times UK . 2017 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Ashley ( 2013 ) . The Routledge Concise History of Twentieth - century British Literature . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 57245 - 3 . Jump up ^ Winn 2009 , pp. 91 -- 92 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Classic Rock '' . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Anon . `` Judy in Disguise Lyrics by John Fred '' . CD Universe . CD Universe / Muze Inc . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Hawtin , Steve . `` Song title 888 - Judy in Disguise ( With Glasses ) '' . tsort.info . tsort . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ DeRogatis , Jim ( 2003 ) . Turn on Your Mind : Four Decades of Great Psychedelic Rock . Milwaukee : Hal Leonard Corporation . p. 263 . ISBN 0 - 634 - 05548 - 8 . Jump up ^ Johanson & Edey 1981 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA -- Searchable Database : Elton John '' . Retrieved 30 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Sheff 2000 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ `` Elton John Band Featuring John Lennon And Muscle Shoals Horns , The * - 28th November , 1974 at Discogs '' . Discogs.com. 28 November 1974 . Retrieved 30 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( doc ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Australian Chart Book , St Ives , N.S.W. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Lucy in the sky with diamonds in Canadian Top Singles Chart '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Elton John -- Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Elton John -- Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` 1974 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive - 14 December 1974 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Australian-charts.com Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ `` The Flaming Lips Announce Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Tribute Album Release Date '' . Pitchfork. 16 May 2014 . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Flaming Lips ' ' Sgt . Peppers ' Tribute Album Out this Fall '' . Rolling Stone . 16 May 2014 . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` First Listen : The Flaming Lips , ' With A Little Help From My Fwends ' '' . NPR.org. 19 October 2014 . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HMV Planet Japan : Dr Jan Guru '' . Jump up ^ Flávio Ricco ( 15 July 2014 ) . `` Globo escala The Beatles para tema de abertura de `` Império '' `` . UOL . Jump up ^ G1 ( 21 July 2014 ) . `` Dan Torres canta ' Lucy in the sky with diamonds ' na abertura de ' Império ' '' . G1 - Música . Jump up ^ `` Pink Sings the Beatles Lucy in the Sky With Diamonds '' . Bibliography ( edit ) `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' . AllMusic . January 2010 . The Beatles - Complete Scores . Milwaukee : Hal Leonard Publishing Corporation . 1993 . ISBN 0 - 7935 - 1832 - 6 . `` Beatles song ' inspiration ' dies '' . BBC News . 28 September 2009 . `` The Beatles ' Lucy in the Sky dies , aged 46 '' . The Guardian . London . 28 September 2009 . Retrieved 11 May 2010 . The Beatles ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Anthology . San Francisco : Chronicle Books . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 2684 - 8 . Brooks , Richard ( 7 June 2009 ) . `` Julian Lennon comforts ailing Lucy in the sky '' . The Times . London . Compton , Todd ( 2017 ) . Who Wrote the Beatle Songs ? A History of Lennon - McCartney . San Jose : Pahreah Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9988997 - 0 - 1 . Everett , Walter ( 1999 ) . The Beatles as Musicians : Revolver Through the Anthology . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512941 - 0 . Hoyle , Ben ( 28 September 2009 ) . `` Real - life ' Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds ' dies at 46 '' . The Times . London . Johanson , Donald Carl ; Edey , Maitland ( 1981 ) . Lucy , the Beginnings of Humankind . St Albans : Granada . ISBN 0 - 586 - 08437 - 1 . Jones , Chris ( 2007 ) . `` Review of The Beatles Sgt Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' . BBC News . Retrieved 19 November 2009 . Shriver , Jerry ( 23 November 2009 ) . `` Julian Lennon , Decade Later , Back in Music Biz With ' Lucy ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved 11 May 2010 . Kral , Georgia ( 9 June 2009 ) . `` Julian Lennon Aids Real - Life ' Lucy ' '' . Spinner . Kung , Michelle ( 28 September 2009 ) . `` Lucy Vodden , of `` Lucy in the Sky With Diamonds '' Song Fame , Dies `` . The Wall Street Journal . Lewisohn , Mark ( 1988 ) . The Beatles Recording Sessions . New York : Harmony Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 57066 - 1 . `` Lucy In The Sky with Diamonds Songfacts '' . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( Second Revised ed . ) . London : Pimlico ( Rand ) . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 828 - 3 . Miles , Barry ( 1997 ) . Paul McCartney : Many Years From Now . New York : Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 5249 - 6 . Ryan , Kevin ; Kehew , Brian ( 2006 ) . Recording The Beatles . Curvebender Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9785200 - 0 - 7 . Sheff , David ( 2000 ) . All We Are Saying : The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 25464 - 4 . Sherwin , Adam ( 1 June 2007 ) . `` Housewife Lucy , formerly in the sky with diamonds '' . The Australian . `` Sir Paul Reveals Beatles ' Drug Use '' . BBC News . 2 June 2004 . Unterberger , Richie ( 2009 ) . `` Review of ' Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds ' '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 19 November 2009 . Winn , John C. ( 2009 ) . That Magic Feeling : The Beatles ' Recorded Legacy , Volume Two , 1966 -- 1970 . New York , NY : Three Rivers Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 45239 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Alan W. Pollack 's Notes on `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Songs Side one `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' `` Getting Better '' `` Fixing a Hole '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite ! '' Side two `` Within You Without You '' `` When I 'm Sixty - Four '' `` Lovely Rita '' `` Good Morning Good Morning '' `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( Reprise ) '' `` A Day in the Life '' Non-album single `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` Penny Lane '' Outtakes `` Only a Northern Song '' `` Carnival of Light '' Tribute albums Easy Star 's Lonely Hearts Dub Band Sgt . Pepper Knew My Father Sgt . Pepper Live Sgt . Petsound 's Lonely Hearts Club Band With a Little Help from My Fwends Related articles The Beatles discography Sgt . Pepper 's cover Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( film ) Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( soundtrack ) It Was Twenty Years Ago Today Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band on the Road Yellow Submarine ( film ) `` Tina in the Sky with Diamonds '' <Td_colspan="2"> Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters <Th_colspan="2"> Elton John songs 1960s and 1970s `` Skyline Pigeon '' ( 1968 ) `` I 've Been Loving You '' ( 1968 ) `` Lady Samantha '' ( 1969 ) `` It 's Me That You Need '' ( 1969 ) `` Border Song '' ( 1970 ) `` Rock and Roll Madonna '' ( 1970 ) `` From Denver to L.A. '' ( 1970 ) `` Take Me to the Pilot '' ( 1970 ) `` Your Song '' ( 1970 ) `` Friends '' ( 1971 ) `` Levon '' ( 1971 ) `` Tiny Dancer '' ( 1972 ) `` Rocket Man '' ( 1972 ) `` Honky Cat '' ( 1972 ) `` I Think I 'm Going to Kill Myself '' ( 1972 ) `` Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters '' ( 1972 ) `` Crocodile Rock '' ( 1972 ) `` Elderberry Wine '' ( 1972 ) `` Daniel '' ( 1972 ) `` Teacher I Need You '' ( 1973 ) `` Funeral for a Friend / Love Lies Bleeding '' ( 1973 ) `` Saturday Night 's Alright for Fighting '' ( 1973 ) `` Goodbye Yellow Brick Road '' ( 1973 ) `` Step into Christmas '' ( 1973 ) `` Candle in the Wind '' ( 1974 ) `` Bennie and the Jets '' ( 1974 ) `` Harmony '' ( 1974 ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1974 ) `` The Bitch Is Back '' ( 1974 ) `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' ( 1974 ) `` Philadelphia Freedom '' ( 1975 ) `` I Saw Her Standing There '' ( 1975 ) `` Someone Saved My Life Tonight '' ( 1975 ) `` Island Girl '' ( 1975 ) `` Grow Some Funk of Your Own '' ( 1976 ) `` I Feel Like a Bullet ( In the Gun of Robert Ford ) '' ( 1976 ) `` Pinball Wizard '' ( 1976 ) `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' ( 1976 ) `` Cage the Songbird '' ( 1976 ) `` Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word '' ( 1976 ) `` Bite Your Lip ( Get Up and Dance ! ) '' ( 1977 ) `` Crazy Water '' ( 1977 ) `` The Goaldiggers Song '' ( 1977 ) `` Ego '' ( 1978 ) `` Part - Time Love '' ( 1978 ) `` Song for Guy '' ( 1978 ) `` Are You Ready for Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Mama Ca n't Buy You Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Johnny B. Goode '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` Little Jeannie '' ( 1980 ) `` Sartorial Eloquence ( Do n't Ya Wanna Play This Game No More ? ) '' ( 1980 ) `` Dear God '' ( 1980 ) `` Whatever Gets You thru the Night '' ( 1981 ) `` Nobody Wins '' ( 1981 ) `` Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever '' ( with Kiki Dee , 1981 ) `` Blue Eyes '' ( 1982 ) `` Empty Garden ( Hey Hey Johnny ) '' ( 1982 ) `` Ball and Chain '' ( 1982 ) `` All Quiet on the Western Front '' ( 1982 ) `` I Guess That 's Why They Call It the Blues '' ( 1983 ) `` I 'm Still Standing '' ( 1983 ) `` Sad Songs ( Say So Much ) '' ( 1984 ) `` Passengers '' ( 1984 ) `` Nikita '' ( 1985 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 1985 ) `` Wrap Her Up '' ( 1985 ) `` Take Me to the Pilot '' ( 1988 ) `` I Do n't Wanna Go on with You Like That '' ( 1988 ) `` Town of Plenty '' ( 1988 ) `` Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters ( Part Two ) '' ( 1988 ) `` Healing Hands '' ( 1989 ) `` Sacrifice '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` Club at the End of the Street '' ( 1990 ) `` You Gotta Love Someone '' ( 1990 ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1991 ) `` The One '' ( 1992 ) `` Runaway Train '' ( 1992 ) `` The Last Song '' ( 1992 ) `` Simple Life '' ( 1993 ) `` True Love '' ( 1993 ) `` Shakey Ground '' ( 1994 ) `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' ( 1994 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' ( 1994 ) `` Circle of Life '' ( 1994 ) `` Believe '' ( 1995 ) `` Made in England '' ( 1995 ) `` When the Money 's Gone '' ( 1995 ) `` You Can Make History ( Young Again ) '' ( 1996 ) `` The Madness of King Scar '' ( 1997 ) `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' ( 1997 ) `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' ( 1997 ) `` Written in the Stars '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` I Want Love '' ( 2001 ) `` This Train Do n't Stop There Anymore '' ( 2002 ) `` Original Sin '' ( 2002 ) `` Are You Ready for Love '' ( 2003 ) `` Ghetto Gospel '' ( 2005 ) `` Electricity '' ( 2005 ) `` The Bridge '' ( 2006 ) `` Joseph , Better You than Me '' ( 2008 ) `` Tiny Dancer ( Hold Me Closer ) '' ( 2009 ) Related articles Albums discography Videography <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Elton John Category : Elton John <Th_colspan="2"> Miley Cyrus songs <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Meet Miley Cyrus `` See You Again '' `` Start All Over '' `` I Miss You '' Breakout `` Breakout '' `` 7 Things '' `` Fly on the Wall '' The Time of Our Lives `` Party in the U.S.A. '' `` When I Look at You '' `` The Climb '' Ca n't Be Tamed `` Liberty Walk '' `` Who Owns My Heart '' `` Ca n't Be Tamed '' `` Every Rose Has Its Thorn '' Bangerz `` Adore You '' `` We Ca n't Stop '' `` SMS ( Bangerz ) '' `` 4x4 '' `` Wrecking Ball '' `` # GetItRight '' `` Drive '' `` FU '' `` Someone Else '' Miley Cyrus & Her Dead Petz `` Dooo It ! '' `` BB Talk '' `` Lighter '' Younger Now `` Younger Now '' `` Malibu '' `` Week Without You '' `` Inspired '' Collaborations `` Ready , Set , Do n't Go '' `` Send It On '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` Nothing to Lose '' `` Decisions '' `` Ashtrays and Heartbreaks '' `` Fall Down '' `` ( I Wanna ) Channing All Over Your Tatum '' `` 23 '' `` Real and True '' `` Feelin ' Myself '' `` Come Get It Bae '' `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' Other songs `` I Thought I Lost You '' `` Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town '' `` Part of Your World '' `` Hoedown Throwdown '' `` I Hope You Find It '' `` Butterfly Fly Away '' `` My Sad Christmas Song '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucy_in_the_Sky_with_Diamonds&oldid=854640774 '' Categories : The Beatles songs 1967 songs Elton John songs 1974 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles British psychedelic rock songs Song recordings produced by George Martin Songs written by Lennon -- McCartney Songs published by Northern Songs Song recordings produced by Gus Dudgeon Mondegreens Lysergic acid diethylamide MCA Records singles DJM Records singles Warner Bros. Records singles Parlophone singles Songs banned by the BBC Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Use British English from June 2011 Use dmy dates from June 2011 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from May 2010 All articles needing additional references Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 20 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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1. "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" - The Beatles song
2. Psychedelic rock
3. John Lennon
4. Julian Lennon's drawing
5. Elton John version
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i love rock n roll by joan jett and the black hearts
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I Love Rock ' n ' Roll - wikipedia I Love Rock ' n ' Roll Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see I Love Rock ' n ' Roll ( disambiguation ) . This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( August 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' <Td_colspan="2"> 2004 re-issue <Th_colspan="2"> Single by the Arrows B - side `` Broken Down Heart '' Released July 1975 Format 7 - inch single Recorded Genre Hard rock Length 2 : 48 Label RAK Songwriter ( s ) Alan Merrill , Jake Hooker Producer ( s ) Mickie Most <Th_colspan="2"> the Arrows singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Hard Hearted '' ( 1975 ) `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( 1975 ) `` Once Upon a Time '' ( 1976 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Hard Hearted '' ( 1975 ) `` I Love Rock ' n Roll '' ( 1975 ) `` Once Upon a Time '' ( 1976 ) `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' is a rock song written in 1975 by Alan Merrill of the Arrows , who recorded the first released version . The song was later made famous by Joan Jett & the Blackhearts in 1982 . Alan Merrill still plays the song live in Europe , Japan and most often in his home town New York City . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Arrows original version 2 Joan Jett cover version 2.1 Music video 2.2 Critical reception 2.3 Chart performance 2.4 Weekly charts 2.5 Year - end charts 2.5. 1 Chart successions 3 Britney Spears version 3.1 Background , release and composition 3.2 Reception 3.2. 1 Critical 3.2. 2 Commercial 3.3 Music video 3.4 Live performances 3.5 Track listings 3.6 Charts and certifications 3.6. 1 Weekly charts 3.6. 2 Year - end charts 3.6. 3 Certifications 3.7 Release history 4 Alex Gaudino and Jason Rooney version 4.1 Track listing 4.2 Chart performance 4.3 Release history 5 Other cover versions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links The Arrows original version ( edit ) The song was originally recorded and released by the Arrows in 1975 on Rak Records , with lead vocals , guitar , music & lyrics written by Alan Merrill and produced by Mickie Most . In an interview with Songfacts , Merrill said he wrote it as `` a knee - jerk response to the Rolling Stones ' ' It 's Only Rock ' n Roll ( But I Like It ) ' . '' This version was first released as a B - side , but was soon re-recorded and flipped to A-side status on a subsequent pressing of the record . The Arrows performed the song in 1975 on the Muriel Young - produced show 45 , after which Young offered the Arrows a weekly UK television series , Arrows , which was broadcast on ITV starting in March 1976 . Joan Jett cover version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` I Love Rock ' n Roll '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Joan Jett and the Blackhearts <Th_colspan="2"> from the album I Love Rock ' n Roll B - side `` You Do n't Know What You 've Got '' Released January 19 , 1982 Format 7 - inch single , 12 - inch single Recorded 1981 Genre Hard rock Length 2 : 45 Label Boardwalk Songwriter ( s ) Alan Merrill , Jake Hooker Producer ( s ) Ritchie Cordell , Kenny Laguna <Th_colspan="2"> Joan Jett and the Blackhearts singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Bad Reputation '' ( 1981 ) `` I Love Rock ' n Roll '' ( 1982 ) `` Crimson and Clover '' ( 1982 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Bad Reputation '' ( 1981 ) `` I Love Rock ' n Roll '' ( 1982 ) `` Crimson and Clover '' ( 1982 ) `` I Love Rock N Roll '' Joan Jett and the Blackhearts ' `` I Love Rock N Roll '' from I Love Rock ' n Roll <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . Joan Jett saw the Arrows perform `` I Love Rock ' n Roll '' on their weekly UK television series Arrows when she was touring England with the Runaways in 1976 . She first recorded the song in 1979 with two of the Sex Pistols : Steve Jones and Paul Cook . This first version was released on vinyl in 1979 on Vertigo records as a B - side to `` You Do n't Own Me '' . In 1981 , Jett re-recorded the song , this time with her band , the Blackhearts . This recording became a U.S. Billboard Hot 100 number - one single for seven weeks . Billboard ranked it at the No. 3 song for 1982 . The single was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America , representing two million units shipped to stores with Jett 's I Love Rock ' n Roll album reaching number two on the Billboard 200 . Joan Jett 's version was ranked No. 89 in the list 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of Rolling Stone and has also been inducted into the Grammys Hall of Fame in 2016 . Music video ( edit ) `` I Love Rock ' n Roll '' 's black - and - white music video received heavy play from the just - launched MTV network . In it , Jett and the Blackhearts travel to a small , dingy bar and proceed to excite the drunken crowd by performing the song and yelling out its chorus . A snippet of Jett 's 1981 hit `` Bad Reputation '' can be heard at the beginning of the video . The video was originally in color , but it was converted to black and white because Jett hated the look of her red leather jumpsuit in color . In 1993 Joan Jett & the Blackhearts made another music video for the song as part of the Wayne 's World 2 soundtrack . In the video appear several scenes from the movie with Mike Myers and Dana Carvey mixed with footage of Jett and her band in concert . It was again released as a single by Warner / Reprise with `` Activity Grrrl '' as the B - side . Critical reception ( edit ) Jett 's version has received many accolades , including : Ranking No. 85 on Q magazine March 2005 list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks Ranking No. 491 on the Rolling Stone magazine 's list of `` the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' Ranking No. 56 in Billboard 's Greatest Songs of all time . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canadian RPM Top Singles France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Irish Singles Chart Italy ( FIMI ) 42 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) South African Chart Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK ( Official Charts Company ) U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks U.S. Billboard Hot Dance Club Play 31 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 81 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 ) Rank Australia 7 Canada Netherlands 25 New Zealand 7 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Cash Box 5 Chart successions ( edit ) Preceded by `` Centerfold '' by the J. Geils Band Billboard Hot 100 number one single ( Joan Jett version ) 20 March 1982 -- 1 May 1982 Succeeded by `` Chariots of Fire '' by Vangelis Preceded by `` Tainted Love '' by Soft Cell Canadian `` RPM '' Singles Chart number - one single ( Joan Jett version ) 20 March 1982 -- 8 May 1982 Succeeded by `` Do n't You Want Me '' by the Human League Preceded by `` What About Me '' by Moving Pictures Australian Kent Music Report number - one single ( Joan Jett version ) 3 May 1982 -- 31 May 1982 Succeeded by `` Mickey '' by Toni Basil Preceded by `` Do n't You Want Me '' by the Human League New Zealand RIANZ number - one single ( Joan Jett version ) 20 June 1982 -- 11 July 1982 Succeeded by `` E Ipo '' by Prince Tui Teka Britney Spears version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Britney Spears <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Britney and Crossroads ( Music from the Major Motion Picture ) Released 27 May 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 27 ) Format Cassette single CD single Recorded Genre Pop rock Length 3 : 06 Label Jive Songwriter ( s ) Alan Merrill , Jake Hooker Producer ( s ) Rodney Jerkins <Th_colspan="2"> Britney Spears singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' ( 2002 ) `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( 2002 ) `` Anticipating '' ( 2002 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' ( 2002 ) `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( 2002 ) `` Anticipating '' ( 2002 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` I Love Rock ' N ' Roll '' on YouTube <Td_colspan="2"> Background , release and composition ( edit ) `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' is the fourth European single released by pop singer Britney Spears from the album Britney on 27 May 2002 . The song was used in her 2002 movie Crossroads . Spears 's character , Lucy , performs it in a karaoke bar . Spears said of the song , `` They asked me to sing karaoke in the movie Crossroads and I 've actually sung I Love Rock ' n ' Roll in a lot of clubs that I 've been to . '' Spears has publicly admitted the original song to be one of her favorites . Spears listened to the original Arrows Mickie Most - produced version just before she recorded the song , according to Jive A&R representative Steve Lunt . The scratches performed on this song were performed by Corey Chase , at Hit Factory Miami . When promoting the single 's release she mistakenly attributed the hit version of the song to Pat Benatar instead of Joan Jett . Reception ( edit ) Critical ( edit ) Spears ' cover was met with mostly favorable reviews . NME 's Ted Kessler wrote that Britney `` still works best when making a good pop cheese and dance sandwich : there 's the ace Rodney Jerkins - produced version of Joan Jett 's ' I Love Rock'n'Roll ' , which does exactly what is says on the tin . '' Rolling Stone 's Barry Walters wrote that `` producer Rodney Jerkins ' hip - hop blaspheming of Joan Jett 's `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' does n't go as far as it should ( is a Limp Bizkit remix in its future ? ) , but it certainly beats what her earlier studio architects did to those Sonny and Cher ( `` The Beat Goes On '' on ... Baby One More Time ) and Stones ( `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' on Oops ! ... I Did It Again ) songs . '' Another positive reception came from PopMatters 's editor Nikki Tranter , who enjoyed that the song is `` different from the average run - of - the - mill pop offering , '' and praised that `` she does strange justice to the tune , vamping up her vocals and turning out something , that while silly and camp , is actually a fun listen . '' In contrast , David Browne wrote for Entertainment Weekly that `` her remake is neither imaginative ( it simply xeroxes Joan Jett 's arrangement ) nor all that believable . '' Commercial ( edit ) `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' charted moderately upon release , reaching the top twenty in most regions . The song was moderately successful in the UK , where it peaked at number thirteen ( which , at the time , was her lowest peak for a single released there , until `` Radar '' only managed to reach number forty - six in 2009 , and then `` I Wanna Go , which peaked at one - hundred and eleven ) . The single sold a total of 65,000 copies . It was also certified Gold in Australia . Music video ( edit ) Spears performing ′ ′ I Love Rock ′ n ′ Roll ′ ′ at the Dream Within a Dream Tour . This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Directed by Chris Applebaum , the music video for `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' shows Spears with her own band , a stack of speakers , and flashing lights . It was shot at The Inn , a bar in Long Beach , New York . The video was ranked at No. 2 on the 100 Best Videos of 2002 at MTV Latin America 's countdown . The Director 's Cut version of the video was later leaked ; it included previously unseen scenes from the video . Live performances ( edit ) The song was performed live during Spears 's Dream Within a Dream Tour ( 2001 -- 02 ) . In 2016 , it was added to the revamped set list of her Las Vegas residency show , Britney : Piece of Me ( 2016 -- 17 ) , marking the first time Spears performed the song in 14 years . During the performance , Britney Spears rides a mechanical electric guitar , which simulates a mechanical bull , as it rotates on stage . The same prop electric guitar was previously used during her Femme Fatale Tour ( 2011 ) for a segment in which she covered the song `` Burning Up '' by Madonna . In the 2016 Billboard Music Awards , the song was performed as part of a medley , using the same guitar prop . Track listings ( edit ) European 2 tracks CD single `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 06 `` Overprotected '' ( Darkchild Remix ) -- 3 : 18 European / Australian CD single `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 08 `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Karaoke Version ) -- 3 : 06 `` Overprotected '' ( Darkchild Remix ) -- 3 : 20 `` I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' ( Metro Remix ) -- 5 : 26 German 2 tracks CD single `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 07 `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Karaoke Version ) -- 3 : 05 German CD single `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 07 `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Karaoke Version ) -- 3 : 05 `` Overprotected '' ( Riprock ' N Alex G Remix ) -- 3 : 25 `` I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' ( Metro Remix ) -- 5 : 24 Japanese CD maxi single `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 06 `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Karaoke Version ) -- 3 : 04 `` Overprotected '' ( Darkchild Remix ) -- 3 : 20 `` I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' ( Metro Remix ) -- 5 : 25 `` I 'm a Slave 4 U '' ( Thunderpuss Radio Mix ) -- 3 : 18 `` I 'm a Slave 4 U '' ( Miguel Migs Petalpusher Vocal ) -- 5 : 30 `` I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' ( Spanish Fly Dub Mix ) -- 5 : 55 UK CD maxi single `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 06 `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Karaoke Version ) -- 3 : 04 `` Overprotected ( Darkchild Remix Radio Edit ) '' -- 3 : 06 `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Video ) -- 3 : 06 Cassette single `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 06 `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Karaoke Version ) -- 3 : 04 `` Overprotected '' ( Darkchild Remix Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 06 Digital download ( Digital 45 ) `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' -- 3 : 07 `` I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' ( Metro Remix Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 29 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 13 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 15 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 27 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 19 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 7 Hungarian Singles Chart 6 Irish Singles Chart 8 Italy ( FIMI ) 20 Japan ( Oricon ) 26 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 17 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 18 Portugal ( Portuguese Singles Chart ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 7 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 15 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 15 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 13 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 68 Belgium Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 76 German Singles Chart 96 Swedish Singles Chart 85 Swiss Singles Chart 81 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Germany 27 May 2002 Maxi single JIVE Japan 19 June 2002 Sony United Kingdom 1 July 2002 JIVE Alex Gaudino and Jason Rooney version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Promotional single by Alex Gaudino & Jason Rooney Released 3 December 2008 Recorded 2008 Length 3 : 37 Label 541 / NEWS Songwriter ( s ) Alan Merrill , Jake Hooker <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Alex Gaudino singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Watch Out '' ( 2008 ) Watch Out 2008 `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( 2008 ) I Love Rock ' n ' Roll2008 `` I 'm in Love ( I Wanna Do It ) '' ( 2010 ) I 'm in Love ( I Wanna Do It ) 2010 <Td_colspan="2"> The Alex Gaudino & Jason Rooney cover version was released in 2008 . Track listing ( edit ) <Th_colspan="3"> UK Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Radio Edit ) 3 : 37 2 . `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Extended Mix ) 7 : 43 3 . `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Dabruck , Klein Remix ) 6 : 01 4 . `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Nari & Milani Remix ) 5 : 35 5 . `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Disko Kriminals Remix ) 7 : 05 Credits and personnel Lead vocals -- Alex Gaudino Music -- Alan Merrill , Jake Hooker Lyrics -- Alan Merrill , Jake Hooker Scratches -- Corey Chase Label : 541 / NEWS Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 10 Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format United Kingdom 3 December 2008 Digital download Other cover versions ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' is an often - covered song , and has been notably recorded by such artists as : Singer Tiny Tim covered it in 1980 on his album Chameleon . L'Arc ~ En ~ Ciel released the song as a single internationally in 2011 and it was used in a Pepsi commercial in Japan . Lee Da - hae released the song as a single in 2007 , with versions in both English and Korean . Boy band Five sampled the song for `` Everybody Get Up '' . Reverend Run sampled the song for his song `` Mind on the Road '' on his solo album Distortion . `` Weird Al '' Yankovic ( parody , as `` I Love Rocky Road '' ) The group Forever Young covered the song in 2003 and made the French top 30 peaking at # 27 in 2003 . Fast Forward Highway covered Joan Jett 's version for the video game Just Dance 2017 . American rapper Eminem sampled the instrumental for his song `` Remind Me '' on his ninth studio album Revival . See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1982 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cad , Saint . `` 10 More Famous Songs With Unknown Originals '' . listverse.com . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Outsight Radio Hours interview , 12 February 2012 '' . Retrieved 18 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` alan merrill setlist '' . Tumblr . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` I Love Rock and Roll '' . Songfacts.com . Archived from the original on 26 February 2017 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ten hits you may not know were cover versions '' . BBC News . Retrieved 14 October 2014 Jump up ^ Huey , Steve . `` I Love Rock N ' Roll -- Song Review '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Talevski , Nick ( 2006 ) . Rock Obituaries - Knocking On Heaven 's Door . Omnibus Press . p. 100 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 8460 - 9091 - 2 . Cordell joined Kenny Laguna , his former session player and then manager of Joan Jett & the Blackhearts , to co-produce the group 's chart - topping hard - rock anthem ' I Love Rock ' N Roll ' . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 8th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) , page 322 . Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stone - The 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time '' . Archived from the original on 30 May 2008 . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . `` With the first primal power chord , Jett obliterated her image as a teenage girl - group novelty in the Runaways . The squealing riffs matched her new leather - clad tough - girl image and made her case as one of the fiercest female guitarists of all time . '' Jump up ^ `` The Recording Academy Announces 2016 Grammy Hall of Fame Inductees '' . Recording Academy . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 30 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Australia n ° 1 Hits - 80 's '' . Worldcharts.co.uk . Archived from the original on 20 May 2011 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Joan Jett & The Blackhearts -- I Love Rock'n Roll '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Joan Jett & The Blackhearts -- I Love Rock'n Roll '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ Lwin , Nanda . Top 40 Hits : the essential chart guide ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Hung Medien . `` I love rock'n'roll in French Chart '' . Archived from the original on 20 September 2013 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . You have to use the index at the top of the page and search `` Joan Jett & the Blackhearts '' Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Joan Jett & The Blackhearts -- I Love Rock'n Roll '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . ^ Jump up to : `` I love rock'n'roll in Irish Chart '' . IRMA . Archived from the original on 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Only results when searching `` I Love Rock ' n Roll '' Jump up ^ `` Indice per Interprete : J '' . HitParadeItalia ( it ) . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Joan Jett & The Blackhearts '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Joan Jett & The Blackhearts -- I Love Rock'n Roll '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Joan Jett & The Blackhearts -- I Love Rock'n Roll '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ John Samson . `` I love rock'n'roll in South African Chart '' . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Joan Jett & The Blackhearts -- I Love Rock'n Roll '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Joan Jett & The Blackhearts -- I Love Rock'n Roll '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` 1982 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive - 8th May 1982 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Love Rock'n'Roll awards on Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , March 27 , 1982 Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( doc ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Australian Chart Book , St Ives , N.S.W. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ https://www.top40.nl/bijzondere-lijsten/top-100-jaaroverzichten/1982 Jump up ^ Top Selling Singles of 1982 The Official New Zealand Music Chart Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 25 , 1982 Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' N ' Roll '' . www.discogs.com . Discogs . n.d . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Released : 27 May 2002 Jump up ^ Dingwall , John ( 5 November 2001 ) . `` OTR ... Off the Record : Your Time Is Up , Jacko ; Britney Wants Album Top Slot '' . Daily Record . Scotland . p. 19 . Jump up ^ Jim DeRogatis ( 4 November 2001 ) . `` What Britney said , or should have '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on 16 November 2001 . Retrieved 26 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Kessler , Ted ( 30 October 2001 ) . `` NME Albums Reviews -- Britney Spears : ' Britney Pop 's Number One act ? She did it again ... ' '' . NME . Retrieved 2 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Barry Walters ( 22 November 2001 ) . `` Britney review '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 12 February 2007 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Tranter , Nikki ( 5 November 2001 ) . `` Britney Spears : Britney < PopMatters > '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Britney Music . EW.com ( 12 November 2001 ) . Retrieved on 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll ( UK ) Archived 9 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine . UKBritney.tv Retrieved on 22 May 2007 Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears : I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ -- Magyar Hangfelvétel - kiadók Szövetsége '' . Mahasz.hu . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' . Top Digital Download . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Britney Spears '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Top40-charts.com '' . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2002 '' . Aria.com.au . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Belgian Charts '' . Ultratop.be . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Offizielle Deutsche Charts - Offizielle Deutsche Charts '' . Offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar - År 2002 '' . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Swiss Year - End Charts 2002 '' . Swisscharts.com . Archived from the original on 2 April 2016 . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2002 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` I Love Rock ' N ' Roll ( Single ) '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` I Love Rock'n'Roll '' . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` I Love Rock and Roll ( Single , Maxi ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Alex Gaudino & Jason Rooney -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` I Love Rock N ' Roll : Alex Gaudino & Jason Rooney : Amazon.co.uk : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 8 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` I Love Rock'n'roll by Forever Young - Music Charts '' . Acharts.co . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . External links ( edit ) History of the song `` I Love Rock ' n Roll '' Bill Harry 's Merseybeat article Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> Joan Jett / Joan Jett and the Blackhearts Studio albums Joan Jett / Bad Reputation I Love Rock ' n Roll Album Glorious Results of a Misspent Youth Good Music Up Your Alley The Hit List Notorious Pure and Simple Naked Sinner Unvarnished Compilation albums Do You Wanna Touch Me Flashback Great Hits Fit to Be Tied Fetish Jett Rock Greatest Hits EPs I Love Rock ' n ' Roll 92 1979 Cherry Bomb Unfinished Business Singles `` Bad Reputation '' `` Do You Wanna Touch Me ( Oh Yeah ) '' `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' `` Crimson and Clover '' `` Everyday People '' `` I Love You Love Me Love '' `` Cherry Bomb '' `` Roadrunner '' `` Light of Day '' `` I Hate Myself for Loving You '' `` Dirty Deeds '' `` Love Hurts '' `` Have You Ever Seen the Rain ? '' `` Androgynous '' Related articles Discography The Runaways Evil Stig <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Joan Jett <Th_colspan="2"> Britney Spears songs <Td_colspan="2"> Discography ... Baby One More Time `` ... Baby One More Time '' `` ( You Drive Me ) Crazy '' `` Sometimes '' `` Born to Make You Happy '' `` From the Bottom of My Broken Heart '' `` The Beat Goes On '' Oops ! ... I Did It Again `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' `` Stronger '' `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' `` Do n't Let Me Be the Last to Know '' `` Lucky '' `` You Got It All '' Britney `` I 'm a Slave 4 U '' `` Overprotected '' `` I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' `` Anticipating '' `` Boys '' In the Zone `` Me Against the Music '' `` Toxic '' `` Outrageous '' `` Everytime '' Greatest Hits : My Prerogative `` My Prerogative '' `` ( I 've Just Begun ) Having My Fun '' `` Do Somethin ' '' Blackout `` Gimme More '' `` Piece of Me '' `` Radar '' `` Break the Ice '' Circus `` Womanizer '' `` Circus '' `` Out from Under '' `` Kill the Lights '' `` Shattered Glass '' `` If U Seek Amy '' `` Unusual You '' `` Mmm Papi '' `` Radar '' The Singles Collection `` 3 '' Femme Fatale `` Till the World Ends '' `` Hold It Against Me '' `` Inside Out '' `` I Wanna Go '' `` ( Drop Dead ) Beautiful '' `` Big Fat Bass '' `` Criminal '' Britney Jean `` Alien '' `` Work Bitch '' `` Perfume '' `` Passenger '' Glory `` Make Me ... '' `` Private Show '' `` Clumsy '' `` Do You Wanna Come Over ? '' `` Slumber Party '' Collaborations `` Hands '' `` Pretty Girls '' `` S&M '' `` Scream & Shout '' `` SMS ( Bangerz ) '' `` Tom 's Diner '' `` What 's Going On '' Other songs `` And Then We Kiss '' `` My Only Wish ( This Year ) '' `` Ooh La La '' `` Someday ( I Will Understand ) '' <Td_colspan="2"> Book Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Alex Gaudino Singles `` Destination Calabria '' `` Que Pasa Contigo '' `` Watch Out '' `` I 'm in Love ( I Wanna Do It ) '' `` What a Feeling '' `` I Do n't Wanna Dance '' `` Playing With My Heart '' Promotional singles `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' `` Missing You '' Related articles Rise Records Kelly Rowland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Love_Rock_%27n%27_Roll&oldid=837720236 '' Categories : 1975 singles 1982 singles 2002 singles Arrows ( British band ) songs Jive Records singles RAK Records singles Joan Jett songs Britney Spears songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Rock number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Sweden Music videos directed by Chris Applebaum Song recordings produced by Mickie Most Song recordings produced by Rodney Jerkins Songs written for films Songs about music 1975 songs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with format and no URL Wikipedia introduction cleanup from August 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2016 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Use dmy dates from April 2015 Use British English from April 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for UK Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Wallonia ) Tip Articles needing additional references from December 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 16 : 28 . 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1. I Love Rock 'n' Roll - song by the Arrows and Joan Jett & the Blackhearts
2. Alan Merrill - songwriter of I Love Rock 'n' Roll
3. Joan Jett - artist who covered I Love Rock 'n' Roll
4. Britney Spears - artist who also covered I Love Rock 'n' Roll
5. Music video - for I Love Rock 'n' Roll by Joan Jett
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who played rhett in gone with the wind
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Rhett Butler - wikipedia Rhett Butler Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Brett Butler . This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : clarity of expression and chronology Please help improve this article if you can . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Rhett Butler <Td_colspan="2"> Gone with the Wind character <Td_colspan="2"> Clark Gable as Rhett Butler in the Gone with the Wind film trailer First appearance Gone with the Wind Last appearance Rhett Butler 's People Created by Margaret Mitchell Portrayed by Clark Gable Timothy Dalton <Th_colspan="2"> Information Occupation Blockade runner ( discharged ) Socialite Title Captain Family Steven Butler ( father ) Eleanor Butler ( mother ) Rosemary Butler ( younger sister ) Ross Butler ( younger brother ) Spouse ( s ) Scarlett O'Hara ( first wife ) Anne Hampton ( second wife ) Children Eugenie Victoria `` Bonnie Blue '' Butler ( daughter ) Katie Colum `` Cat '' Butler ( daughter ) Rhett Butler is a fictional character based on an historical figure of the same name and one of the main protagonists of Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell . Contents ( hide ) 1 Role 2 Character 3 Family 4 Searching for Rhett 5 Adaptations and sequels 6 Reception 7 References Role ( edit ) As the novel begins , we first meet Rhett at the Twelve Oaks Plantation barbecue , the home of John Wilkes and his son Ashley and daughters Honey and India Wilkes . The novel describes Rhett as `` a visitor from Charleston '' , a black sheep who was expelled from West Point and is not received by any family with reputation in the whole of Charleston , and perhaps all of South Carolina . On her way back to Aunt Pittypat 's , Scarlett meets Frank Kennedy , her sister Suellen 's beau . Learning that Frank has done very well for himself , she plies him with affection , falsely tells him that Suellen is tired of waiting and plans to marry someone else , and finally secures a marriage proposal from him , which she accepts . Scarlett is shocked when she sees Rhett while she is running Frank 's store , free from the Yankees and amused that she has rushed into yet another marriage with a man she does not love , much less the fact that she stole him right out from under her sister 's nose . Frank Kennedy is killed during a Ku Klux Klan raid on the shanty town after Scarlett is attacked . Rhett saves Ashley Wilkes and several others by alibiing them to the Yankee captain , a man with whom he has played cards on several occasions . Scarlett accepts only for Rhett 's money . In the novel , Rhett 's fortune is estimated at $500,000 ( $8,356,818 as of 2017 ) Rhett secretly hopes that Scarlett will eventually return the love he 's had since the day he saw her at Twelve Oaks . Her continuing affection for Ashley Wilkes becomes a problem for the couple , however . He knows that Scarlett could never be happy with Ashley and when she discovers that , he does not want to be around when she throws her obsession onto him until the events of Scarlett , in which he returns after disastrous events happen in Ireland ( England in the miniseries ) bring them back together . Character ( edit ) In the course of the novel , Rhett becomes increasingly enamored with Scarlett 's sheer will to survive in the chaos surrounding the war . The novel contains several pieces of information about him that do not appear in the film . After being disowned by his family ( mainly by his father ) , he became a professional gambler , and at one point was involved in the California Gold Rush , where he ended up getting a scar on his stomach in a knife fight . He seems to love his mother and his sister Rosemary , but has an adversarial relationship with his father which is never resolved . He also has a younger brother who is never named , and a sister - in - law ( both of whom he has little respect or regard for ) , who own a rice plantation . Rhett is the guardian of a little boy who attends boarding school in New Orleans ; it is speculated among readers that this boy is Belle Watling 's son ( whom Belle mentions briefly to Melanie ) , and perhaps Rhett 's illegitimate son as well . Despite being thrown out of West Point , the Rhett of the novel is obviously very well - educated , referencing everything from Shakespeare to classical history to German philosophy . He has an understanding of human nature ( save for a realistic understanding of his beloved Scarlett ) that the obtuse Scarlett never does , and at several points provides insightful perspectives on other characters . He also has an extensive knowledge of women ( again except for Scarlett ) , both physically and psychologically , which Scarlett does not consider to be `` decent '' ( but nonetheless considers fascinating ) . Rhett has tremendous respect and gradually gains affection for Melanie as a friend , but very little for Ashley . Rhett 's understanding of human nature extends to children as well , and he is a much better parent to Scarlett 's children from her previous marriages than she is herself ; he has a particular affinity with her son Wade , even before Wade is his stepson . When Bonnie is born Rhett showers her with the attention that Scarlett will no longer allow him to give to her and is a devoted , even doting and overindulgent , father . Rhett also decides to join in the Confederate Army ; but only after its defeat at Atlanta , and when the `` cause '' as it were , was clearly understood by a man of his perception , to be truly lost . This facet of the character is completely at odds with worldly and wise predictor of Southern defeat on the eve of hostilities . Rhett has known and believed ( and has said so publicly ) the South is doomed to lose . And he has risked neither his life , nor his fortune for the cause of the South , when to have done so at the beginning of the war , might have been worth the risk , to establish a new nation . In the sequels − both in official sequels ( Scarlett , written by Alexandra Ripley , and Rhett Butler 's People , written by Donald McCaig ) and in the unofficial Winds of Tara by Kate Pinotti − Scarlett finally succeeds in getting Rhett back . Family ( edit ) Rhett is the eldest child . In Gone with the Wind only his younger sister Rosemary is named ; his brother and sister - in - law are mentioned very briefly , but not by name . In the sequel Scarlett by Alexandra Ripley , the Butler parents are called Steven and Eleanor , the younger brother is Ross . In this sequel Rhett marries Anne Hampton after divorcing Scarlett and he reunites with Scarlett only after Anne dies . He and Scarlett have a second daughter called Katie `` Cat '' . In the authorized prequel and sequel Rhett Butler 's People his parents are called Langston and Elizabeth , his brother is Julian . In this novel Belle Watling 's son plays an important role ; in the end he is revealed to be another man 's son even though he believed Rhett was his father . Searching for Rhett ( edit ) In the 1939 film version of Gone with the Wind , for the role of Rhett Butler , Clark Gable was an almost immediate favorite for both the public and producer David O. Selznick ( except for Gable himself ) . But as Selznick had no male stars under long - term contract , he needed to go through the process of negotiating to borrow an actor from another studio . Gary Cooper was thus Selznick 's first choice , because Cooper 's contract with Samuel Goldwyn involved a common distribution company , United Artists , with which Selznick had an eight - picture deal . However , Goldwyn remained noncommittal in negotiations . Warner Bros. offered a package of Bette Davis , Errol Flynn , and Olivia de Havilland for the lead roles in return for the distribution rights . When Gary Cooper turned down the role of Rhett Butler , he was passionately against it . He was quoted saying , `` Gone With The Wind is going to be the biggest flop in Hollywood history . I 'm glad it 'll be Clark Gable who 's falling flat on his nose , not Gary Cooper '' . But by then Selznick was determined to get Clark Gable , and eventually found a way to borrow him from Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer . Selznick 's father - in - law , MGM chief Louis B. Mayer , offered in May 1938 to fund half of the movie 's budget in return for a powerful package : 50 % of the profits would go to MGM , the movie 's distribution would be credited to MGM 's parent company , Loew 's , Inc. , and Loew 's would receive 15 percent of the movie 's gross income . Selznick accepted this offer in August , and Gable was cast . But the arrangement to release through MGM meant delaying the start of production until Selznick International completed its eight - picture contract with United Artists . Gable was reluctant to play the role . At the time , he was wary of potentially disappointing a public who had formed a clear impression of the character that he might not necessarily convey in his performance . Adaptations and sequels ( edit ) In the 1939 film adaptation , Rhett was played by Clark Gable . In the Scarlett TV mini-series produced in 1994 ( based on the above sequel novel ) , Rhett was played by Timothy Dalton . In the musical production by Takarazuka Revue , Rhett had been played by several top stars of the group , including Yuki Amami ( currently a film / TV actress ) , Yu Todoroki ( currently one of the directors of the group ) and Youka Wao ( former leading male role of the Cosmo Troup that retired from the group in July 2006 ) . In the Margaret Martin musical Gone With The Wind , the role of Rhett Butler was originated by Darius Danesh . Alice Randall 's The Wind Done Gone is either a parallel historical novel , or ( after litigation ) a parody . It is told from the slave point of view . Donald McCaig 's novel Rhett Butler 's People is told from Rhett Butler 's perspective . Reception ( edit ) Michael Sragow of Entertainment Weekly compared Butler to James Bond , arguing that both characters share an analytical sense , are good at seducing `` ambivalent '' women , and are `` masters of maneuvering behind enemy lines '' . He also stated that `` 007 's erotic quips follow straight from Rhett 's verbal jousts with Scarlett . '' References ( edit ) Fictional characters portal Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Selznick , David O. ( 2000 ) . Memo from David O. Selznick . New York : Modern Library . pp. 172 -- 173 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 75531 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` GoneMovie - > Biography Gary Cooper '' . Jump up ^ Paul Donnelley ( June 1 , 2003 ) . Fade To Black : A Book Of Movie Obituaries , 2nd Edition . Omnibus Press . ^ Jump up to : Patterson , Troy , Ty Burr , and Stephen Whitty . `` Gone With the Wind . '' ( video review ) Entertainment Weekly . October 23 , 1998 . Retrieved on December 23 , 2013 . This document has three separate reviews of the film , one per author . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell Characters Scarlett O'Hara Rhett Butler Ashley Wilkes Melanie Hamilton India Wilkes Adaptations Gone with the Wind ( film ) Scarlett ( musical ) Autant en emporte le vent Gone with the Wind ( musical ) Related works The Making of a Legend : Gone with the Wind Scarlett ( novel ) Scarlett ( miniseries ) The Wind Done Gone Rhett Butler 's People The Scarlett O'Hara War `` Went with the Wind ! '' Related `` Frankly , my dear , I do n't give a damn '' Tara plantation Twelve Oaks Margaret Mitchell House and Museum Suntrust Bank v. Houghton Mifflin Co . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhett_Butler&oldid=826438387 '' Categories : Fictional American Civil War veterans Fictional businesspeople Fictional characters from South Carolina Fictional characters introduced in 1936 Fictional gamblers Fictional people of the Confederate States of America Fictional socialites Fictional soldiers Gone with the Wind characters Male characters in film Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from August 2017 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from August 2017 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from August 2017 Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Español Français Hrvatski Қазақша Română Русский Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 02 : 51 . About Wikipedia
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1. Rhett Butler - fictional character
2. Gone with the Wind - novel and film
3. Clark Gable - actor who portrayed Rhett Butler
4. Scarlett O'Hara - Rhett Butler's first wife
5. Margaret Mitchell - author of Gone with the Wind
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6,927,899,468,159,415,000 |
who played the teenage mutant ninja turtles in 1990
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Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1990 film ) - wikipedia Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1990 film ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles <Td_colspan="2"> North American release poster Directed by Steve Barron Produced by Simon Fields David Chan Kim Dawson Screenplay by Todd W. Langen Bobby Herbeck Story by Bobby Herbeck Based on Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles by Kevin Eastman Peter Laird Starring Judith Hoag Elias Koteas Music by John Du Prez Cinematography John Fenner Edited by William D. Gordean Sally Menke James R. Symons Production companies Golden Harvest Limelight Entertainment 888 Productions Mirage Enterprises Northshore Investments Distributed by New Line Cinema Release date March 30 , 1990 ( 1990 - 03 - 30 ) Running time 93 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $13.5 million Box office $202 million Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles is a 1990 American superhero action comedy film directed by Steve Barron , based on the comic book characters of the same name . Released on March 30 , 1990 , the film presents the origin story of Splinter and the Turtles , the initial meeting between them , April O'Neil and Casey Jones , and their first confrontation with The Shredder and his Foot Clan . The film stars Judith Hoag , Elias Koteas , and the voices of Brian Tochi , Robbie Rist , Josh Pais and Corey Feldman as the four title characters . The turtle costumes were developed by Jim Henson 's Creature Shop , and were one of the final projects that Henson was involved in prior to his death . When the New York City Police Department is unable to stop a severe crime wave caused by the Foot Clan , four mutated turtles -- Leonardo , Michelangelo , Donatello and Raphael -- come forth to save the city . Under the leadership of mutated rat , Splinter , and together with their new - found allies April O'Neil and Casey Jones , they fight back and take the battle to The Shredder . The film kept very close to the dark feel of the original comics , and is a direct adaptation of the comic book storyline involving the defeat of Shredder , with several elements also taken from the 1987 TV series that was airing at the time , such as April being a news reporter , and the turtles having different - colored masks , as opposed to the uniform red masks of the comic . The film became the highest - grossing independent film of all time , as well as the ninth - highest - grossing film worldwide of 1990 and the most successful film in the series until the 2014 reboot . It was followed by two sequels , entitled The Secret of the Ooze in 1991 and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III in 1993 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Live - action actors 2.2 Voice cast 2.3 Puppeteers 3 Production 4 Marketing 5 Alternate versions 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 7 Home release 8 Soundtrack 9 Legacy 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) As a crime wave rises in New York City , Channel 3 news reporter April O'Neil talks about rumors of young children and teenagers being reported as the majority of the thieves , connecting it to a rumored Foot Clan , which originated in Japan . On an ordinary night , she comes across thieves stealing from a news van and is attacked . She is rescued and one of her rescuers leaves behind a sai when the police arrive to collect the tied up criminals . In the storm sewers , four anthropomorphic turtles return to their underground home and meet with their master Splinter , who advises them to remain hidden from the world and work only in the shadow . Raphael admits he lost his weapon , and when the others order pizza he leaves in disguise to see a movie . After leaving the movie he encounters Casey Jones , who tries to exact justice on a pair of muggers by beating them with sporting implements . After a brief stand off between the two , Casey takes off into the city and Raphael loses his temper . Returning home , Splinter confronts Raphael about his temper . April is attacked in the subway by members of the Foot , after spouting rumors of them on television . She is knocked unconscious while trying to fend them off but is saved by Raphael , who takes her back to their home . After reviving her , Splinter explains their origins and introduces her to Raphael , Michelangelo , Donatello and Leonardo . Unfortunately , Raphael had been followed by a member of the Foot . After the turtles take April home , and spend some time over pizza , they return to find their home ransacked and Splinter missing . With nowhere else to turn , they return to April 's apartment . The next morning , April 's supervisor Charles Pennington and his son Danny arrive ; Charles chides April on her behavior with police chief Sterns and advises her to be careful , while Danny catches a glimpse of Michaelangelo , garnering his suspicions . Later , Charles confronts Danny for being arrested for stealing and Danny runs away into the subway . He escapes to a warehouse on Lairdman Island , the hideout for the teenaged thieves of the Foot . It is revealed that Splinter is there , held prisoner by The Shredder , who acts as a surrogate father to the outcast teenagers . His second - in - command is Tatsu . Danny gives The Shredder his information on the Turtles . After a heated argument between Leonardo and Raphael , Raphael goes up to the roof of April 's building and is attacked by dozens of Foot Clan members . The fight moves into the building , where April and the others are attacked after Raphael is thrown down a skylight window . The numbers cause the floor to give way , and they continue their battle in the basement . After Foot reinforcements arrive , overwhelming the turtles , Casey appears , having seen Raphael earlier on the roof and he helps even the odds . In the melee , with Raphael in a coma , the building catches fire , forcing the Turtles to escape . Retreating to an abandoned farm April 's family owns , April learns that Charles has fired her from the TV station . Raphael awakens from his coma and makes amends with Leonardo . The four of them train . After receiving visions from Splinter , Leonardo and the rest decide it is time to return to the city . Meanwhile , Danny encounters Splinter , whose kindness casts doubts on his decision to betray the Turtles . He goes to hide in the Turtles ' den , and is there when they return . In the night , Danny slips away , followed by Casey who discovers the thieves ' hideout . Danny meets with Splinter again , who tells him the story of his master who was killed by a man named Oroku Saki , whom he and Splinter realize was The Shredder himself 15 years prior . Danny grasps how insane The Shredder truly is after learning his past , but he inadvertently alerts him that the turtles have returned . The Shredder sends his men to raid the turtles ' home , but the Foot are ambushed as the group has already anticipated their attack . Casey and Danny free Splinter , and after Casey defeats Shredder 's second in command Tatsu , they convince the teens to follow them and teach them the error of their ways . They return to the city as the Turtles face off against Shredder , who outmatches them . The Shredder taunts the Turtles , saying he killed Splinter , causing Leonardo to attack Shredder . Shredder disarms Leonardo , threatening to impale him with his spear unless the Turtles drop their weapons . The Turtles do so , but Shredder plans on killing Leonardo anyway . Before he can do so , he is distracted by Splinter , allowing Leonardo to escape . Splinter then faces Shredder , revealing that he was Hamato Yoshi 's pet rat who disfigured Oroku Saki after the latter killed Hamato . Vengeful , Shredder charges Splinter with his spear but he falls over the ledge of the roof after Splinter vaults him with a nunchaku . Splinter tries to spare him , but Shredder attacks , forcing the rat to let go , and he falls into a garbage truck . Casey turns on the trash compactor and crushes Shredder . The police arrive and arrest the defeated Foot Ninjas. April is reinstated by Charles , with better perks , to cover the story . Danny reunites with his father who is overjoyed to see him , and they have reconciled . Casey and April meet , and she tells him to kiss her , which he obliges , much to the cheering from the Turtles . Cast ( edit ) Live - action actors ( edit ) Judith Hoag as April O'Neil , a reporter for Channel 3 News Elias Koteas as Casey Jones , a street-wise vigilante and former ice hockey player who becomes an ally of the Turtles Michael Turney as Danny Pennington , Charles 's teenage son and a member of The Foot Jay Patterson as Charles Pennington , April 's boss Raymond Serra as Chief Sterns , the Police Chief of New York City James Saito as Oroku Saki / The Shredder , the founder of a network of runaways - turned - thieves and the main antagonist of the film . Toshishiro Obata as Tatsu , Shredder 's second - in - command Sam Rockwell as Head Thug Skeet Ulrich and Scott Wolf appear uncredited as members of the Foot . Voice cast ( edit ) Josh Pais as Raphael , the rebellious and angry Turtle Robbie Rist as Michelangelo , the fun - loving , party Turtle Brian Tochi as Leonardo , the leader of the Turtles and the closest to Splinter Corey Feldman as Donatello , the brains of the TMNT Kevin Clash as Splinter , the Turtles ' master . David McCharen as Oroku Saki / The Shredder Michael McConnohie as Tatsu Puppeteers ( edit ) David Greenaway as Raphael ( facial assistant ) Josh Pais as Raphael ( in - suit performer ) Mak Wilson as Michelangelo ( facial assistant ) Michelan Sisti as Michaelangelo ( in - suit performer ) David Rudman as Donatello ( facial assistant ) Leif Tilden as Donatello ( in - suit performer ) Ernie Reyes , Jr. as Donatello in - suit martial arts stunt double Martin P. Robinson as Leonardo ( facial assistant ) David Forman as Leonardo ( in - suit performer ) Kevin Clash as Splinter ( puppeteer ) Rickey Boyd as Splinter ( facial assistant ) Robert Tygner as Splinter ( assistant puppeteer ) NOTE : All four actors who played the in - suit Turtles also appeared in cameos as minor characters , with David Forman ( Leonardo ) as a gang member , Michelan Sisti ( Michaelangelo ) as a pizza delivery man , Leif Tilden ( Donatello ) as a messenger of The Foot and Josh Pais ( Raphael ) as a passenger in a taxi . Pais was the only actor to portray a Turtle on screen and provide his voice . Production ( edit ) Jim Henson on set with the suit actors . The film was released less than two months before Henson 's death . The film 's budget was $13.5 million . Much of the production took place in North Carolina , with a couple of location shoots in New York City during the summer of 1989 to capture famous landmark areas , such as Times Square , the Empire State Building , and the Hudson River . Filming in North Carolina took place at the North Carolina Film Studios , where New York rooftop sets were created . Production designer Roy Forge Smith and his art director , Gary Wissner , went to New York City four months prior to filming and took still photographs of rooftops and other various locations . While in NYC , Smith and Wissner were allowed to explore an abandoned Brooklyn subway line , as they could not gain access to a city sewer , but the structure of the subway had the same principle as a sewer . They also went to a water tunnel which had large pipes running through it . After design sketches were created , the construction team used the studios ' backlot to create some of the sets . There were problems with the manholes that led to the Turtles ' home , in that an eight - foot square room had to be constructed beneath them , but found water at about five - feet , and thus had to pour concrete into the underground rooms to keep the water out . In order to make the sewer authentic , a tide - mark was given , and it was covered with brick , plaster and stucco paint to give the walls a realistic look . The Turtles themselves were created by Jim Henson 's Creature Shop in London . Jim Henson said that the creatures were the most advanced that he had ever worked with . The creatures were first made out of fiberglass , and then remolded out of clay . They were produced as molds to cast the whole body in foam rubber latex . The work at the Shop was completed within 18 weeks . Many major studios , such as Walt Disney Pictures , Columbia Pictures , MGM / UA , Orion Pictures , Paramount ( whose parent company Viacom would acquire the TMNT property in 2009 ) , and Warner Bros. turned down the film for distribution ; they were worried that despite the popularity of the cartoon and the toy line , the film could potentially be a box office disappointment , like Masters of the Universe was just a couple years prior . The film finally found distribution roughly halfway through the initial production , via the then small and independent production company New Line Cinema , which at that point had been known for distributing low budget B movies and arthouse fare . Marketing ( edit ) Live Entertainment Inc. announced that the film would go to VHS via its Family Home Entertainment label on October 4 , 1990 . The suggested price was $24.99 per cassette . Pizza Hut engaged in a $20 million marketing campaign tied into the film ( despite the fact that Domino 's Pizza was used as product placement in the film itself ) . Items included advertising in print , radio and television , and several rebate coupons . Alternate versions ( edit ) The UK version removed Eastern fighting weapons like the nunchaku , using alternate shots of Michaelangelo in order to conceal his nunchaku weapon , or omitting the show - off duel between Michaelangelo and a member of the Foot clan . Also , the scene of Shredder in the garbage shred was heavily edited and the Turtle Power song was edited to change the word ' ninja ' to ' hero ' as per the UK TV series . The unedited version was released on DVD in 2004 in the UK . The German theatrical voice - dubbed version is identical to the UK version , i.e. it omits the usage of the nunchaku . Furthermore , the German dubbing audio track contains several `` cartoon - like '' sounds in order to soften the violence of the fight scenes . Although the German dub of the film was released with unedited pictures on DVD , the German dub audio version with the `` funny noises '' was still kept , because they were permanently merged into the German voice - dubbing audio . Reception ( edit ) On the film 's initial release , Owen Gleiberman , writing for Entertainment Weekly , gave the movie an F rating , finding that none of the four turtles or Splinter had any personality , and felt that a young audience might enjoy the film , noting that the reviewer might have `` gone for it too had I been raised on Nintendo games and the robotic animation that passes for entertainment on today 's Saturday - morning TV . '' Kim Newman wrote in the Monthly Film Bulletin that he found the characters reminiscent of the early ' 70s Godzilla film series , describing the turtles as `` loveable monsters in baggy foam rubber suits '' who `` befriended lost children and smashed things up in orgies of destruction that somehow never hurt anyone , '' and that the Turtles `` drop the occasional teenage buzzword but are never remotely convincing as teenagers , mutants , ninjas or turtles , leaving them stranded on the screen as big green Muppets with different coloured headbands . '' Variety , the New York Times , and the Monthly Film Bulletin all noted the Asian villains of the film ; Variety described `` overtones of racism in its use of Oriental villains '' , while the Times ' Janet Maslin stated `` The story 's villainous types are Asian , and the film plays the yellow - peril aspects of this to the hilt . '' Newman noted a racist joke in April O'Neil's response to the Foot Clan , `` What 's the matter , did I fall behind on my Sony payments ? '' , finding that the film expressed a `` resentment of Japan 's economic strength even while the film is plundering Japan 's popular culture . '' Roger Ebert commented that there is `` no racism '' in the film . Maslin of The New York Times criticized the cinematography , stating that it was so `` poorly photographed that the red - masked turtle looks almost exactly like the orange - masked one . '' Variety described the film as `` visually rough around the edges ... sometimes sluggish in its plotting '' Ebert stated that the `` most interesting part of the film for a non-Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle fan is the production design '' , which he described as a `` low - rent version of Batman or Metropolis . '' Both Gleiberman and Maslin praised the work of Jim Henson 's Creature Shop , with Maslin stating `` without which there would have been no film at all '' . Variety praised the film 's tongue - in - cheek humor and the `` amusingly outlandish '' martial arts sequences . Ebert concluded that the film is `` nowhere near as bad as it might have been , and probably is the best possible Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle movie . It supplies , in other words , more or less what Turtle fans will expect . '' Box office ( edit ) The film opened in North America on March 30 , 1990 , coming in at # 1 at the box office over the weekend , with more than $25 million . The film turned out to be a huge success at the box office , eventually making over $135 million in North America , and over $66 million outside North America , for a worldwide total of over $200 million , making it the ninth highest - grossing film of 1990 worldwide . The film was also nominated for awards by The Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy and Horror Films . Home release ( edit ) In 1990 , the film was released to VHS and reached No. 4 in the home video market . The film was released to DVD in Region 1 on September 3 , 2002 ; it includes only minor special features , such as a trailer and interactive menus . The film was also released in the MiniDVD format . On August 11 , 2009 , the film was included in a special 25th anniversary box set ( 25th anniversary of the original comic book , not the movie ) , released to both DVD and Blu - Ray formats . It also contained Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II : The Secret of the Ooze , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III , and 2007 's animated release , TMNT . No additional features , other than theatical trailers , were included . In Germany , however , a `` Special Edition '' was released on March 12 , 2010 with additional features , including an audio commentary by director Steve Barron , an alternate ending , and alternate takes from the original German release , where Michelangelo 's nunchaku had been edited out . Warner Home Video released the film along with Secret of the Ooze and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III as part of a `` Triple Feature '' on Blu - ray in June 2012 , minus the fourth film TMNT . Warner Home Video released the film separately on Blu - ray on December 18 , 2012 . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Legacy ( edit ) Following the huge success of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles at the box office , several sequels were created . A year later , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II : The Secret of the Ooze was released in theaters , and was a commercial success . In 1993 , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III was released in theaters , to a smaller box office take . After a 14 - year absence from theaters , a fourth film , TMNT , was released in 2007 , though unlike the first three , this was a CGI animated film . Seven years later , a reboot , also with the title Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , was released in 2014 , and a sequel titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows was released in theaters on June 3 , 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Detail view of Movies Page '' . Afi.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1990 ) / Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2005 ) '' . Boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' : Untold Story of the Movie `` Every Studio in Hollywood '' Rejected `` . The Hollywood Reporter. 2015 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` TMNT I '' . ninjaturtles.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Mock Turtle Suits '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 30 , 1990 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Pendleton , Jennifer . `` RELEASE OF ` NINJA TURTLES ' WILL FUEL BUSY VIDEO - BUYING SEASON THIS FALL . '' Los Angeles Daily News at The Deseret News . July 22 , 1990 . Retrieved on September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gerald Wurm . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - The Movie ( Comparison : BBFC PG VHS - BBFC PG DVD ) - Movie-Censorship.com '' . movie-censorship.com . ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen ( March 30 , 1990 ) . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Newman , Kim ( December 1990 ) . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' . Monthly Film Bulletin . London . LVII ( 683 ) : 344 -- 345 . ^ Jump up to : Maslin , Janet ( March 30 , 1990 ) . `` Review / Film ; Nonstop Action in ' Mutant Ninja Turtles ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' . Variety . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( March 30 , 1990 ) . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Broeske , Pat H. ( April 3 , 1990 ) . `` Turtles Wax the Opposition at Box Office : Film : Moviegoers spent more than $25 million on the opening weekend of the New Line Cinema movie . '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Ninja Turtle Movie Honored by Sci - Fi Academy '' . The Los Angeles Times . March 8 , 1990 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' . Worldcat. 1990 . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Dennis ( October 18 , 1990 ) . `` Ninja Turtles Barrels Up Rental Chart '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Alternative Extended Ending '' . / Film . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Reboot Finally Gets An Official Title '' . Inquisitr.com. April 23 , 2013 . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Wikimedia Commons has media related to Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1990 film ) . Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles on IMDb Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles at AllMovie Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles at Box Office Mojo Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles at Rotten Tomatoes <Th_colspan="2"> Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles <Td_colspan="2"> Created by Kevin Eastman Peter Laird Characters ( appearances ) Turtles Leonardo Donatello Michelangelo Raphael Supporting Splinter Hamato Yoshi April O'Neil Casey Jones Leatherhead Metalhead Miyamoto Usagi Mighty Mutanimals Venus Antagonists Shredder Foot Clan Karai Baxter Stockman Bebop and Rocksteady Krang Purple Dragons Rat King Slash Tokka and Rahzar Comics Mirage comic series Tales Adventures Mighty Mutanimals Daily comic strip Dreamwave comics series IDW comic series Television 1987 series Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Season 10 Mutant Turtles : Superman Legend Next Mutation Episodes Villains 2003 series Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Turtles Forever Home video 2012 series Characters Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Films Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1990 ) soundtrack II : The Secret of the Ooze ( 1991 ) soundtrack III ( 1993 ) soundtrack TMNT ( 2007 ) soundtrack Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 ) soundtrack Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) Games Role - playing games Video games Other Action figures Lego Alien races Casey Jones ( fan film ) Food tie - ins Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue `` Turtle Power ! '' `` Spin That Wheel '' Dimension X Technodrome Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Shell Shock Turtle Power : The Definitive History of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Steve Barron <Td_colspan="2"> Electric Dreams ( 1984 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1990 ) Coneheads ( 1993 ) The Adventures of Pinocchio ( 1996 ) Merlin ( 1998 ) Rat ( 2000 ) Mike Bassett : England Manager ( 2001 ) Dreamkeeper ( 2003 ) Choking Man ( 2006 ) Film in the United States portal 1990s portal Superhero fiction portal Comedy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(1990_film)&oldid=807177190 '' Categories : 1990 films English - language films American films 1990s action films 1990s comedy films 1990s martial arts films 1990s science fiction films 1990s superhero films American action comedy films American independent films Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Fictional portrayals of the New York City Police Department Films about revenge Films based on American comics Live - action films based on comics Films set in New York City Films shot in North Carolina Films shot in New York City Martial arts comedy films Martial arts science fiction films Ninja films Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles films Golden Harvest films Films directed by Steve Barron Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 11 : 34 . 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1. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990 film)
2. Superhero action comedy
3. Origin story of Splinter and the Turtles
4. Battle against The Shredder and the Foot Clan
5. Highest-grossing independent film of all time
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when did the first digital camera come out
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Digital camera - wikipedia Digital camera Jump to : navigation , search `` Digicam '' redirects here . For the military camouflage method using micropatterns , see Digital camouflage . Front and back of Canon PowerShot A 95 , a typical pocket - size digital camera Hasselblad 503CW with Ixpress V96C digital back , an example of a professional digital camera system Nikon D810 A digital camera or digicam is a camera that produces images that can be stored in digital memory , displayed on a screen and printed on physical media . Most cameras produced today are digital , and digital cameras are incorporated into many devices ranging from PDAs and mobile phones ( called camera phones ) to vehicles . Digital and movie cameras share an optical system , typically using a lens with a variable diaphragm to focus light onto an image pickup device . The diaphragm and shutter admit the correct amount of light to the imager , just as with film but the image pickup device is electronic rather than chemical . However , unlike film cameras , digital cameras can display images on a screen immediately after being recorded , and store and delete images from memory . Many digital cameras can also record moving videos with sound . Some digital cameras can crop and stitch pictures and perform other elementary image editing . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Image sensors 2.1 Sensor resolution 2.2 Image sharpness 2.3 Methods of image capture 2.4 Filter mosaics , interpolation , and aliasing 2.5 Sensor size and angle of view 3 Types of digital cameras 3.1 Compacts 3.2 Rugged compacts 3.3 Action cameras 3.4 360 - degree cameras 3.5 Bridge cameras 3.6 Mirrorless interchangeable - lens cameras 3.7 Modular cameras 3.8 Digital single - lens reflex cameras 3.9 Digital Single Lens Translucent ( DSLT ) cameras 3.10 Digital rangefinders 3.11 Line - scan camera systems 3.12 Stand alone camera 4 Integration into other devices 5 Market trends 6 Connectivity 6.1 Transferring photos 6.2 Printing photos 6.3 Displaying photos 7 Weather - sealing and waterproofing 8 Modes 9 Image data storage 9.1 File formats 10 Batteries 10.1 Proprietary 10.2 Standard consumer batteries 11 Conversion of film cameras to digital 11.1 Digital camera backs 12 See also 13 References 14 External links History ( edit ) Further information : History of the camera § Digital cameras , Digital single - lens reflex camera , and Camera phone The history of the digital camera began with Eugene F. Lally of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory , who was thinking about how to use a mosaic photosensor to capture digital images . His 1961 idea was to take pictures of the planets and stars while travelling through space to give information about the astronauts ' position . As with Texas Instruments employee Willis Adcock 's filmless camera ( US patent 4,057,830 ) in 1972 , the technology had yet to catch up with the concept . Steven Sasson as an engineer at Eastman Kodak invented and built the first electronic camera using a charge - coupled device image sensor in 1975 . Earlier ones used a camera tube ; later ones digitized the signal . Early uses were mainly military and scientific ; followed by medical and news applications . In 1986 , Japanese company Nikon introduced the first digital single - lens reflex ( DSLR ) camera , the Nikon SVC . In the mid-to - late 1990s , DSLR cameras became common among consumers . By the mid-2000s , DSLR cameras had largely replaced film cameras . In 2000 , Sharp introduced the world 's first digital camera phone , the J - SH04 J - Phone , in Japan . By the mid-2000s , higher - end cell phones had an integrated digital camera . By the beginning of the 2010s , almost all smartphones had an integrated digital camera . Image sensors ( edit ) Further information : Image sensor The two major types of digital image sensor are CCD and CMOS . A CCD sensor has one amplifier for all the pixels , while each pixel in a CMOS active - pixel sensor has its own amplifier . Compared to CCDs , CMOS sensors use less power . Cameras with a small sensor use a back - side - illuminated CMOS ( BSI - CMOS ) sensor . Overall final image quality is more dependent on the image processing capability of the camera , than on sensor type . Sensor resolution ( edit ) The resolution of a digital camera is often limited by the image sensor that turns light into discrete signals . The brighter the image at a given point on the sensor , the larger the value that is read for that pixel . Depending on the physical structure of the sensor , a color filter array may be used , which requires demosaicing to recreate a full - color image . The number of pixels in the sensor determines the camera 's `` pixel count '' . In a typical sensor , the pixel count is the product of the number of rows and the number of columns . For example , a 1,000 by 1,000 pixel sensor would have 1,000,000 pixels , or 1 megapixel . Image at left has a higher pixel count than the one to the right , but has lower spatial resolution . Image sharpness ( edit ) Final quality of an image depends on all optical transformations in the chain of producing the image . Carl Zeiss points out at the weakest link in an optical chain determines the final image quality . In case of a digital camera , a simplistic way of expressing it is that the lens determines the maximum sharpness of the image while the image sensor determines the maximum resolution . The illustration on the right can be said to compare a lens with very poor sharpness on a camera with high resolution , to a lens with good sharpness on a camera with lower resolution . Methods of image capture ( edit ) At the heart of a digital camera is a CCD or a CMOS image sensor . Digital camera , partly disassembled . The lens assembly ( bottom right ) is partially removed , but the sensor ( top right ) still captures an image , as seen on the LCD screen ( bottom left ) . Since the first digital backs were introduced , there have been three main methods of capturing the image , each based on the hardware configuration of the sensor and color filters . Single - shot capture systems use either one sensor chip with a Bayer filter mosaic , or three separate image sensors ( one each for the primary additive colors red , green , and blue ) which are exposed to the same image via a beam splitter ( see Three - CCD camera ) . Multi-shot exposes the sensor to the image in a sequence of three or more openings of the lens aperture . There are several methods of application of the multi-shot technique . The most common originally was to use a single image sensor with three filters passed in front of the sensor in sequence to obtain the additive color information . Another multiple shot method is called Microscanning . This method uses a single sensor chip with a Bayer filter and physically moved the sensor on the focus plane of the lens to construct a higher resolution image than the native resolution of the chip . A third version combined the two methods without a Bayer filter on the chip . The third method is called scanning because the sensor moves across the focal plane much like the sensor of an image scanner . The linear or tri-linear sensors in scanning cameras utilize only a single line of photosensors , or three lines for the three colors . Scanning may be accomplished by moving the sensor ( for example , when using color co-site sampling ) or by rotating the whole camera . A digital rotating line camera offers images of very high total resolution . The choice of method for a given capture is determined largely by the subject matter . It is usually inappropriate to attempt to capture a subject that moves with anything but a single - shot system . However , the higher color fidelity and larger file sizes and resolutions available with multi-shot and scanning backs make them attractive for commercial photographers working with stationary subjects and large - format photographs . Improvements in single - shot cameras and image file processing at the beginning of the 21st century made single shot cameras almost completely dominant , even in high - end commercial photography . Filter mosaics , interpolation , and aliasing ( edit ) The Bayer arrangement of color filters on the pixel array of an image sensor . Most current consumer digital cameras use a Bayer filter mosaic in combination with an optical anti-aliasing filter to reduce the aliasing due to the reduced sampling of the different primary - color images . A demosaicing algorithm is used to interpolate color information to create a full array of RGB image data . Cameras that use a beam - splitter single - shot 3CCD approach , three - filter multi-shot approach , color co-site sampling or Foveon X3 sensor do not use anti-aliasing filters , nor demosaicing . Firmware in the camera , or a software in a raw converter program such as Adobe Camera Raw , interprets the raw data from the sensor to obtain a full color image , because the RGB color model requires three intensity values for each pixel : one each for the red , green , and blue ( other color models , when used , also require three or more values per pixel ) . A single sensor element can not simultaneously record these three intensities , and so a color filter array ( CFA ) must be used to selectively filter a particular color for each pixel . The Bayer filter pattern is a repeating 2x2 mosaic pattern of light filters , with green ones at opposite corners and red and blue in the other two positions . The high proportion of green takes advantage of properties of the human visual system , which determines brightness mostly from green and is far more sensitive to brightness than to hue or saturation . Sometimes a 4 - color filter pattern is used , often involving two different hues of green . This provides potentially more accurate color , but requires a slightly more complicated interpolation process . The color intensity values not captured for each pixel can be interpolated from the values of adjacent pixels which represent the color being calculated . Sensor size and angle of view ( edit ) Cameras with digital image sensors that are smaller than the typical 35mm film size have a smaller field or angle of view when used with a lens of the same focal length . This is because angle of view is a function of both focal length and the sensor or film size used . The crop factor is relative to the 35mm film format . If a smaller sensor is used , as in most digicams , the field of view is cropped by the sensor to smaller than the 35mm full - frame format 's field of view . This narrowing of the field of view may be described as crop factor , a factor by which a longer focal length lens would be needed to get the same field of view on a 35mm film camera . Full - frame digital SLRs utilize a sensor of the same size as a frame of 35mm film . Common values for field of view crop in DSLRs using active pixel sensors include 1.3 x for some Canon ( APS - H ) sensors , 1.5 x for Sony APS - C sensors used by Nikon , Pentax and Konica Minolta and for Fujifilm sensors , 1.6 ( APS - C ) for most Canon sensors , ~ 1.7 x for Sigma 's Foveon sensors and 2x for Kodak and Panasonic 4 / 3 - inch sensors currently used by Olympus and Panasonic . Crop factors for non-SLR consumer compact and bridge cameras are larger , frequently 4x or more . Further information : Image sensor format Relative sizes of sensors used in most current digital cameras . <Th_colspan="15"> Table of sensor sizes Type Width ( mm ) Height ( mm ) Size ( mm2 ) 1 / 3.6 '' 4.00 3.00 12.0 1 / 3.2 '' 4.54 3.42 15.5 1 / 3 '' 4.80 3.60 17.3 1 / 2.7 '' 5.37 4.04 21.7 1 / 2.5 '' 5.76 4.29 24.7 1 / 2.3 '' 6.16 4.62 28.5 1 / 2 '' 6.40 4.80 30.7 1 / 1.8 '' 7.18 5.32 38.2 1 / 1.7 '' 7.60 5.70 43.3 2 / 3 '' 8.80 6.60 58.1 1 '' 12.8 9.6 123 4 / 3 '' 18.0 13.5 243 APS - C 25.1 16.7 419 35 mm 36 24 864 Back 48 36 1728 Types of digital cameras ( edit ) Digital cameras come in a wide range of sizes , prices and capabilities . In addition to general purpose digital cameras , specialized cameras including multispectral imaging equipment and astrographs are used for scientific , military , medical and other special purposes . Compacts ( edit ) Subcompact with lens assembly retracted Disassembled compact digital camera Compact cameras are intended to be portable ( pocketable ) and are particularly suitable for casual `` snapshots '' . Many incorporate a retractable lens assembly that provides optical zoom . In most models , an auto actuating lens cover protects the lens from elements . Most ruggedized or water - resistant models do not retract , and most with ( superzoom ) capability do not retract fully . Compact cameras are usually designed to be easy to use . Almost all include an automatic mode , or `` auto mode '' , which automatically makes all camera settings for the user . Some also have manual controls . Compact digital cameras typically contain a small sensor which trades - off picture quality for compactness and simplicity ; images can usually only be stored using lossy compression ( JPEG ) . Most have a built - in flash usually of low power , sufficient for nearby subjects . A few high end compact digital cameras have a hotshoe for connecting to an external flash . Live preview is almost always used to frame the photo on an integrated LCD . In addition to being able to take still photographs almost all compact cameras have the ability to record video . Compacts often have macro capability and zoom lenses , but the zoom range ( up to 30x ) is generally enough for candid photography but less than is available on bridge cameras ( more than 60x ) , or the interchangeable lenses of DSLR cameras available at a much higher cost . Autofocus systems in compact digital cameras generally are based on a contrast - detection methodology using the image data from the live preview feed of the main imager . Some compact digital cameras use a hybrid autofocus system similar to what is commonly available on DSLRs . Some high end travel compact cameras have 30x optical zoom have full manual control with lens ring , electronic viewfinder , Hybrid Optical Image Stabilization , built - in flash , Full HD 60p , RAW , burst shooting up to 10fps , built - in Wi - Fi with NFC and GPS altogether . Typically , compact digital cameras incorporate a nearly silent leaf shutter into the lens but play a simulated camera sound for skeuomorphic purposes . For low cost and small size , these cameras typically use image sensor formats with a diagonal between 6 and 11 mm , corresponding to a crop factor between 7 and 4 . This gives them weaker low - light performance , greater depth of field , generally closer focusing ability , and smaller components than cameras using larger sensors . Some cameras use a larger sensor including , at the high end , a pricey full - frame sensor compact camera , such as Sony Cyber-shot DSC - RX1 , but have capability near that of a DSLR . A variety of additional features are available depending on the model of the camera . Such features include ones such as GPS , compass , barometer and altimeter for above mean sea level or under ( water ) mean sea level . and some are rugged and waterproof . Starting in 2011 , some compact digital cameras can take 3D still photos . These 3D compact stereo cameras can capture 3D panoramic photos with dual lens or even single lens for play back on a 3D TV . In 2013 , Sony released two add - on camera models without display , to be used with a smartphone or tablet , controlled by a mobile application via WiFi . Rugged compacts ( edit ) Rugged compact cameras typically include protection against submersion , hot and cold conditions , shock and pressure . Terms used to describe such properties include waterproof , freezeproof , heatproof , shockproof and crushproof , respectively . Nearly all major camera manufacturers have at least one product in this category . Some are waterproof to a considerable depth up to 82 feet ( 27 m ) ; others only 10 feet ( 3m ) , but only a few will float . Ruggeds often lack some of the features of ordinary compact camera , but they have video capability and the majority can record sound . Most have image stabilization and built - in flash . Touchscreen LCD and GPS do not work under water . Action cameras ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Action camera . GoPro and other brands offer action cameras which are rugged , small and can be easily attached to helmet , arm , bicycle , etc . Most have wide angle and fixed focus , and can take still pictures and video , typically with sound . The rising popularity of action cameras is in line with many people desiring to share photos or videos in social media . Many competitive manufacturers of action cameras results in many options and lowered , competitive prices , and nowadays , cameras are sold bundled with waterproof housings , accessories , and mountings compatible with the popular GoPro . 360 - degree cameras ( edit ) The 360 - degree camera can take picture or video 360 degrees using two lenses back - to - back and shooting at the same time . Some of the cameras are Ricoh Theta S , Nikon Keymission 360 and Samsung Gear 360 . Nico360 was launched in 2016 and claimed as the world 's smallest 360 - degree camera with size 46 x 46 x 28 mm ( 1.8 x 1.8 x 1.1 in ) and price less than $200 . With virtual reality mode built - in stitching , Wifi , and Bluetooth , live streaming can be done . Due to it also being water resistant , the Nico360 can be used as action camera . There are tend that action cameras have capabilities to shoot 360 degrees with at least 4K resolution . Bridge cameras ( edit ) Sony DSC - H2 Main article : Bridge camera Bridge cameras physically resemble DSLRs , and are sometimes called DSLR - shape or DSLR - like . They provide some similar features but , like compacts , they use a fixed lens and a small sensor . Some compact cameras have also PSAM mode . Most use live preview to frame the image . Their usual autofocus is by the same contrast - detect mechanism as compacts , but many bridge cameras have a manual focus mode and some have a separate focus ring for greater control . Big physical size and small sensor allow superzoom and wide aperture . Bridgcams generally include an image stabilization system to enable longer handheld exposures , sometimes better than DSLR for low light condition . As of 2014 , bridge cameras come in two principal classes in terms of sensor size , firstly the more traditional 1 / 2.3 '' sensor ( as measured by image sensor format ) which gives more flexibility in lens design and allows for handholdable zoom from 20 to 24mm ( 35mm equivalent ) wide angle all the way up to over 1000 mm supertele , and secondly a 1 '' sensor that allows better image quality particularly in low light ( higher ISO ) but puts greater constraints on lens design , resulting in zoom lenses that stop at 200mm ( constant aperture , e.g. Sony RX10 ) or 400mm ( variable aperture , e.g. Panasonic Lumix FZ1000 ) equivalent , corresponding to an optical zoom factor of roughly 10 to 15 . Some bridge cameras have a lens thread to attach accessories such as wide - angle or telephoto converters as well as filters such as UV or Circular Polarizing filter and lens hoods . The scene is composed by viewing the display or the electronic viewfinder ( EVF ) . Most have a slightly longer shutter lag than a DSLR . Many of these cameras can store images in a raw format in addition to supporting JPEG . The majority have a built - in flash , but only a few have a hotshoe . In bright sun , the quality difference between a good compact camera and a digital SLR is minimal but bridge cameras are more portable , cost less and have a greater zoom ability . Thus a bridge camera may better suit outdoor daytime activities , except when seeking professional - quality photos . Mirrorless interchangeable - lens cameras ( edit ) Olympus OM - D E-M1 Mark II introduced 2016 Main article : Mirrorless interchangeable - lens camera In late 2008 , a new type of camera emerged called mirrorless interchangeable - lens camera ( MILC ) , which uses various sensors and offers lens interchangeability . These are simpler and more compact than DSLRs due to not having a lens reflex system . MILC camera models are available with various sensor sizes including : a small 1 / 2.3 inch sensor , as is commonly used in bridge cameras such as the original Pentax Q ( more recent Pentax Q versions have a slightly larger 1 / 1.7 inch sensor ) ; a 1 - inch sensor ; a Micro Four Thirds sensor ; an APS - C sensor such as the Sony NEX series , Fujifilm X series , Pentax K - 01 , and Canon EOS M ; and some , such as the Sony α7 , use a full frame ( 35 mm ) sensor and even Hasselblad X1D is the first medium format MILC . Disadvantage of MILC over DSLR is battery energy consume due to high energy consume of electronic viewfinder . Olympus and Panasonic released many Micro Four Thirds cameras with interchangeable lenses which are fully compatible each other without any adapter , while the others have proprietary mounts . In 2014 , Kodak released its first Micro Four Third system camera . As of March 2014 , MILC cameras are available which appeal to both amateurs and professionals . Modular cameras ( edit ) While most digital cameras with interchangeable lenses feature a lens - mount of some kind , there are also a number of modular cameras , where the shutter and sensor are incorporated into the lens module . The first such modular camera was the Minolta Dimâge V in 1996 , followed by the Minolta Dimâge EX 1500 in 1998 and the Minolta MetaFlash 3D 1500 in 1999 . In 2009 , Ricoh released the Ricoh GXR modular camera . At CES 2013 , Sakar International announced the Polaroid iM1836 , an 18 MP camera with 1 `` - sensor with interchangeable sensor - lens . An adapter for Micro Four Thirds , Nikon and K - mount lenses was planned to ship with the camera . There are also a number of add - on camera modules for smartphones called lens - style cameras ( lens camera ) . They contain all components of a digital camera in a module , but lack a viewfinder , display and most of the controls . Instead they can be mounted to a smartphone and use its display and controls . Lens - style cameras include : Sony SmartShot QX series , announced and released in mid 2013 . In January 2014 announced a firmware update for Cyber-shot SmartShot DSC - QX10 and DSC - QX100 . In September 2014 , Sony announced the Cyber-shot SmartShot DSC - QX30 as well as the α SmartShot ILCE - QX1 , the latter with E-mount instead of a built - in lens . Kodak PixPro smart lens camera series , announced in 2014 . Vivicam smart lens camera series from Vivitar / Sakar , announced in 2014 . Olympus Air lens camera , announced in 2014 and released in 2015 , the lens camera is open platform using Android ( operating system ) and can detach into 2 parts ( sensor part and lens part ) and all Micro Four Thirds System lenses can be attached to sensor part of the lens camera . Digital single - lens reflex cameras ( edit ) Cutaway of an Olympus E-30 DSLR Main article : Digital single - lens reflex camera Digital single - lens reflex cameras ( DSLR ) use a reflex mirror that can reflect the light and also can swivel from one position to another position and back to initial position . By default , the reflex mirror is set 45 degree from horizontal , blocks the light to the sensor and reflects light from the lens to penta - mirror / prism at the DSLR camera and after some reflections arrives at the viewfinder . The reflex mirror is pulled out horizontally below the penta - mirror / prism when shutter release is fully pressed , so the viewfinder will be dark and the light / image can directly strike the sensor at the time of exposure ( speed setting ) . Autofocus is accomplished using sensors in the mirror box . Some DSLRs have a `` live view '' mode that allows framing using the screen with image from the sensor . These cameras have much larger sensors than the other types , typically 18 mm to 36 mm on the diagonal ( crop factor 2 , 1.6 , or 1 ) . The larger sensor permits more light to be received by each pixel ; this , combined with the relatively large lenses provides superior low - light performance . For the same field of view and the same aperture , a larger sensor gives shallower focus . They use interchangeable lenses for versatility . Usually some lenses are made for digital SLR use only , but recent trend the lenses can also be used in detachable lens video camera with or without adapter . Digital single lens translucent ( DSLT ) cameras ( edit ) Main article : Sony SLT camera A DSLT uses a fixed translucent mirror instead of a moving reflex mirror as in DSLR . A translucent mirror or transmissive mirror or semi-transparent mirror is a mirror which reflects the light to two things at the same time . It reflects it along the path to a pentaprism / pentamirror which then goes to an optical view finder ( OVF ) as is done with a reflex mirror in DSLR cameras . The translucent mirror also sends light along a second path to the sensor . The total amount of light is not changed , just some of the light travels one path and some of it travels the other . The consequences are that DSLT cameras should shoot a half stop differently from DSL . One advantage of using a DSLT camera is the blind moments a DSLR user experiences while the reflecting mirror is moved to send the light to the sensor instead of the viewfinder do not exist for DSLT cameras . Because there is no time at which light is not traveling along both paths , DSLT cameras get the benefit of continuous auto - focus tracking . This is especially beneficial for burst mode shooting in low - light conditions and also for tracking when taking video . Until early 2014 , only Sony had released DSLT cameras . By March 2014 , Sony had released more DSLTs than DSLRs with a relatively complete lenses line - up . Digital rangefinders ( edit ) Main article : Rangefinder camera § Digital rangefinder A rangefinder is a device to measure subject distance , with the intent to adjust the focus of a camera 's objective lens accordingly ( open - loop controller ) . The rangefinder and lens focusing mechanism may or may not be coupled . In common parlance , the term `` rangefinder camera '' is interpreted very narrowly to denote manual - focus cameras with a visually - read out optical rangefinder based on parallax . Most digital cameras achieve focus through analysis of the image captured by the objective lens and distance estimation , if it is provided at all , is only a byproduct of the focusing process ( closed - loop controller ) . Line - scan camera systems ( edit ) A line - scan camera traditionally has a single row of pixel sensors , instead of a matrix of them . The lines are continuously fed to a computer that joins them to each other and makes an image . This is most commonly done by connecting the camera output to a frame grabber which resides in a PCI slot of an industrial computer . The frame grabber acts to buffer the image and sometimes provide some processing before delivering to the computer software for processing . Multiple rows of sensors may be used to make colored images , or to increase sensitivity by TDI ( Time delay and integration ) . Many industrial applications require a wide field of view . Traditionally maintaining consistent light over large 2D areas is quite difficult . With a line scan camera all that is necessary is to provide even illumination across the `` line '' currently being viewed by the camera . This makes possible sharp pictures of objects that pass the camera at high speed . Such cameras are also commonly used to make photo finishes , to determine the winner when multiple competitors cross the finishing line at nearly the same time . They can also be used as industrial instruments for analyzing fast processes . Linescan cameras are also extensively used in imaging from satellites ( see push broom scanner ) . In this case the row of sensors is perpendicular to the direction of satellite motion . Linescan cameras are widely used in scanners . In this case , the camera moves horizontally . Further information : Rotating line camera Stand alone camera ( edit ) Stand alone cameras can be used as remote camera . One kind weighs 2.31 ounces , with a periscope shape , IPx7 water - resistance and dust - resistance rating and can be enhanced to IPx8 by using a cap . They have no viewfinder or LCD . Lens is a 146 degree wide angle or standard lens , with fixed focus . It can have a microphone and speaker , And it can take photos and video . As a remote camera , a phone app using Android or iOS is needed to send live video , change settings , take photos , or use time lapse . Integration into other devices ( edit ) Many devices have a built - in digital camera , including , for example , smartphones , mobile phones , PDAs and laptop computers . Built - in cameras generally store the images in the JPEG file format . Mobile phones incorporating digital cameras were introduced in Japan in 2001 by J - Phone . In 2003 camera phones outsold stand - alone digital cameras , and in 2006 they outsold film and digital stand - alone cameras . Five billion camera phones were sold in five years , and by 2007 more than half of the installed base of all mobile phones were camera phones . Sales of separate cameras peaked in 2008 . Market Trends ( edit ) Sale of smartphones compared to digital cameras 2009 - 2013 Sales of traditional digital cameras have declined due to the increasing use of smartphones for casual photography , which also enable easier manipulation and sharing of photos through the use of apps and web - based services . `` Bridge cameras '' , in contrast , have held their ground with functionality that most smartphone cameras lack , such as optical zoom and other advanced features . DSLRs have also lost ground to Mirrorless interchangeable - lens camera ( MILC ) s offering the same sensor size in a smaller camera . A few expensive ones use a full - frame sensor as DSLR professional cameras . In response to the convenience and flexibility of smartphone cameras , some manufacturers produced `` smart '' digital cameras that combine features of traditional cameras with those of a smartphone . In 2012 , Nikon and Samsung released the Coolpix S800c and Galaxy Camera , the first two digital cameras to run the Android operating system . Since this software platform is used in many smartphones , they can integrate with services ( such as e-mail attachments , social networks and photo sharing sites ) as smartphones do , and use other Android - compatible software as well . In an inversion , some phone makers have introduced smartphones with cameras designed to resemble traditional digital cameras . Nokia released the 808 PureView and Lumia 1020 in 2012 and 2013 ; the two devices respectively run the Symbian and Windows Phone operating systems , and both include a 41 - megapixel camera ( along with a camera grip attachment for the latter ) . Similarly , Samsung introduced the Galaxy S4 Zoom , having a 16 - megapixel camera and 10x optical zoom , combining traits from the Galaxy S4 Mini with the Galaxy Camera . Furthermore , Panasonic Lumic DMC - CM1 is an Android KitKat 4.4 smartphone with 20MP , 1 '' sensor , the largest sensor for a smartphone ever , with Leica fixed lens equivalent of 28mm at F2. 8 , can take RAW image and 4K video , has 21mm thickness . Light - field cameras were introduced in 2013 with one consumer product and several professional ones . After a big dip of sales in 2012 , consumer digital camera sales declined again in 2013 by 36 percent . In 2011 , compact digital cameras sold 10 million per month . In 2013 , sales fell to about 4 million per month . DSLR and MILC sales also declined in 2013 by 10 -- 15 % after almost ten years of double digit growth . Worldwide unit sales of digital cameras is continuously declining from 148 million in 2011 to 58 million in 2015 and tends to decrease more in the following years . Film camera sold got the peak at 36.671 million units in 1997 and digital camera sold began in 1999 . In 2008 , film camera market was dead and digital camera sold got the peak by 121.463 million units in 2010 . In 2002 , cell phone with camera has been introduced and in 2003 the cell phone with camera sold 80 million units per year . In 2011 the cell phone with camera sold hundreds of millions per year , when digital camera sold initialized to decline . In 2015 , digital camera sold is 35.395 million units or only less than a third of digital camera sold number in a peak and also slightly less than film camera sold number in a peak . Connectivity ( edit ) Transferring photos ( edit ) Many digital cameras can connect directly to a computer to transfer data : - Early cameras used the PC serial port . USB is now the most widely used method ( most cameras are viewable as USB mass storage ) , though some have a FireWire port . Some cameras use USB PTP mode for connection instead of USB MSC ; some offer both modes . Other cameras use wireless connections , via Bluetooth or IEEE 802.11 Wi - Fi , such as the Kodak EasyShare One . Wi - Fi integrated Memory cards ( SDHC , SDXC ) can transmit stored images , video and other files to computers or smartphones . Mobile operating systems such as Android allow automatic upload and backup or sharing of images over Wi - Fi to photo sharing and cloud services . Cameras with integrated Wi - Fi or specific Wi - Fi adapters mostly allow camera control , especially shutter release , exposure control and more ( tethering ) from computer or smartphone apps additionally to the transfer of media data . Cameraphones and some high - end stand - alone digital cameras also use cellular networks to connect for sharing images . The most common standard on cellular networks is the MMS Multimedia Messaging Service , commonly called `` picture messaging '' . The second method with smartphones is to send a picture as an email attachment . Many old cameraphones , however , do not support email . A common alternative is the use of a card reader which may be capable of reading several types of storage media , as well as high speed transfer of data to the computer . Use of a card reader also avoids draining the camera battery during the download process . An external card reader allows convenient direct access to the images on a collection of storage media . But if only one storage card is in use , moving it back and forth between the camera and the reader can be inconvenient . Many computers have a card reader built in , at least for SD cards . Printing photos ( edit ) Many modern cameras support the PictBridge standard , which allows them to send data directly to a PictBridge - capable computer printer without the need for a computer . Wireless connectivity can also provide for printing photos without a cable connection . An instant - print camera , is a digital camera with a built - in printer . This confers a similar functionality as an instant camera which uses instant film to quickly generate a physical photograph . Such non-digital cameras were popularized by Polaroid in 1972 . Displaying photos ( edit ) Many digital cameras include a video output port . Usually sVideo , it sends a standard - definition video signal to a television , allowing the user to show one picture at a time . Buttons or menus on the camera allow the user to select the photo , advance from one to another , or automatically send a `` slide show '' to the TV . HDMI has been adopted by many high - end digital camera makers , to show photos in their high - resolution quality on an HDTV . In January 2008 , Silicon Image announced a new technology for sending video from mobile devices to a television in digital form . MHL sends pictures as a video stream , up to 1080p resolution , and is compatible with HDMI . Some DVD recorders and television sets can read memory cards used in cameras ; alternatively several types of flash card readers have TV output capability . Weather - sealing and waterproofing ( edit ) Cameras can be equipped with a varying amount of environmental sealing to provide protection against splashing water , moisture ( humidity and fog ) , dust and sand , or complete waterproofness to a certain depth and for a certain duration . The latter is one of the approaches to allow underwater photography , the other approach being the use of waterproof housings . Many waterproof digital cameras are also shockproof and resistant to low temperatures . Modes ( edit ) Many digital cameras have preset modes for different applications . Within the constraints of correct exposure various parameters can be changed , including exposure , aperture , focusing , light metering , white balance , and equivalent sensitivity . For example , a portrait might use a wider aperture to render the background out of focus , and would seek out and focus on a human face rather than other image content . Image data storage ( edit ) A CompactFlash ( CF ) card , one of many media types used to store digital photographs Many camera phones and most stand alone digital cameras store image data in flash memory cards or other removable media . Most stand - alone cameras use SD format , while a few use CompactFlash or other types . In January 2012 , a faster XQD card format was announced . In early 2014 , some high end cameras have two hot - swapable memory slots . Photographers can swap one of the memory card with camera - on . Each memory slot can accept either Compact Flash or SD Card . All new Sony cameras also have two memory slots , one for its Memory Stick and one for SD Card , but not hot - swapable . A few cameras used other removable storage such as Microdrives ( very small hard disk drives ) , CD single ( 185 MB ) , and 3.5 '' floppy disks . Other unusual formats include : Onboard flash memory -- Cheap cameras and cameras secondary to the device 's main use ( such as a camera phone ) PC Card hard drives -- early professional cameras ( discontinued ) Thermal printer -- known only in one model of camera that printed images immediately rather than storing Mini CD ← Microdrive ( CF - II ) USB flash drive 3.5 '' floppy disks Sony 's Memory Stick Most manufacturers of digital cameras do not provide drivers and software to allow their cameras to work with Linux or other free software . Still , many cameras use the standard USB storage protocol , and are thus easily usable . Other cameras are supported by the gPhoto project . File formats ( edit ) Main article : Image file formats The Joint Photography Experts Group standard ( JPEG ) is the most common file format for storing image data . Other file types include Tagged Image File Format ( TIFF ) and various Raw image formats . Many cameras , especially high - end ones , support a raw image format . A raw image is the unprocessed set of pixel data directly from the camera 's sensor , often saved in a proprietary format . Adobe Systems has released the DNG format , a royalty - free raw image format used by at least 10 camera manufacturers . Raw files initially had to be processed in specialized image editing programs , but over time many mainstream editing programs , such as Google 's Picasa , have added support for raw images . Rendering to standard images from raw sensor data allows more flexibility in making major adjustments without losing image quality or retaking the picture . Formats for movies are AVI , DV , MPEG , MOV ( often containing motion JPEG ) , WMV , and ASF ( basically the same as WMV ) . Recent formats include MP4 , which is based on the QuickTime format and uses newer compression algorithms to allow longer recording times in the same space . Other formats that are used in cameras ( but not for pictures ) are the Design Rule for Camera Format ( DCF ) , an ISO specification , used in almost all camera since 1998 , which defines an internal file structure and naming . Also used is the Digital Print Order Format ( DPOF ) , which dictates what order images are to be printed in and how many copies . The DCF 1998 defines a logical file system with 8.3 filenames and makes the usage of either FAT12 , FAT16 , FAT32 or exFAT mandatory for its physical layer in order to maximize platform interoperability . Most cameras include Exif data that provides metadata about the picture . Exif data may include aperture , exposure time , focal length , date and time taken , and location . Batteries ( edit ) Digital cameras have become smaller over time , resulting in an ongoing need to develop a battery small enough to fit in the camera and yet able to power it for a reasonable length of time . Digital cameras utilize either proprietary or standard consumer batteries . As of March 2014 , most cameras use proprietary lithium - ion batteries while some use standard AA batteries or primarily use a proprietary Lithium - ion rechargeable battery pack but have an optional AA battery holder available . Proprietary ( edit ) The most common class of battery used in digital cameras is proprietary battery formats . These are built to a manufacturer 's custom specifications . Almost all proprietary batteries are lithium - ion . In addition to being available from the OEM , aftermarket replacement batteries are commonly available for most camera models . Standard consumer batteries ( edit ) Main article : Commercial off - the - shelf Digital cameras that utilize off - the - shelf batteries are typically designed to be able to use both single - use disposable and rechargeable batteries , but not with both types in use at the same time . The most common off - the - shelf battery size used is AA . CR2 , CR - V3 batteries , and AAA batteries are also used in some cameras . The CR2 and CR - V3 batteries are lithium based , intended for a single use . Rechargeable RCR - V3 lithium - ion batteries are also available as an alternative to non-rechargeable CR - V3 batteries . Some battery grips for DSLRs come with a separate holder to accommodate AA cells as an external power source . Conversion of film cameras to digital ( edit ) Digital single - lens reflex camera When digital cameras became common , many photographers asked whether their film cameras could be converted to digital . The answer was yes and no . For the majority of 35 mm film cameras the answer is no , the reworking and cost would be too great , especially as lenses have been evolving as well as cameras . For most a conversion to digital , to give enough space for the electronics and allow a liquid crystal display to preview , would require removing the back of the camera and replacing it with a custom built digital unit . Many early professional SLR cameras , such as the Kodak DCS series , were developed from 35 mm film cameras . The technology of the time , however , meant that rather than being digital `` backs '' the bodies of these cameras were mounted on large , bulky digital units , often bigger than the camera portion itself . These were factory built cameras , however , not aftermarket conversions . A notable exception is the Nikon E2 and Nikon E3 , using additional optics to convert the 35mm format to a 2 / 3 CCD - sensor . A few 35 mm cameras have had digital camera backs made by their manufacturer , Leica being a notable example . Medium format and large format cameras ( those using film stock greater than 35 mm ) , have a low unit production , and typical digital backs for them cost over $10,000 . These cameras also tend to be highly modular , with handgrips , film backs , winders , and lenses available separately to fit various needs . The very large sensor these backs use leads to enormous image sizes . For example , Phase One 's P45 39 MP image back creates a single TIFF image of size up to 224.6 MB , and even greater pixel counts are available . Medium format digitals such as this are geared more towards studio and portrait photography than their smaller DSLR counterparts ; the ISO speed in particular tends to have a maximum of 400 , versus 6400 for some DSLR cameras . ( Canon EOS - 1D Mark IV and Nikon D3S have ISO 12800 plus Hi - 3 ISO 102400 with the Canon EOS - 1Dx 's ISO of 204800 ) Digital camera backs ( edit ) Main article : digital camera back In the industrial and high - end professional photography market , some camera systems use modular ( removable ) image sensors . For example , some medium format SLR cameras , such as the Mamiya 645D series , allow installation of either a digital camera back or a traditional photographic film back . Area array CCD CMOS Linear array CCD ( monochrome ) 3 - strip CCD with color filters Linear array cameras are also called scan backs . Single - shot Multi-shot ( three - shot , usually ) Most earlier digital camera backs used linear array sensors , moving vertically to digitize the image . Many of them only capture grayscale images . The relatively long exposure times , in the range of seconds or even minutes generally limit scan backs to studio applications , where all aspects of the photographic scene are under the photographer 's control . Some other camera backs use CCD arrays similar to typical cameras . These are called single - shot backs . Since it is much easier to manufacture a high - quality linear CCD array with only thousands of pixels than a CCD matrix with millions , very high resolution linear CCD camera backs were available much earlier than their CCD matrix counterparts . For example , you could buy an ( albeit expensive ) camera back with over 7,000 pixel horizontal resolution in the mid-1990s . However , as of 2004 , it is still difficult to buy a comparable CCD matrix camera of the same resolution . Rotating line cameras , with about 10,000 color pixels in its sensor line , are able , as of 2005 , to capture about 120,000 lines during one full 360 degree rotation , thereby creating a single digital image of 1,200 Megapixels . Most modern digital camera backs use CCD or CMOS matrix sensors . The matrix sensor captures the entire image frame at once , instead of incrementing scanning the frame area through the prolonged exposure . For example , Phase One produces a 39 million pixel digital camera back with a 49.1 x 36.8 mm CCD in 2008 . This CCD array is a little smaller than a frame of 120 film and much larger than a 35 mm frame ( 36 x 24 mm ) . In comparison , consumer digital cameras use arrays ranging from 36 x 24 mm ( full frame on high end consumer DSLRs ) to 1.28 x 0.96 mm ( on camera phones ) CMOS sensor . See also ( edit ) Image stabilization Smart camera Digital video camera Digital signal processor Vision processing unit References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Musgrove , Mike ( 2006 - 01 - 12 ) . `` Nikon Says It 's Leaving Film - Camera Business '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ MakeUseOf : How does a Digital Camera Work ; retrieved 2013 - 09 - 07 Jump up ^ David Prakel ( 10 December 2009 ) . The Visual Dictionary of Photography . AVA Publishing . p. 91 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 940411 - 04 - 7 . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Nikon SLR - type digital cameras , Pierre Jarleton Jump up ^ David D. Busch ( 2011 ) , Nikon D70 Digital Field Guide , page 11 , John Wiley & Sons Jump up ^ `` Evolution of the Camera phone : From Sharp J - SH04 to Nokia 808 Pureview '' . Hoista.net. 2012 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` What Is the Difference Between a CCD and CMOS Video Camera '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technology : BSI - CMOS , CMOS , CCD ... What 's the deal '' . March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joshua Goldman . `` Why the iPhone 4 takes good low - light photos : BSI CMOS sensors explained ! '' . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ QuinStreet Inc : What is digital camera ? ; retrieved 2013 - 09 - 07 Jump up ^ Bockaert , Vincent . `` Sensor sizes '' . Digital Photography Review . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Ken Rockwell . `` Nikon 18 - 300mm VR DX AF - S G ED NIKKOR , $1,000 '' . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mike Lowe . `` Hands - on : Panasonic Lumix TZ60 review '' . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Turn shutter sound on or off Steve 's Digicams Jump up ^ Panasonic DMC FT3 Specification . Cameras.co.uk . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Sony DSC - QX100 and QX10 lens cameras bring top - notch optics to any smartphone or tablet , we go hands - on ( video ) '' . September 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chris Maxcer. `` 3 Best Waterproof Cameras for 2015 : Rugged , Compact , and Ready for Action '' . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Action Camera Market - Global Industry Analysis , Size , Share , Growth , Trends , and Forecast 2016 - 2024 '' . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Simon Crisp ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Big plans for `` world 's smallest '' 360 - degree camera `` . Jump up ^ Sean O'Kane ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` Nikon 's new action camera could change the market in a big way This is the year action cameras and 360 - degree videos collide '' . Jump up ^ JPEG is a lossy compression format with less colour depth than typical of raw formats ; however , most raw formats require demosaicing ( `` raw converter '' ) software to be viewed properly . Jump up ^ Digital SLR vs Compact SuperZoom Camera http://www.safari-guide.co.uk/photography-dslr-vs-compact-superzoom-camera.php Jump up ^ Andy Westlake ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` The rise of mirrorless compact system cameras '' . Jump up ^ Andy Westlake . `` Kodak Pixpro S - 1 First Impressions Review '' . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Richard ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` Nikon 1 V3 camera unveiled : $1,200 , 120fps slow motion , 20fps continuous shooting '' . Engadget . AOL . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2014 . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Polaroid offers first Android camera with interchangeable lenses '' . January 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mariella Moon ( January 31 , 2014 ) . `` Sony upgrades smartphone - pairing QX10 and QX100 lens cameras with higher ISO and 1080p video capture '' . Jump up ^ `` Sony introduces QX1 with APS - C sensor and E-mount for smartphones '' . September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.photoscala.de/Artikel/Smartphone-Kameramodule-QX1-und-QX30-von-Sony Jump up ^ Simon Crisp ( January 18 , 2014 ) . `` Kodak smart lens cameras try to take on Sony '' . Jump up ^ `` Sakar shows QX - style , Vivitar - branded modular smart camera '' . January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Edgar Alvarez ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Olympus Air is a lens camera that pairs with your smartphone '' . Jump up ^ Michael Zhang . `` Olympus Showing Off New ' Lens Camera ' Prototypes with a Rounded Design '' . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brad Molen ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` HTC 's RE camera is a GoPro for NoPros '' . Jump up ^ Kevin J. O'Brien , New York Times , 2010 Nov 15 Smartphone Sales Taking Toll on G.P.S. Devices ^ Jump up to : `` Smile , and Say ' Android ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bridge cameras a growing market says Canon and Nikon '' . February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Future of Digital Cameras '' . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nokia Lumia 1020 preview : Take two '' . GSMArena . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nokia Lumia 1020 vs. Galaxy S4 Zoom : The Best Camera Phone Is ... '' . Laptop . Retrieved 24 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Lars Rehm ( September 15 , 2014 ) . `` Panasonic announces Lumix DMC - CM1 smartphone with 1 - inch sensor '' . Jump up ^ Andrew Reid ( 26 October 2013 ) . `` Consumer DSLRs `` dead in 5 years '' `` . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide unit sales of digital cameras from 2011 to 2016 ( in millions ) '' . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas Stirr ( April 2 , 2016 ) . `` DIGITAL CAMERA SALES CONTINUED TO DECLINE IN 2015 '' . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ William Sawalich ( 2016 - 03 - 28 ) . `` Options For Instant - Print Cameras '' . Digital Photo Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Reinventing Instant Photography for the Digital Age '' . Polaroid . January 8 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Mobile High - Definition Link Technology Gives Consumers the Ability to Link Mobile Devices to HDTVs with Support for Audio and Video '' . Silicon Image . January 7 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Announces World 's First XQD Memory Cards '' . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ JEIDA / JEITA / CIPA ( 2010 ) . `` Standard of the Camera & Imaging Products Association , CIPA DC - 009 - Translation - 2010 , Design rule for Camera File system : DCF Version 2.0 ( Edition 2010 ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Digital cameras . The History of Digital Cameras Digital camera at Encyclopædia Britannica <Th_colspan="2"> Photography <Td_colspan="2"> Outline Terminology 35 mm equivalent focal length Angle of view Aperture Black and white Chromatic aberration Circle of confusion Color balance Color temperature Depth of field Depth of focus Exposure Exposure compensation Exposure value F - number Film format Large Medium Film speed Focal length Guide number Hyperfocal distance Metering mode Orb ( optics ) Perspective distortion Photograph Photographic printing Photographic processes Reciprocity Red - eye effect Science of photography Shutter speed Sync Zone System Genres Abstract Aerial Architectural Astrophotography Banquet Conceptual Conservation Cloudscape Documentary Ethnographic Erotic Fashion Fine - art Fire Forensic Glamour High - speed Landscape Lomography Nature Neues Sehen Nude Photojournalism Pornography Portrait Post-mortem Selfie Social documentary Sports Still life Stock Street Vernacular Underwater Wedding Wildlife Techniques Afocal Bokeh Brenizer Burst mode Contre - jour Cyanotype ETTR Fill flash Fireworks Harris shutter HDRI High - speed Holography Infrared Intentional camera movement Kirlian Kite aerial Long - exposure Macro Mordançage Multiple exposure Night Panning Panoramic Photogram Print toning Redscale Rephotography Rollout Scanography Schlieren photography Sabatier effect Stereoscopy Stopping down Strip Slit - scan Sun printing Tilt -- shift Miniature faking Time - lapse Ultraviolet Vignetting Xerography Composition Diagonal method Framing Headroom Lead room Rule of thirds Simplicity Equipment Camera light - field field instant pinhole press rangefinder SLR still TLR toy view Darkroom enlarger safelight Film base format holder stock Filter Flash beauty dish cucoloris gobo hood hot shoe monolight Reflector snoot Softbox Lens Wide - angle lens Zoom lens Telephoto lens Manufacturers Monopod Movie projector Slide projector Tripod head Zone plate History Timeline of photography technology Analog photography Autochrome Lumière Box camera Calotype Camera obscura Daguerreotype Dufaycolor Heliography Painted photography backdrops Photography and the law Glass plate Visual arts Digital photography Digital camera D - SLR comparison MILC camera back Digiscoping Digital versus film photography Film scanner Image sensor CMOS APS CCD Three - CCD camera Foveon X3 sensor Image sharing Pixel Color photography Color Print film Reversal film Color management color space primary color CMYK color model RGB color model Photographic processing Bleach bypass C - 41 process Cross processing Developer Digital image processing Dye coupler E-6 process Fixer Gelatin silver process Gum printing Instant film K - 14 process Print permanence Push processing Stop bath Lists Most expensive photographs Photographers Norwegian Polish street women <Td_colspan="2"> Portal <Th_colspan="2"> DSLR , SLT and MILC cameras with HD video ( uncompressed -- 4K resolution ) mode ( comparison ) Canon EOS High - end 5D Mark II ( 2008 ) 7D ( 2009 ) 1D Mark IV ( 2009 ) 1D X ( 2012 ) 5D Mark III ( 2012 ) 1D C ( 2012 ) 6D ( 2012 ) 7D Mark II ( 2014 ) 5Ds / 5DsR ( 2015 ) 1D X Mark II ( 2016 ) 5D Mark IV ( 2016 ) 6D Mark II ( 2017 ) Mid-range 500D ( 2009 ) 60D ( 2010 ) 550D ( 2010 ) 600D ( 2011 ) 650D ( 2012 ) M ( 2012 ) 700D ( 2013 ) 70D ( 2013 ) M2 ( 2013 ) 750D ( 2015 ) 760D ( 2015 ) M3 ( 2015 ) 80D ( 2016 ) M5 ( 2016 ) 800D ( 2017 ) 77D ( 2017 ) M6 ( 2017 ) 200D ( 2017 ) Entry - level 1100D ( 2011 ) 100D ( 2013 ) 1200D ( 2014 ) M10 ( 2015 ) 1300D ( 2016 ) M100 ( 2017 ) Nikon D / 1 series High - end D300S ( 2009 ) D3S ( 2009 ) D800 / D800E ( 2012 ) D4 ( 2012 ) D600 ( 2012 ) D610 ( 2013 ) D4S ( 2014 ) D810 ( 2014 ) D750 ( 2014 ) D810A ( 2015 ) D500 ( 2016 ) D5 ( 2016 ) D850 ( 2017 ) Mid-range D90 ( 2008 ) D5000 ( 2009 ) D7000 ( 2010 ) D5100 ( 2011 ) 1 V1 ( 2011 ) 1 V2 ( 2012 ) D5200 ( 2012 ) D7100 ( 2013 ) D5300 ( 2013 ) 1 V3 ( 2014 ) D5500 ( 2015 ) D7200 ( 2015 ) D5600 ( 2016 ) D7500 ( 2017 ) Entry - level D3100 ( 2010 ) 1 J1 ( 2011 ) D3200 ( 2012 ) 1 J2 ( 2012 ) 1 S1 ( 2013 ) 1 J3 ( 2013 ) 1 AW1 ( 2013 ) D3300 ( 2014 ) 1 J4 ( 2014 ) 1 J5 ( 2015 ) D3400 ( 2016 ) Olympus Micro 4 / 3 Mid-range E-M5 ( 2012 ) E-P5 ( 2013 ) E-M1 ( 2013 ) E-M10 ( 2014 ) PEN - F ( 2016 ) E-M1 Mark II ( 2016 ) E-M10 Mark III ( 2017 ) Entry - level E-PL1 ( 2010 ) E-P1 ( 2010 ) E-P2 ( 2010 ) E-PL2 ( 2011 ) E-PL3 ( 2011 ) E-P3 ( 2011 ) E-PM1 ( 2011 ) E-PL5 ( 2012 ) E-PM2 ( 2012 ) E-PL7 ( 2014 ) E-PL8 ( 2016 ) Panasonic Lumix Mid-range GH1 ( 2009 ) GH2 ( 2010 ) GH3 ( 2012 ) GX7 ( 2013 ) GM1 ( 2013 ) GH4 ( 2014 ) GH5 ( 2017 ) Entry - level GF1 ( 2009 ) G10 ( 2010 ) G2 ( 2010 ) GF2 ( 2010 ) G3 ( 2011 ) GX1 ( 2011 ) GF3 ( 2011 ) GF5 ( 2012 ) G5 ( 2012 ) G6 ( 2013 ) Pentax 645 / K / Q series High - end 645D ( 2010 ) 645Z ( 2014 ) K - 1 ( 2016 ) Mid-range K - 7 ( 2009 ) K - 5 ( 2010 ) K - 30 ( 2012 ) K - 5 II / K - 5 IIs ( 2012 ) K - 50 ( 2013 ) K - 3 ( 2013 ) K - 3 II ( 2015 ) K - 70 ( 2016 ) KP ( 2017 ) Entry - level K-x ( 2009 ) K-r ( 2010 ) Q ( 2011 ) K - 01 ( 2012 ) Q10 ( 2012 ) K - 500 ( 2013 ) Q7 ( 2013 ) Q - S1 ( 2014 ) Samsung NX series High - end NX1 ( 2014 ) Mid-range NX5 ( 2010 ) NX10 ( 2010 ) NX11 ( 2010 ) NX20 ( 2012 ) NX30 ( 2013 ) Galaxy NX ( 2013 ) NX500 ( 2015 ) Entry - level NX100 ( 2010 ) NX200 ( 2011 ) NX1000 ( 2012 ) NX210 ( 2012 ) NX300 ( 2013 ) NX1100 ( 2013 ) NX2000 ( 2013 ) Sony α High - end α99V / α99 ( 2012 ) α7 / α7R ( 2013 ) α7S ( 2014 ) α7II ( 2014 ) α7RII ( 2015 ) α7SII ( 2015 ) α99 II ( 2016 ) Mid-range α580 ( 2010 ) α560 ( 2010 ) α55V / α55 ( 2010 ) α77V / α77 ( 2011 ) NEX - 7 ( 2011 ) NEX - 6 ( 2011 ) α65V / α65 ( 2011 ) α57 ( 2012 ) α58 ( 2013 ) α6000 ( 2014 ) α77 II ( 2014 ) α6300 ( 2016 ) α6500 ( 2016 ) Entry - level NEX - 3 / NEX - 3C ( 2010 ) NEX - 5 / NEX - 5C ( 2010 ) α33 ( 2010 ) α35 ( 2011 ) NEX - 5N ( 2011 ) NEX - C3 ( 2011 ) NEX - F3 ( 2012 ) α37 ( 2012 ) NEX - 5R ( 2012 ) NEX - 5T ( 2013 ) α3000 ( 2013 ) α5000 ( 2014 ) Leica Fujifilm X / G High - end Leica M ( 2012 ) Leica S ( 2014 ) Leica SL ( 2015 ) Fujifilm X-Pro2 ( 2016 ) Fujifilm X-T2 ( 2016 ) Fujifilm GFX 50S ( 2017 ) Leica TL2 ( 2017 ) Mid-range Fujifilm X-Pro1 ( 2012 ) Fujifilm X-E1 ( 2012 ) Fujifilm X-E2 ( 2013 ) Fujifilm X-T1 ( 2014 ) Fujifilm X-T10 ( 2015 ) Fujifilm X-T20 ( 2017 ) Fujifilm X-E3 ( 2017 ) Entry - level Fujifilm X-M1 ( 2013 ) Fujifilm X-A1 ( 2013 ) Fujifilm X-A2 ( 2015 ) Fujifilm X-A3 ( 2016 ) Fujifilm X-A10 ( 2016 ) Hasselblad XCD / H High - end Hasselblad X1D - 50c ( 2016 ) H6X ( 2016 ) H6D - 50c ( 2016 ) H6D - 100c ( 2016 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Timelapse Slow motion Fast fps HDR Panorama GPS ( opt . ) WiFi ( opt . ) Bluetooth GND : 4519830 - 5 NDL : 00904238 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&oldid=802357928 '' Categories : Digital cameras Cameras Digital photography American inventions Audiovisual introductions in 1975 1975 in arts 1975 in technology Computer - related introductions in 1975 Hidden categories : All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from August 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2004 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Furlan Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша ລາວ Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 17 : 32 . 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where did the wu tang clan get their name
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Wu - Tang Clan - wikipedia Wu - Tang Clan Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the musical group . For other uses , see Wutang . <Th_colspan="2"> Wu - Tang Clan <Td_colspan="2"> Members of the Wu - Tang Clan and their affiliates performing at the Virgin Festival in Baltimore <Th_colspan="2"> Background information Origin Staten Island , New York , United States Genres Hip hop Years active 1991 -- present Labels Soul Temple Loud RCA SRC Universal Republic Asylum / Warner Bros . Associated acts Wu - Tang Killa Beez Website wutangclan.com <Th_colspan="2"> Members RZA GZA Method Man Raekwon Ghostface Killah Inspectah Deck U-God Masta Killa Cappadonna <Th_colspan="2"> Past members Ol ' Dirty Bastard Wu - Tang Clan / ˈwuːtæŋklæn / is an American hip hop group from Staten Island , New York City , originally composed of East Coast rappers RZA , GZA , Ol ' Dirty Bastard , Method Man , Raekwon , Ghostface Killah , Inspectah Deck , U-God and Masta Killa . Longtime collaborator Cappadonna became a member in 2007 . The Wu - Tang Clan has released four gold and platinum studio albums . Its 1993 debut album , Enter the Wu - Tang ( 36 Chambers ) , is considered one of the greatest albums in hip - hop history . The Wu - Tang Clan has introduced and launched the careers of a number of affiliated artists and groups , collectively known as the Wu - Tang Killa Bees , and has been described as one of the most influential hip - hop groups of all - time . In 2008 , About ranked them `` the No. 1 greatest hip hop group of all time '' . Kris Ex of Rolling Stone called Wu - Tang Clan `` the best rap group ever '' . In 2004 , NME hailed them as one of the most influential groups of the last ten years . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Foundation and name 1.2 1992 -- 96 : Enter the Wu - Tang ( 36 Chambers ) and solo albums 1.3 1997 -- 2000 : Wu - Tang Forever , diversification and second string of solo albums 1.4 2000 -- 01 : The W , Iron Flag and New Millennium 1.5 2004 : Legal issues , death of Ol ' Dirty Bastard and resurgence 1.5. 1 Death of Ol ' Dirty Bastard 1.6 2006 -- 10 : Fourth round of solo albums and 8 Diagrams 1.6. 1 Business deals 1.6. 2 Documentaries 1.7 2011 -- present : A Better Tomorrow 1.7. 1 Once Upon a Time in Shaolin 2 Members 2.1 Production 2.2 Lyrics 3 Syndication 3.1 Video games 3.2 Clothing line 4 Controversy 4.1 G - Unit 4.2 The Notorious B.I.G. 4.3 Sean Combs 4.4 Mase 4.5 Joe Budden 5 Collaborators 5.1 Wu - Tang Killa Beez aka Killa Beez 5.2 Easy Mo Bee 5.3 Pete Rock 5.4 Nas 5.5 Mobb Deep 5.6 Redman 5.7 AZ 5.8 Busta Rhymes 5.9 The L.O.X. 5.10 Kool G Rap 5.11 DJ Muggs 5.12 MF Doom 5.13 Kanye West 5.14 M.O.P. 6 Other artists 7 Discography 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History Foundation and name All in Together Now was never signed to a record label . See , me , GZA , and ODB had a crew called FOI : Force of the Imperial Master , nah mean ? We made a song , called `` All in Together Now '' , which became famous on tapes throughout Brooklyn , Downtown Staten Island , New York , all the way down to Miami . I remember Biz Markie , when he was famous and I was n't famous , and he was like : `` Yo ! I heard that shit ! Your song with Ason Unique and The Specialist . '' I was the Scientist . So we never got signed as a group back then . We never had a serious record deal under that title . -- RZA The Wu - Tang Clan was assembled in the early 1990s with RZA as the de facto leader and the group 's producer . Method Man -- who met RZA in 1990 after hearing a tape the producer recorded as Prince Rakeem -- recalled : I went round his house . We went to the basement and I guess they was showin ' off ' cos I was there . There 'd be RZA and his brother Devon on the decks . RZA was cuttin ' , Devon 'd go cut off the light , then RZA 's go cut on the light , Devon 'd be cutting , then he 'd go cut off the light . They was doing some wild shit , man . And Ol ' Dirty was there and he 'd echo every rhyme of RZA 's while beatboxing , ' cos that was in style then . That was the beginning of Wu - Tang . RZA and Ol ' Dirty Bastard adopted the name for the group after the film Shaolin and Wu Tang . Their debut album loosely adopted a Shaolin vs. Wu - Tang theme , dividing the album into Shaolin and Wu - Tang sections . The group developed backronyms for the name ( as hip hop pioneers such as KRS - One and Big Daddy Kane did with their names ) , including `` We Usually Take All Niggas ' Garments '' , `` Witty Unpredictable Talent And Natural Game '' , and `` Wisdom of the Universe , and the Truth of Allah for the Nation of the Gods '' . 1992 -- 96 : Enter the Wu - Tang ( 36 Chambers ) and solo albums The Wu - Tang Clan became known in 1993 following the release of the independent single `` Protect Ya Neck '' , which immediately gave the group a sizable underground following , especially after their tour with Kat Nu and Cypress Hill . Though there was some difficulty in finding a record label that would sign the Wu - Tang Clan while still allowing each member to record solo albums with other labels , Loud / RCA finally agreed , releasing their debut album , Enter the Wu - Tang ( 36 Chambers ) , in November 1993 . This album turned out to be critically acclaimed , and to date is regarded as one of the greatest hip hop / rap albums of all time . The success of Enter the Wu - Tang : 36 Chambers established the group as a creative and influential force in mid-1990s hip hop , allowing Ol ' Dirty Bastard , GZA , RZA , Raekwon , U-God , Method Man , and Ghostface Killah to negotiate solo contracts . RZA spoke on the Wu - Tang Clan 's unorthodox business model : We reinvented the way hip hop was structured , and what I mean is , you have a group signed to a label , yet the infrastructure of our deal was like anyone else 's ( ... ) We still could negotiate with any label we wanted , like Meth went with Def Jam , Rae stayed with Loud , Ghost went with Sony , GZA went with Geffen Records , feel me ? ( ... ) And all these labels still put `` Razor Sharp Records '' on the credits ( ... ) Wu Tang was a financial movement . So what do you wan na diversify ... ? ( ... ) Your assets ? -- RZA RZA was the first to follow up on the success of Enter the Wu - Tang with a side project , founding the Gravediggaz with Prince Paul and Frukwan ( both of Stetsasonic ) and Poetic . The Gravediggaz released 6 Feet Deep in August 1994 , which became one of the best known works to emerge from hip hop 's small subgenre of horrorcore . It had always been planned for Method Man to be the first breakout star from the group 's lineup , with the b - side of the first single being his now - classic eponymous solo track . In November 1994 his solo album Tical was released . It was entirely produced by RZA , who for the most part continued with the grimy , raw textures he explored on 36 Chambers . RZA 's hands - on approach to Tical extended beyond his merely creating the beats to devising song concepts and structures . The track `` All I Need '' from Tical was the winner of the `` Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group '' at the 1995 Grammy Awards . After the release of Method Man 's Tical , Ol ' Dirty Bastard was the next member to launch a solo career . His debut album Return to the 36 Chambers : The Dirty Version was released in March 1995 , and is considered a hip hop classic . In the late summer , and early fall of 1995 saw the release of Raekwon 's Only Built 4 Cuban Linx ... , and GZA 's Liquid Swords , which would turn out to be the group 's two most significant and well - received solo projects . Cuban Linx was a diverse , theatrical criminological epic that saw RZA move away from the raw , stripped - down beats of the early albums and towards a richer , cinematic sound more reliant on strings and classic soul samples . The album is highly notable in that it revived , and expanded the Mafioso rap subgenre , which started to decline several years beforehand . Lavish living and the crime underworld are referenced throughout using quotes from the John Woo movie The Killer , with the mystique of the Wu - Tang Clan deepened by the adoption of crime boss aliases and the crew name Wu - Gambinos . The album introduced a flurry of slang words to the rap lexicon , and many artists have gone on to imitate its materialism . Cuban Linx featured all but one Wu member , and featured the debut from Cappadonna . The album also featured rapper Nas , who was the first non-Wu - Tang - affiliated MC to appear on a Wu - Tang Clan album . GZA 's Liquid Swords had a similar focus on inner - city criminology akin to Only Built 4 Cuban Linx , but it was far darker , both in GZA 's grim lyrics and in the ominous , foreboding production that saw RZA experimenting more with keyboards than ever before . Liquid Swords features guest appearances from every Wu - Tang Clan member , and is linked together by excerpts from the movie Shogun Assassin. 1995 also saw the release of the Wu Wear clothing line , which would turn out to be massively successful , and influential on hip hop culture . It initially started as a mere way to make money from the demand for bootleg Wu - Tang Clan shirts , and evolved into an extensive collection of designer garments . Soon , other hip hop artists were making similar ventures and by the mid-2000s , a clothing line was almost a prerequisite for hip hop superstardom , with clothing lines launched by Puff Daddy , Jay - Z , Busta Rhymes , Nelly , Ludacris , 50 Cent , and more . Almost a year after the release of Liquid Swords , Ghostface Killah released his first solo album , Ironman in late October 1996 . The album struck a balance between the sinister keyboard - laden textures of Liquid Swords and the sentimental soul samples of Cuban Linx , while Ghostface himself explored new territory as a lyricist . Ironman was critically acclaimed and is still widely considered to be one of the best of Wu - Tang solo albums . Although the 1994 -- 1996 albums were released as solo , RZA 's presence behind the production , and the large number of guest appearances from other Wu - Tang Clan members has rendered them to be mostly all - round group efforts . 1997 -- 2000 : Wu - Tang Forever , diversification and second string of solo albums With their solo careers firmly established , the Wu - Tang Clan reassembled to release the highly anticipated Grammy - nominated multiplatinum double album Wu - Tang Forever in June 1997 , debuting at number one on the Billboard Charts . This event was featured in a CNN roundup for the extraordinary sales the group achieved without a mainstream sound or commercial appeal . The album 's first single , `` Triumph '' , was over five minutes long , featured nine verses ( one from each member plus Cappadonna and excluding ODB who appeared on the intro and bridge ) , and no hook or a repeated phrase . The sound of the album built significantly on the previous three solo albums , with RZA using more keyboards and string samples , as well as , for the first time , assigning some of the album 's production to his protégés True Master and 4th Disciple . The group 's lyrics differed significantly from those of 36 Chambers , with many verses written in a dense stream of consciousness form heavily influenced by the teachings of the Five Percent Nation . According to Nielsen SoundScan , the album has sold over 8.3 million copies to date worldwide . Wu - Tang Forever also marked the end of RZA 's `` five - year plan '' . After ... Forever 's success , RZA ceased to oversee all aspects of Wu - Tang product as he had done previously , delegating much of his existing role to associates such as Oliver `` Power '' Grant and his brother Mitchell `` Divine '' Diggs . This move was designed to expand Wu - Tang 's reach in the industry and take advantage of financial opportunities for the group . In keeping with this move , an array of Wu - Tang products ( both musical and otherwise ) were to be released over the next two years . Following Wu - Tang Forever , the focus of the Wu - Tang empire largely shifted to the promoting of emerging affiliated artists . The group 's close associate Cappadonna followed the group project with March 1998 's The Pillage . Soon after , Killah Priest , another close associate of the Clan , released Heavy Mental to great critical acclaim . Affiliated groups Sunz of Man and Killarmy also released well - received albums , followed by Wu - Tang Killa Bees : The Swarm -- a compilation album showcasing these and more Wu - affiliated artists , and including new solo tracks from the group members themselves . The Swarm sold well and was certified gold . There was also a long line of releases from secondary affiliates such as Popa Wu , Shyheim , GP Wu , and Wu - Syndicate . Second albums from Gravediggaz and Killarmy , as well as a greatest hits album and a b - sides compilation also eventually saw release . While this round was commercially successful , it was not as critically acclaimed as its predecessor . The second round of solo albums from Wu - Tang saw second efforts from the five members who had already released albums , as well as debuts from all the remaining members , with the exception of Masta Killa . In the space of two years , RZA 's Bobby Digital In Stereo , Method Man Tical 2000 : Judgement Day and Blackout ! ( with Redman ) , GZA 's Beneath the Surface , Ol ' Dirty Bastard 's Nigga Please , U-God's Golden Arms Redemption , Raekwon 's Immobilarity , Ghostface Killah 's Supreme Clientele and Inspectah Deck 's Uncontrolled Substance were all released ( seven of them being released in the space of seven months between June 1999 and January 2000 ) . RZA also composed the score for the film Ghost Dog : The Way of the Samurai , directed by Jim Jarmusch , while he and other Wu - Tang members contributed music to a companion `` music inspired by the film '' album . The avalanche of Wu - Tang product between 1997 and 2000 was considered by some critics to have resulted in an oversaturation that was responsible for Wu - Tang 's decline in popularity , or at least in critical regard during that time period . Reviews such as Melody Maker 's writeup on Ghostface Killah 's Supreme Clientele in January 2000 which began `` Another month , another Wu - Tang side project '' revealed critics ' exhaustion at the Clan 's prodigious output . The overall reception for the second round of Clan member solo albums was decidedly mixed if largely positive , and they did not live up to their pre - ... Forever forebears critically . Occasional albums would still receive critical acclaim ( Ghostface Killah 's Supreme Clientele being one of them , is regarded as one of the best solo efforts from the Clan ) while Method Man and ODB remained popular in their own right as solo artists , and Wu - Tang remained as a well known force , but they had seemingly lost the ability to excite the music world in the way they had throughout the earlier , and mid-1990s . Many fans and critics also bemoaned the lack of RZA 's input on the post - ... Forever solo albums , which were mostly produced by the Wu - Element producers , other lower - ranking affiliates , or by outside producers such as the Trackmasters or the Neptunes . 2000 -- 01 : the W , Iron Flag and New millennium The group reconvened once again to make The W , though without Ol ' Dirty Bastard , who was at the time incarcerated in California for violating the terms of his probation . Though incarcerated , ODB managed to make it onto the track `` Conditioner '' which featured Snoop Dogg . ODB 's vocals were recorded via the telephones used for inmates to talk with visitors , while in prison . The W was mostly well received by critics , particularly for The RZA 's production , and also gave the group a hit single with the uptempo `` Gravel Pit '' , part of a trilogy of videos where the group would visit different eras with a time traveling elevator , which also included `` Protect Ya Neck ( The Jump Off ) '' and `` Careful ( Click , Click ) '' , which were then followed by `` I Ca n't Go to Sleep '' featuring Isaac Hayes . The album would go on to reach double platinum status . Shortly before the release of The W , ODB escaped custody while being transported from a rehab center to a Los Angeles court and was considered a fugitive . At a record release party for The W , ODB appeared with his face hidden by an orange parka , and was not recognized until introduced to the crowd . With police officers present outside , ODB performed briefly and then fled , fearing capture . Six days later ODB caused a commotion , signing autographs in a McDonald 's at Broad & Girard Street in North Philadelphia . Unaware of who was causing the commotion , the manager called the police . When the law arrived , ODB mistook them for fans until they drew their guns . ODB fled the facility , but was stopped while trying to start his vehicle . After presenting a fake ID , he admitted his real identity , and was arrested . In 2001 , the Wu - Tang Clan released Iron Flag , an album which made extensive use of outside producers and guests . Its crossover vibe and features , including Ron Isley , Flavor Flav , and prominent producers Trackmasters , marked it as a lighter fare ; while critically praised , it gained a less than stellar reputation with fans . Group member Ghostface Killah would later denounce the record . While originally featured on the cover of Iron Flag , Cappadonna was airbrushed out of the artwork and absent from the album entirely . This may be related to tension that arose within the group when it was revealed that Cappadonna 's manager was , or had been , a police informant , a revelation that also brought on the manager 's subsequent firing . Cappadonna would however , continue collaborating and touring with the group in the upcoming years . Around this time Method Man began his acting career , along with close collaborator Redman , by starring in the stoner comedy film How High . 2004 : legal issues , death of Ol ' Dirty Bastard and resurgence In early 2004 , U-God apparently left the group in disgust . A DVD titled Rise of a Fallen Soldier was released detailing his problems , which were mostly with his treatment by RZA , who he claimed had hindered his success as a solo artist . He formed a group of young protegés called the Hillside Scramblers with whom he released the album U-Godzilla Presents the Hillside Scramblers in March 2004 . The dispute culminated in a heated phone conversation between RZA and U-God on live radio , which ultimately saw the two reconcile . He has since returned to the group . 2004 saw the unexpected return of the Clan to the live stage . They embarked on a short European tour before coming together as a complete group for the first time in several years to headline the Rock the Bells festival in California . The concert was released on CD under the name Disciples of the 36 Chambers : Chapter 1 , and they also released a music - video greatest hits album , Legend of the Wu - Tang Clan . Death of Ol ' Dirty Bastard Ol ' Dirty Bastard 's career in Wu - Tang was marked by erratic behavior . At the 1998 Grammy Awards , he protested the Clan 's loss ( to Puff Daddy in Best Rap Album ) by interrupting Shawn Colvin 's acceptance speech for her Song of the Year award . In addition , ODB 's run - ins with the law were well publicized -- he was arrested several times for offenses including assault , shoplifting , wearing body armor after being convicted of a felony , and possession of cocaine , and he missed multiple court dates . In late 2000 , Ol ' Dirty Bastard unexpectedly escaped near the end of his rehab sentence , spending one month on the run as a fugitive before showing up on stage at the record release party for The W in New York City . He managed to escape the club but was later captured by police in Philadelphia and sent to New York to face charges of cocaine possession . In April 2001 , he was sentenced to two to four years in prison . Once released from prison , he signed a one million dollar contract with Roc - a-Fella Records . On November 13 , 2004 , ODB collapsed at Wu - Tang 's recording studio , 36 Chambers on West 34th Street in New York City , and was pronounced dead later that night . Wu - Tang paid him homage a number of times : in August 2006 , one of his sons came out at a Wu - Tang concert at Webster Hall and rapped `` Brooklyn Zoo '' , along with his mother , and during a concert at the Hammerstein Ballroom the Clan brought his mother out on stage for a sing - along to `` Shimmy Shimmy Ya '' . 2006 -- 10 : fourth round of solo albums and 8 Diagrams 2005 saw the release of RZA 's first book , The Wu - Tang Manual , the release of U-God's second album , Mr. Xcitement and the long - awaited collaboration between GZA and producer DJ Muggs , entitled Grandmasters . The collaborative record received good reviews and played fairly well with fans , who by and large had been waiting to see the Wu step up the quality of their releases . On March 28 , 2006 , Ghostface Killah released the street rap - oriented Fishscale , to much critical acclaim and some commercial success . The entire Clan , including Cappadonna and the deceased ODB , appeared on the track `` 9 Milli Bros '' . The album also offered an expansion of Ghostface 's traditional sound -- precipitated by the moderately successful club song `` Be Easy '' and battle rhymes in the Just Blaze - produced `` The Champ '' . After its reception from fans , label Def Jam asked Ghost to release another album that year ; the result , More Fish , excited fans and critics somewhat less . On June 25 , 2006 , Inspectah Deck released a street album entitled The Resident Patient , a prelude to his upcoming album , titled The Rebellion , which is said to be his final solo album . Late summer of 2006 saw the release of Masta Killa 's second studio album , Made in Brooklyn , to lukewarm reviews , as well as Method Man 's 4 : 21 ... the Day After , on which the rapper endeavored to make up for the poor response to Tical 0 : The Prequel . Around this time , he was heavily featured in the media due to his displeasure with Def Jam 's handling of his previous project . Despite what the rapper felt to be little promotion compared to other Def Jam artists , 421 ... debuted in the Billboard Top Ten , and received much greater reviews than those of his previous album . Method Man also made the decision to fall back from Hollywood , and to only do acting work on films being handled by close friends . The summer of 2007 was the original release date scheduled for Raekwon 's long - anticipated sequel to his 1995 debut Only Built 4 Cuban Linx , entitled Only Built 4 Cuban Linx ... Pt. II . The album was to be released on Dr. Dre 's Aftermath Records , however , it would turn out to be released on Raekwon 's Ice H2O Records , and EMI on September 8 , 2009 , after numerous delays . Ghostface Killah released his seventh full - length album The Big Doe Rehab in December 2007 , and exactly one week later , Wu - Tang released their fifth full - length group album , 8 Diagrams , on Steve Rifkind 's SRC Records , whose now - defunct Loud Records released the group 's four previous albums . This album marked the inclusion of Cappadonna as an official member of the group . In an interview with MTV.com , Ghostface Killah stated that he was upset with RZA for starting the 8 Diagrams project while he was in the middle of writing and recording The Big Doe Rehab , and further upset with RZA for giving 8 Diagrams the same release date as The Big Doe Rehab , for which RZA rescheduled a release date one week later . The final outcome of 8 Diagrams received mixed views from both fans and critics , and is regarded as being RZA 's most experimental work to date . Both Raekwon and Ghostface Killah were unhappy with the album , and proposed recording a group album titled `` Shaolin Vs. Wu - Tang '' without RZA production . That album would eventually become Raekwon 's fifth solo album Shaolin vs. Wu - Tang . In the summer of 2008 , RZA released Digi Snacks , which was another Bobby Digital album . He used the album primarily to put over lesser - known Wu - Tang Clan affiliates such as Freemurder , Killa Sin , Black Knights and others . The summer of 2008 also saw the release of GZA 's Pro Tools album . Almost a year later , U-God released his third solo album entitled Dopium , which features guest appearances from several Wu - Tang members , and affiliates , among others , and was met with mostly lukewarm reviews . Released one week later was Wu - Tang Chamber Music , a side project executively produced by RZA , featuring live instrumentation from a Brooklyn soul band called The Revelations . The album features appearances from five Wu - Tang members , along with New York City mainstays AZ , Kool G Rap , Cormega , Havoc , Sean Price , and M.O.P. The first single from Chamber Music was a track titled `` Harbor Masters '' featuring Ghostface Killah , Inspectah Deck , and AZ . To clear up confusion , RZA spoke about the album to Billboard.com : `` I think the Chamber Music title is very fitting . This music is totally in the chamber , or in the mind - frame of Wu - Tang like in the ( Enter the Wu - Tang ( 36 Chambers ) ) days . But it 's not a Wu - Tang album . The whole Clan 's not on this album . But it could n't be in any other category but Wu - Tang . September 2009 saw the release of the long anticipated album ; Only Built 4 Cuban Linx ... Pt. II which features guest appearances from several big name artists , and Clan members , with Ghostface being the most prominent , and also production from RZA , Dr. Dre , Pete Rock , and J Dilla , among others . The album debuted at number 4 on the Billboard 200 and at number 2 on the Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums chart , and has been praised by most music critics . Several weeks later , Ghostface released Ghostdini : Wizard of Poetry in Emerald City , which is a hip hop / R&B album . Talk of the album Shaolin vs. Wu - Tang re-surfaced in July 2009 ; originally planned as a full - on Wu album without RZA 's input , the project evolved to include RZA from an MC standpoint , without contributing to production . Raekwon stated `` ( It 'll ) be alter egos challenging each other , really allowing RZA to fall back on the production and allowing us to give him a flashback memory to the things we know we need from the abbot ( RZA ) . We want him to be involved ( with the album as an MC ) , but the concept was for him not to be involved production-wise . '' Speaking to MTV.com , Method Man revealed his , Ghostface Killah 's and Raekwon 's plans to record a separate album as a trio : `` I do n't want to say it 's written in stone , but it 's in discussion . I want some feedback from the fans to see how they would take that . RZA produced tracks , some other outside producers , of course , and we gon na have Wu - Tang members on the album , but it 'll be a Rae , Ghost and Meth album . '' Soon after , Ghostface Killah cemented the details : the record -- featuring other Wu - Tang Clan members -- will consist primarily of him , Method Man , and Raekwon . The title , as announced in three separate trailers ( directed by Rik Cordero ) promoting the upcoming release , is Wu - Massacre . Speaking on their willingness to complete the album , Ghost said the three would begin recording within the next few months and estimated the release date to be the end of 2009 or January 2010 . More recently , it was announced that the album would be pushed back from December to March 30 , 2010 ; the single , `` Meth vs. Chef Part II , '' was released after the announcement . Produced by Mathematics , it is an update of the song `` Meth vs. Chef '' from Method Man 's first solo album , Tical , featuring verses by only Method Man and Raekwon . It had been confirmed by Raekwon that Shaolin vs. Wu - Tang would in fact be his next solo album and that Wu - Massacre is a separate project , while the rapper stated that he himself had petitioned to have Wu - Massacre 's release date postponed in order to yield more studio time . On February 25 , 2011 , Wu Tang Live At The Palladium NYC was released through the group 's official Facebook page as a collectors digital download . This included exclusive , unreleased freestyles . It was limited to 100 downloads before the page was disabled after this figure was reached . Business deals In September 2008 , RZA announced that he had inked a deal with digital music company The Orchard to release the Wu - Tang Clan 's back catalogue worldwide digitally , for the first time . In addition to forthcoming material , the Wu - Tang Clan 's catalogue includes 13 previous releases that have been previously unavailable digitally , including recordings by the group as a whole , U-God , Wu - Syndicate , Killarmy , Shyheim , West Coast Killa Beez , Black Knights and others , and would be available online beginning September 23 . `` The time is right to bring some older Wu material to the masses digitally , '' said RZA , de facto leader of Wu - Tang Clan . `` Our fans have been dedicated and patient and they 're hungry to hear the music that has set us apart from so many others . Hip - hop is alive in Wu Music , and with The Orchard , we 've got a solid partner that understands our audience and is committed to doing all they can to help us reach the fans . I 'm definitely looking forward to working with them to see what else we all come up with . There 's much more to come . '' Documentaries Wu - Tang Revealed , a GZA - directed documentary , promised to show behind the scenes of the Clan , has yet to be released . U-God : Rise of a Fallen Soldier details U-God's side of the struggle between him and RZA circa 2004 - 2005 . Gerald K. Barclay directed the Wu - Tang documentary , entitled Wu : The Story of the Wu - Tang Clan , which premiered on BET on November 13 , 2008 . The documentary was released on DVD on November 18 , 2008 . On November 10 , 2009 a documentary on Ol ' Dirty Bastard was released entitled ; Dirty : The Official ODB Biography . The documentary features interviews and stories from his family members , Wu - Tang members , and affiliates , as well as old interviews with Ol ' Dirty , and live performances . Wu Tang Saga , starring Cappadonna and featuring footage of the Clan dating back to the early nineties through their most recent tours was released on February 25 , 2010 . 2011 -- present : a Better Tomorrow On June 29 , 2011 , Raekwon announced that the group were working on a new studio album , still in early stages . Ghostface Killah later said that the album should be released in May 2012 . Members went back and forth on the issue . While GZA hinted that a new album was unlikely , the RZA said a new Wu - Tang Clan album might happen after all , on the occasion of the group 's 20th anniversary , though Raekwon doubted it . On January 9 , 2013 , work on the sixth Wu - Tang Clan album was announced via the group 's official Facebook page . In early March 2013 Method Man announced that the Clan was working on a sixth studio album and it would be released during 2013 in celebration of their 20 - year anniversary since 36 Chambers . Cappadonna has said the album is in recording process taking place in New York , Los Angeles and the Wu mansion in New Jersey . RZA has also said he had talked to Adrian Younge about working on a song for the album . On April 11 , 2013 , it was announced via a press release that their upcoming sixth studio album would be titled , A Better Tomorrow and was set to be released in July 2013 . During late April 2013 , the Clan performed at the 2013 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival . On May 17 , a unreleased Wu - Tang song titled `` Execution in Autumn '' was released for purchase through RZA 's record label Soul Temple Records . They performed at the 2013 HOT 97 Summer Jam at MetLife Stadium in New Jersey , twenty years after they performed at the first annual Summer Jam concert . On June 5 , 2013 , the first promotional single `` Family Reunion '' featuring Masta Killah , Method Man , Ghostface Killah and RZA was released via the Soul Temple Records website . In June 2013 RZA said so far every member of the Clan except Raekwon and GZA had put in work on the A Better Tomorrow album and that recording was being done at the Wu - Mansion , and the Wu - Mansion West . Unreleased verses from Ol ' Dirty Bastard will also be featured on the album . He also stated he was hoping to release the album in November 2013 . In July 2013 Cappadonna indicated the album was half way finished . Once November 2013 arrived , RZA gave an update on the album , saying that not every member had been significantly working on the album . He gave credit to Method Man , Cappadonna , U-God and Masta Killa for working hard on the album , while saying he needed more effort from Ghostface , Raekwon and GZA . Shortly after Method Man stated that Raekwon had not worked on the album at all , and Ghostface had only recorded two songs for the album so far . In late November , RZA suggested that the album was approximately six weeks from completion . In January 2014 , the group posted a message on their Facebook page , saying : `` The new Wu album ' A Better Tomorrow ' coming soon . '' After several disputes between Raekwon and RZA about the direction of the group and album , they reconciled , with the latter agreeing to record verses for A Better Tomorrow . On October 3 , 2014 it was announced that the album will arrive December 2 , 2014 courtesy of a new deal with Warner Bros. Records . The album was released late 2014 . Once Upon a time in Shaolin Main article : Once Upon a Time in Shaolin Wu - Tang Clan performing at Budapest -- 2015.07. 07 In March 2014 it was reported that in addition to work on A Better Tomorrow , a Wu - Tang Clan compilation album entitled The Wu -- Once Upon A Time In Shaolin had been recorded , with Wu - Tang - affiliated producer Cilvaringz as the primary producer instead of RZA . The album , a double album consisting of 31 tracks , will not be given a conventional commercial release and only one copy has been produced ; this copy will be toured in museums , art galleries and music festivals before being sold at a high price to a single individual . In August 2014 , a reporter from Forbes traveled to Marrakech to meet Cilvaringz and hear a 51 - second snippet of a song from the album , which featured Cher . The snippet was subsequently put on their website . The album is encased in a handcrafted silver - and - nickel box made by British - Moroccan artist Yahya and features never - before - heard music recorded over years . RZA stated he has been receiving multiple million dollar offers for the album . Despite the album 's exclusivity it made an appearance in electronic dance music producer Skrillex 's music video for his song `` Fuck That '' even though he did not purchase the project . The album was sold through Paddle8 , an online auction house , for $2 million to Martin Shkreli . When the FBI arrested Martin Shkreli on December 17 , 2015 , they did not seize the Wu - Tang Clan album . Following the victory of Republican candidate Donald Trump in the 2016 U.S. presidential election , Shkreli broadcast excerpts from the album on streaming platforms Periscope and Hitbox.tv . The Saga Continues was released in 2017 . Members RZA ( born Robert Fitzgerald Diggs , 1969 ) -- The de facto leader of the group . He produced the entirety of Enter the Wu - Tang and the majority of the tracks on subsequent Wu - Tang albums . He has also produced many of the group 's solo efforts , especially early on . Considered a producing pioneer , his popularity has transcended hip - hop . Thanks to Jim Jarmusch giving him his break with Ghost Dog : The Way of the Samurai , he has gone on to score several Hollywood films such as the first installment of Quentin Tarantino 's critically acclaimed Kill Bill , Tony Jaa 's The Protector and Ridley Scott 's American Gangster . Most recently he scored the music for the anime series Afro Samurai . Before signing with SRC Records in early 2007 , RZA was flooded with offers from Bad Boy Records , Aftermath Entertainment , Interscope and Def Jam among others . In 2012 , RZA directed , co-wrote , and had a lead acting role in The Man with the Iron Fists . GZA ( born Gary Grice , 1966 ) -- He is the oldest member of the group as well as the most experienced , having begun rapping in 1976 , when hip hop was still a local New York phenomenon . He was also the first to release an album , Words from the Genius , which was released in 1991 on Cold Chillin ' / Reprise . The interplay between and other members on the group 's recordings shows him as the wisest MC of the group . He is known for his laid - back flow , deliberate style , and complex use of metaphor , containing references to Samurai films , chess and 5 Percenter teachings . Liquid Swords , his Wu - Tang debut album , is often considered among the group 's best work , perhaps only challenged by Raekwon 's Only Built 4 Cuban Linx ... Ol ' Dirty Bastard ( born Russell Tyrone Jones , 1968 -- 2004 ) -- Arguably the most eccentric and erratic member of the group , his wild behavior drew significant media -- and often police -- attention . He was known for his off beat rhymes , charismatic ululations , slightly garbled style , and unpredictable vocal inflections . ODB was among the most popular members of Wu - Tang , with high sales and guest spots with industry giants like Mariah Carey . He collapsed in Wu - Tang 's recording studio on November 13 , 2004 and was pronounced dead less than an hour later , with a later autopsy confirming a drug overdose to be the cause of his death . The overdose was ruled accidental . Method Man ( born Clifford Smith , 1971 ) -- He 's the youngest member of the Wu - Tang Clan and was the first to release a Wu - Tang solo album with Tical , his career went on to become the most successful in the group , while maintaining an underground rep . His career is highlighted by platinum sales and a Grammy for I 'll Be There for You / You 're All I Need to Get By with Mary J. Blige . He is recognized by his distinct voice and smooth , yet `` grimy '' flow . He has also had a significant acting career with many film and television credits to his name , most notably the popular series , The Wire , where he portrayed the character of Cheese Wagstaff , the lieutenant of drug lord Proposition Joe . He also acted in the comedy film How High and the sitcom Method & Red , both co-starring with Redman , with whom he also made an album in 1999 titled Blackout ! as well as the 2009 sequel Blackout ! 2 . Method Man 's friendship with The Notorious B.I.G. is credited for preventing more heat between Biggie , Raekwon and Ghostface . Raekwon ( born Corey Woods , 1970 ) -- Nicknamed `` The Chef '' for having `` lyrical flavor '' , and ability to cook cocaine into `` crack rock . '' His lyrics contain extensive use of New York slang ( and some of which he invented ) , which is often delivered in an aggressive , fast - paced manner . He is also known for his vivid storytelling about wealth , power , and prestige derived from the illegal drug trade . His influential solo album Only Built 4 Cuban Linx ... is often credited with initiating the Mafioso rap phenomenon of the mid-to - late - 1990s , and is generally considered one of the best of the solo albums by both fans and critics . The sequel to the influential album was released in late 2009 titled Only Built 4 Cuban Linx ... Pt. II . Ghostface Killah ( born Dennis Coles , 1970 ) -- He has a very distinctive , abstract , energetic and emotional style of rapping and is arguably the most consistent member of the group . He had a large role in Raekwon 's Only Built 4 Cuban Linx ... and later released his debut album Ironman to critical acclaim . Mainstream hip - hop press credits his second album Supreme Clientele with `` saving the Wu . '' He has enjoyed similar success over the course of 12 solo albums , more than any other member of the group . Inspectah Deck ( born Jason Hunter , 1970 ) -- He was one of the star members of the group , gaining attention by providing stand - out performances on both Wu - Tang albums and on other member 's solo albums as well as being a popular guest rapper in 1997 and 1998 . He is considered by many in the fanbase as the stand - out member on Wu - Tang Forever , although his later solo albums failed to live up to the high expectations . Inspectah Deck is known for his ability to use metaphors and deliver complicated rhyme - schemes . He is also a successful producer , providing beats for many artists both in and out of the Wu - Tang family such as Ghostface Killah , Method Man , Big Pun , Prodigy , and others . U-God ( born Lamont Jody Hawkins , 1970 ) -- A founding member with his own solo career , U-God's has had a relatively low profile , in part due to his limited exposure , from being incarcerated for most of the recording of 36 Chambers , in which he only delivered short verses on `` Da Mystery of Chessboxin ' '' and `` Protect Ya Neck . '' He is known for delivering strong verses , his unique `` bass - like '' voice , and his style of blaxploitation rap . Masta Killa ( born Elgin Turner , 1969 ) -- He was the only member not already an experienced rapper at the time of the group 's formation , and was extensively mentored by GZA during his early days with the group . He was largely absent on the group 's first album due to his being incarcerated , though he did contribute the classic final verse to the track `` Da Mystery of Chessboxin '' , He also had stand - out verses to Wu - Tang Forever and other members solo albums , delivered with an intelligent talk - rap style . Fans have praised his work on classic Wu tracks like `` Duel of the Iron Mic '' , `` Snakes '' or `` Winter Warz '' among others . He was also the last to release a solo album , though when he finally did release No Said Date , it was generally well received and considered one of the best post-2000 Wu - Tang releases . Cappadonna ( born Darryl Hill , 1969 ) -- After growing up as friends with many of the Clan members , Cappadonna made his debut as an affiliate of the Wu - Tang Clan on Raekwon 's hit single `` Ice Cream '' . He was also a guest star , along with Raekwon , on Ghostface Killah 's solo debut album , Ironman . He made his first appearance on a Wu - Tang Clan album in 1997 on Wu - Tang Forever on the single `` Triumph '' . Following his appearance on Forever , he contributed significantly to the group 's third studio album , The W , at which point his appearances were no longer marked with `` Feat . Cappadonna '' , as they had been on Forever . After a falling out with RZA the next year over royalties , he did not appear at all on the group 's subsequent album Iron Flag . He eventually reunited with the group for their concert at 2004 's Rock the Bells , and appeared on 2007 's 8 Diagrams . Cappadonna 's status as an official member was at one point unclear . While long referred to by both the group and fans as the `` unofficial tenth member '' , there was no confirmation on whether he actually became the official tenth member following the death of Ol ' Dirty Bastard . MTV. com 's biographies of both him and the group claim that he is an official member . However , while his vocals on 8 Diagrams were not marked with `` Feat . Cappadonna '' , much like his contributions to the group 's The W album , he does not appear on the front cover with the original eight living members , and is not featured in the album 's booklet with a picture , although he is included in the group 's shout - out 's sections . A 2007 interview about the Clan before the release of 8 Diagrams also claims that RZA officially added him as a member , but there were no quotations or statements to back up this claim within the article . He would also appear credited as a member on the 2012 Wu - Tang Clan song `` Six Directions of Boxing '' off the soundtrack for RZA 's The Man with the Iron Fists and be confirmed to be working on the group 's sixth studio album . Cappadonna would be one of the most significant workers on the sixth album A Better Tomorrow . More recently , multiple publications such as NME , XXL , HipHopDX , and MTV have referred to Cappadonna as an official member of the group . In 2014 , RZA definitively clarified Cappadonna 's status as an official member stating that Cappadonna had been an official member of the group since the group 's 8 Diagrams album . Production According to RZA , he tries to have no more than 20 -- 25 % sampling on any given record , something starkly different from many other major hip hop groups . He uses `` the sampler more like a painter 's palette than a Xerox . Then again , I might use it as a Xerox if I find rare beats that nobody had in their crates yet '' . He played much of the piano himself , with Bill Evans and Thelonious Monk as major influences ; for instance , he created the piano part to `` Da Mystery of Chessboxin ' '' after watching the Thelonious Monk documentary , Straight , No Chaser . RZA 's production technique , specifically the manner of chopping up and / or speeding or slowing soul samples to fit his beats , has been picked up by currently popular producers , most notably Kanye West and Just Blaze , the two main producers behind Roc - A-Fella Records . West 's own take on RZA 's style briefly flooded the rap market with what was dubbed `` chipmunk soul '' , the pitch bending of a vocal sample to where it sounded as though the singer had inhaled helium . Several producers at the time copied the style , creating other offshoots . West has admitted that his style was distinctly influenced by RZA 's production , and RZA has acknowledged his influence in an issue of Scratch magazine , saying he wished he had produced `` Jesus Walks '' and `` Breathe '' , two 2004 hits produced by Kanye West and Just Blaze , respectively . Kanye West commented : Wu - Tang ? Me and my friends talk about this all the time ... We think Wu - Tang had one of the biggest impacts as far as a movement . From slang to style of dress , skits , the samples . Similar to the ( production ) style I use , RZA has been doing that . Lyrics Raekwon 's Only Built 4 Cuban Linx ... helped ( with the likes of Kool G Rap ) popularize the Mafia theme in rap music that remained widespread for more than half a decade . The landmark album touted a lifestyle patterned on drug dealing , regrets of living in harsh conditions , and partying ( including popularizing the Cristal brand of champagne ) which Nas , Mobb Deep , Notorious B.I.G. , Jay - Z , and other popular artists all borrowed and / or expanded upon these themes at points in their respective careers . The Wu - Tang Clan 's slang has long been a staple of their music , wherein members would blend Five Percenter terms , Kung Fu / oriental words , and comic book and street terms to create their own nicknames for actions , people , places and things ( such as the christening of Staten Island as `` Shaolin Land '' and money as `` C.R.E.A.M. '' ) . RZA noted in The Wu - Tang Manual , that Raekwon was the resident `` slang - master '' of a great deal of the slang used by the group . Syndication Video games All nine original members of the group were featured in the game Wu - Tang : Shaolin Style , released for the PlayStation on October 31 , 1999 , as well as a special collector 's edition controller . Ghostface Killah and Yung Dirty Doucette , as well as collaborators , Redman and Keith Murray , also play themselves in all three games in the Def Jam video games Def Jam Vendetta , Def Jam Fight For NY , and Def Jam : Icon . Method Man is an avid fan of video games himself and has publicly stated that he loves playing SOCOM online with other PlayStation 2 users , and is part of an online clan ( `` KMA / Kiss My Ass '' ) . His SOCOM II name is `` ICU '' . He has a fellow SOCOM player featured on a skit on his album 4 : 21 ... The Day After . 9Dragons sports the name Wu - Tang Clan in one of the ingame branches . In Army of Two , main character Salem talks about Wu - Tang asking his teammate Rios who the best member is . Salem says it 's RZA but he says Ghostface Killah is pretty good himself . In the ending cut scene , a reference is made when Salem says `` Survey says ? '' and Rios replies `` You 're dead '' . The exchange referenced the lyric , `` And the survey says ? / You 're dead ! '' from `` Wu - Tang Clan Ai n't Nuthin ' Ta F ' Wit '' , from the album Enter the Wu - Tang Clan ( 36 Chambers ) . Several tracks by Clan members and affiliates such as Method Man , Ghostface , Cappadonna , Trife , DJ Mathematics and others were featured in the 2006 game Saints Row . Afro Samurai , based on the TV series , was released in January 2009 for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . Its soundtrack , like the show , was produced by RZA . Clothing line Oli `` Power '' Grant was one of the first to move from music to clothes . The Clan 's executive producer , Grant began making clothes in the early 1990s , with little success . But in 1995 , after the platinum success of Enter the Wu - Tang ( 36 Chambers ) , manufacturers who earlier would n't extend Power credit saw the potential . He opened four Wu Wear stores , in New York City , Los Angeles , Atlanta and Norfolk , Virginia . The line was carried in Macy 's , Rich 's , and d.e.m.o , among others . Power says he earned $10 million in 1998 . Method Man was unhappy with the decision to bring Wu - Tang into the fashion world with Wu Wear , despite the brand being a major money - maker for the group . `` When Wu - Wear started making shoes and sneakers and pants , it was shoddy material . I never rocked that shit . '' `` I 'm going to bring out Dirty Wear , '' declared ODB . `` A set of ready - worn clothes : ' Dirty Wear , for the girl who likes to wear her panties three days in a row . ' '' In 1999 , Nike released a Wu - Tang Clan themed dunk hi . The shoes were produced in low quantities . Their rarity and popularity makes them very sought after , with reseller prices as much as $7,500 . A partnership between Wu - Tang and the Alife NYC clothing group took place in 2007 through 2008 for an exclusive series of custom sneakers , T - shirts , hoodies and other accessories for men and women . The collection was named `` A Wu - Tang Life '' . Controversy G - unit Ghostface had a non-publicized feud with 50 Cent in the late 1990s and early 2000s . On 50 Cent 's track `` How to Rob '' insults were aimed at many high - profile rappers , including Wu - Tang . In the early 2000s the argument made it on to wax with skits titled `` Clyde Smith '' on Supreme Clientele featuring a low - pitched recording of what most fans believe to be Raekwon 's voice derisively making fun of 50 Cent 's behavior and his methods of attracting attention to himself . The skit also joked at other unnamed `` gangster rappers '' in New York . 50 Cent took offense and came back with a short track dissing Wu - Tang Clan , and Ghostface in particular . That track was later reworked into the titled Too Hot with 50 rapping over a sample of Ghostface on Raekwon 's album . 50 rose to fame , both he and Ghostface talked in interviews with SOHH.com and Hot 97 Radio about the supposed argument , both saying that the argument was never that serious and nothing major had happened . A supposed diss song , `` Small Change ( Who The Fuck Is 50 Cent ) '' , which circulated the web in the beginning of 2001 was rumoured to be by the Clan , but was proven to be recorded by Polite and Lord Superb of American Cream Team ( Raekwon 's then side - project ) . G - Unit member Tony Yayo has alleged that Ghostface had a ghostwriter for his critically acclaimed album Supreme Clientele . In an interview with Spin magazine , Yayo claimed that Far Rockaway native Lord Superb , who guested on the album , wrote a majority , if not all , of the lyrics . In an interview with hiphopdx.com Raekwon , who also appears on the album , responded saying : `` He ( Tony Yayo ) know damn well he ( Superb ) ai n't write that fuckin ' album . I do n't even wan na get into shit like that , because it just makes me upset that muthafuckas be running they mouth all kinda ways . But at the end of the day , I think Ghost gon na have to really say what he got ta say . '' However , in a November 2007 interview with Rhapsody Music , Ghost responded with `` ... ' Perb ( Superb ) is Rae 's ( Raekwon ) man . He been in the studio a few times while we 're doing shit . He ai n't write shit . All ' Perb contributed was a couple of lines that you could put in the air . When we write , we all do that . `` Say this one right here '' or `` Put this one right here . '' We all catch lines with each other ' cause you in the studio . You got niggas around you that write . Even if he did write a verse , he could never make an album of mine . He could n't make an album , you feel me ? I made Supreme Clientele what it is . Those are my stories , based around whatever they 're based upon . It 's me . I ca n't see what songs ' Perb wrote . He ai n't write `` Mighty Healthy '' or `` One '' or `` Apollo Kids '' or `` Cherchez LaGhost '' or `` Saturday Nite '' or `` Malcolm . '' U-God called Tony Yayo `` a bitch '' in an interview with Undergroundhiphop.com , and threatened to beat him down when he sees him , but said that no diss tracks will be recorded . The Notorious Big During his career , The Notorious B.I.G. had a checkered relationship with the Wu - Tang Clan . He collaborated with Raekwon on the 1994 Ron G song `` Stop the Breaks , '' which also featured Killa Sin and KRS - One ; the same year , on B.I.G. 's debut album Ready to Die , Method Man was featured on the song `` The What '' ( and was the only featured rapper on the album . ) The song , `` The What , '' was produced by Easy Mo Bee , who had strong ties to Notorious B.I.G. as well as several Clan members , such as RZA and GZA . According to Method Man , though even at this point friction was present between Biggie and the Clan , the two rappers got along : It was no secret : Rae did n't like him , Ghost did n't like him . They thought he was a biter . But if you look at Rae and Ghost , they do n't like nobody ! The rest of my niggas had love for Big . It was just Rae and Ghost ... and my niggas -- - it 's like we 're a unit , we moved as a unit . So where if one of my niggas ai n't speakin ' , then nobody was speakin ' . And we would just roll right by ( B.I.G. ) , walk right past . But Lil ' Cease can vouch for this , and my niggas can vouch for this -- - I always stopped to give word with Big . No matter what . There was a show ... and he had performed , and Wu - Tang had performed that night ... outside the club Big approached me and shit . Like , `` Yo , I wan na do something with you on my album . '' In 1995 , on the album Only Built 4 Cuban Linx ... , Raekwon and Ghostface Killah commented on Big in a skit called `` Shark Niggas ( Biters ) . '' Alleging that he copied the cover from Nas ' landmark release Illmatic , as well as styles from other rap artists . This generated longstanding controversy over their differences with B.I.G. , and in later interviews , both rappers would downplay the incident : `` It was one of them skits where we was looking at our competition . And when Ghost is saying whatever he was saying , we kinda knew who he was talking about , but it was n't like we was trying to start a beef . It 's just sometimes , when you get in the booth and you start saying what you wan na say , it just happened . '' God bless the dead , I love B.I.G. He 's a fucking icon . Even when I seen him out in Cali , I wanted to tell son , yo , let 's go ahead and make this record together because I matured through the years , and at the same time , I recognized good music . We shook hands on some peace shit , but that was all , cause they was on their way to leaving out . A day or two later , niggas ( killed him ) . In the Wu - Tang Manual , a book by the RZA on the origins of the Wu - Tang Clan , he recalls a concert at which Biggie and Wu - Tang both performed , at which Raekwon and Ghostface were reportedly under the influence , and angry at some comments B.I.G. made in The Source . In RZA 's view , had the artists and their entourages met up that night , things could have gotten violent , but nothing of the sort ever occurred . It is worth mentioning that on B.I.G. 's final studio album Life After Death he took a shot back at Raekwon on the song `` Kick in the Door '' ( which was a diss song to several other rappers as well ) with the line ; `` Fuck that , why try / Throw bleach in ya eye '' which was a response to lyrics from Raekwon 's song `` Ice Water '' , where Raekwon rhymed ; `` ... To top it all off , beefin ' for White / Pullin ' bleach out , tryin'a throw it in my eyesight . '' On the posthumous 1997 song `` Victory , '' released on Puff Daddy 's album No Way Out , B.I.G. also rhymes , `` Militant / Y'all faggots ai n't killin ' shit , '' in response to a Ghostface Killah line on the song `` Criminology '' where he raps ; `` RZA baked the track and it 's militant / Then I react like a convict , and start killin ' shit . '' It is also worth mentioning that B.I.G. chose RZA to produce the track `` Long Kiss Goodnight '' , a song allegedly aimed at Biggie 's longtime rival Tupac Shakur , which appeared on Life After Death . RZA went on to comment about the collaboration , saying `` Biggie was always pretty cool with me . He liked the Wu - Tang sound . He requested me to be on the album . I did n't know if everybody in his camp agreed with it ... but we was always cool with each other ... at the end he 's talking about everybody was fucking with them at that time . He could have even been talking about me ( laughs ) , ' cause there was some cuts at Biggie on the Cuban Linx ... album '' On the same album , B.I.G. gave thanks to Wu - Tang in the album 's liner notes , and also inserted lyrics praising the Wu - Tang Clan single `` C.R.E.A.M. '' ; on the song `` Notorious Thugs , '' he states , `` I'mma tell you like a nigga told me / Cash rules everything around me . '' On his 2002 album God 's Son , Nas references the feud on his song `` Last Real Nigga Alive , '' implying that although he and Big had their differences , they were friendly ; while he was also on good terms with Raekwon , neither Big nor Raekwon got along , and both warned Nas the other would copy his lyrics and style . In 2006 , Ghostface and Raekwon did a posthumous collaboration with B.I.G. , on the song `` Three Bricks , '' which was originally intended to appear on the posthumous Biggie album , Duets : The Final Chapter , but it instead became a bonus song on the Ghostface Killah album Fishscale . In 2008 , Raekwon did a cover of Jadakiss ' hit `` Letter to B.I.G. , '' injecting his own thoughts on his deceased former rival . Sean Combs In 1998 , ODB rushed onstage unexpectedly during Shawn Colvin 's acceptance speech for `` Song of the Year '' at the Grammy Awards , and began complaining that he had recently purchased expensive clothes in anticipation of winning the `` Best Rap Album '' award that he lost to Sean Combs . Before being escorted off - stage , he implored the audience , `` I do n't know how you all see it , but when it comes to the children , Wu - Tang is for the children . We teach the children . Puffy is good , but Wu - Tang is the best . I want you all to know that this is ODB , and I love you all . Peace ! '' His bizarre onstage antics were widely reported in the mainstream media . Dirty made it known on The Howard Stern Show that he meant no disrespect to Combs , but that feelings were hurt on Combs ' end . Later that night Combs ' bodyguards would physically threaten ODB , but Dirty insisted to his friends and family in attendance that no violence broke out . Following the award show , Howard Stern asked Dirty about the incident with Diddy 's bodyguards on his radio show , but Dirty would n't play up the incident as he did n't want to shine a bad light on hip hop because of one minor altercation . Ghostface appeared on the 2002 Bad Boy Records release , We Invented the Remix , along with Combs on the remix to the song `` Special Delivery . '' Ghostface even gives Bad Boy Records a shout out for inviting him on the track when he raps `` Bad Boy , thank you for this special delivery . '' Combs was one of the executive producers for Method Man 's 2004 album Tical 0 : The Prequel , although Meth later voiced his displeasure with the final product . `` On the third LP , it was suggested to bring in Harve Pierre and P Diddy . Who am I to argue ? Puff knows how to sell some records . But that was n't the direction to go in , and I know that now . '' In 2006 , Method Man also called out Combs ' decisions on the posthumous Notorious B.I.G. album Duets : The Final Chapter , saying that Biggie never would have rocked with some of the sub-par rappers featured on it . He also brought up the fact that he was the only other rapper that Biggie chose to feature on his debut album Ready to Die . Mase After badmouthing Wu - Tang at a concert , Bad Boy recording artist Mase had a run - in with Ghostface and his entourage at a club in New York City . There was some sort of physical altercation between Mase 's and Ghostface 's camps , and Mase left the incident with a broken jaw . Kanye West is among several rappers who have made reference to the incident , rapping `` ... if you could feel how my face felt / You would know how Mase felt ... '' on his single `` Through the Wire '' . Shyheim also referred to the incident in a freestyle , with the line `` The Empire State , where Ghostface retired Mase '' . In the June 2007 issue of Hip Hop Connection magazine , Wu - Tang affiliate Cilvaringz stated that Ghostface had in fact done time in jail for `` beating up '' Mase . Joe Budden In 2009 , Joe Budden posted a video blog voicing his opinion on a `` Best rapper '' readers ' poll posted in Vibe magazine . Throughout the video , Budden gave examples of rappers who were ranked too high , and claimed to be better than half of the rappers on the list . Some of the people he mentioned were Melle Mel , Prodigy , Ol ' Dirty Bastard , and Method Man . At the end of the video , he went on to say that he 'd beat Method Man in a battle if they were face to face . Shortly after this , Budden called into Ed Lover 's Power 105.1 , and took his claim on Method Man even further by stating , `` Lyrically , I will cut that man 's head off his shoulders '' . Several weeks later , Joe Budden did a freestyle track titled `` D.O.A. Freestyle '' , which many speculated of containing veiled shots towards Method Man and several members of Wu - Tang . Method Man was overseas while all of this occurred , but eventually spoke out about it on several radio interviews . While Raekwon was on the Rock the Bells tour with Joe Budden and his group Slaughterhouse , the two got together to settle any bad blood . This calmed things down for a short while , until Wu - Tang member Inspectah Deck released a Joe Budden diss track entitled `` House Nigga '' , which was a response to Budden 's remarks . A few days after releasing this track , on July 9 , 2009 , Deck went on stage at the Columbia , MD show of Rock the Bells , during Raekwon 's set , and told the audience the reason for the diss track was because `` the nigga tried to diss my brother , he tried to shit on my nigga like my nigga ai n't a made man ... fuck Joe Budden '' ( referring to what Budden said about Method Man ) . Joe Budden did not retaliate with a diss track , but however , posted a five - minute video blog in which he said that he wanted to slap Deck and called Deck a coward . At the San Bernardino stop of Rock the Bells , Raekwon approached Budden with his Ice Water Inc. entourage , resulting in Budden getting punched in the right eye . Shortly after this occurred , Joe Budden posted yet another online video blog of him with an ice pack over his eye , with many speculating Raekwon as the one who did the assault . It was later revealed that the punch was thrown by a member of Raekwon 's entourage named Hanz . Hanz stated that he `` did not appreciate Budden speaking disrespectfully about Inspectah Deck and Method Man in interviews over the summer . '' He further commented `` I punched him in the face because he was outta line . I look at him like , not the school yard bully , but the motherfucker that 's always picking on a motherfucker that do n't fuck with nobody . To say something about a nigga like Meth is crazy , Meth do n't fuck with nobody . I 'm not gon na sit here and say Rae made me do it , that was a spontaneous decision on my own . I 'm glad I did it , ' cause he got a big mouth ... It was n't actually planned , he could have actually changed that whole situation as it unfolded , as it went on '' . Although Joe Budden and Raekwon reportedly were sat down and forced to settle things on the final day of the tour , Budden released a video on his website challenging Raekwon to a one - on - one fight , and called on all his fans to help persuade Raekwon to accept , despite the fact that it was n't Raekwon who threw the punch . Raekwon however did not accept , and explained that he is a grown man with a family , and that fighting would be childish . He also stated `` This has never ever been a Wu - Tang versus Slaughterhouse thing , this is about a kid who gets off on doing blogs . My thing is this , I 'm a business man , I 'm here to make money , take care of my family and keep as many people safe and sound as possible . We not gon na take it there ' cause that 's little shit , we are grown men . I will never jump out the window to sacrifice the situation with my family for something that ai n't worth it '' . Since the incident , Budden has stated in interviews the feud was over , and Raekwon made a similar announcement during a show , stating that he `` had love '' for Joe Budden . Collaborators Main article : List of Wu - Tang Clan affiliates The Wu - Tang Clan has a wide range of collaborators and associates . Close collaborators to individual members or the group as a whole include or have included mainly East Coast - based artists , including Redman , Mobb Deep , Busta Rhymes , Erick Sermon , Nas , Pete Rock , and others . Wu - Tang Killa Beez aka Killa Beez The Wu - Tang clan also has many `` affiliates '' which receive support , financial and otherwise , from within the Clan . These are collectively known as the Wu - Tang Killa Beez , aka Killa Beez . The association of these artists with Wu - Tang varies greatly , and they include solo artists and groups . Easy Mo Bee Main articles : Words from the Genius and Ooh I Love You Rakeem In the late 1980s , future Wu - Tang Clan co-founders RZA and GZA were signed under different monikers to Cold Chillin ' Records , the label home of Big Daddy Kane and Kool G. Rap , among others . During their tenure , producer Easy Mo Bee provided RZA ( under the name Prince Rakeem ) with his first hit single , `` Ooh I Love You Rakeem '' , and produced much of GZA 's ( under the alias The Genius ) true first album , Words From the Genius . Around this time , according to the Wu - Tang Manual , RZA accredits Easy Mo Bee with mentoring him and providing equipment for RZA to continue practicing beatmaking . In 1994 , after linking up with Bad Boy Entertainment , Mo Bee began producing a fair share of Ready to Die , The Notorious B.I.G. 's debut album . The only rap feature on the album was Method Man , who appeared on the Easy Mo Bee - produced `` The What . '' 1998 saw the producer produce for RZA once again , on the Ras Kass song `` The End , '' and Wu - Tang member Raekwon was featured on Easy 's solo album , Odyssey 2000 : Now or Never alongside Busta Rhymes on the song `` Let 's Make a Toast . '' Seven years later , Mo Bee would go on to co-produce a track alongside RZA on the group 's fifth group album , 8 Diagrams . Wu - Element producer True Master has also credited Easy Mo Bee with teaching him certain production tips , such as snare , hi - hat and volume change techniques . Pete Rock Like Easy Mo Bee , New York producer Pete Rock first began his association with the Wu - Tang before it was formally founded -- by playing mentor to RZA , then under the moniker Prince Rakeem . In the book `` The Wu - Tang Manual , '' RZA admits to effectively stealing equipment from the successful producer , borrowing and never returning an MPC . Pete first produced for the Wu - Tang when its members Ghostface Killah , Raekwon , Inspectah Deck and Method Man made appearances on his 1998 album Soul Survivor . The following year , the producer provided beats for Raekwon 's second album Immobilarity , Inspectah Deck 's debut album Uncontrolled Substance , and Wu members RZA and GZA appeared on Pete 's 2004 follow - up solo album Soul Survivor II . Since then the frequency of Pete Rock 's collaborations with the Wu - Tang have increased , as he provided production for Ghostface Killah 's two 2006 solo albums , Fishscale and More Fish ( including the unreleased song , `` Chunky '' ) ; Masta Killa 's 2006 second album Made in Brooklyn ; the Raekwon - and Masta Killa - featuring song `` PJ 's '' from his own third solo album , NY 's Finest ; the single `` A Yo '' from Method Man & Redman 's Blackout ! 2 ; the song `` Sonny 's Missing , '' from Raekwon 's Only Built 4 Cuban Linx ... pt. II ; and the track `` How You Like Me Baby ? '' from Ghostface Killah 's Apollo Kids . Nas In 1995 , New York rapper Nas became the first artist with no previous ties to the Wu - Tang to be featured on any Wu - Tang album -- namely , Raekwon 's Only Built 4 Cuban Linx ... Following this appearance , Nas and Raekwon began to collaborate more often , frequently being featured on the same songs . That same year , Nas and Raekwon appeared on Mobb Deep 's The Infamous , on the track `` Eye For An Eye ; '' in 1998 , they appeared on the Fat Joe single `` John Blaze , '' alongside Big Pun and Jadakiss . During the same time period , Nas and Method Man co-starred in the film Belly , and collaborated on its soundtrack . Nas was later featured on the Wu - Tang Clan album The W , on the song `` Let My Niggas Live , '' which also featured Raekwon , as well as Inspectah Deck . In 2009 , before the release of his anticipated Only Built 4 Cuban Linx ... Pt. II , Raekwon stated that Nas was intended to be on the song `` Broken Safety '' with Jadakiss , but Nas was never able to find time to record . However , Nas was able to appear on Raekwon 's fifth solo album titled Shaolin vs. Wu - Tang on the song `` Rich and Black '' although his verse was from an old mixtape from 2001 . Mobb Deep In 1995 , the same year that Raekwon 's debut came out , the Wu - Tang rapper appeared on Mobb Deep 's seminal The Infamous ; aside from `` Eye For An Eye , '' he and Ghostface Killah appeared on the track `` Right Back At You . '' A year later , Method Man and Raekwon made appearances on separate tracks on the duo 's follow - up album , Hell on Earth . In 1997 Mobb Deep member Prodigy and Method Man collaborated on the soundtrack to Bulworth , on the DJ Muggs - produced song `` Bulworth , '' which also featured KRS - One and Kam ; in 1998 , Prodigy was featured on `` The Game , '' a song from Pete Rock 's solo debut Soul Survivor , once again alongside Ghostface Killah and Raekwon . The same year , Prodigy made an appearance on Big Pun 's debut album Capital Punishment , on the song `` Tres Leches ( Triboro Trilogy ) , '' also featuring Inspectah Deck as well as produced by RZA . Also in 1998 , Mobb Deep appeared on Method Man 's second album , Tical 2000 : Judgement Day , on the song `` Play IV Keeps , '' which was produced by Mobb Deep producer Havoc. 1999 saw Prodigy , Inspectah Deck and U-God appear on the Blondie single , `` No Exit , '' as well as a Raekwon appearance on the duo 's third album , Murda Muzik . Havoc later appeared on Raekwon 's 2003 album , The Lex Diamond Story , on the song `` King of Kings , '' and in 2006 he produced the song `` Somebody Done Fucked Up Now '' for Method Man 's album 4 : 21 ... The Day After while Prodigy and Ghostface would collaborate on the song `` Trials of Life '' for DJ Green Lantern . More recently Havoc collaborated with the Wu on J. Dilla 's posthumous single `` 24K Rap '' alongside Raekwon , and `` Evil Deeds '' from the Wu - Tang Clan compilation album Chamber Music . Raekwon also leaked a 2009 song with Mobb Deep called `` Road to Riches . '' Havoc also made a guest appearance as a producer and rapper on the song `` Your World , My World '' which was a bonus iTunes track off of Raekwon 's fifth studio album Shaolin vs. Wu - Tang . Redman Method Man and Def Squad member / EPMD protégé Redman were signed as solo artists to Def Jam Records in 1994 ; their first recorded collaboration was `` Double Deuces , '' a commercial recorded for St. Ides malt liquor . They were also featured on `` Got My Mind Made Up , '' a 2Pac song on his All Eyez on Me . With a chemistry based in similar rhyme delivery and stoner humor , their collaboration led to a hit single , `` How High . '' Method Man and Redman went on to make 2 albums as a duo , `` Blackout , '' and `` Blackout 2 '' , with RZA and Mathematics contributing production to both projects . The successful partnership of Redman and Method led to a major studio film `` How High '' , and a short - lived sitcom `` Method and Red '' . Method Man and Redman were frequently featured together on other rapper 's songs , such as LL Cool J 's `` 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 '' single in 1997 . While best known for his partnership with Method Man , Redman has collaborated with the rest of the clan on several occasions . Redman was featured on the track `` Redbull '' from Wu Tang Clan 's `` The W '' in 2000 , and on `` Troublemakers '' from Ghostface Killah 's `` Apollo Kids '' in 2010 . Redman has toured with Ghostface Killah & Raekwon , and was brought on stage by the entire Wu - Tang as a surprise guest during their sets at 2013 's Coachella and Bonnaroo music festivals . Due to his constant visibility next to Method Man , and his tendency to wear Wu - Tang related clothing on stage , some fans have confused Redman for being more than just an affiliate of the Wu - Tang Clan . Redman raised speculation himself when a quote he gave to XXL made headlines in 2010 , `` I am the last member of Wu Tang , like Method Man he 's a part of Def Squad . Meth has been a part of Def Squad before I was a member . I was like a member . But I was affiliated and I was n't signed in , but , I 'm definitely -- they got my number . Number 11th and I am officially a Wu Tang member right now . '' When asked to respond , RZA downplayed the notion , stating that although Redman was like family to Wu - Tang , he 's more `` like a first cousin '' . AZ AZ began his career as an affiliate of Nas . The Brooklyn rapper first recorded with the Wu in 1996 , when Raekwon joined him for a RZA - produced remix of his first single , `` Doe or Die . '' In 1998 , the rapper linked up with RZA again on the album Pieces of a Man , and in 2005 he featured Raekwon and Ghostface Killah on his album AWOL . In 2009 , AZ was featured on the Wu - Tang compilation album Chamber Music , and appeared alongside Raekwon and Ghostface again in 2010 on DJ Kay Slay 's album More Than Just a DJ . In 2011 , AZ appeared on the title track of Wu - Tang 's Legendary Weapons alongside Ghostface Killah and M.O.P . Additionally , in 2013 , he was featured on the remix to Raekwon 's track `` ' 86 '' from the compilation album Lost Jewlry . In 2014 , AZ made his most extensive collaboration with a Wu - Tang member to date , appearing on five cuts from Ghostface 's 36 Seasons concept album . AZ played a major role in the album 's narrative as a partner in crime from the past to Ghostface 's character that was released from jail after nine years . Busta Rhymes New York rapper Busta Rhymes first collaborated with the Wu - Tang Clan when he and Method Man appeared together on the 1995 remix to the Boyz II Men single `` Vibin ' . '' In 1996 he released a remix to his single `` Woo - Hah ! ! ( Got You All In Check ) '' featuring Ol ' Dirty Bastard , and was featured on the soundtrack to Space Jam with Method Man . In 2000 Ghostface Killah and Raekwon appeared on Busta 's album Anarchy , on the song `` The Heist '' , and Busta appeared with Raekwon on Easy Mo Bee 's solo album , Odyssey 2000 : Now or Never , and guested on The W on the song `` The Monument . '' Busta later contributed to Method Man 's album Tical 0 : The Prequel . As executive producer Busta helped Raekwon assemble Cuban Linx II and provided the rapper with a link to Dr. Dre . Raekwon appeared on Busta 's 2006 album The Big Bang , on the Dr. Dre / Erick Sermon - produced song `` Goldmine , '' and Busta in turn appeared on the Dr. Dre - produced `` About Me '' from 2009 's Only Built 4 Cuban Linx II . In addition , Busta later appeared on Capone - N - Noreaga 's 2010 album The War Report 2 : Report the War , their first on Raekwon 's label IceH20 Records , on the song `` The Oath '' which also featured Raekwon . Busta also appeared on Ghostface Killah 's album Apollo Kids later that year , and appeared in 2011 on Raekwon 's fifth solo album Shaolin vs. Wu - Tang . The L.O.X. Jadakiss , one - third of Yonkers , New York - based group the L.O.X. , first collaborated with a member of the Wu - Tang Clan in 1998 on the single `` John Blaze '' with Raekwon . While the collaboration led to associations with Nas and Fat Joe as well , Jada 's group began to collaborate with the Wu - Tang on a more regular basis . L.O.X. member Sheek Louch collaborated with Method Man and Redman on Ryde or Die Vol. 2 in 2001 , on the track `` Two Tears in a Bucket . '' He also appeared on Raekwon 's third album The Lex Diamond Story in 2003 ; in 2004 , Jadakiss appeared on `` Run , '' the RZA - produced hit single from Ghostface Killah 's The Pretty Toney Album , which also featured the song `` Metal Lungies , '' a collaboration with the other two L.O.X. members , Styles P and Sheek Louch . The following year Ghostface appeared on Louch 's 2005 album , After Taxes ; in 2006 , Sheek made a return appearance on Ghostface 's Fishscale , and Raekwon appeared alongside Jadakiss and others on Hi - Tek 's album Hi - Teknology 2 : The Chip , on the song `` Where it Started At . '' Ghostface Killah appeared on L.O.X. member Styles P 's 2007 album , Super Gangster ( Extraordinary Gentleman ) , and Styles was set to appear on Ghostface 's Big Doe Rehab , having recorded a version of the song `` Tony Sigel A.K.A. Barrel Brothers '' with Styles . In 2009 , Jadakiss featured Raekwon and Ghostface Killah on his album The Last Kiss , on the single `` Cartel Gathering '' , and Raekwon featured Jadakiss and Styles P on his album Only Built 4 Cuban Linx II ; Sheek Louch and new D - Block addition Bully also appeared on the Method Man , Ghostface Killah and Raekwon album , Wu - Massacre . Inspectah Deck has also stated that he intends to reach out to Jadakiss to appear on his next and final album , The Rebellion . In addition , Ghostface and Sheek Louch have announced a collaboration album called Wu - Block . A joint effort released in 2012 , the album is a street orientated sound full - out collabo between the D - Block and Wu camps . Kool G Rap Kool G Rap began appearing with the Wu - Tang starting in 1999 , on the single `` Cakes , '' produced by and featuring RZA for the soundtrack to Ghost Dog : The Way of the Samurai . He had always been held in high regard amongst clan members , particularly RZA , Ghost , and Rae . In 2003 , G Rap appeared on Inspectah Deck 's album The Movement , and went on to make appearances on the Ghostface Killah / Trife da God joint album Put it on the Line , and Raekwon 's EP Dope on the Table in the years following . In 2009 , he was featured on RZA 's Afro Samurai : Resurrection soundtrack `` , and Wu - Tang 's Chamber Music '' . In 2012 , Kool G Rap was featured alongside Wu - Tang Clan members on the soundtrack to RZA 's film `` The Man with the Iron Fists , '' on the track `` Rivers of Blood . '' In 2014 , Kool G Rap appeared on three cuts from Ghostface 's concept album 36 Seasons . DJ Muggs West coast producer and Cypress Hill co-founder DJ Muggs began collaborating with the Wu - Tang in 1995 , when RZA and U-God appeared on the RZA - produced Cypress Hill song `` Killa Hill Niggas '' from the album III : Temples of Boom . In 1997 , Muggs produced the Method Man / Prodigy collaboration `` Bulworth . '' In addition , RZA and GZA appeared on his album Soul Assassins I , and GZA appeared on the 2000 followup , Soul Assassins II . In return , Muggs produced a song on GZA 's 2002 album Legend of the Liquid Sword , which led to Muggs and GZA recording the 2005 joint album Grandmasters . That same year Muggs produced the song `` Black Opera '' for Skillz , which featured Raekwon . Additionally , GZA appeared on the DJ Muggs - produced Planet Asia album Pain Language in 2008 . In 2009 , Raekwon spoke about recording new material with DJ Muggs , presumably for his album Cuban Linx II , but nothing surfaced until he appeared on the song `` Chase Manhattan '' from the DJ Muggs / Ill Bill album Kill Devil Hills . MF Doom Main article : Swift & Changeable The underground rapper / producer MF Doom 's first collaboration with the Wu - Tang Clan was in 2005 , when he appeared with the RZA on `` Biochemical Equation '' ( which RZA also produced ) , from the compilation album Wu - Tang Meets the Indie Culture . When Doom anonymously submitted a beat tape for Ghostface Killah , several of his tracks made the cut for Ghostface 's 2006 albums Fishscale and More Fish , including the song `` 9 Milli Bros. , '' which featured the Wu - Tang Clan in its entirety . Doom also provided production for Masta Killa 's 2006 album Made in Brooklyn . An album - long collaboration with Ghostface Killah was rumored for several years , and various songs leaked that reportedly were recorded for the project , which was to be entitled either Ghostface Meets Metalface or Swift & Changeable . The project has not yet surfaced , but in July 2009 Ghostface reported having recorded his parts for the record and said he was simply waiting for Doom to finish his parts . Since More Fish , several new collaborations by the two have surfaced , including `` Chinatown Wars '' ( from the soundtrack to Grand Theft Auto : Chinatown Wars ) , `` Angeles , '' `` The Mask , '' and the J. Dilla - produced `` Sniper Elite '' and `` Murder Goons . '' Additionally , Raekwon appeared on Doom 's album Born Like This . Ghostface Killah and Doom released the track `` Victory Laps '' and in early 2013 , Ghostface announced that the collaboration album Swift & Changeable is on track to be released by the end of the year . Kanye West Main article : My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy In 2000 , Kanye West got some of his first major production placements on former Bad Boy producer D - Dot ( The Madd Rapper ) 's debut album , Tell ' Em Why U Madd , including the song `` Ghetto , '' which featured Raekwon . In 2001 , West produced the bulk of Jay - Z 's successful and highly praised album The Blueprint , implementing an augmented version of a technique pioneered by RZA ; Kanye has since revealed that the beats he and fellow Roc producer Just Blaze produced were originally created for Ghostface Killah , before announcing that Ghostface inspired his sound and style . During the recording sessions for West 's 2004 debut College Dropout , Wu - Tang member and then - Roc - A-Fella artist Ol ' Dirty Bastard recorded a chorus and backing vocals for the song `` Keep the Receipt , '' which was left off the album but released on a mixtape . In 2006 , Kanye was featured on the remix to Ghostface Killah 's hit single , `` Back Like That . '' In 2010 , West and Raekwon collaborated again on the Kanye - produced remix to Justin Bieber 's single `` Runaway Love . '' The beat , produced by West , playfully utilized elements from `` Wu Tang Clan Ai n't Nuthing ta Fuck Wit . '' Following up on the song , Raekwon guested on several tracks cut from West 's My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy , which were released as songs in the producer 's weekly G.O.O.D. Fridays series . On the album 's proper release , Raekwon was featured on the track `` Gorgeous '' alongside West and Kid Cudi ; in addition , RZA co-produced the song `` Dark Fantasy '' with West and producer No I.D. , and appeared on the song `` So Appalled '' alongside Jay - Z , Pusha T and CyHi da Prince . RZA also produced the song `` New Day '' with West off the Kanye West & Jay - Z 's collaborative effort Watch the Throne . More recently , both Raekwon and Ghostface Killah were featured on the G.O.O.D. Music compilation album , Cruel Summer . In 2012 , he and RZA collaborated on the track `` White Dress '' for the soundtrack for `` Man with the Iron Fists . '' M.O.P. In 2005 , a remix to Ol Dirty Bastard 's `` Pop Shots '' was released on M.O.P. 's St. Marxmen mixtape . The track was recorded when M.O.P. and ODB were label mates on Roc - A-Fella records . In 2009 , M.O.P. appeared on the compilation album Wu - Tang Chamber Music ; the project was almost completely produced by Lil ' Fame of M.O.P. , under the moniker of Fizzy Womack , alongside RZA , The Revelations and others . The duo appeared on the track `` Ill Figures '' alongside Raekwon and Kool G. Rap ; in 2011 , they also guested on the title track for the compilation album Legendary Weapons , alongside Ghostface Killah and AZ . M.O.P. appears on a single for the soundtrack for `` Man with the Iron Fists , '' on the track `` Black Out '' with Ghostface Killah and Pharoahe Monch , which is also produced by Lil ' Fame . Other artists Main article : List of Wu - Tang Clan affiliates Ghostface Killah 's Fishscale also boasted work by underground sensation and Detroit , Michigan producer J. Dilla , who died shortly after . However , just as the producer 's music has continued to surface in other artists ' projects , several productions Dilla created for Raekwon made the final cut of the rapper 's 2009 album . The year 2009 witnessed the release of the long - delayed , highly anticipated Only Built 4 Cuban Linx ... Pt. II . The album made heavy use of longtime and short - term Wu - Tang associates , featuring frequent collaborators Pete Rock , Erick Sermon and Busta Rhymes while cementing the associate status of newer collaborators : namely , Beanie Sigel , J. Dilla , The Alchemist and Dr. Dre , all of whom have worked -- in a limited capacity -- with the Wu - Tang Clan previously . As of 2010 , the number of Wu - Tang affiliates has grown further : Capone - N - Noreaga , a rap duo from Queens , New York City , signed with Raekwon 's IceH20 Records on February 18 , 2010 and enlisted the Wu - Tang rapper to serve as an executive producer of their latest album , The War Report 2 . Bun B has also appeared on several songs with Wu - Tang members in 2009 -- 10 : after being featured on Method Man & Redman 's Blackout ! 2 , Bun made appearances on Raekwon 's Only Built 4 Cuban Linx II ( Gold Edition ) , made up of tracks cut from the original product , and appeared on Redman 's latest album Reggie alongside Redman and Method Man . Since 2009 , RZA has made a series of appearances alongside Ohio blues rock band The Black Keys : `` Dollaz & Sense '' and `` Tellin ' Me Things '' from the Dame Dash - sponsored collaborative album Blakroc , and the single `` The Baddest Man Alive '' from The Man with the Iron Fists soundtrack . Pharoahe Monch appeared alongside RZA and others on the 1999 `` Wake Up Show Anthem , '' most of which uses the beat from `` Airwaves , '' an interlude from RZA 's album Bobby Digital in Stereo . Monch also featured Method Man on the remix to his 1999 single , `` Simon Says '' ; he also collaborated with RZA on `` Dollaz & Sense , '' and appears with Ghostface Killah and M.O.P. on the soundtrack for The Man with the Iron Fists , on the track `` Black Out . '' Discography Main article : Wu - Tang Clan discography See also : Wu - Tang Clan anthology , List of Wu - Tang Clan affiliate albums , and Wu - Tang Clan videography Enter the Wu - Tang ( 36 Chambers ) ( 1993 ) Wu - Tang Forever ( 1997 ) The W ( 2000 ) Iron Flag ( 2001 ) 8 Diagrams ( 2007 ) A Better Tomorrow ( 2014 ) See also List of Wu - Tang Clan affiliates New York City portal References Jump up ^ `` WU - TANG CLAN -- ENTER THE WU - TANG ( Vinyl LP ) at Music Direct '' . www.musicdirect.com . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wu - Tang Clan : : Enter the Wu - Tang ( 36 Chambers ) : : Loud / RCA '' . www.rapreviews.com . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Jonathan , Cohen . `` Wu - Tang Documentary Heads To BET , DVD . '' www.billboard.com . Billboard . October 3 , 2008 Wu - Tang Documentary Heads To BET , DVD Jump up ^ `` wuforever.com '' . Wuforever.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Steven J. ( June 29 , 2011 ) . `` Raekwon Reveals Wu - Tang Clan Is Working On A New Album '' . Hiphopdx.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vasquez , Andres ( July 15 , 2011 ) . `` Ghostface Killah Promises Wu - Block LP , New Wu - Tang LP & More '' . Hiphopdx.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wanna Rap on a GZA Album ? News '' . Pitchfork. April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` RZA Hints At Wu - Tang Clan Dropping A Final Album On The 20th Anniversary Of `` Enter The Wu - Tang ( 36 Chambers ) '' `` . Hiphopdx.com . October 10 , 2012 . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Raekwon Says Wu - Tang Clan Reunion May Not Happen '' . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wu Tang Album is in the works . Hold on tight '' . Facebook . January 9 , 2013 . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Method Man Says New Wu - Tang Clan Album Will Drop in 2013 '' . Complex . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boardman , Madeline ( March 10 , 2013 ) . `` New Wu - Tang Clan : Cappadonna Says The Group Will Celebrate Its Anniversary With New Music '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Making of Ghostface Killah and Adrian Younge 's `` Twelve Reasons to Die '' -- Page 8 of 8 -- XXL `` . Xxlmag.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rose Lilah . `` Wu - Tang Clan Announce Reunion Album Title '' . HotNewHipHop . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harling , Danielle . `` Wu - Tang Clan Reunite At Coachella , R. Kelly Performs With Phoenix Get The Latest Hip Hop News , Rap News & Hip Hop Album Sales '' . HipHop DX . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Listen To Wu - Tang Clan 's `` Execution in Autumn '' ( Produced By Frank Dukes ) -- XXL `` . Xxlmag.com . May 17 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Announcing The Summer Jam XX Artist Line - Up '' . HOT 97 . April 2 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2013 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Family Reunion Soul Temple Music '' . Soultemplemusic.bandcamp.com . June 5 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Previously Unreleased Ol ' Dirty Bastard Verses To Be Unearthed For New Wu - Tang Clan Album -- XXL '' . Xxlmag.com . July 25 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Paine , Jake ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` RZA Explains `` The Cure '' Delay , Wu - Tang Clan 's `` A Better Tomorrow '' Progress Get The Latest Hip Hop News , Rap News & Hip Hop Album Sales `` . HipHop DX . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Baker , Soren ( July 7 , 2013 ) . `` Cappadonna Clamoring For Swizz Beatz , Diddy Production On New Wu - Tang Clan LP Get The Latest Hip Hop News , Rap News & Hip Hop Album Sales '' . HipHop DX . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wu&A : The RZA on Enter the Wu - Tang 20 Years Later and Who 's Holding Up the Wu 's Reunion Album -- Hollywood Prospectus Blog '' . Grantland . October 17 , 2012 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rys , Dan ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` Method Man On Wu - Tang 's New Album , Chris Brown And Why He 's Not A Rapper -- Page 3 of 3 -- XXL '' . Xxlmag.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Talbott , Chris ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` RZA : Wu - Tang 's ' A Better Tomorrow ' Album Still ' Six Weeks Out ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martins , Chris ( January 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wu - Tang Clan 's ' A Better Tomorrow ' Is Coming Soon ( Again ) '' . Spin . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wu - Tang Clan Announces RZA & Raekwon Truce '' . Hiphopdx.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wu - Tang Clan ink deal with Warner Bros. , will release album Dec. 2 '' . Jump up ^ `` Wu - Tang Clan producing one copy of new album Once Upon A Time In Shaolin '' . Jump up ^ `` Unlocking The Wu - Tang Clan 's Secret Album In Morocco '' . Jump up ^ Zack O'Malley Greenburg ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` Why Wu - Tang Will Release Just One Copy Of Its Secret Album '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RZA Says He Has $5 Million Offer For One Copy Of Wu - Tang Clan 's `` The Wu -- Once Upon A Time In Shaolin '' Album `` . Hiphopdx.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Skrillex Did Not Buy Wu Tang Clan 's $5 Million Album '' . Hiphopdx.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Plante , Chris ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` FBI : We do n't have the Wu - Tang album , leave us alone '' . The Verge . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Shkreli leaks Wu - Tang Clan album in celebration of Trump victory '' . The Guardian . November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cilvaringz : Wu Tang Report '' . Wu - Tang Corp. April 18 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Time Travelin ' with the Genius -- Oh Word '' . Ohword.com . September 20 , 2005 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2008 . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ol ' Dirty Bastard -- Cause Of Death Revealed News '' . Nme.Com . December 16 , 2004 . Retrieved March 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A w / Raekwon of the Wu - Tang Clan : The Iron Chef '' . ThaFormula.com. April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Masta Killa -- `` No Said Date '' `` . Metacritic. 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Cappadonna Music Videos , News , Photos , Tour Dates , Ringtones , and Lyrics '' . MTV . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Remix Web Site Product Reviews , Articles , Tutorials on Music Production and Performance for Urban , Electronic and Hip - Hop Artists '' . Remixmag.com . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wu&A : The RZA on Enter the Wu - Tang 20 Years Later and Who 's Holding Up the Wu 's Reunion Album `` '' . Grantland.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wu - Tang Clan member Cappadonna says ' recording has begun ' on new album News '' . Nme.Com . March 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryon , Sean ( March 24 , 2013 ) . `` Today In Hip - Hop : Cappadonna Drops Debut Album -- XXL '' . Xxlmag.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnsen , Homer ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` Cappadonna Reveals Reaching A Higher Consciousness On `` Eyrth , Wynd & Fyre '' Rappers Talk Hip Hop Beef & Old School Hip Hop `` . HipHop DX . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wu - Tang Clan Still Reign As ' The Craziest , ' 20 Years After Their Classic Debut '' . MTV.com . November 6 , 2013 . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The RZA ; Chris Norris ( January 2005 ) . The Wu - Tang Manual . New York : Riverhead Freestyle , 243 pages . ISBN 1 - 59448 - 018 - 4 Jump up ^ Tyrangiel , Josh ( August 21 , 2005 ) . `` Why You Ca n't Ignore Kanye -- TIME '' . Time . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gale -- Free Resources -- Black History -- Biographies -- Kanye West '' . Gale.com . June 8 , 1977 . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2006 . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Reid , Shaheem ( March 6 , 2007 ) . `` Outkast , Justin On Our Top 10 Hip - Hop Groups '' . MTV . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vibe Magazine . Vbeat : Clan in da Front by Linda Hobbs . November 2007 . Page 52 . Jump up ^ `` Dear Superstar : Method Man Article on Blender : : The Ultimate Guide to Music and More '' . Blender.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Roy ( July 1997 ) . `` One of these men is God '' . Select : 60 . Jump up ^ `` nike dunk hi `` wu - tang '' 630335 073 `` . Flightclubny.com . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2010 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` zSHARE -- 50 cent -- dissin ghostface. mp3 '' . Zshare.net . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Features '' . SPIN . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Raekwon : Hell 's Kitchen Features > HipHopDX.com '' . Hiphopdx.com . July 27 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2007 . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kuperstein , Slava . Ghostface Killah tells Tony Yayo to `` Suck a Fat D -- k '' . hiphopdx.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U-God ( of Wu - Tang Clan ) -- ' Interview ( Live At Rock The Bells 2007 -- New York , NY -- July 28 , 2007 ) ' ( Interview Video ) -- Underground Hip Hop dot com '' . Undergroundhiphop.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Making of Ready to Die : Family Business '' . XXLmag.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Making of Only Built 4 Cuban Linx '' . Scribd.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Making of Life After Death : Many Men '' . XXLmag.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ol ' Dirty Bastard interrupts Grammy 's '' . YouTube . April 8 , 2006 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived June 13 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Reid , Shaheem ( June 2 , 2006 ) . `` Method Man Seeks Clarity On New LP '' . MTV . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Langhorne , Cyrus . Raekwon 's Associate Comes Forward , `` I Punched Joe Budden In The Face Cause He Was Wrong '' ( Video ) Archived July 16 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... sohh.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Good for Hip Hop : Raekwon says `` We 're going to keep it moving ... that 's it , I got love for Joe Budden '' `` . MissInfo.tv . August 16 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Slaughterhouse with Angie Martinez : on ending Rae beef , Joe Budden says `` I think we 're already there '' `` . MissInfo.tv . August 13 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : The Wu - Tang Manual . Riverhead Trade . 2005 . ISBN 1 - 59448 - 018 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` True Master Interiew With Beattips.com '' . Nodfactor.Com . May 3 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2010 . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Hip Hop News , Audio , Lyrics , Videos , Honeys , Wear , Sneakers , Download Mixtapes '' . Hiphopgame.ihiphop.com . October 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Reid , Shaheem ( August 27 , 2009 ) . `` Nas Misses Raekwon 's Cuban Linx II '' . MTV . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ XXL . `` Redman : `` I Am Officially A Wu - Tang Member '' `` . XXL . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ SOHH . `` SOHH.com -- RZA Unravels Redman 's Wu Tang Clan Membership '' . SOHH . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ HipHopDX . `` For New Hip Hop music , Hip Hop News & all things Rap & Hip Hop -- HipHopDX '' . HipHopDX . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PodOmatic Podcast -- Conspiracy Worldwide Hip Hop Radio -- ( Part 2 ) Live Guests -- Wu Tang Clan -- Inspectah Deck -- Gold Chain Military -- Planet Asia -- Little Brother - Phonte -- Mistah FAB -- Iron Braydz plus world exclusive Wu Tang Clan full group album news and more -- The Friday Night Live Show -- UNCUT ! '' . Conspiracyworldwide.podomatic.com . February 27 , 2010 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcast Yourself '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barshad , Amos ( July 30 , 2009 ) . `` Ghostface on His Upcoming Crack - Free , Wizard of Oz -- Inspired R&B Album -- Vulture '' . Nymag.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kanye West in the studio : beats down ! money up ! ( 2000 -- 2006 ) -- Jake Brown -- Google Boeken . Google Books . 2006 . ISBN 9780976773566 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Daily News -- : CNN Celebrate Signing To Raekwon 's Label Tonight '' . Allhiphop.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . External links Find more aboutWu - Tang Clanat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Wu - Tang Clan <Td_colspan="2"> Cappadonna Ghostface Killah GZA Inspectah Deck Masta Killa Method Man RZA Raekwon U-God Ol ' Dirty Bastard Wu - Tang Clan albums Enter the Wu - Tang ( 36 Chambers ) ( 1993 ) Wu - Tang Forever ( 1997 ) The W ( 2000 ) Iron Flag ( 2001 ) 8 Diagrams ( 2007 ) A Better Tomorrow ( 2014 ) Once Upon a Time in Shaolin ( 2015 ) Wu - Tang Clan compilations Legend of the Wu - Tang Clan ( 2004 ) Wu - Tang Clan singles `` Protect Ya Neck '' `` Method Man '' `` C.R.E.A.M. '' `` Can It Be All So Simple '' `` Triumph '' `` The Worst '' `` Gravel Pit '' `` Uzi ( Pinky Ring ) '' `` The Heart Gently Weeps '' Wu - Tang albums The Swarm ( 1998 ) The Sting ( 2002 ) Disciples of the 36 Chambers ( 2004 ) Wu - Tang Meets the Indie Culture ( 2005 ) Mathematics Presents Wu - Tang Clan & Friends Unreleased ( 2007 ) Soundtracks from the Shaolin Temple ( 2008 ) Wu - Tang Chamber Music ( 2009 ) Legendary Weapons ( 2011 ) The Saga Continues ( 2017 ) Wu - Tang compilations Wu - Chronicles ( 1999 ) Wu - Chronicles , Chapter 2 ( 2001 ) Related Discography Anthology Record labels The Wu - Tang Manual The Nine Rings of Wu - Tang The Tao of Wu Wu - Tang : Shaolin Style Affiliates Affiliates discography Loud Records Wu - Massacre Wu Block Czarface <Td_colspan="2"> Book <Th_colspan="2"> Wu - Tang Clan related articles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> RZA <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Production discography Studio albums Bobby Digital in Stereo Digital Bullet Birth of a Prince Digi Snacks Compilations The RZA Hits The World According to RZA The RZA - Instrumental Experience EPs Ooh I Love You Rakeem Soundtracks Ghost Dog Kill Bill : Vol. 1 Kill Bill : Vol. 2 Soul Plane Blade : Trinity Unleashed The Protector Blood of a Champion Afro Samurai : The Album Babylon A.D. Afro Samurai Resurrection The Man with the Iron Fists Books The Wu - Tang Manual The Tao of Wu Films The Man with the Iron Fists The Man with the Iron Fists 2 Related articles Wu - Tang Clan Banks & Steelz Gravediggaz Achozen Various Wu - Recording Labels Soul Temple Records <Th_colspan="2"> Ghostface Killah Studio albums Ironman ( 1996 ) Supreme Clientele ( 2000 ) Bulletproof Wallets ( 2001 ) The Pretty Toney Album ( 2004 ) Fishscale ( 2006 ) More Fish ( 2006 ) The Big Doe Rehab ( 2007 ) Ghostdini : Wizard of Poetry in Emerald City ( 2009 ) Apollo Kids ( 2010 ) Twelve Reasons to Die ( 2013 ) 36 Seasons ( 2014 ) Twelve Reasons to Die II ( 2015 ) Compilations Shaolin 's Finest ( 2003 ) Hidden Darts : Special Edition ( 2007 ) The Wallabee Champ ( 2008 ) GhostDeini the Great ( 2008 ) Collaborations 718 ( 2004 ) ( with Theodore Unit ) Put It on the Line ( 2005 ) ( with Trife Diesel ) Wu - Massacre ( 2010 ) ( with Raekwon and Method Man ) Wu Block ( 2012 ) ( with Sheek Louch ) Sour Soul ( 2015 ) ( with BadBadNotGood ) Singles `` Daytona 500 '' `` All That I Got Is You '' `` Apollo Kids '' `` Cherchez La Ghost '' `` Never Be the Same Again '' `` Ghost Showers '' `` Tush '' `` Milk Em ' '' `` Be Easy '' `` Back Like That '' Featured singles `` Can It Be All So Simple '' `` Heaven & Hell '' `` Criminology '' `` Ice Cream '' `` Rainy Dayz '' Related articles Discography Wu - Tang Clan Theodore Unit <Th_colspan="2"> GZA Studio albums Words from the Genius Liquid Swords Beneath the Surface Legend of the Liquid Sword Pro Tools Singles `` Cold World '' Collaboration albums GrandMasters ( with DJ Muggs ) Related articles Wu - Tang Clan Cold Chillin ' Records <Th_colspan="2"> Inspectah Deck Studio albums Uncontrolled Substance The Movement The Resident Patient Manifesto As `` Czarface '' ( with 7L & Esoteric ) Czarface Every Hero Needs a Villain A Fistful of Peril First Weapon Drawn Czarface Meets Metal Face ( with MF Doom ) Related articles Wu - Tang Clan <Th_colspan="2"> Masta Killa Studio albums No Said Date Made in Brooklyn Selling My Soul Loyalty Is Royalty Live albums Masta Killa Live Related articles Wu - Tang Clan <Th_colspan="2"> Method Man <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Videography Filmography Studio albums Tical ( 1994 ) Tical 2000 : Judgement Day ( 1998 ) Tical 0 : The Prequel ( 2004 ) 4 : 21 ... The Day After ( 2006 ) The Meth Lab ( 2015 ) Collaboration albums Blackout ! ( with Redman ) ( 1999 ) Blackout ! 2 ( with Redman ) ( 2009 ) Wu - Massacre ( with Raekwon and Ghostface Killah ) ( 2010 ) Compilations Back to Back : Raw & Uncut ( 2008 ) Singles `` Bring the Pain '' `` I 'll Be There for You / You 're All I Need to Get By '' `` How High '' `` The Riddler '' `` Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) '' `` Judgement Day '' `` Part II '' `` Say '' `` A-Yo '' `` Mrs. International '' Featured singles `` Ice Cream '' `` 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 '' `` The Worst '' `` Symphony 2000 '' `` Left & Right '' `` N 2 Gether Now '' `` Love @ 1st Sight '' `` Still on It '' `` Trillmatic '' Related articles Wu - Tang Clan Method Man & Redman How High Method & Red Cheese Wagstaff Dustin Lee Abraham Drop the Mic <Th_colspan="2"> Ol ' Dirty Bastard Studio albums Return to the 36 Chambers : The Dirty Version Nigga Please Posthumous albums Osirus A Son Unique Compilation albums The Dirty Story : The Best of Ol ' Dirty Bastard The Trials and Tribulations of Russell Jones The Definitive Ol ' Dirty Bastard Story Free to Be Dirty ! Live Singles `` Brooklyn Zoo '' `` Shimmy Shimmy Ya '' `` Got Your Money '' Featured singles `` Fix '' `` Ghetto Supastar ( That Is What You Are ) '' Related articles Wu - Tang Clan Brooklyn Zu <Th_colspan="2"> Raekwon Studio albums Only Built 4 Cuban Linx ... Immobilarity The Lex Diamond Story Only Built 4 Cuban Linx ... Pt. II Shaolin vs. Wu - Tang Fly International Luxurious Art The Wild Collaborations Ironman ( with Ghostface Killah and Cappadonna ) Wu - Massacre ( with Ghostface Killah and Method Man ) Mixtapes Lost Jewlry Singles `` Heaven & Hell '' `` Ice Cream '' `` Criminology '' `` Rainy Dayz '' Other songs `` Can It Be All So Simple '' `` Daytona 500 '' `` The Worst '' `` Apollo Kids '' `` Never Be the Same Again '' `` Gorgeous '' Related articles Discography Wu - Tang Clan <Th_colspan="2"> U-God Studio albums Golden Arms Redemption Mr. Xcitement Dopium The Keynote Speaker Venom Collaboration albums U-Godzilla Presents the Hillside Scramblers ( with Hillside Scramblers ) Books Raw : My Journey Into The Wu - Tang Related articles Wu - Tang Clan <Th_colspan="2"> Cappadonna Studio albums The Pillage The Yin and the Yang The Struggle The Cappatilize Project Slang Prostitution The Pilgrimage Eyrth , Wynd and Fyre Hook Off The Pillage 2 Compilations and Collaborations Ironman 718 Cappadonna Hits Related articles Wu - Tang Clan Ironman Theodore Unit Wu - Tang Killa Beez Wu - Tang Killa Beez discography BNF : cb13978521v ( data ) GND : 10304876 - 5 ISNI : 0000 0001 2161 2813 LCCN : no97050791 MusicBrainz : 0febdcf7 - 4e1f - 4661 - 9493 - b40427de2c13 NKC : xx0024172 NLA : 36679049 SUDOC : 082304149 VIAF : 132705255 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wu-Tang_Clan&oldid=838035718 '' Categories : Wu - Tang Clan 1992 establishments in New York ( state ) African - American musical groups Asylum Records artists Culture of Staten Island Five percenters Hip hop collectives Hip hop groups from New York City Loud Records artists Musical groups established in 1992 SRC Records artists Hardcore hip hop groups American hip hop groups Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from January 2014 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Use mdy dates from July 2017 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2007 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Ænglisc Azərbaycanca Boarisch Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Seeltersk Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 14 : 55 . 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what is the name of blackberry in hindi
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BlackBerry - Wikipedia BlackBerry This article is about the brand of electronic devices . For its parent company , see BlackBerry Limited . For the fruit , see Blackberry . For other uses , see Blackberry ( disambiguation ) . BlackBerry <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> BlackBerry devices in comparison Developer Current TCL ( China ) BB Merah Putih ( Indonesia ) Optiemus ( India ) Former BlackBerry Ltd . Manufacturer Current TCL ( China ) BB Merah Putih ( Indonesia ) Optiemus ( India ) Former BlackBerry Ltd . Type Handheld devices Release date January 19 , 1999 ; 19 years ago ( 1999 - 01 - 19 ) Operating system Android , QNX ( as BlackBerry 10 ) , BlackBerry OS Online services BlackBerry World , Google Play Store Website global.blackberry.com BlackBerry is a line of smartphones , tablets , and services originally designed and marketed by Canadian company BlackBerry Limited ( formerly known as Research In Motion , or RIM ) . These are currently designed , manufactured , and marketed by TCL Communication ( under the brand of BlackBerry Mobile ) , BB Merah Putih , and Optiemus for the global , Indonesian , and Indian markets ( respectively ) using the BlackBerry brand under license . BlackBerry was one of the most prominent smartphone vendors in the world , specializing in secure communications and mobile productivity , and well - known for the keyboards on most of its devices . At its peak in September 2013 , there were 85 million BlackBerry subscribers worldwide . However , BlackBerry has since lost its dominant position in the market due to the success of the Android and iOS platforms ; the same numbers had fallen to 23 million in March 2016 . The BlackBerry line traditionally uses a proprietary operating system developed by BlackBerry Limited known as BlackBerry OS . In 2013 , BlackBerry introduced BlackBerry 10 , a major revamp of the platform based on the QNX operating system . BlackBerry 10 was meant to replace the aging BlackBerry OS platform with a new system that was more in line with the user experiences of modern smartphone operating systems . The first BB10 powered device was the BlackBerry Z10 , which was followed by other all - touch and keyboard - equipped models ; including the BlackBerry Q10 , BlackBerry Classic , BlackBerry Passport , and the BlackBerry Leap . In 2015 , BlackBerry re-focused its business strategy and began to release Android - based smartphones , beginning with the BlackBerry Priv slider and then the BlackBerry DTEK50 . On September 28 , 2016 , BlackBerry announced it would cease designing its own phones in favor of licensing to partners . TCL Communication became the global licensee of the brand , under the name `` BlackBerry Mobile . '' Optiemus Infracom , under the name BlackBerry Mobile India , and BB Merah Putih also serve as licensees of the brand , serving the Indian and Indonesian markets , respectively . In February 2017 , BlackBerry Mobile released the BlackBerry KEYone , which was known for having a physical keyboard below the 4.5 inch screen , having a great battery life , and the last device to be designed by BlackBerry Limited . BlackBerry Mobile 's latest Android smartphone is the BlackBerry Motion . These devices , along with BB Merah Purih 's BlackBerry Aurora make up BlackBerry 's current lineup . While BlackBerry Limited retains control over the BlackBerry Messenger , the consumer version is also being developed and maintained by Emtek . Contents 1 History 1.1 Intellectual property litigation ( s ) 1.1. 1 NTP Inc case 1.1. 2 KIK 1.1. 3 Facebook and Instagram 1.2 BlackBerry retail stores 1.3 2005 , 2007 , 2009 , 2011 & 2012 outages 2 Certification 3 Products 3.1 Hardware 3.2 Software 3.3 Phones with BlackBerry email client 3.4 Third - party software 3.5 Connectivity 3.6 BlackBerry PIN 4 Competition and financial results 4.1 User base 5 Security agencies access 6 Usage 6.1 Barack Obama 6.2 Hillary Clinton 6.3 Use by government forces 6.4 Use by transportation staff 6.5 Other users 7 Notes 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Mike Lazaridis - Founder and former co-CEO of BlackBerry RIM , founded in Waterloo , Ontario , first developed the Inter@ctive Pager 900 , announced on September 18 , 1996 . The Inter@ctive Pager 900 was a clamshell - type device that allowed two - way paging . After the success of the 900 , the Inter@ctive Pager 800 was created for IBM , which bought US $10 million worth of them on February 4 , 1998 . The next device to be released was the Inter@ctive Pager 950 , on August 26 , 1998 . The very first device to carry the BlackBerry name was the BlackBerry 850 , an email pager , released January 19 , 1999 . Although identical in appearance to the 950 , the 850 was the first device to integrate email and the name Inter@ctive Pager was no longer used to brand the device . The first BlackBerry device , the 850 , was introduced in 1999 as a two - way pager in Munich , Germany . The name BlackBerry was coined by the marketing company Lexicon Branding . The name was chosen due to the resemblance of the keyboard 's buttons to that of the drupelets that compose the blackberry fruit . The original BlackBerry devices , the RIM 850 and 857 , used the DataTAC network . In 2002 , the more commonly known convergent smartphone BlackBerry was released , which supports push email , mobile telephone , text messaging , Internet faxing , Web browsing and other wireless information services . BlackBerry gained market share in the mobile industry by concentrating on email . BlackBerry began to offer email service on non-BlackBerry devices , such as the Palm Treo , through the proprietary BlackBerry Connect software . The original BlackBerry device had a monochrome display while newer models installed color displays . All newer models have been optimized for `` thumbing '' , the use of only the thumbs to type on a keyboard . The Storm 1 and Storm 2 include a SureType keypad for typing . Originally , system navigation was achieved with the use of a scroll wheel mounted on the right side of device models prior to the 8700 . The trackwheel was replaced by the trackball with the introduction of the Pearl series , which allowed four - way scrolling . The trackball was replaced by the optical trackpad with the introduction of the Curve 8500 series . Models made to use iDEN networks , such as Nextel , SouthernLINC , NII Holdings , and Mike also incorporate a push - to - talk ( PTT ) feature , similar to a two - way radio . On January 30 , 2013 , BlackBerry announced the release of the Z10 and Q10 smartphones . Both models consist of touch screens : the Z10 features an all - touch design and the Q10 combines a QWERTY keyboard with touchscreen features . During the second financial quarter of 2013 , BlackBerry sold 6.8 million handsets , but was eclipsed by the sales of competitor Nokia 's Lumia model for the first time . On August 12 , 2013 , BlackBerry announced the intention to sell the company due to their increasingly unfavourable financial position and competition in the mobile industry . Largely due to lower than expected sales on the Z10 , BlackBerry announced on September 20 , 2013 that 4,500 full - and part - time positions ( an estimated 40 % of its operating staff ) have been terminated and its product line has been reduced from six to four models . On September 23 , 2013 , Fairfax Financial , which owns a 10 % equity stake in BlackBerry , made an offer to acquire BlackBerry for $4.7 billion ( at $9.00 per share ) . Following the announcement , BlackBerry announced an acceptance of the offer provisionally but it would continue to seek other offers until November 4 , 2013 . On November 4 , 2013 , BlackBerry replaced Thorsten Heins with new interim CEO John S. Chen , the former CEO of Sybase . On November 8 , the BlackBerry board rejected proposals from several technology companies for various BlackBerry assets on grounds that a break - up did not serve the interest of all stakeholders , which include employees , customers and suppliers in addition to shareholders , said the sources , who did not want to be identified as the discussions were confidential . On November 13 , 2013 , Chen released an open message : `` We are committed to reclaiming our success . '' In early July 2014 , the TechCrunch online publication published an article titled `` BlackBerry Is One Of The Hottest Stocks Of 2014 , Seriously '' , following a 50 percent rise in the company 's stock , an increase that was greater than peer companies such as Apple and Google ; however , an analysis of BlackBerry 's financial results showed that neither revenue or profit margin were improved , but , instead , costs were markedly reduced . During the same period , BlackBerry also introduced the new Passport handset -- consisting of a 4.5 inches ( 11 cm ) square screen with `` Full HD - class '' ( 1,440 x 1,440 ) resolution and marketed to professional fields such as healthcare and architecture -- promoted its Messenger app and released minor updates for the BB10 mobile operating system . On December 17 , 2014 , the BlackBerry Classic was introduced ; it is meant to be more in line with the former Bold series , incorporating navigation buttons similar to the previous BlackBerry OS devices . When it was discontinued in June 2016 , it was the last BlackBerry with a keyboard that dominates the front of the phone in the classic style . In September 2015 , BlackBerry officially unveiled the BlackBerry Priv , a slider phablet that utilizes the Android operating system with additional security and productivity - oriented features inspired by the BlackBerry operating systems . However , BlackBerry COO Marty Beard told Bloomberg that `` The company 's never said that we would not build another BB10 device . '' On July 26 , 2016 the company hinted that another model with a physical keyboard was `` coming shortly '' . The same day , BlackBerry unveiled a mid-range Android model with only an on - screen keyboard , the BlackBerry DTEK50 , powered by the latest version of Android , 6.0 , Marshmallow . ( The Priv could also be upgraded to 6.0 ) This device featured a 5.2 - inch full high - definition display . BlackBerry chief security officer David Kleidermacher stressed data security during the launch , indicating that this model included built - in malware protection and encryption of all user information . Industry observers pointed out that the DTEK50 is a re-branded version of the Alcatel Idol 4 with additional security - oriented software customizations , manufactured and designed by TCL . In September 2016 , BlackBerry Limited agreed to a licensing partnership with an Indonesian company to set up a new joint venture company called `` BB Merah Putih '' to `` source , distribute , and market BlackBerry handsets in Indonesia '' . On October 25 , 2016 , BlackBerry released the BlackBerry DTEK60 , the second device in the DTEK series , manufactured and designed by TCL . The device features a 5.5 - inch Quad - HD touch screen display running on Qualcomm 's Snapdragon 820 processor with support for Quick Charge 3.0 , USB Type - C , and a fingerprint sensor . In October 2016 , it was announced that BlackBerry will be working with the Ford Motor Company of Canada to develop software for the car manufacturer 's connected vehicles . In February 2017 , a $20 m class action lawsuit against BlackBerry was announced by the former employees of the company . In March 2017 , BB Merah Putih announced the BlackBerry Aurora , an Indonesian - made and sold device , running an operating system based on Android 7.0 out of the box . In March 2018 , it was announced that BlackBerry will be working with Jaguar Land Rover to develop software for the car manufacturer 's vehicles . In June 2018 , BlackBerry in partnership with TCL Mobile and Optiemus Infracom launched the KEY2 at a global launch in New York . This is the third device to sport a keyboard while running Google 's Android OS . Intellectual property litigation ( S. ) ( edit ) NTP Inc case ( edit ) In 2000 NTP sent notice of its wireless email patents to a number of companies and offered to license the patents to them . NTP brought a patent - infringement lawsuit against one of the companies , Research In Motion , in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia . This court is well known for its strict adherence to timetables and deadlines , sometimes referred to as the `` rocket docket '' , and is particularly efficient at trying patent cases . The jury eventually found that the NTP patents were valid ; furthermore , the jury established that RIM had infringed the patents in a `` willful '' manner , and the infringement had cost NTP US $33 million in damages ( the greater of a reasonable royalty or lost profits ) . The judge , James R. Spencer , increased the damages to US $53 million as a punitive measure due to the willful nature of the infringement . He also instructed RIM to pay NTP 's legal fees of US $4.5 million and issued an injunction ordering RIM to cease and desist infringing the patents -- this decision would have resulted in the closure of BlackBerry 's systems in the US . RIM appealed all of the findings of the court . The injunction and other remedies were stayed pending the outcome of the appeals . In March 2005 during appeal , RIM and NTP tried to negotiate a settlement of their dispute ; the settlement was to be for $450 million . Negotiations broke down due to other issues . On June 10 , 2005 , the matter returned to the courts . In early November 2005 the US Department of Justice filed a brief requesting that RIM 's service be allowed to continue because of the large number of BlackBerry users in the US Federal Government . In January 2006 the US Supreme Court refused to hear RIM 's appeal of the holding of liability for patent infringement , and the matter was returned to a lower court . The prior granted injunction preventing all RIM sales in the US and use of the BlackBerry device might have been enforced by the presiding district court judge had the two parties been unable to reach a settlement . On February 9 , 2006 , the US Department of Defense ( DOD ) filed a brief stating that an injunction shutting down the BlackBerry service while excluding government users was unworkable . The DOD also stated that the BlackBerry was crucial for national security given the large number of government users . On February 9 , 2006 , RIM announced that it had developed software workarounds that would not infringe the NTP patents , and would implement those if the injunction was enforced . On March 3 , 2006 , after a stern warning from Judge Spencer , RIM and NTP announced that they had settled their dispute . Under the terms of the settlement , RIM has agreed to pay NTP $612.5 million ( USD ) in a `` full and final settlement of all claims . '' In a statement , RIM said that `` all terms of the agreement have been finalized and the litigation against RIM has been dismissed by a court order this afternoon . The agreement eliminates the need for any further court proceedings or decisions relating to damages or injunctive relief . '' The settlement amount is believed low by some analysts , because of the absence of any future royalties on the technology in question . On May 26 , 2017 , BlackBerry announced that it had reached an agreement with Qualcomm Incorporated resolving all amounts payable in connection with the interim arbitration decision announced on April 12 , 2017 . Following a joint stipulation by the parties , the arbitration panel has issued a final award providing for the payment by Qualcomm to BlackBerry of a total amount of U.S. $940,000,000 including interest and attorneys ' fees , net of certain royalties due from BlackBerry for calendar 2016 and the first quarter of calendar 2017 . Kik ( edit ) On November 24 , 2010 , Research In Motion ( RIM ) removed Kik Messenger from BlackBerry App World and limited the functionality of the software for its users . RIM also sued Kik Interactive for patent infringement and misuse of trademarks . In October 2013 , the companies settled the lawsuit , with the terms undisclosed . Facebook and Instagram ( edit ) In 2018 it was reported that BlackBerry would be filing legal action against Facebook over perceived intellectual property infringements within both Facebook Messenger and WhatsApp as well as with Instagram . BlackBerry retail stores ( edit ) Many BlackBerry retail stores operate outside North America , such as in Thailand , Indonesia , United Arab Emirates , and Mexico . In December 2007 a BlackBerry Store opened in Farmington Hills , Michigan . The store offers BlackBerry device models from AT&T , T - Mobile , Verizon , and Sprint , the major U.S. carriers which offer smartphones . There were three prior attempts at opening BlackBerry stores in Toronto and London ( UK ) , but they eventually folded . There are also BlackBerry Stores operated by Wireless Giant at airports in Atlanta , Boston , Charlotte , Minneapolis -- St. Paul , Philadelphia , Houston , and Newark , but several have been slated for closing . On September 23 , 2015 , Blackberry opened its first pop - up store in Frankfurt , Germany . 2005 , 2007 , 2009 , 2011 & 2012 outages ( edit ) At various stages of the company 's history it suffered occasional service outages that have been referred to in the media as `` embarrassing '' . In 2005 the company suffered a relatively short - term outage reportedly among a small handful of North America carriers . The service was resorted after several hours . In 2007 the e-mail service suffered an outage which led for calls by some questioning the integrity towards BlackBerry 's perceived centralized system . In 2009 the company had an outage reportedly covering the whole of North America . At 2011 - 10 - 10 10 : 00 UTC began a multi-day outage in Europe , the Middle East and Africa , affecting millions of BlackBerry users . There was another outage the following day . By October 12 , 2011 , the Blackberry Internet Service went down in North America . Research In Motion attributed data overload due to switch failures in their two data centres in Waterloo in Canada and Slough in England as the cause of the service disruptions . The outage intensified calls by shareholders for a shake - up in the company 's leadership . Some estimates by BlackBerry are that the company lost between $50 million to $54 million due to global email service failure and outage in 2011 . Certification ( edit ) BCESA ( BlackBerry Certified Enterprise Sales Associate , BCESA40 in full ) is a BlackBerry Certification for professional users of RIM ( Research In Motion ) BlackBerry wireless email devices . The Certification requires the user to pass several exams relating to the BlackBerry Devices , all its functions including Desktop software and providing technical support to Customers of BlackBerry Devices . The BCESA , BlackBerry Certified Enterprise Sales Associate qualification , is the first of three levels of professional BlackBerry Certification . BCTA ( BlackBerry Certified Technical Associate ) BlackBerry Certified Support Associate T2 More information on certifications is on the BlackBerry.com website . The BlackBerry Technical Certifications available are : BlackBerry Certified Enterprise Server Consultant ( BCESC ) BlackBerry Certified Server Support Technician ( BCSST ) BlackBerry Certified Support Technician ( BCSTR ) Products ( edit ) Original BlackBerry Main article : List of BlackBerry products Android devices : BlackBerry Evolve X ( 2018 ) BlackBerry Evolve ( 2018 ) BlackBerry KEY2 ( 2018 ) BlackBerry Motion ( 2017 ) BlackBerry Aurora ( 2017 ) BlackBerry KEYone ( 2017 ) BlackBerry DTEK60 ( 2016 ) BlackBerry DTEK50 ( 2016 ) BlackBerry Priv ( 2015 ) BlackBerry 10 devices : BlackBerry Leap ( 2015 ) BlackBerry Classic ( 2014 ) BlackBerry Passport ( 2014 ) BlackBerry Porsche Design P'9983 ( 2014 ) BlackBerry Z3 ( 2014 ) BlackBerry Z30 ( 2013 ) BlackBerry Porsche Design P'9982 ( 2013 ) BlackBerry Q10 ( 2013 ) BlackBerry Z10 ( 2013 ) BlackBerry Q5 ( 2013 ) BlackBerry 7 devices : BlackBerry Bold series ( 2011 ) : BlackBerry Bold 9900 / 9930 / 9790 BlackBerry 9720 ( 2013 ) BlackBerry Porsche Design ( 2012 ) : BlackBerry Porsche Design P'9981 BlackBerry Torch series ( 2011 ) : BlackBerry Torch 9810 BlackBerry Torch series ( 2011 ) : BlackBerry Torch 9850 / 9860 BlackBerry Curve series ( 2011 ) : BlackBerry 9350 / 9360 / 9370 / 9380 BlackBerry Curve 9320 / 9220 ( 2012 ) BlackBerry 6 devices : BlackBerry Torch series ( 2010 ) : BlackBerry Torch 9800 BlackBerry Curve series ( 2010 ) : BlackBerry Curve 9300 / 9330 BlackBerry Style 9670 ( 2010 ) BlackBerry Pearl series ( 2010 ) : BlackBerry Pearl 3G 9100 / 9105 BlackBerry Bold series ( 2010 -- 2011 ) : BlackBerry Bold 9780 / 9788 BlackBerry 5 devices : BlackBerry Bold series ( 2008 -- 2010 ) : BlackBerry Bold 9000 / 9700 / 9650 BlackBerry Tour series ( 2009 ) : BlackBerry Tour ( 9630 ) BlackBerry Storm series ( 2009 ) : BlackBerry Storm 2 ( 9520 / 9550 ) BlackBerry Storm series ( 2008 ) : BlackBerry Storm ( 9500 / 9530 ) BlackBerry Curve series ( 2009 -- 2010 ) : BlackBerry Curve 8900 ( 8900 / 8910 / 8980 ) BlackBerry Curve series ( 2009 ) : BlackBerry Curve 8520 / 8530 Blackberry 4 devices : BlackBerry 8800 series ( 2007 ) : BlackBerry 8800 / 8820 / 8830 BlackBerry Pearl series ( 2006 ) : BlackBerry Pearl 8100 / 8110 / 8120 / 8130 BlackBerry Pearl Flip series ( 2008 ) : BlackBerry Pearl Flip 8220 / 8230 BlackBerry Curve series ( 2007 ) : BlackBerry Curve 8300 ( 8300 / 8310 / 8320 / 8330 / 8350i ) Blackberry 3 devices : Blackberry Java - based series : 5000 , 6000 Blackberry 2 devices : Blackberry phone series : 7100 Blackberry color series : 7200 , 7500 , 7700 Blackberry 1 devices : Blackberry pager models : 850 , 857 , 950 , 957 Hardware ( edit ) Modern LTE based phones such as the BlackBerry Z10 have a Qualcomm Snapdragon S4 Plus , a proprietary Qualcomm SOC which is based on ARMv7 - A architecture , featuring two 1.5 GHz Qualcomm Krait CPU cores , and a 400 MHz Adreno 225 GPU . GSM - based BlackBerry phones incorporate an ARM 7 , 9 or 11 processor . Some of the BlackBerry models ( Torch 9850 / 9860 , Torch 9810 , and Bold 9900 / 9930 ) have a 1.2 GHz MSM8655 Snapdragon S2 SOC , 768 MB system memory , and 8 GB of on - board storage . Entry - level models , such as the Curve 9360 , feature a Marvell PXA940 clocked at 800 MHz . Some previous BlackBerry devices , such as the Bold 9000 , were equipped with Intel XScale 624 MHz processors . The Bold 9700 featured a newer version of the Bold 9000 's processor but is clocked at the same speed . The Curve 8520 featured a 512 MHz processor , while BlackBerry 8000 series smartphones , such as the 8700 and the Pearl , are based on the 312 MHz ARM XScale ARMv5TE PXA900 . An exception to this is the BlackBerry 8707 which is based on the 80 MHz Qualcomm 3250 chipset ; this was due to the PXA900 chipset not supporting 3G networks . The 80 MHz processor in the BlackBerry 8707 meant the device was often slower to download and render web pages over 3G than the 8700 was over EDGE networks . Early BlackBerry devices , such as the BlackBerry 950 , used Intel 80386 - based processors . BlackBerry 's latest Flagship phone the BlackBerry Z30 based on a 5 '' Super AMOLED , 1280x720 resolution , at 295 ppi 24 - bit color depth and powered by Quad - Graphics and Qualcomm 's Dual Core 1.7 GHz MSM8960T Pro . The first BlackBerry with an Android operating system was released in late November 2015 , the 192 gram / 6.77 ounce BlackBerry Priv . It launched with version 5.1. 1 but was later upgraded to version 6.0 Android Marshmallow . It was first available in four countries but increased to 31 countries by February 28 , 2016 . Employing a Qualcomm 8992 Snapdragon 808 Hexa - Core , 64 bit , Adreno 418 , 600 MHz GPU with 3GB RAM processor , this unit is equipped with a curved 5.4 - inch ( 2560 x 1440 ) OLED display and a sliding QWERTY keyboard which is hidden when not in use ; Google 's voice recognition that allows for dictating e-mails is also available . The Priv retained the best BlackBerry 10 features . Its 3,410 mAh battery is said to provide 22.5 hours of mixed use . The 18 - megapixel camera , with a Schneider - Kreuznach lens , can also record 4K video ; a secondary selfie camera is also provided . Several important apps unique to the Priv were available from Google Play by mid December . Software ( edit ) See also : QNX , BlackBerry 10 , and BlackBerry OS A new operating system , BlackBerry 10 , was released for two new BlackBerry models ( Z10 and Q10 ) on January 30 , 2013 . At BlackBerry World 2012 , RIM CEO Thorsten Heins demonstrated some of the new features of the OS , including a camera which is able to rewind frame - by - frame separately of individual faces in an image , to allow selection of the best of different shots , which is then stitched seamlessly to an optimal composite , an intelligent , predictive , and adapting keyboard , and a gesture based user interface designed around the idea of `` peek '' and `` flow '' . Apps are available for BlackBerry 10 devices through the BlackBerry World storefront . The previous operating system developed for older BlackBerry devices was BlackBerry OS , a proprietary multitasking environment developed by RIM . The operating system is designed for use of input devices such as the track wheel , track ball , and track pad . The OS provides support for Java MIDP 1.0 and WAP 1.2 . Previous versions allowed wireless synchronisation with Microsoft Exchange Server email and calendar , as well as with Lotus Domino email . OS 5.0 provides a subset of MIDP 2.0 , and allows complete wireless activation and synchronisation with Exchange email , calendar , tasks , notes and contacts , and adds support for Novell GroupWise and Lotus Notes . The BlackBerry Curve 9360 , BlackBerry Torch 9810 , Bold 9900 / 9930 , Curve 9310 / 9320 and Torch 9850 / 9860 featured the 2011 BlackBerry OS 7 . Apps are available for these devices through BlackBerry World ( which before 2013 was called BlackBerry App World ) . Further information : BlackBerry OS Third - party developers can write software using these APIs , and proprietary BlackBerry APIs as well . Any application that makes use of certain restricted functionality must be digitally signed so that it can be associated to a developer account at RIM . This signing procedure guarantees the authorship of an application but does not guarantee the quality or security of the code . RIM provides tools for developing applications and themes for BlackBerry . Applications and themes can be loaded onto BlackBerry devices through BlackBerry World , Over The Air ( OTA ) through the BlackBerry mobile browser , or through BlackBerry Desktop Manager . BlackBerry devices , as well as Android , iOS , and Windows Phone platforms , have the ability to use the proprietary BlackBerry Messenger , also known as BBM , software for sending and receiving encrypted instant messages , voice notes , images and videos via BlackBerry PIN . As long as your cell phone has a data plan these messages are all free of charge . Some of the features of BBM include groups , bar - code scanning , lists , shared calendars , BBM Music and integration with apps and games using the BBM social platform . In April 2013 , BlackBerry announced that it was shutting down its streaming music service , BBM Music , which was active for almost two years since its launch . BlackBerry Messenger Music closed on June 2 , 2013 . In July 2014 , BlackBerry revealed BlackBerry Assistant , a new feature for BlackBerry OS 10.3 , and BlackBerry Passport hardware . The feature is a digital personal assistant to help keep you `` organized , informed and productive . '' In December 2014 , BlackBerry and NantHealth , a healthcare - focused data provider , launched a secure cancer genome browser , giving doctors the ability to access patients ' genetic data on the BlackBerry Passport smartphone . Phones with BlackBerry email client ( edit ) Several non-BlackBerry mobile phones have been released featuring the BlackBerry email client which connects to BlackBerry servers . Many of these phones have full QWERTY keyboards . AT&T Tilt HTC Advantage X7500 HTC TyTN Motorola MPx220 , some models Nokia 6810 Nokia 6820 Nokia 9300 Nokia 9300i Nokia 9500 Nokia Eseries phones , except models Nokia E66 , Nokia E71 Qtek 9100 Qtek 9000 Samsung t719 Siemens SK65 Sony Ericsson P910 Sony Ericsson P990 Sony Ericsson M600i Sony Ericsson P1 Third - party software ( edit ) Third - party software available for use on BlackBerry devices includes full - featured database management systems , which can be used to support customer relationship management clients and other applications that must manage large volumes of potentially complex data . In March 2011 , RIM announced an optional Android player that could play applications developed for the Android system would be available for the BlackBerry PlayBook , RIM 's first entry in the tablet market . On August 24 , 2011 Bloomberg News reported unofficial rumors that BlackBerry devices would be able to run Android applications when RIM brings QNX and the Android App Player to BlackBerry . On October 20 , 2011 RIM officially announced that Android applications could run , unmodified , on the BlackBerry tablet and the newest BlackBerry phones , using the newest version of its operating system . Connectivity ( edit ) See also : BlackBerry Enterprise Server and BlackBerry Internet Service BlackBerry held in hand featuring all the different selective hardware and software on the screen . BlackBerry smartphones can be integrated into an organization 's email system through a software package called BlackBerry Enterprise Server ( BES ) through version 5 , and BlackBerry Enterprise Service ( BES ) as of version 10 . ( There were no versions 6 through 9 . ) . Versions of BES are available for Microsoft Exchange , Lotus Domino , Novell GroupWise and Google Apps . While individual users may be able to use a wireless provider 's email services without having to install BES themselves , organizations with multiple users usually run BES on their own network . BlackBerry devices running BlackBerry OS 10 or later can also be managed directly by a Microsoft Exchange Server , using Exchange ActiveSync ( EAS ) policies , in the same way that an iOS or Android device can . ( EAS supports fewer management controls than BES does . ) Some third - party companies provide hosted BES solutions . Every BlackBerry has a unique ID called a BlackBerry PIN , which is used to identify the device to the BES . BlackBerry at one time provided a free BES software called BES Express ( BESX ) . The primary BES feature is to relay email from a corporate mailbox to a BlackBerry phone . The BES monitors the user 's mailbox , relaying new messages to the phone via BlackBerry 's Network Operations Center ( NOC ) and user 's wireless provider . This feature is known as push email , because all new emails , contacts , task entries , memopad entries , and calendar entries are pushed out to the BlackBerry device immediately ( as opposed to the user synchronising the data manually or having the device poll the server at intervals ) . BlackBerry also supports polling email , through third - party applications . The messaging system built into the BlackBerry only understands how to receive messages from a BES or the BIS , these services handle the connections to the user 's mail providers . Device storage also enables the mobile user to access all data off - line in areas without wireless service . When the user reconnects to wireless service , the BES sends the latest data . A feature of the newer models of the BlackBerry is their ability to quickly track the user 's current location through trilateration without the use of GPS , thus saving battery life and time . Trilateration can be used as a quick , less battery intensive way to provide location - aware applications with the co-ordinates of the user . However , the accuracy of BlackBerry trilateration is less than that of GPS due to a number of factors , including cell tower blockage by large buildings , mountains , or distance . BES also provides phones with TCP / IP connectivity accessed through a component called MDS ( Mobile Data System ) Connection Service . This allows custom application development using data streams on BlackBerry devices based on the Sun Microsystems Java ME platform . In addition , BES provides network security , in the form of Triple DES or , more recently , AES encryption of all data ( both email and MDS traffic ) that travels between the BlackBerry phone and a BlackBerry Enterprise Server . Most providers offer flat monthly pricing via special Blackberry tariffs for unlimited data between BlackBerry units and BES . In addition to receiving email , organizations can make intranets or custom internal applications with unmetered traffic . With more recent versions of the BlackBerry platform , the MDS is no longer a requirement for wireless data access . Starting with OS 3.8 or 4.0 , BlackBerry phones can access the Internet ( i.e. TCP / IP access ) without an MDS -- formerly only email and WAP access was possible without a BES / MDS . The BES / MDS is still required for secure email , data access , and applications that require WAP from carriers that do not allow WAP access . The primary alternative to using BlackBerry Enterprise Server is to use the BlackBerry Internet Service ( BIS ) . BlackBerry Internet Service is available in 91 countries internationally . BlackBerry Internet Service was developed primarily for the average consumer rather than for the business consumer . The service allows users to access POP3 , IMAP , and Outlook Web App ( not via Exchange ActiveSync ) email accounts without connecting through a BlackBerry Enterprise Server ( BES ) . BlackBerry Internet Service allows up to 10 email accounts to be accessed , including proprietary as well as public email accounts ( such as Gmail , Outlook , Yahoo and AOL ) . BlackBerry Internet Service also supports the push capabilities of various other BlackBerry Applications . Various applications developed by RIM for BlackBerry utilise the push capabilities of BIS , such as the Instant Messaging clients ( like Google Talk , Windows Live Messenger and Yahoo Messenger ) . The MMS , PIN , interactive gaming , mapping and trading applications require data plans like BIS ( not just Wi - Fi ) for use . The service is usually provisioned through a mobile phone service provider , though BlackBerry actually runs the service . BlackBerry PIN ( edit ) See also : BlackBerry Messenger The BlackBerry PIN ( Personal Identification Number ) is an eight - character hexadecimal identification number assigned to each BlackBerry device . PINs can not be changed manually on the device ( though BlackBerry technicians are able to reset or update a PIN server - side ) , and are locked to each specific BlackBerry . BlackBerry devices can message each other using the PIN directly or by using the BlackBerry Messenger application . BlackBerry PINs are tracked by BlackBerry Enterprise Servers and the BlackBerry Internet Service and are used to direct messages to a BlackBerry device . Emails and any other messages , such as those from the BlackBerry Push Service , are typically directed to a BlackBerry device 's PIN . The message can then be routed by a RIM Network Operations Center , and sent to a carrier , which will deliver the message the last mile to the device . In September 2012 RIM announced that the BlackBerry PIN would be replaced by users ' BlackBerry ID starting in 2013 with the launch of the BlackBerry 10 platform . Competition and financial Results ( edit ) The primary competitors of the BlackBerry are Android smartphones and the iPhone . BlackBerry has struggled to compete against both and its market share has plunged since 2011 , leading to speculation that it will be unable to survive as an independent going concern . However , it has managed to maintain significant positions in some markets . Despite market share loss , on a global basis , the number of active BlackBerry subscribers has increased substantially through the years . For example , for the fiscal period during which the Apple iPhone was first released , RIM reported that they had a subscriber base of 10.5 million BlackBerry subscribers . At the end of 2008 , when Android first hit the market , RIM reported that the number of BlackBerry subscribers had increased to 21 million . Finally , in the quarter ended June 28 , 2012 , RIM announced that the number of BlackBerry subscribers had reached 78 million globally . After the release of the Apple iPhone 5 in September 2012 RIM CEO Thorsten Heins announced that the current global subscribers is up to 80 million , which sparked a 7 % jump in shares . However , since then , BlackBerry 's global user base ( meaning active accounts ) has declined dramatically since its peak of 80 million in June 2012 , dropping to 46 million users in September 2014 . Its market share globally has also declined to less than 1 percent . In 2011 , BlackBerry shipped 43 % of all smartphones to Indonesia . By April 2014 this had fallen to 3 % . The decline in the Indonesian market share mirrors a global trend for the company ( 0.6 % of North America ) . The retail price of 2,199,000 Indonesian Rupiah ( $189 ) failed to give BlackBerry the boost it needed in Indonesia . The company launched the device with a discounted offer to the first 1000 purchasers , which resulted in a stampede in the capital in which several people were injured . BlackBerry lost market share in Indonesia despite the launch of the Z3 on May 13 , 2014 . The new device was given a worldwide launch in the city of Jakarta and came on the back of the news that Research in Motion ( RIM ) was to cut hardware production costs by outsourcing this to Taiwan - based Foxconn Group . During the report of its third quarter 2015 results on December 18 , 2015 , the company said that approximately 700,000 handsets had been sold , down from 1.9 million in the same quarter in 2014 , and down from 800,000 in Q2 of 2015 . The average sale price per unit was up from $240 to $315 , however . This should continue to increase with sales of the new Android Priv device which was selling at a premium price ( $800 in Canada , for example ) . In Q3 of 2015 , BlackBerry had a net loss of $89 million U.S. or 17 cents per share , but only a $15 million net loss , or three cents per share , when excluding restructuring charges and other one - time items . Revenue was up slightly from a year earlier , at $557 million U.S. vs. $548 million , primarily because of software sales . Chief executive officer John Chen said that he expects the company 's software business to grow at ( 14 percent ) or above the market . At the time , the company was not ready to provide sales figures for the Android - based Priv handset which had been released only weeks earlier , and in only four countries at that time , but Chen offered this comment to analysts : `` Depending on how Priv does ... there is a chance we could achieve or get closer to break - even operating profitability for our overall device business in the ( fourth ) quarter '' . Due to a continuous reduction in BlackBerry users , in February 2016 the Blackberry Headquarter in Waterloo , Canada , slashed 35 percent of its workforce . By early 2016 , Blackberry market share dropped to 0.2 % . In Q4 2016 , reports indicate Blackberry sold only 207,900 units -- equivalent to a 0.0 % market share . User base ( edit ) The number of active BlackBerry users since 2003 globally : BlackBerry users globally : As of : 534,000 March 1 , 2003 1,069,000 February 28 , 2004 2,510,000 February 26 , 2005 4,900,000 March 4 , 2006 8,000,000 March 3 , 2007 14,000,000 March 1 , 2008 25,000,000 February 28 , 2009 41,000,000 February 27 , 2010 70,000,000 August 27 , 2011 77,000,000 March 3 , 2012 80,000,000 December 1 , 2012 76,000,000 March 2 , 2013 72,000,000 June 1 , 2013 79,000,000 September 2013 76,000,000 November 2013 71,000,000 March 2014 69,000,000 May 2014 60,000,000 September 2014 56,000,000 November 2014 37,000,000 February 2015 33,000,000 June 2015 30,000,000 September 2015 25,000,000 December 2015 23,000,000 March 2016 20,000,000 June 2016 18,000,000 September 2016 16,000,000 December 2016 14,000,000 March 2017 11,000,000 May 2017 Security agencies access ( edit ) Research in Motion agreed to give access to private communications to the governments of United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia in 2010 , and India in 2012 . The Saudi and UAE governments had threatened to ban certain services because their law enforcement agencies could not decrypt messages between people of interest . It was revealed as a part of the 2013 mass surveillance disclosures that the American and British intelligence agencies , the National Security Agency ( NSA ) and the Government Communications Headquarters ( GCHQ ) respectively , have access to the user data on BlackBerry devices . The agencies are able to read almost all smartphone information , including SMS , location , e-mails , and notes through BlackBerry Internet Service , which operates outside corporate networks , and which , in contrast to the data passing through internal BlackBerry services ( BES ) , only compresses but does not encrypt data . Documents stated that the NSA was able to access the BlackBerry e-mail system and that they could `` see and read SMS traffic '' . There was a brief period in 2009 when the NSA was unable to access BlackBerry devices , after BlackBerry changed the way they compress their data . Access to the devices was re-established by GCHQ . GCHQ has a tool named SCRAPHEAP CHALLENGE , with the capability of `` Perfect spoofing of emails from Blackberry targets '' . In response to the revelations BlackBerry officials stated that `` It is not for us to comment on media reports regarding alleged government surveillance of telecommunications traffic '' and added that a `` back door pipeline '' to their platform had not been established and did not exist . It should be noted that similar access by the intelligence agencies to other mobile devices exists , using similar techniques to hack into them . The BlackBerry software includes support for the Dual EC DRBG CSPRNG algorithm which , due to being probably backdoored by the NSA , the US National Institute of Standards and Technology `` strongly recommends '' no longer be used . BlackBerry Ltd. has however not issued an advisory to its customers , because they do not consider the probable backdoor a vulnerability . BlackBerry Ltd. also owns US patent 2007189527 , which covers the technical design of the backdoor . Usage ( edit ) President Obama with his BlackBerry in its holster on a flight to Caen , Normandy , France , 2009 . The ( formerly ) advanced encryption capabilities of the BlackBerry Smartphone made it eligible for use by government agencies and state forces . Barack Obama ( edit ) Former United States president Barack Obama , became known for his dependence on a BlackBerry device for communication during his 2008 Presidential campaign . Despite the security issues , he insisted on using it even after inauguration . This was seen by some as akin to a `` celebrity endorsement '' , which marketing experts have estimated to be worth between $25 million and $50 million . His usage of BlackBerry continued until around the end of his presidency . Hillary Clinton ( edit ) The Hillary Clinton email controversy is associated with Hillary Clinton continuing to use her BlackBerry after assuming the office of Secretary of State . Use by government forces ( edit ) An example is the West Yorkshire Police , which has allowed the increase in the presence of police officers along the streets and a reduction in public spending , given that each officer could perform desk work directly via the mobile device , as well as in several other areas and situations . The US Federal Government has been slow to move away from the Blackberry platform , a State Department spokesperson saying in 2013 that Blackberry devices were still the only mobile devices approved for U.S. missions abroad by the State Department . The high encryption standard that made BlackBerry smartphones and the PlayBook tablet unique , have since been implemented in other devices , including most Apple devices released after the iPhone 4 . The Bangalore City Police is one of the few police departments in India along with the Pune Police and Kochi Police to use BlackBerry devices . Use by transportation staff ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , South West Trains and Northern Rail have issued BlackBerry devices to guards in order to improve the communication between control , guards and passengers . In Canada , Toronto and many other municipalities within Canada have issued BlackBerry devices to most of its employees including but not limited to transportation , technical , water and operations inspection staff and all management staff in order to improve the communication between contracted construction companies , its winter maintenance operations and to assist and successfully organize multimillion - dollar contracts . The devices are the standard mobile device to receive e-mail redirected from GroupWise . The City 's e-mail environment is currently set up to support `` ONLY '' BlackBerry devices . As part of their Internet of Things endeavours , the company announced plans of moving into the shipping industry by adapting the smartphones devices to the communication necessities of freight containers . Other users ( edit ) Eric Schmidt , Executive Chairman of Google , is a longtime BlackBerry user . Although smartphones running Google 's Android mobile operating system compete with BlackBerry , Schmidt said in a 2013 interview that he uses a BlackBerry because he prefers its keyboard . The Italian criminal group known as the ' Ndrangheta was reported on February 2009 to have communicated overseas with the Gulf Cartel , a Mexican drug cartel , through the use of the BlackBerry Messenger , since the BBM Texts are `` very difficult to intercept '' . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` RIM Company -- Learn about Research in Motion '' . RIM . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry Subscribers 2014 '' . Jump up ^ Colapinto , John ( October 3 , 2011 ) . `` Famous Names '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved October 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Q4 Fiscal 2016 Results Announcement '' ( PDF ) . April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Foxx , Chris ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Blackberry stops designing own phones '' -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Inter@ctive Pager 900 '' . bbref.ca . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Research In Motion Signs $10 Million Contract To Supply Two - way Pagers To IBM '' . BlackBerry . February 4 , 1998 . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Jim ( January 20 , 1999 ) . `` Short Take : BlackBerry wireless email device debuts '' . CNET . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ M. Seward , Zachary ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` RIM renames itself BlackBerry : Here 's how the name came to be '' . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2013 . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seward , Zachary M. ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` RIM renames itself BlackBerry : Here 's how that name came to be '' . Quartz . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A short history of the BlackBerry '' . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2013 . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Diokno , Carlo Raphael ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` BlackBerry Q5 price in US revealed : BB Q10 & Z10 more expensive '' . Pop Herald . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mahale , Sneha ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` Review : BlackBerry Q10 '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Charles ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` Nokia revenues slide 24 % but Lumia sales rise offers hope '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ El Akkad , Omar ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` BlackBerry puts up ' for sale ' sign , with Fairfax emerging as potential buyer '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved September 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gollom , Mark ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` Does BlackBerry have a future ? '' . CBC News . Retrieved September 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry to be sold to group led by Fairfax Financial '' . CBC News . September 24 , 2013 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McEntegart , Jane ( November 4 , 2013 ) . `` BlackBerry Replaces Thorsten Heins with New Interim CEO '' . Tomshardware.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roumeliotis , Greg ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` BlackBerry board rejected proposals to break up company '' . Reuters . Retrieved November 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zeis , Adam ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Message from BlackBerry CEO John Chen : We are committed to reclaiming our success '' . Crackberry.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Matt Burns ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` BlackBerry Is One Of The Hottest Stocks Of 2014 , Seriously '' . TechCrunch . AOL Inc . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matt Young ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` BlackBerry Passport : Breaking Design Boundaries '' . BlackBerry Blog . BlackBerry . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ David Nield . `` BlackBerry Classic review '' . TechRadar . Jump up ^ A Sad Day for Punchers : BlackBerry to Discontinue Traditional Keyboard Phone Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry to Launch Android Smartphone '' . Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The many ways BlackBerry beefs up Android security on the Priv '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry Priv standout features : Hub , pop - up widgets and security app '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry Promises Robust Security on Android - Based Priv '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Tyler . `` BlackBerry Not Ruling Out Future BB10 Smartphones '' . Ubergizmo . Ubergizmo . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . However with the rumors suggesting multiple Android devices in the works , we have to wonder where they will find the time to launch BB10 devices . ^ Jump up to : The Canadian Press ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` BlackBerry launching new smartphone with emphasis on beefed up security '' . CBC News . CBC . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Roger ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` BlackBerry 's cheaper DTEK 50 skips the keyboard , but keeps Android '' . CNET . CBS Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry rebrands Chinese smartphone , creates the $299 BlackBerry DTEK50 '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Roger ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` BlackBerry 's cheaper DTEK 50 skips the keyboard , but keeps Android '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paul Sawers ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` BlackBerry 's first software and brand - licensing deal : a joint venture in Indonesia called BB Merah Putih '' . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry Announces DTEK60 , Latest Android Device with BlackBerry 's Industry Leading Security Software '' . October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry , Ford Extend Partnership to Develop Car Software '' . October 31 , 2016 -- via www.bloomberg.com . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry to face class - action lawsuit from employees over Ford partnership '' -- via The Globe and Mail . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry Adds Jaguar to its Roster of Automaker Partners '' . Bloomberg.com. 2018 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry KEY2 unveiled , features dual - camera and a customizable speed key - EOTO Tech '' . EOTO Tech. 2018 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` NTP Inc. v. Research in Motion '' . Google . Jump up ^ McKenna , Barrie ; Waldie , Paul ; Avery , Simon ( February 21 , 2006 ) . `` Patently Absurd : The inside story of RIM 's wireless war '' . The Globe and Mail . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Noguchi , Yuki ( November 12 , 2005 ) . `` Government Enters Fray Over BlackBerry Patents . Agencies Depend on Devices , Lawyers Say '' . The Washington Post . p . D01 . Jump up ^ `` Settlement reached in BlackBerry patent case '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . March 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/-2218708.htm Jump up ^ `` RIM bloque une application concurrente A son service BlackBerry Messenger - ActualitAŠs Techno - AŠconomie - TAŠlAŠcoms et mobilitAŠ '' . Benefice-net.branchez-vous.com . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2010 . Retrieved December 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , Stuart ( 2010 - 12 - 01 ) . `` RIM Sues App Maker Kik Over Patents '' . The Wall Street Journal . New York City . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Silcoff , Sean ; McNish , Jacquie ; Ladurantaye , Steve ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Inside the fall of BlackBerry : How the smartphone inventor failed to adapt '' . The Globe and Mail Inc . Retrieved August 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Simone , Rose ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` Kik eager to move on after settling spat with BlackBerry '' . The Record.com . Retrieved August 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ BlackBerry sues Facebook , WhatsApp , Instagram over patent infringement , by Ahmed Farhatha , Reuters , March 6 , 2018 Jump up ^ Kerr , Dara ( April 12 , 2012 ) . `` RIM plans to open its first Middle East retail store in Dubai '' . CNET . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` First of Many BlackBerry Stores Opens in Jakarta '' . Jakarta Globe . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2013 . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mildenberg , David ( April 20 , 2005 ) . `` Nexcom opens first U.S. BlackBerry store in Charlotte '' . Charlotte Business Journal . Jump up ^ `` The inside scoop on the new BlackBerry Store '' . BB Geeks . December 21 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Enjoy a unique BlackBerry experience at the BlackBerry from Wireless Giant store '' . Blackberry.com . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2012 . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` RIM closes Boston retail store '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lashinsky , Adam ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` BlackBerry 's business problem '' . Fortune Magazine . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Slow browsing , few apps , and an embarrassing service outage . Can BlackBerry recover from its biggest crisis yet ? Jump up ^ Writer , Staff ( October 15 , 2011 ) . `` RIM and its troubles : BlackBerry blues '' . The Economist . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Research In Motion can ill afford embarrassing service interruptions . Jump up ^ Osborne , Brian ( June 20 , 2005 ) . `` Limited BlackBerry outage Friday morning '' . Geek.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jedras , Jeff ( April 18 , 2007 ) . `` BlackBerry outage suggests IT infrastructure weakness '' . ITBusiness.ca . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry users hit by eight - hour outage '' . ZDNet . December 23 , 2009 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Williams , Christoper ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` BlackBerry services collapse '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Meyer , David ( October 12 , 2011 ) . `` RIM explains BlackBerry downtime as outage spreads '' . ZDNet UK . ^ Jump up to : Browning , Jonathan ( October 12 , 2011 ) . `` RIM in ' Race Against Clock ' as BlackBerry Disruption Spreads '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ L. , P. ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` BlackBerry outage : Another burning platform '' . The Economist . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Garside , Juliette ( October 15 , 2011 ) . `` Service restored , but BlackBerry may never repair its reputation '' . Guardian News and Media Ltd . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . This outage could n't have come at a worse time , '' says Francisco Jeronimo , research manager at analyst IDC . `` It harms BlackBerry 's brand . Corporations , users and mobile operators are now asking themselves : how reliable is RIM ? '' Activist shareholders , egged on by financial analysts , are hammering on the boardroom door , calling for Lazaridis and Balsillie to leave . Chief among them is Vic Alboini , who runs Jaguar Financial , a merchant bank which claims to have support from 12 of RIM 's top 20 stockholders for a change at the top . Jump up ^ Garside , Juliette ( October 12 , 2011 ) . `` Shareholders put pressure on BlackBerry chiefs to sell up '' . Guardian News and Media Ltd . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . As RIM battled to contain a three - day outage of its email service , which has spread from Europe to Africa and now North and South America , affecting many of its 70 million users , Jaguar called for Jim Balsillie and Mike Lazaridis , who are co-chief executives and co-chairmen , to step down . ( ... ) RIM declined to comment on shareholder unrest . Jump up ^ Writer , Staff ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` BlackBerry maker selling tablets at a loss , takes $485 million charge '' . East Bay Times . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . The company is also taking a charge of $50 million for an embarrassing October outage of email and Web services that lasted days for millions of overseas BlackBerry users . It briefly spread to the U.S. and Canada before the company was able to contain the damage . Jump up ^ Whittaker , Zack ( March 30 , 2012 ) . `` RIM lost $54 million on four - day global BlackBerry outage '' . ZDNet . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ King , Leo ( October 12 , 2011 ) . `` BlackBerry Users Express Anger At Two Day Outage '' . CSO Online by IDG . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ BlackBerry Training Archived April 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Blackberry.com website Jump up ^ `` Introducing the Porsche Design P'9982 Smartphone from BlackBerry '' ( Press release ) . BlackBerry . November 19 , 2013 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New BlackBerry 9720 Smartphone Lets You Spark The Conversation '' ( Press release ) . BlackBerry . August 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` BlackBerry -- Manuals and Guides '' . blackberry.com . January 24 , 2011 . Retrieved January 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ID , FCC . `` RBK40CG Handheld Blackberry with CDMA and Bluetooth Teardown Internal Photos BlackBerry Limited '' . FCCID.io . Jump up ^ Gardner , W. David ( May 12 , 2008 ) . `` RIM Gets ' Bold ' With 3G BlackBerry 9000 '' . InformationWeek . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ RIM Circa 1999 : BlackBerry History Revisited , BlackBerry Cool , July 13 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Strietelmeier , Julie ( February 26 , 2001 ) . `` RIM BlackBerry 950 Review '' . The-gadgeteer.com . Jump up ^ no by - line. -- > ( 2015 ) . `` Smartphones - PRIV '' . BlackBerry Canada . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Friend , David ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` BlackBerry revenue exceeds expectations , as software and service sales rise '' . Toronto Star . Toronto , Ontario , Canada . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moynihan , Tim ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Review : BlackBerry Priv '' . Wired . Conde Nast . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Time - shifting BlackBerry camera makes pictures perfect '' . CNET . May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Thorsten Heins in the BlackBerry World 2012 Keynote General Session '' . BlackBerry on YouTube . May 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry shutting down BBM Music on June 2nd , points users to Rdio '' . Jump up ^ Etherington , Darrell July 16 , 2014 TechCrunch . `` BlackBerry Gets Its Own Siri With BlackBerry Assistant '' Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry , NantHealth launch cancer genome browser '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ Maximizer Software Partners with McObject to Improve Mobile CRM on BlackBerry Devices , BlackBerry News Desk , Sys - Con Publishing , June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Darryl ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` RIM adds Android app support to BlackBerry PlayBook via ' optional app player ' '' . Engadget . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . You read that right -- RIM just announced that its forthcoming BlackBerry PlayBook will support both BlackBerry Java and Android apps . Jump up ^ Michaluk , Kevin ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` Press Release : RIM Expands Application Ecosystem for BlackBerry PlayBook -- Android Apps on Playbook ! ! ! '' . Crackberry . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Android apps wo n't come from Google Play itself , but rather Android developers will simply have to repackage , code sign and submit their BlackBerry Java and Android apps to BlackBerry App World from where users will be able to download the apps . Jump up ^ `` Repackage your apps for blackberry playbook '' . Blackberry.com . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Miller , Hugo ; Kharif , Olga ( August 24 , 2011 ) . `` BlackBerrys Said to Get Android Apps as RIM Seeks Sales Boost '' . Bloomberg News . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Research In Motion Ltd . ( RIM ) , seeking to boost the appeal of its BlackBerrys and revive slowing sales , plans to enable models expected next year to run applications built for Google Inc . ( GOOG ) 's Android operating system , three people familiar with the plan said . Jump up ^ Kovach , Steve ( August 24 , 2011 ) . `` BlackBerry Phones Will Get Android Apps -- Bloomberg '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . RIM will add access to Android apps on BlackBerry phones that run its new QNX operating system , Bloomberg reports . Jump up ^ `` RIM 's newer phones to get Android apps '' . Reuters . August 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . The Canadian company plans to have the Android player already in the QNX - running phones when they go on sale rather than available as an upgrade , the report said . Jump up ^ `` Android Apps for BlackBerrys May Be Lackluster '' . PC World . August 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . We 're still waiting for Research in Motion to allow Android apps to run on its BlackBerry PlayBook tablet , as promised last March , but a new report says these apps will eventually run on future BlackBerry phones as well . Jump up ^ `` BBX , BlackBerry 's latest purported saviour '' . Daily Maverick . October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Rui Brites , the director for product management in Africa told iMaverick that the new BBX system was RIM 's way of securing its future . `` With BBX , we 've opened up in a big way , '' he said . `` We have over 400,000 developers worldwide and have now developed tools for Android developers to submit their apps to the BlackBerry App World without needing to recode . '' Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry maker 's area developer unit to fill gap '' . Zimbabwe Telegraph . October 21 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . The company introduced its BlackBerry BBX operating system on Tuesday , combining features from the existing BlackBerry platform and the QNX software it bought last year . The system , which does n't have a release date , includes new programming tools like HTML5 designed to make building apps easier . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry Enterprise Server Express '' . Us.blackberry.com . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry MDS Connection Service '' . Research In Motion ( RIM ) . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2011 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How the BlackBerry Enterprise Solution uses Triple DES to encrypt data '' . Docs.blackberry.com . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` How the BlackBerry Enterprise Solution uses AES to encrypt data '' . Docs.blackberry.com . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Encrypting data that the BlackBerry Enterprise Server and a BlackBerry device send to each other '' . Docs.blackberry.com . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Algorithms that the BlackBerry Enterprise Solution uses to encrypt data '' . Docs.blackberry.com . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Email setup and integration Archived March 23 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . Research In Motion . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry market share slides again amid takeover talk '' . Daily Telegraph . January 30 , 2012 . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Why the Canadian love affair with BlackBerry is n't over yet '' . The Sun . January 24 , 2012 . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Research in Motion Reports Second quarter Results '' ( PDF ) . October 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Research in Motion Reports Third quarter Results '' ( PDF ) . December 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Research in Motion Reports Third quarter Results '' ( PDF ) . December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Research in Motion Reports First quarter Results '' ( PDF ) . June 28 , 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RIM shares rise on new phone hopes '' . The Globe and Mail . Canada . September 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Charles . `` Ten things to know about BlackBerry - and how much trouble it is ( or is n't ) in '' . www.theguardian.com . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gruman , Galen . `` The dangerous delusions of the BlackBerry fan '' . www.infoworld.com . IDG . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Android and iOS Squeeze the Competition , Swelling to 96.3 % of the Smartphone Operating System Market for Both 4Q14 and CY14 , According to IDC '' . IDC . February 24 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2015 . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Marlow , Iain ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` Lack of global knowledge cost BlackBerry Indonesia '' . The Globe and Mail . Jump up ^ Purnell , Newley ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` BlackBerry Turns to Indonesia to Make Turnaround Push '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Miller , Hugo ( December 21 , 2013 ) . `` BlackBerry 's Foxconn Deal Spurs Evolution Into Services Company '' . Bloomberg . ^ Jump up to : Dingman , Shane ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` BlackBerry 's focus on software starting to pay off : CEO '' . Globe and Mail . Toronto , Ontario , Canada . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maya Nawangwulan ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Blackberry Cuts 35 Percent of Its Workforce '' . Jump up ^ `` Windows Phone and BlackBerry OS are fading into nothingness '' . Jump up ^ Vincent , James ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) . `` 99.6 percent of new smartphones run Android or iOS '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Q4 Fiscal 2013 Results Announcement '' ( PDF ) . September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Q1 Fiscal 2014 Results Announcement '' ( PDF ) . September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Q4 Fiscal 2015 Results Announcement '' ( PDF ) . February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Q1 Fiscal 2016 Results Announcement '' ( PDF ) . June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Q2 Fiscal 2016 Results Announcement '' ( PDF ) . September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Q3 Fiscal 2016 Results Announcement '' ( PDF ) . December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Q1 Fiscal 2017 Results Announcement '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Q2 Fiscal 2017 Results Announcement '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Q3 Fiscal 2017 Results Announcement '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Whitney , Lance ( October 8 , 2010 ) . `` RIM averts BlackBerry ban in UAE '' . CNET . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yew , Madhavi Acharya - Tom ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` RIM reaches deal with Saudi Arabia '' . The Toronto Star . ISSN 0319 - 0781 . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Josh ( April 7 , 2012 ) . `` RIM gives India access to BlackBerry messages '' . The Toronto Star . ISSN 0319 - 0781 . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Two Gulf states to ban some Blackberry functions '' . BBC News . August 1 , 2010 . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( September 7 , 2013 ) . `` Privacy Scandal : NSA Can Spy on Smart Phone Data '' . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` JTRIG Tools and Techniques '' . The Intercept . July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` JTRIG Tools and Techniques '' . www.documentcloud.org . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carr , Jeffrey ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` BlackBerry Ltd , the NSA , and The Encryption Algorithm that NIST Warned You Not To Use '' . Digital Dao . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zeleny , Jeff ( January 22 , 2009 ) . `` Obama Keeps His Blackberry in a Hard - Fought E-Victory '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Clifford , Stephanie ( January 8 , 2009 ) . `` For BlackBerry , Obama 's Devotion Is Priceless '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Obama has finally ditched his BlackBerry , but its replacement will surprise you , By Trevor Mogg , Digital Trends , Sat , June 11 , 9 : 01 PM PDT Jump up ^ Robert O'Harrow Jr . ( March 27 , 2016 ) . `` How Clinton 's email scandal took root '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . `` The issue here is one of personal comfort , '' one of the participants in that meeting , Donald Reid , the department 's senior coordinator for security infrastructure , wrote afterward in an email that described Clinton 's inner circle of advisers as `` dedicated ( BlackBerry ) addicts . '' Jump up ^ `` West Yorkshire Police Increase Visibility and Productivity with BlackBerry '' ( PDF ) . BlackBerry . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry Customer Success '' . BlackBerry . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2012 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kang , Cecilia ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) . `` BlackBerry still reigns in Washington , slow - poke capital of the world '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Validated 140 - 1 and 140 - 2 Cryptographic Modules '' . csrc.nist.gov . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Use of BlackBerry devices by traffic police in city not to be affected '' . The Hindu . March 18 , 2008 . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kochi traffic police go Blackberry '' . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Smartphones issued to 850 South West Trains Guards in drive to improve passenger communication '' . South West Trains . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Rail -- Case Study '' . Uk.blackberry.com . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry going after shipping industry with cloud management platform '' . CTV News . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Charles ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` Surprise ! Google chairman Eric Schmidt uses ... a BlackBerry '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Narco - mafia se comunican por Blackberry '' . CNN Expansión . February 19 , 2009 . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . See also ( edit ) QWERTY T9 ( predictive text ) BlackBerry Limited ( formerly Research in Motion ) Index of articles related to BlackBerry OS Comparison of smartphones Science and technology in Canada PocketMac References ( edit ) Sweeny , Alastair ( 2009 ) , BlackBerry planet : the story of Research in Motion and the little device that took the world by storm , John Wiley & Sons Canada , ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 15940 - 8 Research In Motion Reports Fourth Quarter and Year - End Results For Fiscal 2005 `` Research In Motion 2005 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . ( 682 KB ) Research In Motion Fourth Quarter and 2007 Fiscal Year End Results Cunningham , S & Turner , G ( 2006 ) Media and Communications in Australia , Southwood Press Pty Ltd , Australia , pp. 259 -- 278 . Levinson , P ( 2004 ) Cellphone , Routledge , New York , pp. 15 -- 33 . Rheingold , H ( 2002 ) Smart Mobs : the Next Social Revolution , Perseus , Cambridge , Massachusetts , pp. xi -- xxii , 157 -- 182 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to BlackBerry smartphones . Official website <Th_colspan="2"> BlackBerry Limited Executive team John S. Chen ( CEO and Executive Chair ) Current devices Android KEYone Aurora Motion KEY Discontinued devices Android Priv DTEK50 DTEK60 BlackBerry 10 Z series Z30 Z10 Z3 Q series Q10 Q5 P'9982 Passport Classic Leap Classic BlackBerry OS Torch 9800 Charm Electron Pearl Quark Storm Storm 2 Style Tour Bold series 9900 9930 9790 9700 Curve series 9315 9310 9360 P'9981 BlackBerry Tablet OS PlayBook Services BlackBerry Messenger ( BBM ) BlackBerry World BlackBerry Enterprise Server ( BES ) BNF : cb16167521f ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BlackBerry&oldid=853480709 '' Categories : BlackBerry Computer - related introductions in 1999 BlackBerry Limited mobile phones Canadian brands Canadian inventions C++ software Goods manufactured in Canada Information appliances Personal digital assistants Science and technology in Canada Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from July 2016 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Papiamentu Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 中文 40 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 02 : 42 ( UTC ) . 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1. BlackBerry devices and services
2. BlackBerry history and evolution
3. BlackBerry operating systems
4. BlackBerry's competition and financial results
5. BlackBerry's intellectual property litigation and outages
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what is the definition of a mood disorder
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Mood disorder - Wikipedia Mood disorder <Th_colspan="2"> Mood disorder Synonyms Affective disorder <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> A depressive man standing by a country pond in the pouring rain Specialty Psychiatry Types Bipolar disorder , cyclothymia , disruptive mood dysregulation disorder , dysthymia , major depressive disorder , premenstrual dysphoric disorder , seasonal affective disorder Medication Antidepressants , mood stabilizers Mood disorder , also known as mood ( affective ) disorders , is a group of conditions where a disturbance in the person 's mood is the main underlying feature . The classification is in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ) and International Classification of Diseases ( ICD ) . Mood disorders fall into the basic groups of elevated mood , such as mania or hypomania ; depressed mood , of which the best - known and most researched is major depressive disorder ( MDD ) ( commonly called clinical depression , unipolar depression , or major depression ) ; and moods which cycle between mania and depression , known as bipolar disorder ( BD ) ( formerly known as manic depression ) . There are several sub-types of depressive disorders or psychiatric syndromes featuring less severe symptoms such as dysthymic disorder ( similar to but milder than MDD ) and cyclothymic disorder ( similar to but milder than BD ) . Mood disorders may also be substance induced or occur in response to a medical condition . English psychiatrist Henry Maudsley proposed an overarching category of affective disorder . The term was then replaced by mood - disorder , as the latter term refers to the underlying or longitudinal emotional state , whereas the former refers to the external expression observed by others . Contents 1 Classification 1.1 Depressive disorders 1.2 Bipolar disorders 1.3 Substance - induced 1.3. 1 Alcohol - induced 1.3. 2 Benzodiazepine - induced 1.4 Due to another medical condition 1.5 Not otherwise specified 2 Causes 3 Diagnosis 3.1 DSM - 5 4 Treatment 5 Epidemiology 6 Research 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Classification ( edit ) Depressive disorders ( edit ) Major depressive disorder ( MDD ) , commonly called major depression , unipolar depression , or clinical depression , wherein a person has one or more major depressive episodes . After a single episode , Major Depressive Disorder ( single episode ) would be diagnosed . After more than one episode , the diagnosis becomes Major Depressive Disorder ( Recurrent ) . Depression without periods of mania is sometimes referred to as unipolar depression because the mood remains at the bottom `` pole '' and does not climb to the higher , manic `` pole '' as in bipolar disorder . Individuals with a major depressive episode or major depressive disorder are at increased risk for suicide . Seeking help and treatment from a health professional dramatically reduces the individual 's risk for suicide . Studies have demonstrated that asking if a depressed friend or family member has thought of committing suicide is an effective way of identifying those at risk , and it does not `` plant '' the idea or increase an individual 's risk for suicide in any way . Epidemiological studies carried out in Europe suggest that , at this moment , roughly 8.5 percent of the world 's population have a depressive disorder . No age group seems to be exempt from depression , and studies have found that depression appears in infants as young as 6 months old who have been separated from their mothers . Depressive disorder is frequent in primary care and general hospital practice but is often undetected . Unrecognized depressive disorder may slow recovery and worsen prognosis in physical illness , therefore it is important that all doctors be able to recognize the condition , treat the less severe cases , and identify those requiring specialist care . Diagnosticians recognize several subtypes or course specifiers : Atypical depression ( AD ) is characterized by mood reactivity ( paradoxical anhedonia ) and positivity , significant weight gain or increased appetite ( `` comfort eating '' ) , excessive sleep or somnolence ( hypersomnia ) , a sensation of heaviness in limbs known as leaden paralysis , and significant social impairment as a consequence of hypersensitivity to perceived interpersonal rejection . Difficulties in measuring this subtype have led to questions of its validity and prevalence . Melancholic depression is characterized by a loss of pleasure ( anhedonia ) in most or all activities , a failure of reactivity to pleasurable stimuli , a quality of depressed mood more pronounced than that of grief or loss , a worsening of symptoms in the morning hours , early - morning waking , psychomotor retardation , excessive weight loss ( not to be confused with anorexia nervosa ) , or excessive guilt . Psychotic major depression ( PMD ) , or simply psychotic depression , is the term for a major depressive episode , in particular of melancholic nature , wherein the patient experiences psychotic symptoms such as delusions or , less commonly , hallucinations . These are most commonly mood - congruent ( content coincident with depressive themes ) . Catatonic depression is a rare and severe form of major depression involving disturbances of motor behavior and other symptoms . Here , the person is mute and almost stuporose , and either is immobile or exhibits purposeless or even bizarre movements . Catatonic symptoms can also occur in schizophrenia or a manic episode , or can be due to neuroleptic malignant syndrome . Postpartum depression ( PPD ) is listed as a course specifier in DSM - IV - TR ; it refers to the intense , sustained and sometimes disabling depression experienced by women after giving birth . Postpartum depression , which affects 10 -- 15 % of women , typically sets in within three months of labor , and lasts as long as three months . It is quite common for women to experience a short - term feeling of tiredness and sadness in the first few weeks after giving birth ; however , postpartum depression is different because it can cause significant hardship and impaired functioning at home , work , or school as well as , possibly , difficulty in relationships with family members , spouses , or friends , or even problems bonding with the newborn . In the treatment of postpartum major depressive disorders and other unipolar depressions in women who are breastfeeding , nortriptyline , paroxetine ( Paxil ) , and sertraline ( Zoloft ) are in general considered to be the preferred medications . Women with personal or family histories of mood disorders are at particularly high risk of developing postpartum depression . Premenstrual dysphoric disorder ( PMDD ) is a severe and disabling form of premenstrual syndrome affecting 3 -- 8 % of menstruating women . The disorder consists of a `` cluster of affective , behavioral and somatic symptoms '' that recur monthly during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle . PMDD was added to the list of depressive disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders in 2013 . The exact pathogenesis of the disorder is still unclear and is an active research topic . Treatment of PMDD relies largely on antidepressants that modulate serotonin levels in the brain via serotonin reuptake inhibitors as well as ovulation suppression using contraception . Seasonal affective disorder ( SAD ) , also known as `` winter depression '' or `` winter blues '' , is a specifier . Some people have a seasonal pattern , with depressive episodes coming on in the autumn or winter , and resolving in spring . The diagnosis is made if at least two episodes have occurred in colder months with none at other times over a two - year period or longer . It is commonly hypothesised that people who live at higher latitudes tend to have less sunlight exposure in the winter and therefore experience higher rates of SAD , but the epidemiological support for this proposition is not strong ( and latitude is not the only determinant of the amount of sunlight reaching the eyes in winter ) . It is said that this disorder can be treated by light therapy . SAD is also more prevalent in people who are younger and typically affects more females than males . Dysthymia is a condition related to unipolar depression , where the same physical and cognitive problems are evident , but they are not as severe and tend to last longer ( usually at least 2 years ) . The treatment of dysthymia is largely the same as for major depression , including antidepressant medications and psychotherapy . Double depression can be defined as a fairly depressed mood ( dysthymia ) that lasts for at least two years and is punctuated by periods of major depression . Depressive Disorder Not Otherwise Specified ( DD - NOS ) is designated by the code 311 for depressive disorders that are impairing but do not fit any of the officially specified diagnoses . According to the DSM - IV , DD - NOS encompasses `` any depressive disorder that does not meet the criteria for a specific disorder . '' It includes the research diagnoses of recurrent brief depression , and minor depressive disorder listed below . Depressive personality disorder ( DPD ) is a controversial psychiatric diagnosis that denotes a personality disorder with depressive features . Originally included in the DSM - II , depressive personality disorder was removed from the DSM - III and DSM - III - R. Recently , it has been reconsidered for reinstatement as a diagnosis . Depressive personality disorder is currently described in Appendix B in the DSM - IV - TR as worthy of further study . Recurrent brief depression ( RBD ) , distinguished from major depressive disorder primarily by differences in duration . People with RBD have depressive episodes about once per month , with individual episodes lasting less than two weeks and typically less than 2 -- 3 days . Diagnosis of RBD requires that the episodes occur over the span of at least one year and , in female patients , independently of the menstrual cycle . People with clinical depression can develop RBD , and vice versa , and both illnesses have similar risks . Minor depressive disorder , or simply minor depression , which refers to a depression that does not meet full criteria for major depression but in which at least two symptoms are present for two weeks . Bipolar disorders ( edit ) Bipolar disorder ( BD ) ( also called Manic Depression or Manic - Depressive Disorder ) , an unstable emotional condition characterized by cycles of abnormal , persistent high mood ( mania ) and low mood ( depression ) , which was formerly known as `` manic depression '' ( and in some cases rapid cycling , mixed states , and psychotic symptoms ) . Subtypes include : Bipolar I is distinguished by the presence or history of one or more manic episodes or mixed episodes with or without major depressive episodes . A depressive episode is not required for the diagnosis of Bipolar I Disorder , but depressive episodes are usually part of the course of the illness . Bipolar II consisting of recurrent intermittent hypomanic and depressive episodes or mixed episodes . Cyclothymia is a form of bipolar disorder , consisting of recurrent hypomanic and dysthymic episodes , but no full manic episodes or full major depressive episodes . Bipolar Disorder Not Otherwise Specified ( BD - NOS ) , sometimes called `` sub-threshold '' bipolar , indicates that the patient has some symptoms in the bipolar spectrum ( e.g. , manic and depressive symptoms ) but does not fully qualify for any of the three formal bipolar DSM - IV diagnoses mentioned above . It is estimated that roughly 1 % of the adult population has bipolar I , a further 1 % has bipolar II or cyclothymia , and somewhere between 2 % and 5 % percent have `` sub-threshold '' forms of bipolar disorder . Furthermore the possibility of getting bipolar disorder when one parent is diagnosed with it is 15 -- 30 % . Risk when both parents have it is 50 -- 75 % . Also , while with bipolar siblings the risk is 15 -- 25 % , with identical twins it is about 70 % . A minority of people with bipolar disorder have high creativity , artistry or a particular gifted talent . Before the mania phase becomes too extreme , its energy , ambition , enthusiasm and grandiosity often bring people with this type of mood disorder life 's masterpieces . Substance - induced ( edit ) A mood disorder can be classified as substance - induced if its etiology can be traced to the direct physiologic effects of a psychoactive drug or other chemical substance , or if the development of the mood disorder occurred contemporaneously with substance intoxication or withdrawal . Also , an individual may have a mood disorder coexisting with a substance abuse disorder . Substance - induced mood disorders can have features of a manic , hypomanic , mixed , or depressive episode . Most substances can induce a variety of mood disorders . For example , stimulants such as amphetamine , methamphetamine , and cocaine can cause manic , hypomanic , mixed , and depressive episodes . Alcohol - induced ( edit ) High rates of major depressive disorder occur in heavy drinkers and those with alcoholism . Controversy has previously surrounded whether those who abused alcohol and developed depression were self - medicating their pre-existing depression . But recent research has concluded that , while this may be true in some cases , alcohol misuse directly causes the development of depression in a significant number of heavy drinkers . Participants studied were also assessed during stressful events in their lives and measured on a Feeling Bad Scale . Likewise , they were also assessed on their affiliation with deviant peers , unemployment , and their partner 's substance use and criminal offending . High rates of suicide also occur in those who have alcohol - related problems . It is usually possible to differentiate between alcohol - related depression and depression that is not related to alcohol intake by taking a careful history of the patient . Depression and other mental health problems associated with alcohol misuse may be due to distortion of brain chemistry , as they tend to improve on their own after a period of abstinence . Benzodiazepine - induced ( edit ) Benzodiazepines , such as alprazolam , clonazepam , lorazepam and diazepam , can cause both depression and mania . Benzodiazepines are a class of medication commonly used to treat anxiety , panic attacks and insomnia , and are also commonly misused and abused . Those with anxiety , panic and sleep problems commonly have negative emotions and thoughts , depression , suicidal ideations , and often have comorbid depressive disorders . While the anxiolytic and hypnotic effects of benzodiazepines disappear as tolerance develops , depression and impulsivity with high suicidal risk commonly persist . Unfortunately , these symptoms are `` often interpreted as an exacerbation or as a natural evolution of previous disorders and the chronic use of sedatives is overlooked . '' Benzodiazepines do not prevent the development of depression , can exacerbate preexisting depression , can cause depression in those with no history of it , and can lead to suicide attempts . Risk factors for attempted and completed suicide while using benzodiazepines include high dose prescriptions ( even in those not misusing the medications ) , benzodiazepine intoxication , and underlying depression . The long - term use of benzodiazepines may have a similar effect on the brain as alcohol , and are also implicated in depression . As with alcohol , the effects of benzodiazepine on neurochemistry , such as decreased levels of serotonin and norepinephrine , are believed to be responsible for the increased depression . Additionally , benzodiazepines can indirectly worsen mood by worsening sleep ( i.e. , benzodiazepine - induced sleep disorder ) . Like alcohol , benzodiazepines can put people to sleep but , while asleep , they disrupt sleep architecture : decreasing sleep time , delaying time to REM sleep , and decreasing deep sleep ( the most restorative part of sleep for both energy and mood ) . Just as some antidepressants can cause or worsen anxiety in some patients due to being activating , benzodiazepines can cause or worsen depression due to being a central nervous system depressant -- worsening thinking , concentration and problem solving ( i.e. , benzodiazepine - induced neurocognitive disorder ) . However , unlike antidepressants , in which the activating effects usually improve with continued treatment , benzodiazepine - induced depression is unlikely to improve until after stopping the medication . In a long - term follow - up study of patients dependent on benzodiazepines , it was found that 10 people ( 20 % ) had taken drug overdoses while on chronic benzodiazepine medication despite only two people ever having had any pre-existing depressive disorder . A year after a gradual withdrawal program , no patients had taken any further overdoses . Just as with intoxication and chronic use , benzodiazepine withdrawal can also cause depression . While benzodiazepine - induced depressive disorder may be exacerbated immediately after discontinuation of benzodiazepines , evidence suggests that mood significantly improves after the acute withdrawal period to levels better than during use . Depression resulting from withdrawal from benzodiazepines usually subsides after a few months but in some cases may persist for 6 -- 12 months . Due to another medical condition ( edit ) `` Mood disorder due to a general medical condition '' is used to describe manic or depressive episodes which occur secondary to a medical condition . There are many medical conditions that can trigger mood episodes , including neurological disorders ( e.g. dementias ) , metabolic disorders ( e.g. electrolyte disturbances ) , gastrointestinal diseases ( e.g. cirrhosis ) , endocrine disease ( e.g. thyroid abnormalities ) , cardiovascular disease ( e.g. heart attack ) , pulmonary disease ( e.g. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ) , cancer , and autoimmune diseases . Not Otherwise specified ( edit ) See also : DSM - IV codes and ICD - 10 codes Mood disorder not otherwise specified ( MD - NOS ) is a mood disorder that is impairing but does not fit in with any of the other officially specified diagnoses . In the DSM - IV MD - NOS is described as `` any mood disorder that does not meet the criteria for a specific disorder . '' MD - NOS is not used as a clinical description but as a statistical concept for filing purposes . Most cases of MD - NOS represent hybrids between mood and anxiety disorders , such as mixed anxiety - depressive disorder or atypical depression . An example of an instance of MD - NOS is being in minor depression frequently during various intervals , such as once every month or once in three days . There is a risk for MD - NOS not to get noticed , and for that reason not to get treated . Causes ( edit ) Meta - analyses show that high scores on the personality domain neuroticism is a strong predictor for the development of mood disorders . A number of authors have also suggested that mood disorders are an evolutionary adaptation . A low or depressed mood can increase an individual 's ability to cope with situations in which the effort to pursue a major goal could result in danger , loss , or wasted effort . In such situations , low motivation may give an advantage by inhibiting certain actions . This theory helps to explain why negative life incidents precede depression in around 80 percent of cases , and why they so often strike people during their peak reproductive years . These characteristics would be difficult to understand if depression were a dysfunction . A depressed mood is a predictable response to certain types of life occurrences , such as loss of status , divorce , or death of a child or spouse . These are events that signal a loss of reproductive ability or potential , or that did so in humans ' ancestral environment . A depressed mood can be seen as an adaptive response , in the sense that it causes an individual to turn away from the earlier ( and reproductively unsuccessful ) modes of behavior . A depressed mood is common during illnesses , such as influenza . It has been argued that this is an evolved mechanism that assists the individual in recovering by limiting his / her physical activity . The occurrence of low - level depression during the winter months , or seasonal affective disorder , may have been adaptive in the past , by limiting physical activity at times when food was scarce . It is argued that humans have retained the instinct to experience low mood during the winter months , even if the availability of food is no longer determined by the weather . Much of what we know about the genetic influence of clinical depression is based upon research that has been done with identical twins . Identical twins both have exactly the same genetic code . It has been found that when one identical twin becomes depressed the other will also develop clinical depression approximately 76 % of the time . When identical twins are raised apart from each other , they will both become depressed about 67 % of the time . Because both twins become depressed at such a high rate , the implication is that there is a strong genetic influence . If it happened that when one twin becomes clinically depressed the other always develops depression , then clinical depression would likely be entirely genetic . Bipolar disorder is also considered a mood disorder . In the case of bipolar disorder several causes have been considered as possible , please see the Wikipedia page Bipolar disorder for more details on the most common attributed causes . Recently , apart of the recent knowledge , it is hypothesized and there is evidence that bipolar disorder might be caused by mitochondrial dysfunction or mitochondrial disease . Diagnosis ( edit ) DSM - 5 ( edit ) The DSM - 5 , released in May 2013 , separates the mood disorder chapter from the DSM - TR - IV into two sections : Depressive and Related Disorders and Bipolar and Related Disorders . Bipolar Disorders falls in between Depressive Disorders and Schizophrenia Spectrum and Related Disorders `` in recognition of their place as a bridge between the two diagnostic classes in terms of symptomatology , family history and genetics '' ( Ref. 1 , p 123 ) . Bipolar Disorders underwent a few changes in the DSM - 5 , most notably the addition of more specific symptomology related to hypomanic and mixed manic states . Depressive Disorders underwent the most changes , the addition of three new disorders : disruptive mood dysregulation disorder , persistent depressive disorder ( previously dysthymia ) , and premenstrual dysphoric disorder ( previously in Appendix B , the section for disorders needing further research ) . Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder is meant as a diagnosis for children and adolescents who would normally be diagnosed with bipolar disorder as a way to limit the bipolar diagnosis in this age cohort . Major depressive disorder ( MDD ) also underwent a notable change , in that the bereavement clause has been removed . Those previously exempt from a diagnosis of MDD due to bereavement are now candidates for the MDD diagnosis . Treatment ( edit ) There are different types of treatments available for mood disorders , such as therapy and medications . Behaviour therapy , cognitive behaviour therapy and interpersonal therapy have all shown to be potentially beneficial in depression . Major depressive disorder medications usually include antidepressants , while bipolar disorder medications can consist of antipsychotics , mood stabilizers , anticonvulsants and / or lithium . Lithium specifically has been proven to reduce suicide and all causes of mortality in people with mood disorders . If mitochondrial dysfunction or mitochondrial diseases are the cause of mood disorders like bipolar disorder , then it has been hypothesized that N - acetyl - cysteine ( NAC ) , acetyl - L - carnitine ( ALCAR ) , S - adenosylmethionine ( SAMe ) , coenzyme Q10 ( CoQ10 ) , alpha - lipoic acid ( ALA ) , creatine monohydrate ( CM ) , and melatonin could be potential treatment options . Epidemiology ( edit ) According to a substantial amount of epidemiology studies conducted , women are twice as likely to develop certain mood disorders , such as major depression . Although there is an equal number of men and women diagnosed with bipolar II disorder , women have a slightly higher frequency of the disorder . In 2011 , mood disorders were the most common reason for hospitalization among children aged 1 -- 17 years in the United States , with approximately 112,000 stays . Mood disorders were top principal diagnosis for Medicaid super-utilizers in the United States in 2012 . Further , a study of 18 States found that mood disorders accounted for the highest number of hospital readmissions among Medicaid patients and the uninsured , with 41,600 Medicaid patients and 12,200 uninsured patients being readmitted within 30 days of their index stay -- a readmission rate of 19.8 per 100 admissions and 12.7 per 100 admissions , respectively . In 2012 , mood and other behavioral health disorders were the most common diagnoses for Medicaid - covered and uninsured hospital stays in the United States ( 6.1 % of Medicaid stays and 5.2 % of uninsured stays ) . A study conducted in 1988 to 1994 amongst young American adults involved a selection of demographic and health characteristics . A population - based sample of 8,602 men and women ages 17 -- 39 years participated . Lifetime prevalence were estimated based on six mood measures : major depressive episode ( MDE ) 8.6 % , major depressive disorder with severity ( MDE - s ) 7.7 % , dysthymia 6.2 % , MDE - s with dysthymia 3.4 % , any bipolar disorder 1.6 % , and any mood disorder 11.5 % . Research ( edit ) Kay Redfield Jamison and others have explored the possible links between mood disorders -- especially bipolar disorder -- and creativity . It has been proposed that a `` ruminating personality type may contribute to both ( mood disorders ) and art . '' Jane Collingwood notes an Oregon State University study that `` looked at the occupational status of a large group of typical patients and found that ' those with bipolar illness appear to be disproportionately concentrated in the most creative occupational category . ' They also found that the likelihood of ' engaging in creative activities on the job ' is significantly higher for bipolar than nonbipolar workers . '' In Liz Paterek 's article `` Bipolar Disorder and the Creative Mind '' she wrote `` Memory and creativity are related to mania . Clinical studies have shown that those in a manic state will rhyme , find synonyms , and use alliteration more than controls . This mental fluidity could contribute to an increase in creativity . Moreover , mania creates increases in productivity and energy . Those in a manic state are more emotionally sensitive and show less inhibition about attitudes , which could create greater expression . Studies performed at Harvard looked into the amount of original thinking in solving creative tasks . Bipolar individuals , whose disorder was not severe , tended to show greater degrees of creativity . '' The relationship between depression and creativity appears to be especially strong among poets . 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Benzodiazepines -- side effects , abuse risk and alternatives '' . American Family Physician. 61 ( 7 ) : 2121 -- 2128 . ISSN 0002 - 838X . PMID 10779253 . Jump up ^ Tasman A , Kay J , Lieberman JA , eds. ( 2008 ) . Psychiatry , third edition . Chichester , England : John Wiley & Sons . pp. 2603 -- 2615 . Jump up ^ Ashton , Heather ( 1 May 2005 ) . `` The diagnosis and management of benzodiazepine dependence '' . Current Opinion in Psychiatry . 18 ( 3 ) : 249 -- 255 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. yco. 0000165594.60434. 84 . ISSN 0951 - 7367 . PMID 16639148 . Jump up ^ Morin , Charles M. ; Bélanger , Lynda ; Bastien , Célyne ; Vallières , Annie ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` Long - term outcome after discontinuation of benzodiazepines for insomnia : a survival analysis of relapse '' . Behaviour Research and Therapy . 43 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 14 . doi : 10.1016 / j. brat. 2003.12. 002 . ISSN 0005 - 7967 . PMID 15531349 . Jump up ^ Poyares , Dalva ; Guilleminault , Christian ; Ohayon , Maurice M. ; Tufik , Sergio ( 1 June 2004 ) . `` Chronic benzodiazepine usage and withdrawal in insomnia patients '' . Journal of Psychiatric Research . 38 ( 3 ) : 327 -- 334 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jpsychires. 2003.10. 003 . ISSN 0022 - 3956 . PMID 15003439 . Jump up ^ Professor C Heather Ashton ( 1987 ) . `` Benzodiazepine Withdrawal : Outcome in 50 Patients '' . British Journal of Addiction. 82 : 655 -- 671 . Jump up ^ Fyer AJ , Liebowitz MR , Gorman JM , Campeas R , Levin A , Davies SO , Goetz D , Klein DF ( March 1987 ) . `` Discontinuation of Alprazolam Treatment in Panic Patients '' . Am J Psychiatry . benzo.org.uk. 144 ( 3 ) : 303 -- 8 . doi : 10.1176 / ajp. 144.3. 303 . PMID 3826428 . Retrieved 10 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Modell JG ( March -- April 1997 ) . `` Protracted benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome mimicking psychotic depression '' ( PDF ) . Psychosomatics . Psychiatry Online . 38 ( 2 ) : 160 -- 1 . doi : 10.1016 / S0033 - 3182 ( 97 ) 71493 - 2 . PMID 9063050 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ Lader M ( 1994 ) . `` Anxiety or depression during withdrawal of hypnotic treatments '' . J Psychosom Res. 38 ( Suppl 1 ) : 113 -- 23 ; discussion 118 -- 23 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 3999 ( 94 ) 90142 - 2 . PMID 7799243 . Jump up ^ Ashton CH ( March 1995 ) . `` Protracted Withdrawal From Benzodiazepines : The Post-Withdrawal Syndrome '' . Psychiatric Annals . benzo.org.uk. 25 ( 3 ) : 174 -- 179 . doi : 10.3928 / 0048 - 5713 - 19950301 - 11 . Jump up ^ Professor Heather Ashton ( 2004 ) . `` Protracted Withdrawal Symptoms From Benzodiazepines '' . Comprehensive Handbook of Drug & Alcohol Addiction . ^ Jump up to : Hales E and Yudofsky JA , eds , The American Psychiatric Press Textbook of Psychiatry , Washington , DC : American Psychiatric Publishing , Inc. , 2003 ^ Jump up to : American Psychiatric Association ( 2000 ) . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders . ( 4th ed . ) . ^ Jump up to : HAGOP S. AKISKAL , M.D. ( 2 November 2004 ) . `` MOOD DISORDERS : CLINICAL FEATURES '' ( PDF ) . Kaplan & Sadock 's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 10 June 2015 . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams Daniel T. ; Hirsch Scott ; Coffey Barbara ( 2007 ) . `` Mood and Anxiety Symptoms in An Adolescent with Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified and Moderate Mental Retardation '' . Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 17 ( 5 ) : 721 -- 726 . doi : 10.1089 / cap. 2007.17503 . Jump up ^ Jeronimus ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` Neuroticism 's prospective association with mental disorders : A meta - analysis on 59 longitudinal / prospective studies with 443 313 participants '' . Psychological Medicine . 46 : 2883 -- 2906 . doi : 10.1017 / S0033291716001653 . PMID 27523506 . Jump up ^ Allen , N. ; Badcock , P. ( 2006 ) . `` Darwinian models of depression : A review of evolutionary accounts of mood and mood disorders '' . Progress in Neuro - Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry . 30 ( 5 ) : 815 -- 826 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pnpbp. 2006.01. 007 . PMID 16647176 . ^ Jump up to : Nesse R ( 2000 ) . `` Is Depression an Adaptation ? '' ( PDF ) . Arch. Gen. Psychiatry . 57 ( 1 ) : 14 -- 20 . doi : 10.1001 / archpsyc. 57.1. 14 . PMID 10632228 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 25 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Kessler , R ( 1997 ) . `` The Effects of Stressful Life Events on Depression '' . Annual Review of Psychology . 48 : 191 -- 214 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. psych. 48.1. 191 . PMID 9046559 . Jump up ^ Nolen - Hoeksema , S ( 2013 ) . Abnormal Psychology ( 6th ed . ) . McGraw - Hill Higher Education . p. 188 . ISBN 9780077499693 . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Why We Get Sick : The New Science of Darwinian Medicine , Randolphe M. Nesse and George C. Williams Vintage Books 1994 ISBN 0 - 8129 - 2224 - 7 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 10 June 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Scainiab , Giselli , Rezinc , Gislaine , Carvalhod , Andre , Streckb , Emilio L , Berkef , Michael , Quevedo , João ( 2016 ) . `` Mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar disorder : Evidence , pathophysiology and translational implications '' . Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 68 : 694 -- 713 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neubiorev. 2016.06. 040 . ^ Jump up to : Pieczenik , Steve R , Neustadt , John ( 2007 ) . `` Mitochondrial dysfunction and molecular pathways of disease '' . Experimental and Molecular Pathology. 83 : 84 -- 92 . doi : 10.1016 / j. yexmp. 2006.09. 008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 1 October 2017 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Mitochondrial dysfunction and bipolar disorder Jump up ^ American Psychiatric Association ( 2013 ) . Diagnostic and Statianual ( 5th ed . ) . Arlington , VA : American Psychiatric Association . Jump up ^ Parker , George ( 2014 ) . `` DSM - 5 and Psychotic and Mood Disorders '' . Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law . 42 : 182 -- 190 . Jump up ^ Nolen - Hoeksema , S ( 2013 ) . Abnormal Psychology ( 6th ed . ) . McGraw - Hill Higher Education . p. 203 . ISBN 9780077499693 . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Weston , Drew ; Morrison , Kate ( 2001 ) . `` A multidimensional meta - analysis of treatments for depression , panic , and generalized anxiety disorder : An empirical examination of the status of empirically supported therapies '' . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology . 69 ( 6 ) : 875 -- 899 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 006X. 69.6. 875 . Jump up ^ Keck Jr. , Paul E. ; McElroy , Susan L. ; Strakowski , Stephen M. ( 1998 ) . `` Anticonvulsants and antipsychotics in the treatment of bipolar disorder '' . The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 59 ( Suppl 6 ) : 74 -- 82 . PMID 9674940 . Jump up ^ Cipriani , A ( 2013 ) . `` Lithium in the prevention of suicide in mood disorders : updated systematic review and meta - analysis '' . DARE : 1 . Jump up ^ Nierenberg , Andrew A , Kansky , Christine , Brennan , Brian P , Shelton , Richard C , Perlis , Roy , Iosifescu , Dan V ( 2012 ) . `` Mitochondrial modulators for bipolar disorder : A pathophysiologically informed paradigm for new drug development '' . Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry . 47 : 26 -- 42 . doi : 10.1177 / 0004867412449303 . Jump up ^ Bauer , M. , Pfenning , A. ( 2005 ) . Epidemiology of Bipolar Disorders . Epilepsia , 46 ( s4 ) , 8 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Pfuntner A. , Wier L.M. , Stocks C. Most Frequent Conditions in U.S. Hospitals , 2011 . HCUP Statistical Brief # 162 . September 2013 . Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality , Rockville , MD . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Kaufman , JC ( 2001 ) . `` The Sylvia Plath effect : Mental illness in eminent creative writers '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Creative Behavior . 35 ( 1 ) : 37 -- 50 . doi : 10.1002 / j. 2162 - 6057.2001. tb01220. x . ISSN 0022 - 0175 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Bailey , DS ( 2003 ) . `` Considering Creativity : The ' Sylvia Plath ' effect '' . Monitor on Psychology . APA. 34 ( 10 ) : 42 . Archived from the original on 20 October 2008 . Cited texts American Psychiatric Association ( 2000 ) . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , Fourth Edition , Text Revision : DSM - IV - TR . Washington , DC : American Psychiatric Publishing , Inc. p. 943 . ISBN 0 - 89042 - 025 - 4 . Parker , Gordon ; Dusan Hadzi - Pavlovic ; Kerrie Eyers ( 1996 ) . Melancholia : A disorder of movement and mood : a phenomenological and neurobiological review . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 47275 - X . 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External links ( edit ) Media related to Mood disorders at Wikimedia Commons Classification ICD - 10 : F30 - F39 ICD - 9 - CM : 296 MeSH : D019964 <Th_colspan="2"> Mental and behavioral disorders ( F00 -- F99 & 290 -- 319 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Neurological / symptomatic <Td_colspan="2"> Dementia Mild cognitive impairment Alzheimer 's disease Vascular dementia Pick 's disease Creutzfeldt -- Jakob disease Huntington 's disease Parkinson 's disease AIDS dementia complex Frontotemporal dementia Sundowning Wandering Autism spectrum Autism Asperger syndrome Savant syndrome PDD - NOS High - functioning autism Other Delirium Post-concussion syndrome Organic brain syndrome <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Psychoactive substances , substance abuse and substance - related disorders <Td_colspan="2"> Intoxication / Drug overdose Physical dependence Substance dependence Rebound effect Double rebound Withdrawal Stimulant psychosis <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Schizophrenia , schizotypal and delusional <Td_colspan="2"> Psychosis and schizophrenia - like disorders Schizoaffective disorder Schizophreniform disorder Brief reactive psychosis Schizophrenia Disorganized ( hebephrenic ) schizophrenia Paranoid schizophrenia Simple - type schizophrenia Childhood schizophrenia Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia Delusional disorders Delusional disorder Folie à deux <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Mood ( affective ) <Td_colspan="2"> Mania Bipolar disorder Bipolar I Bipolar II Cyclothymia Bipolar NOS Depression Major depressive disorder Dysthymia Seasonal affective disorder Atypical depression Melancholic depression <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Neurotic , stress - related and somatoform <Td_colspan="2"> Anxiety disorder Phobia Agoraphobia Social anxiety Social phobia Anthropophobia Specific social phobia Specific phobia Claustrophobia Other Panic disorder Panic attack Generalized anxiety disorder OCD stress Acute stress reaction PTSD Adjustment disorder Adjustment disorder with depressed mood Somatic symptom disorder Somatization disorder Body dysmorphic disorder Hypochondriasis Nosophobia Da Costa 's syndrome Psychalgia Conversion disorder Ganser syndrome Globus pharyngis Neurasthenia Mass psychogenic illness Dissociative disorder Dissociative identity disorder Psychogenic amnesia Fugue state Depersonalization disorder <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Physiological / physical behavioral <Td_colspan="2"> Eating disorder Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Rumination syndrome NOS Nonorganic sleep disorders Hypersomnia Insomnia Parasomnia REM sleep behavior disorder Night terror Nightmare Sexual dysfunction sexual desire Hypoactive sexual desire disorder Hypersexuality sexual arousal Female sexual arousal disorder Erectile dysfunction orgasm Anorgasmia Delayed ejaculation Premature ejaculation Sexual anhedonia pain Vaginismus Dyspareunia Postnatal Postpartum depression Postpartum psychosis <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Adult personality and behavior <Td_colspan="2"> Gender dysphoria Sexual maturation disorder Ego - dystonic sexual orientation Sexual relationship disorder Paraphilia Voyeurism Fetishism Other Personality disorder Impulse control disorder Kleptomania Trichotillomania Pyromania Dermatillomania Factitious disorder Munchausen syndrome <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Disorders typically diagnosed in childhood <Td_colspan="2"> Intellectual disability X-linked intellectual disability Lujan -- Fryns syndrome Psychological development ( developmental disabilities ) Specific Pervasive Emotional and behavioral ADHD Conduct disorder ODD Emotional / behavioral disorder Separation anxiety disorder social functioning Selective mutism RAD DAD Tic disorder Tourette syndrome Speech Stuttering Cluttering Movement disorders Stereotypic <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Symptoms and uncategorized <Td_colspan="2"> Catatonia False pregnancy Intermittent explosive disorder Psychomotor agitation Stereotypy Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures Klüver -- Bucy syndrome <Th_colspan="2"> Mood disorder ( F30 -- F39 , 296 ) History Emil Kraepelin Karl Leonhard John Cade Mogens Schou Frederick K. Goodwin Kay Redfield Jamison Symptoms Hallucination Delusion Emotional dysregulation Anhedonia Dysphoria Suicidal ideation Mood swing sleep disorder Hypersomnia Insomnia Psychosis Racing thoughts Reduced affect display Depression ( differential diagnoses ) Spectrum Bipolar disorder Bipolar I Bipolar II Cyclothymia Bipolar NOS Depression ( Major depressive disorder Dysthymia Seasonal affective disorder Atypical depression Melancholic depression ) Schizoaffective disorder Mania Mixed affective state Hypomania Major depressive episode Rapid cycling Treatment Anticonvulsants Carbamazepine Lamotrigine Oxcarbazepine Valproate Sodium valproate Valproate semisodium Sympathomimetics , SSRIs & similar Dextroamphetamine Methylphenidate Bupropion Sertraline Fluoxetine Escitalopram Other mood stabilizers Antipsychotics Lithium Lithium carbonate Lithium citrate Lithium sulfate Atypical antipsychotics Non-pharmaceutical Clinical psychology Electroconvulsive therapy Involuntary commitment Light therapy Psychotherapy Transcranial magnetic stimulation Cognitive behavioral therapy Dialectical behavior therapy GND : 4205031 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mood_disorder&oldid=844693508 '' Categories : Mood disorders Abnormal psychology Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with login required references or sources All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2013 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from June 2016 Infobox medical condition ( new ) Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2013 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 June 2018 , at 14 : 08 ( UTC ) . 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in what area of africa did the early bantu originate
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Bantu peoples - wikipedia Bantu peoples Jump to : navigation , search Bantu <Th_colspan="2"> Regions with significant populations <Td_colspan="2"> African Great Lakes , Central Africa , Southern Africa <Th_colspan="2"> Languages <Td_colspan="2"> Bantu languages ( over 535 ) , English , French , Portuguese , Spanish <Th_colspan="2"> Religion <Td_colspan="2"> predominantly : Christianity , traditional faiths ; minority : Islam <Th_colspan="2"> Related ethnic groups <Td_colspan="2"> Other Niger -- Congo - speaking groups Bantu languages divided into zones according to the Guthrie classification of Bantu languages Bantu peoples is used as a general label for the 300 -- 600 ethnic groups in Africa who speak Bantu languages . They inhabit a geographical area stretching east and southward from Central Africa across the African Great Lakes region down to Southern Africa . Bantu is a major branch of the Niger -- Congo language family spoken by most populations in Africa . There are about 650 Bantu languages by the criterion of mutual intelligibility , though the distinction between language and dialect is often unclear , and Ethnologue counts 535 languages . Around 3,000 years ago , speakers of the Proto - Bantu language group began a millennia - long series of migrations eastward from their homeland between West Africa and Central Africa , at the border of eastern Nigeria and Cameroon . This Bantu expansion first introduced Bantu peoples to central , southern and southeastern Africa , regions they had previously been absent from . The proto - Bantu migrants in the process assimilated and / or displaced a number of earlier inhabitants that they came across , such as Pygmy and Khoisan populations in the centre and south , respectively . They also encountered some Afro - Asiatic outlier groups in the southeast who had been there for centuries , having migrated from Northeast Africa . Individual Bantu groups today often comprise millions of people . Among these are the Ndebele and Shona of Zimbabwe with 14.2 million people ; the Luba of the Democratic Republic of the Congo , with over 13.5 million people ; the Zulu of South Africa , with over 10 million people ; the Sukuma of Tanzania , with around eight million people ; and the Kikuyu of Kenya , with over six million people . Although only around five million individuals speak the Arabic - influenced Swahili language as their mother tongue , it is used as a lingua franca by over 100 million people throughout Southeast Africa . Swahili also serves as one of the official languages of the African Union . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Origins and expansion 2.2 Kingdoms 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Etymology ( edit ) The word Bantu , and its variations , means `` people '' or `` humans '' . The root in Proto - Bantu is reconstructed as * - ntu . Versions of the word Bantu ( that is , the root plus the class 2 noun class prefix * ba - ) occur in all Bantu languages : for example , as watu in Swahili ; bantu in Kikongo ; anthu in Chichewa ; batu in Lingala ; bato in Kiluba ; bato in Duala ; abanto in Gusii ; andũ in Kamba and Kikuyu ; abantu in Kirundi , Kinyarwanda , Zulu , Xhosa , Runyakitara , and Ganda ; wandru in Shingazidja ; abantru in Mpondo and Ndebele ; bãtfu in Phuthi ; bantfu in Swati ; banu in Lala ; vanhu in Shona and Tsonga ; batho in Sesotho , Tswana and Northern Sotho ; antu in Meru ; andu in Embu ; vandu in some Luhya dialects ; vhathu in Venda ; and bhandu in Nyakyusa . History ( edit ) Origins and expansion ( edit ) Main article : Bantu expansion 1 = 2000 -- 1500 BC origin 2 = ca . 1500 BC first migrations 2. a = Eastern Bantu , 2. b = Western Bantu 3 = 1000 -- 500 BC Urewe nucleus of Eastern Bantu 4 -- 7 = southward advance 9 = 500 BC -- 0 Congo nucleus 10 = 0 -- 1000 AD last phase Current scholarly understanding places the ancestral proto - Bantu homeland in West Africa near the present - day southwestern border of Nigeria and Cameroon c. 4,000 years ago ( 2000 B.C. ) , and regards the Bantu languages as a branch of the Niger -- Congo language family . This view represents a resolution of debates in the 1960s over competing theories advanced by Joseph Greenberg and Malcolm Guthrie , in favor of refinements of Greenberg 's theory . Based on wide comparisons including non-Bantu languages , Greenberg argued that Proto - Bantu , the hypothetical ancestor of the Bantu languages , had strong ancestral affinities with a group of languages spoken in Southeastern Nigeria . He proposed that Bantu languages had spread east and south from there , to secondary centers of further dispersion , over hundreds of years . Using a different comparative method focused more exclusively on relationships among Bantu languages , Guthrie argued for a single Central African dispersal point spreading at a roughly equal rate in all directions . Subsequent research on loanwords for adaptations in agriculture and animal husbandry and on the wider Niger -- Congo language family rendered that thesis untenable . In the 1990s , Jan Vansina proposed a modification of Greenberg 's ideas , in which dispersions from secondary and tertiary centers resembled Guthrie 's central node idea , but from a number of regional centers rather than just one , creating linguistic clusters . It is unclear exactly when the spread of Bantu - speakers began from their core area as hypothesized c. 4,000 years ago ( 2000 B.C. ) . By 3,500 years ago ( 1500 B.C. ) in the west , Bantu - speaking communities had reached the great Central African rain forest , and by 2,500 years ago ( 500 B.C. ) pioneering groups had emerged into the savannahs to the south , in what are now the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Angola , and Zambia . Another stream of migration , moving east , by 3,000 years ago ( 1000 B.C. ) was creating a major new population center near the Great Lakes of East Africa , where a rich environment supported a dense population . Movements by small groups to the southeast from the Great Lakes region were more rapid , with initial settlements widely dispersed near the coast and near rivers , due to comparatively harsh farming conditions in areas farther from water . Pioneering groups had reached modern KwaZulu - Natal in South Africa by 300 A.D. along the coast , and the modern Northern Province ( encompassed within the former province of the Transvaal ) by 500 A.D. Before the expansion of farming and herding peoples , including those speaking Bantu languages , Africa south of the equator was populated by neolithic hunting and foraging peoples . Some of them were ancestral to proto - Khoisan - speaking peoples , whose modern hunter - forager and linguistic descendants , the Khoekhoe and San , occupy the arid regions around the Kalahari desert . The Hadza and Sandawe populations in Tanzania comprise the other modern hunter - forager remnant in Africa of these proto - Khoisan - speaking peoples . Over a period of many centuries , most hunting - foraging peoples were displaced and absorbed by incoming Bantu - speaking communities , as well as by Ubangian , Nilotic , and Sudanic language - speakers in North Central and Eastern Africa . The Bantu expansion was a long series of physical migrations , a diffusion of language and knowledge out into and in from neighboring populations , and a creation of new societal groups involving inter-marriage among communities and small groups moving to communities and small groups moving to new areas . After their movements from their original homeland in West Africa , Bantus also encountered in East Africa peoples of Afro - Asiatic ( mainly Cushitic ) and Nilo - Saharan ( mainly Nilotic and Sudanic ) ancestral origin . As cattle terminology in use amongst the few modern Bantu pastoralist groups suggests , the Bantu migrants would acquire cattle from their new Cushitic neighbors . Linguistic evidence also indicates that Bantus likely borrowed the custom of milking cattle directly from Cushitic peoples in the area . Later interactions between Bantu and Cushitic peoples resulted in Bantu groups with significant Cushitic ethnic admixture , such as the Tutsi of the African Great Lakes region ; and culturo - linguistic influences , such as the Herero herdsmen of southern Africa . On the coastal section of East Africa , another mixed Bantu community developed through contact with Muslim Arab and Persian traders . The Swahili culture that emerged from these exchanges evinces many Arab and Islamic influences not seen in traditional Bantu culture , as do the many Afro - Arab members of the Bantu Swahili people . With its original speech community centered on the coastal parts of Zanzibar , Kenya , and Tanzania -- a seaboard referred to as the Swahili Coast -- the Bantu Swahili language contains many Arabic loan - words as a result of these interactions . Between the 14th and 15th centuries , Bantu - speaking states began to emerge in the Great Lakes region in the savannah south of the Central African rain forest . On the Zambezi river , the Monomatapa kings built the famous Great Zimbabwe complex , a civilisation of what are today referred to as the Shona people . From the 16th century onward , the processes of state formation amongst Bantu peoples increased in frequency . This was probably due to denser population ( which led to more specialized divisions of labor , including military power , while making emigration more difficult ) ; to increased interaction amongst Bantu - speaking communities with Chinese , European , Indonesian , and Arab traders on the coasts ; to technological developments in economic activity ; and to new techniques in the political - spiritual ritualization of royalty as the source of national strength and health . Kongo youth and adults in Kinshasa , Democratic Republic of the Congo A Kikuyu woman in Kenya A Makua mother and child in Mozambique Bubi girls in Equatorial Guinea Kingdoms ( edit ) The Bantu Kingdom of Kongo , c. 1630 Between the 14th and 15th centuries , Bantu states began to emerge in the Great Lakes region in the savanna south of the Central African rain - forest . In Southern Africa on the Zambezi river , the Monomatapa kings built the famous Great Zimbabwe complex , the largest of over 200 such sites in Southern Africa , such as Bumbusi in Zimbabwe and Manyikeni in Mozambique . From the 16th century onward , the processes of state formation among Bantu peoples increased in frequency . Some examples of such Bantu states include : in Central Africa , the Kingdom of Kongo , Lunda Empire , and Luba Empire of Angola , the Republic of Congo , and the Democratic Republic of Congo ; in the Great Lakes Region , the Buganda and Karagwe Kingdoms of Uganda and Tanzania ; and in Southern Africa , the Mutapa Empire , Rozwi Empire , and the Danamombe , Khami , and Naletale Kingdoms of Zimbabwe and Mozambique . Toward the 18th and 19th centuries , the flow of Zanj ( Bantu ) slaves from Southeast Africa increased with the rise of the Omani Sultanate of Zanzibar , based in Zanzibar , Tanzania . With the arrival of European colonialists , the Zanzibar Sultanate came into direct trade conflict and competition with Portuguese and other Europeans along the Swahili Coast , leading eventually to the fall of the Sultanate and the end of slave trading on the Swahili Coast in the mid-20th century . See also ( edit ) Bantu Educational Kinema Experiment Centre International des Civilisations Bantu Shona people Zulu people Luba people Sukuma people Kikuyu people Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Butt , John J. ( 2006 ) . The Greenwood Dictionary of World History . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 39 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32765 - 3 . Jump up ^ Derek Nurse , 2006 , `` Bantu Languages '' , in the Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics Jump up ^ Ethnologue report for Southern Bantoid . The figure of 535 includes the 13 Mbam languages considered Bantu in Guthrie 's classification and thus counted by Nurse ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Philip J. Adler , Randall L. Pouwels , World Civilizations : To 1700 Volume 1 of World Civilizations , ( Cengage Learning : 2007 ) , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Toyin Falola , Aribidesi Adisa Usman , Movements , borders , and identities in Africa , ( University Rochester Press : 2009 ) , pp. 4 - 5 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Mary ( 1999 ) . Tanzania , Zanzibar & Pemba . Lonely Planet . p. 39 . ISBN 0 - 86442 - 726 - 3 . Jump up ^ Peek , Philip M. ; Kwesi Yankah ( 2004 ) . African folklore : an encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . p. 699 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 93933 - X . Jump up ^ Irele 2010 Jump up ^ Bunyoro - Kitara Kingdom ; ARKBK CLBG . `` Banyoro -- Bunyoro - Kitara Kingdom ( Rep. Uganda ) -- The most powerful Kingdom in East Africa ! '' . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ The Chronological Evidence for the Introduction of Domestic Stock in Southern Africa Archived March 25 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Botswana History Page 1 : Brief History of Botswana '' . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 5.2 Historischer Überblick '' . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Erhet & Posnansky , eds. ( 1982 ) , Newman ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Vansina ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Newman ( 1995 ) , Ehret ( 1998 ) , Shillington ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ J.D. Fage , A history of Africa , Routledge , 2002 , p. 29 Jump up ^ Was there an interchange between Cushitic pastoralists and Khoisan speakers in the prehistory of Southern Africa and how can this be detected ? Archived January 21 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Robert Gayre , Ethnological elements of Africa , ( The Armorial , 1966 ) , p. 45 Jump up ^ Daniel Don Nanjira , African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy : From Antiquity to the 21st Century , ABC - CLIO , 2010 , p. 114 Jump up ^ Shillington ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Roland Oliver , et al. `` Africa South of the Equator , '' in Africa Since 1800 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press , 2005 , pp. 21 Jump up ^ Roland Oliver , et al. `` Africa South of the Equator , '' in Africa Since 1800 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press , 2005 , pp. 23 Jump up ^ Roland Oliver , et al. `` Africa South of the Equator , '' in Africa Since 1800 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press , 2005 , pp. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Roland Oliver , et al. `` Africa South of the Equator , '' in Africa Since 1800 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press , 2005 , pp. 24 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Roland Oliver , et al. `` Africa South of the Equator , '' in Africa Since 1800 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press , 2005 , pp. 25 . Jump up ^ Isichei , Elizabeth Allo , A History of African Societies to 1870 Cambridge University Press , 1997 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 45599 - 2 page 435 References ( edit ) Christopher Ehret , An African Classical Age : Eastern and Southern Africa in World History , 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400 , James Currey , London , 1998 Christopher Ehret and Merrick Posnansky , eds. , The Archaeological and Linguistic Reconstruction of African History , University of California Press , Berkeley and Los Angeles , 1982 April A. Gordon and Donald L. Gordon , Understanding Contemporary Africa , Lynne Riener , London , 1996 John M. Janzen , Ngoma : Discourses of Healing in Central and Southern Africa , University of California Press , Berkeley and Los Angeles , 1992 James L. Newman , The Peopling of Africa : A Geographic Interpretation , Yale University Press , New Haven , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 07280 - 5 . Kevin Shillington , History of Africa , 3rd ed . St. Martin 's Press , New York , 2005 Jan Vansina , Paths in the Rainforest : Toward a History of Political Tradition in Equatorial Africa , University of Wisconsin Press , Madison , 1990 Jan Vansina , `` New linguistic evidence on the expansion of Bantu '' , Journal of African History 36 : 173 -- 195 , 1995 External links ( edit ) Media related to Bantu peoples at Wikimedia Commons <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Bantu Main topic Bantu peoples Bantu languages Bantu mythology History Bantu expansion Candomblé Bantu Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples&oldid=831012691 '' Categories : Bantu peoples Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links `` Related ethnic groups '' needing confirmation Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kongo Кыргызча Кырык мары Лакку Latina Lietuvių Magyar مازِرونی Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 粵語 中文 50 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 06 : 08 . 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Mission : Impossible - wikipedia Mission : Impossible This article is about the original 1966 -- 1973 television series . For other uses , see Mission : Impossible ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Mission : Impossible <Td_colspan="2"> Original series logo Genre Action Spy fiction Created by Bruce Geller Starring Steven Hill Barbara Bain Greg Morris Peter Lupus Peter Graves Martin Landau Leonard Nimoy Lesley Ann Warren Sam Elliott Lynda Day George Theme music composer Lalo Schifrin Country of origin United States No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 171 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Running time 50 minutes Production company ( s ) Desilu Productions ( 1966 -- 1968 ) ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Paramount Television Rare ( 1968 -- 1973 ) ( seasons 2 -- 7 ) Distributor Paramount Television Rare ( 1973 -- 1975 ) CBS Television Distribution <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network CBS Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) 4 : 3 Audio format Monaural Dolby Digital 5.1 ( DVD ) Original release September 17 , 1966 -- March 30 , 1973 <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Followed by Mission : Impossible ( 1988 ) Mission : Impossible is an American television series , created and initially produced by Bruce Geller , chronicling the exploits of a team of secret government agents known as the Impossible Missions Force ( IMF ) . In the first season the team is led by Dan Briggs , played by Steven Hill ; Jim Phelps , played by Peter Graves , takes charge for the remaining seasons . Each episode opens with a fast - paced montage that unfolds as the series ' theme music composed by Lalo Schifrin plays , after which in a prologue Briggs or Phelps receives his instructions from a voice delivered on a recording which then self - destructs . The series was filmed and financed by Desilu Productions , and aired on the CBS network from September 1966 to March 1973 . It was revived in 1988 for two seasons on ABC , retaining only Graves in the cast . It also inspired a series of theatrical motion pictures starring Tom Cruise , beginning in 1996 . Contents 1 Episodes 2 Series overview 2.1 IMF agents 2.2 Cold War subtext 2.3 Adversaries unrelated to the Cold War 2.4 Fifth season 3 Format 3.1 Title sequence 3.2 Tape scene 3.3 Dossier scene 3.4 Apartment scene 3.5 Plan 3.6 Filming locations 3.7 Variations 3.8 Conclusion 4 Music 4.1 The Best of Mission : Impossible -- Then and Now 4.2 Mission : Impossible -- The Television Scores 4.3 Theme from Mission : Impossible 5 Awards 5.1 Emmy 5.2 Golden Globe 5.3 Edgar 6 Inspirations and innovations 7 In popular culture 8 Broadcast history 9 Home media 10 Franchise successors 10.1 Television revival 10.2 Feature films 10.3 Video games 10.4 Print 11 See also 12 Notes 13 Bibliography 14 External links Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Mission : Impossible episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 28 <Td_colspan="1"> September 17 , 1966 ( 1966 - 09 - 17 ) April 22 , 1967 ( 1967 - 04 - 22 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 25 <Td_colspan="1"> September 10 , 1967 ( 1967 - 09 - 10 ) March 17 , 1968 ( 1968 - 03 - 17 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 25 <Td_colspan="1"> September 29 , 1968 ( 1968 - 09 - 29 ) April 20 , 1969 ( 1969 - 04 - 20 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 26 <Td_colspan="1"> September 28 , 1969 ( 1969 - 09 - 28 ) March 29 , 1970 ( 1970 - 03 - 29 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 5 <Td_colspan="2"> 23 <Td_colspan="1"> September 19 , 1970 ( 1970 - 09 - 19 ) March 17 , 1971 ( 1971 - 03 - 17 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 6 <Td_colspan="2"> 22 <Td_colspan="1"> September 18 , 1971 ( 1971 - 09 - 18 ) February 26 , 1972 ( 1972 - 02 - 26 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 7 <Td_colspan="2"> 22 <Td_colspan="1"> September 16 , 1972 ( 1972 - 09 - 16 ) March 30 , 1973 ( 1973 - 03 - 30 ) Series overview ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The series follows the exploits of the Impossible Missions Force ( IMF ) , a small team of secret agents used for covert missions against dictators , evil organizations and ( primarily in later episodes ) crime lords . On occasion , the IMF also mounts unsanctioned , private missions on behalf of its members . The identities of the higher echelons of the organization that oversees the IMF are never revealed . Only rare cryptic bits of information are ever provided during the life of the series , such as in the third season mission `` Nicole '' , where the IMF leader states that his instructions come from `` Division Seven '' . In the 1980s revival , it is suggested the IMF is an independent agency of the United States government . This is implied by the fact that towards the end of the taped instructed messages , the narrator includes the passage : - `` As always , should you or any of your IM force be caught or killed , the Secretary will disavow any knowledge of your actions '' , or words to that effect . IMF agents ( edit ) Steven Hill , as Dan Briggs , and Martin Landau , as the target his regular agent character Rollin Hand will impersonate , in the premiere episode , September 17 , 1966 . The leader of the IMF is initially Dan Briggs , played by Steven Hill . As an Orthodox Jew , Hill had to leave on Fridays at 4 p.m. to be home before sundown and was not available until after dark the next day . Although his contract allowed for filming interruptions due to religious observances , the clause proved difficult to work around due to the production schedule and as the season progressed , an increasing number of episodes featured little of Briggs . Hill had other problems as well . After cooperatively crawling through dirt tunnels and repeatedly climbing a rope ladder in the episode `` Snowball in Hell , '' in the following episode ( `` Action ! '' ) he balked at climbing a stairway with railings and locked himself in his dressing room . Unable to come to terms with Hill , the producers re-shot the episode without him ( another character , Cinnamon Carter , listened to the taped message , the selected operatives ' photos were displayed in `` limbo '' , and the team meeting was held in another apartment ) , and reduced Briggs ' presence in the five episodes left to be filmed to a minimum . As far as Hill 's religious requirements were concerned , line producer Joseph Gantman simply had not understood what had been agreed to . He told author Patrick J. White , `` ' If someone understands your problems and says he understands them , you feel better about it . But if he does n't care about your problems , then you begin to really resent him . Steven Hill may have felt exactly the same way . '' Hill was replaced without explanation to the audience after the first season by Peter Graves playing the role of Jim Phelps , who remained the leader for the remainder of the original series and in the 1988 -- 1990 revival . Barbara Bain as Cinnamon Carter , 1969 . In theory , Briggs and Phelps are the only full - time members of the IMF . As the series was originally conceived , they would form teams made up of part - time agents who came from a variety of professions , choosing their operatives based on the particular skills necessary for the mission . In practice , however ( especially after the first season ) , Briggs and especially Phelps would choose the same core group of three or four agents for every single mission , leading these regulars to be considered de facto full - time IMF agents . Still , many episodes also feature guest stars playing one - time additional agents who have special skills . The regular agent line - up during the first season consisted of : Cinnamon Carter ( Barbara Bain ) , a top fashion model and actress Barnard `` Barney '' Collier ( Greg Morris ) , a mechanical and electronics genius and owner of Collier Electronics William `` Willy '' Armitage ( Peter Lupus ) , a world record - holding weight lifter Rollin Hand ( Martin Landau ) , a noted actor , makeup artist , escape artist , magician and `` man of a million faces . '' The Season 5 1970 -- 1971 cast from left : Leonard Nimoy , Greg Morris , Lesley Ann Warren , Peter Lupus , and Peter Graves . Landau was billed as a `` special guest star '' during the first season ; he had been cast as a guest star for the pilot with the understanding that he would be one of four or five rotating guest star agents . His contract gave producers an option to have him `` render services for ( three or four ) additional episodes '' . To fill the void left by Hill 's Sabbath absences , producers wound up using Landau for more episodes , always as a `` guest star '' . He eventually struck a deal to appear in all the first season 's remaining episodes , but always billed as a `` guest star '' so that he could have the option to give notice to work on a feature film . Landau contractually became a series regular in season two . As actors left the series over time , others became regulars . Replacements often possessed the same skills as their predecessors . For example , `` The Great Paris '' ( Leonard Nimoy ) , Hand 's replacement in the fourth and fifth seasons , is also an actor , makeup artist , magician and `` master of disguise . '' Also seen in seasons five and six is Dr. Doug Robert , played by Sam Elliott ( according to White , the character was introduced as a replacement for Willy , but the idea was dropped once the producers realized how popular Willy was with viewers ) . Cinnamon 's `` replacement '' in season four was a series of guest stars , only one making more than one appearance : Lee Meriwether as Tracey . Season five saw the addition of Dana Lambert , played by stage and movie actress Lesley Ann Warren ( billed as `` Lesley Warren '' ) . In seasons six and seven , the female member of the team was cosmetologist and mistress - of - disguise Lisa Casey ( Lynda Day George ) , whose first name was only established in the 1988 -- 1989 revival . She was replaced in a third of the total season seven episodes , during her maternity leave , by Mimi Davis , played by Barbara Anderson , who had just come from the show Ironside . Morris and Lupus were the only actors to last through the full run of the original series . Morris also appeared in two episodes of the revival series , in which the character 's son , Grant Collier ( played by Morris 's real - life son , Phil Morris ) , is also an IMF agent . Actor Character <Th_colspan="7"> Seasons 5 6 7 Steven Hill Dan Briggs Main <Td_colspan="6"> Barbara Bain Cinnamon Carter <Td_colspan="3"> Main <Td_colspan="4"> Greg Morris Barnard `` Barney '' Collier <Td_colspan="7"> Main Peter Lupus William `` Willy '' Armitage <Td_colspan="7"> Main Peter Graves Jim Phelps <Td_colspan="6"> Main Martin Landau Rollin Hand Recurring <Td_colspan="2"> Main <Td_colspan="6"> Leonard Nimoy Paris <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="2"> Main <Td_colspan="4"> Lesley Ann Warren Dana Lambert <Td_colspan="4"> Main <Td_colspan="4"> Sam Elliott Dr. Doug Robert <Td_colspan="4"> Main <Td_colspan="4"> Lynda Day George ( Lisa ) Casey <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="2"> Main Barbara Anderson Mimi Davis <Td_colspan="6"> Recurring Cold War subtext ( edit ) Although a Cold War subtext is present throughout the series , the actual Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union is rarely mentioned over the course of the series . ( See , for example , the mission objectives for `` The Trial '' and `` The Confession '' in Season One . ) However , in the early years , specific locations behind the Iron Curtain are named ( such as Lubyanka prison in the episode `` Memory '' ) and many of the targets appear to be leaders of fictional Slavic countries . Major named enemy countries include the `` European People 's Republic '' and the `` Eastern European Republic '' . Additionally , real languages spoken in Eastern Europe are used . In the Season One episode `` The Carriers '' one of the villains reads a book whose title is the ( incorrect ) Russian Na Voina ( About War ) ; police vehicles are often labeled as such with words such as `` poliiçia '' , and `` poIiia '' , and a gas line or tank would be labeled `` Gäz '' , which is a Romanian translation . This `` language '' , referred to by the production team as `` Gellerese '' , was invented specifically to be readable by non-speakers of Slavic languages . Their generous use of it was actually intended as a source of comic relief . Uniforms of the target regime frequently include peaked caps , jackboots , and Sam Browne belts , hinting at connections with Nazi Germany or the Warsaw Pact . In 2004 , Professor Douglas Little of Clark University published a lengthy academic article explicitly linking the TV series to CIA history : `` Mission Impossible : The CIA and the Cult of Covert Action in the Middle East '' . Adversaries unrelated to the Cold War ( edit ) The IMF is also assigned to bring down corrupt politicians and dictators of Third World countries uninvolved in the Cold War , such as a particularly brutal practitioner of apartheid , or corrupt Central or South American nations , as well as organized crime figures , corrupt businessmen and politicians in the US . In two different first - season episodes , the mission is to stop the revival of the Nazi Party in Germany . Both episodes had Rollin Hand ( played by Jewish actor Martin Landau ) impersonate a leading Nazi figure -- Martin Bormann in one case -- in a successful effort to stop the revival . In season two , Hand would successfully impersonate Adolf Hitler in another mission to stop the revival of the Nazi Party in Germany . As noted in the reference work The Complete `` Mission : Impossible '' Dossier by Patrick J. White , many IMF missions were essentially assassinations in disguise . In the first - season episode `` Memory , '' it is established that the unspecified government agency behind the IMF has forbidden it to commit outright assassinations `` as a matter of policy . '' To get around this restriction , many missions instead involve the IMF setting up its targets to be killed by their own people or other enemies . A notable example is the second season two - part story `` The Council , '' later released to European movie houses under the title Mission Impossible vs. the Mob . This policy is not consistently followed ; for example , in the first season 's `` The Legend , '' Briggs ' original plan is to personally shoot Nazi rallying - figure Martin Bormann , which is foiled by the discovery of a dummy and a tape recorder in the `` man 's '' sick room . Gunplay is relatively rare on the part of the IMF , as its methods are more sophisticated and subtle like those used by con men to fleece the gullible , although several episodes in the early seasons ( for example , the second - season episode `` The Spy , '' as well as in the pilot episode ) do show the agents shooting people when necessary ( usually underlings or enemy soldiers ) . Fifth season ( edit ) During the 5th season , with Paramount executives having gained greater control , new producer Bruce Lansbury began to phase out the international missions . These were more expensive to film , often requiring sets to be purpose built , along with special costuming , etc. , all of which was far less necessary for `` domestic '' settings . This would manifest itself the following year with the IMF battling organized crime in most episodes , though this season still featured more international forays than not . These gangland bosses are usually associated with a criminal organization called `` The Syndicate , '' a generic organization , or its franchises . Generally when describing such assignments , the tape message notes that the target is outside the reach of `` conventional law enforcement . '' The objectives of such missions is usually simply to obtain evidence that might be admissible in court , often taking the form of tricking the mobsters into making a confession while being recorded . Manipulating the targets into killing one another became much less frequent as well . Lansbury also attempted to replace Peter Lupus , who was expressing dissatisfaction with his part at this time , with Sam Elliott . Over the course of the fifth season , Lupus ' William `` Willy '' Armitage appeared in thirteen of its twenty - four episodes , to the outrage of fans who demanded Armitage 's return . By the end of the fifth season , Elliott was gone ; he did appear in the first filmed episode of season six , and Lupus remained in the last two seasons , with Armitage being given a larger share of screen time and more demanding duties . Format ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mission : Impossible is noted for its format , which rarely changed throughout the series . Indeed , the opening scenes acquired a ritualistic feel , befitting the `` quasi-official '' aura the program sought for the clandestine operations . Title sequence ( edit ) Each title sequence started with a fuse being lit . As the fuse burned across the screen , clips from scenes in the current episode were shown . This was followed by credits introducing the actors . Throughout the title sequence , only the show 's theme music could be heard . In the fifth season , the series introduced an altered version of the theme , coinciding with episodes featuring Dr. Doug Robert during that season . Though Dr. Doug Robert did not appear in subsequent seasons , altered versions of the theme were used . The opening title sequences were created for each episode by optical effects artist Howard A. Anderson , Jr . Tape scene ( edit ) Most episodes begin with the leader of the IMF getting the assignment from a hidden tape recorder and an envelope of photos and information that explains the mission . The tape almost always begins with `` Good morning / afternoon / evening , Mr. Briggs / Phelps . '' ( The only exception is the first - season episode `` Action ! '' , in which Briggs does not appear ; Cinnamon Carter listens to the briefing . ) Then it explains the situation and ends with `` Your mission Dan / Jim , should you decide to accept it '' or words to that effect , with a brief explanation of the mission . The listener is reminded , `` As always , should you or any of your I.M. Force be caught or killed , the Secretary will disavow any knowledge of your actions . '' The instructions on the tape were read by voice actor Robert Cleveland `` Bob '' Johnson . At the end of the instructions , Phelps / Briggs is notified , `` This tape will self - destruct in five ( or , occasionally , `` ten '' ) seconds . Good luck , Dan / Jim . '' Then smoke would rise from the tape , and the instructions would be destroyed . In some initial episodes , however , self - destructing tapes were created by adding a chemical to the tape and blowing air onto it , forcing the chemical to react by crumbling . This method was abandoned due to cost . There were a few exceptions ( especially in most of the Season One episodes ) to the use of a tape and standard photos , including a record / darkroom motif ( the Season One episode , `` A Spool There Was '' , in which the recording ( a phonograph record ) would `` decompose sixty seconds after the breaking of the seal '' ( it had been contained in an air - tight plastic envelope ) ) and most notably a vintage phonograph that automatically scratched its record into oblivion . In a few instances , instructions at the end of the tape would ask Briggs / Phelps , `` Please dispose of / destroy this recording in the usual manner / by the usual means . '' Briggs / Phelps would then throw it in an incinerator or use other means to render it unplayable . There were a handful of exceptions to the `` messages from the Secretary . '' Sometimes , circumstances more or less force a team into action . This first occurred in the program 's opening season , when a `` syndicate '' boss kidnaps and threatens to kill the teenage daughter of a friend of Briggs unless he removes a grand jury witness against the mobster from police protective custody . How this man knew Briggs was capable of such a task was not explained . The last such instance was very near the end of the series , when the survivors of a previous IMF operation ( Season Six 's `` Casino '' ) recognize a vacationing Phelps from security camera photos and kidnap him to force his team to retrieve evidence that a plea - bargaining mobster is about to turn over to authorities . In the fifth season , the producers experimented with the format by sometimes eliminating the taped briefing ( and / or the team meeting in Phelps ' apartment ) , starting the episode with the mission already underway . In a few other cases , a personal matter involving Briggs , Phelps or another IMF operative would result in an `` off - book '' mission being undertaken . After the first year , an entire season 's worth of `` tape scenes '' were usually filmed all at once prior to production of the rest of the episodes , and the crew never knew which tape scene would appear with which episode until it was broadcast . Some tape scenes were re-used , with only minor changes to various insert shots and Johnson 's recorded voiceover . In the first season , for example , the same tape scene was used for both `` Wheels '' and `` Legacy '' . The only differences were that the tape gave a different set of instructions in each episode , and there was very briefly a different set of insert shots of the photographs which Briggs is viewing . The cost - saving practice of recycling tape scenes continued throughout the series run ; generally each season reused at least one tape scene . One particular tape scene , of Jim finding a tape in a parking lot attendant 's hut , was actually used in three widely scattered episodes : `` The Astrologer '' , `` Recovery '' and `` The Vault '' . Dossier scene ( edit ) Next would follow what White refers to as the `` Dossier Scene '' . Briggs or Phelps would be shown in a fancy apartment , retrieving an oversized , leather - bound folder from a locked drawer . Inside this folder were plastic - wrapped dossiers ( usually featuring standard 8 × 10 `` glossies '' of the respective actors ) of the available IMF agents . Briggs / Phelps would toss the selected agents ' dossiers onto a table . According to White , most of the never - chosen dossiers were photographs of various series staffers and their wives , including Mr. and Mrs. Bruce Geller . A contemporary article in TV Guide claimed that many of the photos put aside in the `` dossier scene '' were of studio and network executives and that it was considered a measure of one 's status in the studio and network hierarchies to appear there , but White makes no such statement . In early seasons , the agents selected often included guest stars playing agents with skills not possessed by the usual team . A doctor , particularly a specialist in a condition known to afflict the target , was a common sort of `` guest agent '' . In numerous early episodes , the IMF leader would choose only two or three team members , though at least one of the main credited cast members was always involved . One episode , `` Elena , '' featured a team consisting of Rollin Hand and Dr. Carlos Enero ( guest star Barry Atwater ) ; because of Landau 's official status at that point as frequent guest star this meant that technically none of the series ' regular players was involved . Almost as often , however , Briggs would choose all of the regulars , plus one , two , or even three others . In later seasons , the team was much more stable , consisting of the regular cast for the season , and the use of guest agents became markedly less frequent . Numerous dossier scenes from the Peter Graves episodes feature Jim poring through the photographs , only to once again choose the series regulars that had just been shown in the opening credits . By the third season , the dossier scene had been deemed somewhat disposable , appearing only when needed to introduce a guest agent . The first mission submitted by the Secretary that did not have the dossier scene was the last mission of the second season , `` The Recovery '' . After a period of being seen only occasionally , the dossier scene was seen again frequently in season four , due to the lack of a regular female team member in that season . It was dropped entirely as of season five . In the pilot episode , the recorded message states that the team leaders have unlimited resources and wide discretion in choosing their team . Who devises the plan is never made clear , although the team leader is often shown writing or making notes . Preparations and the necessary logistics were almost never shown , although they are generally implied by the scenes that depict various steps of the mission . It is implied that only a short period of time elapses from the initial assignment until the team is in the field . Early episodes occasionally showed more of the preliminaries . `` Memory '' features a montage of Dan Briggs training a guest agent to assume the role he will play in the mission . `` Old Man Out , Part 1 '' includes a scene of Briggs approaching an operative ( played by Mary Ann Mobley ) in order to recruit her , meeting with resistance before he finally convinces her to join the mission . Apartment scene ( edit ) In the third segment of the opening act , called the `` Apartment Scene '' by White , the team would next be shown convening for their final briefing in the leader 's apartment . Although the series was shot in color , the apartment had a color scheme composed of black , white , and shades of gray , such that the apartment was sometimes referred to off - camera as the black - and - white room ( Steven Hill once suggested that an American flag be placed on a wall of Briggs ' apartment , but Bruce Geller vetoed it in order to maintain the color scheme ) . Two exceptions are the first - season episodes , `` Operation Rogosh '' , when the team immediately springs into action to capture their target in a staged auto accident , and the aforementioned episode `` Action ! '' , where the team meeting took place in another apartment . The Apartment Scene acted as a teaser . In discussing the plan and their roles in it , the team members would make vague references to preparations necessary for its successful execution while leaving most details undisclosed . This scene also demonstrated and thereby established credibility for various gadgets or ploys that were key to the plan , such as a TV camera hidden in a brooch , a miniature radio - controlled hovercraft , a chess - playing computer , a `` mentalist '' or sleight - of - hand act , or a trained animal . In addition , this scene would establish , or at least hint at , the specialties and roles of any guest - star agents . Team members posing questions about aspects of the plan or why an alternative was not considered provided the writers with an opportunity to offer explanations for what otherwise might have seemed plot holes . When summing up , Phelps would often stress the difficulties in the action they were about to undertake or some key element of the plan vital to its success , such as a deadline by which the mission had to be completed . During the fifth season , the producers decided to drop the dossier scene and phase out the tape and apartment scenes . By the end of the season , however , it had been decided to keep the tape and apartment scenes , but the dossier - choosing scene was eliminated for the rest of the series run ( this is White 's version , but in fact episodes missing the tape and / or the meeting scenes were few ) . The 1980s revival reinstated the `` dossier scene '' in the first episode , when Phelps selects his new team , but since he keeps the same team in subsequent episodes , no subsequent dossier scenes were made . Plan ( edit ) Martin Landau in Mission : Impossible ( 1968 ) The episode then depicted the plan being put into action . This almost always involved very elaborate deceptions , usually several at the same time . Facilitating this , certain team members are masters of disguise , able to impersonate someone connected to the target or even the target himself . This is accomplished with realistic latex face masks and make - up . Some impersonations are done with the explicit cooperation of the one being impersonated . Also bona fides would be arranged to aid infiltrating the target organization . In some cases , the actor playing the IMF agent also portrayed the person to be impersonated ( this most frequently occurred during Martin Landau 's tenure on the series , notably in the pilot ) or the voice of the person being impersonated was dubbed . In other cases , a guest star would play the dual role of both the original and the imposter ( Rollin , Paris , or Casey ) . Sometimes one or more IMF team members would allow themselves to be captured in order to gain more access to or knowledge of the organization they are infiltrating , either by conversing with the target or being held in a jail cell and hatching their plan there . A few episodes of the early seasons showed the painstaking creation and application of these masks , usually by disguise and make - up expert Rollin Hand . This was later omitted as the series progressed and the audience presumably became familiar with the mechanics of the team 's methods . In the 1980s revival , the mask - making process involved a digital camera and computer and was mostly automatic . Most episodes included a dramatic `` reveal '' ( also referred to as the `` peel - off '' ) near the end of the episode in which the team member would remove the mask . Various other technological methods are commonly used as well . The team would often re-route telephone or radio calls so these could be answered by their own members . Faked radio or television broadcasts are common , as are elevators placed under the team 's control . In some missions , a very extensive simulated setting is created , such as a faked train or plane journey , submarine voyage , aftermath of a major disaster , or even the taking over of the United States by a foreign government . A particularly elaborate ploy , used on more than one occasion , sees the IMF working to convince their target that several years had passed while the target was in a coma or suffering from amnesia . In one episode , the IMF even convince their target ( an aging mobster played by William Shatner ) that time has somehow been turned back more than thirty years and he is a young man again . The team would usually arrange for some situation to arise with which the target would have to deal in a predictable way , and the team would then arrange the circumstances to guide the outcome to the desired end . Often the plans turn on elaborate psychology , such as exploiting rivalries or an interest in the supernatural . Many plans simply cause the target to become confused or erratic or irrational , lose self - assurance , lose trust in subordinates or partners , etc. , so that either the target would do what the team wanted ( by falling back on predictable acts of desperation ) , or else the target 's subordinates would replace the target and then act according to the team 's predictions . These various ploys would usually result in either information being revealed to the team , or the target 's disgrace and discrediting , or both . In many early episodes , the mission was to `` neutralize '' the target and it was made clear that the target is ultimately shot by his superiors , staff , or rivals , though this was usually not shown on screen . In later seasons , where the targets were usually organized - crime figures or similar , the goal of the mission is often simply to collect incriminating evidence not obtainable by `` conventional law - enforcement agencies . '' The team is not above falsifying such evidence as a last resort . Dramatic tension was provided by situations in which team members appear to be in danger of being discovered ( especially before commercial breaks ) . Sometimes unexpected events occur that force the team to improvise . On occasion , an outside party or one of the targets realize what is happening and put the plan at risk . William Read Woodfield and Allan Balter served as story consultants for the first two seasons . According to White , Woodfield and Balter relied heavily on The Big Con , written by David W. Maurer , for their inspiration . Hence Briggs / Phelps became the `` grifter - in - charge '' , Rollin Hand and Cinnamon Carter were highly effective `` ropers '' , and Barney Collier and Willy Armitage were experts at building or equipping `` big stores '' . Woodfield and Balter later became producers of the third season . They did not last long and were dismissed for believing that executive producer Geller had no authority over them . Filming locations ( edit ) The original series was filmed almost exclusively around Hollywood and the Los Angeles Basin . The pilot episode was filmed at Mount St. Mary 's College ( Brentwood Campus ) with special guest star Wally Cox . Other first season locations included the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County ( `` Old Man Out '' ) and the Los Angeles Union Pacific rail yard ( `` The Train '' ) . Pasadena and the Caltech campus were common locations . Another noted location was the Bradbury Building , used in other films and series ( from The Outer Limits to Blade Runner ) . One episode ( `` Trial by Fury '' ) was filmed at the Stalag 13 set of Hogan 's Heroes . Variations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Several times the series deviated from the standard format . In one episode of the original series , a gangster kidnaps the daughter of a friend of Dan Briggs and forces him to abduct a witness against him . In another , a mistake causes Cinnamon Carter to be exposed and captured by the villains , and Jim Phelps has to prepare a plan to rescue her . Another episode featured Phelps on a personal mission , when he returns to his small hometown for a visit and finds a series of murders among his childhood acquaintances , which the local law enforcement chief is unqualified to cope with . In one episode , a friend of Jim Phelps is framed for murder , giving Jim only 24 hours to find the real killer , prove his friend 's innocence and save his life . On two occasions , he is captured and the team has to rescue him . In Cat 's Paw , team members volunteer to go against the organization responsible for murdering Barney 's brother . Willy is shot and captured in one episode , and captured and tortured by a drug kingpin in another . Paris is kidnapped and brainwashed in an attempt to get him to kill Phelps . Jim and Rollin are on a hunting trip when Jim is taken mysteriously ill . ( It turns out the residents of a `` Norman Rockwell '' town are hired assassins , who attempt to poison Phelps when he stumbles on their secret . ) In the 1980s series , former IMF agent Barney Collier is framed for a crime he did not commit and the IMF team has to extricate him , leading to a reuniting of Barney with his son and IMF agent Grant Collier ( played by real - life father and son Greg and Phil Morris ) . Conclusion ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In most cases , the action lasted right up to the final seconds , with the episode ending in a freeze frame as the IMF team make their escape , another successful mission concluded . Most often they leave in a nondescript panel truck . A dramatic device frequently used at the end was the sound of a gunshot or a scream in the distance as the target is killed by his associates , while the IMF team make their getaway . On one particular episode , the team escape in a van after leaving a secret underground enemy base that is being destroyed by a series of explosions . In the 1980s revival , this format was altered with the addition of a tag scene showing the IMF team regrouping ( often still in disguise ) and walking away . From the middle of the second season onwards , Jim Phelps often makes a quip . Music ( edit ) Aside from the now iconic main theme , as well as the motif called `` The Plot '' , which usually accompanied scenes of the team members carrying out the mission , the background music would incorporate minimalist innovations of percussion such as simply a snare drum and cymbals to build tension during the more `` sneaky '' moments of the episodes ( sometimes accompanied by a bass flute playing ) . These quieter passages would greatly contrast the more bombastic fanfares when a mission member is at risk of getting caught just prior to a commercial break . The main theme was composed by Argentine composer , pianist , and conductor Lalo Schifrin and is noted for being in time . About the unusual time signature , Schifrin declared that `` things are in or because people dance with two legs . I did it for people from outer space who have five legs . '' `` The Plot '' was also composed by Schifrin , who scored three episodes in the first season and went on to score at least one or two episodes for most of the other seasons ( season two is the only one to have no Schifrin - scored episodes , in part because he was helping to launch Geller 's new series Mannix ) . Schifrin was awarded two Grammys at the 10th Grammy Awards for his work on the first season ( Best Instrumental Theme and Best Original Score for a Motion Picture or TV Show ) . He was also nominated for two Emmys ( for the first and third seasons ) . Among the other composers to work on the series were Jerry Fielding , Walter Scharf , Gerald Fried , Richard Markowitz , Benny Golson , Robert Drasnin , and Hugo Montenegro . Gerald Fried worked on Mission : Impossible concurrently while working on the Star Trek television series and re-used the infamous `` Star Trek fight music '' in several Mission : Impossible episodes . The Best of Mission : Impossible -- then and now ( edit ) Although two albums of re-recorded music from the original series had previously been released under Schifrin 's name , Music from Mission : Impossible ( Dot , 1967 ) and More Mission : Impossible ( Paramount , 1968 ) the original scores were not commercially available until 1992 when GNP Crescendo released The Best of Mission : Impossible -- Then and Now featuring five scores by Lalo Schifrin for the original series and five by John E. Davis for the revival ( Schifrin also scored three episodes of the revival , including the premiere , but none were included . ) `` Mission : Impossible -- Main Title '' 0 : 49 `` The Plot '' ( from `` The Contender , Part 1 '' ) 0 : 51 `` Ready '' ( from `` The Contender , Part 1 '' ) 3 : 12 `` Rollin '' ( from `` The Contender , Part 1 '' ) 0 : 44 `` Time '' ( from `` The Contender , Part 1 '' ) 0 : 46 `` Sleeping Phelps '' ( from `` The Contender , Part 1 '' ) 1 : 11 `` More Plot '' ( from `` Submarine '' ) 2 : 39 `` Mission : Impossible Theme '' ( from `` Submarine '' ) 1 : 10 `` Bower Hotel '' ( from `` The Killer '' ) 1 : 55 `` Check Out Time '' ( from `` The Killer '' ) 2 : 45 `` The Trick '' ( from `` The Killer '' ) 2 : 16 `` Signal Light '' ( from `` Takeover '' ) 0 : 42 `` Kate Thomas '' ( from `` Takeover '' ) 1 : 28 `` Tape Machine '' ( from `` Underground '' ) 3 : 17 `` Good Job '' ( from `` Underground '' ) 0 : 47 `` Mission : Impossible -- End Credit '' 0 : 29 `` Mission : Impossible ' 88 -- Main Title '' 1 : 03 `` Tricky Ears '' ( from `` The Plague '' ) 0 : 38 `` This Is the Chase '' ( from `` The Plague '' ) 2 : 40 `` Croc Bait '' ( from `` Bayou '' ) 1 : 46 `` Not Worth It '' ( from `` The Bayou '' ) 3 : 38 `` Nice Boat '' ( from `` The Cattle King '' ) 0 : 59 `` Bait the Hook '' ( from `` The Cattle King '' ) 1 : 48 `` Hot Time '' ( from `` The Cattle King '' ) 0 : 44 `` I Guess It Is '' ( from `` The Cattle King '' ) 1 : 17 `` Freak Time '' ( from `` The Cattle King '' ) 1 : 34 `` Whacko Time '' ( from `` The Cattle King '' ) 1 : 42 `` Melt Down '' ( from `` Deadly Harvest '' ) 2 : 00 `` Framed '' ( from `` Deadly Harvest '' ) 2 : 05 `` Coffee '' ( from `` Church Bells in Bogota '' ) 1 : 16 `` Ring Around the Finger '' ( from `` Church Bells in Bogota '' ) 1 : 17 `` Mission : Impossible ' 88 -- End Credit '' 0 : 35 `` An Interview with Peter Graves '' 14 : 55 `` Mission : Impossible Theme '' -- Israeli Philharmonic cond . Lalo Schifrin 6 : 07 Mission : Impossible -- the television scores ( edit ) On July 28 , 2015 , La - La Land Records released a six - disc boxed set of the series ' original music . Theme from Mission : Impossible ( edit ) Main article : Theme from Mission : Impossible An electronic dance version of the theme by U2 bandmates Larry Mullen , Jr. and Adam Clayton was released in 1996 to coincide with the release of the first Mission : Impossible movie . The single was a success , and it was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance ( losing out to Béla Fleck and the Flecktones ' `` The Sinister Minister '' ) . Awards ( edit ) Emmy ( edit ) Year Category Nominee ( s ) Episode ( s ) Result 1967 Dramatic Series Joseph Gantman and Bruce Geller Won Actress in a Leading Role in a Dramatic Series Barbara Bain Won Outstanding Writing Achievement in Drama Bruce Geller Won Actor in a Leading Role in a Dramatic Series Martin Landau Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Film and Sound Editing Paul Krasny , Robert Watts Won Individual Achievements in Music -- Composition Lalo Schifrin Nominated 1968 Dramatic Series Joseph Gantman Won Actress in a Leading Role in a Dramatic Series Barbara Bain Won Outstanding Writing Achievement in Drama Alan Balter & William Read Woodfield ' The Killing Nominated Outstanding Directing Achievement in Drama Lee H. Katzin ' The Killing ' Nominated Actor in a Leading Role in a Dramatic Series Martin Landau Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Film Editing David Wages ' The Photographer ' Nominated Robert Watts ' The Traitor Nominated Individual Achievements in Music -- Composition Lalo Schifrin ' The Seal ' Nominated Special Classification of Individual Achievement Joseph G. Sorokin ' The Survivors ' Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Art Direction & Scenic Design Bill Ross ' Echo of Yesterday ' Nominated 1969 Dramatic Series Bruce Geller Nominated Actress in a Leading Role in a Dramatic Series Barbara Bain Won Actor in a Leading Role in a Dramatic Series Martin Landau Nominated Peter Graves Nominated Actor in a Supporting Role in a Dramatic Series Greg Morris Nominated Individual Achievements in Music -- Composition Lalo Schifrin ' The Heir Apparent ' Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Art Direction & Scenic Design Lucien Hafley , Bill Ross ' The Bunker : Part one and two ' Won Golden Globe ( edit ) Year Category Nominee ( s ) Result 1968 Television Series -- Drama Won Actor in a Television Series -- Drama Martin Landau Won Actress in a Television Series -- Drama Barbara Bain Nominated 1969 Actor in a Television Series -- Drama Peter Graves Nominated 1970 Actor in a Television Series -- Drama Peter Graves Nominated 1971 Actor in a Television Series -- Drama Peter Graves Won Best Supporting Actress -- Television Lesley Ann Warren Nominated 1972 Actress in a Television Series -- Drama Lynda Day George Nominated Edgar ( edit ) Best Episode in a TV series -- Jerome Ross , for `` Operation Rogosh '' , 1967 Inspirations and innovations ( edit ) A key inspiration for Geller in creating the series was the 1964 Jules Dassin film Topkapi , innovative for its coolly existential depiction of an elaborate heist . Geller switched the story away from the criminals of Topkapi to the good guys of the IMF , but kept Dassin 's style of minimal dialogue , prominent music scoring and clockwork - precision plots executed by a team of diverse specialists . Several episodes in fact show close - up shots of an agent 's wristwatch to convey the suspense of working on a deadline . One of the more controversial points of Geller 's was his insistence on minimizing character development . This was done intentionally both because he felt that seeing the characters as tabulae rasae would make them more convincing in undercover work , and because he wanted to keep the focus on the caper and off the characters themselves . Geller would even veto the writers ' attempts to develop the characters in the episodes . This is why , even after Geller was removed from the show , the IMF agents would only have one scene at Jim 's apartment where they interacted , and they were rarely if ever seen in their `` real '' lives . As a side effect of this , cast turnover was never once explained on the show . None of the main characters ever died or were disavowed in the original series , but a character could disappear between episodes without mention or acknowledgment . The 1980s revival , however , did kill off a main character on screen . Mimi Davis is the only character whose recruitment as an IMF agent was shown on screen , although such a scene was filmed for Dana Lambert ( Lesley Ann Warren ) and discarded . The 1980s revival otherwise stayed true to Geller 's edict , with the occasional brief exception . The producers of Mission : Impossible were sued for plagiarism by the creators of an ABC show called 21 Beacon Street . The suit was settled out of court . Geller claimed never to have seen the earlier show ; Beacon Street 's story editor and pilot scripter , Laurence Heath , would later write several episodes of Mission : Impossible . Writer William Read Woodfield was a fan of David Maurer 's nonfiction book about con artists , The Big Con ( also an unofficial inspiration for The Sting ) , and many episodes are strikingly similar to cons described in the book . The tape scene is very similar to one described in the 1964 Nick Carter - Killmaster novel Saigon , published in December 1964 and repeated in the 1966 novel Danger Key ( copyright registered in February 1966 ) . In the novels , secret agent Carter receives a package from his boss which , when activated , plays a tape - recorded message that self - destructs after playing once . Part of each episode 's title sequence was highly unusual , as it was composed of a number of very short clips of key scenes from the subject episode . This was , and remains , very rare for series television . However , it was already being done as of the previous season on I Spy , which like Mission had the lighting of a fuse leading to it . The hand with the match was , until sometime in the sixth season , that of creator Bruce Geller ; in the revival series , the hand belonged to Peter Graves , who was shown holding the match . Several British teleseries produced by Gerry Anderson and his then wife Sylvia Anderson , the contemporaneous Thunderbirds ( made in 1964 ) and the mid-1970s Space : 1999 ( which starred Mission : Impossible alumni Martin Landau and Barbara Bain ) amongst them , also showed clips in the opening sequence . The reimagined Battlestar Galactica TV series also used this device . The clips in the opening sequence were chosen to showcase dramatic moments in the upcoming mission , such as moments of surprise , moments of violence , or equipment in use . In particular , the first clip shown was often someone getting punched and / or knocked out . For the first two seasons , the closing credits showed clips from that mission in freeze frame . At the start of 1968 , when Paramount took over from Desilu , the same clips were shown during the closing credits across episodes ; later seasons eschewed that approach , featuring a freeze frame of the hand lighting the fuse . Mission : Impossible is still recognized for its innovative use of music . Composer Lalo Schifrin wrote several distinctive pieces for the series . The visual cuts in the main title sequence were timed to the beats and measures of the theme tune -- written in ( unusual ) time -- while an animated burning fuse moved across the screen . Most episodes included fairly long dialogue - free sequences showing the team members -- particularly electronics expert Barney Collier -- making technical preparations for the mission , usually to the accompaniment of another easily recognizable tune called `` The Plot . '' Lalo Schifrin also wrote a theme piece for each main character and the sound track for each episode incorporated variations of these throughout . Even when an episode 's score is credited to some other composer , Desilu 's music supervisor Jack Hunsacker would re-edit it , adding Schifrin melodies from the library . The series had great impact on film and TV music . Before Mission : Impossible , a common compliment was along the lines of `` the score worked very well but never got in the way or called attention to itself . '' By contrast , Mission : Impossible was praised for the prominence of its music . At 171 episodes , the original version of Mission : Impossible held the record for having the most episodes of any English - language espionage television series for over 35 years ( about 10 more episodes than its nearest rival , the UK - produced The Avengers ) . Its record was broken during the eighth season of 24 in 2010 . Reruns of Mission : Impossible are still shown weekly on Me - TV affiliate TV stations and the cable service Youtoo TV . The original series ' seven seasons are available online at the CBS All Access mobile , tablet and Roku applications . The secret message tape scene has been parodied in other shows . One example is in the animated TV series The Houndcats where after the Chief gives the Houndcats their instructions he warns them that the `` message will self - destruct in five seconds '' at which point the team panics as it then desperately tries to get rid of the message before it explodes . In Popular culture ( edit ) In an episode of the early 1970 's sitcom , `` Temperatures Rising '' , the hospital administrator , Dr. Paul Mercy ( played by Paul Lynde ) , on being compelled to burn an incriminating reel of film , mentions `` I 've seen this done on ' Mission Impossible ' ! '' . During the late 1980 's Carling Black Label ran a TV advert which showed a squirrel running an assault course in order to get to a nut whilst the theme tune of the series was being played . Two owls are witnessing the event . When the squirrel reaches its objective , one owl remarks `` I bet he drinks Carling Black Label '' . Broadcast history ( edit ) Saturday at 9 : 00 - 10 : 00 PM on CBS : September 17 , 1966 -- January 7 , 1967 Saturday at 8 : 30 - 9 : 30 PM on CBS : January 14 -- April 22 , 1967 Sunday at 10 : 00 - 11 : 00 PM on CBS : September 10 , 1967 -- March 29 , 1970 ( the most frequent time slot ) Saturday at 7 : 30 - 8 : 30 PM on CBS : September 19 , 1970 -- March 17 , 1971 Saturday at 10 : 00 - 11 : 00 PM on CBS : September 18 , 1971 -- December 9 , 1972 Friday at 8 : 00 - 9 : 00 PM on CBS : December 22 , 1972 -- March 30 , 1973 Home media ( edit ) In North America , Mission : Impossible received limited VHS format release in the waning days of video cassettes : There was a subscription through Columbia House ; GoodTimes Home Video issued a sell - through version of Episode 3 , `` Memory '' ( under the multiply erroneous title `` Butcher of Balkens '' ) ; and Paramount Home Video released twelve two - episode volumes of `` The Best of Mission : Impossible , '' six tapes at a time , in 1996 and 2000 . Twelve episodes were also released on Laserdisc . CBS DVD ( distributed by Paramount Home Entertainment ) has released all seven seasons of Mission : Impossible on DVD in Regions 1 , 2 & 4 . The episodes of the original series of Mission : Impossible on the CBS DVD / Paramount Pictures Home Entertainment DVD releases were presented uncut and unedited , digitally restored and remastered from the original film negatives for picture clarity and sound , and are also presented in its original broadcast presentation and order . The first season of the 1980s revival was released in the fall of 2011 , with the second and final season announced for spring 2012 . On December 11 , 2012 , Paramount released Mission : Impossible -- The Complete Television Collection on DVD in Region 1 . The 56 - disc collection features all 171 episodes of the series as well as bonus features . On October 6 , 2015 , CBS Home Entertainment released a repackaged version of the complete series set , at a lower price . DVD title Ep # <Th_colspan="3"> Release date Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 The Complete 1st Season 28 December 5 , 2006 November 20 , 2006 November 30 , 2006 The Complete 2nd Season 25 June 5 , 2007 May 7 , 2007 April 12 , 2007 The Complete 3rd Season 25 October 29 , 2007 October 29 , 2007 November 8 , 2007 The Complete 4th Season 26 May 13 , 2008 May 5 , 2008 May 15 , 2008 The Complete 5th Season 23 October 7 , 2008 February 9 , 2009 November 6 , 2008 The Complete 6th Season 22 April 28 , 2009 May 18 , 2009 October 1 , 2009 The Complete 7th Season 22 November 3 , 2009 March 22 , 2010 October 1 , 2009 The Complete Collection 171 December 11 , 2012 N / A July 29 , 2015 Franchise successors ( edit ) Television revival ( edit ) Main article : Mission : Impossible ( 1988 TV series ) In 1980 , media reports indicated that a reunion of the original cast was in the planning stages , for a project to be called Mission : Impossible 1980 . Ultimately this project was delayed into 1983 ( with the working title suitably updated repeatedly ) before being canceled altogether due to one plot after another being deemed inappropriate and unacceptable . In 1984 , another proposed Mission : Impossible reunion was to have been a theatrical film , titled Good Morning , Mr. Phelps ( Mission : Impossible -- The Movie ) . Ultimately , the proposed large budget sank this project . In 1988 , the American fall television season was hampered by a writers ' strike that prevented the commissioning of new scripts . Producers , anxious to provide new product for viewers but with the prospect of a lengthy strike , went into the vaults for previously written material . Star Trek : The Next Generation , for example , used scripts written for an aborted Star Trek revival series proposed during the 1970s . The ABC network decided to launch a new Mission : Impossible series , with a mostly new cast ( except for Peter Graves , who returned as Phelps ) , but using scripts from the original series , suitably updated . To save even more on production costs , the series was filmed in Australia ; the first season in Queensland , and the second in Melbourne . Costs were , at that time , some 20 percent lower in Australia than in Hollywood . The new Mission : Impossible was one of the first American commercial network programs to be filmed in Australia . According to Patrick White 's book , the original plan was for the series to be an actual remake of the original series , with the new cast playing the same characters from the original series : Rollin Hand , Cinnamon Carter , et al . Just before filming began , White writes , the decision was made to rework the characters so that they were now original creations , albeit still patterned after the originals , with only Jim Phelps remaining unchanged . The new series was not a hit , but it was produced cheaply enough to keep it on the ABC schedule . The new Mission : Impossible ultimately lasted for two years ; the writers ' strike was resolved quickly enough that only four episodes were actual remakes , which , along with the decision to change the character names and backgrounds , resulted in the series being considered a continuation of the original series , rather than simply a remake . The original series formula described above was largely repeated in the second Mission : Impossible series of the 1980s , though the writers took some liberties and tried to stretch the rules somewhat . Most notably , by the time of the revival series , the Impossible Mission Force was no longer a small , clandestine operation , but larger in scale , with references now made to IMF divisions and additional teams similar to the one run by Phelps . One episode of the later series featured the only occasion in which a regular IMF agent was killed on a mission and subsequently disavowed . The 1980s series also had IMF agents using technology that nearly pushed the series into the realm of science fiction , such as one gadget that could record dreams , and another that allowed the IMF to change the surfaces ( actually digital screens ) of special playing cards to appear to be whatever cards the plan required . The revived series included special appearances by several 1960s -- 70s IMF veterans , including Lynda Day George , and Greg Morris as Barney ; Morris 's son , Phil Morris , played Barney 's son in the new series . Four guest stars from the original run all played targets here , Alex Cord , James Shigeta , and in the same episode , Barbara Luna and Australian Michael Pate . Feature films ( edit ) Main article : Mission : Impossible ( film series ) In the early 1970s the second season two - part story The Council was distributed to European movie houses , theatres and cinemas as a full - length feature film titled Mission : Impossible vs. the Mob . A feature film based upon the series was first proposed in 1978 , then to be made for TV . This was the first of several attempts through the 1980s , but no feature production materialized . Later , six feature films were released , produced by and starring Tom Cruise : Mission : Impossible ( 1996 ) Mission : Impossible II ( 2000 ) Mission : Impossible III ( 2006 ) Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol ( 2011 ) Mission : Impossible -- Rogue Nation ( 2015 ) Mission : Impossible -- Fallout ( 2018 ) IMF leader Jim Phelps , played by Peter Graves in the original series , has a supporting role in the first of these films , and is played by Jon Voight ; none of the other films feature any characters from the television series , although Rogue Nation does involve the Syndicate , a recurring element of the TV show . In the early 2000s , Mission : Impossible was the only successful franchise of Paramount Pictures . Video Games ( edit ) 1990 : Mission : Impossible . Published by Konami under its Ultra Games label for the Nintendo Entertainment System . The game is based on the 1988 -- 1990 TV series . 1998 : Mission : Impossible . Published by Infogrames Entertainment for the Nintendo 64 and PlayStation . The plot is loosely based on the 1996 film . 2000 : Mission : Impossible . Published by Infogrames Entertainment for the Game Boy Color . This version is a loose adaptation of the 1998 game . 2003 : Mission : Impossible -- Operation Surma . Published by Atari for the PlayStation 2 , Xbox , GameCube , and Game Boy Advance . The game features an original story with characters from the film series , with Ving Rhames reprising his role as computer expert Luther Stickell . 2011 : Mission : Impossible -- The Game . Paramount Pictures and Funtactix social game for Facebook , based on the first three Mission : Impossible films , with a later extension based on the fourth , release to promote the film Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol . In 1979 , game designer Scott Adams released Mission : Impossible , a text adventure game that placed the player in the role of a secret agent trying to save the world . Adams had failed to acquire the rights to the title , and the game was quickly reissued as Impossible Mission and later Secret Mission . Beyond the title and the name `` Mr. Phelps '' being mentioned on the tape recording at the beginning of the game , it had no overt connection to the TV series . The 1984 computer game Impossible Mission also featured a story in which the player takes the role of a secret agent who must stop an evil genius , but it also has no overt connection to the Mission : Impossible franchise , although the game 's designer Dennis Caswell claimed that the title was chosen because `` it was , at least , somewhat descriptive , and the obvious allusion to Mission : Impossible was expedient . '' Print ( edit ) A number of original Mission : Impossible novels based upon the series were published Popular Library published the following between 1967 and 1969 : Mission : Impossible by Walter Wager as `` John Tiger '' ( 1967 ) Code Name : Judas by `` Max Walker '' ( 1968 ) ; Walker was a Popular Library `` house '' pseudonym ; the actual author has never been disclosed . Code Name : Rapier by Walker ( 1968 ) Code Name : Little Ivan by Tiger ( 1969 ) In addition , two hardback novels for young readers were published by Whitman Books , both by Talmage Powell : The Priceless Particle ( 1969 ) The Money Explosion ( 1970 ) Of the above , only the 1967 John Tiger novel featured the team as led by Dan Briggs ; the rest all featured the Jim Phelps - era IMF . Dell Comics published a Mission : Impossible comic book on a sporadic schedule that lasted from the mid-1960s to the early 1970s . Only five issues were published before the series was canceled . The first four issues were original publications ; the fifth issue was a reprint of the first . In 1996 , Marvel Comics published a single - issue Mission : Impossible comic which served as a prequel to the 1996 feature film . In 1968 , the GAF Corporation of Portland , Oregon / Paramount Films released a View - Master ( 21 stereo pictures in three round discs ) with a 16 - page story booklet : `` Good morning Mr Phelps . The man you are looking at is Dr. Erich Rojak , the nuclear physicist who has been missing ... '' See also ( edit ) Television in the United States portal 1960s portal 1970s portal Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mission : Impossible '' . CBS.com . http://www.cbs.com/shows/mission-impossible/ Jump up ^ Devin Faraci . `` How Lucille Ball Made STAR TREK Happen '' . Birth. Movies. Death . Jump up ^ White 1991 , pp. 98 -- 99 . Jump up ^ White 1991 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ White 1991 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ White 1991 , p. 337 . Jump up ^ Douglas Little ( November 2004 ) . `` Mission Impossible : The CIA and the Cult of Covert Action in the Middle East '' ( PDF ) . Diplomatic History . 28 ( 5 ) : 663 -- 701 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.2004. 00446. x . Jump up ^ White 1991 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ White 1991 , pp. 281 -- 84 . Jump up ^ White 1991 , pp. 340 -- 41 . Jump up ^ `` 25 Classic TV Title Sequences '' . Jump up ^ `` The Mission : Impossible Tape Scenes '' . Jump up ^ Biederman 2004 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Biederman 2004 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ White 1991 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ White 1991 , p. 409 . Jump up ^ White 1991 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ White 1991 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ White 1991 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ White 1991 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ White 1991 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ White 1991 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ White 1991 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ White 1991 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ White 1991 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ White 1991 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Karger , Dave ( June 7 , 1996 ) . `` They Shot , He Scored '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ 1967 Grammy Awards accessed March 7 , 2012 Jump up ^ The Best of Mission : Impossible : Then and Now at MusicBrainz Jump up ^ `` La - La Land Records on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ White 1991 , p. 294 . Jump up ^ White 1991 , pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ White 1991 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ White 1991 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ `` MeTV Network -- Shows '' . Jump up ^ `` Mission : Impossible DVD news : Announcement for Mission : Impossible -- The Complete Television Collection '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2013 . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mission : Impossible DVD news : Announcement for The Complete Original Television Series -- TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White 1991 , pp. 429 -- 31 . Jump up ^ White 1991 , pp. 431 -- 32 . Jump up ^ White 1991 , pp. 433 -- 34 . Jump up ^ White 1991 , pp. 429 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Kimberly A. Owczarski : `` More Than Meets the Eye '' : Transformers and the Complexities of Franchise Film Production in Contemporary Hollywood , in : Quarterly Review of Film and Video , Vol. 32 ( 2015 ) , No. 8 , pp. 675 -- 694 ( here : p. 684 ) . Jump up ^ Mission : Impossible Invades Facebook with New Ghost Protocol Game Tie - In , Gamer live Jump up ^ `` Secret Mission '' , Adventure International , If legends Jump up ^ Bevan , Mike ( December 2013 ) . `` The History of ... Impossible Mission '' . Retro Gamer ( 122 ) . Imagine Publishing . pp. 44 -- 49 . Jump up ^ `` Mission : Impossible ( 1967 ) -- Comic Book DB '' . Jump up ^ `` Mission Impossible ( 1996 ) -- Comic Book DB '' . Bibliography ( edit ) White , Patrick J ( 1991 ) , The Complete Mission : Impossible Dossier , New York : Avon Books , ISBN 978 - 0380758777 , OCLC 24914321 . Biederman , Daniel ' Danny ' ( 2004 ) , The incredible world of spy - fi : wild and crazy spy gadgets , props , and artifacts from TV and the movies , San Francisco : Chronicle Books , ISBN 9780811842242 , OCLC 475678569 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mission : Impossible ( TV series ) . Mission : Impossible at TV.com Mission : Impossible on IMDb `` Mission : Impossible '' , Encyclopedia of Television . `` Mission : Impossible Episode Guide '' , TV Gems . Mission : Impossible -- The Game . Mission : Impossible -- memorabilia of the show , such as Dell comics , toys , posters &c . Comics : database and cover gallery for the Dell comic book series . <Th_colspan="2"> Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series <Td_colspan="2"> Pulitzer Prize Playhouse ( 1951 ) Studio One ( 1952 ) Robert Montgomery Presents ( 1953 ) The United States Steel Hour ( 1954 ) The United States Steel Hour ( 1955 ) Producers ' Showcase ( 1956 ) Gunsmoke ( 1958 ) Alcoa - Goodyear Theatre ( 1959 ) Playhouse 90 ( 1960 ) Hallmark Hall of Fame ( 1961 ) The Defenders ( 1962 ) The Defenders ( 1963 ) The Defenders ( 1964 ) The Fugitive ( 1966 ) Mission : Impossible ( 1967 ) Mission : Impossible ( 1968 ) NET Playhouse ( 1969 ) Marcus Welby , M.D. ( 1970 ) The Bold Ones : The Senator ( 1971 ) Elizabeth R ( 1972 ) The Waltons ( 1973 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1974 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1975 ) Police Story ( 1976 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1977 ) The Rockford Files ( 1978 ) Lou Grant ( 1979 ) Lou Grant ( 1980 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1981 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1982 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1983 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1984 ) Cagney & Lacey ( 1985 ) Cagney & Lacey ( 1986 ) L.A. Law ( 1987 ) thirtysomething ( 1988 ) L.A. Law ( 1989 ) L.A. Law ( 1990 ) L.A. Law ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure ( 1992 ) Picket Fences ( 1993 ) Picket Fences ( 1994 ) NYPD Blue ( 1995 ) ER ( 1996 ) Law & Order ( 1997 ) The Practice ( 1998 ) The Practice ( 1999 ) The West Wing ( 2000 ) The West Wing ( 2001 ) The West Wing ( 2002 ) The West Wing ( 2003 ) The Sopranos ( 2004 ) Lost ( 2005 ) 24 ( 2006 ) The Sopranos ( 2007 ) Mad Men ( 2008 ) Mad Men ( 2009 ) Mad Men ( 2010 ) Mad Men ( 2011 ) Homeland ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones ( 2015 ) Game of Thrones ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale ( 2017 ) Game of Thrones ( 2018 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Mission : Impossible Television Mission : Impossible ( 1966 -- 73 ) Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Mission : Impossible ( 1988 -- 90 ) Episodes Season 1 Films Mission : Impossible soundtrack Mission : Impossible 2 soundtrack score Mission : Impossible III soundtrack Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol Mission : Impossible -- Rogue Nation Mission : Impossible -- Fallout Characters Television Main characters Guest stars A -- M N -- Z Film Ethan Hunt Luther Stickell Benji Dunn Video games Mission : Impossible ( 1990 ) Mission : Impossible ( 1998 ) Mission : Impossible ( 2000 ) Mission : Impossible -- Operation Surma Miscellaneous Mission : Impossible vs. the Mob Impossible Missions Force Theme ( Lalo Schifrin ) Music from Mission : Impossible `` I Disappear '' `` Scum of the Earth '' `` Take a Look Around '' <Td_colspan="2"> Category BNF : cb12409199g ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mission:_Impossible&oldid=865612974 '' Categories : Mission : Impossible 1960s American television series 1966 American television series debuts 1970s American television series 1973 American television series endings American action television series CBS network shows Dell Comics titles Edgar Award - winning works English - language television programs Espionage television series TV series involved in plagiarism controversies Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series winners Television programs adapted into comics Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series by Desilu Productions American television series revived after cancellation Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Hidden categories : Articles with MusicBrainz release links Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles needing additional references from December 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Comics articles needing issue citations Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 01 : 18 ( UTC ) . 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1. Mission: Impossible television series
2. Impossible Missions Force (IMF)
3. Characters and cast of Mission: Impossible
4. Cold War subtext in Mission: Impossible
5. Format of Mission: Impossible episodes
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where is the ancient city of tyre located
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Tyre , Lebanon - wikipedia Tyre , Lebanon Jump to : navigation , search `` Tyros '' redirects here . Tyros is also the plural of tyro , a word meaning `` novice '' . <Th_colspan="2"> Tyre صور <Td_colspan="2"> City <Td_colspan="2"> Tyre fishing harbor <Td_colspan="2"> Tyre صور <Td_colspan="2"> Coordinates : 33 ° 16 ′ 15 '' N 35 ° 11 ′ 46 '' E / 33.27083 ° N 35.19611 ° E / 33.27083 ; 35.19611 Coordinates : 33 ° 16 ′ 15 '' N 35 ° 11 ′ 46 '' E / 33.27083 ° N 35.19611 ° E / 33.27083 ; 35.19611 Country Lebanon Governorate South District Tyre Established 2750 BC <Th_colspan="2"> Area City 4 km ( 2 sq mi ) Metro 17 km ( 7 sq mi ) <Th_colspan="2"> Population City 60,000 Metro 174,000 Time zone EET ( UTC + 2 ) Summer ( DST ) EEST ( UTC + 3 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> UNESCO World Heritage Site Type Cultural Criteria iii , vi Designated 1984 ( 8th session ) Reference no . 299 State Party Lebanon Region Arab States <Th_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Tyre ( Arabic : صور , Ṣūr ; Phoenician : 𐤑𐤅𐤓 , Ṣur ; Hebrew : צוֹר , Tsor ; Tiberian Hebrew צֹר , Ṣōr ; Akkadian : 𒀫𒊒 , Ṣurru ; Greek : Τύρος , Týros ; Turkish : Sur ; Latin : Tyrus , Armenian Տիր ( Dir ) ) , sometimes romanized as Sour , is a city in the South Governorate of Lebanon . There were approximately 117,000 inhabitants in 2003 . However , the government of Lebanon has released only rough estimates of population numbers since 1932 , so an accurate statistical accounting is not possible . Tyre juts out from the coast of the Mediterranean and is located about 80 km ( 50 mi ) south of Beirut . The name of the city means `` rock '' after the rocky formation on which the town was originally built . The adjective for Tyre is Tyrian , and the inhabitants are Tyrians . Tyre is an ancient Phoenician city and the legendary birthplace of Europa and Dido ( Elissa ) . Today it is the fourth largest city in Lebanon after Beirut , Tripoli and Sidon. and houses one of the nation 's major ports . Tourism is a major industry . The city has a number of ancient sites , including its Roman Hippodrome which was added to UNESCO 's list of World Heritage Sites in 1979 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Foundation 1.2 Early history 1.3 Later history 1.4 After 1920 2 Geography 3 Cultural heritage 3.1 Scriptural 3.2 Other writings 4 Education 5 Demographics 6 Gallery 7 Twin towns -- sister cities 8 Notable people 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) The Triumphal Arch ( reconstructed ) Remains of ancient columns at Al Mina excavation site -- supposed palaestra Rectangular theatre at Al Mina excavation site The modern south part of Tyre Tyre originally consisted of two distinct urban centres , Tyre itself , which was on an island just off shore , and the associated settlement of Ushu on the adjacent mainland . Alexander the Great connected the island to the mainland by constructing a causeway during his siege of the city , demolishing the old city to reuse its cut stone . The original island city had two harbours , one on the south side and the other on the north side of the island . It was the two harbours that enabled Tyre to gain the maritime prominence that it did ; the harbour on the north side of the island was , in fact , one of the best harbours on the eastern end of the Mediterranean . The harbour on the south side has silted over , but the harbour on the north side ( see Tyre harbor photo the right ) is still in use . In ancient times , the island - city of Tyre was heavily fortified and the mainland settlement , originally called Ushu ( later called Palaetyrus , meaning `` Old Tyre , '' by the ancient Greeks ) was actually more like a line of suburbs than any one city and was used primarily as a source of water and timber for the main island city . Josephus records that the two fought against each other on occasion , but most of the time , they supported one another because they both benefited from the island city 's wealth from maritime trade and the mainland area 's source of timber , water and burial grounds . Foundation ( edit ) Tyre was founded around 2750 BC according to Herodotus and was originally built as a walled city upon the mainland . Tyre 's name appears on monuments as early as 1300 BC . Philo of Byblos ( in Eusebius ) quotes the antiquarian authority Sanchuniathon as stating that it was first occupied by Hypsuranius . Sanchuniathon 's work is said to be dedicated to `` Abibalus king of Berytus '' -- possibly the Abibaal who was king of Tyre . There are ten Amarna letters dated 1350 BC from the mayor , Abimilku , written to Akenaten . The subject is often water , wood and the Habiru overtaking the countryside of the mainland and how that affected the island - city . Early history ( edit ) The commerce of the ancient world was gathered into the warehouses of Tyre . Tyrian merchants were the first who ventured to navigate the Mediterranean waters ; and they founded their colonies on the coasts and neighbouring islands of the Aegean Sea , in Greece , on the northern coast of Africa , at Carthage and other places , in Sicily and Corsica , in Spain at Tartessus and even beyond the pillars of Hercules at Gadeira ( Cádiz ) . The city of Tyre was particularly known for the production of a rare and extraordinarily expensive sort of purple dye , produced from the murex shellfish , known as Tyrian purple . The colour was , in ancient cultures , reserved for the use of royalty or at least the nobility . Phoenicians from Tyre settled in houses around Memphis , south of the temple of Hephaestus in a district called the Tyrian Camp . Tyre was often attacked by Egypt and was besieged by Assyrian king Shalmaneser V , who was assisted by the Phoenicians of the mainland , for five years . From 586 until 573 BC , the city was besieged by Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon until it agreed to pay a tribute . The Achaemenid Empire conquered the city in 539 BC and kept it under its rule until Alexander the Great laid siege to the city , conquered and razed it in 332 BC . In 315 BC , Alexander 's former general Antigonus began his own siege of Tyre , taking the city a year later . In 126 BC , Tyre regained its independence from the Seleucid Empire and was allowed to keep much of its independence , as a `` civitas foederata '' , when the area became a Roman province in 64 BC . Tyre continued to maintain much of its commercial importance until the Common Era . Later history ( edit ) It is stated in the Bible that Jesus visited the region of Tyre and Sidon and healed a Gentile ( Matthew 15 : 21 ; Mark 7 : 24 ) and from this region many came forth to hear him preaching ( Mark 3 : 8 ; Gospel of Luke 6 : 17 , Matthew 11 : 21 -- 23 ) . A congregation was founded here soon after the death of St. Stephen . Paul the Apostle , on his return from his third missionary journey , spent a week in conversation with the disciples there . According to Irenaeus of Lyon in On the Detection and Overthrow of the So - Called Gnosis , the female companion of Simon Magus came from here . The famous `` Arch of Hadrian '' and one of the best hippodromes in the region were constructed during the Roman empire . In the Revolt of Tyre ( 996 -- 998 ) , the populace of the city rose against Fatimid rule , led by an ordinary sailor named ' Allaqa - but were brutally suppressed in May 998 . After the first failed siege in 1111 , Tyre was captured during the First Crusade in 1124 and became one of the most important cities of the Kingdom of Jerusalem . It was part of the royal domain , but there were also autonomous trading colonies there for the Italian merchant cities . The city was the site of the See of Tyre whose archbishop was a suffragan of the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem ; its archbishops often acceded to the Patriarchate . The most notable of the Latin archbishops was the historian William of Tyre . After the reconquest of Acre by Richard I of England on July 12 , 1191 , the seat of the kingdom moved there , but coronations were held in Tyre . In the 13th century , Tyre was separated from the royal domain as the Lordship of Tyre . In 1291 , it was retaken by the Mamluk Sultanate , which then was followed by Ottoman rule before the modern state of Lebanon was declared in 1920 . After 1920 ( edit ) A large sign which marks the ancient city of Tyre as protected cultural property according to the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict . The present city of Tyre covers a large part of the original island and has expanded onto and covers most of the causeway , which had increased greatly in width over the centuries because of extensive silt depositions on either side . The part of the original island not covered by the modern city of Tyre is mostly of an archaeological site showcasing remains of the city from ancient times . After numerous attacks and reprisals involving the PLO , including an assassination attempt on Israeli ambassador Argov , Israel invaded , ( called the 1978 South Lebanon conflict ) , and Tyre was badly damaged . It was damaged again in the 1982 Lebanon War between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) . The city was used as a base by the PLO and was nearly destroyed by Israeli artillery . After the 1982 war , the city was the site of an Israeli military post . In late 1982 , and again in November 1983 , buildings housing Israeli headquarters were destroyed by bombs , causing dozens of deaths in both cases and known in Israel as the First and Second Tyre Catastrophes . The 1983 explosion by a suicide truck happened only 10 days after similar attacks , the 1983 Beirut barracks bombings of US Marines and French paratroop barracks . Israel and the US blame Iran and Hezbollah for all explosions , but they have denied any involvement . During Israel 's invasion in the 2006 Lebanon War , several rocket - launching sites used by Hezbollah to attack Israel were located in rural areas around the city . At least one village near the city was bombed by Israel as well as several sites within the city , causing civilian deaths and adding to the food shortage problem inside Tyre . Shayetet 13 ( Israeli naval commandos ) also raided Hezbollah targets within the city . Geography ( edit ) The Tyre Coast Nature Reserve covers over 380 hectares ( 940 acres ) and divided into three zones : the Tourism zone ( public beaches , the old city and Souks , the ancient port ) , the Agricultural and Archaeological zone , and the Conservation zone that includes the Phoenician springs of Ras El Ain . Due to its diverse flora and fauna , the reserve is a designated Ramsar Site . It is an important nesting site for migratory birds and the endangered Loggerhead and green sea turtle and the shelter of the Arabian spiny mouse and many other important creatures ( including wall lizards , common pipistrelle , and european badger ) . Cultural Heritage ( edit ) Roman Hippodrome in Tyre Threats to Tyre 's ancient cultural heritage include development pressures and the illegal antiquities trade . A highway , planned for 2011 , is expected to be built in areas that are deemed archaeologically sensitive . A small - scale geophysical survey indicated the presence of archaeological remains at proposed construction sites . The sites have not been investigated . Despite the relocation of a proposed traffic interchange , the lack of precise site boundaries confuses the issue of site preservation . columns with tourists The hostilities of the 2006 Lebanon War put the ancient structures of Tyre at risk . This prompted UNESCO 's Director - General to launch a `` Heritage Alert '' for the site . Following the cessation of hostilities in September 2006 , a visit by conservation experts to Lebanon observed no direct damage to the ancient city of Tyre . However , bombardment had damaged frescoes in a Roman funerary cave at the Tyre Necropolis . Additional site degradation was also noted , including `` the lack of maintenance , the decay of exposed structures due to lack of rainwater regulation and the decay of porous and soft stones '' . Like many of the cities in the Levant and in Lebanon , the architecture since the Lebanese Civil War in the 1970s has been of poor quality , which tend to threaten the cultural heritage in the built environment before the war . Scriptural ( edit ) The Hebrew Bible makes several references to Tyre : King Hiram I was a contemporary of David and Solomon in 2 Samuel 5 : 11 , 1 Kings 5 : 1 , and 1 Chronicles 14 : 1 . Tyre is mentioned in the Book of Isaiah ( Isaiah 23 ) , the Book of Jeremiah ( Jer 25 : 22 , Jer 47 : 4 ) , the Book of Ezekiel ( Ezekiel 26 - 28 ) , the Book of Joel ( Joel 3 : 4 - 8 ) , the Book of Amos ( Amos 1 : 9 - 10 ) , the Psalms , and the Book of Zechariah ( Zechariah 9 : 3 - 4 ) , which prophesied its destruction . Jesus visited the region or `` coasts '' ( King James Version ) of Tyre and Sidon ( Matthew 15 : 21 ; Mark 7 : 24 ) and from this region many came forth to hear him preaching ( Mark 3 : 8 ; Luke 6 : 17 ) , leading to the stark contrast in Matthew 11 : 21 -- 23 to his reception in Korazin and Bethsaida . In the Book of Revelation , Revelation 18 alludes extensively to the mercantile description of Tyre in Ezekiel 26 - 28 . Other writings ( edit ) In 19th - century Britain , Tyre was several times taken as an exemplar of the mortality of great power and status , for example by John Ruskin in the opening lines of The Stones of Venice and by Rudyard Kipling 's Recessional . Education ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2016 ) Collège Élite , a French international school , is in Tyre . Jaafareya High School was the first intermediate and secondary school in south of Lebanon . Demographics ( edit ) The population of Tyre is a predominantly Shia Muslim with a small but noticeable Christian community . However , the city of Tyre is home for more than 60,000 Palestinian refugees who are mainly Sunni Muslim . The Amal Movement and Hezbollah are the most popular parties , representing all of the Shi'a seats in the city as of the 2009 elections . In 2010 , it was estimated Christians accounted 10 % of Tyre 's population . Gallery ( edit ) Main colonnaded street at Al Mina excavation site Al Mina excavation area -- supposed Roman agora A typical narrow street in the Christian quarter Tyre harbor A half - column giving view to the sea Remains seen at the excavation site Sarcophagus in Tyre Twin towns -- sister cities ( edit ) Tyre is twinned with : Algiers , Algeria Dezful , Iran Málaga , Spain Perpignan , France Tunis , Tunisia Notable people ( edit ) Antipater of Tyre ( 1st Century BC ) , Stoic philosopher Apollonius of Tyre ( philosopher ) ( c. 50 BC ) , philosopher Ulpianus ( late 2nd Century BC ) , Roman jurist Diodorus of Tyre ( late 2nd Century BC ) , Peripatetic philosopher Saint Christina of Tyre ( 3rd century ) Martyr Porphyry , Neoplatonic philosopher and writer See also ( edit ) Kings of Tyre Tyrian shekel Tyre in Biblical Prophecy Dido References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lebanon -- city population Jump up ^ Lebanon Population Jump up ^ ( Bikai , P. , `` The Land of Tyre '' , in Joukowsky , M. , The Heritage of Tyre , 1992 , chapter 2 , p. 13 ) Jump up ^ Tyre City , Lebanon Jump up ^ Resolution 459 Jump up ^ Lebanon 's Archaeological Heritage Archived March 11 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Presutta , David . The Biblical Cosmos Versus Modern Cosmology. 2007 , page 225 , referencing : Katzenstein , H.J. , The History of Tyre , 1973 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Robin Lane fox , Alexander the Great 1973 : 181f . Jump up ^ See Jidejian , Nina . Tyre Through the Ages , 1969 , for further information about the history of Tyre and its present condition . Jump up ^ ' Tyre ' from Encyclopædia Britannica 11th ed . Jump up ^ Historical references to Tyre Jump up ^ Bement , R B. Tyre ; the history of Phoenicia , Palestine and Syria , and the final captivity of Israel and Judah by the Assyrians . Ulan Press . p. 47 . ASIN B009WP2MR8 . Jump up ^ Vance , Donald R. ( March 1994 ) `` Literary Sources for the History of Palestine and Syria : The Phœnician Inscriptions '' The Biblical Archaeologist 57 ( 1 ) , pp. 2 -- 19 Jump up ^ from ' Tyre ' in Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Bariaa Mourad . `` Du Patrimoine à la Muséologie : Conception d'un musée sur le site archéologique de Tyr '' , ( Thesis ) ; Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ) , Study realised in cooperation with the Unesco , Secteur de la Culture , Division du Patrimoine Culturel , Paris , 1998 Jump up ^ Herodotus . The Histories . Oxford World 's Classics . p. 137 . ISBN 9780199535668 . Jump up ^ Bement , R B. Tyre ; the history of Phoenicia , Palestine and Syria , and the final captivity of Israel and Judah by the Assyrians . Ulan Press . p. 48 . ASIN B009WP2MR8 . Jump up ^ `` Tyre in the early Persian period ( 539 - 486 B.C ) '' . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ 315 B.C. -- events and references Jump up ^ 314 B.C. -- events and references Jump up ^ 126 B.C. -- events and references Jump up ^ E.G. Hardy , Roman Laws and Charters , New Jersey 2005 , p. 95 Jump up ^ 64 B.C. -- events and references Jump up ^ Video showing the Roman hippodrome of Tyre Jump up ^ The toll of three cities , The Economist June 19 , 1982 . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Butcher , Tim . Rebels were ready for attacks . Sydney Morning Herald 27 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Engel , Richard . Desperation descends on Tyre , Lebanon . MSNBC 25 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Israeli commandos stage Tyre raid BBC 5 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Protecting marine biodiversity in Lebanon '' . International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) . 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Hany El Shaer ; Ms. Lara Samaha ; Ghassan Jaradi ( Dec 2012 ) . `` Lebanon 's Marine Protected Area Strategy '' ( PDF ) . Lebanese Ministry of Environment . Jump up ^ Helga Seeden ( December 2 , 2000 ) . `` Lebanon 's Archaeological Heritage '' . ^ Jump up to : Toubekis , Georgios ( 2010 ) . `` Lebanon : Tyre ( Sour ) '' . In Christoph Machat , Michael Petzet and John Ziesemer ( Eds . ) , `` Heritage at Risk : ICOMOS World Report 2008 - 2010 on Monuments and Sites in Danger '' ( PDF ) ... Berlin : hendrik Bäßler verlag , 2010 , pg. 118 . Jump up ^ Koïchiro Matsuura ; The Director - General of UNESCO ( August 11 , 2006 ) . `` UNESCO Director - General Launches `` Heritage Alert '' for the Middle East `` . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Jump up ^ http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Bishop-of-Tyre:-Christians-in-Lebanon-have-become-a-minority-in-their-country-17638.html Jump up ^ El Corresponsal de Medio Oriente y Africa - Málaga recupera su pasado fenicio Jump up ^ `` Saint Christina of Tyre ( July 24 ) '' . Official website of the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of Australia , New Zealand and the Philippines . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tyre . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Tyre . 360 Panorama of Tyre 's Archeological Site Lebanon , the Cedars ' Land : Tyre photo 2u Tyre entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith with picture of Tyrian silver shekel . Alexander 's Siege of Tyre at Ancient History Encyclopedia by Grant Nell American University of Beirut ( AUB ) Museum team discovers first Phoenician Temple in Tyre ; only complete one in Lebanon This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Easton , Matthew George ( 1897 ) . `` `` . Easton 's Bible Dictionary ( New and revised ed . ) . T. Nelson and Sons . <Th_colspan="3"> Phoenician cities and colonies Algeria Cirta Malaca Igigili Hippo Regius Icosium Iol Tipasa Timgad Cyprus Kition Dhali Marion Greece Callista Rhodes Italy Karalis Lilybaeum Motya Neapolis Nora Olbia Panormus Solki Soluntum Tharros Lebanon Amia Ampi Arqa Baalbek Berut Botrys Gebal Sarepta Sur Sydon Tripolis Libya Leptis Magna Oea Sabratha Malta Gozo Għajn Qajjet Mtarfa Maleth Ras il - Wardija Tas - Silġ Mauritania / Morocco Cerne / Arambys Caricus Murus Chellah Lixus Tingis Israel Achziv Acre Arsuf Caesarea Portugal Olissipona Ossonoba Spain Abdera Abyla Akra Leuke Gadir Herna Ibossim Sa Caleta , Ibiza Mahón Malaca Onoba Qart Hadašt Rusadir Sexi Tyreche Syria Amrit Arwad Safita Shuksi Ugarit Tunisia Carthage Hadrumetum Hippo Diarrhytus Kelibia Kerkouane Leptis Parva Sicca Thanae Thapsus Utica Turkey / others Myriandrus Phoenicus / Gibraltar <Th_colspan="3"> World Heritage Sites in Lebanon <Td_colspan="2"> Byblos Anjar Baalbek Ouadi Qadisha ( the Holy Valley ) Forest of the Cedars of God ( Horsh Arz el - Rab ) Tyre <Th_colspan="2"> Third Journey of Paul the Apostle <Td_colspan="2"> 1 . 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1. Tyre, Lebanon
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what happened to tasha from thuggish ruggish bone
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Shatasha Williams - Wikipedia Shatasha Williams hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia 's layout guidelines . Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guideline for music . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Shatasha Williams '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Shatasha Williams is an American singer who achieved prominence singing the hook from the 1994 Bone Thugs - n - Harmony single `` Thuggish Ruggish Bone . '' She was scouted by the band in the street while they were recording their first record with Eazy - E in Cleveland , Ohio . After the success of `` Thuggish Ruggish Bone , '' she was signed to Ruthless Records by Eazy - E , with whom she released one single , `` Free , '' in 1995 . She currently resides in Los Angeles , CA . Discovery ( edit ) The members of Bone Thugs - n - Harmony met Williams on the street while taking a smoke break during the recording of their debut EP Creeping on ah Come Up . According to Krayzie Bone , `` We were working on the song , and we were gon na do the chorus ourselves . We stepped outside the studio after we did our verses , we were outside smoking , and she was walking down the street and asked us if it was a recording studio . We said yeah , it was Eazy - E 's studio , and she was like , `` Oh my gosh , well I can sing ! '' We were like , `` Oh yeah ? '' and we told her to sing something for us . And it was crazy , so we asked her to sing the chorus . So we brought her in and Eazy was asking who she was and we told her she could sing and we wanted to see how she sounded singing the hook . So we had her sing the chorus and we were all looking at her with our mouths open , and Eazy knew that was it , and told them to record her right then . She just walked in off the street . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( XXL.com , `` Bone Thugs N Harmony Looking Back at Creeping on The ComeUp , '' June 21 2014 ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shatasha_Williams&oldid=760261149 '' Categories : Living people Singers from Los Angeles Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from December 2016 All BLP articles lacking sources Wikipedia articles needing reorganization from December 2016 Articles with topics of unclear notability from August 2015 All articles with topics of unclear notability Music articles with topics of unclear notability Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 January 2017 , at 22 : 59 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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1. Shatasha Williams - American singer
2. Bone Thugs-n-Harmony - 1990s rap group
3. Thuggish Ruggish Bone - 1994 single
4. Ruthless Records - Record label founded by Eazy-E
5. Creeping on ah Come Up - Bone Thugs-n-Harmony's debut EP
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why did indian culture flourished during the gupta period
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History of Buddhism in India - wikipedia History of Buddhism in India Jump to : navigation , search Indian Buddhists <Td_colspan="2"> The Great Stupa at Sanchi , located in Sanchi , Madhya Pradesh is a Buddhist shrine in India <Th_colspan="2"> Total population <Td_colspan="2"> 8,442,972 ( 0.70 % ) in 2011 <Th_colspan="2"> Regions with significant populations <Td_colspan="2"> Maharashtra West Bengal Madhya Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Sikkim Arunachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Tripura Karnataka <Th_colspan="2"> Languages <Td_colspan="2"> Marathi Hindi Bengali Sikkimese Tibetan Kannada The Mahabodhi Temple , a UNESCO World Heritage Site , is one of the four holy sites related to the life of the Lord Buddha , and particularly to the attainment of Enlightenment . The first temple was built by The Indian Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BC , and the present temple dates from the 5th century or 6th century AD . It is one of the earliest Buddhist temples built entirely in brick , still standing in India , from the late Gupta period . Mahabodhi Temple before restoration , Bodh Gaya , 1780s ' Rock - cut Lord Buddha Statue at Bojjanakonda near Anakapalle of Visakhapatnam district in Andhra Pradesh . Ancient Buddhist monasteries near Dhamekh Stupa Monument Site , Sarnath Devotees performing puja at one of the Buddhist caves in Ellora Caves . Buddhism is a world religion , which arose in and around the ancient Kingdom of Magadha ( now in Bihar , India ) , and is based on the teachings of Siddhārtha Gautama who was deemed a `` Buddha '' ( `` Awakened One '' ) . Buddhism spread outside Magadha starting in the Buddha 's lifetime . With the reign of the Buddhist Mauryan Emperor Ashoka , the Buddhist community split into two branches : the Mahāsāṃghika and the Sthaviravāda , each of which spread throughout India and split into numerous sub-sects . In modern times , two major branches of Buddhism exist : the Theravada in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia , and the Mahayana throughout the Himalayas and East Asia . After peaking after Ashoka in ancient India , the practice of Buddhism and Buddhist monasteries received laity and royal support through the 12th century , but generally declined in the 1st millennium CE , with many of its practices and ideas absorbed into Hinduism . Except for the Himalayan region and south India , Buddhism almost became extinct in India after the arrival of Islam in late 12th century . Buddhism remains the primary or a major religion in the Himalayan areas such as Sikkim , Ladakh , Arunachal Pradesh , the Darjeeling hills in West Bengal , and the Lahaul and Spiti areas of upper Himachal Pradesh . Remains have also been found in Andhra Pradesh , the probable origin of Mahayana Buddhism . Buddhism has been reemerging in India since the past century , due to its adoption by many Indian intellectuals , the migration of Buddhist Tibetan exiles , and the mass conversion of hundreds of thousands of Dalits to Buddhism . According to the 2011 census , Buddhists make up 0.7 % of India 's population , or 8.4 million individuals . Maharashtra state , which account for 77.36 % ( 6.5 million ) of all Buddhists in the country . Navayana Buddhists ( Converted or Neo-Buddhists ) comprise more than 87 % of Indian Buddhist community according to 2011 Census of India . Contents ( hide ) 1 Siddhārtha Gautama 2 Buddhists 3 Buddhist movements 3.1 Early Buddhism Schools 3.2 Mahāyāna 3.3 Vajrayāna 4 Strengthening of Buddhism in India 4.1 The early spread of Buddhism 4.2 Aśoka and the Mauryan Empire 4.3 Graeco - Bactrians , Sakas and Indo - Parthians 4.4 Kuṣāna Empire 4.5 The Pāla and Sena era 5 Dharma masters 6 Decline of Buddhism in India 6.1 The Hun invasions 6.2 Turkish Muslim conquerors 6.3 Last surviving Buddhists 6.4 Causes within the Buddhist tradition of the time 7 Revival of Buddhism in India 7.1 Anagarika Dharmapala and the Maha Bodhi Society 7.2 Tibetan Buddhism 7.3 Dalit Buddhist movement 7.4 Vipassana movement 8 Status in India 8.1 Census of India , 2011 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Siddhārtha Gautama ( edit ) Main article : Gautama Buddha Buddha was born in Lumbini , in Nepal , to a Kapilvastu King of the Shakya Kingdom named Suddhodana . After asceticism and meditation which was a Samana practice , the Buddha discovered the Buddhist Middle Way -- a path of moderation away from the extremes of self - indulgence and self - mortification . Siddhārtha Gautama attained enlightenment sitting under a pipal tree , now known as the Bodhi tree in Bodh Gaya , India . Gautama , from then on , was known as `` The Perfectly Self - Awakened One , '' the Samyaksambuddha . Buddha found patronage in the ruler of Magadha , emperor Bimbisāra . The emperor accepted Buddhism as personal faith and allowed the establishment of many Buddhist `` Vihāras . '' This eventually led to the renaming of the entire region as Bihar . At the Deer Park in Sarnath near Vārāṇasī in northern India , Buddha set in motion the Wheel of Dharma by delivering his first sermon to the group of five companions with whom he had previously sought enlightenment . They , together with the Buddha , formed the first Saṅgha , the company of Buddhist monks , and hence , the first formation of Triple Gem ( Buddha , Dharma and Sangha ) was completed . For the remaining years of his life , the Buddha is said to have traveled in the Gangetic Plain of Northern India and other regions . Buddha died in Kushinagar , Uttar Pradesh . Buddhists ( edit ) Followers of Buddhism , called Buddhists in English , referred to themselves as Saugata . Other terms were Sakyans or Sakyabhiksu in ancient India . Sakyaputto was another term used by Buddhists , as well as Ariyasavako and Jinaputto . Buddhist scholar Donald S. Lopez states they also used the term Bauddha . The scholar Richard Cohen in his discussion about the 5th - century Ajanta Caves , states that Bauddha is not attested therein , and was used by outsiders to describe Buddhists , except for occasional use as an adjective . Buddhist Movements ( edit ) The Sattapanni caves of Rajgir served as the location for the First Buddhist Council . The Northern gateway to the great Stupa of Sanchi . Gurubhaktulakonda Buddhist Monastery Remnants at Ramatheertham The Buddha did not appoint any successor , and asked his followers to work toward liberation . The teachings of the Buddha existed only in oral traditions . The Sangha held a number of Buddhist councils in order to reach consensus on matters of Buddhist doctrine and practice . Mahākāśyapa , a disciple of the Buddha , presided over the first Buddhist council held at Rājagṛha . Its purpose was to recite and agree on the Buddha 's actual teachings and on monastic discipline . Some scholars consider this council fictitious . The Second Buddhist Council is said to have taken place at Vaiśālī . Its purpose was to deal with questionable monastic practices like the use of money , the drinking of palm wine , and other irregularities ; the council declared these practices unlawful . What is commonly called the Third Buddhist Council was held at Pāṭaliputra , and was allegedly called by Emperor Aśoka in the 3rd century BCE . Organized by the monk Moggaliputta Tissa , it was held in order to rid the sangha of the large number of monks who had joined the order because of its royal patronage . Most scholars now believe this council was exclusively Theravada , and that the dispatch of missionaries to various countries at about this time was nothing to do with it . What is often called the Fourth Buddhist council is generally believed to have been held under the patronage of Emperor Kaniṣka at Jālandhar in Kashmir , though the late Monseigneur Professor Lamotte considered it fictitious . It is generally believed to have been a council of the Sarvastivāda school . Early Buddhism schools ( edit ) Main article : Early Buddhist Schools The Early Buddhist Schools were the various schools in which pre-sectarian Buddhism split in the first few centuries after the passing away of the Buddha ( in about the 5th century BCE ) . The earliest division was between the majority Mahāsāṃghika and the minority Sthaviravāda . Some existing Buddhist traditions follow the vinayas of early Buddhist schools . Theravāda : practiced mainly in Sri Lanka , Myanmar , Thailand , Cambodia , Laos and Bangladesh . Dharmaguptaka : followed in China , Korea , Vietnam , and Taiwan . Mūlasarvāstivāda : followed in Tibetan Buddhism . The Dharmaguptakas made more efforts than any other sect to spread Buddhism outside India , to areas such as Afghanistan , Central Asia , and China , and they had great success in doing so . Therefore , most countries which adopted Buddhism from China , also adopted the Dharmaguptaka vinaya and ordination lineage for bhikṣus and bhikṣuṇīs . During the early period of Chinese Buddhism , the Indian Buddhist sects recognized as important , and whose texts were studied , were the Dharmaguptakas , Mahīśāsakas , Kāśyapīyas , Sarvāstivādins , and the Mahāsāṃghikas . Complete vinayas preserved in the Chinese Buddhist canon include the Mahīśāsaka Vinaya ( T. 1421 ) , Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya ( T. 1425 ) , Dharmaguptaka Vinaya ( T. 1428 ) , Sarvāstivāda Vinaya ( T. 1435 ) , and the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya ( T. 1442 ) . Also preserved are a set of Āgamas ( Sūtra Piṭaka ) , a complete Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma Piṭaka , and many other texts of the early Buddhist schools . Early Buddhist schools in India often divided modes of Buddhist practice into several `` vehicles '' ( yāna ) . For example , the Vaibhāṣika Sarvāstivādins are known to have employed the outlook of Buddhist practice as consisting of the Three Vehicles : Śrāvakayāna Pratyekabuddhayāna Bodhisattvayāna Mahayana ( edit ) Main article : Mahāyāna Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras , which are among the earliest Mahāyāna sūtras , developed among the Mahāsāṃghika along the Kṛṣṇa River in the Āndhra region of South India . The earliest Mahāyāna sūtras to include the very first versions of the Prajñāpāramitā genre , along with texts concerning Akṣobhya Buddha , which were probably written down in the 1st century BCE in the south of India . Guang Xing states , `` Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā probably developed among the Mahāsāṃghikas in southern India , in the Āndhra country , on the Kṛṣṇa River . '' A.K. Warder believes that `` the Mahāyāna originated in the south of India and almost certainly in the Āndhra country . '' Anthony Barber and Sree Padma note that `` historians of Buddhist thought have been aware for quite some time that such pivotally important Mahayana Buddhist thinkers as Nāgārjuna , Dignaga , Candrakīrti , Āryadeva , and Bhavaviveka , among many others , formulated their theories while living in Buddhist communities in Āndhra . '' They note that the ancient Buddhist sites in the lower Kṛṣṇa Valley , including Amaravati , Nāgārjunakoṇḍā and Jaggayyapeṭa `` can be traced to at least the third century BCE , if not earlier . '' Akira Hirakawa notes the `` evidence suggests that many Early Mahayana scriptures originated in South India . '' Vajrayana ( edit ) Main article : Vajrayāna Various classes of Vajrayana literature developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both Buddhism and Saivism . The Mañjusrimulakalpa , which later came to classified under Kriyatantra , states that mantras taught in the Shaiva , Garuda and Vaishnava tantras will be effective if applied by Buddhists since they were all taught originally by Manjushri . The Guhyasiddhi of Padmavajra , a work associated with the Guhyasamaja tradition , prescribes acting as a Shaiva guru and initiating members into Saiva Siddhanta scriptures and mandalas . The Samvara tantra texts adopted the pitha list from the Shaiva text Tantrasadbhava , introducing a copying error where a deity was mistaken for a place . Strengthening of Buddhism in India ( edit ) The early spread of Buddhism ( edit ) `` During the sixth and fifth centuries B.C.E. ( Before Common Era ) , commerce and cash became increasingly important in an economy previously dominated by self - sufficient production and bartered exchange . Merchants found Buddhist moral and ethical teachings an attractive alternative to the esoteric rituals of the traditional Brahmin priesthood , which seemed to cater exclusively to Brahmin interests while ignoring those of the new and emerging social classes . '' `` Furthermore , Buddhism was prominent in communities of merchants , who found it well suited to their needs and who increasingly established commercial links throughout the Mauryan empire . '' `` Merchants proved to be an efficient vector of the Buddhist faith , as they established diaspora communities in the string of oasis towns - Merv , Bukhara , Samarkand , Kashgar , Khotan , Kuqa , Turpan , Dunhuang - that served as lifeline of the silk roads through central Asia . '' Aśoka and the Mauryan empire ( edit ) Further information : Ashoka the great and Mauryan empire The Maurya empire reached its peak at the time of emperor Aśoka , who converted to Buddhism after the Battle of Kaliṅga . This heralded a long period of stability under the Buddhist emperor . The power of the empire was vast -- ambassadors were sent to other countries to propagate Buddhism . Greek envoy Megasthenes describes the wealth of the Mauryan capital . Stupas , pillars and edicts on stone remain at Sanchi , Sarnath and Mathura , indicating the extent of the empire . Emperor Aśoka the Great ( 304 BCE -- 232 BCE ) was the ruler of the Maurya Empire from 273 BCE to 232 BCE . Buddhist proselytism at the time of king Asoka ( 260 - 218 BCE ) , according to his Edicts . Aśoka reigned over most of India after a series of military campaigns . Emperor Aśoka 's kingdom stretched from South Asia and beyond , from present - day parts of Afghanistan in the north and Balochistan in the west , to Bengal and Assam in the east , and as far south as Mysore . According to legend , emperor Aśoka was overwhelmed by guilt after the conquest of Kaliṅga , following which he accepted Buddhism as personal faith with the help of his Brahmin mentors Rādhāsvāmī and Mañjūśrī . Aśoka established monuments marking several significant sites in the life of Śakyamuni Buddha , and according to Buddhist tradition was closely involved in the preservation and transmission of Buddhism . Graeco - bactrians , sakas and Indo - Parthians ( edit ) Menander was the most famous Bactrian king . He ruled from Taxila and later from Sagala ( Sialkot ) . He rebuilt Taxila ( Sirkap ) and Puṣkalavatī . He became Buddhist and is remembered in Buddhists records due to his discussions with a great Buddhist philosopher in the book Milinda Pañha . The Ardoxsho and Pharro , 3rd century AD , Takht - i Bahi , Gandhāra , British Museum . Found on Kushan and Gupta coins , they may be Buddhist , Hindu or Persian deities . By 90 BC , Parthians took control of eastern Iran and around 50 BC put an end to last remnants of Greek rule in Afghanistan . By around 7 AD , an Indo - Parthian dynasty succeeded in taking control of Gandhāra . Parthians continued to support Greek artistic traditions in Gandhara . The start of the Gandhāran Greco - Buddhist art is dated to the period between 50 BC and 75 AD . Kuṣāna empire ( edit ) Kuṣāna under emperor Kaniṣka was known as the Kingdom of Gandhāra . The Buddhist art spread outward from Gandhāra to other parts of Asia . He greatly encouraged Buddhism . Before Kaniṣka , Buddha was not represented in human form . In Gandhāra Mahāyāna Buddhism flourished and Buddha was represented in human form . The Pala and Sena era ( edit ) Under the rule of the Pāla and Sena kings , large mahāvihāras flourished in what is now Bihar and Bengal . According to Tibetan sources , five great Mahāvihāras stood out : Vikramashila , the premier university of the era ; Nālanda , past its prime but still illustrious , Somapura , Odantapurā , and Jaggadala . The five monasteries formed a network ; `` all of them were under state supervision '' and their existed `` a system of co-ordination among them ... it seems from the evidence that the different seats of Buddhist learning that functioned in eastern India under the Pāla were regarded together as forming a network , an interlinked group of institutions , '' and it was common for great scholars to move easily from position to position among them . According to Damien Keown , the kings of the Pala dynasty ( 8th to 12th century , Gangetic plains region ) were a major supporter of Buddhism , various Buddhist and Hindu arts , and the flow of ideas between India , Tibet and China : During this period ( Pala dynasty ) Mahayana Buddhism reached its zenith of sophistication , while tantric Buddhism flourished throughout India and surrounding lands . This was also a key period for the consolidation of the epistemological - logical ( pramana ) school of Buddhist philosophy . Apart from the many foreign pilgrims who came to India at this time , especially from China and Tibet , there was a smaller but important flow of Indian pandits who made their way to Tibet ... -- Damien Keown , Dharma masters ( edit ) Bodhidharma , woodblock print by Yoshitoshi , 1887 Indian ascetics ( Skt . śramaṇa ) propagated Buddhism in various regions , including East Asia and Central Asia . In the Edicts of Ashoka , Ashoka mentions the Hellenistic kings of the period as a recipient of his Buddhist proselytism . The Mahavamsa describes emissaries of Ashoka , such as Dharmaraksita , as leading Greek ( `` Yona '' ) Buddhist monks , active in Buddhist proselytism . ) . Roman Historical accounts describe an embassy sent by the `` Indian king Pandion ( Pandya ? ) , also named Porus , '' to Caesar Augustus around the 1st century . The embassy was travelling with a diplomatic letter in Greek , and one of its members was a sramana who burned himself alive in Athens , to demonstrate his faith . The event made a sensation and was described by Nicolaus of Damascus , who met the embassy at Antioch , and related by Strabo ( XV , 1 , 73 ) and Dio Cassius ( liv , 9 ) . A tomb was made to the sramana , still visible in the time of Plutarch , which bore the mention : ( `` The sramana master from Barygaza in India '' ) Lokaksema is the earliest known Buddhist monk to have translated Mahayana Buddhist scriptures into the Chinese language . Gandharan monks Jnanagupta and Prajna contributed through several important translations of Sanskrit sutras into Chinese language . The Indian dhyana master Buddhabhadra was the founding abbot and patriarch of the Shaolin Temple . Buddhist monk and esoteric master from South India ( 6th century ) , Kanchipuram is regarded as the patriarch of the Ti - Lun school . Bodhidharma ( c. 6th century ) was the Buddhist Bhikkhu traditionally credited as the founder of Zen Buddhism in China . In 580 , Indian monk Vinītaruci travelled to Vietnam . This , then , would be the first appearance of Vietnamese Zen , or Thien Buddhism . Guru Rinpoche , the patron saint of Sikkim . The 118 foot statue in Namchi , South Sikkim , is the tallest statue of the saint in the world . Padmasambhava , in Sanskrit meaning `` lotus - born '' , is said to have brought Tantric Buddhism to Tibet in the 8th century . In Bhutan and Tibet he is better known as `` Guru Rinpoche '' ( `` Precious Master '' ) where followers of the Nyingma school regard him as the second Buddha . Śāntarakṣita , abbot of Nālanda and founder of the Yogacara - Madhyamaka is said to have helped Padmasambhava establish Buddhism in Tibet . Indian monk Atiśa , holder of the mind training ( Tib . lojong ) teachings , is considered an indirect founder of the Geluk school of Tibetan Buddhism . Indian monks , such as Vajrabodhi , also travelled to Indonesia to propagate Buddhism . Decline of Buddhism in India ( edit ) Further information : Decline of Buddhism in India General Ikhtiar Uddin Muhammad Bin Bakhtiyar Khilji sacked the great Buddhist shrines at Nālanda . The decline of Buddhism has been attributed to various factors . Regardless of the religious beliefs of their kings , states usually treated all the important sects relatively even - handedly . This consisted of building monasteries and religious monuments , donating property such as the income of villages for the support of monks , and exempting donated property from taxation . Donations were most often made by private persons such as wealthy merchants and female relatives of the royal family , but there were periods when the state also gave its support and protection . In the case of Buddhism , this support was particularly important because of its high level of organization and the reliance of monks on donations from the laity . State patronage of Buddhism took the form of land grant foundations . Numerous copper plate inscriptions from India as well as Tibetan and Chinese texts suggest that the patronage of Buddhism and Buddhist monasteries in medieval India was interrupted in periods of war and political change , but broadly continued in Hindu kingdoms from the start of the common era through early 2nd millennium CE . Modern scholarship and recent translations of Tibetan and Sanskrit Buddhist text archives , preserved in Tibetan monasteries , suggest that through much of 1st millennium CE in medieval India ( and Tibet as well as other parts of China ) , Buddhist monks owned property and were actively involved in trade and other economic activity , after joining a Buddhist monastery . With the Gupta dynasty ( ~ 4th to 6th century ) , the growth in ritualistic Mahayana Buddhism , and the adoption of Buddhist ideas into Hindu schools , the differences between Buddhism and Hinduism blurred , and Vaishnavism , Shaivism and other Hindu traditions became increasingly popular , and Brahmins developed a new relationship with the state . As the system grew , Buddhist monasteries gradually lost control of land revenue . In parallel , the Gupta kings built Buddhist temples such as the one at Kushinagara , and monastic universities such as those at Nalanda , as evidenced by records left by three Chinese visitors to India . According to Hazra , Buddhism declined in part because of the rise of the Brahmins and their influence in socio - political process . According to Randall Collins , Richard Gombrich and other scholars , Buddhism 's rise or decline is not linked to Brahmins or the caste system , since Buddhism was `` not a reaction to the caste system '' , but aimed at the salvation of those who joined its monastic order . The 11th century Persian traveller Al - Biruni writes that there was ' cordial hatred ' between the Brahmins and Sramana Buddhists . Buddhism was also weakened by rival Hindu philosophies such as Advaita Vedanta , growth in temples and an innovation of the bhakti movement . Advaita Vedanta proponent Adi Shankara is believed to have `` defeated Buddhism '' and established Hindu supremacy . This rivalry undercut Buddhist patronage and popular support . The period between 400 CE and 1000 CE thus saw gains by the Vedanta school of Hinduism over Buddhism and Buddhism had vanished from Afghanistan and north India by early 11th century . India was now Brahmanic , not Buddhistic ; Al - Biruni could never find a Buddhistic book or a Buddhist person in India from whom he could learn . According to some scholars such as Lars Fogelin , the decline of Buddhism may be related to economic reasons , wherein the Buddhist monasteries with large land grants focussed on non-material pursuits , self - isolation of the monasteries , loss in internal discipline in the sangha , and a failure to efficiently operate the land they owned . The Hun invasions ( edit ) Chinese scholars traveling through the region between the 5th and 8th centuries , such as Faxian , Xuanzang , I - ching , Hui - sheng , and Sung - Yun , began to speak of a decline of the Buddhist Sangha , especially in the wake of the Hun invasion from central Asia . Xuanzang , the most famous of Chinese travellers , found `` millions of monasteries '' in north - western India reduced to ruins by the Huns . Turkish Muslim conquerors ( edit ) The Muslim conquest of the Indian subcontinent was the first great iconoclastic invasion into South Asia . By the end of twelfth century , Buddhism had mostly disappeared , with the destruction of monasteries and stupas in medieval northwest and western India ( now Pakistan and north India ) . In the northwestern parts of medieval India , the Himalayan regions , as well regions bordering central Asia , Buddhism once facilitated trade relations , states Lars Fogelin . With the Islamic invasion and expansion , and central Asians adopting Islam , the trade route - derived financial support sources and the economic foundations of Buddhist monasteries declined , on which the survival and growth of Buddhism was based . The arrival of Islam removed the royal patronage to the monastic tradition of Buddhism , and the replacement of Buddhists in long - distance trade by the Muslims eroded the related sources of patronage . In the Gangetic plains , Orissa , northeast and the southern regions of India , Buddhism survived through the early centuries of the 2nd millennium CE . The Islamic invasion plundered wealth and destroyed Buddhist images , and consequent take over of land holdings of Buddhist monasteries removed one source of necessary support for the Buddhists , while the economic upheaval and new taxes on laity sapped the laity support of Buddhist monks . Monasteries and institutions such as Nalanda were abandoned by Buddhist monks around 1200 CE , who flee to escape the invading Muslim army , after which the site decayed over the Islamic rule in India that followed . The last empire to support Buddhism , the Pala dynasty , fell in the 12th century , and Muslim invaders destroyed monasteries and monuments . According to Randall Collins , Buddhism was already declining in India before the 12th century , but with the pillage by Muslim invaders it nearly became extinct in India in the 1200s . In the 13th century , states Craig Lockard , Buddhist monks in India escaped to Tibet to escape Islamic persecution ; while the monks in western India , states Peter Harvey , escaped persecution by moving to south Indian Hindu kingdoms that were able to resist the Muslim power . Last surviving Buddhists ( edit ) Many Indian Buddhists fled south . It is known that Buddhists continued to exist in India even after the 14th century from texts such as the Chaitanya Charitamrita . This text outlines an episode in the life of Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu ( 1486 -- 1533 ) , a Vaisnava saint , who was said to have entered into a debate with Buddhists in Tamil Nadu . The Tibetan Taranatha ( 1575 -- 1634 ) wrote a history of Indian Buddhism , which mentions Buddhism as having survived in some pockets of India during his time . Buddhism also survived to the modern era in the Himalayan regions such as Ladakh , with close ties to Tibet . A unique tradition survives in Nepal 's Newar Buddhism . Causes within the Buddhist tradition of the time ( edit ) Some scholars suggest that a part of the decline of Buddhist monasteries was because it was detached from everyday life in India and did not participate in the ritual social aspects such as the rites of passage ( marriage , funeral , birth of child ) like other religions . Revival of Buddhism in India ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Anagarika Dharmapala and the maha Bodhi Society ( edit ) See also : Maha Bodhi Society and Anagarika Dharmapala A revival of Buddhism began in India in 1891 , when the Sri Lankan Buddhist leader Anagarika Dharmapala founded the Maha Bodhi Society . Its activities expanded to involve the promotion of Buddhism in India . In June 1892 , a meeting of Buddhists took place at Darjeeling . Dharmapala spoke to Tibetan Buddhists and presented a relic of the Buddha to be sent to the Dalai Lama . Dharmapāla built many vihāras and temples in India , including the one at Sarnath , the place of Buddha 's first sermon . He died in 1933 , the same year he was ordained a bhikkhu . Mahabodhi Temple after restoration , Bodh Gaya Tibetan Buddhism ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The 14th Dalai Lama departed Tibet in 1959 , when Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru offered to permit him and his followers to establish a `` government - in - exile '' in Dharamsala . Tibetan exiles have settled in the town , numbering several thousand . Many of these exiles live in Upper Dharamsala , or McLeod Ganj , where they established monasteries , temples and schools . The town is sometimes known as `` Little Lhasa '' , after the Tibetan capital city , and has become one of the centers of Buddhism in the world . Many settlements for Tibetan refugee communities came up across many parts of India on the lands offered by the Government of India . Some of the biggest Tibetan settlements in exile are in the state of Karnataka . The Dalai Lama 's brother , Gyalo Thondup , himself lives in Kalimpong and his wife established the Tibetan Refugee Centre in Darjeeling ( 1 ) . The 17th Karmapa also arrived in India in 2000 and continues education and has taken traditional role to head Karma Kagyu sect of Tibetan Buddhism and every year leads the Kagyu Monlam in Bodh Gaya attended by thousands of monks and followers . Palpung Sherabling monastery seat of the 12th Tai Situpa located in Kangra , Himachal Pradesh is the largest Kagyu monastery in India and has become an important centre of Tibetan Buddhism . Penor Rinpoche , the head of Nyingma , the ancient school of Tibetan Buddhism re-established a Nyingma monastery in Bylakuppe , Mysore . This is the largest Nyingma monastery today . Monks from Himalayan regions of India , Nepal , Bhutan and from Tibet join this monastery for their higher education . Penor Rinpoche also founded Thubten Lekshey Ling , a dharma center for lay practitioners in Bangalore . Vajrayana Buddhism and Dzogchen ( maha - sandhi ) meditation again became accessible to aspirants in India after that . Dalit Buddhist movement ( edit ) Main article : Dalit Buddhist movement Deekshabhoomi monument , located in Nagpur , Maharashtra where B.R. Ambedkar converted to Buddhism in 1956 is the largest stupa in Asia . Map of minority religions of India , showing Buddhist regions and minorities . The Dalits who converted in 1956 are concentrated in the state of Maharashtra . A Buddhist revivalist movement among Dalit Indians was initiated in 1890s by socialist leaders such as Iyothee Thass , Bhagya Reddy Varma , and Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi . In the 1950s , B.R. Ambedkar turned his attention to Buddhism and travelled to Sri Lanka ( then Ceylon ) to attend a convention of Buddhist scholars and monks . While dedicating a new Buddhist vihara near Pune , Ambedkar announced that he was writing a book on Buddhism , and that as soon as it was finished , he planned to make a formal conversion to the religion . He twice visited Burma in 1954 ; the second time in order to attend the third conference of the World Fellowship of Buddhists in Rangoon . In 1955 , he founded the Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha , or the Buddhist Society of India . He completed his final work , The Buddha and His Dhamma , in 1956 . It was published posthumously . After meetings with the Sri Lankan Buddhist monk Hammalawa Saddhatissa , Ambedkar organised a formal public ceremony for himself and his supporters in Nagpur on 14 October 1956 . Accepting the Three Refuges and Five Precepts from a Buddhist monk in the traditional manner , Ambedkar completed his own conversion . He then proceeded to convert an estimated 500,000 of his supporters who were gathered around him . Taking the 22 Vows , Ambedkar and his supporters explicitly condemned and rejected Hinduism and Hindu philosophy . This was the world 's biggest mass religious conversion ; it is celebrated by Buddhists every year at Nagpur , when 1 - 1.5 million Buddhists gather every year for the ceremony . He then travelled to Kathmandu in Nepal to attend the Fourth World Buddhist Conference . Ambedkar died soon after conversion on 6 December 1956 . Most of the Ambedkarite Buddhists belong his own former Mahar caste . The new converts treat Ambedkar himself as a deity . Although they have renounced Hinduism in practice , a community survey showed adherence to many practices of the old faith including endogamy , worshipping the traditional family deity etc . Vipassana movement ( edit ) The Buddhist meditation tradition of Vipassana meditation is growing in popularity in India . Many institutions -- both government and private sector -- now offer courses for their employees . This form is mainly practiced by the elite and middle class Indians . This movement has spread to many other countries in Europe , America and Asia . Status in India ( edit ) District wise Buddhist population percentage , India census 2011 According to the 2011 Census of India there are 8.4 million Buddhists in India but Buddhist leaders claim there are about 50 to 60 million Buddhists in India . Maharashtra has the highest number of Buddhists in India , with 77.36 % of the total population . Almost 90 per cent of Navayana or Neo-Buddhists live in the state . <Th_colspan="4"> ( show ) Buddhist population growth Census Pop . % ± 1951 180,823 -- 1961 3,250,227 1697.5 % 1971 3,812,325 17.3 % 1981 4,720,000 23.8 % 1991 6,388,000 35.3 % 7,955,207 24.5 % 2011 8,442,972 6.1 % <Td_colspan="4"> Source : Census of India In the 1951 census of India , 1.81 lakh ( 0.05 % ) respondents said they were Buddhist . The 1961 census , taken after Ambedkar adopted Buddhism with his millions of followers in 1956 , showed an increased to 3.2 million ( 0.74 % ) . Census of India , 2011 ( edit ) States having more than 100,000 Buddhists in 2011 India Census State Buddhist Population ( approximate ) Buddhist Population ( % ) % of total Buddhists Maharashtra 6,531,200 5.81 % 77.36 % West Bengal 282,898 0.31 % 3.35 % Madhya Pradesh 216,052 0.30 % 2.56 % Uttar Pradesh 206,285 0.10 % 2.44 % Sikkim 167,216 27.39 % 1.98 % Arunachal Pradesh 162,815 11.77 % 1.93 % Tripura 125,385 3.41 % 1.49 % Jammu and Kashmir 112,584 0.90 % 1.33 % See also ( edit ) Buddhism portal Indian religions portal India portal Religion in India Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ born as a prince of the ancient Kapilavastu kingdom now in Lumbini of Nepal ) , References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/5-buddhism.html Jump up ^ UNESCO World Heritage Centre . `` Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya '' . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Vincent A. ( 1914 ) . IA1&dq = birth + place + buddha&hl = en&ei = cyqWT9juLsnZiQL0m8yFCg&sa = X&oi = book_result&ct = book - thumbnail&resnum = 9&ved = 0CGQQ6wEwCA # v = onepage&q = birth % 20place % 20buddha&f = false The Early History of India from 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan Conquest Including the Invasion of Alexander the Great Check url = value ( help ) ( 3rd ed . ) . London : Oxford University Press . pp. 168 -- 169 . Jump up ^ Monier - Williams , Monier . Dictionary of Sanskrit . OUP . Jump up ^ Akira Hirakawa , Paul Groner , A history of Indian Buddhism : from Śākyamuni to early Mahāyāna . Reprint published by Motilal Banarsidass Publ. , 1993 , page 2 . ^ Jump up to : Wendy Doniger ( 1999 ) . Merriam - Webster 's Encyclopedia of World Religions . Merriam - Webster . pp. 155 -- 157 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87779 - 044 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Randall Collins , The Sociology of Philosophies : A Global Theory of Intellectual Change . Harvard University Press , 2000 , pages 184 - 185 ^ Jump up to : Peter Harvey ( 2013 ) . An Introduction to Buddhism : Teachings , History and Practices . Cambridge University Press . pp. 194 -- 195 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85942 - 4 . Jump up ^ Guang Xing . The Concept of the Buddha : Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory . 2004 . pp. 65 -- 66 `` Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā probably developed among the Mahasamghikas in Southern India , in the Andhra country , on the Krsna River . '' Jump up ^ The New York Times guide to essential knowledge : a desk reference for the curious mind . Macmillan 2004 , page 513 . Jump up ^ `` Dalits who converted to Buddhism better off in literacy and well - being : Survey '' . Jump up ^ Peter Harvey , An Introduction to Buddhism : Teachings , History and Practices , p. 400 . Cambridge University Press , 2012 , ISBN 978 - 052185 - 942 - 4 ^ Jump up to : https://www.thequint.com/india/2017/06/17/dalits-converting-to-buddhism Jump up ^ India by Stanley Wolpert ( Page 32 ) Jump up ^ United Nations ( 2003 ) . Promotion of Buddhist Tourism Circuits in Selected Asian Countries . United Nations Publications . pp. 23 -- 24 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 1 - 120386 - 8 . Jump up ^ Kevin Trainor ( 2004 ) . Buddhism : The Illustrated Guide . Oxford University Press . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517398 - 7 . Jump up ^ P. 178 The Vision of Dhamma : Buddhist Writings of Nyanaponika Thera By Nyanaponika ( Thera ) , Erich Fromm Jump up ^ Beyond Enlightenment : Buddhism , Religion , Modernity by Richard Cohen . Routledge 1999 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 54444 - 0 . pg 33 . `` Donors adopted Sakyamuni Buddha 's family name to assert their legitimacy as his heirs , both institutionally and ideologically . To take the name of Sakya was to define oneself by one 's affiliation with the Buddha , somewhat like calling oneself a Buddhist today . Jump up ^ Sakya or Buddhist Origins by Caroline Rhys Davids ( London : Kegan Paul , Trench , Trubner , 1931 ) pg 1 . `` Put away the word `` Buddhism '' and think of your subject as `` Sakya . '' This will at once place you for your perspective at a true point ... You are now concered to learn less about ' Buddha ' and ' Buddhism , ' and more about him whom India has ever known as Sakya - muni , and about his men who , as their records admit , were spoken of as the Sakya - sons , or men of the Sakyas . '' Jump up ^ P. 56 A Dictionary of the Pali Language By Robert Cæsar Childers Jump up ^ P. 171 A Dictionary of the Pali Language By Robert Cæsar Childers Jump up ^ Curators of the Buddha By Donald S. Lopez . University of Chicago Press . pg 7 Jump up ^ Beyond Enlightenment : Buddhism , Religion , Modernity by Richard Cohen . Routledge 1999 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 54444 - 0 . pg 33 . Quote : ( Bauddha is ) `` a secondary derivative of Buddha , in which the vowel 's lengthening indicates connection or relation . Things that are bauddha pertain to the Buddha , just as things - saiva relate to Shiva and things - Vaisnava belong to Vishnu . ( ... ) bauddha can be both adjectival and nominal ; it can be used for doctrines spoken by the Buddha , objects enjoyed by him , texts attributed to him , as well as individuals , communities , and societies that offer him reverence or accept ideologies certified through his name . Strictly speaking , Sakya is preferable to bauddha since the latter is not attested at Ajanta . In fact , as a collective noun , bauddha is an outsider 's term . The bauddha did not call themselves this in India , though they did sometimes use the word adjectivally ( e.g. , as a possessive , the Buddha 's ) . '' Jump up ^ Williams , Mahayana Buddhism , Routledge , 1989 , page 6 Jump up ^ the Teaching of Vimalakīrti , Pali Text Society , page XCIII Jump up ^ Warder , A.K. Indian Buddhism. 2000 . p. 278 Jump up ^ Warder , A.K. Indian Buddhism. 2000 . p. 281 Jump up ^ Nakamura , Hajime . Indian Buddhism : A Survey With Bibliographical Notes . 1999 . p. 189 Jump up ^ Williams , Paul . Buddhist Thought . Routledge , 2000 , pages 131 . Jump up ^ Williams , Paul . Mahayana Buddhism : The Doctrinal Foundations 2nd edition . Routledge , 2009 , pg. 47 . Jump up ^ Guang Xing . The Concept of the Buddha : Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory . 2004 . pp. 65 -- 66 `` Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā probably developed among the Mahasamghikas in Southern India , in the Andhra country , on the Krsna River . '' Jump up ^ Akira , Hirakawa ( translated and edited by Paul Groner ) ( 1993 ) . A History of Indian Buddhism . Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass : pp. 253 , 263 , 268 Jump up ^ `` The south ( of India ) was then vigorously creative in producing Mahayana Sutras '' -- Warder , A.K. ( 3rd edn. 1999 ) . Indian Buddhism : p. 335 . Jump up ^ Guang Xing . The Concept of the Buddha : Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory . 2004 . pp. 65 -- 66 Jump up ^ Warder , A.K. Indian Buddhism. 2000 . p. 313 Jump up ^ Padma , Sree . Barber , Anthony W. Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra . SUNY Press 2008 , pg. 1 . Jump up ^ Padma , Sree . Barber , Anthony W. Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra . SUNY Press 2008 , pg. 2 . Jump up ^ Akira , Hirakawa ( translated and edited by Paul Groner ) ( 1993 . A History of Indian Buddhism . Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass : p. 252 , 253 Jump up ^ Sanderson , Alexis . `` The Śaiva Age : The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period . '' In : Genesis and Development of Tantrism , edited by Shingo Einoo . Tokyo : Institute of Oriental Culture , University of Tokyo , 2009 . Institute of Oriental Culture Special Series , 23 , pp. 124 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Alexis . `` The Śaiva Age : The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period . '' In : Genesis and Development of Tantrism , edited by Shingo Einoo . Tokyo : Institute of Oriental Culture , University of Tokyo , 2009 . Institute of Oriental Culture Special Series , 23 , pp. 129 - 131 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Alexis . `` The Śaiva Age : The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period . '' In : Genesis and Development of Tantrism , edited by Shingo Einoo . Tokyo : Institute of Oriental Culture , University of Tokyo , 2009 . Institute of Oriental Culture Special Series , 23 , pp. 144 - 145 . Jump up ^ Huber , Toni ( 2008 ) . The holy land reborn : pilgrimage & the Tibetan reinvention of Buddhist India . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . pp. 94 -- 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 35648 - 8 . Jump up ^ Jerry Bentley , Old World Encounters : Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1993 ) , 43 . Jump up ^ Jerry Bentley , Old World Encounters : Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1993 ) , 46 . Jump up ^ Jerry Bentley , Old World Encounters : Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1993 ) , 47 - 48 . Jump up ^ `` Fa - hsien : A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms : Chapter XXVII : Patalipttra or Patna , in Magadha . King Aśoka 's Spirit Built Palace and Halls . The Buddhist Brahman , Radha - Sami . Dispensaries and Hospitals '' . Archived from the original on 17 July 2005 . Jump up ^ John M. Rosenfield ( 1967 ) . The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans . University of California Press . pp. xxiii , 74 -- 76 , 82 , 94 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Vajrayoginī : Her Visualization , Rituals , and Forms by Elizabeth English . Wisdom Publications . ISBN 0 - 86171 - 329 - X pg 15 Jump up ^ Buddhist Monks And Monasteries Of India : Their History And Contribution To Indian Culture. by Dutt , Sukumar . George Allen and Unwin Ltd , London 1962 . pg 352 - 3 ^ Jump up to : Damien Keown ( 2004 ) . A Dictionary of Buddhism . Oxford University Press . pp. 208 -- 209 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 157917 - 2 . Jump up ^ Heather Elgood ( 2000 ) . Hinduism and the Religious Arts . Bloomsbury Academic . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 9865 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The conquest by Dharma has been won here , on the borders , and even six hundred yojanas ( 5,400 - 9,600 km ) away , where the Greek king Antiochos rules , beyond there where the four kings named Ptolemy , Antigonos , Magas and Alexander rule , likewise in the south among the Cholas , the Pāṇḍyas , and as far as Tāmraparṇi . '' ( Edicts of Ashoka , 13th Rock Edict , S. Dhammika ) Jump up ^ Geiger , Wilhelm ; Bode , Mabel Haynes , trans. ; Frowde , H. ( ed . ) ( 1912 ) . The Mahavamsa or , the great chronicle of Ceylon , London : Pali Text Society , Oxford University Press ; chapter XII Jump up ^ `` Strabo , Geography , NOTICE '' . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Faure , Bernard . Chan Insights and Oversights : an epistemological critique of the Chan tradition , Princeton University Press , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 02902 - 4 Jump up ^ Concise Encyclopædia Britannica Article on Bodhidharma Archived 5 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Maha - Bodhi By Maha Bodhi Society , Calcutta ( page 8 ) Jump up ^ Randall Collins , The Sociology of Philosophies : A Global Theory of Intellectual Change . Harvard University Press , 2000 , page 182 . Jump up ^ Randall Collins , The Sociology of Philosophies : A Global Theory of Intellectual Change . Harvard University Press , 2000 , pages 180 , 182 . Jump up ^ Hajime Nakamura ( 1980 ) . Indian Buddhism : A Survey with Bibliographical Notes . Motilal Banarsidass . pp. 145 -- 148 with footnotes . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0272 - 8 . Jump up ^ Akira Shimada ( 2012 ) . Early Buddhist Architecture in Context : The Great Stūpa at Amarāvatī ( ca . 300 BCE - 300 CE ) . BRILL Academic . pp. 200 -- 204 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 23326 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Gregory Schopen ( 1997 ) . Bones , Stones , and Buddhist Monks : Collected Papers on the Archaeology , Epigraphy , and Texts of Monastic Buddhism in India . University of Hawaii Press . pp. 259 -- 278 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 1870 - 8 . Jump up ^ Gregory Schopen ( 2004 ) . Buddhist Monks and Business Matters : Still More Papers on Monastic Buddhism in India . University of Hawaii Press . pp. 1 -- 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 2774 - 8 . Jump up ^ Huaiyu Chen ( 2007 ) . The Revival of Buddhist Monasticism in Medieval China . Peter Lang . pp. 132 -- 149 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8204 - 8624 - 6 . Jump up ^ Randall Collins , The Sociology of Philosophies : A Global Theory of Intellectual Change . Harvard University Press , 2000 , page 207 - 211 . Jump up ^ Gina Barns ( 1995 ) . `` An Introduction to Buddhist Archaeology '' . World Archaeology. 27 ( 2 ) : 166 -- 168 . doi : 10.1080 / 00438243.1995. 9980301 . Jump up ^ Robert Stoddard ( 2010 ) . `` The Geography of Buddhist Pilgrimage in Asia '' . Pilgrimage and Buddhist Art . Yale University Press . 178 : 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Hartmut Scharfe ( 2002 ) . Handbook of Oriental Studies . BRILL Academic . pp. 144 -- 153 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 12556 - 6 . Jump up ^ Craig Lockard ( 2007 ) . Societies , Networks , and Transitions : Volume I : A Global History . Houghton Mifflin . p. 188 . ISBN 978 - 0618386123 . Jump up ^ Charles Higham ( 2014 ) . Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations . Infobase . pp. 121 , 236 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 0996 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kanai Lal Hazra ( 1995 ) . The Rise And Decline Of Buddhism In India . Munshiram Manoharlal . pp. 371 -- 385 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 215 - 0651 - 9 . Jump up ^ Randall Collins , The Sociology of Philosophies : A Global Theory of Intellectual Change . Harvard University Press , 2000 , page 205 - 206 Jump up ^ Christopher S. Queen ; Sallie B. King ( 1996 ) . Engaged Buddhism : Buddhist Liberation Movements in Asia . State University of New York Press . pp. 17 -- 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 2844 - 3 . Jump up ^ Richard Gombrich ( 2012 ) . Buddhist Precept & Practice . Routledge . pp. 344 -- 345 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 15623 - 6 . Jump up ^ Muhammad ibn Ahmad Biruni ; Edward C. Sachau ( Translator ) ( 1910 ) . Alberuni 's India : An Account of the Religion , Philosophy , Literature , Geography , Chronology , Astronomy , Customs , Laws and Astrology of India about AD 1030 . Kegan Paul , Trench , Trubner & Co. Ltd. , London . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Randall Collins , The Sociology of Philosophies : A Global Theory of Intellectual Change . Harvard University Press , 2000 , pages = 189 , 190 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Religions - Hinduism : History of Hinduism '' . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Muhammad ibn Ahmad Biruni ; Edward C. Sachau ( Translator ) ( 1910 ) . Alberuni 's India : An Account of the Religion , Philosophy , Literature , Geography , Chronology , Astronomy , Customs , Laws and Astrology of India about AD 1030 . Kegan Paul , Trench , Trubner & Co. Ltd. , London . pp. xlv , xlvii , 249 . ^ Jump up to : Lars Fogelin ( 2015 ) . An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism . Oxford University Press . pp. 229 -- 230 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 994823 - 9 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica . `` Historical Development of Buddhism in India - Buddhism under the Guptas and Palas '' . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Levy , Robert I. Mesocosm : Hinduism and the Organization of a Traditional Newar City in Nepal . Berkeley : University of California Press , c1990 1990 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica . `` Historical Development of Buddhism in India - Buddhism under the Guptas and Palas '' . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McLeod , John , `` The History of India '' , Greenwood Press ( 2002 ) , ISBN 0 - 313 - 31459 - 4 , pg. 41 - 42 . ^ Jump up to : André Wink ( 1997 ) . Al - Hind the Making of the Indo - Islamic World . BRILL Academic . pp. 348 -- 349 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 10236 - 1 . Jump up ^ Peter Harvey ( 2013 ) . An Introduction to Buddhism : Teachings , History and Practices . Cambridge University Press . p. 194 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85942 - 4 . , Quote : `` From 986 CE , the Muslim Turks started raiding northwest India from Afghanistan , plundering western India early in the eleventh century . Force conversions to Islam were made , and Buddhist images smashed , due to the Islamic dislike of idolarty . Indeed in India , the Islamic term for an ' idol ' became ' budd ' . '' Jump up ^ Richard H. Robinson ; Sandra Ann Wawrytko ; Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu ( 1996 ) . The Buddhist Religion : A Historical Introduction . Thomson . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 534 - 20718 - 2 . Jump up ^ Mark Juergensmeyer ; Wade Clark Roof ( 2011 ) . Encyclopedia of Global Religion . SAGE Publications . p. 148 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4522 - 6656 - 5 . Jump up ^ Craig Lockard ( 2007 ) . Societies , Networks , and Transitions : Volume I : A Global History . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 364 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 38612 - 2 . Jump up ^ Amore , Roy C ; Developments in Buddhist Thought : Canadian Contributions to Buddhist Studies , page 72 Jump up ^ Tharanatha ; Chattopadhyaya , Chimpa , Alaka , trans . ( 2000 ) . History of Buddhism in India , Motilal Books UK , ISBN 8120806964 . Jump up ^ Warder , AK ; Indian Buddhism , page 486 Jump up ^ Ahir , D.C. ( 1991 ) . Buddhism in Modern India . Satguru . ISBN 81 - 7030 - 254 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ahir , D.C. ( 1991 ) . Buddhism in Modern India . Satguru . ISBN 81 - 7030 - 254 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bhagwat , Ramu ( 19 December 2001 ) . `` Ambedkar memorial set up at Deekshabhoomi '' . Times of India . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Shastree , Uttara ( 1996 ) . Religious converts in India : socio - political study of neo-Buddhists ( 1 . ed . ) . New Delhi : Mittal Publ . pp. 67 -- 82 . ISBN 8170996295 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS - South Asia - India 's youth hit the web to worship '' . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` INDIA Indian Buddhists reject religious census '' . m.asianews.it . Jump up ^ http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html/ Further reading ( edit ) Doniger , Wendy ( 2000 ) . Merriam - Webster Encyclopedia of World Religions . Encyclopædia Britannica . p. 1378 . ISBN 0 - 87779 - 044 - 2 . Living Religions , seventh edition , by Mary Pat Fisher Dutt , N. ( 1998 ) . Buddhist Sects in India . New Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass . Elst , K. ( 2002 ) . Who is a Hindu ? : Hindu revivalist views of Animism , Buddhism , Sikhism , and other offshoots of Hinduism . New Delhi : Voice of India . Klaus Klostermaier , Buddhism : A Short Introduction ( 1999 ) , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85168 - 186 - 0 . Lamotte , E. ( 1976 ) . History of Indian Buddhism . Paris : Peeters Press . Swarup , Ram ( 1984 ) . Buddhism vis - a-vis Hinduism . External links ( edit ) Kanheri Caves - A Walk through the Historical Timeline of Buddhism Across the Himalayan Gap : An Indian Quest for Understanding China . Edited by Tan Chung . Assistant Editor : Dr. Ravni Thakur. 1998 , xxvi + 553pp. , col. and b&w illus . ISBN 81 - 212 - 0585 - 9 World Civilizations : The Decline of Buddhism in India . Publisher : Washington State University . 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1. History of Buddhism in India
2. Spread of Buddhism in ancient India
3. Ashoka and the Mauryan Empire
4. Decline of Buddhism in India
5. Revival of Buddhism in India
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what are the compositions of the earth's interior
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Structure of the Earth - wikipedia Structure of the Earth Structure of the Earth The internal structure of the Earth is layered in spherical shells : an outer silicate solid crust , a highly viscous asthenosphere and mantle , a liquid outer core that is much less viscous than the mantle , and a solid inner core . Scientific understanding of the internal structure of the Earth is based on observations of topography and bathymetry , observations of rock in outcrop , samples brought to the surface from greater depths by volcanoes or volcanic activity , analysis of the seismic waves that pass through the Earth , measurements of the gravitational and magnetic fields of the Earth , and experiments with crystalline solids at pressures and temperatures characteristic of the Earth 's deep interior . Contents 1 Mass 2 Structure 2.1 Crust 2.2 Mantle 2.3 Core 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Mass ( edit ) The force exerted by Earth 's gravity can be used to calculate its mass . Astronomers can also calculate Earth 's mass by observing the motion of orbiting satellites . Earth 's average density can be determined through gravimetric experiments , which have historically involved pendulums . The mass of Earth is about 7024600000000000000 ♠ 6 × 10 kg . Structure ( edit ) Earth 's radial density distribution according to the preliminary reference earth model ( PREM ) . Earth 's gravity according to the preliminary reference earth model ( PREM ) . Comparison to approximations using constant and linear density for Earth 's interior . Mapping the interior of Earth with earthquake waves . Schematic view of the interior of Earth . 1 . continental crust -- 2 . oceanic crust -- 3 . upper mantle -- 4 . lower mantle -- 5 . outer core -- 6 . inner core -- A : Mohorovičić discontinuity -- B : Gutenberg Discontinuity -- C : Lehmann -- Bullen discontinuity . The structure of Earth can be defined in two ways : by mechanical properties such as rheology , or chemically . Mechanically , it can be divided into lithosphere , asthenosphere , mesospheric mantle , outer core , and the inner core . Chemically , Earth can be divided into the crust , upper mantle , lower mantle , outer core , and inner core . The geologic component layers of Earth are at the following depths below the surface : <Th_colspan="2"> Depth Layer Kilometres Miles 0 -- 60 0 -- 37 Lithosphere ( locally varies between 5 and 200 km ) 0 -- 35 0 -- 22 ... Crust ( locally varies between 5 and 70 km ) 35 -- 60 22 -- 37 ... Uppermost part of mantle 35 -- 2,890 22 -- 1,790 Mantle 210 - 270 130 - 168 ... Upper mesosphere ( upper mantle ) 660 -- 2,890 410 -- 1,790 ... Lower mesosphere ( lower mantle ) 2,890 -- 5,150 1,790 -- 3,160 Outer core 5,150 -- 6,360 3,160 -- 3,954 Inner core The layering of Earth has been inferred indirectly using the time of travel of refracted and reflected seismic waves created by earthquakes . The core does not allow shear waves to pass through it , while the speed of travel ( seismic velocity ) is different in other layers . The changes in seismic velocity between different layers causes refraction owing to Snell 's law , like light bending as it passes through a prism . Likewise , reflections are caused by a large increase in seismic velocity and are similar to light reflecting from a mirror . Crust ( edit ) Main article : Crust ( geology ) The Earth 's crust ranges from 5 -- 70 kilometres ( 3.1 -- 43.5 mi ) in depth and is the outermost layer . The thin parts are the oceanic crust , which underlie the ocean basins ( 5 -- 10 km ) and are composed of dense ( mafic ) iron magnesium silicate igneous rocks , like basalt . The thicker crust is continental crust , which is less dense and composed of ( felsic ) sodium potassium aluminium silicate rocks , like granite . The rocks of the crust fall into two major categories -- sial and sima ( Suess , 1831 -- 1914 ) . It is estimated that sima starts about 11 km below the Conrad discontinuity ( a second order discontinuity ) . The uppermost mantle together with the crust constitutes the lithosphere . The crust - mantle boundary occurs as two physically different events . First , there is a discontinuity in the seismic velocity , which is most commonly known as the Mohorovičić discontinuity or Moho . The cause of the Moho is thought to be a change in rock composition from rocks containing plagioclase feldspar ( above ) to rocks that contain no feldspars ( below ) . Second , in oceanic crust , there is a chemical discontinuity between ultramafic cumulates and tectonized harzburgites , which has been observed from deep parts of the oceanic crust that have been obducted onto the continental crust and preserved as ophiolite sequences . Many rocks now making up Earth 's crust formed less than 100 million ( 1 × 10 ) years ago ; however , the oldest known mineral grains are about 4.4 billion ( 4.4 × 10 ) years old , indicating that Earth has had a solid crust for at least 4.4 billion years . Mantle ( edit ) World map showing the position of the Moho . Main article : Mantle ( geology ) Earth 's mantle extends to a depth of 2,890 km , making it the thickest layer of Earth . The mantle is divided into upper and lower mantle . The upper and lower mantle are separated by the transition zone . The lowest part of the mantle next to the core - mantle boundary is known as the D '' ( pronounced dee - double - prime ) layer . The pressure at the bottom of the mantle is ≈ 140 G Pa ( 1.4 M atm ) . The mantle is composed of silicate rocks that are rich in iron and magnesium relative to the overlying crust . Although solid , the high temperatures within the mantle cause the silicate material to be sufficiently ductile that it can flow on very long timescales . Convection of the mantle is expressed at the surface through the motions of tectonic plates . As there is intense and increasing pressure as one travels deeper into the mantle , the lower part of the mantle flows less easily than does the upper mantle ( chemical changes within the mantle may also be important ) . The viscosity of the mantle ranges between 10 and 10 Pa s , depending on depth . In comparison , the viscosity of water is approximately 10 Pa s and that of pitch is 10 Pa s . The source of heat that drives plate tectonics is the primordial heat left over from the planet 's formation as well as the radioactive decay of uranium , thorium , and potassium in Earth 's crust and mantle . Core ( edit ) Main articles : inner core and outer core The average density of Earth is 7000551499999999999 ♠ 5.515 g / cm . Because the average density of surface material is only around 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3.0 g / cm , we must conclude that denser materials exist within Earth 's core . This result has been known since the Schiehallion experiment , performed in the 1770s . Charles Hutton in his 1778 report concluded that the mean density of the Earth must be about 9 5 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 9 ) ( 5 ) ) ) that of surface rock , concluding that the interior of the Earth must be metallic . Hutton estimated this metallic portion to occupy some 65 % of the diameter of the Earth . Hutton 's estimate on the mean density of the Earth was still about 20 % too low , at 7000450000000000000 ♠ 4.5 g / cm Henry Cavendish in his torsion balance experiment of 1798 found a value of 7000545000000000000 ♠ 5.45 g / cm , within 1 % of the modern value . Seismic measurements show that the core is divided into two parts , a `` solid '' inner core with a radius of ≈ 1,220 km and a liquid outer core extending beyond it to a radius of ≈ 3,400 km . The densities are between 9,900 and 12,200 kg / m in the outer core and 12,600 -- 13,000 kg / m in the inner core . The inner core was discovered in 1936 by Inge Lehmann and is generally believed to be composed primarily of iron and some nickel . Since this layer is able to transmit shear waves ( transverse seismic waves ) , it must be solid . Experimental evidence has at times been critical of crystal models of the core . Other experimental studies show a discrepancy under high pressure : diamond anvil ( static ) studies at core pressures yield melting temperatures that are approximately 2000 K below those from shock laser ( dynamic ) studies . The laser studies create plasma , and the results are suggestive that constraining inner core conditions will depend on whether the inner core is a solid or is a plasma with the density of a solid . This is an area of active research . In early stages of Earth 's formation about 4.6 billion years ago , melting would have caused denser substances to sink toward the center in a process called planetary differentiation ( see also the iron catastrophe ) , while less - dense materials would have migrated to the crust . The core is thus believed to largely be composed of iron ( 80 % ) , along with nickel and one or more light elements , whereas other dense elements , such as lead and uranium , either are too rare to be significant or tend to bind to lighter elements and thus remain in the crust ( see felsic materials ) . Some have argued that the inner core may be in the form of a single iron crystal . Under laboratory conditions a sample of iron -- nickel alloy was subjected to the corelike pressures by gripping it in a vise between 2 diamond tips ( diamond anvil cell ) , and then heating to approximately 4000 K . The sample was observed with x-rays , and strongly supported the theory that Earth 's inner core was made of giant crystals running north to south . The liquid outer core surrounds the inner core and is believed to be composed of iron mixed with nickel and trace amounts of lighter elements . Recent speculation suggests that the innermost part of the core is enriched in gold , platinum and other siderophile elements . The matter that comprises Earth is connected in fundamental ways to matter of certain chondrite meteorites , and to matter of outer portion of the Sun . There is good reason to believe that Earth is , in the main , like a chondrite meteorite . Beginning as early as 1940 , scientists , including Francis Birch , built geophysics upon the premise that Earth is like ordinary chondrites , the most common type of meteorite observed impacting Earth , while totally ignoring another , albeit less abundant type , called enstatite chondrites . The principal difference between the two meteorite types is that enstatite chondrites formed under circumstances of extremely limited available oxygen , leading to certain normally oxyphile elements existing either partially or wholly in the alloy portion that corresponds to the core of Earth . Dynamo theory suggests that convection in the outer core , combined with the Coriolis effect , gives rise to Earth 's magnetic field . The solid inner core is too hot to hold a permanent magnetic field ( see Curie temperature ) but probably acts to stabilize the magnetic field generated by the liquid outer core . The average magnetic field strength in Earth 's outer core is estimated to be 25 Gauss ( 2.5 mT ) , 50 times stronger than the magnetic field at the surface . Recent evidence has suggested that the inner core of Earth may rotate slightly faster than the rest of the planet ; however , more recent studies in 2011 found this hypothesis to be inconclusive . Options remain for the core which may be oscillatory in nature or a chaotic system . In August 2005 a team of geophysicists announced in the journal Science that , according to their estimates , Earth 's inner core rotates approximately 0.3 to 0.5 degrees per year faster relative to the rotation of the surface . The current scientific explanation for Earth 's temperature gradient is a combination of heat left over from the planet 's initial formation , decay of radioactive elements , and freezing of the inner core . See also ( edit ) Earth sciences portal Geological history of Earth Lehmann discontinuity Rain - out model Travel to the Earth 's center References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2016 Selected Astronomical Constants '' in The Astronomical Almanac Online , USNO -- UKHO , M = 5 9722 × 10 kg ± 6 × 10 kg ^ Jump up to : A.M. Dziewonski , D.L. Anderson ( 1981 ) . `` Preliminary reference Earth model '' ( PDF ) . Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 25 ( 4 ) : 297 -- 356 . Bibcode : 1981PEPI ... 25 ... 297D . doi : 10.1016 / 0031 - 9201 ( 81 ) 90046 - 7 . ISSN 0031 - 9201 . Jump up ^ T.H. Jordan ( 1979 ) . `` Structural Geology of the Earth 's Interior '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 76 ( 9 ) : 4192 -- 4200 . Bibcode : 1979PNAS ... 76.4192 J . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 76.9. 4192 . PMC 411539 . PMID 16592703 . Jump up ^ Breaking News Oldest rock shows Earth was a hospitable young planet . Spaceflight Now ( 2001 - 01 - 14 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Krieger , Kim ( 24 March 2004 ) . `` D Layer Demystified '' . Science News . American Association for the Advancement of Science . Retrieved 5 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Uwe Walzer , Roland Hendel , John Baumgardner Mantle Viscosity and the Thickness of the Convective Downwellings . Jump up ^ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ( Berkeley Lab ) is a Department of Energy ( DOE ) Office of Science lab managed by University of California. , What Keeps the Earth Cooking ? News Release by Paul Preuss , July 17 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Planetary Fact Sheet '' . Lunar and Planetary Science . NASA . Retrieved 2 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Hutton , C. ( 1778 ) . `` An Account of the Calculations Made from the Survey and Measures Taken at Schehallien '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society . 68 ( 0 ) . doi : 10.1098 / rstl. 1778.0034 . Jump up ^ Tretkoff , Ernie ( June 2008 ) . `` June 1798 : Cavendish Weighs the World '' . APS News . 17 ( 6 ) . American Physical Society . Retrieved 5 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Monnereau , Marc ; Calvet , Marie ; Margerin , Ludovic ; Souriau , Annie ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` Lopsided Growth of Earth 's Inner Core '' . Science . 328 ( 5981 ) : 1014 -- 1017 . Bibcode : 2010Sci ... 328.1014 M . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1186212 . PMID 20395477 . Jump up ^ Hazlett , James S. ; Monroe , Reed ; Wicander , Richard ( 2006 ) . Physical geology : exploring the earth ( 6 . ed . ) . Belmont : Thomson . p. 346 . ISBN 9780495011484 . Jump up ^ Stixrude , Lars ; Cohen , R.E. ( January 15 , 1995 ) . `` Constraints on the crystalline structure of the inner core : Mechanical instability of BCC iron at high pressure '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 22 ( 2 ) : 125 -- 128 . Bibcode : 1995GeoRL ... 22 ... 125S . doi : 10.1029 / 94GL02742 . Jump up ^ Benuzzi - Mounaix , A. ; Koenig , M. ; Ravasio , A. ; Vinci , T. ( 2006 ) . `` Laser - driven shock waves for the study of extreme matter states '' . Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. 48 ( 12B ) . Bibcode : 2006PPCF ... 48B. 347B . doi : 10.1088 / 0741 - 3335 / 48 / 12B / S32 . Jump up ^ Remington , Bruce A. ; Drake , R. Paul ; Ryutov , Dmitri D. ( 2006 ) . `` Experimental astrophysics with high power lasers and Z pinches '' . Reviews of Modern Physics. 78 . Bibcode : 2006RvMP ... 78 ... 755R . doi : 10.1103 / RevModPhys. 78.755 . Jump up ^ Benuzzi - Mounaix , A. ; Koenig , M. ; Husar , G. ; Faral , B. ( June 2002 ) . `` Absolute equation of state measurements of iron using laser driven shocks '' . Physics of Plasmas. 9 ( 6 ) . Bibcode : 2002PhPl ... 9.2466 B . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1478557 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Ronald ; Stixrude , Lars . `` Crystal at the Center of the Earth '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Stixrude , L. ; Cohen , R.E. ( 1995 ) . `` High - Pressure Elasticity of Iron and Anisotropy of Earth 's Inner Core '' . Science . 267 ( 5206 ) : 1972 -- 5 . Bibcode : 1995Sci ... 267.1972 S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 267.5206. 1972 . PMID 17770110 . Jump up ^ BBC News , `` What is at the centre of the Earth ? . Bbc.co.uk ( 2011 - 08 - 31 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Ozawa , H. ; al. , et ( 2011 ) . `` Phase Transition of FeO and Stratification in Earth 's Outer Core '' . Science . 334 ( 6057 ) : 792 -- 794 . Bibcode : 2011Sci ... 334 ... 792O . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1208265 . Jump up ^ Wootton , Anne ( 2006 ) . `` Earth 's Inner Fort Knox '' . Discover . 27 ( 9 ) : 18 . Jump up ^ Herndon , J.M. ( 1980 ) . `` The chemical composition of the interior shells of the Earth '' . Proc. R. Soc . Lond . A372 ( 1748 ) : 149 -- 154 . JSTOR 2398362 . Jump up ^ Herndon , J.M. ( 2005 ) . `` Scientific basis of knowledge on Earth 's composition '' ( PDF ) . Current Science . 88 ( 7 ) : 1034 -- 1037 . Jump up ^ First Measurement Of Magnetic Field Inside Earth 's Core . Science20.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Buffett , Bruce A. ( 2010 ) . `` Tidal dissipation and the strength of the Earth 's internal magnetic field '' . Nature . 468 ( 7326 ) : 952 -- 4 . Bibcode : 2010Natur. 468 ... 952B . doi : 10.1038 / nature09643 . PMID 21164483 . Jump up ^ Chang , Kenneth ( 2005 - 08 - 25 ) . `` Earth 's Core Spins Faster Than the Rest of the Planet '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kerr , R.A. ( 2005 ) . `` Earth 's Inner Core Is Running a Tad Faster Than the Rest of the Planet '' . Science . 309 ( 5739 ) : 1313a . doi : 10.1126 / science. 309.5739. 1313a . PMID 16123276 . Jump up ^ Chang , Kenneth ( 26 August 2005 ) `` Scientists Say Earth 's Center Rotates Faster Than Surface '' The New York Times Sec . A , Col. 1 , p. 13 . Further reading ( edit ) Drollette , Daniel ( October 1996 ) . `` A Spinning Crystal Ball '' . Scientific American . 275 ( 4 ) : 28&ndash , 33 . Kruglinski , Susan ( June 2007 ) . `` Journey to the Center of the Earth '' . Discover . Retrieved 9 July 2016 . Lehmann , I ( 1936 ) . `` Inner Earth '' . Bur . Cent . Seismol . Int. 14 : 3&ndash , 31 . Wegener , Alfred ( 1966 ) . The origin of continents and oceans . New York : Dover Publications . ISBN 9780486617084 . External links ( edit ) The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of : Structure of the Earth Media related to Structure of the Earth at Wikimedia Commons Down To The Earth 's Core ( HD ) on YouTube The Earth 's Core on In Our Time at the BBC <Th_colspan="3"> Earth Continents Africa Antarctica Asia Australia Europe North America South America Oceans Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Southern Ocean Earth Geography Geology Future of Earth Geological history of Earth History of Earth Plate tectonics Structure of the Earth Environment Biome Ecology Ecosystem Nature Wilderness Related Earth Day Earth science Geologic record Geology of solar terrestrial planets Location in Universe Solar System World <Td_colspan="3"> Portal Earth sciences <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Structure of the Earth Shells Crust Lithosphere Mesosphere Mantle Asthenosphere Lithospheric mantle Subcontinental lithospheric mantle Oceanic lithospheric mantle Outer core Inner core Global Discontinuities Mohorovičić ( crust -- mantle ) 410 discontinuity ( upper mantle ) 660 discontinuity ( upper mantle ) D ' ' discontinuity ( lower mantle ) Core - mantle boundary inner - core boundary Regional Discontinuities Conrad ( continental crust ) Gutenberg ( upper mantle ) Lehmann ( upper mantle ) <Th_colspan="2"> Earth - related topics History Age of the Earth Evolutionary history of life Faint young Sun paradox Formation and evolution of the Solar System Future of Earth Geologic time scale Geological history of Earth History of Earth Timeline of evolution Geography Geology Clairaut 's theorem Continents Earthquake Equatorial bulge Extremes on Earth Geology of solar terrestrial planets Geophysics Plate tectonics Structure of the Earth Time zones Ecology Earth Day Global warming Human impact on the environment Imaging Apple Maps Baidu Maps Bhuvan Bing Maps Global Map Google Earth Google Maps MapmyIndia NASA World Wind Here OpenStreetMap Wikimapia Remote sensing Yahoo ! Maps Yandex Maps Arts Culture Society Earth in culture Earth in science fiction Etymology of the word `` Earth '' History of the world International law Landscape painting List of countries World economy Other topics Biosphere Earth 's orbit Earth trojan The ecliptic Flag of Earth Gravity Magnetic field The Moon Claimed moons of Earth 2006 RH120 Kordylewski cloud Solar System Earth 's location in the Universe Theia <Td_colspan="2"> Earth sciences portal Solar System portal <Th_colspan="2"> Elements of nature Universe Space Time Energy Matter Change Earth Earth science History ( geological ) Structure Geology Plate tectonics Oceans Gaia hypothesis Future Weather Meteorology Atmosphere ( Earth ) Climate Clouds Sunlight Tides Wind Natural environment Ecology Ecosystem Field Radiation Wilderness Wildfires Life <Td_colspan="2"> Origin ( abiogenesis ) Evolutionary history Biosphere Hierarchy Biology ( astrobiology ) <Td_colspan="2"> Organism Eukaryota flora plants fauna animals fungi protista Prokaryotes archaea bacteria Viruses <Td_colspan="2"> Category : Nature Portal : Science Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Structure_of_the_Earth&oldid=866111969 '' Categories : Structure of the Earth Hidden categories : All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Lëtzebuergesch Македонски മലയാളം مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Patois Plattdüütsch Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 40 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 09 : 36 ( UTC ) . 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1. Internal structure of the Earth
2. Layers of the Earth
3. Crust, mantle, and core
4. Earth's density and mass
5. Seismic waves and Earth's structure
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-3,153,178,163,714,995,700 |
how does it feel to die in space
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Space exposure - wikipedia Space exposure Jump to : navigation , search Space exposure is the subjection of a human to the conditions of outer space , without protective clothing and beyond the Earth 's atmosphere in a vacuum . Dangers include ebullism , hypoxia , hypocapnia , decompression sickness , extreme temperature variations , and cellular mutation and destruction from high energy photons and sub-atomic particles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Explanation and history 1.1 Decompression 1.1. 1 Ebullism 1.1. 2 Hypoxia 1.1. 3 Hypocapnia 1.1. 4 Decompression sickness 1.2 Temperature variations 1.3 Cellular mutation and destruction 2 In science fiction 3 See also 4 References Explanation and history ( edit ) The key concerns for a human without protective clothing beyond Earth 's atmosphere are the following , listed roughly in the descending order of mortal significance : ebullism , hypoxia , hypocapnia , decompression sickness , extreme temperature variations , and cellular mutation and destruction from high energy photons and sub-atomic particles . Decompression ( edit ) For the effect of rapid decompression to vacuum conditions , see uncontrolled decompression . Dobrovolskiy , Volkov and Patsayev , the only victims of space decompression Decompression carries a large mortal risk as it can result in ebullism , hypoxia , hypocapnia , and decompression sickness . Few humans have experienced these four conditions . The only known humans to have died of space exposure are the three crew members of the Soyuz 11 spacecraft : Vladislav Volkov , Georgi Dobrovolski and Viktor Patsayev . During re-entry on June 30 , 1971 , the ship 's depressurization resulted in the death of the entire crew . Two other people were decompressed accidentally during space mission training programs on the ground , but both incidents were less than 5 minutes in duration , and both victims survived . Decompression is a serious concern during the extra-vehicular activities ( EVAs ) of astronauts . Current EMU designs take this and other issues into consideration , and have evolved over time . A key challenge has been the competing interests of increasing astronaut mobility ( which is reduced by high - pressure EMUs , analogous to the difficulty of deforming an inflated balloon relative to a deflated one ) and minimising decompression risk . Investigators have considered pressurizing a separate head unit to the regular 71 kPa ( 10.3 psi ) cabin pressure as opposed to the current whole - EMU pressure of 29.6 kPa ( 4.3 psi ) . In such a design , pressurization of the torso could be achieved mechanically , avoiding mobility reduction associated with pneumatic pressurization . Ebullism ( edit ) Ebullism , the formation of bubbles in body fluids due to reduced ambient pressure , is the most severe component of the experience . Technically , ebullism is considered to begin at an elevation of around 19 kilometres ( 12 mi ) or pressures less than 6.3 kPa ( 47 mm Hg ) , known as the Armstrong limit . Experiments with other animals have revealed an array of symptoms that could also apply to humans . The least severe of these is the freezing of bodily secretions due to evaporative cooling . Severe symptoms , such as loss of oxygen in tissue , followed by circulatory failure and flaccid paralysis would occur in about 30 seconds . The lungs also collapse in this process , but will continue to release water vapour leading to cooling and ice formation in the respiratory tract . A rough estimate is that a human will have about 90 seconds to be recompressed , after which death may be unavoidable . In 1960 , Joseph Kittinger experienced localised ebullism during a 31 kilometres ( 19 mi ) ascent in a helium - driven gondola . His right - hand glove failed to pressurise and his hand expanded to roughly twice its normal volume accompanied by disabling pain . His hand took about 3 hours to recover after his return to the ground . Hypoxia ( edit ) Unconsciousness is likely to occur within 14 seconds , primarily due hypoxia ; the much lower pressure outside the body causes rapid de-oxygenation of the blood . In 1966 , NASA volunteer test subject Jim LeBlanc lost consciousness after approximately 15 seconds of being accidentally depressurized in a ground - based depressurization chamber . If a person is exposed to low pressures more slowly , hypoxia causes gradual loss of cognitive functions starting at about 3 kilometres ( 10,000 ft ) altitude equivalent . Hypocapnia ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2017 ) Decompression sickness ( edit ) Less severe effects include the formation of nitrogen gas bubbles and consequent interference with organ function ( decompression sickness ) , which is less severe in space than in diving . Meanwhile , reduction of blood carbon dioxide levels ( hypocapnia ) can alter the blood pH and indirectly contribute to nervous system malfunctions . If the person tries to hold their breath during decompression , the lungs may rupture internally . International Space Station and Space Shuttle astronauts regularly work in Extravehicular Mobility Units ( EMUs or space suits ) that are at pressures less than 30 % of the spacecraft to facilitate mobility , without experiencing noticeable decompression sickness . However , EMUs are pressurized with pure oxygen as to maintain an oxygen partial pressure equivalent with the 1 atm nitrogen - dominated ISS atmosphere . Significant prebreathing and decompression procedures are required when donning an EMU in order to avoid decompression sickness . Temperature variations ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2017 ) Cellular mutation and destruction ( edit ) A more severe long - term effect is the direct exposure to high energy photons ( ultraviolet , X-ray , and gamma ) and energized subatomic particles ( primarily protons ) . In science fiction ( edit ) Spacing is a staple of science fiction , where it often occurs as a method of execution ( or other sort of killing ) by vacuum exposure in space -- usually accomplished by ejecting the subject through the airlock of a spacecraft or space station without a space suit . Spacing is sometimes used as a means of dispatching enemies , usually by luring or herding the target ( s ) into an airlock , hangar or cargo bay with an exterior hatch and then flushing them out into space , or opportunistically double - opening an airlock -- or even blowing out a window or hull panel -- that happens to be near the target , with similar results . The primary cause of death would be asphyxia . An example can found in the novel 2001 : A Space Odyssey by Arthur C. Clarke in which astronaut David Bowman is exposed to the vacuum of space inside the Discovery One spacecraft after the computer controlling its life support malfunctions and opens the doors of the airlock . A passage in the novel claims , Like any properly trained man in good health , he could survive in vacuum for at least a minute -- if he had time to prepare for it . But there had been no time ; he could only count on the normal fifteen seconds of consciousness before his brain was starved and anoxia overcame him . Even then , he could still recover completely after one or two minutes in vacuum -- if he was properly recompressed ; it took a long time for the body fluids to start boiling , in their various well - protected systems . See also ( edit ) Effect of spaceflight on the human body Proton exposure Uncontrolled decompression References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pilmanis , Andrew ; William Sears ( December 2003 ) . `` Physiological hazards of flight at high altitude '' . The Lancet . 362 : s16 -- s17 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 03 ) 15059 - 3 . Jump up ^ Stewart , L. et al. ( 2007 ) , doi 10.1016 / j. jemermed. 2006.05. 031 Jump up ^ `` Science : Triumph and Tragedy of Soyuz 11 '' . Time Magazine . Time Inc . July 12 , 1971 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 23 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Conkin , Johnny ( January 2001 ) , `` Evidence - Based Approach to the Analysis of Serious Decompression Sickness With Application to EVA Astronauts '' NASA TP - 2001 - 210196 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 23 . `` 5.88 MB '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) 5.88 MB Jump up ^ Jordan , Nicole C. ; Saleh , J.H. ; Newman , D.J. ( 2005 ) , `` The Extravehicular Mobility Unit : case study in requirements evolution '' . doi 10.1109 / RE. 2005.69 . Requirements Engineering , 2005 . Proceedings. 13th IEEE International Conference , pp. 434 - 438 . Retrieved on 2012 - 09 - 23 ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Jordan , Nicole C. ; Saleh , Joseph H. ; Newman , Dava J. ( 2006 ) . `` The extravehicular mobility unit : A review of environment , requirements , and design changes in the US spacesuit '' . Acta Astronautica. 59 ( 12 ) : 1135 -- 1145 . Bibcode : 2006AcAau ... 59.1135 J . doi : 10.1016 / j. actaastro. 2006.04. 014 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Gorguinpour , Camron et . al ( 2001 ) , LPI `` Advanced Two - System Space Suit '' . University of California , Berkeley CB - 1106 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 23 . `` 95 KB '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) 95 KB Jump up ^ for reference , the atmospheric pressure at sea level is 101.4 kPa , equal to 14.7 psi -- Britannica ^ Jump up to : Billings , Charles E. ( 1973 ) . `` Chapter 1 ) Barometric Pressure '' . In James F. ; West , Vita R. Bioastronautics Data Book ( PDF ) ( Second ed . ) . NASA . pp. 2 -- 5 . NASA SP - 3006 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 23 . `` 33.1 MB '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) 33.1 MB ^ Jump up to : Landis , Geoffrey ( 7 August 2007 ) . `` Human Exposure to Vacuum '' . Retrieved 2006 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Higgins , Matt ( May 24 , 2008 ) . `` 20 - Year Journey for 15 - Minute Fall '' . The New York Times ( online ) . p. 2 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Skydive from the Stratosphere '' , NOVA Online , Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) . November 2000 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 23 Jump up ^ Landis , Geoffrey . `` Vacuum Exposure in Science Fiction '' . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Arthur C. : `` 2001 : A Space Odyssey '' <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Space medicine Main areas Artificial gravity Astronautical hygiene Bioastronautics Neuroscience in space Space exposure Space food Space nursing Space weather Weightlessness Illness and injuries Asthenization Ebullism Illness and injuries during spaceflight Medical treatment during spaceflight Space adaptation syndrome Space and survival Spaceflight osteopenia Organizations Aerospace Medical Association National Space Biomedical Research Institute Rubicon Foundation Space Nursing Society Other topics Adverse health effects from lunar dust exposure Cardiac rhythm problems during space flight Central nervous system effects from radiation exposure during spaceflight Effect of spaceflight on the human body Effects of sleep deprivation in space Epidemiology data for low - linear energy transfer radiation Fatigue and sleep loss during spaceflight Health threat from cosmic rays Intervertebral disc damage and spaceflight List of microorganisms tested in outer space Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight Radiobiology evidence for protons and HZE nuclei Reduced muscle mass , strength and performance in space Renal stone formation in space Spaceflight radiation carcinogenesis Team composition and cohesion in spaceflight missions Visual impairment due to intracranial pressure Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_exposure&oldid=803591062 '' Categories : Space hazards Space medicine Human spaceflight Spaceflight health effects Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages using web citations with no URL Articles to be expanded from August 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from August 2017 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Français Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 12 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Space exposure dangers
2. Effects of space exposure on the human body
3. Decompression and its risks in space
4. Hypoxia and its impact in outer space
5. Cellular mutation and destruction in space
|
4,385,420,802,129,377,300 |
what's the last episode of andi mack
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Andi Mack - wikipedia Andi Mack Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Andi Mack <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Comedy - drama Family Created by Terri Minsky Starring Peyton Elizabeth Lee Joshua Rush Sofia Wylie Asher Angel Lilan Bowden Lauren Tom Theme music composer Amit Ofir Shridhar Solanki Erika Nuri Taylor Opening theme `` Tomorrow Starts Today '' by Sabrina Carpenter Composer ( s ) Jacob Yoffee Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 12 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Terri Minsky Michelle Manning Producer ( s ) Greg A. Hampson Jeff T. Miller Camera setup Single - camera Running time 20 -- 25 minutes Production company ( s ) Go Dog Go MM Productions Horizon <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Disney Channel Original release April 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> External links Website disneychannel.disney.com/andi-mack Production website www.disneyabcpress.com/disneychannel/shows/andi-mack/ Andi Mack is an American comedy - drama television series created by Terri Minsky that premiered on Disney Channel on April 7 , 2017 . The series stars Peyton Elizabeth Lee , Joshua Rush , Sofia Wylie , Asher Angel , Lilan Bowden , and Lauren Tom . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 4 Episodes 5 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Andi Mack is turning 13 when her older sister Bex returns home . Andi works through her teenage life , with the help of her family and her friends Cyrus and Buffy , including coping with the revelation that Bex is actually her mother and that her mother Celia is actually her grandmother , and managing her crush on classmate Jonah Beck . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Peyton Elizabeth Lee as Andi Mack Joshua Rush as Cyrus Goodman Sofia Wylie as Buffy Driscoll Asher Angel as Jonah Beck Lilan Bowden as Rebecca `` Bex '' Mack Lauren Tom as Celia Mack Recurring ( edit ) Stoney Westmoreland as Henry `` Ham '' Mack Emily Skinner as Amber Production ( edit ) Development of the series began in 2015 when Disney Channels Worldwide president Gary Marsh convinced Terri Minsky to consider developing another series for Disney Channel . Back in 2001 , Minsky had created the popular sitcom Lizzie McGuire , but was initially reluctant to create another teen - oriented series . She eventually found inspiration for the series in an article on how Jack Nicholson had learned as an adult that the woman he thought was his sister was actually his mother . The series started filming in Salt Lake City in September 2016 and finished filming in December 2016 . The series premiered on Disney Channel on April 7 , 2017 . The first episode became available on the Disney Channel App , On - Demand , Disney Channel 's YouTube , iTunes , Amazon , and Google Play on March 10 , 2017 , while the second episode became available the same day via Disney Channel On - Demand as well as to subscribers using the Disney Channel App . The first season was planned to consist of 13 episodes ; however , only 12 episodes were aired . Disney Channel renewed the series for a second season on May 25 , 2017 . The second season will premiere on Disney Channel on October 27 , 2017 . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Andi Mack episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 12 <Td_colspan="1"> April 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> TBA <Td_colspan="1"> October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) TBA Ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> First aired <Th_colspan="2"> Last aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) 12 April 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) 1.24 June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) 1.94 1.39 TBA October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) TBD TBA TBD TBD References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Andi Mack '' . Disney ABC Press . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` Kids Are Getting Older Quicker . And Disney Tries to Adapt . '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexis Rhiannon ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` The First Andi Mack Cast Photo Has Exactly What the Disney Channel Show Needs to Go the Distance '' . Bustle . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adam Droge ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Channel 's Andi Mack Finishes Up Filming in Salt Lake City '' . Deseret News . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney Channel 's Andi Mack , an Engaging New Series from the Creator of Lizzie McGuire , Begins Friday , March 10 , on the Disney Channel App and All On - Demand Platforms '' . The Futon Critic . March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Art Rascon ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Young Houston Native Joshua Rush Stars in Andi Mack on Disney Channel '' . ABC 13 . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Erik Pedersen ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Andi Mack Gets Season 2 Renewal from Disney Channel '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Disney Channel ( @ DisneyChannelPR ) ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` The universe has spoken : # AndiMack is coming back ! Andi & the gang return in a one - hour season two premiere on Friday , 10 / 27 at 8pm ET . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 4.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 6.23. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Andi Mack on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Disney Channel original programming Former 1990s debuts Flash Forward ( 1995 -- 97 ) The Famous Jett Jackson ( 1998 -- 2001 ) So Weird ( 1999 -- 2001 ) The Jersey ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 2000s debuts Totally Circus ( 2000 ) Even Stevens ( 2000 -- 03 ) In a Heartbeat ( 2000 -- 01 ) Totally Hoops ( 2001 ) Lizzie McGuire ( 2001 -- 04 ) The Proud Family ( 2001 -- 05 ) Kim Possible ( 2002 -- 07 ) Totally in Tune ( 2002 ) That 's So Raven ( 2003 -- 07 ) Lilo & Stitch : The Series ( 2003 -- 06 ) Phil of the Future ( 2004 -- 06 ) Dave the Barbarian ( 2004 -- 05 ) Brandy & Mr. Whiskers ( 2004 -- 06 ) American Dragon : Jake Long ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) The Buzz on Maggie ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Emperor 's New School ( 2006 -- 08 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) Disney Channel Games ( 2006 -- 11 ) The Replacements ( 2006 -- 09 ) Shorty McShorts ' Shorts ( 2006 -- 07 ) Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) Phineas and Ferb ( 2007 -- 15 ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) Stitch ! ( 2008 -- 15 ) Sonny with a Chance ( 2009 -- 11 ) Jonas ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2010s debuts Good Luck Charlie ( 2010 -- 14 ) Fish Hooks ( 2010 -- 14 ) Shake It Up ( 2010 -- 13 ) A.N.T. Farm ( 2011 -- 14 ) So Random ! ( 2011 -- 12 ) PrankStars ( 2011 ) Jessie ( 2011 -- 15 ) Austin & Ally ( 2011 -- 16 ) Gravity Falls ( 2012 -- 16 ) Code : 9 ( 2012 ) Dog with a Blog ( 2012 -- 15 ) Wander Over Yonder ( 2013 -- 16 ) Liv and Maddie ( 2013 -- 17 ) Win , Lose or Draw ( 2014 ) I Did n't Do It ( 2014 -- 15 ) Girl Meets World ( 2014 -- 17 ) Best Friends Whenever ( 2015 -- 16 ) Descendants : School of Secrets ( 2015 , short - form ) Current Mickey Mouse ( since 2013 , short - form ) K.C. Undercover ( since 2015 ) Bunk 'd ( since 2015 ) Descendants : Wicked World ( since 2015 , short - form ) Stuck in the Middle ( since 2016 ) Walk the Prank ( since 2016 ) Bizaardvark ( since 2016 ) Elena of Avalor ( since 2016 ) Mech - X4 ( since 2016 ) Tangled : The Series ( since 2017 ) Andi Mack ( since 2017 ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( since 2017 ) Raven 's Home ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Right Hand Guy ( Fall 2017 ) Bug Juice ( 1998 -- 2001 , early 2018 ) See also It 's a Laugh Productions Disney Television Animation Brookwell McNamara Entertainment Crossovers Disney Channel Storytellers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andi_Mack&oldid=800339388 '' Categories : 2010s American television series 2017 American television series debuts American comedy - drama television series Disney Channel shows English - language television programs Single - camera television sitcoms Teen sitcoms Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano עברית Magyar Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 22 : 50 . About Wikipedia
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1. Andi Mack - American comedy-drama television series
2. Terri Minsky - Creator of Andi Mack
3. Peyton Elizabeth Lee - Star of Andi Mack
4. Family dynamics - Theme of Andi Mack
5. Season 2 - Renewal of Andi Mack
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6,429,554,588,836,557,000 |
who plays jack son in will and grace
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Michael Angarano - wikipedia Michael Angarano Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Michael Angarano <Td_colspan="2"> Angarano at the 2017 Montclair Film Festival Michael Anthony Angarano ( 1987 - 12 - 03 ) December 3 , 1987 ( age 30 ) Brooklyn , New York , U.S. Other names Mikey Occupation Actor Years active 1995 -- present Michael Anthony Angarano ( born December 3 , 1987 ) is an American actor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 References 6 External links Early Life ( edit ) Angarano was born in Brooklyn , New York , to Michael and Doreen Angarano ; he has two sisters and a younger brother . He is of Italian descent . His family owns and operates the dance studio Reflections in Dance in Canoga Park , California . Angarano graduated from Crespi Carmelite High School . Career ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the late 1990s , Angarano was one of the finalists for the role of young Anakin Skywalker in Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace , but lost to Jake Lloyd . Angarano played the 11 - year - old version of William Miller in Cameron Crowe 's semi-autobiographical film Almost Famous in 2000 . In 2000 , 12 - year - old Angarano acted in Cover Me : Based on the True Life of an FBI Family . The following year , he landed his first major film role in Little Secrets , opposite Evan Rachel Wood and David Gallagher . Three years later , he starred in the Nickelodeon TV - movie Maniac Magee . He played the lead role in 2005 's Sky High . Other film roles include parts in The Bondage , Black Irish , Man in the Chair , Snow Angels , The Final Season , One Last Thing ... , The Forbidden Kingdom , Ceremony , The Brass Teapot and Red State . On television , from 2001 to 2006 , he had a recurring role on Will & Grace as Elliott , the son of Jack McFarland , a role he reprised in an episode of the show 's 2017 reboot . In 2007 , he appeared in four episodes of the show 24 as Scott Wallace , a teenager taken hostage by a terrorist . From 2014 to 2015 , he played Dr. Bertram `` Bertie '' Chickering , Jr. on Cinemax 's period drama The Knick . Currently , Angarano plays Eddie Zeidel on the Showtime series I 'm Dying Up Here . Personal Life ( edit ) In 2008 , Kristen Stewart said she and Angarano were in a relationship . During 2014 , he was living in Los Feliz , Los Angeles , with his then - girlfriend , actress Juno Temple , whom he met in 2012 during production of their film The Brass Teapot . As of 2016 , they are no longer together . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Childhood 's End 1st Boy Uncredited I 'm Not Rappaport 3 - year - old Cowboy 1997 For Richer or Poorer Sammy Yoder 1998 River Red Young Tom 1999 Music of the Heart Nick at 7 Baby Huey 's Great Easter Adventure Nick 2000 Almost Famous Young William The Brainiacs.com Matt Tyler 2002 Little Secrets Philip The New Kid Austin 2003 Seabiscuit Young Red Pollard The Dust Factory Rocky Mazzelli Limited release Speak David Petrakis 2005 Dear Wendy Freddie Limited release Sky High Will Stronghold Lords of Dogtown Sid 2006 One Last Thing ... Dylan Limited release The Bondage Charlie 2007 The Final Season Mitch Akers Man in the Chair Cameron Snow Angels Arthur Black Irish Cole 2008 The Forbidden Kingdom Jason Tripitikas 2009 Gentlemen Broncos Benjamin Purvis Ceremony Sam Davis 2011 The Art of Getting By Dustin Red State Travis Noah 's Ark : The New Beginning Townsman Voice role Haywire Scott 2012 The Brass Teapot 2013 The End of Love Himself Cameo The English Teacher Jason Sherwood Empire State Eddie 2015 Wild Card Cyrus Kinnick The Stanford Prison Experiment Christopher Archer 2017 Avenues Max Also writer / director / producer 2017 Sun Dogs Ned Chipley Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1995 Saturday Night Live David Duchovny 's son 1 episode : `` David Duchovny / Rod Stewart '' New York News 1 episode : `` Welcome Back Cotter '' 1997 Stranger in My Home Drew TV Movie Cybill Timmy 1 episode : `` The Wedding '' 1998 Grace & Glorie Bicycle Kid TV Movie The Pretender Patrick Harper 1 episode : `` Stolen '' 1999 As the World Turns Matthew John `` M.J. '' Dixon Seven Days Evan Hamilton 1 episode : `` For the Children '' 2000 -- 2001 Cover Me : Based on the True Life of an FBI Family Chance Arno Main cast 24 episodes 2001 Say Uncle Nick TV Movie 2001 -- 2006 2017 -- present Will & Grace Elliot Jack 's son 13 episodes 2003 Maniac Magee Jeffrey Lionel Magee TV Movie My Life with Men Ben TV Pilot ER Zack 1 episode : `` The Greater Good '' Less than Perfect George Denton 2 episodes : `` The Crush '' , `` Claude 's 15 Minutes of Christmas '' 2005 Summerland Jeb Ekhart 2 episodes : `` Leaving Playa Linda '' , `` Where There 's a Will There 's a Wave '' Kevin Hill Ethan Claypool 1 episode : `` Only Sixteen '' 2007 24 Scott Wallace 4 episodes 2012 Entry Level Jake TV Movie 2014 -- 2015 The Knick Dr. Bertram `` Bertie '' Chickering , Jr . Main cast 20 episodes 2014 Drunk History Walt Disney 1 episode : `` Hollywood '' 2017 I 'm Dying Up Here Eddie Zeidel 2017 -- 18 Mom Cooper 2 episodes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Angarano '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2015 . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Acting of the Heart '' . YoungPerformer.com. 2001 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Angarano , Michael ( 2001 - 04 - 14 ) . `` Re : Hi Mike , do you have ... '' The Official Michael Angarano Web Site . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Reflections in Dance official site '' . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2014 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Live Chat '' . KidActors via Michael Angarano official site . 2005 - 10 - 08 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2015 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ YouTube , youtube.com ; accessed September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : Twilight 's Kristen Stewart '' . Vanity Fair . November 5 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rafanelli , Stephanie ( June 7 , 2014 ) . `` Juno Temple , interview : ' I 'm not the high - school catch ' '' . The Telegraph . UK . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2015 . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Heawood , Sophie ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` Juno Temple : ' I 've finally hit puberty on camera . Woo - hoo ! ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Michael Angarano . Michael Angarano on IMDb Michael Angarano at AllMovie UltimateDisney.com Interview -- November 2005 Works by or about Michael Angarano in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Television Series 2000 The West Wing Alan Alda Stockard Channing Kristin Chenoweth Dulé Hill Allison Janney Moira Kelly Rob Lowe Joshua Malina Mary McCormack Janel Moloney Richard Schiff Martin Sheen Jimmy Smits John Spencer Bradley Whitford 2001 Buffy the Vampire Slayer Amber Benson Marc Blucas David Boreanaz Nicholas Brendon Charisma Carpenter Emma Caulfield Sarah Michelle Gellar Seth Green Alyson Hannigan Anthony Stewart Head James Marsters Michelle Trachtenberg 2005 Rescue Me Denis Leary John Scurti Daniel Sunjata Mike Lombardi Steven Pasquale Andrea Roth Callie Thorne Adam Ferrara Larenz Tate James McCaffrey Dean Winters 2006 Grey 's Anatomy Justin Chambers Eric Dane Patrick Dempsey Katherine Heigl T.R. Knight Sandra Oh James Pickens Jr . Ellen Pompeo Sara Ramirez Kate Walsh Isaiah Washington Chandra Wilson 2007 Mad Men Bryan Batt Anne Dudek Michael Gladis Jon Hamm Christina Hendricks January Jones Vincent Kartheiser Robert Morse Elisabeth Moss Kiernan Shipka Maggie Siff John Slattery Rich Sommer Aaron Staton 2009 True Blood Chris Bauer Mehcad Brooks Anna Camp Nelsan Ellis Michelle Forbes Mariana Klaveno Ryan Kwanten Todd Lowe Michael McMillian Stephen Moyer Anna Paquin Jim Parrack Carrie Preston William Sanderson Alexander Skarsgård Sam Trammell Rutina Wesley Deborah Ann Woll 2012 The Walking Dead Andrew Lincoln Sarah Wayne Callies Laurie Holden Norman Reedus Steven Yeun Lauren Cohan Chandler Riggs Melissa McBride Scott Wilson Danai Gurira Michael Rooker David Morrissey 2013 Orange Is the New Black Taylor Schilling Laura Prepon Michael J. Harney Michelle Hurst Kate Mulgrew Jason Biggs 2014 The Knick Clive Owen André Holland Jeremy Bobb Juliet Rylance Eve Hewson Michael Angarano Chris Sullivan Cara Seymour Eric Johnson David Fierro Maya Kazan Leon Addison Brown Grainger Hines Matt Frewer 2015 American Crime Felicity Huffman Timothy Hutton W. Earl Brown Richard Cabral Regina King Caitlin Gerard Benito Martinez Penelope Ann Miller Elvis Nolasco Johnny Ortiz 2016 Outlander Caitriona Balfe Sam Heughan Tobias Menzies Lotte Verbeek Laura Donnelly Steven Cree Duncan Lacroix Grant O'Rourke Gary Lewis Graham McTavish Stephen Walters Simon Callow Nell Hudson Dominique Pinon Stanley Weber Richard Rankin Sophie Skelton Andrew Gower Rosie Day Clive Russell Frances de la Tour VIAF : 74139108 LCCN : no2006042239 ISNI : 0000 0001 1448 0154 GND : 143624768 SUDOC : 158542673 BNF : cb15058065d ( data ) BNE : XX1669983 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Angarano&oldid=830690701 '' Categories : 1987 births Living people 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American male child actors American male film actors American male television actors Male actors from Los Angeles Male actors from New York City Male actors of Italian descent People from Brooklyn Hidden categories : Articles with hCards BLP articles lacking sources from September 2015 All BLP articles lacking sources Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 March 2018 , at 11 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Michael Angarano - American actor
2. Early life and career of Michael Angarano
3. Filmography of Michael Angarano
4. Personal life of Michael Angarano
5. Television roles of Michael Angarano
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when is episode 24 season 5 of steven universe coming out
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List of Steven Universe episodes - wikipedia List of Steven Universe episodes Steven Universe is an American animated television series created by Rebecca Sugar for Cartoon Network . The series revolves around Steven Universe ( voiced by Zach Callison ) , who protects his hometown of Beach City alongside Garnet ( voiced by Estelle ) , Amethyst ( voiced by Michaela Dietz ) and Pearl ( voiced by Deedee Magno Hall ) , three magical alien guardians known as the Crystal Gems . The series was renewed for a fourth and fifth season on March 30 , 2016 . As of 28 August 2018 , no sixth season has yet been announced ; but on July 21 , 2018 , it was announced that a Steven Universe television film , Steven Universe : The Movie , was in production . As of July 6 , 2018 , 152 episodes of Steven Universe have aired . Episodes have variously been broadcast once a week ( most recently on Monday nights ) , in blocks of multiple new episodes in the course of a week , which are marketed as `` Stevenbombs '' , or back - to - back as specials with an umbrella title . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Pilot ( 2013 ) 2.2 Season 1 ( 2013 -- 15 ) 2.3 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.4 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 2.5 Season 4 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.6 Season 5 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3 Movie 4 Shorts 4.1 Season 2 4.2 Season 4 5 Home media 5.1 Video on demand 5.2 DVD and Blu - ray 6 Notes 7 References Series overview <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired <Td_colspan="3"> Pilot <Td_colspan="2"> May 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 52 <Td_colspan="1"> November 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 04 ) April 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 16 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 26 <Td_colspan="1"> March 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 13 ) January 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 08 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 25 <Td_colspan="1"> May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) August 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 10 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 25 <Td_colspan="1"> August 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 11 ) May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 5 <Td_colspan="2"> 26 <Td_colspan="1"> May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) TBA Episodes The following lists are ordered according to the list on the official website of the series , which reflects the intended watching order of the creators . While similar to the original broadcast order , three episodes from the first season were not broadcast until the second season . Pilot ( 2013 ) Title Directed by Written and storyboarded by Original release date Prod . code `` The Time Thing '' Phil Rynda ( creative ) , Sue Mondt ( art ) , and Genndy Tartakovsky ( timing ) Rebecca Sugar May 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) ( online ) 501 - ? ? ? <Td_colspan="6"> Upon returning from an intergalactic mission , the Crystal Gems -- Garnet , Amethyst , and Pearl -- have brought a mysterious magical hourglass . Steven Universe , the youngest member of the Crystal Gems , gets his hands on the device and discovers that it has the ability to let him travel back in time in order to make snappy comebacks . However , his actions soon bring about a deadly adversary , with everyone 's lives dependent on Steven being able to make a worthwhile comeback . Season 1 ( 2013 -- 15 ) The supervising director for this season is Ian Jones - Quartey . Season One initially aired weekly on Monday nights , switching to Thursday nights from `` Steven the Sword Fighter '' . `` Rose 's Scabbard '' and `` The Message '' through to Season Two 's `` Full Disclosure '' aired over five nights as the first `` Stevenbomb '' . No . overall No. in season Title Art direction by Written and storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) `` Gem Glow '' Kevin Dart Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu November 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 04 ) 1020 - 003 1.86 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven is disappointed that his favorite ice - cream sandwich brand , Cookie Cat , gets taken off the market . He soon cheers up upon discovering that the Gems managed to get hold of some of the last remaining Cookie Cats , which he comes to believe may be the key to activating his gem . `` Laser Light Cannon '' Kevin Dart Kat Morris and Rebecca Sugar November 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 04 ) 1020 - 001 1.86 <Td_colspan="8"> When a menacing `` Red Eye '' is about to hit Beach City , the only thing that can destroy it is a Laser Light Cannon that once belonged to Steven 's mother , Rose Quartz . Steven and his father , Greg , search through Greg 's storage for the cannon . `` Cheeseburger Backpack '' Kevin Dart Ian Jones - Quartey and Rebecca Sugar November 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 11 ) 1020 - 002 1.68 <Td_colspan="8"> The Crystal Gems take Steven on his first mission : to place a Moon Goddess statue on top of the ruined Lunar Sea Spire . Steven tries to prove he can be useful with the help of his new novelty Cheeseburger Backpack . `` Together Breakfast '' Kevin Dart Ian Jones - Quartey , Rebecca Sugar , and Paul Villeco November 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 11 ) 1020 - 004 1.68 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven 's attempt to get the Gems to share his special breakfast sends him on a journey through their ancient Crystal Temple ; but when the breakfast absorbs a dangerous artifact , it comes to life and must be defeated . 5 5 `` Frybo '' Kevin Dart Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco November 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 18 ) 1020 - 008 1.29 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven brings a mascot costume to life with a magical gem shard in order help his friend Peedee , but it backfires when the mascot goes rogue . 6 6 `` Cat Fingers '' Kevin Dart Kat Morris , Hilary Florido , Ian Jones - Quartey , and Rebecca Sugar November 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 25 ) 1020 - 005 1.71 <Td_colspan="8"> Trying to master his shapeshifting abilities , Steven turns his fingers into cats , which get out of control . 7 7 `` Bubble Buddies '' Kevin Dart Kat Morris and Aleth Romanillos December 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 02 ) 1020 - 006 1.61 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven forms a magic bubble around himself and a girl named Connie to save her from a falling rock , but he has no idea how to make it disappear . 8 8 `` Serious Steven '' Kevin Dart Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu January 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) 1020 - 007 1.35 <Td_colspan="8"> While navigating through an ancient Gem maze , Steven tries to prove to the Gems that he can take the mission seriously . 9 9 `` Tiger Millionaire '' Kevin Dart Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco January 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 20 ) 1020 - 011 1.57 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven joins an underground wrestling league with Amethyst , who 's tired of Garnet and Pearl bringing her down . 10 10 `` Steven 's Lion '' Kevin Dart and Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Aleth Romanillos January 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 27 ) 1020 - 012 1.51 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven befriends a magical lion he finds in the desert during a mission . 11 11 `` Arcade Mania '' Kevin Dart Lamar Abrams , Aleth Romanillos , and Luke Weber February 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 17 ) 1020 - 009 1.17 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven takes the Gems to the Funland Arcade , where Garnet becomes enchanted by a rhythm game . 12 12 `` Giant Woman '' Kevin Dart Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu February 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) 1020 - 010 1.89 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven encourages Amethyst and Pearl to fuse together into a four - armed `` giant woman '' named Opal , but Amethyst and Pearl keep quarrelling . 13 13 `` So Many Birthdays '' Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco March 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 03 ) 1020 - 014 1.17 <Td_colspan="8"> After learning that the Gems are thousands of years old , Steven throws a party to make up for all the birthdays they 've missed , and he begins to worry about what it means to grow up himself . 14 14 `` Lars and the Cool Kids '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Matt Braly March 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 10 ) 1020 - 015 1.50 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven and Lars hang out with the cool kids -- Jenny Pizza , Buck Dewey , and Sour Cream -- but their teenage shenanigans get them into magical trouble . 15 15 `` Onion Trade '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams March 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 17 ) 1020 - 018 1.79 <Td_colspan="8"> A toy trade between Steven and Onion escalates into epic proportions . 16 16 `` Steven the Sword Fighter '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu April 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 09 ) 1020 - 013 1.10 <Td_colspan="8"> Pearl 's attempt to teach Steven the art of sword - fighting using a holographic version of herself goes awry when she gets injured and has to retreat into her gem to heal . 17 17 `` Lion 2 : The Movie '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu April 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 23 ) 1020 - 017 1.57 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven and Connie try to ride Lion to the movie theater , but Lion instead takes them to a mysterious Gem armory . 18 18 `` Beach Party '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams April 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 30 ) 1020 - 020 1.44 <Td_colspan="8"> After a battle damages the Fish Stew Pizza sign , the Gems are banned from the restaurant , so Steven throws a cookout on the beachside to mend the relationship between the Pizza family and the Gems . 19 19 `` Rose 's Room '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 1020 - 019 1.55 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven 's desire for some alone time unlocks a room in the temple that answers his every wish . 20 20 `` Coach Steven '' Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco August 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 21 ) 1020 - 016 1.85 <Td_colspan="8"> Against Pearl 's advice , Steven becomes determined to get stronger after watching Garnet and Amethyst fuse into the mighty ( and destructive ) Sugilite . 21 21 `` Joking Victim '' Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco August 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 28 ) 1020 - 024 1.63 <Td_colspan="8"> When Lars fakes an injury to take a sick day from work , Steven helps Sadie out at the Big Donut , and they pull a prank on Lars to get back at him . 22 22 `` Steven and the Stevens '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu September 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 04 ) 1020 - 021 2.14 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven needs a musical partner for an upcoming show , so he uses a time travel device to recruit himself as the perfect bandmate . This episode re-uses the time - travel device from the non-canonical pilot episode . 23 23 `` Monster Buddies '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo September 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 11 ) 1020 - 022 2.07 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven accidentally releases a captured Gem monster from her bubble and attempts to tame her wild form . 24 24 `` An Indirect Kiss '' Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco September 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 18 ) 1020 - 023 1.73 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven tells Connie about his mission with the Gems to heal Amethyst when she cracked her gem . 25 25 `` Mirror Gem '' ( Part 1 ) Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco September 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) 1020 - 025 2.34 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven befriends a magical mirror that can mysteriously communicate with him , and ends up freeing its prisoner : Lapis Lazuli , another mysterious Gem . 26 26 `` Ocean Gem '' ( Part 2 ) Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu September 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) 1020 - 026 2.34 <Td_colspan="8"> Lapis Lazuli disappears after reigniting a past conflict with the three Crystal Gems and takes the ocean with her , leaving Beach City in a panic on the first day of summer . Steven , Connie , Greg , Lion and the Gems go on a mission to confront Lapis and set things right . 27 27 `` House Guest '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo October 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) 1026 - 027 2.00 <Td_colspan="8"> Left temporarily homeless and with a broken leg after the events of the previous episode , Greg stays in Steven 's house while his leg heals and unintentionally interferes with Steven 's healing powers . 28 28 `` Space Race '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu October 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 09 ) 1026 - 028 1.99 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven , Pearl , and Greg visit Greg 's family 's barn and work together to build a spaceship so that Pearl can revisit the wonders of the cosmos , but Pearl gets a little carried away . 29 29 `` Secret Team '' Elle Michalka Hilary Florido and Katie Mitroff October 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 16 ) 1026 - 030 2.46 <Td_colspan="8"> When they accidentally pop a bubble containing gem shards , Steven forms a secret team with Amethyst and Pearl to retrieve the shards before Garnet finds out . After doing so , Steven wants to keep the secret team going . 30 30 `` Island Adventure '' Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco October 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 23 ) 1026 - 033 1.53 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven tries to mend Lars and Sadie 's friendship by taking them on vacation to the mysterious Mask Island ; but they become stranded there for several days . 31 31 `` Keep Beach City Weird '' Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco October 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 30 ) 1026 - 029 1.45 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven is taken in by Ronaldo 's conspiracy theories about the paranormal occurrences in Beach City . 32 32 `` Fusion Cuisine '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo November 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 06 ) 1026 - 031 1.46 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven asks the Gems to fuse together into Alexandrite and pretend to be his mother at a dinner with Connie 's family . 33 33 `` Garnet 's Universe '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu November 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 13 ) 1026 - 036 1.64 <Td_colspan="8"> When Garnet returns from a mission , Steven imagines a story about what she did all day . 34 34 `` Watermelon Steven '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo November 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 20 ) 1026 - 035 1.83 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven grows a patch of watermelons shaped like himself , but they soon come to life and attack the people of Beach City and the Crystal Gems . 35 35 `` Lion 3 : Straight to Video '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston , Jeff Liu , and Rebecca Sugar December 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 04 ) 1026 - 032 1.92 <Td_colspan="8"> Lion keeps lying on Steven 's face while he 's sleeping , leading Steven to discover a pocket dimension in Lion 's mane . This episode was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Short - Form Animation . 36 36 `` Warp Tour '' Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco January 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 08 ) 1026 - 037 1.94 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven becomes uneasy after seeing an unknown object traversing a warp stream , despite the Gems ' attempts to disprove his claims . They learn that the source of the mysterious objects is Peridot , a Gem from the Gem Homeworld checking up on Earth . 37 37 `` Alone Together '' Elle Michalka Hilary Florido , Katie Mitroff , and Rebecca Sugar January 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) 1026 - 034 1.67 <Td_colspan="8"> While practicing how to fuse with the Gems , Steven accidentally fuses with Connie , forming an unprecedented Gem / human fusion named Stevonnie . 38 38 `` The Test '' Elle Michalka Hilary Florido and Katie Mitroff January 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 22 ) 1026 - 038 1.94 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven finds out that the Lunar Sea Spire mission from the third episode was meant to be a test of his ability to join the Gems on missions , so he demands a new test . 39 39 `` Future Vision '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo January 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 29 ) 1026 - 039 2.03 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven learns that Garnet can see into the future and becomes paranoid about the possible dangers around him . 40 40 `` On the Run '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu February 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 05 ) 1026 - 040 2.08 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven and Amethyst try out life on the road , and Amethyst reveals her origin to Steven : she was created on Earth as part of the original Gem colonization of the planet . 41 41 `` Horror Club '' Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco February 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 12 ) 1026 - 041 1.67 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven goes to the lighthouse to watch scary movies with Ronaldo , Lars , and Sadie . 42 42 `` Winter Forecast '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo February 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 19 ) 1026 - 043 2.05 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven has to take Connie back to her home before a blizzard hits Beach City , and Garnet shows him some future outcomes of this before they leave . 43 43 `` Maximum Capacity '' Elle Michalka Hilary Florido , Katie Mitroff , and Rebecca Sugar February 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 26 ) 1026 - 042 1.97 <Td_colspan="8"> While cleaning out Greg 's storage unit , he and Amethyst are distracted by watching old episodes of their favorite sitcom Li'l Butler . 44 44 `` Marble Madness '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu March 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 05 ) 1026 - 044 1.92 <Td_colspan="8"> When droids from space descend towards warp pad zones , Steven and the Gems attempt to find out their purpose . 45 45 `` Rose 's Scabbard '' Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee , Paul Villeco , and Rebecca Sugar March 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 09 ) 1026 - 045 1.22 <Td_colspan="8"> Pearl takes Steven to a special place that belonged to Rose Quartz after Lion finds the scabbard for Rose 's sword . 46 46 `` Open Book '' Elle Michalka Hilary Florido and Katie Mitroff March 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 19 ) 1026 - 046 1.73 <Td_colspan="8"> When Connie is upset by the ending of her favorite book series , Steven takes her to Rose 's room to attempt to remake the ending . 47 47 `` Shirt Club '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo April 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 16 ) 1026 - 047 1.42 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven and Buck make T - shirts featuring Steven 's crudely drawn advertisement for Greg 's guitar lessons . 48 48 `` Story for Steven '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu April 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 09 ) 1026 - 048 2.00 <Td_colspan="8"> Greg tells Steven the story of how he met Rose Quartz . 49 49 `` The Message '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo March 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 10 ) 1026 - 049 1.30 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven and the Gems need Greg 's help to retrieve a message being transmitted through a Gem artifact called a Wailing Stone . 50 50 `` Political Power '' Elle Michalka Hilary Florido and Katie Mitroff March 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 11 ) 1026 - 050 1.42 <Td_colspan="8"> After the Gems cause a power outage in Beach City , Steven helps Mayor Dewey control the situation . 51 51 `` The Return '' ( Part 1 ) Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco March 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 12 ) 1026 - 051 1.70 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven helps evacuate Beach City in the face of an invasion from the Gem Homeworld by Peridot and the warrior Gem Jasper . 52 52 `` Jail Break '' ( Part 2 ) Elle Michalka Joe Johnston , Jeff Liu , and Rebecca Sugar March 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 12 ) 1026 - 052 1.70 <Td_colspan="8"> Trapped on the Gem Warship , Steven attempts to rescue the Gems , including two unfamiliar Gems named Ruby and Sapphire , from Peridot and Jasper 's clutches . Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) `` Sworn to the Sword '' through to `` Chille Tid '' , `` Cry for Help '' to `` Friend Ship '' , and `` The Answer '' to `` Log Date 7 15 2 '' all aired daily over three five - night `` Stevenbombs '' . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written and storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 53 `` Full Disclosure '' Elle Michalka and Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco March 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 13 ) 1031 - 053 1.52 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven tries to avoid Connie so he does n't have to tell her about his ordeal with the Homeworld Gems from the previous episodes . 54 `` Joy Ride '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido and Katie Mitroff March 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 26 ) 1031 - 054 1.34 <Td_colspan="8"> The cool kids take Steven out on a late - night joyride to lift his spirits , and end up discovering Peridot 's escape pod . 55 `` Say Uncle '' Elle Michalka and Jasmin Lai ( art ) Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu April 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 02 ) 1031 - 056 1.93 <Td_colspan="8"> In this non-canon crossover episode , Uncle Grandpa arrives to aid Steven in unlocking the power of his gem . 56 `` Love Letters '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo April 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 23 ) 1031 - 055 1.67 <Td_colspan="8"> When Jamie the mailman falls in love with Garnet , Steven and Connie must help turn him down gently . 57 5 `` Reformed '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco April 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 30 ) 1031 - 057 1.39 <Td_colspan="8"> Amethyst keeps trying to find a new form to regenerate into while she , Steven and Garnet chase after a Gem monster loose in the temple . 58 6 `` Sworn to the Sword '' Ian Jones - Quartey ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu June 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 15 ) 1031 - 060 1.98 <Td_colspan="8"> Connie , wanting to protect Steven , takes swordfighting lessons with Pearl . 59 7 `` Rising Tides , Crashing Skies '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo June 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 16 ) 1031 - 059 1.82 <Td_colspan="8"> Ronaldo investigates the Crystal Gems in a web documentary for his `` Keep Beach City Weird '' blog . 60 8 `` Keeping It Together '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco June 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 17 ) 1031 - 061 1.80 <Td_colspan="8"> While the Crystal Gems chase after Peridot in the Kindergarten , Steven and Garnet discover a dark secret while exploring its inner workings . 61 9 `` We Need to Talk '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido , Katie Mitroff , and Rebecca Sugar June 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 18 ) 1031 - 062 1.73 <Td_colspan="8"> After witnessing Steven and Connie fuse again , Greg explains to them how he learned about fusion from his time with Rose Quartz , hoping to pull it off himself in order to grow closer to her . 62 10 `` Chille Tid '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Lauren Zuke June 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 19 ) 1031 - 063 1.90 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven is exhausted from searching the ocean for Jasper and Lapis Lazuli 's fusion , Malachite , so Garnet has Pearl and Amethyst stay with him for a slumber party . Steven , discovering that he has the power of astral projection , is rattled by recurring dreams of Lapis . 63 11 `` Cry for Help '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu July 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 13 ) 1031 - 064 1.71 <Td_colspan="8"> When TV broadcasts are disrupted by a video signal emitted by Peridot from the Gem communication tower , Garnet chooses to fuse with Pearl into Sardonyx to destroy it , which dismays Amethyst . As the tower keeps being fixed , however , Steven and Amethyst are shocked to discover who 's really behind it . 64 12 `` Keystone Motel '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee , Paul Villeco , and Rebecca Sugar July 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 14 ) 1031 - 065 1.73 <Td_colspan="8"> While she accompanies Greg and Steven on a road trip to another state and a visit to a motel , Garnet 's anger over what Pearl did in the previous episode causes her to split into Ruby and Sapphire . 65 13 `` Onion Friend '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff July 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 15 ) 1031 - 067 1.83 <Td_colspan="8"> During a visit to Onion 's house , Amethyst rekindles her friendship with his mother , Vidalia , while Onion shows Steven around his room . 66 14 `` Historical Friction '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke July 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 16 ) 1031 - 066 1.88 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven is asked by Jamie to participate in a play funded by Mayor Dewey about Beach City 's founding , with Pearl stepping in to provide a more historically accurate script . 67 15 `` Friend Ship '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu July 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 17 ) 1031 - 068 1.65 <Td_colspan="8"> After the recent events , Pearl wants to redeem herself by capturing Peridot , who then traps the Crystal Gems in an old , abandoned Gem spaceship . 68 16 `` Nightmare Hospital '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco September 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 10 ) 1031 - 069 1.39 <Td_colspan="8"> After Connie 's mother confiscates Rose 's sword , Steven and Connie sneak into the hospital where she works to retrieve it from her . 69 17 `` Sadie 's Song '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco September 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 17 ) 1031 - 073 1.50 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven helps Sadie with an act for the annual Beach - a-Palooza talent show . 70 18 `` Catch and Release '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke September 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 24 ) 1031 - 070 1.39 <Td_colspan="8"> The Crystal Gems finally capture Peridot , but Steven suspects that she has information that the Crystal Gems need to know and attempts to learn what it is , allowing her to live in his bathroom . 71 19 `` When It Rains '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff October 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 01 ) 1031 - 071 1.36 <Td_colspan="8"> After Steven explains life on Earth to Peridot , and she experiences her first rainstorm , she decides to tell him about her mission : to locate an experimental Gem creation called the Cluster . 72 20 `` Back to the Barn '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu October 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) 1031 - 072 1.59 <Td_colspan="8"> At the barn , when Peridot and Pearl fight over who will lead the construction of a drill that will take the group to the Cluster 's location , Steven suggests they build robots and compete with each other . 73 21 `` Too Far '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke October 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 15 ) 1031 - 074 1.39 <Td_colspan="8"> Peridot gets carried away with Gem gossip and reveals something about Amethyst , unintentionally offending her . 74 22 `` The Answer '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff January 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 04 ) 1031 - 075 1.38 <Td_colspan="8"> Garnet tells Steven the story of how Ruby and Sapphire first met and joined the Crystal Gems . This episode was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Short - Form Animation . 75 23 `` Steven 's Birthday '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff January 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 05 ) 1031 - 079 1.35 <Td_colspan="8"> While celebrating his fourteenth birthday with the Gems , Greg , and Connie , Steven takes on a more adult form using his shapeshifting powers . However , this proves harmful to his human body . 76 24 `` It Could 've Been Great '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu January 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) 1031 - 076 1.45 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven and the Gems travel to an information archive on the Moon to discover the Cluster 's exact location . 77 25 `` Message Received '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco January 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 07 ) 1031 - 077 1.39 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven becomes devastated and mistrustful of Peridot after she steals a communication device from the Moon Base , which she uses to contact her leader , Yellow Diamond . 78 26 `` Log Date 7 15 2 '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke January 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 08 ) 1031 - 078 1.34 <Td_colspan="8"> While Peridot is in turmoil over what she did in the previous episode , Steven listens to her audio diary and learns how she and Garnet learned to get along during their time at the barn , despite their radical differences . Season 3 ( 2016 ) `` Super Watermelon Island '' through to `` Hit the Diamond '' aired weekly as the event `` In Too Deep '' , while the remaining episdes ( and the first two of Season Four ) aired every weekday as part of the four - week event `` Summer Adventures '' . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written and storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 79 `` Super Watermelon Island '' ( Part 1 ) Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 1031 - 080 1.69 <Td_colspan="8"> Using his astral projection ability , Steven discovers that the Watermelon Stevens have formed their own civilization on Mask Island . However , when he sees Malachite on the island as well , the Gems head into action to fight Malachite as Alexandrite , with the Watermelon Stevens helping them . 80 `` Gem Drill '' ( Part 2 ) Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 1031 - 081 1.69 <Td_colspan="8"> With the other Gems stranded on Mask Island and the Cluster beginning to show signs of forming , Steven and Peridot drill deep underground alone in order to stop the Cluster and save Earth . 81 `` Same Old World '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 1031 - 083 1.40 <Td_colspan="8"> Lapis Lazuli has nowhere left to go after being freed from her fusion with Jasper , so Steven shows her the locations Earth has to offer to find her a new home . 82 `` Barn Mates '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke May 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 26 ) 1031 - 082 1.37 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven tries to help Peridot and Lapis Lazuli resolve their past conflicts and get along at the barn . 83 5 `` Hit the Diamond '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu June 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 02 ) 1031 - 084 1.55 <Td_colspan="8"> A dispatch team of five Ruby soldiers arrive from Homeworld in search of the missing Earth mission leader . To protect Peridot , the Crystal Gems ( with Garnet splitting into Ruby and Sapphire again ) attempt to get rid of the gullible Rubies by challenging them to a game of baseball . 84 6 `` Steven Floats '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Paul Villeco July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 1031 - 085 1.55 <Td_colspan="8"> Upon returning home with the Gems , Steven discovers he has the ability to float in the air . However , after jumping too high , he becomes stuck in the sky ; the Gems spend all night attempting to get him back on the ground . 85 7 `` Drop Beat Dad '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 1031 - 087 1.55 <Td_colspan="8"> Sour Cream 's estranged biological father Marty returns to Beach City and aids him in hosting a concert , much to the dismay of his stepdad , Yellowtail . 86 8 `` Mr. Greg '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) 1031 - 088 1.55 <Td_colspan="8"> In this special musical episode , after Greg suddenly comes into a great deal of money , he takes Steven and Pearl on a vacation to Empire City . However , Pearl is having trouble letting go of her resentment of Greg 's relationship with Rose Quartz . This episode was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Short - Form Animation . 87 9 `` Too Short to Ride '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke July 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 20 ) 1031 - 086 1.41 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven , Amethyst and Peridot visit Funland for the day , but Peridot becomes resentful when using shapeshifting powers she does n't have seems to be the only way to have fun . 88 10 `` The New Lars '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco July 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 21 ) 1031 - 089 1.53 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven attempts to improve Lars ' life when he accidentally ends up in Lars 's body due to his astral projection ability . 89 11 `` Beach City Drift '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke July 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 22 ) 1031 - 090 1.29 <Td_colspan="8"> When Steven and Connie run into Kevin , an obnoxious teenager who had harassed Stevonnie in an earlier episode , they fuse again to try to humiliate him by beating him in a car race . 90 12 `` Restaurant Wars '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) 1031 - 091 1.51 <Td_colspan="8"> When Steven accidentally re-ignites an old feud between restaurant owners Mr. Fryman and Kofi Pizza , it is up to Steven and the restaurant owners ' children to try to stop the feud . 91 13 `` Kiki 's Pizza Delivery Service '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Colin Howard and Jeff Liu July 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 26 ) 1031 - 092 1.31 <Td_colspan="8"> Kiki has been having nightmares due to being overworked at Fish Stew Pizza when her sister skips work , so Steven helps by using his astral projection to go into Kiki 's dreams . 92 14 `` Monster Reunion '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco July 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 27 ) 1031 - 093 1.38 <Td_colspan="8"> When Steven 's healing powers suddenly return , he re-releases the Centipeetle and attempts to heal her . He ca n't fully cure her corruption , but he learns from her about her history as a Homeworld officer abandoned on Earth at the end of the war . 93 15 `` Alone at Sea '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido , Kat Morris , and Rebecca Sugar July 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 28 ) 1031 - 094 1.32 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven and Greg take Lapis Lazuli on a boat ride to help her recover from her trauma . However , Jasper follows them and confronts Lapis , seeking to fuse into Malachite again . 94 16 `` Greg the Babysitter '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff July 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 29 ) 1031 - 095 1.31 <Td_colspan="8"> When Steven asks Greg how he started working at the car wash , Greg tells Steven about a day he and Rose spent babysitting Sour Cream for Vidalia . 95 17 `` Gem Hunt '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Colin Howard and Jeff Liu August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) 1031 - 096 1.64 <Td_colspan="8"> Connie goes on her first mission with Steven and Pearl to find a corrupted Gem monster in the Great North , only to find two monsters being targeted by Jasper . 96 18 `` Crack the Whip '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) 1031 - 097 1.90 <Td_colspan="8"> When Garnet and Pearl return to the Great North to look for Jasper , Amethyst is put in charge of Steven and Connie . They continue their battle training together and try to have a fun day in Beach City , but are interrupted by the reappearance of Jasper . 97 19 `` Steven vs. Amethyst '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke August 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 03 ) 1031 - 098 1.74 <Td_colspan="8"> Following the events of the previous episode , Amethyst 's self - esteem has hit rock bottom . With Steven 's rising power , Amethyst begins to suspect that she is now the weakest Gem on the team . This leads Steven and Amethyst to engage in a duel to see who really is the weakest Gem . 98 99 20 21 `` Bismuth '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams , Colin Howard , Jeff Liu , and Katie Mitroff August 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 04 ) 1031 - 099 1031 - 100 2.15 <Td_colspan="8"> Bismuth , one of the original Crystal Gems , is accidentally freed by Steven from a bubble inside Lion 's mane . She is welcomed back with open arms by Pearl and Garnet , while Amethyst quickly warms up to her company . However , Steven soon notices that Bismuth 's outlook on the rebellion is radically different from the other Gems ' when she shows eagerness to re-ignite the Gem War with an unethical secret weapon . 100 22 `` Beta '' ( Part 1 ) Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) 1031 - 101 1.99 <Td_colspan="8"> With Amethyst obsessing over her loss to Jasper , Steven takes her to visit Peridot and Lapis Lazuli at the barn . Peridot and Lapis show off their attempts at creating art ( which they call `` meepmorps '' ) . When that fails to cheer Amethyst up , Peridot takes her and Steven to Jasper 's birthplace , a heavily rushed and poorly - made Kindergarten , where they discover Jasper is the only perfectly - formed Gem made at that site . 101 23 `` Earthlings '' ( Part 2 ) Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) 1031 - 102 1.99 <Td_colspan="8"> Amethyst fights Jasper but can not get the upper hand until , in a moment of commiseration with Steven , she fuses with him into Smoky Quartz . Jasper 's rash decision to retaliate by fusing with a corrupt Gem results in her being corrupted herself , but not before blaming Rose Quartz for the loss of Pink Diamond . 102 24 `` Back to the Moon '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff August 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 09 ) 1031 - 103 1.45 <Td_colspan="8"> The dispatch team of Rubies have returned to the barn still searching for Jasper . To try to get rid of them once again , Amethyst impersonates Jasper , but things go awry when the Rubies take her and the other Crystal Gems to contact Yellow Diamond at the Moon Base . While there , Steven learns a shocking fact : that Rose Quartz personally destroyed Pink Diamond . 103 25 `` Bubbled '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Colin Howard and Jeff Liu August 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 10 ) 1031 - 104 1.57 <Td_colspan="8"> After being sucked out of the Moon Base 's airlock with the Rubies , bubbling himself to safely float through space , Steven has a life - and - death encounter with the murderous Ruby he nicknamed Eyeball . Season 4 ( 2016 -- 17 ) The series moved to Fridays from `` The New Crystal Gems '' . `` Steven 's Dream '' through to `` That Will Be All '' , and `` Lion 4 : Alternate Ending '' to `` I Am My Mom '' each aired daily as two four - night events ( the former titled `` Out of This World '' ) . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written and storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 104 `` Kindergarten Kid '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco August 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 11 ) 1040 - 105 1.32 <Td_colspan="8"> In an episode described as a homage to Warner Bros . ' Road Runner cartoons , Steven and Peridot are determined to catch a fast , elusive Gem monster . 105 `` Know Your Fusion '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke August 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) 1040 - 106 1.35 <Td_colspan="8"> When Steven and Amethyst introduce Smoky Quartz to Garnet and Pearl , they fuse into Sardonyx and interview Smoky Quartz about what makes them special . 106 `` Buddy 's Book '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff August 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 18 ) 1040 - 107 1.37 <Td_colspan="8"> When Connie takes Steven to the Public Library , he discovers an old journal by William Dewey 's first mate Buddy , which chronicles his visits to various Gem locations . 107 `` Mindful Education '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Colin Howard , Jeff Liu , and Takafumi Hori August 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 25 ) 1040 - 108 1.33 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven and Connie continue their combat training , and practice fighting while fused as Stevonnie . However , when overwhelming guilt from both Steven and Connie over past events gets in their way , Garnet helps them find inner peace . 108 5 `` Future Boy Zoltron '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco September 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 01 ) 1040 - 109 1.36 <Td_colspan="8"> After accidentally breaking an old fortune - telling machine at Funland , Steven decides to take its place and tell people 's futures . While he initially has fun , he eventually meets a mysterious man who seems to only have depressing futures . 109 6 `` Last One Out of Beach City '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke September 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 08 ) 1040 - 110 1.31 <Td_colspan="8"> Pearl offers to go with Steven and Amethyst to a rock show , deciding to get in touch with her rebellious side whilst trying to impress a woman who looks similar to Rose . 110 7 `` Onion Gang '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff September 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) 1040 - 111 1.26 <Td_colspan="8"> Onion brings Steven into the woods to introduce him to his friends and have a fun day . 111 112 8 9 `` Gem Harvest '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Raven M. Molisee , Paul Villeco , Hilary Florido , and Lauren Zuke November 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 17 ) 1040 - 113 1040 - 114 1.39 <Td_colspan="8"> When Steven visits Lapis and Peridot at the barn , they get an unexpected visit from Greg 's grumpy cousin Andy . To get to know his uncle and make him feel at home , Steven attempts to host a family dinner with Andy , Greg , and the Gems . 113 10 `` Three Gems and a Baby '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff December 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 01 ) 1040 - 115 1.29 <Td_colspan="8"> Greg tells Steven about his first winter as a baby : when Steven was only a few months old , the Gems were still struggling to understand that Rose Quartz had given up her form to allow Steven to be born and was n't coming back . 114 11 `` Steven 's Dream '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Jeff Liu and Colin Howard January 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 30 ) 1040 - 116 1.36 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven begins to have a strange dream that causes him to cry , which he quickly realizes is related to Pink Diamond . When he asks the Gems to give him information about Pink Diamond , they refuse to give any , so Steven and Greg travel to Korea to find the truth themselves . 115 12 `` Adventures in Light Distortion '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco January 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 30 ) 1040 - 117 1.36 <Td_colspan="8"> After Greg is abducted by Blue Diamond , Steven and the Gems rush off into space with the Rubies ' ship to rescue him . Faster - than - light travel has unexpected effects on the Gems ' bodies , and in Steven 's haste , he puts himself and the Gems in danger . 116 13 `` Gem Heist '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke January 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) 1040 - 118 1.25 <Td_colspan="8"> The Gems reach a space station that once belonged to Pink Diamond , and sneak in to rescue Greg , but in order to do so , they must play the roles they were made for , so as not to arouse suspicion . 117 14 `` The Zoo '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa and Elle Michalka ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) 1040 - 119 1.23 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven finds Greg in Pink Diamond 's `` Human Zoo '' , and tries to look for a way out . This proves easier said than done as the humans there are guided through a strictly scheduled and regimented life . 118 15 `` That Will Be All '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa and Elle Michalka ( art ) Colin Howard , Joe Johnston , and Rebecca Sugar February 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 02 ) 1040 - 120 1.15 <Td_colspan="8"> While Blue Diamond and Yellow Diamond argue over their diverging ways of coping with Pink Diamond 's death , Steven , Greg and the Crystal Gems attempt to escape the space station before they are discovered . 119 16 `` The New Crystal Gems '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco February 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 10 ) 1040 - 121 1.06 <Td_colspan="8"> Connie tells Steven the story of how she , Peridot , and Lapis attempted to take the Crystal Gems ' places as the protectors of Beach City while he was in space . 120 17 `` Storm in the Room '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Colin Howard and Jeff Liu February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) 1040 - 124 1.02 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven uses his room in the temple to create a simulated image of Rose Quartz in order to try to experience what it would be like to know his mother . He ends up confronting her with his troubled feelings about her complex legacy and her choice to create him . 121 18 `` Rocknaldo '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke February 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 24 ) 1040 - 122 1.10 <Td_colspan="8"> Ronaldo decides to join the Crystal Gems . However , once Steven lets him join the team , Ronaldo 's self - centered attitude begins to try Steven 's patience . 122 19 `` Tiger Philanthropist '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff March 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 03 ) 1040 - 123 0.90 <Td_colspan="8"> When Amethyst quits wrestling at the abandoned warehouse , Steven continues doing so himself as Tiger Philanthropist . However , Steven soon begins to doubt the point of wrestling when the audience does n't take to his new persona . 123 20 `` Room for Ruby '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Lauren Zuke March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) 1040 - 125 0.95 <Td_colspan="8"> `` Navy '' , one of the Rubies who came to Earth to find Jasper , crashes on Earth and is welcomed in by Steven to be a Crystal Gem . However , Lapis Lazuli does not trust Navy 's overly optimistic nature , knowing of Navy 's previous encounters with the Crystal Gems . 124 21 `` Lion 4 : Alternate Ending '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Elle Michalka ( art ) Hilary Florido and Paul Villeco May 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) 1040 - 126 1.01 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven tries to search for secret messages Rose may have left him about his `` magical destiny '' . Lion eventually leads him to a tape -- but it 's just an alternate version of the message from Rose he 's already seen . 125 22 `` Doug Out '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Elle Michalka ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 1040 - 127 0.96 <Td_colspan="8"> Connie 's father , Doug , investigates a break - in at Funland . He invites Steven and Connie to join him to stake out the amusement park . 126 23 `` The Good Lars '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Elle Michalka ( art ) Colin Howard and Jeff Liu May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) 1040 - 128 0.95 <Td_colspan="8"> The Cool Kids invite Steven , Lars and Sadie to a potluck . Steven and Sadie encourage Lars to bake a cake for the party , but Lars is insecure about revealing his baking skills . 127 24 `` Are You My Dad ? '' ( Part 1 ) Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Elle Michalka ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Lauren Zuke May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 1040 - 129 1.14 <Td_colspan="8"> Lars , Sadie , Onion and Jamie have mysteriously disappeared . While investigating the mystery , Steven comes across an unfamiliar Gem , who keeps asking `` Are you my dad ? '' . 128 25 `` I Am My Mom '' ( Part 2 ) Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Elle Michalka ( art ) Hilary Florido and Paul Villeco May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 1040 - 130 1.14 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven and the Gems race to rescue all of Steven 's friends from Aquamarine and Topaz , and find out the horrifying truth behind their actions , but as the stakes keep rising , Steven must make the most difficult decision of his life . Season 5 ( 2017 -- 18 ) Episodes moved to Mondays from `` Your Mother and Mine '' . `` Stuck Together '' through to `` Lars ' Head '' , and `` Lars of the Stars '' to `` Jungle Moon '' both aired back - to - back as events , titled `` Wanted '' and `` Stranded '' respectively ; `` Now We 're Only Falling Apart '' through to `` Reunited '' aired daily as a five - night event titled `` Heart of the Crystal Gems '' . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written and storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 129 `` Stuck Together '' ( Part 1 ) Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Lauren Zuke May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) 10 ? ? - 133 1.53 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven and Lars , stuck inside Topaz , try to look for a way to escape the Homeworld - bound ship . Their heartfelt conversation commiserating over their plight earns them Topaz 's sympathy . 130 `` The Trial '' ( Part 2 ) Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Katie Mitroff and Paul Villeco May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) 10 ? ? - 134 1.53 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven is put on trial before Blue and Yellow Diamond for Rose Quartz 's assassination of Pink Diamond . During the trial , Steven 's attorney , a Zircon , analyses the evidence and argues that the public account of Pink Diamond 's death does n't make sense , and suggests that the true facts of the case have been covered up . 131 `` Off Colors '' ( Part 3 ) Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Jeff Liu May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) 10 ? ? - 131 1.52 <Td_colspan="8"> After escaping from the Diamonds , Steven and Lars encounter and befriend the `` off - colors '' , a group of `` defective '' Gems who live in hiding from Gem society . 132 `` Lars ' Head '' ( Part 4 ) Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Jeff Liu and Madeline Queripel May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) 10 ? ? - 132 1.52 <Td_colspan="8"> After Steven brings Lars back to life with his healing powers , he discovers that Lars now shares the same powers as Lion . When Steven realizes that he can use Lars 's hair to teleport himself back to Earth ( via Lion 's mane ) , he and Lars must make a difficult choice . 133 5 `` Dewey Wins '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Jeff Liu December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 10 ? ? - 135 0.85 <Td_colspan="8"> Connie becomes upset with Steven following his return from Homeworld and refuses to talk to him . Feeling dejected , he decides to help Bill Dewey with his rather hopeless re-election campaign for mayor against Nanefua Pizza . 134 6 `` Gemcation '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Madeline Queripel and Lauren Zuke December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 10 ? ? - 137 0.85 <Td_colspan="8"> As Steven remains depressed over Connie 's silence , Greg and the Gems misinterpret his sadness and take him to a ranch house for a vacation to cheer him up . The vacation just puts Steven more on edge , until he eventually tells Greg what it is he 's upset about . 135 7 `` Raising the Barn '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Amber Cragg and Hilary Florido December 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) 10 ? ? - 136 0.89 <Td_colspan="8"> When Lapis and Peridot learn what happened to Steven on Homeworld , Lapis wants to flee Earth to avoid getting caught up in another Gem war . But Peridot wants to stay on Earth to protect it and while she manages to eventually express it to Lapis , she is unable to convince Lapis to stay . 136 8 `` Back to the Kindergarten '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Katie Mitroff and Paul Villeco December 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) 10 ? ? - 138 0.89 <Td_colspan="8"> With Peridot upset over Lapis leaving Earth , Steven and Amethyst decide to help her cheer up by attempting to plant flowers at the utterly barren Kindergarten . 137 9 `` Sadie Killer '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Jeff Liu December 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 29 ) 10 ? ? - 139 0.77 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven and the Cool Kids start a band , but they have trouble finding their sound . They decide to recruit Sadie , who writes a dark song about her frustrating job at the Big Donut ; but that same job keeps her from actually participating in the band . 138 10 `` Kevin Party '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Amber Cragg and Hilary Florido December 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 29 ) 10 ? ? - 140 0.77 <Td_colspan="8"> Kevin is throwing a party , and invites Steven only so he can show up as Stevonnie . Steven does n't want to go at first , but changes his mind when Kevin reveals that Connie will be there . When they see each other , Kevin decides to help Steven get his `` ex '' back so they can fuse . 139 11 `` Lars of the Stars '' ( Part 1 ) Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Lauren Zuke January 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) 10 ? ? - 141 1.11 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven and Connie travel through Lion 's mane to visit Lars . When they reach the other side , they discover that Lars and the Off - Color Gems have stolen a spaceship from Emerald and are now on the run from their pursuers . 140 12 `` Jungle Moon '' ( Part 2 ) Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Miki Brewster and Jeff Liu January 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) 10 ? ? - 143 1.11 <Td_colspan="8"> Stevonnie crash - lands in a jungle on an alien moon and , unable to contact Lars , must fend for themself . They discover that the moon houses an abandoned Gem base and orbits a former Gem colony , and have a strange dream involving Yellow Diamond and Pink Diamond . This episode was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Short - Form Animation . 141 13 `` Your Mother and Mine '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Katie Mitroff and Paul Villeco April 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 09 ) 10 ? ? - 142 0.77 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven brings Garnet to meet Lars and his off - color crew . The Off - Colors ' beliefs about Rose Quartz have been skewed by Homeworld propaganda , so Garnet tells them the history of Rose 's rebellion from the Crystal Gems ' perspective . 142 14 `` The Big Show '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Hilary Florido and Amber Cragg April 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 16 ) 10 ? ? - 144 0.56 <Td_colspan="8"> In this documentary - style episode , Steven records the rise of Sadie 's new band , Sadie Killer and the Suspects . The band hires Greg as their manager , who hooks them up with producer Sunshine Justice for a performance in Empire City , though Sadie worries about her mother getting in the way . 143 15 `` Pool Hopping '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Katie Mitroff , Paul Villeco , and Joe Johnston April 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 23 ) 10 ? ? - 146 0.54 <Td_colspan="8"> Garnet spends a day trying to behave unpredictably , attempting to train her future vision to account for the unexpected . When she and Steven eventually discover some homeless kittens , Garnet admits how lost and stressed she feels when she does n't know what the future holds . 144 16 `` Letters to Lars '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Colin Howard April 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 30 ) 10 ? ? - 145 0.40 <Td_colspan="8"> Lars receives a letter from Steven updating him about the current goings - on in Beach City . While the town and its population are changing , the now - former mayor Bill Dewey is having trouble trying to find his place in the new status quo . 145 17 `` Ca n't Go Back '' ( Part 1 ) Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Miki Brewster and Jeff Liu May 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 07 ) 10 ? ? - 147 0.74 <Td_colspan="8"> After Ronaldo sees Lapis 's barn on the moon , Steven goes up there to try to persuade her to return to Earth . He almost convinces her , but ends up scaring her away after experiencing another dream about Pink Diamond . 146 18 `` A Single Pale Rose '' ( Part 2 ) Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Amber Cragg and Hilary Florido May 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 07 ) 10 ? ? - 148 0.74 <Td_colspan="8"> Steven confronts Pearl about the shattering of Pink Diamond , but she ca n't answer his questions . But when Pearl asks him to venture inside her gem to retrieve her cell phone , Steven discovers the secret that Pearl swore to keep long ago . 147 19 `` Now We 're Only Falling Apart '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Christine Liu July 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 02 ) 10 ? ? - 149 0.84 <Td_colspan="8"> After finding out that Rose Quartz was actually Pink Diamond , Garnet unfuses and Sapphire runs off , devastated . To try and calm her down , Steven and Pearl go after her and tell her the story of how Pink Diamond became Rose Quartz . 148 20 `` What 's Your Problem '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Katie Mitroff and Paul Villeco July 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 03 ) 10 ? ? - 150 0.93 <Td_colspan="8"> With Ruby missing , Steven and Amethyst go looking for her . Steven takes the search seriously while Amethyst goofs off , but her reasons behind it soon become clear . 149 21 `` The Question '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Miki Brewster and Jeff Liu July 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 04 ) 10 ? ? - 151 0.71 <Td_colspan="8"> Ruby decides to explore her own life separate from Sapphire , and has a Wild West adventure as a lonesome cowboy with the help of Steven , Amethyst , and Greg . Although she has fun , she still misses Sapphire , and she returns to her with an important question to ask . 150 22 `` Made of Honor '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Christine Liu July 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 05 ) 10 ? ? - 152 0.83 <Td_colspan="8"> As Ruby and Sapphire plan their wedding , Sapphire wishes that their friends from the war could be there to see it . Steven releases Bismuth , catches her up on everything , and tries to convince her to go to the wedding . 151 152 23 24 `` Reunited '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Miki Brewster , Jeff Liu , Katie Mitroff and Paul Villeco July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) 10 ? ? - 153 10 ? ? - 154 0.97 <Td_colspan="8"> The wedding of Ruby and Sapphire , with the Gems and several Beach City citizens in attendance , goes without a hitch and Garnet reforms . However , during the reception , Blue and Yellow Diamond arrive and awaken the Cluster . While the Crystal Gems , with the Cluster 's support , fight the Diamonds , Steven tries to get them to listen to the truth about Pink Diamond . 153 25 `` Legs From Here to Homeworld '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Amber Cragg , Hilary Florido and Tom Herpich 2018 ( 2018 ) TBA TBD <Td_colspan="8"> Steven tells Blue and Yellow Diamond that their final attack on the Earth corrupted the remaining Gems on the planet , instead of destroying them outright as intended . The three together attempt to cure Centipeetle 's corruption , and almost succeed . To try to finish the job and cure all the corrupted Gems , Blue , Yellow , and the Crystal Gems ( minus Bismuth , who stays behind on Earth ) travel to Homeworld to seek the help for a fourth diamond : White Diamond . Movie A film based on the series , Steven Universe : The Movie , was announced on July 21 , 2018 through the use of a teaser trailer uploaded to the Cartoon Network YouTube channel . It is to be made available on Cartoon Network at an unknown date . Title Directed by Written and storyboarded by Original air date US viewers ( millions ) `` Steven Universe : The Movie '' TBA TBA TBA TBD Shorts Season 2 All six digital shorts combined make up one full production code of season 2 ( 1031 - 058 ) . No . Title Written and storyboarded by Original release date `` Lion Loves to Fit in a Box '' Katie Mitroff May 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 28 ) <Td_colspan="4"> Lion unsuccessfully attempts to get into various boxes . `` What Are Gems ? '' Hilary Florido July 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 06 ) <Td_colspan="4"> Pearl teaches Steven about Gems , with some demonstrations from Garnet and Amethyst . `` We Are the Crystal Gems '' Hilary Florido , Joe Johnston , Jeff Liu , and Katie Mitroff September 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 04 ) <Td_colspan="4"> Young Steven moves in with the three Crystal Gems , as the extended version of the title theme and second opening sequence shows . `` How Are Gems Made ? '' Hilary Florido October 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 01 ) <Td_colspan="4"> Amethyst tells Steven how Gems are made . 5 `` Unboxing '' Hilary Florido and Katie Mitroff October 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 22 ) <Td_colspan="4"> Steven creates a video where he receives and unboxes a new Hot Dog duffel bag from the Wacky Sack company . 6 `` Fusion '' Katie Mitroff November 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 02 ) <Td_colspan="4"> Garnet takes over a dance studio to demonstrate to Steven how fusion works . Season 4 All five of these shorts combined make up one full production code of season 4 ( 1040 - 112 ) . No . Title Written and storyboarded by Original release date `` Cooking with Lion '' Colin Howard October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) <Td_colspan="4"> Steven and Lion make cheese puff snack sushi for their online cooking show . Lion eats the dish at the end of the episode . `` Gem Karaoke '' Colin Howard October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) <Td_colspan="4"> Connie records Steven and the Gems singing karaoke . Connie is reluctant to participate , but Steven convinces her to join in for the final verse . `` Steven Reacts '' Jeff Liu October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) <Td_colspan="4"> Steven films a reaction video to the new episode of Crying Breakfast Friends . The events of the Crying Breakfast Friends episode and Steven 's reactions humorously draw parallels to events in Steven Universe itself and fan reactions . `` Video Chat '' Colin Howard October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) <Td_colspan="4"> On Connie 's laptop , Steven video chats with Peridot on her tablet . Lapis , however , believes him to be trapped in the tablet . Steven rushes to the barn to explain . 5 `` Steven 's Song Time '' Jeff Liu October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) <Td_colspan="4"> Steven makes a guitar tutorial for a song he composed . He explains that the song is his way of expressing feelings he has been having trouble talking about . Home Media Video on demand Depending on the customer 's region , Steven Universe is available through various video on demand services such as Hulu , Google Play , iTunes , Amazon Video , and Microsoft Movies & TV . DVD and Blu - Ray Episodes on the Steven Universe DVDs are not always presented in original broadcast order . In the table below , the episodes are listed in the order they appear on the DVD , and are numbered according to the intended watching order . In North America , Warner Home Video has released several single - disc compilation DVDs featuring select episodes , as well as a `` complete season '' DVD set . In Australia , Madman Entertainment has followed a similar pattern , and releases their `` season '' sets on both Blu - ray and DVD format ; the series has yet to see any Blu - ray releases in the North American market . While the Australian Season DVDs use the intended broadcast order , the American `` Season One '' uses the aired order , omitting `` Shirt Club '' and `` Story for Steven '' but including the Season Two episodes `` Full Disclosure '' and `` Joy Ride '' . The American Season One DVD also includes special features not available in the previous Australian release . <Th_colspan="2"> Title Season ( s ) Episode count Running time <Th_colspan="2"> Release date <Th_colspan="2"> Format Episodes Region 1 Region 4 ( DVD ) region B ( Blu - ray ) DVD Blu - ray Cartoon Network Holiday Collection 11 minutes October 7 , 2014 N / A Y 4 ( `` Together Breakfast '' ) Gem Glow 12 132 minutes January 13 , 2015 June 5 , 2015 Y 1 ( `` Gem Glow '' ) , 2 ( `` Laser Light Cannon '' ) , 6 ( `` Cat Fingers '' ) , 7 ( `` Bubble Buddies '' ) , 9 ( `` Tiger Millionaire '' ) , 10 ( `` Steven 's Lion '' ) , 12 ( `` Giant Woman '' ) , 14 ( `` Lars and the Cool Kids '' ) , 15 ( `` Onion Trade '' ) , 18 ( `` Beach Party '' ) , 19 ( `` Rose 's Room '' ) and 22 ( `` Steven and the Stevens '' ) Extra : Pilot episode ( `` The Time Thing '' ) ( Region 1 only ) The Complete First Season ( Australian release ) 52 + Pilot 572 minutes N / A May 4 , 2016 Y Y 1 ( `` Gem Glow '' ) -- 52 ( `` Jail Break '' ) Extra : Pilot episode ( `` The Time Thing '' ) The Return 12 132 minutes June 7 , 2016 N / A Y 25 ( `` Mirror Gem '' ) , 26 ( `` Ocean Gem '' ) , 28 ( `` Space Race '' ) , 35 ( `` Lion 3 : Straight to Video '' ) -- 37 ( `` Alone Together '' ) , 40 ( `` On the Run '' ) , 44 ( `` Marble Madness '' ) , 45 ( `` Rose 's Scabbard '' ) , 49 ( `` The Message '' ) , 51 ( `` The Return '' ) and 52 ( `` Jail Break '' ) Arcade Mania 12 132 minutes N / A June 7 , 2016 Y 3 ( `` Cheeseburger Backpack '' ) -- 5 ( `` Frybo '' ) , 8 ( `` Serious Steven '' ) , 11 ( `` Arcade Mania '' ) , 13 ( `` So Many Birthdays '' ) , 16 ( `` Steven The Sword Fighter '' ) , 17 ( `` Lion 2 : The Movie '' ) , 20 ( `` Coach Steven '' ) , 25 ( `` Mirror Gem '' ) , 26 ( `` Ocean Gem '' ) and 35 ( `` Lion 3 : Straight To Video '' ) The Complete Second Season ( Australian release ) 26 286 minutes N / A May 24 , 2017 Y Y 53 ( `` Full Disclosure '' ) -- 78 ( `` Log Date 7 15 2 '' ) The Complete Third Season ( Australian release ) 25 + Shorts 275 minutes N / A September 6 , 2017 Y Y 79 ( `` Super Watermelon Island '' ) -- 103 ( `` Bubbled '' ) Extras : Online Shorts The Complete First Season ( American release ) 1 - 2 52 572 minutes January 30 , 2018 N / A Y 1 ( `` Gem Glow '' ) -- 46 ( `` Open Book '' ) and 49 ( `` The Message '' ) -- 54 ( `` Joy Ride '' ) Extras : ' Behind the Music ' , ' Listening Party ' , Music Video Performances ( ' Something Entirely New ' , ' It 's Over , Is n't It ? ' , ' Love Like You ' , ' Here Comes a Thought ' and ' What 's the Use of Feeling ( Blue ) ? ' ) , Song Demos ( ' Be Wherever You Are ' and ' Full Disclosure ' ) and Animatics ( ' Gem Glow ' , ' Full Disclosure ' , ' Steven the Sword Fighter ' , ' Steven and the Stevens ' and ' Island Adventure ' ) The Complete Fourth Season ( Australian release ) 25 + Shorts 275 minutes N / A June 20 , 2018 Y Y 104 ( `` Kindergarten Kid '' ) -- 128 ( `` I Am My Mom '' ) Extras : Online shorts Seasons 1 -- 4 ( Australian release ) 1 - 4 128 + Pilot and Shorts 1,434 minutes N / A July 18 , 2018 Y 1 ( `` Gem Glow '' ) - 128 ( `` I Am My Mom '' ) Extras : Pilot ( `` The Time Thing '' ) , Online shorts The Heart of the Crystal Gems 3 - 5 12 132 minutes August 14 , 2018 N / A Y 98 / 99 ( `` Bismuth '' ) , 107 ( `` Mindful Education '' ) , 120 ( `` Storm in the Room '' ) , 130 ( `` The Trial '' ) , 146 ( `` A Single Pale Rose '' ) , 147 ( `` Now We 're Only Falling Apart '' ) , 148 ( What 's Your Problem ? `` ) , 149 ( '' The Question `` ) , 150 ( '' Made of Honor `` ) and 151 / 152 ( '' Reunited `` ) Notes ^ Jump up to : These episodes were bumped to air during season 2 in order to facilitate the airing of the final `` arc '' of season 1 as the first uninterrupted week - long `` Stevenbomb . '' Consequently , some sources treat them as part of season 2 , while Cartoon Network 's website lists them as part of Season 1 , as intended . `` Open Book '' aired after `` Full Disclosure '' and both `` Story for Steven '' and `` Shirt Club '' aired after `` Say Uncle '' . Jump up ^ Starting with this episode , a new title sequence is used . Jump up ^ This episode was first shown during the Steven Universe panel at New York Comic Con on October 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : This episode first aired on May 21 , 2016 in France . Jump up ^ This episode first aired on May 22 , 2016 in France . Jump up ^ This episode was advertised as the show 's 100th episode , as the Season 2 shorts take up a production code . Jump up ^ This episode first aired on August 5 , 2016 in Canada . Jump up ^ This episode was first released online on January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The accidental app release of the episode misattributed the writing and storyboards to Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke . ^ Jump up to : This episode was accidentally released on the Cartoon Network app and website on January 2 , 2017 . It was then removed the following day . ^ Jump up to : This episode was first released online on May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ This episode was first released online on May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : This episode was first released on the Cartoon Network app and website on November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : This episode was first released on the Cartoon Network app and website on March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ This episode was first shown during the Steven Universe panel at San Diego Comic - Con on July 21 , 2018 . It was then released on the Cartoon Network app and website the following day . Jump up ^ This short was first shown during the Steven Universe panel at San Diego Comic Con on July 10 , 2015 . 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Archived from the original on November 7 , 2014 . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Nationals : NFL Network Proves Competitive with Broadcast Nets '' . TV Media Insights . Cross MediaWorks . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2014 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Nationals : CBS Wins with Big Bang Theory , Series - High for Mom '' . TV Media Insights . Cross MediaWorks . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2014 . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( November 21 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Nationals : ABC Wins with Fall Finales of TGIT Dramas '' . TV Media Insights . Cross MediaWorks . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2014 . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Thursday Night Football Tops Night + NBA Basketball , Pawn Stars , Undrafted , Liga MX & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Gracenote . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 9 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Archer Wins Night , Pawn Stars , The First 48 , Ridiculousness & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Gracenote . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2015 . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Broadcast & Cable Finals '' . Nielsen Media Research . January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : WWE Smackdown & NBA Basketball Win Night , Pawn Stars , Archer , Project Runway All Stars & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Gracenote . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Nationals : CBS and ABC Share Leadership , Parenthood Concludes on Positive Note for NBC '' . TV Media Insights . Cross MediaWorks . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Thursday Cable Originals : February 5 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2015 . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Tops Night + Thursday Night SmackDown , Pawn Stars & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Gracenote . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Vikings Wins Night , Pawn Stars , WWE Smackdown , Impractical Jokers , Archer & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Gracenote . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Tops Night + Vikings , Thursday Night SmackDown , Pawn Stars , Archer & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Gracenote . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Thursday Cable Originals : March 5 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2015 . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Monday Cable Originals : March 9 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2015 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe -- Season 1 '' . Cartoon Network . Turner Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on 28 October 2015 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : NCAA Basketball Wins Night , WWE Smackdown , Vikings , Archer , Dig & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Gracenote . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Thursday Cable Originals : April 16 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2015 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Lip Sync Battle ' Tops Night + NBA Basketball , Masters Golf Tournament , ' Vikings ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2015 . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : March 10 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2015 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : March 11 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Tops Night + Vikings , Thursday Night SmackDown , Archer & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Gracenote . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 14 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Friday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : March 13 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Thursday Cable Originals : March 26 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2015 . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 3 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Thursday Cable Originals : April 2 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2015 . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Top Night + ' Vikings ' , ' Lip Sync Battle ' , ' Pawn Stars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2015 . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals : April 30 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 6.15. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 6.16. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 6.17. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Smackdown ' Tops Night + ' Braxton Family Values ' , ' Ridiculousness ' , ' Complications ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Alaskan Bush People ' Wins Night , MMA , ' Girl Meets World ' , ' Marriage Boot Camp ' , ' Vice ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Home Run Derby Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' Teen Wolf ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Wins Night , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' WWE Tough Enough ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Tops Night + ' Suits ' , Copa Oro , ' Wahlburgers ' ' The Game ' , ' Steven Universe ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom II ' Tops Night + ' Lip Sync Battle ' , ' Mountain Men ' , ' Braxton Family Values ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 20 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Alaskan Bush People ' Wins Night , ' Treasure Quest : Snake ' , ' Girl Meets World ' , ' Marriage Boot Camp ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom II ' Tops Night + ' Project Runway ' , ' Thursday Night Smackdown ' , ' Pardon the Interruption ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 18 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Leads the Night + ' Teen Mom II ' + ' Project Runway ' , ' Thursday Night Smackdown ' , ' College Football ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 9.24. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 10.1. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 10.8. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : Final MLB division series scores , plus ' Project Runway , ' ' WWE Smackdown ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.4. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.5. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.6. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.7. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.8. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark , Noelene ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Steven Universe returning in May for four - week event , In Too Deep '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kickham , Dylan ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Steven Universe : Uzo Aduba plays a new Crystal Gem -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 5.12. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 5.19. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 27 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 5.26. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 6.2. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Update : 7.18. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McDonnell , Chris ( 2017 ) . Steven Universe : Art and Origins . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 7.19. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 7.20. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 7.21. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Update : 7.22. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Update : 7.25. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.26. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.27. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.28. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.29. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.1. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.2. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.3. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.4. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.8. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.9. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : Rio Olympics land on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe and Peridot hunt their Road Runner '' . 11 August 2016 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 12 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.11. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.12. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.18. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Mountain Men ' and ' Ice Road Truckers ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 2 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.1. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.8. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.15. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.17. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.1. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.2. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.9. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.29. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.15. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.22. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.29. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.5. 2018 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.9. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.16. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.23. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.30. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.7. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.2. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 5 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.3. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.4. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.5. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.6. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cartoon Network ( 2018 - 07 - 21 ) , Steven Universe Steven Universe : The Movie Official Teaser Cartoon Network , retrieved 2018 - 08 - 18 Jump up ^ Patches , Matt . `` Steven Universe movie announcement , teaser surprises at SDCC '' . Polygon . Retrieved 21 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Matt ( @ mcburnett ) ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` Bismuth ( airing Thursday ) is the 100th SU episode because all digital shorts made up an episode ... '' Jump up ^ Turner Classic all 5 of these shorts will make a full episode of season 4 Movies . `` Zach Callison Filmography '' . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steven Universe Season 1 ( Blu - Ray ) '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe Gem Glow '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe DVD news : Announcement for Volume 2 : The Return '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe Arcade Mania '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe Season 2 ( Blu - Ray ) '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe Season 3 ( Blu - Ray '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV News Desk ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` STEVEN UNIVERSE : The Complete First Season DVD Arrives 1 / 30 '' . Broadway World . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe Season 4 ( Blu - Ray '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe Seasons 1 - 4 ( Blu - Ray ) '' . Madman Entertainment . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe : Heart Of The Crystal Gems '' . Blow It Outa Here . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` '' Steven Universe '' Returns for Five - Night Event Monday , July 2 on Cartoon Network `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Production code columns Production codes are stamped on numerous model sheets and storyboards that must be searched for , in : Steven Crewniverse . `` Steven Crewniverse Behind - the - Scenes Universe : Archive '' . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . http://www.cartoonnetwork.com/shows/steven-universe/pictures/index.html <Th_colspan="2"> Steven Universe <Td_colspan="2"> Created by Rebecca Sugar Characters Steven Garnet Amethyst Pearl Stevonnie Episodes Season 1 `` Steven the Sword Fighter '' `` Coach Steven '' `` Alone Together '' `` Jail Break '' Season 2 `` Say Uncle '' `` Cry for Help '' `` The Answer '' Season 3 `` Super Watermelon Island '' `` Gem Drill '' `` Mr. Greg '' `` Bismuth '' Season 4 `` Mindful Education '' Season 5 `` Off Colors '' `` A Single Pale Rose '' `` Reunited '' `` Legs From Here to Homeworld '' Video games Steven Universe : Attack the Light ! Steven Universe : Save the Light Cartoon Network : Battle Crashers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Steven_Universe_episodes&oldid=856907822 '' Categories : Cartoon Network - related lists Lists of American children 's animated television series episodes Steven Universe episodes 2010s - related lists Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Episode lists with non-compliant line colors Articles using Template : Episode table with invalid colour combination Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español Français Magyar Português Română Simple English Türkçe 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 09 : 12 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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1. Steven Universe - American animated television series
2. Crystal Gems - Magical alien guardians
3. Steven Universe: The Movie - Television film in production
4. Stevenbombs - Blocks of multiple new episodes
5. List of episodes - Season overview and episode details
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how old was john travolta when he was in urban cowboy
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Urban Cowboy - wikipedia Urban Cowboy Jump to : navigation , search For the Broadway musical of the same name , see Urban Cowboy ( musical ) . This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( June 2015 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Urban Cowboy <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by James Bridges Produced by Irving Azoff Robert Evans C.O. Erickson ( executive producer ) Screenplay by James Bridges Aaron Latham Story by Aaron Latham Starring John Travolta Debra Winger Scott Glenn Barry Corbin Madolyn Smith Music by Ralph Burns Cinematography Reynaldo Villalobos Edited by David Rawlins Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date June 6 , 1980 ( 1980 - 06 - 06 ) Running time 132 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $11,200,000 Box office $53,300,000 ( USA ) Urban Cowboy is a 1980 American romantic drama film about the love - hate relationship between Buford Uan `` Bud '' Davis ( John Travolta ) and Sissy ( Debra Winger ) . The movie captured the late 1970s / early 1980s popularity of country music . It was John Travolta 's third major film role after Saturday Night Fever and Grease . Much of the action centers around activities at Gilley 's Club , a football field sized honky tonk in Pasadena , Texas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical background and production 2 Plot 3 Cast 4 Critical reception and legacy 5 Soundtrack 5.1 Chart performance 5.2 Chart singles 6 TV series adaptation 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Historical background and production ( edit ) The film 's screenplay was adapted by Aaron Latham and James Bridges from an article by the same name in Esquire Magazine written by Latham . The original Esquire article centered on the romance between two Gilley 's regulars named Dew Westbrook and Betty Helmer . Westbrook and Helmer 's real - life relationship became the inspiration for the on - screen romance between John Travolta 's and Debra Winger 's characters `` Bud '' and `` Sissy '' . The movie was directed by Bridges . Some film critics referred to the movie as a country music version of Saturday Night Fever . The film grossed almost $47 million in the United States alone and temporarily recovered Travolta from the 1978 flop Moment by Moment , but the film was nowhere near as successful as either Saturday Night Fever ( $94 million ) or Grease ( $188 million ) . While filming Urban Cowboy , Travolta had a private corner at the Westheimer Road location of the Ninfa 's restaurant chain in Houston . Urban Cowboy was the first motion picture to be choreographed by Patsy Swayze , which launched her career as a film choreographer . Plot ( edit ) Bud Davis ( John Travolta ) moves to Houston for a job in the city 's oil refinery industry . He hopes to save enough money to move back to his hometown of Spur , Texas and buy some land . Bud stays with his Uncle Bob ( Barry Corbin ) and his family , with whom Bud is close . Bob takes Bud to the local honky tonk , Gilley 's ( at the time , an actual bar in Pasadena , co-owned by singer Mickey Gilley and his record producer Sherwood Cryer ) . Bud quickly embraces the local nightlife there . Bud gets a job at the oil refinery where Bob works and quickly befriends his co-workers . At the club , Bud meets Sissy ( Debra Winger ) , who asks if he is a real cowboy . They fall in love , and soon after Bud asks Sissy to marry him . Their wedding reception is held at Gilley 's , and they immediately move into a brand new mobile home . Although they are in love and passionate , Bud and Sissy have many quarrels . Sissy is a feisty , independent woman while Bud believes in traditional gender roles . However , their lives settle into a routine of work by day and Gilley 's at night , where Bud takes a liking to riding the mechanical bull . When Sissy also wants to ride , he forbids her from doing so . Wes Hightower ( Scott Glenn ) , is released on parole from Huntsville Penitentiary , lands a job at Gilley 's running the mechanical bull with his old friend and Gilley 's employee Steve Strange ( James Gammon ) . He openly flirts with Sissy , who is flattered and attracted to Wes , but a drunken Bud is enraged at the insult and ends up in a fist fight with Wes . Sissy , against Bud 's wishes , spends time at Gilley 's during the day with Wes , Steve , and her friend Jessie ( Jessie La Rive ) learning how to ride the mechanical bull . Meanwhile , at the refinery Bud has a serious accident and is sent home for the day . That night at Gilley 's , Jessie and Wes convince Sissy to ride the bull . She does it to impress Bud but he becomes angry and resentful that Sissy defied and lied to him and he challenges her . When Bud falls off during his second ride in that challenge , Wes intentionally swings the bull around fast , breaking Bud 's arm . At home , Bud asks Sissy if she is having an affair with Wes which she denies and Bud forbids her from riding the bull anymore . Sissy accuses Bud of being jealous because she rides the bull better than he can . Bud slaps her and throws her out of the trailer . The next night Sissy and Bud see each other at Gilley 's but an angry Sissy refuses to talk to Bud . To make Sissy jealous , Bud introduces himself to a beautiful girl named Pam ( Madolyn Smith ) and dances with her , while Sissy dances with Wes . Bud and Pam leave together to have sex but Sissy , hurt and upset , declines Wes ' sexual advances . Later , Sissy moves out of Bud 's trailer and into the run - down trailer behind Gilley 's where Wes lives . Bud wants to enter the mechanical bull riding rodeo at Gilley 's to win the $5,000 prize and starts training with his uncle Bob , a former rodeo champion . One night while working at the refinery , Bob advises Bud to swallow his pride and make up with Sissy citing his own past behavior nearly cost him his wife and children . Bob is killed that night when lightning strikes the refinery . Meanwhile , Sissy returns to their mobile home to pick up her things , but she also cleans house and leaves Bud a note saying she hopes they can get back together . Pam arrives and after Sissy leaves throws the note away . Meanwhile , Sissy arrives home and catches Wes having sex with her friend Marshalene ( Connie Hanson ) , another Gilley 's employee . Wes orders Sissy to cook him a meal and when she , hurt at his infidelity , angrily refuses Wes becomes physically abusive . At Bob 's funeral , Sissy tells Bud that Wes was fired from Gilley 's for hurting too many people with the mechanical bull and is unable to find another job . They plan on going to Mexico after Wes wins the $5,000 prize at the bull riding rodeo . It is Bud who wins the contest , however , and Pam , realizing that Bud still loves Sissy , admits that Sissy cleaned the trailer and that she tore up a card Sissy left for him out of jealousy . She encourages him to reconcile with Sissy . Bud leaves to find Sissy before she departs for Mexico with Wes . Sissy refuses to go to Mexico with Wes , but relents after he hits her . He orders her to wait for him in her car behind Gilley 's . Unknown to Sissy , Wes is inside Gilley 's stealing the entry money . Bud finds Sissy in the parking lot and tells her he still loves her and apologizes for hitting her . She reciprocates and they embrace . Seeing Sissy 's bruised face , a furious Bud goes after Wes and a fight ensues at the bar entrance . The fight causes Wes to drop his gun , and the stolen money falls from his jacket . Bud overpowers Wes punching him several times and pins him down on the floor . Gilley 's staff , having discovered the robbery , apprehend Wes . Bud and Sissy , reconciled , go home together . Cast ( edit ) John Travolta as Bud Davis Debra Winger as Sissy Davis Scott Glenn as Wes Hightower Madolyn Smith as Pam Barry Corbin as Bob Davis Brooke Alderson as Corene Davis Cooper Huckabee as Marshall James Gammon as Steve Strange Steve Strange as Sam Strange Mickey Gilley as Himself Johnny Lee as Himself Bonnie Raitt as Herself Charlie Daniels as Himself Ellen March as Becky Jessie La Rive as Jessie Howard Henson as Himself Connie Hanson as Marshalene Tamara Champlin Gilley Background Vocalist Becky Conway Gilley Background Vocalist Jerry Hall as Sexy Sister Cyndy Hall as Sexy Sister Critical reception and legacy ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2015 ) The film received generally positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the movie received a 71 % `` Fresh '' rating based on 14 reviews . `` Urban Cowboy is not only most entertaining but also first - rate social criticism , '' said Vincent Canby of The New York Times . Variety wrote , `` Director James Bridges has ably captured the atmosphere of one of the most famous chip - kicker hangouts of all : Gilley 's Club on the outskirts of Houston . '' The film gave Pasadena and Houston a brief turn under the Hollywood spotlight . Andy Warhol , Jerry Hall , and many other celebrities attended the premiere in Houston . Mickey Gilley 's career was re-lit after the film release , and the soundtrack started a music movement . The term `` Urban Cowboy '' was also used to describe the soft - core country music of the early 1980s epitomized by Kenny Rogers , Dolly Parton , Johnny Lee , Mickey Gilley , Janie Frickie and other vocalists whose trademarks were mellow sounds of the sort heard in the movie . This sound became increasingly controversial into the 1980s , considered bland and formulaic by music critics and an increasing number of country fans . By the mid-1980s , country record sales and country radio listnership were declining as a direct backlash to this style , chronicled by the late New York Times music critic Robert Palmer in a 1985 page one story . By 1986 , a new , more elemental style , New Traditionalism , arrived , building on the past popularity of Ricky Skaggs , John Anderson and George Strait . This sound hearkened back to traditional country of the 1940s and 1950s , and introduced new voices like Randy Travis , Reba McEntire and Dwight Yoakam . Soundtrack ( edit ) The movie featured a hit soundtrack album spawning numerous Top 10 Billboard Country Singles , such as # 1 `` Lookin ' for Love '' by Johnny Lee , # 1 `` Stand by Me '' by Mickey Gilley , # 3 ( AC chart ) `` Look What You 've Done to Me '' by Boz Scaggs , # 1 `` Could I Have This Dance '' by Anne Murray , and # 4 `` Love the World Away '' by Kenny Rogers . It also included songs that were hits from earlier years such as # 1 `` The Devil Went Down to Georgia '' by the Charlie Daniels Band and `` Lyin ' Eyes '' by the Eagles . The film is said to have started the 1980s boom in pop - country music known as the `` Urban Cowboy Movement '' also known as Neo-Country or Hill Boogie . <Th_colspan="2"> Urban Cowboy <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released 1980 Genre Country , rock Label Full Moon , Asylum Producer Irving Azoff ( exec . ) Released as a double LP , re-released on CD in 1995 . Side A : `` Hello Texas '' -- Jimmy Buffett ( 2 : 33 ) `` All Night Long '' -- Joe Walsh ( 3 : 50 ) `` Times Like These '' -- Dan Fogelberg ( 3 : 02 ) `` Nine Tonight '' -- Bob Seger & The Silver Bullet Band ( 6 : 35 ) Side B : `` Stand By Me '' -- Mickey Gilley ( 3 : 35 ) `` Cherokee Fiddle '' -- Johnny Lee ( 4 : 06 ) `` Could I Have This Dance '' -- Anne Murray ( 3 : 14 ) `` Lyin ' Eyes '' -- Eagles ( 6 : 23 ) Side C : `` Lookin ' for Love '' -- Johnny Lee ( 3 : 41 ) `` Do n't it Make You Want to Dance '' -- Bonnie Raitt ( 3 : 29 ) `` The Devil Went Down to Georgia '' -- Charlie Daniels Band ( 3 : 35 ) `` Here Comes the Hurt Again '' -- Mickey Gilley ( 2 : 41 ) `` Orange Blossom Special '' / `` Hoedown '' -- Gilley 's `` Urban Cowboy '' Band ( 2 : 06 ) Side D: `` Love the World Away '' -- Kenny Rogers ( 3 : 11 ) `` Falling in Love for the Night '' -- Charlie Daniels Band ( 3 : 00 ) `` Darlin ' '' -- Bonnie Raitt ( 2 : 34 ) `` Look What You 've Done to Me '' -- Boz Scaggs ( 5 : 39 ) `` Hearts Against the Wind '' -- Linda Ronstadt with J.D. Souther ( 2 : 58 ) Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 ) Peak position US Billboard Top Country Albums US Billboard 200 Canadian RPM Country Albums Canadian RPM Top Albums 21 Chart singles ( edit ) Year US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Top 100 US AC US Country CAN Top Singles CAN AC CAN Country NZ Title May 1980 19 18 -- -- 27 -- -- -- `` All Night Long '' -- Joe Walsh May 1980 22 22 51 -- -- `` Stand By Me '' -- Mickey Gilley June 1980 14 17 8 25 -- -- `` Love the World Away '' -- Kenny Rogers July 1980 5 10 54 20 18 -- `` Lookin ' for Love '' -- Johnny Lee August 1980 14 13 -- 30 41 -- 39 `` Look What You 've Done to Me '' -- Boz Scaggs August 1980 33 53 19 `` Could I Have This Dance '' -- Anne Murray Preceded by Music Man by Waylon Jennings Horizon by Eddie Rabbitt Top Country Albums number - one album August 2 -- September 6 , 1980 September 20 -- 27 , 1980 Succeeded by Horizon by Eddie Rabbitt Honeysuckle Rose by Willie Nelson TV series adaptation ( edit ) On May 28 , 2015 , it was announced that 20th Century Fox Television had teamed - up with Paramount Television to adapt the 1980s film Urban Cowboy into a television series , and set Craig Brewer to write and direct the pilot , while to executive produce the whole series . Chris Levinson was set as the showrunner and would executive produce the series along with Robert Evans and Sue Naegle . In December , FOX passed on the pilot . See also ( edit ) Houston portal Film portal Country music portal Country music References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dew Westbrook : The original Urban Cowboy is still looking for love '' . Texas Monthly . September 2001 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Huynh , Dai ( June 18 , 2001 ) . `` Restaurateur Mama Ninfa dies '' . Houston Chronicle . p . A1 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Devin ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` Patsy Swayze , mother of Patrick Swayze , dies at 86 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Canby , Vincent ( June 11 , 1980 ) . `` John Travolta , Urban Cowboy '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Urban Cowboy '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Urban Cowboy '' . Variety . December 31 , 1979 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Lane , Chris ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` A Look Back at How Gilley 's and Urban Cowboy Affected the Houston Area '' . Houston Press . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Hlavaty , Craig ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` Looking back on the Houston premiere `` Urban Cowboy '' 35 years later `` . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Ross , Marissa R. ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` Inside Country Music 's Polarizing ' Urban Cowboy ' Movement '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ `` Various - Urban Cowboy ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) ( Vinyl , LP , Album ) at Discogs '' . discogs.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Music : Urban Cowboy : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( CD ) by Johnny Lee , Kenny Rogers , Jimmy Buffett , Boz Scaggs , Linda Ronstadt , J.D. Souther , Charlie Daniels Band , Eagles , Mickey Gilley , Bonnie Raitt '' . tower.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 - 1980 Archive '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Charts '' . Cashbox . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary - 1980 Archive '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : `` Search : RPM '' . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` The Official NZ Music Charts '' . Recorded Music New Zealand Limited . February 15 , 1981 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` Fox Developing ' Urban Cowboy ' TV Remake with Craig Brewer , Paramount TV ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Urban Cowboy ' Pilot Not Going Forward At Fox '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Urban Cowboy Urban Cowboy on IMDb Urban Cowboy at the Internet Broadway Database Urban Cowboy at Rotten Tomatoes Urban Cowboy at Box Office Mojo Production : Urban Cowboy -- Working in the Theatre Seminar video at American Theatre Wing.org , April 2003 <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Films directed by James Bridges <Td_colspan="2"> The Baby Maker ( 1970 ) The Paper Chase ( 1973 ) September 30 , 1955 ( 1977 ) The China Syndrome ( 1979 ) Urban Cowboy ( 1980 ) Mike 's Murder ( 1984 ) Perfect ( 1985 ) Bright Lights , Big City ( 1988 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban_Cowboy&oldid=837205726 '' Categories : 1980 films English - language films 1980s drama films American romantic drama films American films Asylum Records soundtracks Country music films Films directed by James Bridges Films set in Houston Films shot in Houston Paramount Pictures films Films based on newspaper and magazine articles Films produced by Robert Evans Rodeo in film Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from June 2015 All articles needing rewrite Pages using infobox film with unknown parameters Articles to be expanded from June 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano Lietuvių Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 11 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Urban Cowboy film
2. John Travolta
3. Debra Winger
4. Gilley's Club
5. Country music
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who plays the lawyer in 13 reasons why
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13 Reasons Why - Wikipedia 13 Reasons Why This article is about the television series . For the novel , see Thirteen Reasons Why . <Th_colspan="2"> 13 Reasons Why <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Teen drama Mystery Based on Thirteen Reasons Why by Jay Asher Developed by Brian Yorkey Starring Dylan Minnette Katherine Langford Christian Navarro Alisha Boe Brandon Flynn Justin Prentice Miles Heizer Ross Butler Devin Druid Amy Hargreaves Derek Luke Kate Walsh Brian d'Arcy James Narrated by Katherine Langford Opening theme `` Oh in This World of Dread , Carry On '' by Eskmo Composer ( s ) Eskmo Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 26 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Brian Yorkey Diana Son Tom McCarthy Joy Gorman Wettels Steve Golin Michael Sugar Selena Gomez Mandy Teefey Kristel Laiblin Producer ( s ) Joseph Incaprera Editor ( s ) Leo Trombetta Camera setup Single - camera Running time 49 -- 70 minutes Production company ( s ) July Moon Productions Kicked to the Curb Productions Anonymous Content Paramount Television Distributor Netflix <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Original release March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website 13 Reasons Why ( stylized onscreen as TH1RTEEN R3ASONS WHY ) is an American teen drama web television series developed for Netflix by Brian Yorkey , based on the 2007 novel Thirteen Reasons Why by Jay Asher . The series revolves around seventeen - year - old high school student , Clay Jensen , and his deceased friend Hannah Baker , who has killed herself after having to face a culture of gossip and sexual assault at her high school and a lack of support from her friends and her school . A box of cassette tapes recorded by Hannah in the lead up to her suicide detail thirteen reasons why she ended her life . The series is produced by July Moon Productions , Kicked to the Curb Productions , Anonymous Content and Paramount Television , with Yorkey and Diana Son serving as showrunners . Dylan Minnette stars as Clay , while Katherine Langford plays Hannah . Christian Navarro , Alisha Boe , Brandon Flynn , Justin Prentice , Miles Heizer , Ross Butler , Devin Druid , Amy Hargreaves , Derek Luke , Kate Walsh , and Brian d'Arcy James also star . A film from Universal Pictures based on Thirteen Reasons Why began development in February 2011 , with Selena Gomez set to star as Hannah , before being shelved in favor of a television series and Netflix ordering the show straight to series in October 2015 , with Gomez instead serving as an executive producer . The first season was released on Netflix on March 31 , 2017 . It received positive reviews from critics and audiences , who praised its subject matter and acting , particularly the performances of Minnette and Langford . For her performance , Langford received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress in a Drama Series . However , its graphic depiction of issues such as suicide and rape , along with other mature content prompted concerns from mental health professionals . In response , Netflix added a warning card and from March 2018 , a video that plays at the start of each season warning viewers about its themes . In May 2017 , Netflix renewed 13 Reasons Why for a second season ; filming began the next month and concluded that December . The second season was released on May 18 , 2018 , and received negative reviews from critics and mixed reviews from audiences . A third season was ordered in June 2018 and is set to be released in 2019 . Critical and audience reaction to the series has been divided , with the program generating controversy between audiences and industry reviewers . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 Introduced in season one 2.2. 2 Introduced in season two 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 4 Production 5 Reception 5.1 Audience viewership 5.2 Critical response 5.2. 1 Season 1 5.2. 2 Season 2 5.3 Social impact 5.4 Accolades 6 Beyond the Reasons 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) In season one , seventeen year old Clay Jensen returns home from school one day to find a mysterious box on his porch . Inside he discovers seven cassette tapes recorded by Hannah Baker , his deceased classmate and unrequited love , who killed herself two weeks earlier . On the tapes , Hannah unfolds an intensely emotional audio diary , detailing why she decided to end her life . It appears each person who receives this package of old - style tapes is fundamentally related to why she killed herself . Clay is not the first to receive the tapes , but there is implied detail as to how he should pass the tapes on after hearing them . There appears to be an order to distribution of the tapes , with an additional copy held by an overseer should the plan go awry . Each tape recording refers to a different person involved in Hannah 's life contributing to a reason for her suicide . The tapes refer to both friends and enemies . In season two , months after Hannah 's suicide , Clay and the other people mentioned on the tapes , as well as close friends and Hannah 's family members , become embroiled in a civil legal battle between Hannah 's parents and Liberty High School . Alleging negligence on the part of the school , Hannah 's mother pursues her perception of justice , while her reluctance to settle pre-trial and her personal circumstances eventually break up her marriage with Hannah 's father . The story unfolds with narratives illustrating Hannah 's story told by those who present in court at trial . Clay , who perceives himself as Hannah 's failed protector , embarks on an investigation using whatever evidence he can find in an effort to impact on the civil case between Hannah 's parents and the school . Clay also endeavours to expose the corrupted culture of the High School and its favour of wealthy , sports savvy male students over the average student , which especially compromises the integrity of young girls such as Hannah . Throughout season two , Clay appears to be communicating with the ghost of Hannah as a plot narrative device . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Dylan Minnette as Clay Jensen , a close friend of Hannah who becomes obsessed with finding out what happened to her . Katherine Langford as Hannah Baker , a teenager whose suicide and recorded audio cassettes spark the events of the series . ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Christian Navarro as Tony Padilla , Clay 's best friend at Liberty High who tries to help him deal with Hannah 's death . Alisha Boe as Jessica Davis , a student who starts attending Liberty High at the same time as Hannah . Brandon Flynn as Justin Foley , a student at Liberty High who comes from an abusive family and is in a relationship with Jessica . Justin Prentice as Bryce Walker , a student from a rich family and the captain of the football team at Liberty High . Miles Heizer as Alex Standall , a student at Liberty High , the ex-boyfriend of Jessica and a former friend of Hannah . Ross Butler as Zach Dempsey , a cowardly but kindhearted friend of Justin and Bryce at Liberty High . Devin Druid as Tyler Down , a bullied student at Liberty High and an avid photographer . Amy Hargreaves as Lainie Jensen , Clay 's attorney mother . Derek Luke as Kevin Porter , a guidance counselor at Liberty High . Kate Walsh as Olivia Baker , Hannah 's mother , who is determined to uncover the truth about the events leading to her daughter 's suicide . Brian d'Arcy James as Andy Baker , Hannah 's father and Olivia 's husband . ( season 2 ; recurring season 1 ) Timothy Granaderos as Montgomery de la Cruz , a bully who is a student at Liberty High . In season 2 , he secretly terrorizes a number of individuals testifying at Hannah Baker 's trial . ( season 3 ; recurring seasons 1 -- 2 ) Brenda Strong as Nora Walker , Bryce 's mother . ( season 3 ; recurring season 2 ) Recurring ( edit ) Introduced in season one ( edit ) Josh Hamilton as Matt Jensen , Clay 's father , a psychologist . Michele Selene Ang as Courtney Crimsen , a closeted student at Liberty High who is responsible for spreading rumors about Hannah to protect the secret of her own sexual orientation . In season 2 , she comes out on the stand during the trial of Hannah Baker , confessing her actions against Hannah that landed her on the tapes . Steven Silver as Marcus Cole , the self - centered student body president at Liberty High , who is responsible for humiliating and attempting to sexually assault Hannah on a date . In season 2 , he is suspended from school after lying on the stand during the trial and following the leaked release of the tapes soon after . Ajiona Alexus as Sheri Holland , a student and cheerleader at Liberty High who forms a bond with Clay but is also on the tapes when her actions result in Jeff 's accidental death . Tommy Dorfman as Ryan Shaver , a student at Liberty High who betrayed Hannah 's trust . Sosie Bacon as Skye Miller , an estranged friend of Clay . In the second season , Skye and Clay date for while before she leaves for a `` fresh start '' , following another self - harm incident which resulted in her bipolar disorder diagnosis . Brandon Larracuente as Jeff Atkins , a student at Liberty High and friend of Clay , who died in a tragic car accident . Steven Weber as Gary Bolan , the principal at Liberty High . Keiko Agena as Pam Bradley , the Communications teacher at Liberty High . Mark Pellegrino as Deputy Bill Standall , Alex 's father , a police officer . Joseph C. Phillips as Greg Davis , Jessica 's father , a member of the Air Force . Cindy Cheung as Karen Dempsey , Zach 's mother . Henry Zaga as Brad , Tony 's boyfriend . In season 2 , it is revealed that the couple broke up sometime between the events of season 1 and 2 . Giorgia Whigham as Kat , a friend of Hannah and her former next - door neighbor . Robert Gant as Todd Crimsen , one of Courtney 's fathers . Wilson Cruz as Dennis Vasquez , the lawyer representing Hannah 's parents at the end of season 1 and during season 2 . Introduced in season two ( edit ) Jake Weber as Barry Walker , Bryce 's father . Meredith Monroe as Carolyn Standall , Alex 's mother . R.J. Brown as Caleb , Tony 's boxing trainer and boyfriend . Anne Winters as Chlöe Rice , a smart , clueless , popular girl at Liberty High and the new head cheerleader who is also Bryce 's girlfriend . At the end of season 2 , it is revealed that she is pregnant . Bryce Cass as Cyrus , an edgy , cynical mischief maker who serves as an unexpected champion of the downtrodden . He befriends Tyler and the two together embark on smear campaigns against bullies . Chelsea Alden as Mackenzie , Cyrus ' sister , an artsy and witty girl who is not afraid to speak her mind . In season 2 , she briefly develops a relationship with Tyler , though the latter breaks it up . Allison Miller as Sonya Struhl , a smart and ambitious young litigator , who defends the school during the Hannah Baker trial . Brandon Butler as Scott Reed , a student at Liberty High who is on the baseball team . Samantha Logan as Nina Jones , a well - respected track star who befriends Jessica over shared sexual assault pasts . Kelli O'Hara as Jackie , a passionate advocate for victims of bullying . Ben Lawson as Rick Wlodimierz , the baseball coach at Liberty High , who supports and protects his players . Episodes ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="1"> Originally released <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 13 <Td_colspan="1"> March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 13 <Td_colspan="1"> May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Tape 1 , Side A '' Tom McCarthy Brian Yorkey March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Clay Jensen finds a box filled with audio cassette tapes anonymously left on his front doorstep . He plays the first in his father 's boombox and realizes they have been recorded by his recently deceased classmate Hannah Baker , before he accidentally drops and breaks the boombox when surprised by his mother . Clay steals his friend Tony 's Walkman to continue listening . Clay listens to the first tape , in which Hannah begins to relate the experiences that led to her suicide . She starts by sharing the story of her first kiss , with Justin Foley , who goes on to inadvertently spread a salacious rumor that begins the sequence of events leading to her suicide . Clay is revealed , through numerous short flashbacks , to have been in love with Hannah and to have worked with her at the local movie theater . It is revealed in this episode that Hannah has put her friend Tony in charge of the tapes . Tape subject : Justin Foley , for spreading a racy picture of Hannah along with a sexual rumor about their encounter . `` Tape 1 , Side B '' Tom McCarthy Brian Yorkey March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Hannah reminisces about her friendship with two other new students : Jessica , who moves frequently because her father is in the Air Force , and Alex , whom they met at a coffee shop . Jessica and Alex eventually begin a relationship and stop spending time with Hannah . When Alex breaks up with Jessica , she very publicly blames Hannah . In the present , Hannah 's mother , Olivia , finds a note in her daughter 's textbook that leads her to believe Hannah was being bullied . Clay asks Jessica about the tapes , which results in Bryce Walker 's circle of peers meeting to discuss how Clay is listening to Hannah 's recordings . Tape subject : Jessica Davis , for mistakenly blaming Hannah for her breakup with Alex . `` Tape 2 , Side A '' Helen Shaver Diana Son March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) <Td_colspan="6"> As Clay attempts to pursue a romantic relationship with Hannah , her relationships are threatened by a `` best / worst list '' made by Alex Standall , who has put a `` target '' on Hannah . In the present , Hannah 's mother , Olivia Baker , seeks out the school principal about her suspicion of bullying and makes a disturbing discovery . In the midst of his investigation , Clay turns to Alex for answers , who not only feels regret for his actions on the tapes , but also warns Clay against trusting Tony , whom Clay later sees in a violent exchange with his brothers . As Justin tries to recuperate from his recent slump , Bryce strong - arms Clay and Alex into a drinking contest in an alleyway . Tape subject : Alex Standall , for listing Hannah 's ass as the best in school to make Jessica Davis jealous and for destroying her friendship with Jessica . `` Tape 2 , Side B '' Helen Shaver Thomas Higgins March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Hannah hears someone outside her window , and confesses to her friend , Courtney , that she has a stalker . Courtney offers to help her catch the offender in the act . While waiting for the stalker to arrive , they play an alcohol - fueled game of truth or dare that leads to the two of them kissing on Hannah 's bed . The stalker , school photographer Tyler Down , takes a photo of the girls and sends it around the school . This effectively ends Courtney and Hannah 's friendship as Courtney distances herself from Hannah to avoid being revealed as one of the people in the photograph . In the present , Clay goes to Hannah 's house and talks to her mother , though is unable to admit how close he and Hannah were . He also confronts Tony about the incident with his brothers . Tony responds that `` people have to make their own justice '' and proves he has an extra set of tapes . Inspired by this , Clay takes a naked picture of Tyler and sends it around the school in revenge . Tape subject : Tyler Down , for stalking Hannah and spreading the photo of her and Courtney 's kiss around the school . 5 5 `` Tape 3 , Side A '' Kyle Patrick Alvarez Julia Bicknell March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Courtney , afraid of her classmates finding out about her sexuality , spreads a rumor that the girls in the leaked photos are Hannah and Laura , an openly lesbian classmate . Courtney also adds to the rumor about Hannah and Justin , worsening Hannah 's poor reputation . In the present , Clay takes Courtney to visit Hannah 's grave . She leaves , not ready to face her involvement in the loss of her classmate or be more open about her sexuality . Tony arrives with Clay 's bike and gives him a tape with the song he and Hannah danced to at the Winter Formal . Later , Justin , Zach and Alex force Clay into the car with them by stealing his bike and scare him into silence about the tapes by driving over the speed limit . They are pulled over by the police but face no consequences as the officer is revealed to be Alex 's father . Clay denies knowing Hannah to his mother , who has been asked to represent the school in the lawsuit the Bakers are bringing . Tape subject : Courtney Crimsen , for deflecting attention about both her sexuality and the photo Tyler took of her and Hannah by spreading further rumors about Hannah . 6 6 `` Tape 3 , Side B '' Kyle Patrick Alvarez Nic Sheff March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Hannah 's date on Valentine 's Day with Marcus does not go as planned due to the rumors that she is promiscuous . In the present , Alex gets into a fight with Montgomery and they both must appear before the student honor board . Clay helps Sheri on an assignment , and they nearly hook up , but Sheri reveals she is only there because she is on the tapes and wants Clay to like her despite her role in Hannah 's death . Tape subject : Marcus Cole , for humiliating and attempting to sexually assault Hannah in public on their Dollar Valentine date . 7 7 `` Tape 4 , Side A '' Gregg Araki Elizabeth Benjamin March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) <Td_colspan="6"> After Hannah refuses to go out with Zach , he gets revenge by sabotaging her emotionally during a class project . Zach removes compliments from Hannah 's box , affecting her self - confidence . In the present , Clay hears Zach 's tape and keys his car in an act of revenge , but things turn out to be different than they appeared . Clay is now having both auditory and visual hallucinations of Hannah during the day , including seeing her dead body on the floor of the basketball court during a game and hearing her tape playing over the school 's intercom system . He returns the tapes to Tony , unable to continue listening . Tape subject : Zach Dempsey , for stealing the `` positive notes '' destined to Hannah in Communications class out of revenge for her rejecting him and his help . 8 8 `` Tape 4 , Side B '' Gregg Araki Kirk Moore March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Hannah is touched by poetry recited by fellow student Ryan Shaver , and joins the Evergreen Poetry Club , a place where people write and perform their own poetry , and listen and critique others . Hannah presents some extremely revealing and confessional poetry at the poetry club after Ryan encourages her . Ryan betrays her by publishing the poem without her knowledge or consent in his school magazine . Almost everyone in school finds the poem hilarious , but Clay is both touched and disturbed by it , not realizing Hannah is the author . In the present day , Tony confides to Clay about the night of Hannah 's death , and Clay takes back the tapes . Clay later gives the poem to Hannah 's mother . Tape subject : Ryan Shaver , for stealing a poem Hannah wrote detailing her personal problems and publishing it in the school newspaper without her consent . 9 9 `` Tape 5 , Side A '' Carl Franklin Hayley Tyler March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) <Td_colspan="6"> While hiding in Jessica 's room during a party , Hannah witnesses Bryce Walker raping an unconscious and intoxicated Jessica . In the present , Marcus warns Clay the worst is yet to come and again attempts to scare him into silence about the tapes , this time by planting drugs in his backpack to get him suspended from school . Clay finally admits to his mother that he and Hannah were close . After getting suspicious legal advice from his mother , he goes to Justin 's apartment to retrieve his bike and talk about getting justice for Jessica . Justin finally admits that what happened in the tapes is real , and claims it is better if Jessica does not know the truth . Tape subject : Justin Foley ( and seemingly Hannah Baker herself ) , for allowing Bryce to rape his girlfriend Jessica . 10 10 `` Tape 5 , Side B '' Carl Franklin Nathan Louis Jackson March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) <Td_colspan="6"> After the party , Hannah gets a ride home from her classmate , cheerleader Sheri Holland . They have what appears to be a minor accident , knocking over a stop sign . While Hannah wants to call the police to report it , Sheri refuses to do so , because she is afraid she will get in trouble . While Hannah is on her way to find a phone to call the authorities , the downed stop sign causes a serious accident at that intersection , resulting in the death of Clay 's friend Jeff Atkins , which was incorrectly considered a drunk driving accident . When Hannah tries to tell Clay about the stop sign , he pushes her away , thinking she is being unnecessarily dramatic . In the present , Jessica 's behavior becomes more erratic . Clay finds out that Sheri is trying to make up for her mistake in her own way , and he tells Jeff 's parents that Jeff was sober when he died . Tape subject : Sheri Holland , for abandoning Hannah after crashing her car into a stop sign , which ultimately caused the death of another student . 11 11 `` Tape 6 , Side A '' Jessica Yu Diana Son March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) <Td_colspan="6"> With Tony 's support , Clay finally listens to his tape and is overcome with guilt to the point of contemplating his own suicide because he feels he did not do enough to prevent Hannah 's death . Tony manages to calm him down . Justin finds out Jessica is at Bryce 's home . He confronts her there and admits that Bryce raped her on the night of the party , causing her to break up with him . Olivia Baker finds a list with the names of all the people on the tapes , although she does not know what the list means . Tape subject : Ostensibly Clay Jensen , for complying with Hannah 's request to leave her alone at Jessica 's party . However , Hannah is explicit in stating Clay is not included in the list , but is there because he must be , as he is part of the story . 12 12 `` Tape 6 , Side B '' Jessica Yu Elizabeth Benjamin March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) <Td_colspan="6"> After accidentally losing her parents ' store 's earnings , a depressed Hannah stumbles upon a party being thrown by Bryce . The night ends in tragedy when she ends up alone with him , and he rapes her in his hot tub . This leads Hannah to create a list of people ( the one that her mother found in the previous episode ) who she feels were responsible for leading her to her current circumstances , which becomes the inspiration for the creation of the tapes . In the present , everyone on Hannah 's list is subpoenaed to testify in the lawsuit between the Bakers and the school . The subjects of the tapes disagree over what to do . Tyler eventually suggests they pin everything on Bryce , but Alex refuses and says they should tell the truth . Sheri turns herself in . Clay goes to Bryce 's house , on the pretext of buying marijuana , to confront him about the events of the night he raped Hannah . Clay provokes Bryce to attack him and is badly beaten . However , Clay has been secretly recording their conversation and gets Bryce to admit that he raped Hannah . An unknown teenager with a gunshot wound to the head is treated by paramedics . Tape subject : Bryce Walker , for raping Hannah in his hot tub . 13 13 `` Tape 7 , Side A '' Kyle Patrick Alvarez Brian Yorkey March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Hannah begins to record the tapes and then visits Mr. Porter to tell him about her rape . Hannah secretly records the conversation , hoping he will help her . When he does not , she heads to a post office , and mails the tapes to Justin Foley , then she goes home and takes her own life by slitting her wrists . In the present , Clay gives Tony the tape of his conversation with Bryce to copy . He confronts Mr. Porter about meeting with Hannah on her last day . He also hands over the tapes , including the additional tape containing Bryce 's confession . Clay tells Porter that he is the subject of the final tape . The depositions begin , Marcus and Courtney deny their involvement in Hannah 's death as much as possible . Zach and Jessica admit their mistakes . Before his deposition , Tyler hides ammunition and guns in his room , and then reveals the existence of the tapes during his interview . Alex is revealed to have been the teenager with the gunshot wound ; he is in critical condition at the hospital . Justin leaves town out of guilt , but not before telling Bryce about the tapes . Jessica finally tells her father about her rape . At school , Clay reaches out to Skye Miller , his former friend , to avoid repeating the same mistakes he made with Hannah . Tape subject : Mr. Porter , for not believing Hannah was suicidal and for not giving her proper help . Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 14 `` The First Polaroid '' Gregg Araki Brian Yorkey May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Five months after the events of the first season , Hannah 's trial moves to court . Tyler is the first to testify in the trial and does so truthfully . Skye and Clay are dating , but Clay starts to have hallucinations of Hannah . Mr. Porter confronts Bryce in the bathroom about raping Hannah . Jessica returns to school , as does Alex who survived his suicide attempt , but has lost much of his memory from before it , including the contents of Hannah 's tapes . Tony is given the note Hannah left him the night she died , and is later seen burning it . Clay finds a Polaroid photograph in his locker , with a note saying `` Hannah was n't the only one '' . Testified : Tyler Down , who talks about taking photos of Hannah and attempting to befriend her . 15 `` Two Girls Kissing '' Gregg Araki Thomas Higgins May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Courtney reveals that she is a lesbian and had feelings for Hannah during her testimony . A group of protesters gather at the court to demand justice for Hannah , but Jessica and Alex are both threatened to avoid revealing anything incriminating when they testify . Skye and Clay fight over her suspicion that Clay is still in love with Hannah , and Skye is hospitalized soon after leaving Clay 's house . Meanwhile , Tyler befriends a classmate named Cyrus . Testified : Courtney Crimsen , who talks about her feelings towards Hannah and their kiss . 16 `` The Drunk Slut '' Karen Moncrieff Marissa Jo Cerar May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Clay , riding home on his bicycle , is hit intentionally by a car , injuring him slightly . He visits Skye in hospital , but she breaks up with him . Clay and Alex try to encourage Jessica to reveal information about Bryce during her testimony , but she fails after seeing incriminating pictures of her stuck to the board in a classroom . Olivia asks her afterwards if she was the girl on the ninth tape , but Jessica does not answer . After discovering Jessica had been contacted by Justin , Clay finds him homeless in Oakland with Tony 's help . With no other option , Clay lets Justin stay in his bedroom with him . Skye 's parents move her to a psychiatric facility , and tell Clay not to contact her . Tyler meets the rest of Cyrus ' friends while Bryce is asked to testify . Testified : Jessica Davis , who talks about the hot - or - not list and hers and Hannah 's friendship . 17 `` The Second Polaroid '' Karen Moncrieff Hayley Tyler May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Marcus lies about what happened with Hannah the night they went out on Valentine 's Day during his testimony ( in order to protect his reputation ) and briefly mentions Bryce , angering him . Cyrus and Tyler hear of Marcus ' lies and prank him , going to a nearby field afterwards to shoot guns . Clay finds out that Justin has been taking heroin and he and Sheri help him onto the path to sobriety . Jessica shows the threatening note she was left before her testimony to Mr Porter . Alex continues to be frustrated about not being able to remember anything and asks Clay for the tapes , who sends them to him . Jessica and Alex skip school and share a kiss . Clay also finds a second Polaroid photograph in his locker , which shows Bryce having sex with an unconscious girl , alongside a note saying `` he wo n't stop '' . Testified : Marcus Cole , who lies about what happened with Hannah the night they went out . 18 5 `` The Chalk Machine '' Eliza Hittman Nic Sheff May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Tyler is confronted by Mr. Porter , who suspects he was behind the pictures of Jessica found in the classroom before her testimony , but he denies involvement . Ryan testifies and talks about Hannah 's poems , saying they were written about Justin and that she and Justin maintained contact even after falling out . Afterwards , Olivia invites Ryan to help her decipher Hannah 's poems for additional clues , but Ryan soon leaves after Olivia mentions missing pages in Hannah 's journal , which Ryan had torn out . Clay realizes the Polaroid photos were taken at school and attempts to find out where . Chlöe meets with Bryce 's parents and his mother notices bruises on her . Jessica attends her first group therapy session . Mr. Porter finds a brick thrown through his car window , with a threatening note attached ; he later confronts Justin 's mother and is arrested after a violent incident with her boyfriend . Testified : Ryan Shaver , who talks about the poems he wrote with Hannah and who she wrote them about . 19 6 `` The Smile at the End of the Dock '' Eliza Hittman Julia Bicknell May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Zach testifies and reveals that he and Hannah had a romantic relationship the summer before she died , but they kept it secret . After the testimony , Clay reacts angrily and confronts Zach , ignoring his apologies , while Bryce teases Zach about his relationship , prompting a small fight between them . Justin returns to school and talks to Jessica , but she asks him to leave . He then faints after seeing Bryce , and on his return to Clay 's house , has to hide as someone breaks in , at which point Clay 's parents find out he has been staying there , but allow it to continue . Testified : Zach Dempsey , who talks about his relationship with Hannah the summer before she died . 20 7 `` The Third Polaroid '' Michael Morris Brian Yorkey May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) <Td_colspan="6"> During Clay 's testimony , he is forced to reveal he and Hannah did drugs at a small party one night and spent the night together , and Clay ignored a comment Hannah made the next morning about wanting to die . Alex 's birthday party is derailed after a number of arguments break out . When Clay leaves the birthday party , he finds a Polaroid photograph left on his car , with a note reading `` The Clubhouse '' . After reading comments posted online about his testimony , Clay anonymously uploads Hannah 's tapes to the Internet . Meanwhile , Bryce is seen having sex with Chlöe without getting proper consent . Testified : Clay Jensen , who talks about his friendship with Hannah . 21 8 `` The Little Girl '' Michael Morris Felischa Marye May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) <Td_colspan="6"> After the release of the tapes , Bryce returns to school to find his locker vandalized and his `` confession tape '' Clay recorded being shared among students . After Marcus is blackmailed , he calls Bryce a rapist during a speech at a ceremony , in front of a large group of parents and students , in order to protect his own reputation . Clay finally contacts Skye again and meets with her at the psychiatric facility , but she tells him she is moving to a different state . Justin overdoses on heroin , but Alex saves his life -- he then returns to his mother 's home . Testified : Andy and Olivia Baker , who talk about Hannah 's life and the bullying at Liberty High . 22 9 `` The Missing Page '' Kat Candler Rohit Kumar May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) <Td_colspan="6"> When testifying , Mr. Porter reveals that since Hannah 's death he has come to believe that Hannah was raped by Bryce . He then emotionally apologizes to Hannah 's mother for the part he played in her suicide . Justin steals money from his mother 's boyfriend , and when confronted by his mother , leaves her some suggesting she leave too in order to escape the relationship . Bryce confronts and threatens Clay under the assumption that it was Clay who blackmailed Marcus into publicly accusing Bryce of rape . Later , Clay is violently beaten at school by four masked students . He is then approached by Cyrus who invites him to join him and Tyler in vandalizing the school that evening , but when he does , he sees a group of students entering a storage shed next to the baseball field , which he correctly guesses is the location of The Clubhouse . He texts Justin and they reconvene . Meanwhile , Olivia contacts a girl , Sarah , and her mother and asks them not to testify . Testified : Pam Bradley , who talks about the atmosphere at Liberty High , and Kevin Porter , who talks about the day Hannah asked help from him . 23 10 `` Smile , Bitches ! '' Kat Candler Kirk Moore May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Tony is asked to testify , but chooses not to reveal that Hannah left him her tapes because he owed her a favor after she helped him evade arrest . During Sarah 's testimony , she reveals Hannah was part of a trio of girls who bullied her at another high school . After an argument between Tyler and Mackenzie , his friendship with Cyrus breaks down . Offering marijuana , Sheri tempts some male students into taking her to The Clubhouse , where Bryce takes a picture of her and two other boys on a Polaroid camera , placing the photograph in a box filled with many others . She learns the code to unlock the door and shares it with Clay and Justin . During a baseball game , Zach confronts Bryce , tells him he knows Hannah was not lying , and quits the game . He goes to The Clubhouse to find Clay and Justin there , and hands Clay the box of Polaroid photographs taken in the Clubhouse , confessing that it was him who had given Clay the first three photographs . Clay reviews the photographs at home with Justin and Sheri , and they find a pair of photographs which show Bryce raping Chlöe . Clay also finds a picture of Hannah . Testified : Sarah , who talks about Hannah bullying her and Tony Padilla , who talks about his friendship with Hannah . 24 11 `` Bryce and Chloe '' Jessica Yu Marissa Jo Cerar & Thomas Higgins May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) <Td_colspan="6"> While testifying , Bryce lies and claims that he and Hannah had a casual sexual relationship , and that she falsely accused him of rape after he brought an end to it . When Bryce returns to school , Justin attacks him and a fight breaks out , which evolves into a mass brawl . Jessica shows Chlöe the two pictures of Bryce and her in The Clubhouse , and Chlöe confesses that she posted the pictures of Jessica in the classroom before she testified . Olivia , her legal team , and Jessica ask Chlöe to testify , and she agrees , but on the stand she testifies that she remembers Bryce having sex with her and remembers consenting . The box of Polaroid photographs taken from The Clubhouse is stolen from Clay 's car , and Alex is sent a package containing a gun and a threatening letter . Bryce 's mother later asks him whether he was telling the truth in his testimony , and , after being pressed , he confesses to raping Hannah . Flashbacks reveal that Bryce wanted a relationship with Hannah and was rejected himself . Clay becomes mentally tormented by hallucinations of Hannah , to the point where he contemplates both murdering Bryce and killing himself , but Justin manages to calm him down . Testified : Bryce Walker , who lies about raping Hannah , and Chloe Rice , who talks about the clubhouse but also lies about being raped by Bryce . 25 12 `` The Box of Polaroids '' Jessica Yu Hayley Tyler & Brian Yorkey May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Justin receives a death threat before going to testify , but he tells of Bryce raping Jessica during his testimony nonetheless . After Alex realizes that Montgomery is responsible for intimidating people during the trial , Alex , Clay , Justin , Tony , Zach , and Scott confront Montgomery and he admits to stealing the box of Polaroid photos . However , after Montgomery takes Alex to a deserted location to retrieve them , he reveals he was lying and escapes . As a result , Jessica is encouraged by her friends to report her case of sexual assault to the police . After the Baker trial concludes and the jury find the school district not responsible for Hannah 's death , both Bryce and Justin are arrested outside the courtroom for their involvement in Jessica 's rape . Mr. Porter is fired after a performance review , and Tyler is placed on a diversion program after one of his social media posts reveals it was him who vandalized the school . Testified : Justin Foley , who talks about his relationship with Hannah and confesses about Bryce raping her . 26 13 `` Bye '' Kyle Patrick Alvarez Brian Yorkey May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) <Td_colspan="6"> One month later , after Bryce 's sexual assault trial for raping Jessica , Bryce is convicted but sentenced to only three months ' probation . Justin is sentenced to six months ' probation and can only be released to one of his parents , neither of whom can be found . This leads Clay 's family to adopt him . Clay discovers he was included on a list of eleven `` reasons why not '' Hannah had written before her death . Tyler returns to school but is beaten and brutally sodomized by an enraged Montgomery and two of his friends . Justin is secretly shooting up heroin . Nina is shown with the box of Polaroids , which she burns . The following night , at a school dance , Jessica and Justin share an intimate encounter , and Chlöe tells Jessica she is pregnant . Tyler arrives at the dance planning to carry out a mass school shooting , but Clay learns of his plan and confronts him , encouraging him not to do it . He peacefully disarms Tyler as Tony arrives to drive Tyler away in his car . As the car departs , sirens of the approaching police cars can be heard , and Clay is left holding Tyler 's assault rifle in front of the school . Production ( edit ) Universal Studios purchased film rights to the novel on February 8 , 2011 , with Selena Gomez cast to play Hannah Baker . On October 29 , 2015 , it was announced that Netflix would be making a television adaptation of the book with Gomez instead serving as an executive producer . Tom McCarthy was hired to direct the first two episodes . The series is produced by Anonymous Content and Paramount Television with Gomez , McCarthy , Joy Gorman , Michael Sugar , Steve Golin , Mandy Teefey , and Kristel Laiblin serving as executive producers . Filming for the show took place in the Northern Californian towns of Vallejo , Benicia , San Rafael , Crockett and Sebastopol during the summer of 2016 . The 13 - episode first season and the special were released on Netflix on March 31 , 2017 . Therapy dogs were present on set for the actors because of the intense and emotional content of the series . On May 7 , 2017 , it was announced that Netflix had renewed the series for a second season . Filming for the second season began on June 12 , 2017 , but was briefly halted in October in response to the then - ongoing Northern California wildfires happening around the areas where the series was being filmed . Production on the second season wrapped in December 2017 . The second season was released on May 18 , 2018 . On June 6 , 2018 , Netflix renewed the series for a third season , which is set to be released in 2019 . Reception ( edit ) Audience viewership ( edit ) The marketing analytics firm Jumpshot determined the first season was the second-most viewed Netflix season in the first 30 days after it premiered , garnering 48 % of the viewers that the second season of Daredevil received , which was the most viewed season according to Jumpshot . The series also showed an 18 % increase in week - over-week viewership from week one to week two . Jumpshot , which `` analyzes click - stream data from an online panel of more than 100 million consumers '' , looked at the viewing behavior and activity of the company 's U.S. members , factoring in the relative number of U.S. Netflix viewers who watched at least one episode of the season . Critical response ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) The first season has received positive reviews from critics , with much of the praise for the show being aimed at its acting , directing , story , visuals , improvements upon its source material , and mature approach to dark and adult subject matter . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 80 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.2 / 10 , based on 51 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` 13 Reasons Why complements its bestselling source material with a gripping look at adolescent grief whose narrative maturity belies its YA milieu . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 17 critics , indicating generally favorable reviews . Jesse Schedeen of IGN praised 13 Reasons Why , giving it a 9.2 out of 10 , `` Amazing '' , stating that the show is `` a very powerful and hard - hitting series '' and `` ranks among the best high school dramas of the 21st century '' . Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe gave a glowing review for the show , saying , `` The drama is sensitive , consistently engaging , and , most importantly , unblinking . '' Maureen Ryan of Variety asserts that the show `` is undoubtedly sincere , but it 's also , in many important ways , creatively successful '' and called it `` simply essential viewing '' . Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly gave the entire season a score of B+ , calling the show `` a frank , authentically affecting portrait of what it feels like to be young , lost and too fragile for the world '' . Daniel Feinberg of The Hollywood Reporter also praised the show , calling it `` an honorably mature piece of young - adult adaptation '' , and citing its performances , direction , relevance and maturity as some of the show 's strongest points . The acting , particularly Katherine Langford as Hannah and Dylan Minnette as Clay , was frequently mentioned and widely lauded in several reviews . Schedeen of IGN praised the cast , particularly Minnette and Langford , stating : `` Langford shines in the lead role ... ( and ) embodies that optimism and that profound sadness ( of Hannah 's ) as well . Minnette 's Clay is , by design , a much more stoic and reserved character ... and does a fine job in what 's often a difficult role . '' Gilbert of The Boston Globe praised the chemistry of Langford and Minnette , saying that `` watching these two young actors together is pure pleasure '' , while Schedeen of IGN also agreed , saying that they are `` often at their best together , channeling just the right sort of warm but awkward chemistry you 'd expect from two teens who ca n't quite admit to their feelings for one another '' . Feinberg of The Hollywood Reporter also praises both actors : `` Langford 's heartbreaking openness makes you root for a fate you know is n't possible . The actress ' performance is full of dynamic range , setting it against Minnette 's often more complicated task in differentiating between moods that mostly go from uncomfortable to gloomy to red - eyed , hygiene - starved despair . '' Ryan of Variety also gave praise to not only the two leads , but also the supporting cast of actors , particularly Kate Walsh 's performance as Hannah 's mother , which Ryan describes as `` career - best work '' . Positive mentions from various critics , such as Ryan , Feinberg and Schedeen , were also given to the supporting cast of actors ( most particularly Alisha Boe , Miles Heizer and Christian Navarro 's respective performances of Jessica , Alex and Tony ) . Liz Shannon Miller of Indiewire , who enjoyed the show and gave it a positive score of B+ , gave praise to the racial , gender and complex diversity of its supporting cast of teens . Another aspect frequently mentioned within reviews was the show 's mature and emotional approach to its dark and adult subject matter . This was favorably reviewed by critics , such as Miller of Indiewire , particularly her statement that `` the adult edges to this story ring with honesty and truth . '' Miller , and Feinberg of The Hollywood Reporter , also stated that the show can be difficult to watch at times , while Schedeen of IGN states that it is `` an often depressing and even uncomfortable show to watch ... a pretty emotionally draining experience , particularly towards the end as the pieces really start to fall into place . '' Numerous critics also praised several other aspects of the show . Feinberg highlighted the show 's directors , saying : `` A Sundance - friendly gallery of directors including Tom McCarthy , Gregg Araki and Carl Franklin keeps the performances grounded and the extremes from feeling exploitative '' , while Gilbert of The Boston Globe praised the storytelling : `` The storytelling techniques are powerful ... ( as it ) builds on the world established in the previous hour , as we continually encounter new facets of Hannah 's life and new characters . The background on the show keeps getting deeper , richer . '' Conversely , the series has also received criticism over its portrayal of teen angst . Mike Hale of The New York Times wrote a critical review , writing , `` the show does n't make ( Hannah 's ) downward progress convincing . It too often feels artificial , like a very long public service announcement . '' He also criticized the plot device that has Clay listening to the tapes one by one instead of all in one sitting like the other teens did , which Hale felt was unbelievable : `` It makes no sense as anything but a plot device , and you 'll find yourself , like Clay 's antagonists , yelling at him to listen to the rest of tapes already . '' Writing for The Guardian , Rebecca Nicholson praised some aspects of the show , including the performances from Minnette and Walsh , but was troubled by much of the plot , writing , `` a storyline that suggests the love of a sweet boy might have sorted all this out added to an uneasy feeling that stayed with me '' . Nicholson was skeptical that the show would appeal to older viewers , unlike other series set in high school such as Freaks and Geeks and My So - Called Life : `` It lacks the crossover wit of its forebears ... It 's too tied up in conveying the message that terrible behaviour can have horrible consequences to deal in any subtleties or shades of feeling . It 's largely one - note -- and that note is horrifying . ' It has to get better , ' implores one student towards the end , but given its fairly open ending , an apparent season two setup , it does not seem as if there 's much chance of that happening . '' Washington Post television critic Hank Stuever wrote a negative review , finding 13 Reasons Why `` contrived '' and implausible : `` There are 13 episodes lasting 13 super-sullen hours -- a passive - aggressive , implausibly meandering , poorly written and awkwardly acted effort that is mainly about miscommunication , delivering no more wisdom or insight about depression , bullying and suicide than one of those old ABC Afterschool Specials people now mock for being so corny . '' He also wrote that he found Hannah 's suicide tapes `` a protracted example of the teenager who fantasizes how everyone will react when she 's gone . The story ... strikes me as remarkably , even dangerously , naive in its understanding of suicide , up to and including a gruesome , penultimate scene of Hannah opening her wrists in a bathtub . '' David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the series a tepid review , saying that it was plagued by character inconsistencies , particularly Hannah . He praised Langford 's `` stunning performance '' but noted , `` There are times when we simply do n't believe the characters , when what they do or say is n't consistent with who we 've been led to believe they are ... At times , ( Hannah ) is self - possessed and indifferent at best to the behavior of the popular kids . At other times , though , relatively minor misperceived slights seem to send her into an emotional tailspin . No doubt , teenagers embody a constant whirl of conflicting emotions , but the script pushes the bounds of credibility here and there . '' He noted that overall , the series worked : `` The structure is gimmicky and the characters inconsistent , but there are still at least 13 Reasons Why the series is worthy . '' Season 2 ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2018 ) The second season received largely mixed to negative reviews from critics , with criticism aimed at the poor execution of its topics ; many declared it unnecessary . Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 27 % with an average rating of 5.5 / 10 , based on 25 reviews . The site 's critical consensus states , `` By deviating from its source material , 13 Reasons Why can better explore its tenderly crafted characters ; unfortunately , in the process , it loses track of what made the show so gripping in the first place . '' On Metacritic the season has an average score of 49 out of 100 , based on 16 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Catherine Pearson from DigitalSpy wrote a negative review , calling the season `` even more problematic '' than the first . She ends the review saying that , `` Unrelenting depression seems to shroud the season , briefly lifted only to collapse back down as the show 's thirteenth episode , once again , delivers a deeply disturbing scene of suffering . '' Jordan Davidson from The Mighty wrote that he `` felt sick '' after watching the final episode of the season . A scene in which the character Tyler is attacked and sexually assaulted during the finale also caused controversy from fans and critics of the series , with some describing it as `` unnecessary '' and `` traumatizing '' . The series ' showrunner has defended the scene , saying that it was included in an attempt to `` ( tell ) truthful stories about things that young people go through in as unflinching a way as we can '' . Social impact ( edit ) Rowan University 's Counseling and Psychological Services office mocked the show with a campaign challenging students to come up with 1300 reasons not to commit suicide . The expressions of hope were hung in windows alongside mental health contact information . The series has generated controversy over its portrayal of suicide and self - harm , prompting Netflix to add strong advisory warnings prior to the first , twelfth , and thirteenth episodes . School psychologists and educators expressed concern about the series . The superintendent of Palm Beach County , Florida schools reportedly told parents that their schools had seen an increase in suicidal and self - harming behavior from students , and that some of those students `` have articulated associations of their at - risk behavior to the 13 Reasons Why Netflix series '' . The Australian youth mental health service for 12 -- 25 year - olds , Headspace , issued a warning in late April 2017 over the graphic content featured in the series , due to the increased number of calls to the service following the show 's release in the country . Netflix however , demonstrably complied with the Australian viewer ratings system , by branding the series as `` MA15 + '' when streamed via its own interface . They accompanied its presentation with additional warnings and viewer advice , and ensured that counselling referrals were included and not easily skipped at the conclusion of each episode , even including an Australian accent in the voice over for those referrals every fifth episode . The `` MA15 + '' rating in Australia requires a guardian to accompany a minor to an Australian cinema to allow admission of those under 18 years of age . `` MA15 + '' also prohibits the admission of anyone under the age of 15 , requiring proof - of - age identification . In response to the graphic nature of the show and New Zealand 's high youth suicide rate , which was the highest among the 34 OECD countries during 2009 to 2012 , the Office of Film & Literature Classification in the country created a new rating , `` RP18 '' , allowing individuals aged 18 and over to watch the series alone and those below having to watch it with supervision from a parent or guardian . We stayed very true to the book and that 's initially what ( author ) Jay Asher created was a beautifully tragic , complicated yet suspenseful story and I think that 's what we wanted to do ... We wanted to do it justice and , yeah , ( the backlash is ) gon na come no matter what . It 's not an easy subject to talk about , but I 'm very fortunate with how it 's doing . -- Executive producer Selena Gomez , in defense of the controversy surrounding the series In April 2017 , the National Association of School Psychologists ( NASP ) in the United States released a statement regarding the series , saying : `` Research shows that exposure to another person 's suicide , or to graphic or sensationalized accounts of death , can be one of the many risk factors that youth struggling with mental health conditions cite as a reason they contemplate or attempt suicide . '' NASP sent a letter to school mental health professionals across the country about the series , reportedly a first for NASP in response to a television show . The following month , the United States Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology ( SCCAP ) released a statement also noting how strongly the show may serve as a trigger for self - injury among vulnerable youth . They lamented the depiction of mental health professionals as ineffective for youth who have experienced trauma and may have been considering suicide . The statement implored Netflix to add a tag following each episode with mental health resources , and a reminder that depression and suicide can be effectively treated by a qualified mental health professional , such as a clinical child psychologist , using evidence - based practice . Similarly , clinical psychologists such as Daniel J. Reidenberg and Erika Martinez , as well as mental health advocate MollyKate Cline of Teen Vogue magazine , have expressed concerns regarding the risk of suicide contagion . However , Eric Beeson , a counselor at The Family Institute at Northwestern University noted that `` it 's unlikely that one show alone could trigger someone to attempt suicide . '' Mental health professionals have also criticized the series ' depiction of suicide itself , much of which violates widely promulgated recommendations for reporting on actual suicides or not depicting them in fiction , in order to not encourage copycat suicides . The season finale , which depicts Hannah 's suicide in graphic detail , has been particularly criticized in this regard . Nic Sheff , a writer for the show , has defended it as intended to dispel the myth that suicides `` quietly drift off '' , and recalled how he himself was deterred from a suicide attempt by recalling a survivor 's account of how painful and horrifying it was . The NASP statement also criticized the show 's suggestion that bullying alone led Hannah to take her life , noting that while it may be a contributing factor , suicidal ideations far more often result from the bullied person having a treatable mental illness without adequate coping mechanisms . Alex Moen , a school counselor in Minneapolis , took issue with the show 's entire plotline as `` ... essentially a fantasy of what someone who is considering suicide might have -- that once you commit suicide , you can still communicate with your loved ones , and people will suddenly realize everything that you were going through and the depth of your pain ... That the cute , sensitive boy will fall in love with you and seek justice for you , and you 'll be able to orchestrate it , and in so doing kind of still be able to live . '' Other counselors criticized the depiction of Hannah 's attempt to reach out to Mr. Porter as dangerously misleading , since not only does he miss obvious signs of her suicidal ideations , but says he can not report her sexual assault to the police without her identifying the assailant . School counselors are often portrayed as ineffective or clueless in popular culture , Moen says , but Porter 's behavior in the series goes beyond that , to being unethical and possibly illegal . `` It 's ridiculous ! Counselors are not police . We do n't have to launch an investigation . We bring whatever information we do have to the police '' , she told Slate . In May 2017 , the Canadian Mental Health Association ( CMHA ) along with the Centre for Suicide Prevention ( CSP ) released a statement with similar concerns to the ones raised by NASP . CMHA believed that the series may glamorize suicide , and that some content may lead to distress in viewers , particularly in younger viewers . Furthermore , the portrayal of Hannah 's suicide does not follow the media guidelines as set out by the Canadian Association for Suicide Prevention ( CASP ) and the American Association of Suicidology . CMHA and CASP did praise the show for raising awareness about `` ... this preventable health concern , '' adding that , `` Raising awareness needs to be done in a safe and responsible manner . A large and growing body of Canadian and international research has found clear links between increases in suicide rates and harmful media portrayals of suicide . '' Ways in which the portrayals of suicide may cause harm , according to CMHA and CASP , include the following : `` They may simplify suicide , such as , by suggesting that bullying alone is the cause ; they may make suicide seem romantic , such as , by putting it in the context of a Hollywood plot line ; they may portray suicide as a logical or viable option ; they may display graphic representations of suicide which may be harmful to viewers , especially young ones ; and / or they may advance the false notion that suicides are a way to teach others a lesson . '' One study found the release of 13 Reasons Why corresponded with between 900,000 and 1,500,000 more suicide - related searches in the United States , including a 26 % increase in searches for `` how to commit suicide , '' an 18 % increase for `` commit suicide , '' and a 9 % increase for `` how to kill yourself . '' A review , however , found that it is unclear if searching for information about suicide on the Internet relates to the risk of suicide . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2017 Gold Derby Awards Breakthrough Performer of the Year Katherine Langford Nominated 2018 Golden Globe Awards Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Katherine Langford Nominated Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Best Music Supervision in a Television Drama Season Kent Won Imagen Awards Best Actor -- Television Christian Navarro Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards Best Show 13 Reasons Why Nominated Best Performance in a Show Katherine Langford Nominated NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series Carl Franklin for `` Tape 5 , Side B '' Won People 's Choice Awards The Bingeworthy Show of 2018 13 Reasons Why Pending The Drama Show of 2018 13 Reasons Why Pending The Drama TV Star of 2018 Katherine Langford Pending The Show of 2018 13 Reasons Why Pending Satellite Awards Best Actress in a Drama / Genre Series Katherine Langford Nominated Best Drama Series 13 Reasons Why Nominated Television Academy Honors Television with a Conscience 13 Reasons Why Won Beyond the Reasons ( edit ) With the release of the first season of the series , Netflix also released 13 Reasons Why : Beyond the Reasons , an aftershow documentary television film . The 29 - minute documentary featured cast and crew of the series , and mental health professionals discussing their experiences working on the show and dealing with difficult issues , including bullying , depression and sexual assault . A second Beyond the Reasons special was released with the second season of the series . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The 2009 -- 2012 data exclude Latvia , which became the 35th OECD member country on July 1 , 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 13 Reasons Why '' . instantwatcher.com . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Libbey , Peter ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` Netflix Adds a Warning Video to ' 13 Reasons Why ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' 13 Reasons Why ' Netflix Series : Dylan Minnette & Katherine Langford Lead Cast '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' 13 Reasons Why ' Casts Amy Hargreaves ; Frances Conroy In ' The Mist ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' 13 Reasons Why ' : Kate Walsh To Co-Star In Netflix Series , Derek Luke Also Cast '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Spotlight 's Brian d'Arcy James Cast In Netflix Series ' 13 Reasons Why ' , Joins TNT Pilot ' Civil ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . June 15 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( September 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' 13 Reasons Why ' : Timothy Granaderos & Brenda Strong Upped To Series Regulars For Season 3 Of Netflix Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' 13 Reasons Why ' : Jake Weber , Brenda Strong , Meredith Monroe & RJ Brown Join Season 2 Cast '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' 13 Reasons Why ' Adds Seven New Actors for Season 2 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( February 9 , 2011 ) . `` Selena Gomez To Star In ' 13 Reasons Why ' : Movie , adapted from Jay Asher 's young adult novel , looks back at a girl 's reasons for committing suicide '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Gives Selena Gomez 's ' 13 Reasons Why ' Straight - To - Series Order '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2015 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Adapting ' 13 Reasons Why ' Into Selena Gomez Series ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Spotlight 's Tom McCarthy To Direct & Produce Selena Gomez 's Netflix Series ' 13 Reasons Why ' From Paramount TV '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mara , Janis ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` Marin Netflix series shoot brings economic benefits '' . Marin Independent Journal . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mara , Janis ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` Selena Gomez - produced Netflix series shooting in Marin brings economic benefits '' . The Mercury News . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Diana Son Joins Selena Gomez 's Netflix Series ' 13 Reasons Why ' As Showrunner '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' 13 Reasons Why Gets Netflix Premiere Date '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keaney , Quinn ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix 's 13 Reasons Why Is the Most Important YA Adaptation Yet '' . PopSugar Celebrity UK . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' 13 Reasons Why ' Renewed for a Second Season at Netflix '' . Variety . May 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2017 . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 13 Reasons Why Renewed for Season 2 By Netflix '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2017 . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Becky ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` 13 Reasons Why Season 2 Begins Filming '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' 13 Reasons Why ' Shuts Down Production Due To Devastating Northern California Wildfires '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roker , Sarah ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` 13 Reasons Why season 2 has wrapped filming , ahead of a 2018 launch on Netflix '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' 13 Reasons Why ' Season 2 Premiere Date , Trailer Revealed '' . Variety . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' 13 Reasons Why ' Renewed For Season 3 By Netflix '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's ' Marvel 's The Defenders ' Poised for Binge - Viewing Pop , Data Indicates '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 13 Reasons Why : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 13 Reasons Why : Season 1 reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schedeen , Jesse ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` 13 Reasons Why : Season 1 Review '' . IGN . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert , Matthew ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` '' Yes , ' 13 Reasons Why ' is for young adults . It 's still very good. `` '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` TV Review : ' 13 Reasons Why ' on Netflix '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenblatt , Leah ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` 13 Reasons Why : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2017 . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fienberg , Daniel ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' 13 Reasons Why ' : TV review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2017 . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Liz Shannon ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' 13 Reasons Why ' review : Netflix brings a brutally adult edge to a tale of teen suicide '' . Indiewire . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hale , Mike ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' 13 Reasons Why ' She Killed Herself , Drawn Out on Netflix '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Rebecca ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` 13 Reasons Why review -- sex , drugs and mixtapes in Netflix 's high - school horror show '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thirteen Reasons Why ' shows how adults can really mess up teen angst '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wiegand , David ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' 13 Reasons ' why Netflix drama works despite gimmickry '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rutledge , Daniel ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` Teen suicide show 13 Reasons Why 's second season suffers terrible reviews '' . Newshub . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Clark , Travis ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` Season 2 of Netflix 's controversial hit ' 13 Reasons Why ' is a huge misfire that critics are calling ' pointless ' and ' boring ' '' . Business Insider . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 13 Reasons Why : Season 2 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 13 Reasons Why : Season 2 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Catherine ( May 25 , 2018 ) . `` 13 Reasons Why season 2 is even more problematic , with a troubling message for teens '' . DigitalSpy . Retrieved 27 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Jordan . `` ' 13 Reasons Why ' Season 2 Episode 13 Recap : ' Bye ' '' . The Mighty . Retrieved 3 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix urged to cancel 13 Reasons Why after ' harmful ' season 2 scenes '' . May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sharf , Zack ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' 13 Reasons Why ' Creator Defends Graphic Season 2 Rape Scene , Questions If Backlash Is Due to Male - on - Male Assault '' . Jump up ^ Baratti , Nina ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Rowan Students , Faculty Share ' 1,300 Reasons to Live ' '' . SJN Today . Jump up ^ Balingit , Moriah ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Educators and school psychologists raise alarms about ' 13 Reasons Why ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 13 Reasons Why : Headspace issues warning over new Netflix show '' . Community Newspaper Group . April 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix series 13 Reasons Why under fire from mental health experts '' . news.com.au . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` headspace : dangerous content in 13 Reasons Why '' . headspace.org.au . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` List of OECD Member countries -- Ratification of the Convention on the OECD '' . Oecd.org . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2015 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Social Report 2016 -- Te pūrongo oranga tangata '' . Ministry of Social Development -- New Zealand Government . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mconnell , Glenn . `` The highest rate of teen suicide in the developed world '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand teens can only watch Netflix show 13 Reasons Why with their parents '' . BBC . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 13 Reasons Why : Censors make new RP18 rating for controversial Netflix show '' . stuff.co.nz . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Kayleigh . `` Selena Gomez Responds to the ' 13 Reasons Why ' Backlash '' . Elle . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Howard , Jacqueline . `` Why teen mental health experts are focused on ' 13 Reasons Why ' '' . CNN . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blistein , Jon ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix Adds More Advisory Warnings to ' 13 Reasons Why ' '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Division 53 SCCAP Statement on 13 Reasons Why '' . clinicalchildpsychology.org . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MollyKate , Cline . `` Why ' 13 Reasons Why ' Can Be Triggering for People Coping With Mental Illness '' . Teen Vogue . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Korin ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` 13 Reasons Why Is Not the Force for Mental Health Awareness People Say It Is '' . Self . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thorbecke , Catherine ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' 13 Reasons Why ' faces backlash from suicide prevention advocacy group '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Recommendations -- Reporting on Suicide '' . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Martinelli , Marissa ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` 13 Reasons Why 's Controversial Depiction of Teen Suicide Has School Counselors Picking Up the Pieces '' . Slate . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sheff , Nic ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` 13 Reasons Why Writer : Why We Did n't Shy Away from Hannah 's Suicide '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CMHA National Statement Responding to Netflix Series : 13 Reasons Why -- Canadian Mental Health Association '' . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ National Association of School Psychologists. ( 2017 ) . 13 Reasons Why Netflix series : Considerations for educators ( handout ) . Bethesda , MD : Author . at nasponline.org Archived June 6 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Accessed May 8 , 2017 Jump up ^ Ayers , John W. ; Althouse , Benjamin M. ; Leas , Eric C. ; Dredze , Mark ; Allem , Jon - Patrick ( 2017 ) . `` Internet Searches for Suicide Following the Release of 13 Reasons Why '' . JAMA Internal Medicine . 177 ( 10 ) : 1527 -- 1529 . doi : 10.1001 / jamainternmed. 2017.3333 . PMC 5820689 . PMID 28759671 . Jump up ^ Mok , K ; Jorm , AF ; Pirkis , J ( August 2015 ) . `` Suicide - related Internet use : A review '' . The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry . 49 ( 8 ) : 697 -- 705 . doi : 10.1177 / 0004867415569797 . PMID 25698810 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Marcus James Dixon , Daniel ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards winners : ' Big Little Lies ' and ' SNL ' sweep , while ' Stranger Things ' takes Best Drama '' . GoldDerby . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes Winners : Complete List '' . Variety . January 7 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Imagen Foundation Announces Nominees for the 33rd Annual Imagen Awards '' . The Imagen Foundation . June 28 , 2018 . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` NAACP Image Awards : ' Marshall , ' ' Get Out , ' ' Girls Trip ' Dominate Film Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 MTV Movie & TV Award Winners '' . MTV . June 18 , 2018 . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` NAACP Image Awards : ' Marshall , ' ' Get Out , ' ' Girls Trip ' Dominate Film Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Macke , Johnni ( September 5 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 People 's Choice Awards : Complete List of Nominations '' . E !. Retrieved September 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haring , Bruce ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Andi Mack ' , ' 13 Reasons Why ' Among Recipients Of 11th Annual Television Academy Honors '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Kayla ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' 13 Reasons Why ' Viewers Need to Watch ' Beyond the Reasons ' '' . Decider.com . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 13 Reasons Why : Beyond the Reasons '' . Netflix . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' 13 Reasons Why ' Season 2 ' Beyond the Reasons ' Trailer '' . Global News . May 18 , 2018 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 13 Reasons Why . 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sam cooke bring your love home to me
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Bring it on Home to Me - wikipedia Bring it on Home to Me Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` Bring It on Home to Me '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Sam Cooke <Th_colspan="2"> from the album The Best of Sam Cooke A-side `` Having a Party '' Released May 8 , 1962 Format 7 '' Recorded April 26 , 1962 RCA Studio 1 ( Hollywood , California ) Genre Rhythm and blues , soul Length 2 : 37 Label RCA Victor Songwriter ( s ) Sam Cooke Producer ( s ) Hugo & Luigi <Th_colspan="2"> Sam Cooke singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Twistin ' in the Kitchen with Dinah '' ( 1962 ) `` Bring It on Home to Me '' ( 1962 ) `` Somebody Have Mercy '' ( 1962 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Twistin ' in the Kitchen with Dinah '' ( 1962 ) `` Bring It on Home to Me '' ( 1962 ) `` Somebody Have Mercy '' ( 1962 ) `` Bring It on Home to Me '' is a song by American soul singer Sam Cooke , released on May 8 , 1962 by RCA Victor . Produced by Hugo & Luigi and arranged and conducted by René Hall , the song was the B - side to `` Having a Party '' . The song peaked at number two on Billboard 's Hot R&B Sides chart , and also charted at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song has become a pop standard , covered by numerous artists of different genres . It is one of The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Personnel 3 Cover versions 4 Charts and certifications 4.1 Original version 4.2 The Animals version 4.3 Eddie Floyd version 4.4 Lou Rawls version 4.5 Mickey Gilley version 5 Cultural references 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) `` Bring It on Home to Me '' , like its A-side , `` Having a Party '' , was written while Cooke was on tour for Henry Wynn . The song was initially offered to fellow singer Dee Clark , who turned it down . While in Atlanta , Cooke called co-producer Luigi Creatore and pitched both numbers ; he was sold and booked an immediate recording session in Los Angeles scheduled for two weeks later . The session 's mood `` matched the title '' of the song , according to biographer Peter Guralnick , as many friends had been invited . `` It was a very happy session , '' recalled engineer Al Schmitt . `` Everybody was just having a ball . We were getting people out there ( on the floor ) , and some of the outtakes were hilarious , there was so much ad lib that went on . '' René Hall assembled an eighteen - piece backing group , `` composed of six violins , two violas , two cellos , and a sax , plus a seven - piece rhythm section that included two percussionists , two bassists , two guitars , and a piano . '' The song is a significant reworking of Charles Brown 's 1959 single `` I Want to Go Home '' , and it retains the gospel flavor and call - and - response format ; the song differs significantly in that its refrain ( `` Bring it to me , bring your sweet lovin ' , bring it on home to me '' ) is overtly secular . The song was the first serious nod to his gospel roots ( `` ( He ) felt that he needed more weight , that that light shit would n't sustain him , '' said J.W. Alexander ) . The song was aiming for a sound similar to Cooke 's former group , the Soul Stirrers . The original , unreleased first take includes vocals from Lou Rawls , J.W. Alexander , Fred Smith ( former assistant A&R rep at Keen Records ) , and `` probably '' the Sims Twins . A second , final take leaves Lou Rawls as the only echoing voice . Personnel ( edit ) `` Bring It On Home to Me '' was recorded on April 26 , 1962 , at RCA Studio 1 in Hollywood , California . The engineer present was Al Schmitt , and the session was conducted and arranged by René Hall . The musicians also recorded `` Having a Party '' the same day . Credits adapted from the liner notes to the 2003 compilation Portrait of a Legend : 1951 -- 1964 . Sam Cooke -- vocals Lou Rawls -- backing vocals Clifton White -- guitar Tommy Tedesco -- guitar René Hall -- guitar Adolphus Asbrook -- bass guitar Ray Pohlman -- bass guitar Ernie Freeman -- piano Frank Capp -- drums , percussion William Green -- saxophone Cecil Figelski -- cello Armand Kaproff -- cello Wilbert Nuttycombe -- viola Irving Weinper -- viola Myron Sandler -- violin Joseph Saxon -- violin Ralph Schaeffer -- violin Marshall Sosson -- violin Elliot Fisher -- violin Marvin Limonick -- violin Cover versions ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Bring It On Home to Me '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by The Animals <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Animal Tracks ( American album ) B - side `` For Miss Caulker '' Released March 1965 Format 7 '' single Recorded March 1965 Genre Rock , blues , pop , soul Length 2 : 43 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Sam Cooke Producer ( s ) Mickie Most <Th_colspan="2"> The Animals singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' ( 1965 ) `` Bring It On Home to Me '' ( 1965 ) `` We Gotta Get out of This Place '' ( 1965 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' ( 1965 ) `` Bring It On Home To Me '' ( 1965 ) `` We Gotta Get out of This Place '' ( 1965 ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Bring It on Home to Me '' <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Mickey Gilley B - side `` How 's My Ex Treating You '' Released June 1976 Format 7 '' Recorded May 1976 Genre Country Length 2 : 23 Label Playboy 6075 Songwriter ( s ) Sam Cooke Producer ( s ) Eddie Kilroy <Th_colspan="2"> Mickey Gilley singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Do n't the Girls All Get Prettier at Closing Time '' ( 1976 ) `` Bring It on Home to Me '' ( 1976 ) `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' ( 1976 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Do n't the Girls All Get Prettier at Closing Time '' ( 1976 ) `` Bring It on Home to Me '' ( 1976 ) `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' ( 1976 ) The most significant cover versions of the song include versions by : The Animals ( their last single to include original organist Alan Price ) . Mickey Gilley hit number one on the country chart in 1976 with his cover . Eddie Floyd hit # 4 on the R&B charts and # 17 on the Hot 100 in 1968 . Rod Stewart released this song as part of a medley with `` You Send Me '' and charted it on the UK Singles Chart at # 7 as a double A-side with `` Farewell '' . Rita MacNeil covered the song on her 1992 album Thinking of You . It was released as the album 's first single and charted on the RPM pop and country charts . Otis Redding and Carla Thomas Dave Mason American country singer Martina McBride covered this song as a duet with Gavin DeGraw on her 2014 studio album Everlasting , which features covers of famous soul , pop , and R&B songs . Van Morrison included a cover version of the song on his 1974 live album , It 's Too Late to Stop Now , and again on his 2017 album , Roll with the Punches . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Original version ( edit ) Chart ( 1962 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 13 US Hot R&B Sides ( Billboard ) The Animals version ( edit ) Year Chart Position 1965 Pop Singles Chart # 32 1965 UK Singles Chart # 7 1965 Canada # 7 1965 Netherlands # 3 1965 Sweden # 1 Eddie Floyd version ( edit ) Year Chart Position 1968 Black Singles Chart # 4 1968 Pop Singles Chart # 17 1968 Canada # 24 Lou Rawls version ( edit ) Year Chart Position 1970 Black Singles Chart # 45 1970 Pop Singles Chart # 96 Mickey Gilley version ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) Canadian RPM Country Tracks Cultural references ( edit ) The song was featured in the 2017 film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Preceded by `` Say It Again '' by Don Williams Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single August 21 , 1976 Succeeded by `` ( I 'm A ) Stand by My Woman Man '' by Ronnie Milsap Preceded by `` Rocky Mountain Music '' by Eddie Rabbitt RPM Country Tracks number - one single September 11 , 1976 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Portrait of a Legend : 1951 -- 1964 ( liner notes ) . Sam Cooke . US : ABKCO Records . 2003 . 92642 . ^ Jump up to : Guralnick , Peter ( 2014 ) . Dream Boogie : The Triumph of Sam Cooke. Little , Brown . pp. 404 -- 406 . ISBN 9780316210973 . Jump up ^ Guralnick , Peter ( 14 December 2008 ) . `` Dream Boogie : The Triumph of Sam Cooke '' . Little , Brown -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Anatomy of a Classic : Bring It On Home To Me - The Adios Lounge '' . www.adioslounge.com . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 136 . ISBN 9780823074990 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sam Cooke -- Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mickey Gilley Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Mickey Gilley Chart History ( Bubbling Under Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ Shepard , Jack ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Tracklist for Guardians of the Galaxy 's Awesome Mixtape Vol. 2 revealed '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> Sam Cooke Studio albums Keen Songs by Sam Cooke Encore Tribute to the Lady The Wonderful World of Sam Cooke RCA Victor Cooke 's Tour Hits of the 50 's Swing Low My Kind of Blues Twistin ' the Night Away Mr. Soul Night Beat Ai n't That Good News Posthumous releases Shake Try a Little Love Live albums Sam Cooke at the Copa Live at the Harlem Square Club , 1963 Collaboration albums 3 Great Guys Compilations Hit Kit I Thank God The Best of Sam Cooke The Man and His Music Portrait of a Legend : 1951 -- 1964 Singles `` You Send Me '' / `` Summertime '' `` I 'll Come Running Back to You '' `` ( I Love You ) For Sentimental Reasons '' `` You Were Made for Me '' / `` Lonely Island '' `` Everybody Loves to Cha Cha Cha '' `` Only Sixteen '' `` There ! I 've Said It Again '' `` Wonderful World '' `` Chain Gang '' `` Sad Mood '' `` That 's It , I Quit , I 'm Movin ' On '' `` Cupid '' `` Twistin ' the Night Away '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' / `` Having a Party '' `` Somebody Have Mercy '' / `` Nothing Can Change This Love '' `` Send Me Some Lovin ' '' `` Another Saturday Night '' `` Frankie and Johnny '' `` Little Red Rooster '' `` ( Ai n't That ) Good News '' `` Good Times '' / `` Tennessee Waltz '' `` That 's Where It 's At '' `` Shake '' / `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Related articles Discography The Soul Stirrers René Hall Linda Womack We Remember Sam Cooke IAMSAM <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Sam Cooke Category : Sam Cooke Portal : R&B and Soul Music Wikiquote : Sam Cooke <Th_colspan="2"> Lou Rawls Albums Stormy Monday All Things in Time Unmistakably Lou When You Hear Lou , You 've Heard It All Let Me Be Good to You Sit Down and Talk to Me Singles `` Love Is a Hurtin ' Thing '' `` Your Good Thing ( Is About to End ) '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' `` You 'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine '' `` Lady Love '' <Th_colspan="2"> Mickey Gilley Albums Too Good to Stop Now Invitation Only Notable singles `` Room Full of Roses '' `` I Overlooked an Orchid '' `` City Lights '' `` Window Up Above '' `` Bouquet of Roses '' `` Overnight Sensation '' `` Do n't the Girls All Get Prettier at Closing Time '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' `` She 's Pulling Me Back Again '' `` Honky Tonk Memories '' `` Chains of Song '' `` The Power of Positive Drinkin ' '' `` Here Comes the Hurt Again '' `` The Song We Made Love To '' `` Just Long Enough to Say Goodbye '' `` My Silver Lining '' `` True Love Ways '' `` Stand by Me '' `` That 's All That Matters '' `` A Headache Tomorrow ( Or a Heartache Tonight ) '' `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Lonely Nights '' `` Tears of the Lonely '' `` Put Your Dreams Away '' `` Talk to Me '' `` Fool for Your Love '' `` Your Love Shines Through '' `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' `` Too Good to Stop Now '' `` I 'm the One Mama Warned You About '' `` You 've Got Something on Your Mind '' `` Your Memory Ai n't What It Used to Be '' `` Doo - Wah Days '' `` Full Grown Fool '' `` She Reminded Me of You '' `` There I 've Said It Again '' Guest singles `` Paradise Tonight '' ( with Charly McClain ) Related articles Discography Playboy Records Epic Records Jerry Lee Lewis Jimmy Swaggart Barbi Benton Ray Charles Gilley 's Club <Th_colspan="2"> Carla Thomas Albums King & Queen Singles `` Night Time Is the Right Time '' `` Tramp '' `` Knock on Wood '' `` Lovey Dovey '' Songs `` Tell It Like It Is '' `` When Something Is Wrong with My Baby '' `` It Takes Two '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' Related articles Rufus and Carla Rufus Thomas Marvell Thomas Otis Redding Stax Records <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Carla Thomas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bring_It_on_Home_to_Me&oldid=804382077 '' Categories : 1962 singles Sam Cooke songs Rhythm and blues songs Lou Rawls songs Mickey Gilley songs Songs written by Sam Cooke 1962 songs Song recordings produced by Hugo & Luigi Song recordings produced by Eddie Kilroy Soul ballads Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles RCA Victor singles Columbia Graphophone Company singles Playboy Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 16 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Sam Cooke
2. Bring It on Home to Me
3. Rhythm and blues
4. Soul music
5. Cover versions
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what are the different components used in vmware infrastructure
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VMware Infrastructure - Wikipedia VMware Infrastructure Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) VMware Infrastructure Developer ( s ) VMware , Inc . <Td_colspan="2"> Stable release 3.5 Update 4 / March 30 , 2009 ; 8 years ago ( 2009 - 03 - 30 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Development status renamed to VMware vSphere Platform x86 - compatible Type Hypervisor License Proprietary Website vmware.com/products/vi/ VMware Infrastructure ( VI ) was a software suite of hardware virtualization products from VMware ( a division of Dell EMC ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Components 2 Limitations 3 Renaming 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Components ( edit ) The suite included : VMware ESX Server version 3 VMware ESXi version 3. x VMware vCenter version 2 ( formally VMware VirtualCenter ) Virtual SMP ( which allows a guest operating system to `` see '' up to four CPUs in the virtual machine ) . Users can supplement this software bundle by purchasing optional products , such as VMotion , as well as distributed services such as high availability ( HA ) , distributed resource scheduler ( DRS ) , or consolidated backup . VMware Inc. released VMware Infrastructure 3 in June 2006 . The suite came in three `` editions '' : Starter , Standard and Enterprise . Limitations ( edit ) Known limitations in VMware Infrastructure 3 may constrain the design of data centers : As of June 2008 limitations in VMware Infrastructure version 3.5 included the following : Guest system maximum RAM : 64 GB Number of guest CPUs : 4 Number of hosts in an HA cluster : 32 Number of hosts in a DRS cluster : 32 Size of RAM per server : 256 GB Number of hosts managed by Virtual Center Server : 200 Number of virtual machines managed by Virtual Center Server : 2000 No limitations were , for example , volume size of 64 TB with no more than 6 SCSI controllers per virtual machine ; maximum number of remote consoles to a virtual machine is 10 . It is also not possible to connect Fibre Channel tape - drives , which hinders the ability to do backups using these drives . Renaming ( edit ) VMware renamed their product VMware vSphere for release 4 , and marketed it for cloud computing . See also ( edit ) Comparison of platform virtualization software Virtual appliance VMware VMFS , the VMware SAN file system x86 virtualization References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Configuration Maximums for VMware Infrastructure 3 '' ( PDF ) . VMware , Inc. 2008 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Official website VMware Infrastructure 3 documentation VMware Infrastructure 3 demo - YouTube <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Virtualization software <Td_colspan="2"> Comparison of platform virtualization software Hardware virtualization ( hypervisors ) Native Adeos CP / CMS Hyper - V KVM Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization LDoms / Oracle VM Server for SPARC LynxSecure PikeOS Proxmox VE SIMMON VMware ESXi VMware vSphere vCloud VMware Infrastructure Xen Oracle VM Server for x86 XenClient XtratuM z / VM Hosted Specialized Basilisk II bhyve Bochs Cooperative Linux DOSBox DOSEMU PCem PikeOS SheepShaver SIMH Windows on Windows Virtual DOS machine Win4Lin Independent Microsoft Virtual Server Parallels Workstation Parallels Desktop for Mac Parallels Server for Mac PearPC QEMU VirtualBox Virtual Iron VMware Fusion VMware Player VMware Server VMware Workstation Windows Virtual PC Tools Ganeti oVirt System Center Virtual Machine Manager Virtual Machine Manager OS - level virtualization Docker cgroups lmctfy Linux - VServer LXC OpenVZ FreeBSD jail iCore Virtual Accounts Kubernetes Linux namespaces Solaris Containers Workload Partitions Desktop virtualization Citrix XenApp Citrix XenDesktop Remote Desktop Services VMware Horizon View Ulteo Open Virtual Desktop Application virtualization Ceedo Citrix XenApp Dalvik InstallFree Microsoft App - V Remote Desktop Services Symantec Workspace Virtualization Turbo VMware ThinApp ZeroVM Network virtualization Distributed Overlay Virtual Ethernet ( DOVE ) NVGRE Open vSwitch Virtual security switch Virtual Extensible LAN ( VXLAN ) <Td_colspan="2"> See also : List of emulators Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VMware_Infrastructure&oldid=753377116 '' Categories : VMware Virtualization software Proprietary software Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from February 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools Čeština Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2016 , at 20 : 19 . About Wikipedia
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1. VMware Infrastructure - software suite for hardware virtualization
2. Components of VMware Infrastructure - ESX Server, ESXi, vCenter, Virtual SMP
3. Limitations of VMware Infrastructure - maximum RAM, number of CPUs, number of hosts, etc.
4. Renaming of VMware Infrastructure to VMware vSphere
5. Comparison of platform virtualization software
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